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en | wit-train-topic-005271983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber | Natural rubber | Collection | Natural rubber / Production / Collection | Natural rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, caucho or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water. Thailand and Indonesia are two of the leading rubber producers. Types of polyisoprene that are used as natural rubbers are classified as elastomers.
Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the rubber tree or others. The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping". The latex then is refined into rubber that is ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and processed into dry forms for marketing.
Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio and high resilience, and is extremely waterproof. | In places such as Kerala and Sri Lanka where coconuts are in abundance, the half shell of coconut was used as the latex collection container. Glazed pottery or aluminium or plastic cups became more common in Kerala and other countries. The cups are supported by a wire that encircles the tree. This wire incorporates a spring so it can stretch as the tree grows. The latex is led into the cup by a galvanised "spout" knocked into the bark. Tapping normally takes place early in the morning, when the internal pressure of the tree is highest. A good tapper can tap a tree every 20 seconds on a standard half-spiral system, and a common daily "task" size is between 450 and 650 trees. Trees are usually tapped on alternate or third days, although many variations in timing, length and number of cuts are used. "Tappers would make a slash in the bark with a small hatchet. These slanting cuts allowed latex to flow from ducts located on the exterior or the inner layer of bark (cambium) of the tree. Since the cambium controls the growth of the tree, growth stops if it is cut. Thus, rubber tapping demanded accuracy, so that the incisions would not be too many given the size of the tree, or too deep, which could stunt its growth or kill it."
It is usual to tap a pannel at least twice, sometimes three times, during the tree's life. The economic life of the tree depends on how well the tapping is carried out, as the critical factor is bark consumption. A standard in Malaysia for alternate daily tapping is 25 cm (vertical) bark consumption per year. The latex-containing tubes in the bark ascend in a spiral to the right. For this reason, tapping cuts usually ascend to the left to cut more tubes.
The trees drip latex for about four hours, stopping as latex coagulates naturally on the tapping cut, thus blocking the latex tubes in the bark. Tappers usually rest and have a meal after finishing their tapping work, then start collecting the liquid "field latex" at about midday. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodophiala | Rhodophiala | Introduction | Rhodophiala | Rhodophiala is a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae). It consists of about 30 South American species distributed in southern Brazil, Argentina, and, specially, in Chile. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_(Minneapolis) | Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis) | History | Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis) / History | Westminster Presbyterian Church is a Presbyterian Church located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. Its current location is the third location in downtown in over 140 years. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. | Westminster began as a gathering of eight people of Scottish, Irish and Welsh heritage in 1857. In 1860, the congregation built its first church, on Fourth Street between Nicollet and Hennepin Avenues in downtown Minneapolis. Because of the rapid growth of the congregation, the church soon outgrew its first location. In 1883, construction of a new, larger church began at Seventh Street and Nicollet Avenue.
Twelve years after the opening of the second church site, the building was heavily damaged by a fire. This prompted yet another move when the church rebuilt to its current location at Twelfth Street and Nicollet Mall, opening its doors for services in 1897.
This, the present church was designed as a collaboration between two prominent Minneapolis architects, Warren Howard Hayes and Charles Sumner Sedgwick.
In 1998, to coincide with the building's centennial, the congregation undertook an extensive renovation of the sanctuary. This 3.5 million dollar project restored many of the sanctuary's original design elements, updated the structure and improved lighting and sound. The newly renovated sanctuary opened for services on Sunday, December 20, 1998. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus_distinguendus | Bombus distinguendus | Introduction | Bombus distinguendus | Bombus distinguendus, the great yellow bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee found in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, northern Russia, and North America.
It is an endangered species in Ireland. In Great Britain, it survives on the far north Highlands coast, Orkney, and the Western Isles. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miro%C5%A1ov_(Jihlava_District) | Mirošov (Jihlava District) | Introduction | Mirošov (Jihlava District) | Mirošov ([ˈmɪroʃof]) is a village and municipality (obec) in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic.
The municipality covers an area of 4.13 square kilometres (1.59 sq mi), and has a population of 191 (as at 28 August 2006).
Mirošov lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Jihlava and 108 km (67 mi) south-east of Prague. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine_Gospels | St Augustine Gospels | Introduction | St Augustine Gospels | The St Augustine Gospels (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, Lib. MS. 286) is an illuminated Gospel Book which dates from the 6th century. It was made in Italy and has been in England since fairly soon after its creation; by the 16th century it had probably already been at Canterbury for almost a thousand years. It has 265 leaves measuring about 252 x 196 mm, and is not entirely complete, in particular missing pages with miniatures.
This manuscript is the oldest surviving illustrated Latin (rather than Greek or Syriac) Gospel Book, and one of the oldest European books in existence. Although the only surviving illuminations are two full-page miniatures, these are of great significance in art history as so few comparable images have survived.
The Church of England calls the book the Canterbury Gospels, though to scholars this name usually refers to another book, an 8th-century Anglo-Saxon gospel book written at Canterbury, now with one portion in the British Library as Royal MS I. E. VI, and another in the Library of Canterbury Cathedral. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest | Brendan T. Byrne State Forest | Blueberry history | Brendan T. Byrne State Forest / Blueberry history | The Brendan T. Byrne State Forest is a 37,242 acres state forest in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Its protected acreage is split between Burlington and Ocean Counties. | The forest also contains Whitesbog Village, an historic company town, founded in the 1870s by Joseph J. White which was once one of the largest cranberry and blueberry farms in the state, active through the mid-20th century. The cultivated blueberry, a hybrid of the native Vaccinium caesariense, was developed and commercialized here by Elizabeth Coleman White and Frank Coville. The now silent Whitesbog Village exemplifies the changes in agriculture in this state. The site has been leased to the nonprofit Whitesbog Preservation Trust for restoration. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Farragut | Ken Farragut | Introduction | Ken Farragut | Kenneth David Farragut, Jr. (December 23, 1928 – February 16, 2014) was an American football center. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Software | Quest Software | Quest - November 2016 to present | Quest Software / History / Quest - November 2016 to present | Quest Software, also known as Quest, is a privately held software company headquartered in Aliso Viejo, California, United States with 53 offices in 24 countries. The company was founded in 1987.
The company is known for Toad, a product used by database professionals, in addition to other offerings for Microsoft Azure cloud management, software as a service, security, workforce mobility, data-driven insight, and backup and recovery.
Quest Software was acquired by Dell in 2012, for $2.36 billion, to form Dell Software. In June 2016, Dell announced the sale of their software division, which included the Quest, SonicWall, and One Identity businesses, to Francisco Partners and Elliott Management Corporation. On October 31, 2016, the sale was finalized.
On November 1, 2016, the sale of Dell Software to Francisco Partners and Elliott Management Corporation was completed, and the company re-launched as Quest Software. On June 1, 2017, One Identity was announced as an independent brand, but still remains part of the Quest family of businesses. One Identity tools consist of identity governance, access management, and privilege management. | On November 1, 2016, Francisco Partners and Elliott Management completed the purchase of Dell Software, and the company re-launched itself as Quest Software, known in the marketplace as Quest. On June 1, 2017, One Identity was announced as an independent brand, but remains part of the Quest family of businesses. One Identity products consist of services for identity governance, access management, and privilege management. On June 29, 2018, Quest acquired Metalogix Software extending their Microsoft Platform Management business offerings by extending their capabilities to further support SharePoint, SharePoint Online, and OneDrive for Business. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Garc%C3%ADa | Isabel Rodríguez García | Introduction | Isabel Rodríguez García | Isabel Rodríguez García (born 1981) is a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), serving as Mayor of Puertollano since 2019. She has been a member of the Senate (2003–2007) and the Congress of Deputies (2011–2019). |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno | Treaty of Melno | Introduction | Treaty of Melno | The Treaty of Melno (Lithuanian: Melno taika; Polish: Pokój melneński) or Treaty of Lake Melno (German: Friede von Melnosee) was a peace treaty ending the Gollub War. It was signed on 27 September 1422, between the Teutonic Knights and an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at Lake Melno (German: Melnosee, Meldensee; Polish: Jezioro Mełno), east of Graudenz (Grudziądz). The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Knights and Lithuania regarding Samogitia, which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years. A portion of the original border survives as a portion of the modern border between the Republic of Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, making it one of the most stable borders in Europe. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg | Battle of Bladensburg | Action | Battle of Bladensburg / Battle / Action | The Battle of Bladensburg was a battle of the Chesapeake campaign of the War of 1812, fought on 24 August 1814. Called "the greatest disgrace ever dealt to American arms," a British force of army regulars and Royal Marines routed a combined US force of Regular Army and state militia troops at Bladensburg, Maryland, 8.6 miles northeast of the federal capital, Washington, DC The American defeat resulted in the capture and burning of Washington. | Around noon on 24 August, Ross's army reached Bladensburg. Stansbury's tactical errors quickly became apparent. Had he held Lowndes Hill, Stansbury could have made the British approach a costly one (although this would have involved fighting with the East Branch at his back, which would not have improved his men's morale and might have been disastrous in a hasty retreat). Had he held the brick structures of Bladensburg, which were ready-made mini-fortresses, he might have embroiled Ross's troops in bloody street fighting. Because the bridge had not been burned, it had to be defended. Stansbury's infantry and artillery were posted too far from the river's edge to contest a crossing effectively.
The British advance was led by Colonel William Thornton's 85th Light Infantry and the three light companies of the other line battalions. The Baltimore artillery and Pinkney's riflemen stopped Thornton's first rush across the bridge. Major Harry Smith, Ross's Brigade major, considered that Ross and Thornton had attacked too hastily, without waiting for other units to support Thornton, or sending forward skirmishers across the fords to cover the advance. However, Thornton's men eventually established themselves on the south bank of the river, and began advancing in loose order. The Baltimore artillery had solid shot only, which was of little use against scattered skirmishers. Pinkney (whose elbow was shattered by a musket ball) was driven back and as Thornton's men closed in, the Baltimore artillerymen retreated with five of their cannon, being forced to spike and abandon another.
The British 1/44th Regiment had meanwhile forded the East Branch above the bridge. As they prepared to envelop the American left, Winder led a counter-attack against Thornton by Sterrett's 5th Maryland militia, joined by other detachments. As the 5th Maryland exchanged fire with British infantry in cover on three sides, Schutz's and Ragan's conscripted militia broke and fled under a barrage of Congreve rockets. Winder issued confused orders for three of Captain Burch's guns to fall back rather than cover Sterrett's retreat, and the 5th Maryland and the rest of Stansbury's brigade fled the field, sweeping most of Lavall's horsemen with them.
The British pressed on and were engaged by Smith's brigade and Barney's and Peters's guns. Thornton's light brigade made several frontal attacks over the creek, but were repulsed three times by artillery fire, and were counter-attacked by Barney's detachment. Thornton was badly wounded and his light infantry were driven back with heavy casualties. However, as the 1/44th threatened Smith's open left flank, Winder ordered Smith to retreat also.
Smith's brigade fell back initially in good order, but Winder's orders to retreat apparently did not reach Barney, and his situation worsened when the civilian drivers of the carts carrying his reserve ammunition joined the general rout, leaving the Marine gun crews with fewer than three rounds of canister, round shot and charges in their caissons. Barney's 300 sailors and 103 Marines nevertheless held off the British frontal attacks. Eventually, as the British 1/4th and 1/44th Regiments enveloped their left flank, Barney ordered his men to retreat to avoid capture. Barney himself was badly wounded in the thigh with a musket ball and was taken prisoner. Beall's troops were also driven from the hill they held, after an ineffectual resistance.
Winder had not given any instructions before the battle in the case of a retreat and as the American militia left the battlefield, he issued contradictory orders to halt and reform, or fall back on the Capitol where Secretary of War John Armstrong, Jr. hoped vainly to make a stand, using the federal buildings as strongpoints, or retreat through Georgetown to Tenleytown. Most of the militia simply fled the field with no destination in mind, or deserted the ranks to see to the safety of their families. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emre_G%C3%BCng%C3%B6r | Emre Güngör | Introduction | Emre Güngör | Fehmi Emre Güngör (born 1 August 1984) is a Turkish footballer. Güngör plays as a defender. He was part of the Turkey squad that reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum | Kröller-Müller Museum | Collection | Kröller-Müller Museum / Collection | The Kröller-Müller Museum is a national art museum and sculpture garden, located in the Hoge Veluwe National Park in Otterlo in the Netherlands. The museum, founded by art collector Helene Kröller-Müller within the extensive grounds of her and her husband's former estate, opened in 1938. It has the second-largest collection of paintings by Vincent van Gogh, after the Van Gogh Museum. The museum had 380,000 visitors in 2015. | The museum has a considerable collection of paintings by Vincent van Gogh, such as Cafe Terrace at Night, Sorrowing Old Man ('At Eternity's Gate') and a version of The Potato Eaters, making it the second-largest collection of Van Gogh paintings in the world (after the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam). Apart from the Van Gogh paintings other highlights include works by Piet Mondrian, Georges-Pierre Seurat, Odilon Redon, Georges Braque, Paul Gauguin, Lucas Cranach, James Ensor, Juan Gris, William Degouve de Nuncques and Pablo Picasso. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Valley | Jordan Valley | Agriculture | Jordan Valley / Agriculture | The Jordan Valley forms part of the larger Jordan Rift Valley. Unlike most other river valleys, the term "Jordan Valley" often applies just to the lower course of the Jordan River, from the spot where it exits the Sea of Galilee in the north, to the end of its course where it flows into the Dead Sea in the south. In a wider sense, the term may also cover the Dead Sea basin and the Arabah valley, which is the rift valley segment beyond the Dead Sea and ending at Aqaba/Eilat, 155 km farther south.
The valley, in the common, narrow sense, is a long and narrow trough, 105 km long if measured "as the crow flies", with a width averaging 10 km with some points narrowing to 4 km over most of the course, before widening out to a 20 km delta when reaching the Dead Sea. Due to meandering, the length of the river itself is 220 km. This is the valley with the lowest elevation in the world, beginning at −212 m below sea level and terminating at less than −400 m BSL. On both sides, to the east and west, the valley is bordered by high, steep escarpments rising from the valley floor by between 1,200 m to 1,700 m. | The Jordan Valley is several degrees warmer than adjacent areas, and its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils and water supply made it a site for agriculture dating to about 10,000 years ago. By about 3000 BCE, produce from the valley was being exported to neighboring regions.
The area's fertile lands were chronicled in the Old Testament. Modern methods of farming have vastly expanded the agricultural output of the area. The construction of the East Ghor Canal by Jordan in the 1950s (now known as the King Abdullah Canal), which runs down the east bank of the Jordan Valley for 69 kilometers, has brought new areas under irrigation. The introduction of portable greenhouses has brought about a sevenfold increase in productivity, allowing Jordan to export large amounts of fruit and vegetables year-round.
According to agricultural consultant Samir Muaddi, the Civil Administration helps Palestinian farmers and the Palestinian agriculture ministry market their produce in Israel and ensure its quality. Seminars are held on modern agriculture, exposing the farmers to Israeli and international innovations.
The Jordan River rises from several sources, mainly the Anti-Lebanon mountains in Syria. It flows down into the Sea of Galilee, 212 meters below sea level, and then drains into the Dead Sea. South of the Dead Sea, the Jordan Valley turns into the hot, dry Arabah valley. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelicaria_vermis | Pelicaria vermis | Distribution & Habitat | Pelicaria vermis / Distribution & Habitat | Pelicaria vermis, known as the small ostrich foot shell or takai in Māori, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Struthiolariidae. It is the only extant species in the genus. | This species is endemic to the North Island of New Zealand, where it lives just beneath the surface on tidal flats and off sandy beaches, occasionally to depths of 90m. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Magdeburg_railway | Berlin–Magdeburg railway | Developments since 1989 | Berlin–Magdeburg railway / The Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway Company / Developments since 1989 | The first section of the Berlin–Magdeburg Railway was opened in 1838 as the Berlin-Potsdam Railway and was the first railway line in Prussia. In 1846 it was extended to Magdeburg. | With the completion of the electrification of the Griebnitzsee–Brandenburg an der Havel–Biederitz section in December 1995, Intercity-Express trains could now take the direct route via Brandenburg instead of the now partially closed route through Bad Belzig and Güterglück (the strategic railway known as the Kanonenbahn, the "Cannons Railway"). At the same time the line was upgraded for a top speed of 160 km/h. The bridges over the Havel and Neustädter Bay in Potsdam had to be replaced, one of them with a new 57-metre tied-arch bridge, completed on 10 May 1995. The other bridge, a 90-year-old steel truss bridge had already been replaced.
After the opening of the Hanover–Berlin high-speed line in September 1998, long-distance traffic shifted to that route and the number of trains on the line through Brandenburg and Magdeburg fell heavily. After the Potsdam station was bombed and badly damaged in 1945 a minor building temporarily served as the main station building. Due to the reduced importance of the station during the Communist period the temporary station was able to handle the load. In 1999 the new Potsdam Hauptbahnhof was opened with three platforms (one for the Berlin S-Bahn) and a variety of shops. In the course of the work the former Potsdam freight yard was demolished.
The long-distance service remaining now is a single daily Intercity train pair on the Cottbus–Berlin–Magdeburg–Hannover–Norddeich Mole route. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magni_(motorcycle) | Magni (motorcycle) | Magni-BMW MB | Magni (motorcycle) / Models / Magni-BMW MB | Magni is an Italian company that builds specialist motorcycles. The company is based in the city of Samarate in the province of Varese. Magni, in addition to building the bikes that bear its name, is also active in the construction of specials to order and a supplier of special parts for the restoration of MV Agusta classic motorcycles. | After the success of the Honda powered machines, Magni's German importer, Hansen, requested a BMW boxer engined model. Magni agreed and in 1982 the MB1 and MB2 were put into production using the 1,000 cc BMW R100 engines. As with the Honda engined machine, two variants were produced; the naked MB1 and the more highly specified, faired MB2.
The MB1 used a newly designed Magni frame with removable sections to allow easy engine removal. A large 26 litre steel tank was fitted as according to the German importer, "BMW drivers always want a big tank". BMW forks and wheels were fitted.
Forcella Italia (formerly Ceriani) forks and EPM wheels were fitted to the MB2. A fairing from French designer Claude Bonin was also fitted.
Sales were slow and when BMW launched the four-cylinder K100 and stopped boxer production the model was discontinued. About 150 machines were produced. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Hrabak | Dietrich Hrabak | Operation Barbarossa | Dietrich Hrabak / World War II / Operation Barbarossa | Dietrich "Dieter" Hrabak was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. Following the war, he became a Generalmajor in the German Air Force of West Germany. As a fighter ace, he claimed 125 enemy aircraft shot down in over 1000 combat missions. The majority of his aerial victories were claimed over the Eastern Front with 16 claims over the Western Allies.
Born in Großdeuben, Hrabak grew up in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. Following graduation from school, he volunteered for military service in the Reichsmarine in 1934. In November 1935, he transferred to the Luftwaffe. Following flight training, he was posted to a Jagdgeschwader. In 1939, Hrabak was made a Staffelkapitän and with Jagdgeschwader 76 participated in the Invasion of Poland and Battle of France and claimed his first aerial victory on 13 May 1940. In July 1940, JG 76 was integrated into Jagdgeschwader 54. During the Battle of Britain, Hrabak was made a Gruppenkommandeur in JG 54 and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in October 1940. In 1941, he participated in Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. | Following the surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April 1941, JG 54 received orders on 3 May 1941 to turn over all Bf 109-Es so they could receive the new Bf 109-F variant. Transition training was completed at Airfield Stolp-Reitz in Pomerania. Following intensive training, the Geschwader was moved to airfields in Eastern Prussia. II. Gruppe under command of Hrabak was moved to Trakehnen on 20 June 1941. The Wehrmacht launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June with II. Gruppe supporting Army Group North in its strategic goal towards Leningrad.
In August to early September 1941, Hrabak was on home leave. He was promoted to Major (major) on 1 October 1942. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_pied_hornbill | Malabar pied hornbill | Distribution and habitat | Malabar pied hornbill / Distribution and habitat | The Malabar pied hornbill, also known as lesser pied hornbill, is a bird in the hornbill family, a family of tropical near-passerine birds found in the Old World. | The Malabar pied hornbill is a common resident breeder in India and Sri Lanka. Its habitat is evergreen and moist deciduous forests, often near human settlements. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Mondor | Ben Mondor | Introduction | Ben Mondor | Bernard Georges "Ben" Omer Mondor (March 26, 1925 – October 3, 2010) was a Canadian-born American baseball executive.
Mondor was born on March 26, 1925 in St-Ignace-du-Lac, Maskinongé, Quebec, son of Rosario Mondor and Opalma Brault. The village he was born in disappeared under water in 1931 with the construction of the Taureau Reservoir on the Matawin River. He bought the Pawtucket Red Sox, the Triple-A International League affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, out of bankruptcy in 1977, and turned it into one of the model franchises in the minors. He was a two-time winner of the International League Executive of the Year award (1978, 1999). In 1982 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from Rhode Island College. He was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2004, and given an honorary day at Fenway Park on May 30 of that year. Mondor was elected to the International League Hall of Fame in 2008. He died on October 3, 2010 in Warwick Neck, Rhode Island. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_de_la_Schlucht | Col de la Schlucht | Introduction | Col de la Schlucht | The Col de la Schlucht (elevation 1,139 m (3,737 ft)) is a mountain pass in the Vosges Mountains of France. The pass takes its name from the German word "Schlucht", meaning "gorge" or "ravine". It connects Munster (Haut-Rhin) with Gérardmer (Vosges) (east–west) and is also crossed by the Route des Crêtes (north–south). The climb over the pass has been used several times in the Tour de France cycle race. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Fran%C3%A7ois_Colson | Guillaume-François Colson | Introduction | Guillaume-François Colson | Guillaume François Colson, a French historical painter, and pupil of David, was born in Paris in 1785, and died there in 1860.
Among
other works, he painted the 'Entry of General Bonaparte into Alexandria,' which is at Versailles.
He also painted various family portraits and scenes of the upper classes in his idle moments, which could be seen as forerunners to artists such as Boudin and the Impressionists who were working decades later. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelospermum_reticulatum | Coelospermum reticulatum | Introduction | Coelospermum reticulatum | Coelospermum reticulatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to New Guinea, the Northern Territory, and Queensland. Its natural habitat is dry rainforest and moister Eucalyptus woodland. The plant is an important source of dye for Aboriginal people. The former genus Pogonolobus with its sole species, Pogonolobus reticulatus, has been synonymised with this species. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Neve | Rupert Neve | Legendary Audio | Rupert Neve / Companies associated or affiliated with Rupert Neve / Legendary Audio | Rupert Neve, born 31 July 1926 in Newton Abbot, England, is a British electronics engineer and entrepreneur, who is particularly known as a pioneering designer of professional audio recording equipment. | ARN Consultants designed the 2-channel mastering box, the Masterpiece. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840s | 1840s | Europe | 1840s / Establishments / Institutions / Europe | The 1840s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1840, and ended on December 31, 1849.
Throughout the decade, many countries worldwide saw many revolts and uprisings, with the most prominent ones happening in 1848. Aside from uprisings, the United States began to see a shifting population that migrated to the West Coast, as the California Gold Rush ensued in the latter half of the decade. | April 15, 1840 – King's College Hospital opens in London.
August 15, 1843 – Tivoli Gardens, one of the oldest still intact amusement parks in the world, opens in Copenhagen, Denmark.
June 6, 1844 – George Williams founds the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in London.
December 21, 1844 – The Rochdale Pioneers commence business at their cooperative in Rochdale, England.
April 5, 1847 – The world's first municipally-funded civic public park, Birkenhead Park in Birkenhead on Merseyside in England, is opened.
October 12, 1847 – German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG & Halske.
February 2, 1848 – John Henry Newman founds the first Oratory in the English-speaking world when he establishes the Birmingham Oratory at 'Maryvale', Old Oscott, England. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meares | John Meares | Introduction | John Meares | John Meares (c. 1756 – 1809) was a navigator, explorer, and maritime fur trader, best known for his role in the Nootka Crisis, which brought Britain and Spain to the brink of war. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_and_Jockey | Horse and Jockey | Introduction | Horse and Jockey | Horse and Jockey (Irish: An Marcach) is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. It lies on the R639 road, where it meets the N62 road to Thurles. It lies just off junction 6 of the M8 motorway, which by-passed the village in December 2008. It is in the parish of Moycarkey in the barony of Eliogarty. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noritsugu_Hayakawa | Noritsugu Hayakawa | Competition | Noritsugu Hayakawa / Biography / Competition | Noritsugu Hayakawa was a Japanese businessman. He is renowned for funding the construction of Japan's first subway system, now known as the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, which opened in 1927. | A key rival to Hayakawa was Keita Goto of Tokyu Corporation, who sought for greater dominance over Tokyo's railways. Goto in particular eyed on the planned corridors for the Tokyo Underground Railway. Goto built his own line from Shimbashi to Shibuya, which is almost exactly where Hayakawa was planning to extend his line and blocked Hayakawa’s project. First, Goto sought to cooperate with Hayakawa. Hayakawa wanted to build his train line through Toranomon, circle through the imperial palace and back to Tokyo Station, like the mirrored letter “C”. However, Goto, who had already built his railway business in Shibuya, opposed Hayakawa's idea and launched a corporate raid on Tokyo Underground Railway, buying 450000 stocks from Hayakawa’s company and Hayakawa was evicted from his own company. However, the Japanese government subsequently took over both Goto's Tokyo Rapid Railway and the Tokyo Underground Railway and merged them in 1941 to form the Teito Rapid Transit Authority. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala | 1915 uprising in Karbala | Introduction | 1915 uprising in Karbala | The 1915 uprising in Karbala was an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire that took place in June 1915. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnetown | Carnetown | Gallery | Carnetown / Gallery | Carnetown is a district of Abercynon, within the Cynon Valley in the County Borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales.
Carnetown is located to the south and west of Abercynon, and comprises Carnetown itself to the west, and the large modern housing estate of 'Grovers Field' to the south.
The area is home to 'Carnetown Primary School', 'St. Donat's Church', 'Carne Park Hotel' and various shops/businesses, and previously had its own post office until 2005. | |
en | wit-train-topic-005272033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colb%C3%BAn_Lake | Colbún Lake | Introduction | Colbún Lake | Colbún Lake (Spanish: Lago Colbún) is a reservoir in the Maule Region in Chile, straddling the provinces of Talca (comuna of San Clemente) and Linares (comuna de Colbún). Located 48 km southeast of the city of Talca, the regional capital and 35 km northeast of the city of Linares and with an area of 5,700 hectares and a capacity of 1,490,000 m³, it is the largest artificial reservoir in Chile. The lake lies at an altitude of 440 metres above sea level.
It was built between the years 1980 and 1985, in order to dam the waters of the Maule River for use in agricultural irrigation and hydroelectric power. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Casalino | Domenico Casalino | Career | Domenico Casalino / Career | Domenico Casalino is an Italian executive. He was CEO of Consip, a public stock company owned by the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance operating on the public procurement services field and Techno Sky, the ENAV Group society for maintenance and development of the air traffic management technologies. CEO of AC Group, an Italian company operating on the IoT domain for the automotive industry. | He began his professional career at the Treasury Department of the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance, where from 1988 until 2006 joined progressively increasing responsibility and duties.
Casalino worked closely with the General Director of the Treasury Department, Professor Mario Draghi, participating in priority projects – including the modernization of the forecasting systems for the accounting of state treasury and the forecasting systems for public finance – up to become responsible for the ICT System of the same Department. Later, the collaboration of Casalino continued with Domenico Siniscalco and Vittorio Grilli.
During this period, he joined the duties of Vice President of Consip, member of the board of directors of the bank Coopercredito SpA (BNL group), member of the Monitoring Committee on compulsory liquidation of Financial Società Italiana Ernesto Breda and Reggiane OMI (both companies of the dissolved EFIM), member of the Regional Evaluation Group on health investment in the Lazio Region (as an expert in ICT systems), member of the Board for the approval of microprocessors of the electronic identity card.
He also participated in GIPAF – interdisciplinary group for the administrative prevention of fraud on payment cards held by the Ministry of Economy and Finance; and became member of ACFE – Association of Certified Fraud Examiners – Italy Chapter.
From 2007 to 2011, he was in ENAV – National Society of Air Navigation Services, where he was appointed head of ICT internal systems and participates in the start-up of priority projects, including 'Single European Sky', initiative of the European Commission focused on reforming the architecture of air traffic management system to meet future capacity and safety needs.
From May 2011 to 2015, he was chief executive officer of Consip. The appointment sealed a professional career has always focused on new technologies, of which the National central purchasing – at whose creation Casalino participates from the earliest moments – is an example of Italian excellence also at international level.
From 2015 to 2017 he was chief executive officer of Techno Sky, the ENAV Group society for maintenance and development of the air traffic management technologies (software, radars and other technologies for the air traffic control). |
en | wit-train-topic-005272036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_E._Busbey | Fred E. Busbey | Introduction | Fred E. Busbey | Fred Ernst Busbey (February 8, 1895 – February 11, 1966) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuda_Space_Center | Kakuda Space Center | Introduction | Kakuda Space Center | Kakuda Space Center (角田宇宙センター, Kakuda Uchu Sentaa) is a facility of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), located in the city of Kakuda in Miyagi Prefecture in northern Japan, specializing in the development and testing of rocket engines and space propulsion systems. The LE-5 (including the LE-5A/LE-5B version), and the LE-7 (including the LE-7A version) rocket enginese were developed at the Kakuda Space Center. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milica_Pap | Milica Pap | Introduction | Milica Pap | Milica Pap (born December 14, 1973, in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia) is a classical pianist of Bosnian-Herzegovinian, Serbian and Croatian descent. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon_Reservoir | Dillon Reservoir | Tourism | Dillon Reservoir / Tourism | Dillon Reservoir, sometimes referred to as Lake Dillon, is a large fresh water reservoir located in Summit County, Colorado, south of I-70 and bordered by the towns of Frisco, Silverthorne, and Dillon. It is a reservoir for the city of Denver, and its waters are under the control of Denver Water. Popular ski areas are close to the reservoir, including Copper Mountain, Keystone, Arapahoe Basin, and Breckenridge. | During ski season, thousands of people flock to the Dillon Reservoir area. Dillon Reservoir is close to four ski resorts. Arapahoe Basin is medium-sized resort that is approximately ten miles from the lake. Keystone Ski Resort is a large tourist destination that is located approximately five miles away. Breckenridge, which is one of the largest ski resorts in Colorado, is located approximately seven miles from Dillon Reservoir. Copper Mountain is located approximately eight miles from Dillon Reservoir. These resorts stay open all year round.
The reservoir is also a center of attraction for the area. During the winter months, ice fishing and snowmobiling are common activities. For warmer months, the towns of Dillon and Frisco each have marinas on the reservoir. The Dillon Marina is open and hundreds of sailboats can be seen docked or sailing. Dillon Marina hosts many weekend racing regattas and also provides sailboats for rent. The Dillon Yacht Club is based out of the Dillon Marina and also hosts many sailing events. Dillon Reservoir is stocked every year with 50,000 rainbow trout by the Colorado Division of Wildlife.
Due to Dillon Reservoir’s proximity to the towns of Dillon and Frisco, the lake has many lodging, camping, and RV sites.
Dillon Reservoir has a popular 18-mile paved bike path that winds around the entire reservoir. The path can be accessed at any point around the reservoir. Starting in Frisco and going clockwise, it goes behind the Summit Middle School, marshlands, and continues across the Dam road. It passes the towns of Silverthorne and Dillon. Once into Summit Cove subdivision, the path climbs over Swan Mountain and reaches its highest elevation of 9,500′ above sea level at the top at Sapphire Point, which is 1,100′ above the lowest point of the bike path. This is a popular lookout over Dillon Reservoir and much of Summit County. The path dissolves into the road on the other side. Bikers and cars must share the road. At the bottom, the path resumes near Summit High School. The path goes behind the hospital and back into Frisco. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Pl%C3%B6n | Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön | Introduction | Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön | The Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön (German: Herzogtum Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön), also Schleswig-Holstein-Plön, Holstein-Plön or just Duchy of Plön, was a small sub-duchy (Teilherzogtum) created by the physical division of the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg. Today, its remaining significance is primarily the building of Plön Castle. The Duchy of Plön was not a territorial dukedom in its own right, but a sub-division within the state structure of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The scattered territorial dominion lay mostly in the southeast part of present-day German state of Schleswig-Holstein. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_(genus) | Mus (genus) | Introduction | Mus (genus) | The genus Mus refers to a specific genus of muroid rodents, all typically called mice (the adjective "muroid" comes from the word "Muroidea", which is a large superfamily of rodents, including mice, rats, voles, hamsters, gerbils, and many other relatives). However, the term mouse can also be applied to species outside of this genus. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Marc_Bourgery | Jean-Baptiste Marc Bourgery | Awards | Jean-Baptiste Marc Bourgery / Awards | Jean-Baptiste Marc Bourgery was a French physician and anatomist who was a native of Orléans. Within 20 years, along with the artist Nicolas Henri Jacob, he created the comprehensive anatomy textbook Traité complet de l’anatomie de l’homme. | Around 1820, Bourgery was awarded a prize of the Paris medical faculty and a gold medal from the hospital administration for his work as an assistant doctor.
Prix Monthyon 1843 (with Jacob)
Knight's Cross of the Legion of Honor |
en | wit-train-topic-005272049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminoborane | Iminoborane | Parent compound HB≡NH | Iminoborane / Structure and Bonding / Parent compound HB≡NH | Iminoboranes comprise a group of inorganic compounds with the generic formula containing triple bonds XB≡NY, where X, Y can be H, F, RO, R₂N, R₃C, etc, among which the simplest form is HB≡NH. They are electronically related to acetylenes but are usually more reactive due to the polarity. | For iminoboranes, two resonance structures mainly contribute to the final structure (Figure 1). |
en | wit-train-topic-005272056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanshorn_railway_station | Romanshorn railway station | Introduction | Romanshorn railway station | Romanshorn railway station (German: Bahnhof Romanshorn) is a railway station that serves the municipality of Romanshorn, in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland. Opened in 1855, the station is owned and operated by SBB-CFF-FFS. It forms the junction between the Winterthur–Romanshorn railway, the Schaffhausen–Rorschach railway and the Romanshorn–Nesslau Neu St. Johann railway.
The SBB-CFF-FFS and THURBO operate both long-distance and local traffic to and from the station. These include four St. Gallen S-Bahn lines and an InterCity train to Brig. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanstead_Park_railway_station | Wanstead Park railway station | Introduction | Wanstead Park railway station | Wanstead Park is a railway station in Forest Gate, London. It is on the Gospel Oak to Barking Line in Zone 3, 11 miles 11 chains (17.9 km) down the line from Gospel Oak and situated between Leytonstone High Road and Woodgrange Park. It is operated by London Overground.
Despite its name, Wanstead Park Station is not situated in Wanstead but in Forest Gate - and it is not near Wanstead Park but Wanstead Flats. The station was opened 9 July 1894.
The station is 360 yards (330 m) from Forest Gate station, according to TfL's journey planner, and this interchange is suggested in the National Rail Timetable. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_preparation_utensils | List of food preparation utensils | Introduction | List of food preparation utensils | A kitchen utensil is a hand-held, typically small tool that is designed for food-related functions. Food preparation utensils are a specific type of kitchen utensil, designed for use in the preparation of food. Some utensils are both food preparation utensils and eating utensils; for instance some implements of cutlery – especially knives – can be used for both food preparation in a kitchen and as eating utensils when dining (though most types of knives used in kitchens are unsuitable for use on the dining table).
In the Western world, utensil invention accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was fuelled in part by the emergence of technologies such as the kitchen stove and refrigerator, but also by a desire to save time in the kitchen, in response to the demands of modern lifestyles. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/156th_Wing | 156th Wing | Decorations | 156th Wing / Decorations | The 156th Wing is a unit of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard, stationed at Muñiz Air National Guard Base, in Carolina, Puerto Rico. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command. | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
en | wit-train-topic-005272068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Ambedkar_Nagar | Dr. Ambedkar Nagar | Introduction | Dr. Ambedkar Nagar | Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, commonly known as Mhow, is a cantonment in the Indore district in Madhya Pradesh state of India. It is located 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of Indore city, towards Mumbai on the old Mumbai-Agra Road. The town was renamed as Dr. Ambedkar Nagar in 2003, by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.
Some articles in popular literature state that 'MHOW' stands for Military Headquarters Of War. However, this is a backronym, and there is no proof to support the theory that the name of the village comes from the acronym. The village near Mhow was called Mhow Gaon in the pre-British era, when English was not used in India. The Cantonment which came up in 1818 came to be known as Mhow Cantt after the name of this village. Sir John Malcolm spelt the name of this town as MOW in his writings. The 1918 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica also mentions 'MAU'. However, the Cantonment was referred to by British officers as Mhow at least as early as the end of 1823 (letter from Lt Edward Squibb to his father in London).
In 2003, the town was renamed Dr. Ambedkar Nagar in honour of B. R. Ambedkar, who was born here. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Black_Lightning | Vincent Black Lightning | Development | Vincent Black Lightning / Development | The Vincent Black Lightning was a Vincent-HRD motorcycle first built in September 1948 at the Vincent works in Great North Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK, and produced from 1948 to 1952. The bike was a purpose-built factory modified Black Shadow that was then named and produced as the Black Lightning. At the time the Black Lightning was the fastest production motorcycle in the world. | Vincent-HRD began motorcycle production in 1928 and were well established after World War II when they launched the 1,000 cc (61 cu in) Black Lightning. This was a production version of the Black Lightning which held the motorcycle land-speed record, with a similar engine specification.
Available to order, a standard Black Lightning was supplied in racing trim with magnesium alloy components, special racing tyres on alloy rims, rear-set foot controls, a solo seat and aluminium mudguards. This reduced the Lightning's weight to 380 lb (170 kg). The 998 cc (60.9 cu in) air-cooled OHV pushrod V-twin specifications were always based on standard parts but upgraded with higher-performance racing equipment. The Black Lightning had higher-strength connecting rods, larger inlet ports, polished rocker gear, steel idler gears, racing carburettors, and a manual-advance magneto, and was available with compression ratios between 6.8:1 and 12.5:1. This resulted in 70 bhp (52 kW) and a top speed of 150 mph (240 km/h). Only 31 Black Lightnings were ever built before production ended in 1952 because of Vincent's financial problems. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenanthera_pinifolia | Stenanthera pinifolia | Introduction | Stenanthera pinifolia | Stenanthera pinifolia, commonly known as pine heath, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has narrow, linear leaves, yellow or red tubular flowers and a small edible berry. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Rosar | Buddy Rosar | Introduction | Buddy Rosar | Warren Vincent "Buddy" Rosar (July 3, 1914 – March 13, 1994) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1939 to 1951 for the New York Yankees, Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Athletics, and Boston Red Sox. A five-time All-Star, Rosar was regarded as an excellent defensive catcher, setting a major league record for consecutive games without an error by a catcher. He is one of only three catchers in Major League history to catch at least 100 games in a single season without committing an error. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C. | Paris Saint-Germain F.C. | Iconic shirts | Paris Saint-Germain F.C. / Identity / Iconic shirts | Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, commonly referred to as Paris Saint-Germain, Paris SG, or simply Paris or PSG, is a French professional football club based in Paris. They compete in Ligue 1, the top division of French football. PSG are one of France's most successful clubs, having won more than 40 competitive honours, including nine league titles and one major European trophy. Their home ground is the Parc des Princes.
Founded in 1970, PSG won their first major honour, the French Cup, in 1982 and their maiden Ligue 1 title in 1986. The 1990s was among the most successful periods in PSG's history; they claimed their second league crown, three French Cups, two League Cups, two French Super Cups and, most notably, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1996. After suffering a decline in fortunes during the 2000s, the club have enjoyed a revival since 2011 with increased financial backing; they have clinched seven league titles and eighteen national cups, achieving unparalleled dominance in domestic competitions. In 2020, the club reached the UEFA Champions League final for the first time, losing to Bayern Munich. | During their first three seasons of existence, the home shirt of Paris Saint-Germain was red with blue and white details in its sleeves and neck to bring together the three colours of the club: the red and blue of Paris, and the white of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. During the 2010–11 season, PSG wore a red shirt during home matches to commemorate their 40th anniversary.
The connection between Paris Saint-Germain and the city's fashion houses is a longstanding one. French fashion designer Daniel Hechter became PSG president in 1973 and designed the club's traditional home look that same year: a blue shirt with a red vertical stripe flanked by two thinner white stripes (blue-white-red-white-blue). First worn in the 1973–74 season, the so-called "Hechter shirt" has remained the classic home identity of PSG ever since.
The famous jersey made its debut during a home Ligue 2 game against Red Star on November 10, 1973. This was also the club's maiden match at the Parc des Princes. PSG won 3–1 as Othniel Dossevi scored the club's first goal at the stadium as well as the first with the Hechter shirt. PSG stars from the 1990s and 2000s like Raí, Ronaldinho and Pauleta are associated with this kit. While wearing it, the capital club reached five European semi-finals in a row between 1993 and 1997, claimed the 1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and achieved eight consecutive wins against Le Classique arch-rivals Olympique de Marseille between 2002 and 2004.
The general belief is that Hechter based his creation on the red-and-white jersey worn by Ajax, the dominant team in Europe at the time, but with the French flag in mind. Hechter himself has denied this, though, instead claiming he was inspired by the Ford Mustang. He transposed the car's hood stripes on the shirt and employed the three colors of the club. The Hechter shirt has two alternate versions: the "reversed Hechter" (red-white-blue-white-red), introduced in the 1974–75 season, and the "white Hechter" (white-blue-red-blue-white), which premiered in the 1994–95 season.
It was with the club's most iconic away outfit, though, that fans saw the first big PSG team which won their maiden Coupe de France titles in 1982 and 1983, experienced their first European campaign in 1983 and claimed their maiden league crown in 1986. The shirt was white with blue and red vertical stripes on the left. Like the Hechter jersey, it debuted in the 1973–74 season as the away kit. Promoted by PSG president Francis Borelli, the white shirt became the club's home identity from 1981 to 1990. Now known as the "Borelli shirt," it is synonym with PSG legends from the 1980s like Safet Sušić, Luis Fernández and Dominique Bathenay. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suffering_(video_game) | The Suffering (video game) | Gameplay and design | The Suffering (video game) / Development / Gameplay and design | The Suffering is a 2004 first and third-person shooter survival horror video game, developed by Surreal Software for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. The game was published by Midway Games for PlayStation 2 and Xbox. The PC version was published by Encore in North America and by Zoo Digital Publishing in Europe. In North America, the game was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in March, and for PC in June. In Europe, it was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in May, and for PC in July. A version was also planned for the GameCube, but was cancelled prior to release. In 2017, the game was released on GOG.com by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, the current owner of the IP after acquiring publisher Midway Games' assets following the latter company's bankruptcy in 2009.
The game tells the story of Torque, a prisoner on death row for murdering his ex-wife and two children, a crime of which he claims to be innocent, saying he blacked out and cannot remember what happened. | An early decision on Rouse's part was that The Suffering be more of an action game than a traditional survival horror. This had implications for much of the design work on the game, as "it meant we were going to focus more on combat and avoid the long cutscenes, frail central characters, clumsy controls, fixed camera angles, and sparse ammo of many console horror games." Another early decision was to keep the central character as much of a mystery as possible, implying only his strength and little else. Artist Mike Nichols says, "We didn't really want a character that looked of any particular nationality or race. He really is almost Neanderthal in appearance. He's very primal. We wanted that strength to come through."
Creature design was also an important element in the development process, with the team determined to create a unique array of enemies. According to Rouse,
from the beginning, we wanted to stay away from zombies and the more tired horror clichés that everyone's had enough of, and wanted to move onto something that was more disturbing and more unique to this experience. It was also early on we decided we wanted to have a theme for all the creatures. So instead, they weren't just this random monster or this random aberration, instead they're each themed after different execution methods that tie into the history of Carnate and all the various forms of execution of humans that have gone on there.
After the team had done their initial creature design for the game, they sent their work to Stan Winston Studios, where Terry Wolfinger took the preexisting designs and finessed them, changed colors, added details etc. to make them more unsettling, referred to as "Stan Winstonizing them." However, it was also important that the creatures, and the game as a whole, have a real world basis, so as to enhance the horror. Rouse explains,
to have a disturbing and unsettling tone we knew that creepy monsters alone would not be enough. Therefore we wanted to tie into real-world horrific events. Thus the storyline is suffused with the darkest elements of American history, including prison life and culture, slavery, racism, unethical medical experimentation, mob-mentality executions, and the death penalty. This is fairly serious subject matter for a videogame, particularly an action-adventure, and it amplified the horror of our world tremendously. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Jakarta | Golden Triangle of Jakarta | Transportation | Golden Triangle of Jakarta / Transportation | Golden Triangle of Jakarta is roughly a triangular shape land area of Jakarta, Indonesia, which extends from Central Jakarta to South Jakarta. Most of the business, financial, and diplomatic establishments are located in the area, which also forms the center of the city. The area is the main CBD of Jakarta, where most of the tallest skyscrapers are located. The area is bordered by main avenues of Jakarta, Thamrin Avenue-Sudirman Boulevard, Rasuna Said Avenue, and Gatot Subroto Avenue. There are many other roads criss-crossing the area. There are clusters of commercial buildings such as SCBD, Mega Kuningan, Rasuna Epicentrum and Kuningan Persada. Golden triangle is one of the fastest evolving CBD in Asia-Pacific region. | The area is served by TransJakarta Corridor 1, Corridor 6, Corridor 9. There are many routes operated by Kopaja, Mayasari Bakti and APTB buses.
Sudirman, Cikini and Gondangdia station of Jakarta commuter rail are located within the area.
The North-South line of Jakarta MRT crosses the area with multiple stations. The area will be also served by LRT. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University | Arizona State University | Sustainability | Arizona State University / Sustainability | Arizona State University is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona.
ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019, the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses, more than 38,000 students attending online, including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates. The university is organized into 17 colleges, featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes. ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students, as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs.
ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports. The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979, and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first title in 1965. In addition to its athletic program, the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations. | As of March 2014, ASU was the top institution of higher education in the United States for solar generating capacity. Today, the university generates over 24 megawatts (MW) of electricity from on-campus solar arrays. This is an increase over the June 2012 total of 15.3 MW. ASU has 88 solar photovoltaic (PV) installations containing 81,424 solar panels across four campuses and the ASU Research Park. An additional 29 MWdc solar installation was dedicated at Red Rock, Arizona in January 2017, bringing the university's solar generating capacity to 50 MWdc.
Additionally, six wind turbines installed on the roof of the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability building on the Tempe campus have operated since October 2008. Under normal conditions, the six turbines produce enough electricity to power approximately 36 computers.
ASU's School of Sustainability was the first school in the United States to introduce degrees in the field of sustainability. ASU's School of Sustainability is part of the Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability. The School was established in spring 2007 and began enrolling undergraduates in fall 2008. The school offers majors, minors, and a number of certificates in sustainability. ASU is also home to the Sustainability Consortium which was founded by Jay Golden in 2009.
The School of Sustainability has been essential in establishing the university as "a leader in the academics of sustainable business." The university is widely considered to be one of the most ambitious and principled organizations for embedding sustainable practices into its operating model. The university has embraced several challenging sustainability goals. Among the numerous benchmarks outlined in the university's prospectus, is the creation of a large recycling and composting operation that will eliminate 30% and divert 90% of waste from landfills. This endeavor will be aided by educating students about the benefits of avoiding overconsumption that contributes to excessive waste. Sustainability courses have been expanded to attain this goal and many of the university's individual colleges and schools have integrated such material into their lectures and courses. Second, ASU is on track to reduce its rate of water consumption by 50%. The university's most aggressive benchmark is to be the first, large research university to achieve carbon neutrality as it pertains to its Scope 1, 2 and non-transportation Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Denham | William Denham | Introduction | William Denham | William Mortimer Clarence Denham (August 1888 – 21 September 1969) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Umbozero | Lake Umbozero | Introduction | Lake Umbozero | Umbozero Lake (Russian: Умбозеро, named after the adherent Umba River) is located in Murmansk Oblast of Russia, between the Khibiny on the west and Lovozero Tundras on the east. Area is 422 km², average depth is 15 m, maximum is 115. The lake freezes from the end of October. Its largest island is Sarvanovsky. Three kinds of fish are found in the lake. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancelloriidae | Chancelloriidae | Introduction | Chancelloriidae | The Chancelloriids are an extinct family of animal common in sediments from the Early Cambrian to the early Late Cambrian. Many of these fossils consists only of spines and other fragments, and it is not certain that they belong to the same type of organism. Other specimens appear to be more complete and to represent sessile, bag-like organisms with a soft skin armored with star-shaped calcareous sclerites from which radiate sharp spines.
Classifying the chancelloriids is difficult. Some paleontologists classify them as sponges, an idea which chancelloriids' sessile lifestyle and simple structure make plausible. Other proposals suggest that they were more advanced, or at least originated from more advanced ancestors; for example chancelloriids' skins appear to be much more complex than those of any sponge. It has been suggested that chancelloriids were related to the "chain mail" armored slug-like halkieriids, which are important in analyses of the Cambrian explosion. While the sclerites of the two groups are very similar right down to the microscopic level, and therefore unlikely to have evolved independently, the large dissimilarity in the body plans of the two groups creates a puzzle which is hard to resolve. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diamond_Troupe | The Diamond Troupe | Reunions | The Diamond Troupe / Reunions | The Diamond Troupe was the concert party of the 29th Division, a First World War infantry division within the British Army. Also known as the "Incomparable Division", the 29th was formed in 1915 by combining units that had previously been acting as garrisons about the British Empire. The division fought throughout the Gallipoli Campaign and, from 1916 to the end of the war, on the Western Front in France.
Concert parties were an integral element of the war effort; and by 1917, virtually every division had at least one. They mirrored the Pierrot troupes of music halls and seaside resorts, offering soldiers a respite from war, reminding them of home, and providing a neutral outlet to air grievances about "food, conditions, and sergeants".
The Diamond Troupe was one of a small number of concert parties to achieve considerable notoriety, both on the battlefield and at home. Its success was due to a combination of factors, not the least of which were the fame of the Division itself and the exceptional performances of many troupe members, especially by what historian Larry J Collins described as "the show-stopper": the female impersonator. | Given the Diamond Troupe’s reputation and success, it is all too easy to forget that as a performing unit, they existed for less than two years: from their first show under a “fine canvas theatre” in Proven in August/September 1917 to their last performance as victors in Wermelskirchen, Germany in December 1918. And then, as Gillon wrote, “the Diamond Troupe thus stole silently away…” It is not known how often troupe members kept in touch with one another after the war nor to what extent they were called upon to join in activities associated with the 29th Division.
In 1921, the Division Association spearheaded an effort to keep servicemen in touch with their regimental associations. Their approach called for sending out small cards every month, each containing a calendar and a poem relating to the history of the Division. In February 1921, the card included Lancelot Cayley Shadwell’s lyrics to the Song of the 29th Division. It is not known how long this practice was maintained.
On 25 April 1929—the fourteenth anniversary of the Gallipoli landing—the 29th Division Association held its twenty-first annual dinner at London’s Café Royal. There, Hill, Stannard, Palmer and Holmes were reunited to perform the Song of the 29th Division. A newspaper report at the time described the event as a:
... remarkable gathering of distinguished sailors and soldiers… [whose most] inspiring moment came when Mr. Alec Hill sang the song of the 29th Division. He used to sing it out there in the war days, and [it] … has never, perhaps, been cherished by so many war leaders. Earl Jellicoe, Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, General Sir Ian Hamilton, and General Sir Aylmer Hunter Weston, among others at the top table, sang it with the infectious enthusiasm of youth. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Territory | Louisiana Territory | Introduction | Louisiana Territory | The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1805, until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory. The territory was formed out of the District of Louisiana, which consisted of the portion of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 33rd parallel (which is now the Arkansas–Louisiana state line). |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hosmer_House | Joseph Hosmer House | Introduction | Joseph Hosmer House | The Joseph Hosmer House is a historic First Period house located at 572 Main Street in Concord, Massachusetts. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresio_Olivelli | Teresio Olivelli | Introduction | Teresio Olivelli | Blessed Teresio Olivelli (7 January 1916 – 12 January 1945) was an Italian Roman Catholic soldier during World War II and part of the Italian Resistance movement to Fascism and the Nazi regime. Olivelli graduated in law in Pavia in 1938 and went on to comment in papers on the legal and social issues of the time before he became a volunteer fighter in the Spanish Civil War and in World War II with a notable campaign fought in Russia. The war soured his views towards the Italian fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and his time in the resistance was marked with articles in a newspaper he founded dedicated to promoting the Christian message and attempting to improve upon aspects of fascism with a more Christian message.
Olivelli's beatification cause started in 1988 under Pope John Paul II and he became titled as a Servant of God. The cause was first designed to demonstrate that Olivelli died because of hatred of his faith – thus beatification would be quicker – but disagreements led to a prolonged cause designed instead to prove Olivelli led a life of heroic virtue which Pope Francis confirmed on 14 December 2015. This confirmation allowed for the pope to name him as Venerable. Francis approved his beatification on 16 June 2017 and he was beatified on 3 February 2018 in Vigevano. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama | Efforts to impeach Barack Obama | Introduction | Efforts to impeach Barack Obama | During Barack Obama's tenure as President of the United States from 2009 to 2017, certain Republican members of Congress, as well as Democratic congressman Dennis Kucinich, stated that Obama had engaged in impeachable activity and that he might face attempts to remove him from office. Rationales offered for possible impeachment included false claims that Obama was born outside the United States, that he allowed people to use bathrooms based on their gender identity, the 2012 Benghazi attack, and Obama's enforcement of immigration laws. No list of articles of impeachment was ever drawn up and proposed to the Judiciary Committee.
Multiple surveys of U.S. public opinion found that a near supermajority of Americans rejected the idea of impeaching Obama, though a bit more than a simple majority of Republicans did support such efforts. For example, CNN found in July 2014 that 57% of Republicans supported impeachment, but in general, 65% of American adults, disagreed with impeachment with only 33% supporting such efforts. These numbers were very reminiscent to Obama's predecessors with 69% opposing impeaching George W. Bush in 2006 and 67% opposing impeaching Bill Clinton in 1998 (though Clinton would later be impeached regardless). This would contrast drastically with Obama's successor who would at one point have 51% of citizens supporting his impeachment and 45% opposing, making him the first president of the 21st century to not have a supermajority opposing his impeachment and the first to have a majority supporting his impeachment. Obama's successor would subsequently be impeached. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerman_5000 | Powerman 5000 | Copies, Clones & Replicants and Builders of the Future (2011–16) | Powerman 5000 / Biography / Copies, Clones & Replicants and Builders of the Future (2011–16) | Powerman 5000 is an American industrial metal band formed in 1991. The group has released nine albums, gaining its highest level of commercial success with 1999's Tonight the Stars Revolt!, which reached number 29 on the Billboard 200 while spawning the singles "When Worlds Collide" and "Nobody's Real". Frontman Spider One is the younger brother of fellow metal musician Rob Zombie. | The band announced on May 23, 2011 that they had started work on a new album. On July 24, 2011, Powerman 5000 released a cover of Devo's "Whip It", a cover of "Space Oddity" by David Bowie on July 28, 2011 and a cover of Van Halen's "Jump" on July 31, 2011 on their website. Released by Cleopatra Records, Copies, Clones & Replicants included covers of other new wave songs such as The Fixx's "One Thing Leads to Another" and Eddy Grant's "Electric Avenue".
On July 11, 2012, Spider began teasing a new song by posting on his Twitter that "Someone sneaked a camera in the studio tonight and filmed the speaker while it blasted a new Powerman 5000 tune!".
Their album Builders of the Future was released on May 27, 2014 and was co-produced/co-written by guitarist Nick Quijano Sci55ors, as well as engineered and co-produced by Evan Rodaniche (Evan9), both former guitarists. The band was set to play a co-headlining tour in the US with Wayne Static in November with American Head Charge supporting them until Wayne's death in November 2014. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Wilson_Stadium | Earl Wilson Stadium | Introduction | Earl Wilson Stadium | Earl E. Wilson Baseball Stadium at Roger Barnson Field is a baseball stadium located on the northwest corner of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas campus in Paradise, Nevada. It has been the home field for the UNLV Hustlin' Rebels college baseball team since its opening in 1994. The stadium features 2,500 theater-type seats and 500 bleacher back seats bringing the stadium's capacity to 3,000. The stadium was dedicated on January 29, 1994 in conjunction with a UNLV Alumni game. 2,500 attended the game and grand opening ceremonies. In 1997, the infield playing surface was replaced and the outfield fence was replaced with a new fence that stands 12' high. In 2007 the stadium received a new playing surface and in 2009 it received a new scoreboard in left field to replace the original one. Earl Wilson Stadium has hosted five Mountain West Conference Baseball Tournaments (2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2012), more than any other venue. In 2010, the locker rooms were remodeled, the clubhouse lounge area received new flatscreen TVs and couches, the infield grass was replaced, new black padding was installed behind the backstop, a fresh halo was installed around the batting circle and the facility received a fresh coat of red paint. Future plans call for a new clubhouse, a new synthetic outfield surface, an overhang for the bleachers, a two-story press box, new batting cages and a video scoreboard to replace the scoreboard which was installed in 2009.
Earl Wilson Stadium sits on the former site of UNLV's original baseball stadium, Rebel Field. Rebel Field opened on April 1, 1973, when the Hustlin' Rebels lost to Southern Cal 9–2 in front of 1,500 fans. The attendance record at the stadium happened in May 1977 when 5,000 watched the Kenny Rogers Celebrity-News Media Softball Game benefiting the Nevada Special Olympics. In 1980, Hustlin' Rebel Field was renamed Roger Barnson Field in honor of the late UNLV assistant athletic director, Roger Barnson. Barnson, a former pitcher at Arizona State University had lost his life in an automobile accident on March 14, 1980.
Earl Wilson Stadium was built with $1.2 million from a $6.5 million gift from the estate of Earl and Hazel Wilson. The $6.5 million gift was the largest single gift ever received by the university, was donated by the late Hazel Wilson on behalf of her late husband, Earl. Earl Wilson was a Las Vegas businessman who was a major stockholder in the Golden Nugget Hotel & Casino in downtown Las Vegas and had played semi-professional baseball in Oregon. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_1st_constituency | Bas-Rhin's 1st constituency | Introduction | Bas-Rhin's 1st constituency | The 1st constituency of the Bas-Rhin is a French legislative constituency in the Bas-Rhin département, Alsace. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monardella | Monardella | Introduction | Monardella | Monardella is a genus of approximately 40 species of annual and perennial plants native to western North America from British Columbia to northwestern Mexico. They are grown for their highly aromatic foliage, which in some species is used for herbal teas. The two-lipped, tubular flowers are formed in terminal clusters and are most usually red, pink, or purple.
Monardella is a taxonomic patronym honoring the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes. Plants in this genus are commonly known as wildmints, coyote mints or monardellas. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_National_Park | Cerro de la Estrella National Park | Introduction | Cerro de la Estrella National Park | Cerro de la Estrella National Park is centered on the Cerro de la Estrella mountain which is located entirely within eastern Mexico City, in the borough of Iztapalapa.
The park was originally designated in 1938 with 1,100 hectares, but the growth of the city has encroached on it and left it with less than 200 hectares. The park is meant to provide cultural and recreational opportunity as well as to protect the mountain, which is important archaeologically and culturally as the site of the pre Hispanic New Fire ceremony and the modern-day Passion Play. Archaeological remains include temples related to the ceremony and older structures such as housing units, petroglyphs, and a major temple related to the Teotihuacan culture. The park and the archaeological sites remain in danger of destruction by encroachment, use of land for agriculture, graffiti and the dumping of garbage. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_Punch | Romantic Punch | Introduction | Romantic Punch | Romantic Punch is a rock band based in South Korea, which currently has four members. The band was formed in July 2003 as a Christian indie band "WA★DISH" (Wash the Dishes) and changed its name to "Romantic Punch" in May 2009. They originally had five members, but, Park Hana (the group's bassist), who was on pregnancy leave at the time, left the group on March 9, 2015. No specific reason or explanation was given for her departure.
Besides playing at various rock festivals, they perform their solo concert titled "Romantic Party" at regular intervals. Their fan club is expanding continuously and currently has more than ten thousand members.
Up to now, they have staged more than 1000 street concerts in various locations and regions in Korea.
Their management agency is "Queen Entertainment" based in Seoul, Korea. In January 2013, they signed a contract with "Kiss Entertainment" as their management office in Japan, but after 2013, the band have had no major activities in Japan. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowline_(park) | Lowline (park) | Lowline Lab | Lowline (park) / History / Lowline Lab | The Lowline, formerly known as the Delancey Underground, was a park under construction that would have been the world's first underground park in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It was located under the eastbound roadway of Delancey Street on the Lower East Side, in the former Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal adjacent to the Essex Street station.
The name "Lowline" is a reference to the High Line, an elevated park converted from an abandoned railway. | The Lowline Lab was opened in October 2015 as a working prototype to determine the long-term feasibility of the Delancey Underground project. Located several blocks away from the proposed site, the Lab offered a glimpse of what the eventual Lowline could become, employing the same technology that will be used in the permanent space to bring sunlight into a simulated underground environment. The Lab featured over 70 species of plants and more than 3,000 plants in total operating off of a combination of natural sunlight and artificial supplements. The Lab closed to the public on February 26, 2017. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obervellach | Obervellach | Introduction | Obervellach | Obervellach (Slovene: Zgornja Bela) is a market town in the district of Spittal an der Drau, in the Austrian state of Carinthia. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf_Hey_Reservoir | Calf Hey Reservoir | Introduction | Calf Hey Reservoir | Calf Hey Reservoir is a reservoir in Haslingden Grane, close to the town of Haslingden, in the Borough of Rossendale, England. It was the first of three reservoirs in the valley, the others being Ogden Reservoir and Holden Wood Reservoir.
Not to be confused with the upper of the two Ogden Reservoirs 11 miles to the north, near Nelson. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoDa_(Charlotte_neighborhood) | NoDa (Charlotte neighborhood) | Introduction | NoDa (Charlotte neighborhood) | NoDa (short for "North Davidson") is a popular arts district in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is located in the North Charlotte neighborhood on and around North Davidson Street and 36th Street, approximately one mile northeast of Uptown. Formerly an area of textile manufacturing and mill workers' residences, the area has also served as a center for the arts. NoDa shares the same geography as Historic North Charlotte which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The name "NoDa" was coined by architect Russell Pound. In addition to historic mill houses, NoDa has seen a boom in residential construction in multifamily housing in recent years. The neighborhood has become an entertainment district focused on bimonthly gallery crawls. In addition to the art galleries, there are several music venues and restaurants in the neighborhood. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Bridge_(Marinette,_Wisconsin_%E2%80%93_Menominee,_Michigan) | Interstate Bridge (Marinette, Wisconsin – Menominee, Michigan) | Introduction | Interstate Bridge (Marinette, Wisconsin – Menominee, Michigan) | The Interstate Bridge between Marinette, Wisconsin and Menominee, Michigan carries U.S. Highway 41 (US 41) over the Menominee River. The current bridge was completed in November 2005 and replaced the previous span built in 1929. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herpetofauna_of_the_Czech_Republic | List of herpetofauna of the Czech Republic | Family: Emydidae - Terrapins | List of herpetofauna of the Czech Republic / Reptile / Order: Testudines - Turtles / Family: Emydidae - Terrapins | Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Amphibians are tetrapod animals from the class Amphibia comprising toads, frogs, salamanders, newts and caecilians. They have an amphibious lifestyle, where the larvae are aquatic. Skin is generally soft and with glands. They show three type of respiration through moist skin, buccal cavity and lungs. Caecilians are limbless amphibians, whereas other amphibians have short limbs. Amphibians lay cluster of eggs as egg masses closer to a water body and show an external fertilization.
About 20 species of amphibians are found in Czech Republic. The low numbers is due to cold climate, where both amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic animals they cannot survive in very cold environments. This is a list of amphibians and reptiles found in Czech Republic. | |
en | wit-train-topic-005272114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeStreet_Bank | HomeStreet Bank | Introduction | HomeStreet Bank | HomeStreet, Inc., d.b.a HomeStreet Bank, together with its subsidiaries, provides various financial services primarily in Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii. The company was founded as Continental Mortgage and Loan Company in 1921 by W. Walter Williams. It changed its name to Continental Savings Bank in 1986. In May of 2000, the named changed to HomeStreet Bank. Its current headquarters are in Seattle, Washington.
Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 the bank suffered heavy losses. In 2012, in order to satisfy regulatory capital requirements, it raised $89 million in an IPO, ending four generations of control by the Williams family.
In 2018 the bank won a court case following its attempt to stop a hedge fund placing its own candidates on the board.
It was announced in November 2018 that HomeStreet Bank would acquire the San Marcos, California retail branch and business lending team of Silvergate Bank. The transaction should be finalized in the first half of 2019.
On March 24, 2020, HomeStreet suspended its $27 million stock buyback plan during the COVID-19 pandemic. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kloczko | Edward Kloczko | Introduction | Edward Kloczko | Edward J. Kloczko (born 22 August 1963, Lviv) is a French linguist. He has worked with and published on the constructed languages of J. R. R. Tolkien.
In 1985, he founded the Faculté des études elfiques (School of Elvish Studies, whose acronym Fée is French for 'fairy'), which was the first French non-profit literary and educational organization dedicated to the study, discussion, and enjoyment of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien.
He contributes to "The Words of Middle-earth", a linguistic column of Mythprint the monthly bulletin of the Mythopoeic Society. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Vailati | Giovanni Vailati | Introduction | Giovanni Vailati | Giovanni Vailati (24 April 1863 – 14 May 1909) was an Italian proto-analytic philosopher, historian of science, and mathematician. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flaming_Disc | The Flaming Disc | Introduction | The Flaming Disc | The Flaming Disc is a 1920 American silent adventure film serial directed by Robert F. Hill. The first episode of the series, "Rails of Death", opened on November 21, 1920. A total of 18 film episodes were produced. The Flaming Disc is now presumed to be a lost film. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Brazil | List of mammals of Brazil | Cervidae - deer | List of mammals of Brazil / Infraclass: Eutheria / Artiodactyla / Cervidae - deer | Brazil has the largest mammal diversity in the world, with more than 600 described species and, probably, many yet to be discovered. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature sixty-six of these species are endangered and 40% of the threatened taxa belong to the primate group.
658 species are listed.
The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature:
Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened and least concern categories: | Chital or axis deer, Axis axis (introduced species)
Marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus
Red brocket, Mazama americana
Gray brocket, Mazama gouazoubira
Pygmy brocket, Mazama nana
White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
Pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus |
en | wit-train-topic-005272125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_buffalo_hunt | Métis buffalo hunt | Pemmican trade | Métis buffalo hunt / Pemmican trade | Métis buffalo hunting began on the North American plains in the late 1700s and continued until 1878. The great buffalo hunts were subsistence, political, economic, and military operations for Métis families and communities living in the region. At the height of the buffalo hunt era, there were two major hunt seasons: summer and autumn. These hunts were highly organized, with an elected council to lead the expedition. This made sure the process was fair and all families were well-fed and provided for throughout the year. | Converting the buffalo into bags of pemmican the Métis would bring them north to trade at the North West Company posts. After the North West Company was absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company most of the pemmican was sold to the Hudson's Bay Company at Red River.
The pemmican, which forms the staple article of produce from the summer hunt, is a species of food peculiar to Rupert's Land. It is composed of buffalo meat, dried and pounded fine, and mixed with an amount of tallow or buffalo fat equal to itself in bulk. The tallow having been boiled, is poured hot from the caldron into an oblong bag, manufactured from the buffalo hide, into which the pounded meat has previously been placed. The contents are then stirred together until they have been thoroughly well mixed. When full, the bag is sewed up and laid in store. Each bag when full weighs one hundred pounds. It is calculated that, on an average, the carcass of each buffalo will yield enough pemmican to fill one bag.
— Red river by Joseph James Hargrave
The smaller buffalo cow was the main target of the hunt. A buffalo cow, weighing about 900 pounds (410 kg), will yield 272 pounds (123 kg) of meat or 54 pounds (24 kg) to 68 pounds (31 kg) of dried meat. A bull buffalo, weighing 2,000 pounds (910 kg), will yield 550 pounds (250 kg) of meat or between 110 pounds (50 kg) to 137 pounds (62 kg) of dried meat. It takes between 4 pounds (1.8 kg) or 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of meat to produce 1 pound (0.45 kg) of dried meat. A bag of pemmican or a taureau (lit. 'a bull') weighed between 90 pounds (41 kg) to 100 pounds (45 kg) and contained between 45 pounds (20 kg) to 50 pounds (23 kg) of dried pounded meat. These bags of taureaux (lit. 'bulls') when mixed with fat from the udder were known as taureaux fins, when mixed with bone marrow as taureaux grand and when mixed with berries as taureaux à grains.
The product of 1,776 buffalo cows on one autumn hunt in 1845, which 55 hunters and their families with 213 carts took part, was 228 bags of pemmican (pimikchigan) each (90 pounds (41 kg)), 1213 bales of dried meat (viande sèche) each 60 pounds (27 kg) to 70 pounds (32 kg), 166 sacks of tallow (boskoyas) each 200 pounds (91 kg) and 556 bladders of marrow each 12 pounds (5.4 kg).
The Hudson's Bay Company depended on the products of the buffalo hunts well into the 1870s. Samuel MacKenzie, the factor of Île-à-la-Crosse, ordered provisions for the passing brigades in 1871. The list included 240 bags of common pemmican (90 pounds (41 kg) each), 8 bags of fine pemmican (45 pounds (20 kg) each), 10 bags of hard grease (100 pounds (45 kg) each) and 1 bag of soft grease (100 pounds (45 kg)) for the Île-à-la-Crosse Post and an additional 29 bags of common pemmican (90 pounds (41 kg)), 1 bag of fine pemmican (90 pounds (41 kg)) and 1 bag of hard grease (100 pounds (45 kg)) was ordered for the Portage La Loche Post.
For these people on the edge of the prairie the pemmican trade was as important a source of trade goods as was the beaver trade for the Indians further north. This trade was a major factor in the emergence of a distinct Métis society. Packs of pemmican would be shipped north and stored at the major fur posts: Fort Alexander, Cumberland House, Île-à-la-Crosse, Fort Garry, Norway House, and Edmonton House. So important was pemmican that, in 1814, governor Miles Macdonell nearly started a war (Pemmican War) with the Métis when he passed the short-lived Pemmican Proclamation, which forbade the export of pemmican from the Red River Colony. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_use_in_Antiquity | Spice use in Antiquity | Common spices by region | Spice use in Antiquity / History of early known spice use / Common spices by region | Spices have been around in conjunction with human use for millennia, many civilizations in antiquity used a variety of spices for their common qualities. The variety of spices were used for common purposes among the ancient world, and they were also used to create a variety of products designed to enhance or suppress certain sensations. Spices were also associated with certain rituals to perpetuate a superstition, or fulfill a religious obligation, among other things. | Many spices originated from particular regions in the classical world, however they made their way invariably from one region to another across the ancient world through trade. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliy_Firtsak | Yuliy Firtsak | Introduction | Yuliy Firtsak | Yuliy Firtsak (Ukrainian: Юлій Фірцак; 22 August 1836 – 1 June 1912) was a Ruthenian Greek Catholic hierarch. He was bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve from 1891 to 1912. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act | Religious Freedom Restoration Act | Background and passage | Religious Freedom Restoration Act / Background and passage | The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-141, 107 Stat. 1488, codified at 42 USC § 2000bb through 42 USC § 2000bb-4, is a 1993 United States federal law that "ensures that interests in religious freedom are protected." The bill was introduced by Congressman Chuck Schumer on March 11, 1993. A companion bill was introduced in the Senate by Ted Kennedy the same day. A unanimous U.S. House and a nearly unanimous U.S. Senate—three senators voted against passage—passed the bill, and President Bill Clinton signed it into law.
RFRA was held unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court, as applied to the states in the City of Boerne v. Flores decision in 1997, which ruled that the RFRA is not a proper exercise of Congress's enforcement power. However, it continues to be applied to the federal government—for instance, in Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. These cases did not consider whether Congress was violating the Establishment Clause if it carves out exemptions based on religious laws from federal laws and regulations that it itself has authorized. In response to City of Boerne v. | The Religious Freedom Restoration Act applies to all religions, but is most pertinent to Native American religions that are burdened by increasing expansion of government projects onto sacred land. In Native American religion the land they worship on is very important. Often the particular ceremonies can only take place in certain locations because these locations have special significance. This, along with peyote use, are the main parts of Native American religions that are often left unprotected.
The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment states that Congress shall not pass laws prohibiting the free exercise of religion. In the 1960s, the Supreme Court interpreted this as banning laws that burdened a person's exercise of religion (e.g. Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972)). But in the 1980s the Court began to allow legislation that incidentally prohibited religiously mandatory activities as long as the ban was "generally applicable" to all citizens. Also, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, intended to protect the freedoms of tribal religions, was lacking enforcement. This led to the key cases leading up to the RFRA, which were Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 485 U.S. 439 (1988), and Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). In Lyng, the Court was unfavorable to sacred land rights. Members of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok tribes tried to use the First Amendment to prevent a road from being built by the U.S. Forest Service through sacred land. The land that the road would go through consisted of gathering sites for natural resources used in ceremonies and praying sites. The Supreme Court ruled that this was not an adequate legal burden because the government was not coercing or punishing them for their religious beliefs. In Smith the Court upheld the state of Oregon's refusal to give unemployment benefits to two Native Americans fired from their jobs at a rehab clinic after testing positive for mescaline, the main psychoactive compound in the peyote cactus, which they used in a religious ceremony. Peyote use has been a common practice in Native American tribes for centuries. It was integrated with Christianity into what is now known as the Native American Church.
The Smith decision outraged the public. Many groups came together. Both liberal (like the American Civil Liberties Union) and conservative groups (like the Traditional Values Coalition) as well as other groups such as the Christian Legal Society, the American Jewish Congress, the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty, and the National Association of Evangelicals joined forces to support RFRA, which would reinstate the Sherbert Test, overturning laws if they burden a religion. The act, which was Congress's reaction to the Lyng and Smith cases, passed the House unanimously and the Senate 97 to 3 and was signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtahkakoop | Ahtahkakoop | John Hines | Ahtahkakoop / John Hines | Ahtahkakoop was a Chief of the House Cree division of the Plains Cree, who led his people through the transition from hunter and warrior to farmer, and from traditional indigenous spiritualism to Christianity during the last third of the 19th century.
He rose to be a respected and tactical leader of the Cree Nation in the latter part of the 19th century. At the onset of his leadership, the plains buffalo herds were abundant in the northern plains and parklands, providing greatly to the social, environmental, and economical balance vital to the survival of the Cree. By the 1860s, the buffalo were rapidly disappearing and with the arrival of the European settlers this balance became altered. Chief Ahtahkakoop understood that the ways of living that his band was used to needed to change in order for it and its future generations to survive. Together with his friend and fellow Chief, Mistāwasis, he signed the 1876 Treaty 6 as the second signatory chief at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan. By signing this treaty he agreed to relocate his band to a 67 square miles reserve at Sandy Lake, 45 miles northwest of present-day Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. | In the summer of 1874, Ahtahkakoop and his band traveled to Fort Carlton to pick up supplies before heading out to hunt buffalo. While at the stop in Carlton he met the young missionary, John Hines, only in passing. However, Ahtahkakoop had been hoping to meet someone that could help his people transition and adapt to the changing world around them. The two men parted ways, with Ahtahkakoop leaving for the hunt and Hines setting out to build a new home for himself. However, when Ahtahkakoop heard that Hines was living nearby at a site on Whitefish Lake he decided to pay Hines a visit. During this visit Ahtahkakoop suggested to Hines that he should join them and move his settlement to Sandy Lake (yēkawiskāwikamāw) to be a minister there. In October of the same year, Hines moved his settlement to Sandy Lake, camping on Ahtahkakoop's land, which was much more appropriate for cultivation than his previous settlement sites.
This was not Ahtahkakoop's first encounter with missionaries. Prior to his encounter with Hines, Roman Catholic priests had visited Ahtahkakoop and his people. Ahtahkakoop had allowed for these priests to baptize his children. Ahtahkakoop had yet to be converted and baptized when Hines arrived at his camp. He was baptized 20 May 1877 along with his wife, who had been cautious about converting under the Church of England due to the fact that this church differed from that of her children. Ahtahkakoop not only introduced Hines and his religious teachings to his own people but also other bands, such as that of Mistawasis and Okinomotayew of Stony Lake. He stated that it was neither the work of Hines nor his own work that led to the spread of Christianity, but that rather people converted of their own accord.
Ahtahkakoop was under the impression that the previous missionaries under the Roman Catholic Church that visited his people would send somebody to educate his children, and others in his band, which they had stated they would. However, he was underwhelmed by these missionaries and was therefore excited for Hines to start educating his children and others at his camp. Therefore, Hines established a day school at Ahtahkakoop's site. He later set up additional day schools at other camps, one of which at Stony Lake which was run by one of Hine's previous pupils that had been taught at the school at Sandy Lake.
Ahtahkakoop was not only concerned about religious and practical teachings that Hines could provide but also agricultural teaching. Ahtahkakoop was aware of the changing economic world around him. With the drastic decrease in buffalo populations, which the Cree people had been so reliant on, Ahtahkakoop decided that turning to agriculture would provide the best and most stable economic income for the band. Therefore, Hines taught Ahtahkakoop and his people various agricultural tools, such as how to sow grain and plant gardens. At any given time, Ahtahkakoop's land had anywhere between 20 and 120 acres of land in use for agricultural purposes. In later years the Government of Canada praised Ahtahkakoop and Hines on their agricultural efforts. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Wayne | Reggie Wayne | Introduction | Reggie Wayne | Reginald Wayne (born November 17, 1978) is a former American football wide receiver who spent 14 seasons with the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Miami, and was drafted by the Colts in the first round (30th overall) of the 2001 NFL Draft. A six-time Pro Bowl selection, Wayne was a member of the Colts' Super Bowl XLI championship team that beat the Chicago Bears. He ranks tenth all-time in NFL career receptions, tenth all-time in NFL receiving yards, and 24th all-time in career touchdown receptions. On December 14, 2014, Wayne played in both his 209th game and his 142nd win as a member of the Colts, breaking the franchise records set by Peyton Manning. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force | Future of the Indian Air Force | Airborne early warning | Future of the Indian Air Force / Under development / Airborne early warning | The Indian Air Force has been undergoing a modernization program to replace and upgrade its aging and outdated equipment since the late 90s to advanced standards. For that reason it has started procuring and developing aircraft, weapons, associated technologies, and infrastructures. Some of these programs date back to the late 80s. The primary focus of current modernization and upgrades is to replace aircraft purchased from the Soviet Union that currently form the backbone of the Air Force.
The Indian Airforce plans to attain 45 squadrons strength by 2035 & deploy 450 fighter jets each along the Northern & Western borders with Pakistan, China & Eastern Borders with China. The IAF will also acquire large numbers of stealthy autonomous UCAVs, swarm drones and unmanned aircraft to transform into a fully advanced Network-Centric Force capable of sustained multi role operations along the entire spectrum. | In 2004, Defence Research and Development Organisation revived the Airavat Project, which was India's first attempt in developing an indigenous AEW aircraft. A $210 million deal signed with Brazil's Embraer in 2008 for the supply of three Embraer EMB-145 regional jets. Embraer Defense and Security, on 16 August 2012, delivered the first EMB 145 Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) class of aircraft. The delivery followed successful completion of ground and flight tests of the aircraft which met operational targets established by both Embraer and Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) of Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). Later, the aircraft will be delivered to the Indian Air Force after integration of missions systems of DRDO by CABS in India. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada_College | Upper Canada College | Arts and athletics | Upper Canada College / Extracurricular activities / Arts and athletics | Upper Canada College in Toronto, Ontario is an independent school for boys between Senior Kindergarten and Grade Twelve, operating under the International Baccalaureate program. The secondary school segment is divided into ten houses; eight are for day students and the remaining two are for boarding students. Aside from the main structure, with its dominant clock tower, the Toronto campus has a number of sports facilities, staff and faculty residences, and buildings for other purposes. UCC also owns and operates a campus in Norval, Ontario, for outdoor education.
UCC was founded in 1829 by Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada Sir John Colborne, based upon Elizabeth College, Guernsey. It is the oldest independent school in the province of Ontario and the third oldest in Canada. UCC is widely described as the country's most prestigious preparatory school, and has produced many notable graduates. After facing closure by the government on more than one occasion, UCC became fully independent in 1900, nine years after moving to its present location. | Upper Canada College runs a variety of extracurricular theatre programs, ranging in scope and scale, from musicals to Shakespeare, with at least one large-scale and one small-scale production each year. Smaller, student written and run plays are also produced. The theatre program, which includes all aspects of production, is run in conjunction with Bishop Strachan School, a nearby girls' private school. Various bands and music groups that practice extra-curricularly are also supported by the college, including a wind ensemble, concert band, stage band, string ensemble, jazz ensemble, and singers. These groups compete in festivals at different levels and also organize fundraising concerts. UCC has, and still does, develop sports rivalries with other boys' schools in Ontario.
Sports teams run by UCC include baseball, basketball, cricket, football, golf, hockey, rowing, rugby, lacrosse, soccer, squash, Swimming, Track and Field, tennis, and volleyball. Some teams are purely intramural, but 45 interscholastic teams compete in the CISAA and OFSAA and regularly place high in the standings at national and international competitions, such as the Head of the Charles Regatta. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholanaikkan | Cholanaikkan | Introduction | Cholanaikkan | The Cholanaikkans are an ethnic group of India. They primarily inhabit the southern Kerala State, especially Silent Valley National Park, and are one of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes of the region. The Cholanaikkans speak the Cholanaikkan language, which belongs to the Dravidian family. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontarnauite | Fontarnauite | Introduction | Fontarnauite | Fontarnauite is a relatively recently described, rare sulfate, borate mineral with the formula (Na,K)₂(Sr,Ca)(SO₄)[B₅O₈(OH)]·2H₂O. It is found in an evaporite boron deposit. It coexists with other evaporite boron minerals, especially probertite. It is monoclinic, crystallizing in the space group P2₁/c.
It was named for Ramon Fontarnau i Griera, a materials scientist of the University of Barcelona. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Central_Railroad_Company | Maine Central Railroad Company | Passenger operations | Maine Central Railroad Company / Passenger operations | The Maine Central Railroad Company was a former U. S. Class I railroad in central and southern Maine. It was chartered in 1856 and began operations in 1862. By 1884, Maine Central was the longest railroad in New England. Maine Central had expanded to 1,358 miles when the United States Railroad Administration assumed control in 1917. The main line extended from South Portland, Maine, east to the Canada–United States border with New Brunswick, and a Mountain Division extended west from Portland to Vermont and north into Quebec. The main line was double track from South Portland to Royal Junction, where it split into a "lower road" through Brunswick and Augusta and a "back road" through Lewiston which converged at Waterville into single track to Bangor and points east. Branch lines served the industrial center of Rumford, a resort hotel on Moosehead Lake, and coastal communities from Bath to Eastport.
At the end of 1970 it operated 921 miles of road on 1,183 miles of track; that year it reported 950 million ton-miles of revenue freight. | The MEC passenger trains, often advertised as "M.C. R.R." in the early 20th century, were essential to the sporting camp movement as early as the 1880s when people from Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Detroit would make their way north to hunt and fish in the western mountains and the Maine North Woods. From Portland's Union Station the MEC had unnamed trains to Bangor via Lewiston, to Bangor via Augusta, to Rockland, to Calais via Ellsworth, to Farmington and to Montreal via North Conway.
Among the named trains operated by the MEC prior to ending passenger service in 1960 were the Bar Harbor Express, Down Easter, Flying Yankee, Gull, Katahdin, Kennebec, Mountaineer, Penobscot, Pine Tree, and Skipper. The Down Easter name is in use by Amtrak (now spelled Downeaster), which began passenger service between Boston and Brunswick, Maine in 2001. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wallingford | Treaty of Wallingford | Introduction | Treaty of Wallingford | The Treaty of Wallingford, also known as the Treaty of Winchester or the Treaty of Westminster, was an agreement reached in England in the summer of 1153. It effectively ended a civil war known as the Anarchy (1135–54), caused by a dispute between Empress Matilda and her cousin Stephen of Blois over the English crown. The Treaty of Wallingford allowed Stephen to keep the throne until his death (which was to come in October 1154), but ensured that he would be succeeded by Matilda's son, Henry II. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Reyes_Jr. | Andres Reyes Jr. | Introduction | Andres Reyes Jr. | Andres Bernal Reyes Jr. (born May 11, 1950) is the 177th Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte replacing Associate Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahan_River | Dahan River | Dams | Dahan River / Dams | The Dahan River is a river in northern Taiwan. It originates in Hsinchu County and then flows through Taoyuan City and New Taipei City for 135 km, before it joins Xindian River in Taipei to form the Tamshui River. The upper reaches of the Dahan are also known as Takekan Creek or Taigang Creek. An alternative historical name for the Dahan is the Shihmen River. | Due to the lack of a natural water source for the Taoyuan plateau, thousands of artificial ponds were constructed to capture summer rainfall for irrigation, making the area one of Taiwan's most productive agricultural regions. In 1928 the Taoyuan Canal was dug to divert water from the Dahan River near the present location of Shihmen Dam. The canal enabled a more constant water supply for Taoyuan and effectively returned water to old channels of the river that had been cut off thousands of years ago. Due to urbanization, the Dahan river is increasing in importance as a domestic water source, while the use for irrigation has decreased.
The Shihmen Dam, one of Taiwan's first multi-purpose water projects, was completed in 1964. It provides flood control, irrigation, domestic water supply and hydroelectricity for much of Taoyuan and New Taipei City. The dam has had problems with silt build-up since its construction, due to the high rate of erosion caused by typhoon storms and earthquakes in the upper Dahan River drainage. About 123 "sabo dams" (check dams) have been built along the Dahan River upstream in order to block silt and extend the useful life of the Shihmen reservoir. Chief among these is the Junghua Dam, 26 kilometres (16 mi) upstream. The second largest dam, the Baling dam, failed during Typhoon Wipha in 2007, destroying Baling village and washing 10,000,000 cubic metres (350,000,000 cu ft) of silt into the Dahan River.
The Taiwanese government has proposed the construction of a mega-dam on the Takekan Creek known as Gaotai Dam (高台壩) to trap silt and provide additional water storage. This plan has been criticized due to its potential environmental damage, and its limited useful life, because the new reservoir would also eventually fill with silt. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Semenenko | Piotr Semenenko | Introduction | Piotr Semenenko | Piotr Semenenko (June 29, 1814 - November 18, 1886) was a leading Polish theologian of the Roman Catholic Church in the 19th century. He was a catholic priest, co-founder and general of the Resurrectionists, where he was the creator of the main spiritual ideas of the Congregation (Resurrectionist School of Spirituality). As a philosopher and theologian, he was regarded as one of the most scholarly Polish members of the Roman Catholic Church in the second half of the 19th century.
He was the author of many philosophical and theological works, as well as on the interior life. He left a massive correspondence, as well as a personal diary. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera | Al Jazeera | Launch | Al Jazeera / History / Launch | Al Jazeera is a Qatari state-owned broadcaster based in Doha, Qatar, owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network. Initially launched as an Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel, Al Jazeera has since expanded into a network with several outlets, including the internet and specialty television channels in multiple languages.
Al Jazeera Media Network is a major global news organization, with 80 bureaus around the world. The original Al Jazeera Arabic channel's willingness to broadcast dissenting views, for example on call-in shows, created controversies in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. The station gained worldwide attention following the outbreak of the War in Afghanistan, when its office there was the only channel to cover the war live.
Al Jazeera Media Network is a news channel for public benefit under Qatari law. Under this structure, Al Jazeera Media Network receives funding from the government of Qatar, but maintains its editorial independence. | Al Jazeera Satellite Channel, now known as AJA, was launched on 1 November 1996 following the closure of the BBC's Arabic language television station, a joint venture with Orbit Communications Company. The BBC channel had closed after a year and a half when the Saudi government attempted to suppress information, including a graphic report on executions and prominent dissident views.
The Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa, provided a loan of QAR 500 million (US$137 million) to sustain Al Jazeera through its first five years, as Hugh Miles detailed in his book Al Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That Is Challenging the West. Shares were held by private investors as well as the Qatar government.
Al Jazeera's first day on the air was 1 November 1996. It offered 6 hours of programming per day; this increased to 12 hours of programming by the end of 1997. It was broadcast to the immediate neighborhood as a terrestrial signal, and on cable. Al Jazeera is also available through satellites (which was also free to users in the Arab world), although Qatar, and many other Arab countries barred private individuals from having satellite dishes until 2001.
At the time of the Al Jazeera Media Network launch Arabsat was the only satellite broadcasting to the Middle East, and for the first year could only offer Al Jazeera a weak C-band transponder that needed a large satellite dish for reception. A more powerful Kᵤ-band transponder became available as a peace-offering after its user, Canal France International, accidentally beamed 30 minutes of pornography into ultraconservative Saudi Arabia.
Al Jazeera was not the first such broadcaster in the Middle East; a number had appeared since the Arabsat satellite, a Saudi Arabia-based venture of 21 Arab governments, took orbit in 1985. The unfolding of Operation Desert Storm on CNN International underscored the power of live television in current events. While other local broadcasters in the region would assiduously avoid material embarrassing to their home governments (Qatar had its own official TV station as well), Al Jazeera was pitched as an impartial news source and platform for discussing issues relating to the Arab world.
In presenting "The opinion and the other opinion" (the station's motto), it did not take long for Al Jazeera to shock local viewers by presenting Israelis speaking Hebrew on Arab television for the first time. Lively and far-ranging talk shows, particularly a popular, confrontational one called The Opposite Direction, were a constant source of controversy regarding issues of morality and religion. This prompted a torrent of criticism from the conservative voices among the region's press. It also led to official complaints and censures from neighboring governments. Some jammed Al Jazeera's terrestrial broadcast or expelled its correspondents. In 1999, the Algerian government reportedly cut power to several major cities in order to censor one broadcast. There were also commercial repercussions: Saudi Arabia reportedly pressured advertisers to avoid the channel, to great effect.
Al Jazeera was the only international news network to have correspondents in Iraq during the Operation Desert Fox bombing campaign in 1998. In a precursor of a pattern to follow, its exclusive video clips were highly prized by Western media. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurlique | Jurlique | History | Jurlique / History | Jurlique International Pty Ltd, is an Australian cosmetics manufacturer specialising in natural botanical-based skincare and cosmetics under the brand name Jurlique. Jurlique is considered ethical and environmentally friendly, although internationally it does submit some samples for animal testing as mandated by Chinese local laws for products sold in that market. | Jurlique was founded in 1985 in the Australian state of South Australia by Dr Jurgen Klein and his wife Ulrike. The company's name is based on a phonetic combination of their first names. The native German couple relocated to a farm in the Adelaide Hills a year prior to the launch of their brand, due to its warm climate. Jurgen was a biochemist and naturopath, who had previously worked for German holistic skincare brand Dr. Hauschka. and Ulrike was a horticulturalist and botanist. Today the farm is still part of the company and Jurlique claims to be the number two prestige skincare brand in Australia. The brand is sold in over 5,000 stores worldwide, including over 58 Jurlique concept stores, 18 of which located across Australia. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_bull | Sacred bull | Crete | Sacred bull / In antiquity / Crete | There are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and religions with cows, bulls, and calves being worshiped at various stages of history. As such, numerous peoples throughout the world have at one point in time honored bulls as sacred. In the Sumerian religion, Marduk is the "bull of Utu". In Hinduism, Shiva's steed is Nandi, the Bull. The sacred bull survives in the constellation Taurus. The bull, whether lunar as in Mesopotamia or solar as in India, is the subject of various other cultural and religious incarnations as well as modern mentions in New Age cultures. | Bulls were a central theme in the Minoan civilization, with bull heads and bull horns used as symbols in the Knossos palace. Minoan frescos and ceramics depict bull-leaping, in which participants of both sexes vaulted over bulls by grasping their horns. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tze-fan_Memorial_Art_Gallery | Lee Tze-fan Memorial Art Gallery | Introduction | Lee Tze-fan Memorial Art Gallery | Lee Tze-fan Memorial Art Gallery (Chinese: 李澤藩美術館; pinyin: Lǐzéfān Měishùguǎn) is a gallery located in East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan and dedicated to the Taiwanese painter Lee Tze-fan.
The gallery was established on August 6, 1994, and the building was reconstructed from Lee's former residence. The owner of this gallery is Lee Tze-Fan Memorial Foundation for Art Education. The foundation has been received the donation from Lee's family and students, and focus on researching, collecting and digitizing Lee's paintings and belongings, so they can operate the gallery without selling paintings and fundraising.
One of the gallery's feature is exhibiting Lee's original studio, diaries, letters and painting tools. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smedley_Butler | Smedley Butler | Veracruz, Mexico, and first Medal of Honor | Smedley Butler / Military career / The Banana Wars / Veracruz, Mexico, and first Medal of Honor | Major General Smedley Darlington Butler, nicknamed "Old Gimlet Eye", was a senior United States Marine Corps officer who fought in both the Mexican Revolution and World War I. Butler was, at the time of his death, the most decorated Marine in U.S. history. During his 34-year career as a Marine, he participated in military actions in the Philippines, China, in Central America and the Caribbean during the Banana Wars, and France in World War I. Butler later became an outspoken critic of American wars and their consequences. Butler also exposed an alleged plan to overthrow the United States government.
By the end of his career, Butler had received 16 medals, five for heroism. He is one of 19 men to receive the Medal of Honor twice, one of three to be awarded both the Marine Corps Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor, and the only Marine to be awarded the Brevet Medal and two Medals of Honor, all for separate actions.
In 1933, he became involved in a controversy known as the Business Plot, when he told a congressional committee that a group of wealthy industrialists were planning a military coup to overthrow Franklin D. | Butler and his family were living in Panama in January 1914 when he was ordered to report as the Marine officer of a battleship squadron massing off the coast of Mexico, near Veracruz, to monitor a revolutionary movement. He did not like leaving his family and the home they had established in Panama and intended to request orders home as soon as he determined he was not needed.
On March 1, 1914, Butler and Navy Lt. (later Adm.) Frank J. Fletcher (not to be confused with his uncle, who was then Rear Adm. Frank F. Fletcher) "went ashore at Veracruz, where they met the American superintendent of the Inter-Oceanic Railway and surreptitiously rode in his private car [a railway car] up the line 75 miles to Jalapa and back". A purpose of the trip was to allow Butler and Fletcher to discuss the details of a future expedition into Mexico. Fletcher's plan required Butler to make his way into the country and develop a more detailed invasion plan while inside its borders. It was a spy mission and Butler was enthusiastic to get started. When Adm. Fletcher explained the plan to the commanders in Washington, DC, they agreed to it. Butler was given the go-ahead.
A few days later he set out by train on his spy mission to Mexico City, with a stopover at Puebla. He made his way to the U.S. Consulate in Mexico City, posing as a railroad official named "Mr. Johnson".
March 5. As I was reading last night, waiting for dinner to be served, a visitant, rather than a visitor, appeared in my drawing-room incognito – a simple "Mr. Johnson," eager, intrepid, dynamic, efficient, unshaven! * * *
He and the chief railroad inspector scoured the city, saying they were searching for a lost railroad employee; there was no lost employee, and in fact the employee they said was lost never existed. The ruse gave Butler access to various areas of the city. In the process of the so-called search, they located weapons in use by the Mexican army and determined the size of units and states of readiness. They updated maps and verified the railroad lines for use in an impending US invasion.
On March 7, 1914, he returned to Veracruz with the information he had gathered and presented it to his commanders. The invasion plan was eventually scrapped when authorities loyal to Mexican Gen. Victoriano Huerta detained a small American naval landing party (that had gone ashore to buy gasoline) in Tampico, Mexico, which led to what became known as the Tampico Affair.
When President Woodrow Wilson discovered that an arms shipment was about to arrive in Mexico, he sent a contingent of Marines and sailors to Veracruz to intercept it on April 21, 1914. Over the next few days street fighting and sniper fire posed a threat to Butler's force, but a door-to-door search rooted out most of the resistance. By April 26 the landing force of 5,800 Marines and sailors secured the city, which they held for the next six months. By the end of the conflict the Americans reported 17 dead and 63 wounded and the Mexican forces had 126 dead and 195 wounded. After the actions at Veracruz, the US decided to minimize the bloodshed and changed their plans from a full invasion of Mexico to simply maintaining the city of Veracruz. For his actions on April 22, Butler was awarded his first Medal of Honor. The citation reads:
For distinguished conduct in battle, engagement of Vera Cruz, 22 April 1914. Major Butler was eminent and conspicuous in command of his battalion. He exhibited courage and skill in leading his men through the action of the 22d and in the final occupation of the city.
After the occupation of Veracruz, many military personnel received the Medal of Honor, an unusually high number that somewhat diminished the prestige of the award. The army presented one, nine went to Marines and 46 were bestowed upon naval personnel. During World War I Butler, then a major, attempted to return his medal, explaining he had done nothing to deserve it. The medal was returned to him with orders to keep it and to wear it as well. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyophorus_spumans | Dictyophorus spumans | Introduction | Dictyophorus spumans | Dictyophorus spumans, the koppie foam grasshopper or rooibaadjie, is a species of grasshopper in the family Pyrgomorphidae indigenous to Africa. The name "foaming grasshopper" derives from the insect's ability to produce a toxic foam from its thoracic glands. It is closely related to Phymateus.
It grows up to a length of 80 millimetres (3.1 in). The neck shield has a warty surface, and their color is highly variable. It is toxic due to the poisons that it sequesters from its diet, which includes a large number of toxic and distasteful plants such as milkweed. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005272162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvos_aidas | Lietuvos aidas | Introduction | Lietuvos aidas | Lietuvos aidas (literally: Echo of Lithuania) is a daily newspaper in Lithuania. It was established on September 6, 1917 by Antanas Smetona, and became the semi-official voice of the newly formed Lithuanian government. When the government evacuated from Vilnius to the temporary capital, Kaunas, it ceased publication. The newspaper was revived in 1928 as the newspaper of the Lithuanian government and became the most popular newspaper in Lithuania. At its peak, it published three daily editions with combined circulation of 90,000 copies. World War II disrupted its publication. In 1990, after Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union, the newspaper once again became the official newspaper of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania. At the end of 1992, its circulation reached 103,000 copies. However, it was soon privatized and faced shrinking readership, financial difficulties, and other controversies. In April 2006, bankruptcy proceedings were initiated by the State Tax Inspectorate when its tax debts reached more than 4 million litas. The company was liquidated in 2015, but the newspaper continues to be published by a non-profit organization (viešoji įstaiga). |
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