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en | wit-train-topic-005271560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquese_Washington | Coquese Washington | Introduction | Coquese Washington | Coquese Makebra Washington (born January 17, 1971) is a former collegiate and professional basketball player and former head coach of Penn State's women's basketball team, the Lady Lions. She is currently the associate head coach at Notre Dame. Washington holds a law degree and was the first president of the WNBA Players Association, holding that position from 1999 to 2001. She played high school basketball at Flint Central High School and collegiate basketball at the University of Notre Dame. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_educated_at_St_John%27s_School,_Leatherhead | List of people educated at St John's School, Leatherhead | T | List of people educated at St John's School, Leatherhead / T | This is a list of Old Johnians, former pupils of St. John's School, Leatherhead, which is a public school in Surrey, England. | Sir Thomas Shenton Whitelegge Thomas GCMG GCStJ (1879–1962), last Governor of the Straits Settlements
Simon Thomas (born 1973), former Blue Peter presenter
John Henry Thorpe OBE (1887-1944), Conservative MP
Sir Arthur Charles Trevor, KCSI (1841–1920), senior civil servant and colonial administrator
Dr Robert Twycross FRCP FRCR (born 1941), Macmillan Clinical Reader in Palliative Medicine, Oxford University, 1988–2001, now Emeritus |
en | wit-train-topic-005271562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Trucks | Derek Trucks | Musical style | Derek Trucks / Musical style | Derek Trucks is an American guitarist, songwriter, and founder of the Grammy Award-winning The Derek Trucks Band. He became an official member of The Allman Brothers Band in 1999. In 2010, he formed the Tedeschi Trucks Band with his wife, blues singer/guitarist Susan Tedeschi. His musical style encompasses several genres and he has twice appeared on Rolling Stone's list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He is the nephew of Butch Trucks, drummer for the Allman Brothers. | Trucks credits guitarist Duane Allman and bluesman Elmore James as the two slide guitarists who influenced his early style, but has since been inspired by John Lee Hooker, Ali Akbar Khan, Howlin' Wolf, Albert King, Miles Davis, Sun Ra, John Coltrane, Charlie Parker, Django Reinhardt, Charlie Christian, Wayne Shorter, Toy Caldwell, Johnny Winter, Freddie King and B.B. King.
His music is rooted in blues and rock, embracing jam band, Southern rock, and jazz. Trucks plays an eclectic blend of blues, soul, jazz, rock, qawwali music (a genre of music from Pakistan and eastern India), Latin music, and other kinds of world music Trucks became a fan of Hindustani classical musician Ali Akbar Khan, known for his virtuosity in playing the sarod and popularising Indian classical music in the West, often in conjunction with sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar. Trucks studied at the Ali Akbar College of Music in San Rafael, California.
Trucks plays the guitar in an open E tuning, using a Dunlop Blues Bottle slide.
In 2006, two vintage (1965 and 1968) Fender Super Reverb amplifiers, a Hammond B-3 organ, two Leslie speaker cabinets, and a Hohner E-7 clavinet were stolen from Trucks and later recovered by the Atlanta Police Department. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Banks_(politician) | Brian Banks (politician) | Introduction | Brian Banks (politician) | Brian Roderick Banks (born November 15, 1976) is a Democratic former member of the Michigan House of Representatives and former candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2nd District of the Michigan Senate. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenescourt | Davenescourt | Introduction | Davenescourt | Davenescourt is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_(residence) | Real (residence) | Introduction | Real (residence) | During the time of Sharq al-Andalus a real (from the Arabic Riyad) was a kind of orchard or garden, with some kind of building as summer residence that used to belong to a member of Andalusian urban oligarchy, located around the cities or large farmhouses.
In this sense, in other areas of Al-Andalus it is also used the word Almunia. An example would be Real Palace of Valencia, although the term Real continues within the Catalan to Arabism, present in many place names like Secar de la Real in Palma de Mallorca, the Montroy and Real de Gandia, or the same Pla del Real in Valencia. It is very common to confuse etymology with a derivative of royal or relating to the king, which is more explicit in the case of the Real Palace as it was royal residence. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernice_Armour | Vernice Armour | Introduction | Vernice Armour | Vernice Armour (born 1973) is a former United States Marine Corps officer who was the first African-American female naval aviator in the Marine Corps and the first African American female combat pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces. She flew the AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and eventually served two tours in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REEP2 | REEP2 | Introduction | REEP2 | Receptor expression-enhancing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the REEP2 gene. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_het_Groene_Hart | Ronde van het Groene Hart | Introduction | Ronde van het Groene Hart | The Ronde van het Groene Hart was a road bicycle race held in Groene Hart, Netherlands. The first edition of the race, in 2007, was organized as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour. The 203 km race started in Leiden and finished in Woerden, passing through Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Utrecht. The last edition of the race was in 2010; no sponsors could be found for 2011 or 2012 and the race was cancelled permanently. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Lesum | Emma of Lesum | Legend of the meadow | Emma of Lesum / Legend of the meadow | Emma of Lesum or Emma of Stiepel was a countess popularly venerated as a saint for her good works; she is also the first female inhabitant of Bremen to be known by name. | There is a well-known Bremen legend concerning her gift of meadow to the town in 1032. When a delegation of the townspeople approached her with a request for more meadowland, Emma promised them as much meadow as a man could run round in an hour. Her brother-in-law Bernard or Benno, duke of Saxony, with an appraising eye on his inheritance, suggested mockingly that she might as well give them as much land as a man could run round in a day. Emma agreed to this, but Bernard asked to choose the man who was to do the running, and when Emma agreed to that too, picked out a legless cripple past whom they had just walked. This man proved however to have extraordinary strength and endurance and by the end of the day had succeeded in making his way round a very substantial area, bigger even than the present Bremen town meadow.
This story has been current in various forms since at least the 18th century, although there is no documentary evidence for it, and gives a whole new possible meaning to the inclusion of the figure of the "cripple" at the feet of the statue of Bremen Roland. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratap_Malla | Pratap Malla | Marriage and children | Pratap Malla / Life / Marriage and children | Pratap Malla, of Malla dynasty of Nepal, was the ninth king of Kantipur after the division of the Kathmandu Valley into three kingdoms. He attempted to unify Kathmandu Valley by conquering Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, but failed in the effort. He was successful in extending and securing the borders of Kantipur and was responsible for the monopoly over trade with Tibet. The resulting prosperity was responsible for the construction of majority of the buildings around Durbar Square during his reign. His reign is seen as a cultural and economical high point of the Malla dynasty.
A statue of Pratap Malla is found standing on a column facing the palace in the square. His image can also be seen in the niche above the Hanuman Dhoka Palace gate. The niche above the gate is Krishna in his ferocious tantric aspect, flanked by more gentle, amorous Krishna surrounded by gopinis, and by King Pratap Malla playing a lute, and his queen. | Pratap Malla was married to a Maithali lady of Southern Nepal. Some modern historians have given him the reputation for being lewd and maintaining a harem. He is also alleged to have raped a virgin girl, which ultimately resulted in her death. Pratap Malla is said to have repented this act so much so that he wanted to absolve himself of his sins and consulted the wise and learned men on the matter. Acting on their suggestions, he set up hundreds of Lingas at Pashupati and installed a statue of his own with his two queens. He also performed Koti Hom, weighed gold on one scale and himself on the other and gave it away in charity. In order to commemorate the occasion, he also raised a pillar on the southern gate of Pashupati, and established a grazing ground near the area.
Pratap Malla had five sons: Bhupendra Malla, Chakrabartendra, Nripendra, Mahipatendra, and Parthibendra. He wanted his sons to have experience in the administration of the country even during his own lifetime. With this aim in view, he made them rule over the country for one year in turn. But unfortunately, his second son Chakrabartendra Malla died the day after he took over the administration of the country. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Warsaw | Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw | Introduction | Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw | The Holy Trinity Church (Polish: Kościół Świętej Trójcy), also known as Zug's Protestant Church (Polish: Zbór Zuga), is a Lutheran church in central Warsaw, Poland, and one of two Augsburg Evangelical temples in the city. Designed by Szymon Bogumił Zug, it is one of the largest churches in Warsaw and one of the most notable for its round design. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jordan_(American_politician) | Jim Jordan (American politician) | U.S. House of Representatives | Jim Jordan (American politician) / Political career / U.S. House of Representatives | James Daniel Jordan is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for Ohio's 4th congressional district since 2007. A member of the Republican Party, he is a former collegiate wrestler and collegiate wrestling coach.
Jordan was the ranking member of the House Oversight Committee from January 2019 to March 2020, a position he left to become the ranking member of the United States House Committee on the Judiciary. Later that month, Jordan regained the ranking membership of the Oversight Committee as his successor Mark Meadows resigned to accept his appointment as White House Chief of Staff.
A close ally to President Donald Trump, he is a founding member of the Freedom Caucus, which he chaired from its establishment in 2015 until 2017.
He is seeking reelection in the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections and will face Democratic nominee Shannon Freshour. The district stretches from Lake Erie to just below Urbana in the north-central and western portions of the state and includes Lima, Marion, Tiffin and Elyria. | Jordan represents Ohio's 4th congressional district. The district has been redrawn over time to minimize urban area and increase the rural area; it is now gerrymandered to avoid having Toledo, Columbus or Cleveland (or their respective suburbs) in the district which stretches from Lake Erie nearly to Dayton. A three-judge federal panel unanimously ruled in May 2019 that Ohio's congressional district map is unconstitutional due to partisan gerrymandering and ordered the state to create a new map in time for the 2020 election. As of May 2019, the issue remained unresolved.
Jordan won the Republican primary for the 4th district in 2006 after 26-year incumbent Mike Oxley announced his retirement. Jordan defeated Democrat Rick Siferd in the general election with 60 percent of the votes.
Jordan was reelected in 2008, defeating Democrat Mike Carroll with 65 percent of the votes.
Jordan was reelected in 2010, defeating Democrat Doug Litt and Libertarian Donald Kissick with 71 percent of the votes. He chaired the Republican Study Committee during the 112th Congress while turning down a position on the Appropriations Committee. During the U.S. government shutdown of 2013, he was considered the most powerful member of the committee. That group was the primary proponent and executor of the Republican Congressional strategy to force a government shutdown, in order to force changes in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.
Jordan received a vote for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in the 113th Congress from a fellow right-wing conservative, Tea Party Caucus chairman Tim Huelskamp of Kansas. Jordan received two votes for Speaker during the 114th Congress. On July 26, 2018, Jordan announced his bid for Speaker following resignation of Paul Ryan, but lost to Kevin McCarthy. His campaign ended when Democrats took the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives. Subsequently, Jordan campaigned for House minority leader. Former Ohio state representative Capri Cafar said that Jordan "is someone who has built a reputation as an attack dog, someone who is media savvy, someone who is a stalwart supporter of the president and who has the skill necessary to take the lead for the GOP." He lost his bid to California Republican McCarthy in a 159–43 vote.
Jordan was the ranking member of the House Oversight Committee from 2019 to 2020. In February 2020, he left his position on the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and replaced Doug Collins on the United States House Committee on the Judiciary. Collins was required to step down from the committee post after launching his bid in the 2020 United States Senate special election in Georgia. Jordan was replaced on the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform by Mark Meadows. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Dumanoir_le_Pelley | Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley | Introduction | Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley | Vice-Admiral Count Pierre-Etienne-René-Marie Dumanoir Le Pelley (2 August 1770 in Granville – 7 July 1829 in Paris) was a French Navy officer, best known for commanding the vanguard of the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification | Music recording certification | Manufacture of awards | Music recording certification / Manufacture of awards | Music recording certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped, sold, or streamed a certain number of units. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory.
Almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials.
The threshold required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory where the recording is released. Typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country where the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times greater than others, may exist for different music media. | The plaques themselves contain various items under the glass. Modern awards often use CDs instead of records. Most gold and platinum records are actually vinyl records which have been vacuum metallized and tinted, while trimmed and plated metal "masters", "mothers", or "stampers" (metal parts used for pressing records out of vinyl) were initially used. The music in the grooves on the record may not match the actual recording being awarded. Individual plaque-makers produced their awards according to available materials and techniques employed by their graphic arts departments. The plaques, depending on size and elaborateness of design, cost anywhere between US$135 and $275, most often ordered and purchased by the record label that issued the original recording. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Adams-Ray | Daniel Adams-Ray | Snook | Daniel Adams-Ray / Snook | Daniel David John Adams-Ray is a Swedish rapper, singer, and fashion designer. | The schoolmates and Oskar Linnros started an alternative hip hop duo group calling it Snook. The duo released two albums: Vi vet inte vart vi ska men vi ska komma dit in 2004 and Är in 2006 receiving both praise and heavy criticism. The band's unorthodox hip hop was met by comments that the band wasn't "keeping it real" and the fact that Adams-Ray spent his teenage years in Lidingö caused critics to label them "upper class rappers". Despite some critics, the band had many hits, received awards from radio station P3, The 2003 Swedish Hip-hop Awards 2003, and best Swedish band at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2006. Daniel Adams-Ray won the Swedish freestyle-rap championship in 2004 and was awarded the prize for best Swedish rapper in 2005. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n_M%E1%BA%B7c_T%E1%BB%AD | Hàn Mặc Tử | Introduction | Hàn Mặc Tử | Francis Nguyễn Trọng Trí, penname Hàn Mặc Tử (September 22, 1912 - November 11, 1940) was a Vietnamese poet. He was the most celebrated Vietnamese Catholic literary figure during the colonial era.
He was born Nguyễn Trọng Trí, at Lệ Mỹ Village, Đồng Hới District, Quảng Bình Province. His pen names included: Minh Duệ, Phong Trần, Lệ Thanh, and finally Hàn Mặc Tử, by which name is known today. He grew up in a poor family, his father having died when he was young. He showed poetic talent at a young age. When he met Phan Bội Châu, he received encouragement and praise that made him well-known. He contracted leprosy in 1937, and was finally hospitalized at Quy Hòa Hospital in September 1940, where he died two months later.
His many poems addressed to real or fictive women - in the manner of Giacomo Leopardi in the West, for example - remain popular, and he is known as a love poet in Vietnam. His poems on folk subjects are also well-known. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Bachrach | Fred Bachrach | Introduction | Fred Bachrach | Albert Gustave Herbert "Fred" Bachrach, CBE (9 December 1914 – 18 December 2009) was a Dutch literary and art historian of French and German descent whose academic work featured in a number of prominent exhibitions and research works in Britain and the Netherlands and who founded the Sir Thomas Browne Institute for the study of Anglo-Dutch relations at Leiden University. Bachrach had also served in the Dutch Army during the Second World War and spent three years as a Japanese prisoner of war, suffering starvation, torture, and deprivation that haunted him for the rest of his life. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gosiewski | Jack Gosiewski | Introduction | Jack Gosiewski | Jack Gosiewski (/ˈɡəʒuːski/; born 29 May 1994) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward for the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles in the NRL.
He previously played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_Riots | Champagne Riots | Establishing the Champagne zone | Champagne Riots / Establishing the Champagne zone | The Champagne Riots of 1910 and 1911 resulted from a series of problems faced by grape growers in the Champagne area of France. These included four years of disastrous crop losses, the infestation of the phylloxera louse, low income and the belief that wine merchants were using grapes from outside the Champagne region. The precipitating event may have been the announcement in 1908 by the French government that it would delimit by decree the exact geographic area that would be granted economic advantage and protection by being awarded the Champagne appellation. This early development of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée regulation benefitted the Marne and Aisne districts to the significant exclusion of the Aube district which included the town of Troyes—the historic capital of the Champagne region. | The relationship between the growers and Champagne producers was not the only source of tension. Within the Champagne region itself there was civil discontent among neighbors as to what truly represented "Champagne". The French Government tried to answer the vine growers concerns by passing legislation defining where Champagne wine was to come from. This early legislation dictated that the Marne department and a few villages from the Aisne department were the only areas approved to grow grapes for Champagne production. The glaring exclusion of the Aube region, where Troyes, the historic capital of Champagne, is located, promoted further discontent as the Aubois protested the decision. The Aube, located south of the Marne, was closer to the Burgundy region in terms of soil and location. The growers of the Marne viewed the region as "foreign" and not capable of producing true Champagne but the Aubois viewed themselves as Champenois and clung to their historical roots.
Protest erupted from growers in the Aube district as they sought to be reinstated as part of the Champagne region. The government, trying to avoid any further violence and disruption, sought a "compromise solution" by designating the department as a second zone within the Champagne appellation. This provoked the growers in the Marne region to react violently to their loss of privilege and they lashed out again against merchants and producers who they accused of making wine from "foreign grapes"—including those from the Aube. Thousands of wine growers burned vineyards, destroyed the cellars of wine merchants, and ransacked houses as hundreds of liters of wine were lost. The government was once again going back to the drawing-board in search of a solution to end the violence and appease all parties. Negotiations among vine growers, producers and government officials was ongoing when World War I broke out and the region saw all parties united in defense of country and the Champagne region. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Rhodesian_Light_Infantry_(1977%E2%80%931980) | History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1977–1980) | Zimbabwe; dissolution | History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1977–1980) / Zimbabwe; dissolution | The 1st Battalion, The Rhodesian Light Infantry, commonly the Rhodesian Light Infantry, served in the Rhodesian Bush War as part of the Rhodesian Security Forces between 1964 and 1979, under the unrecognised government of Rhodesia after its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain on 11 November 1965. Latterly, during the second half of 1979, it fought for Zimbabwe Rhodesia, a reorganised version of Rhodesia under a black majority government which still went unrecognised. After an interim period under British control from December 1979 to April 1980, the RLI briefly remained active within the armed forces of the internationally recognised Republic of Zimbabwe, but did not see action under this government. It laid up its colours on 17 October 1980 and disbanded two weeks later.
Fireforce actions, begun in 1974, had become so prominent that the RLI became an airborne commando battalion in 1977, and soon began to parachute into action up to three times a day. Operation Grapple, in the centre of the country, began in the same year and in 1978 Operation Splinter was opened, covering Lake Kariba. SALOPS, a separate operational area for the capital, was also made. | Following the country's reconstitution and recognised independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe in April 1980, the final parade of the RLI and the ceremonial laying-up of its colours took place at Cranborne Barracks on 17 October 1980. The commanding officer J. C. W. Aust, recalled being amazed by the large crowd of spectators surrounding the parade square, including the former government minister P. K. van der Byl, who attended unannounced. A Rhodesian Air Force Alouette III helicopter also arrived overhead during the ceremony and in Aust's words "circl[ed] in a moving salute and farewell". Two weeks later, the Rhodesian Light Infantry was disbanded on 31 October 1980.
A nucleus of former RLI personnel remained to train and form the First Zimbabwe Commando Battalion of the Zimbabwe National Army. The regimental statue, "The Trooper" (or "The Troopie") left Zimbabwe on 28 July 1980 on a South African Air Force C-130 Hercules, along with various Regiment records, trophies and other paraphernalia. The collection was placed in the South African National Museum of Military History in Johannesburg, and later moved to the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum in Bristol, England. The Trooper statue now stands on the grounds of Hatfield House, country seat of the Marquess of Salisbury, where it was re-dedicated on 28 September 2008. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_trains_in_India | Express trains in India | Introduction | Express trains in India | Express trains are express rail services of India. Express trains make a small number of stops, unlike ordinary passenger or local trains. Because of their limited stops, these trains are able to obtain the highest speeds of any trains in India. An express train is one where the average speed, excluding halts, is greater than 36 km/h. Including halts the speed may sometimes fall into the region of around 20 km/h for express trains. In some cases, trains run express where there is overlapping local train service available, and run local at the tail ends of the line, where there is no supplemental local service. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9vez%C3%A9 | Gévezé | Introduction | Gévezé | Gévezé (Breton: Gevrezeg, Gallo: Jaebevae) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Streeck | Hendrik Streeck | Introduction | Hendrik Streeck | Hendrik Streeck (born 7 August 1977 in Göttingen) is a German HIV researcher, epidemiologist and clinical trialist. He is professor for virology and the director of the Institute of virology and HIV Research at the University Bonn. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe | Gaarudi Gombe | Introduction | Gaarudi Gombe | Gaarudi Gombe is a folk dance prevalent in the state of Karnataka, India. Dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of bamboo sticks. The term Gaarudi-Gombe means magical-doll in the native language, Kannada. This dance is performed during major festivals and also in the procession held during the festivities of Mysore Dasara. This dance is also known as Tattiraya in the coastal districts of Karnataka. The term Tattiraya means a person carrying a doll made of bamboo sticks. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_250 | NGC 250 | Introduction | NGC 250 | NGC 250 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellationPisces. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg | Battle of Strasbourg | Introduction | Battle of Strasbourg | The Battle of Strasbourg, also known as the Battle of Argentoratum, was fought in 357 between the Western Roman army under the Caesar (deputy emperor) Julian and the Alamanni tribal confederation led by the joint paramount King Chnodomar. The battle took place near Strasbourg (Alsace, France), called Argentoratum in Ammianus Marcellinus' account, Argentorate in the Tabula Peutingeriana (Section 2).
Although outnumbered by a substantial margin, the Roman army won a decisive victory after a hard-fought struggle with the Alamanni. With negligible casualties of their own, the Romans drove the Alamanni beyond the river, inflicting heavy losses. The Roman force, the imperial escort army of Julian, was small but of high quality. The battle was won by the skill of the Roman infantry, with the Roman cavalry initially performing poorly.
The battle was the climax of Julian's campaigns in 355–57 to evict barbarian marauders from Gaul and to restore the Roman defensive line of fortifications along the Rhine, which had been largely destroyed during the Roman civil war of 350–53. In the years following his victory at Strasbourg, Julian was able to repair and garrison the Rhine forts and impose tributary status on the Germanic tribes beyond the border. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ronald_Reagan | Birthplace of Ronald Reagan | Architecture | Birthplace of Ronald Reagan / Architecture | The Birthplace of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Graham Building, is located in an apartment on the second floor of a late 19th-century commercial building in Tampico, Illinois, United States. The building was built in 1896 and housed a tavern from that time until 1915. On February 6, 1911 the future 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, was born in the apartment there, the family moving into a house in Tampico a few months later.
Architecturally, the two-story brick building is similar to its neighbors, all of which are part of a historic district added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1982. | The Reagan Birthplace is similar to most of the commercial buildings along Tampico's Main Street. It is brick, two stories tall, has three second-story windows and a cornice. Only the area's oldest buildings differ from the Reagan Birthplace's metal cornices and flat headed windows. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo-class_monitor | Kalamazoo-class monitor | Introduction | Kalamazoo-class monitor | The Kalamazoo-class monitors were a class of ocean-going ironclad monitors begun during the American Civil War. Unfinished by the end of the war, their construction was suspended in November 1865 and the unseasoned wood of their hulls rotted while they were still on the building stocks. If the four ships had been finished they would have been the most seaworthy monitors in the US Navy. One was scrapped in 1874 while the other three were disposed of a decade later. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Prystor | Aleksander Prystor | Introduction | Aleksander Prystor | Aleksander Błażej Prystor (Polish: [alɛˈksandɛr ˈprɨstɔr]; 2 January 1874 – 1941) was a Polish politician, activist, soldier and freemason, who served as 23rd Prime Minister of Poland from 1931 to 1933. He was a member of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party and in 1908 took part in the Bezdany raid. Between 1912 and 1917 he spent in Russian prisons before being released in 1917. In March 1917 he joined Polish Military Organisation. After independce he became secretary in the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. He fought as a volunteer in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920. He worked for few ministries (Labour, Industry and Commerce). Between 1931 and 1933 he served as Prime Minister of Poland. After that he became the Marshal of the Polish Senate 1935-1938.
After the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, he fled to neutral Lithuania. After Lithuania was annexed by the USSR he was arrested in June 1940 by the NKVD; he died probably in 1941 (the date is not known) in the prison hospital of the Butyrka prison in Moscow. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_Aspermont_Castle | Alt Aspermont Castle | History | Alt Aspermont Castle / History | Alt-Aspermont Castle is a ruined castle in the municipality of Trimmis of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It was once one of the largest castles in Graubünden, but today only a few small ruins remain. | The castle was probably built in the 12th century as the home castle of the Aspermont family. The Aspermont family were ministerialis, unfree knights in service to a higher noble, in service to the Bishop of Chur. Ulrich and Schwicker von Aspermont were first mentioned in 1149. The family had ties to the locally powerful Lords of Tarasp and to the Hohenstaufen kings. In 1170 two of Schwicker's sons, Ulrich and Heinrich, were two of the three witnesses when the Bishop bestowed a title on the son of the king. Members of the family also served as the vice-dominus under the bishops. Around the mid-13th century the family had managed to acquire, through marriage and carefully using the rivalry between the bishop and local nobles, titles to Jenins, Maienfeld and Prättigau. They moved to Neu-Aspermont Castle in Jenins and Fracstein Castle in Prättigau and sold Alt Aspermont to the bishop.
By 1275 the castle was owned by the bishop and had been granted as a fief to Walter IV von Vaz. They held the castle for less than a decade before Walter's death in 1284. Around 1288 the Abbot of St. Gall, Wilhelm of Montfort, fled the anti-abbot, supported by Rudolf I of Germany, to Alt-Aspermont. During an uprising in 1395-96 the castle was besieged by the bishop's forces. In 1452 the castle was besieged by the League of God's House for around a year. The last bishop's bailiff was Jorg Rink von Baldenstein, who ruled over Trimmis and Zizers until the Ilanz Articles were accepted in 1526. The Articles strictly limited the bishop's worldly power and removed the need for a bailiff at the castle. It was abandoned, but remained in good condition at least until 1548. During the Bündner Wirren in the early 17th century, the castle was occupied by Austrian forces in 1622, but again abandoned shortly thereafter. On 11 April 1878 the main tower of the castle collapsed into the valley below. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation | Halogenation | Addition of halogens to alkenes and alkynes | Halogenation / Organic chemistry / Halogenation by reaction type / Addition of halogens to alkenes and alkynes | Halogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of one or more halogens to a compound or material. The pathway and stoichiometry of halogenation depends on the structural features and functional groups of the organic substrate, as well as on the specific halogen. Inorganic compounds such as metals also undergo halogenation. | Unsaturated compounds, especially alkenes and alkynes, add halogens:
RCH=CHR′ + X₂ → RCHX–CHXR′
The addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via intermediate halonium ions. In special cases, such intermediates have been isolated. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_listed_buildings_in_Ballater,_Aberdeenshire | List of listed buildings in Ballater, Aberdeenshire | List | List of listed buildings in Ballater, Aberdeenshire / List | This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Ballater in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. | |
en | wit-train-topic-005271638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher | Ralf Schumacher | 2001 | Ralf Schumacher / Formula One career / Williams (1999–2004) / 2001 | Ralf Schumacher is a German former racing driver. He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races.
Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series. He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season. Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999, finishing sixth in the Drivers' Championship that year. He won his first Grand Prix in 2001, en route to fourth place in the Drivers' Championship, and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years.
Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005. However, his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One, as a result of internal pressure. After leaving Formula One, Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008, achieving minor success, and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM, mentoring young drivers. | At the opening round in Australia, Schumacher retired after a collision with BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve which resulted in the death of race marshal Graham Beveridge. He scored his first points of the season with a fifth-place finish in Malaysia, and later spun off in the next race in Brazil which included a collision with Barrichello early in the race. In the succeeding round at the San Marino Grand Prix, Schumacher started from third on the grid and led every lap of the race to take his first Formula One victory. However, the following three races saw Schumacher failing to finish.
Schumacher won his second career victory in Canadian Grand Prix, with brother Michael finishing second and the result marked the first one-two finish by siblings. These results were followed by a fourth-place finish at the European Grand Prix, and took second place in France. He was unable to finish the race in Britain due to a problem with his car's engine. In Germany, Schumacher took his third and final win of the season having started from second on the grid. This result marked a good run of form as Schumacher scored points in three of the remaining five races, including a third-place finish in Italy. Schumacher finished the season fourth in the Drivers' Championship, with 49 points. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Arencibia | J. P. Arencibia | Tampa Bay Rays | J. P. Arencibia / Professional career / Tampa Bay Rays | Jonathan Paul "J. P." Arencibia is a Cuban-American former professional baseball catcher. He is currently a studio analyst for Fox Sports Florida. He played in Major League Baseball for the Toronto Blue Jays, Texas Rangers, and Tampa Bay Rays from 2010 through 2015. | On January 8, 2015, the Baltimore Orioles announced that they had signed Arencibia to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. He was released by the Orioles on April 9. On April 16, he signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays, and was assigned to the Triple-A Durham Bulls. Arencibia was called up by the Rays on August 26, after Curt Casali was placed on the disabled list. Arencibia was designated for assignment on November 20, 2015, and released on November 23. He appeared in 24 games for the Rays, batting .310 with 6 home runs and 17 RBI. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_%26_District_Traction_Company_Limited | Aldershot & District Traction Company Limited | Trivia | Aldershot & District Traction Company Limited / Trivia | Aldershot & District Traction Company Limited was a major bus company operating services in East Hampshire, West Surrey and parts of adjoining counties for sixty years during the 20th century, from 1912 until 1972 when it became part of Alder Valley. | The Aldershot & District company had a play-on-words used by some user groups, "Have a shot and risk it".
In 2012 to mark the centenary of the former longstanding company's incorporation, Stagecoach briefly repainted some of its local vehicles as A&D. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Arsenal_F.C._season | 2003–04 Arsenal F.C. season | Background | 2003–04 Arsenal F.C. season / Background | The 2003–04 season was the 106th in the history of Arsenal Football Club. It began on 1 July 2003 and concluded on 30 June 2004, with competitive matches played between August and May. The club ended the Premier League campaign as champions without a single defeat – a record of 26 wins and 12 draws. Arsenal fared less well in the cups, eliminated in the FA Cup and League Cup semi-finals to Manchester United and Middlesbrough respectively, and at the quarter-final stage of the UEFA Champions League to Chelsea.
The main addition to the first team was goalkeeper Jens Lehmann for £1.5 million; striker José Antonio Reyes was later purchased in the winter transfer window. Arsenal retained their best players and successfully negotiated new contracts for captain Patrick Vieira and midfielder Robert Pires. The stability of the squad meant Arsenal were considered front-runners for the Premier League title, along with Manchester United, and Chelsea who were taken over by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich.
A strong start to the season saw Arsenal top the league table after four matches. | Arsenal had finished the previous season as runners-up in the Premier League, overhauled by Manchester United in the final ten weeks of the season. The club did, however, retain the FA Cup, with a 1–0 win against Southampton. Such was Arsenal's effective start to the 2002–03 campaign, manager Arsène Wenger suggested his team could remain the whole season undefeated in all competitions:
It's not impossible as A.C. Milan once did it but I can't see why it's so shocking to say it. Do you think Manchester United, Liverpool or Chelsea don't dream that as well? They're exactly the same. They just don't say it because they're scared to look ridiculous, but nobody is ridiculous in this job as we know anything can happen.
The team lost to Everton a month after Wenger's proclamation; teenager Wayne Rooney scored the match winner, which ended a run of 30 league games without defeat. By February 2003, Arsenal moved five points clear of Manchester United at the top of the league table, but injuries to key players, not least captain Patrick Vieira, had destabilised the team. Draws in April, coupled with a defeat to Leeds United at home, mathematically ended Arsenal's chances of retaining the title. Wenger refuted opinions from the media that their season was a failure and said:
Of course we want to win the league, but I think the most difficult thing for the club is to be consistent and we have been remarkably consistent. We lose the league to a team [Manchester United] who spends 50% more money every year – last year they bought a player for £30 million when they lost the championship. They will do the same next year and we [have] done miracles just to fight with them.
In the close season, Chelsea was sold to Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich for £140 million, the biggest takeover in British football history at the time. The takeover was welcomed by journalist Daniel King, who commented the club were better able to "break the Manchester United-Arsenal duopoly" in the league. Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein however was displeased, and quipped that Abramovich had "parked his Russian tanks on our lawn and is firing £50 notes at us", Abramovich was said to have placed a bid for Arsenal striker Thierry Henry, which was turned down at once.
Arsenal's transfer activity in the summer was relatively quiet, given the financial constraints that came with the club's new stadium project. The club were able to keep the core of its team, successfully negotiating new contracts for Vieira and winger Robert Pires. German goalkeeper Jens Lehmann was the only major addition to the first team; he replaced David Seaman who joined Manchester City. Ukrainian defender Oleh Luzhny ended his four-year association with the club by joining Wolverhampton Wanderers on a free transfer, while striker Graham Barrett moved to Coventry City. Striker Francis Jeffers, who found opportunities limited in the first team, joined his former club Everton on a season-long loan. Giovanni van Bronckhorst moved to Barcelona on a similar deal, with a view to a permanent transfer at the end of the season. Several young players were acquired from academies abroad, namely Gaël Clichy from Cannes and Johan Djourou, formerly of Étoile Carouge. In January 2004, Arsenal signed Spanish striker José Antonio Reyes from Sevilla and in April agreed a deal with Feyenoord for winger Robin van Persie.
Wenger at the start of the season prioritised regaining the league title: "I feel it is very important in our minds to do this and I know the hunger is strong to do it," and named Newcastle United and Liverpool, along with Manchester United and Chelsea, as Arsenal's main rivals for the Premier League. Former Arsenal midfielder Paul Merson asserted that his old club were favourites because they had the "best players … If they all remain fit week-in week-out then they will not be beaten." Glenn Moore of The Independent wrote of Arsenal's chances: "They will be thereabouts, but unless Wenger finally puts his faith in youth, and the likes of Jérémie Aliadière, Jermaine Pennant and Phillipe Sendero |
en | wit-train-topic-005271643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Dome | Puppy Dome | Introduction | Puppy Dome | Puppy Dome is a granite dome in Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg | BC Zenit Saint Petersburg | Arenas | BC Zenit Saint Petersburg / Arenas | BC Zenit Saint Petersburg, formerly known as BC Dynamo Moscow Region and BC Triumph Lyubertsy, is a Russian professional basketball team that is located in Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 2014. The club competes domestically in the VTB United League and in the EuroLeague. Their home court is Sibur Arena. The club is sponsored by Gazprom.
Since the team moved to Saint Petersburg in 2014, the team is a part of the multi-sports club Zenit, of which the football club FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, is also a part. | When the club moved to St. Petersburg, they first played their home games at the 7,120 seat Sibur Arena. They then moved to the newly renovated 7,000 seat Yubileyni Arena. When the club was previously based in Lyubertsy, they played their home games at the 4,000 seat Triumph Sports Palace arena. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_police | Military police | Czech Republic | Military police / By country / Europe / Czech Republic | Military police are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state.
In different countries it may refer to:
A section of the military responsible for policing the areas of responsibility of the armed forces against all criminal activity by military or civilian personnel
A section of the military responsible for policing in both the armed forces and in the civilian population
A section of the military solely responsible for policing the civilian population
The preventive police forces of each Brazilian state, responsible for policing the civilian population, which become auxiliary forces of the Brazilian Army
The status of military police is usually prominently displayed on the helmet or on an armband, brassard, or arm or shoulder flash.
Naval police members are sometimes called "masters-at-arms" and shore patrol.
Air Force police members are sometimes called Security Police, Air Police or Security Forces. | The Military Police Corps (Czechoslovakia) (Czech vojenská policie) was set up on 21 January 1991. Within the provisions of the Czechoslovak Law No. 124/1992 Dig. regarding the Military Police, they are responsible for police protection of armed forces, military facilities, military material and other state property controlled by the Ministry of Defence. The Military Police are a professional force. Since 1 January 1993, Czechoslovak Military Police Corps were divided to Czech and Slovak separate Military Police Corps.
The Military Police are headed by a Chief, who directly reports to the Minister of Defence.
As of 1 July 2003, the Military Police officers are equipped with accessories black in colour, including their distinctive feature – the black beret.
The structure is based on the territorial principle. The Military Police subordinated headquarters are located in Prague, Tábor, and Olomouc.
Military police officers are assigned directly to military units, and they form also part of military contingents of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic in foreign deployments.
Foreign Deployments:
The military police officers serve within contingents of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic on foreign operations on the territory of Iraq and on the Balkans, and as of March 2007 its Special Operation Group (SOG) also in southern Afghanistan in the Helmand Province.
Military Police of the Czech republic also contains active reserve units. Members of the active reserve have a civilian profession but several times a year participate in training or other MP activities. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rubens_Smith | John Rubens Smith | Gallery | John Rubens Smith / Gallery | John Rubens Smith was a London-born painter, printmaker and art instructor who worked in the United States. | |
en | wit-train-topic-005271657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_de_Lore | Clare de Lore | Introduction | Clare de Lore | Clare Frances de Lore, Lady McKinnon (born 1960) is a New Zealand journalist.
De Lore grew up in Riccarton in Christchurch, and attended St Teresa's School and Villa Maria College. After completing a journalism course, she worked at Radio New Zealand and in the State Services Commission. She is the author of Every Kitchen Tells a Story, a book of interviews of mainly women about their kitchens. From 2010, de Lore has been Rwanda's Honorary Consul General to New Zealand, and is an International Ambassador for Hope and Homes for Children, a charity working in 13 countries in eastern Europe and Africa.
De Lore married New Zealand politician Don McKinnon in 1995, and they have one son. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysimum_insulare | Erysimum insulare | Introduction | Erysimum insulare | Erysimum insulare is a species of Erysimum known by the common name island wallflower. It is endemic to coast of southern California, including the Channel Islands. Erysimum insulare grows on coastal bluffs and sand dunes. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernar_Venet | Bernar Venet | Introduction | Bernar Venet | Bernar Venet (born 20 April 1941) is a French conceptual artist |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridport | Bridport | Sport and leisure | Bridport / Sport and leisure | Bridport is a market town in Dorset, England, 1.5 miles inland from the English Channel near the confluence of the River Brit and its tributary the Asker. Its origins are Saxon and it has a long history as a rope-making centre. On the coast and within the town's boundary is West Bay, a small fishing harbour also known as Bridport Harbour.
In the 21st century, Bridport's arts scene has expanded with an arts centre, theatre, cinema and museum. It features as Port Bredy in Thomas Hardy's Wessex novels.
In the 2011 census the population of Bridport's built-up area was 13,568. The town is twinned with Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, France. | The town's football club is Bridport F.C., known as "The Bees". They currently play in the Western Football League Premier Division. The club was founded in 1885 and the home ground is St. Mary's Field. The town's rugby union club is Bridport RFC. Bridport & West Dorset Golf Club is situated atop of the east cliff at West Bay. The club has an 18-hole links course, driving range and pitch and putt course. Bridport Barracudas Swimming Club is based at Bridport Leisure Centre.
A Water Polo section has junior and senior teams competing in the Dorset Water Polo League. Water Polo matches are held in summer in the outer harbour at West Bay, continuing a tradition dating back to 1898. The area also hosts a real tennis court, one of 27 in the UK. Hyde court, near the village of Walditch, was renovated and re-opened in 1998 with the aid of a lottery grant. Bowling is represented by Bridport Bowling Club, in Priory Lane (flat green outdoors in summer and short mat in winter), and Bridport Indoor Bowling Club in Shoe Lane. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_State_Park | Cheyenne Mountain State Park | Introduction | Cheyenne Mountain State Park | Cheyenne Mountain State Park is a Colorado state park that was acquired in June 2000 through a partnership between the City of Colorado Springs, Colorado State Parks, Great Outdoors Colorado (GOCO), Colorado Lottery, El Paso County, and other local private organizations. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_El_Teniente | Estadio El Teniente | Sectors of the stadium | Estadio El Teniente / Sectors of the stadium | Estadio El Teniente, also known as Estadio El Teniente-Codelco for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose stadium in Rancagua, Chile. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium actually holds approximately 13,000 people and was built in 1945 with the name Braden Copper Company Stadium. The stadium is the home stadium for O'Higgins, the team of the city of Rancagua.
The stadium hosted seven matches of 1962 FIFA World Cup, where played matches of the group stage and quarter-finals.
In 2013, the stadium was renovated for hosting the 2015 Copa América, to be played in Chile. Two matches of the group stage will be played in this stadium. | The stadium has 5 sectors since her renovation, the Palco has 375 seats, and the totality of the other four sectors are 13,464.
Angostura (North Side)
Marquesina (West Side)
Andes (East Side)
Rengo (South Side)
Palco (VIP suite) |
en | wit-train-topic-005271665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Stump | Black Stump | Merriwagga / Gunbar, NSW | Black Stump / Etymology / Merriwagga / Gunbar, NSW | The Australian expression 'black stump' is the name for an imaginary point beyond which the country is considered remote or uncivilised, an abstract marker of the limits of established settlement. The origin of the expression, especially in its evolved use as an imaginary marker in the landscape, is contested. The various claims are discussed below.
The term "Black stump" was used as land markers on a surveyors plan and was first referred to as a boundary marker in a New South Wales court case involving a land law dispute. See R v West [1831] NSWSupC 66. The case refers to vacant land at Woolloomooloo where a surveyor had difficulty in ascertaining the boundaries as he could not find a plan from the days of Governor Lachlan Macquarie. In the case it stated, "...and he pointed to some old stumps, which he said had been marked...defendant would not admit that the cross line marked by me on the plan was not part of his boundary...he said it ran to a black stump beyond the line, which he said had been marked...; he said the line was to run somewhere thereabouts; utmost extent claimed by defendant was the black stump of which I have spoken...made no claims beyond South Head road..." | The village of Merriwagga and nearby community of Gunbar, in the Riverina district of New South Wales, have strong claims to the origin of the expression 'black stump'. Gunbar cemetery is the burial-place of Mrs. Barbara Blain, the woman whose accidental death in March 1886 possibly gave rise to the term.
Barbara Blain's husband, James, was a carrier or teamster, based at Hay. In March 1886 James and Barbara Blain, in company with other carriers, stopped to camp at a pine ridge on "Gunbar" station. James and the other men left to load posts onto their drays and Barbara began preparations for the evening meal. When they returned, the men found Mrs. Blain had been fatally burnt, probably after her dress had caught alight from the flames of the camp-fire. Barbara Blain was buried at nearby Gunbar cemetery and an inquest into her death was subsequently held. James Blain apparently stated that when he found his wife she "looked like a black stump" (possibly as part of his evidence at the inquest). A watering place near where the tragedy occurred – roughly halfway between Gunbar and the village of Merriwagga – became known as Black Stump Tank.
The Black Stump Picnic area at Merriwagga has a waggon and memorial stone (33.8170°S 145.6227°E), with an inscription which explains the details of these events. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_crossover | Audio crossover | Introduction | Audio crossover | Audio crossovers are a type of electronic filter circuitry used in a range of audio applications, to split up an audio signal into two or more frequency ranges, so that the signals can be sent to drivers that are designed for different frequency ranges. Crossovers are often described as "two-way" or "three-way", which indicate, respectively, that the crossover splits a given signal into two frequency ranges or three frequency ranges. Crossovers are used in loudspeaker cabinets, power amplifiers in consumer electronics (hi-fi, home cinema sound and car audio) and pro audio and musical instrument amplifier products. For the latter two markets, crossovers are used in bass amplifiers, keyboard amplifiers, bass and keyboard speaker enclosures and sound reinforcement system equipment (PA speakers, monitor speakers, subwoofer systems, etc.).
Crossovers are used because most individual loudspeaker drivers are incapable of covering the entire audio spectrum from low frequencies to high frequencies with acceptable relative volume and absence of distortion. Most hi-fi speaker systems and sound reinforcement system speaker cabinets use a combination of multiple loudspeaker drivers, each catering to a different frequency band. A standard simple example is in hi-fi and PA system cabinets that contain a woofer for low and mid frequencies and a tweeter for high frequencies. Since a sound signal source, be it recorded music from a CD player or a live band's mix from an audio console has all of the low, mid and high frequencies combined, a crossover circuit is used to split the audio signal into separate frequency bands that can be separately routed to loudspeakers, tweeters or horns optimized for those frequency bands.
Active crossovers are distinguished from passive crossovers in that whereas passive crossovers split up an amplified signal coming from one power amplifier so that it can be sent to two or more drivers (e.g., a woofer and a very low frequency subwoofer, or a woofer and a tweeter), an active crossover splits up audio signal prior to amplification, so that it can be sent to two or more power amplifiers, each of which is connected to a separate driver type. Home cinema 5.1 surround sound audio systems use a crossover which separates out the low-frequency signal, so that it can be sent to a subwoofer, and then sends the mid- and high-range frequencies to five speakers which are placed around the listener; in a typical application, the signals sent to the surround speaker cabinets are further split up with a passive crossover into a low/mid-range woofer and a high range tweeter. Active crossovers come in both digital and analog varieties.
Digital active crossovers often include additional signal processing, such as limiting, delay, and equalization. Signal crossovers allow the audio signal to be split into bands that are processed separately before they are mixed together again. Some examples are multiband dynamics (compression, limiting, de-essing), multiband distortion, bass enhancement, high frequency exciters, and noise reduction such as Dolby A noise reduction. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_FA_Cup_Final | 1873 FA Cup Final | Summary | 1873 FA Cup Final / Match / Summary | The 1873 FA Cup Final was a football match between Wanderers and Oxford University on 29 March 1873 at Lillie Bridge in London. It was the second final of the world's oldest football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup. Unusually, the final was held in the morning, so as to avoid a clash with the annual Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race which was held on the same day. Wanderers reached the final without playing a match, as the original rules of the competition stated that the holders would receive a bye straight to the final and other teams would compete to gain the other place in the final and challenge the holders for the trophy. Oxford reached the final when their semi-final opponents, Queen's Park, dropped out of the competition
Both teams had key players absent for the final, including several who had represented Wanderers in the previous year's final. The best player on the day was Arthur Kinnaird, who scored the first goal for Wanderers. Charles Wollaston added a second goal towards the end of the match to give Wanderers a 2–0 victory and a second consecutive FA Cup win. It was the only Cup final prior to 1893 not played at The Oval. | As the match was scheduled for the same day as the annual Oxford-Cambridge boat race, the decision was made to stage it in the morning, thereby allowing the spectators to witness both sporting events. Both teams were missing key players. Oxford's first-choice goalkeeper, Charles Nepean, was unavailable, as were four of Wanderers' regular players, including Thomas Hooman, William Crake and Albert Thompson, all of whom had been in the cup-winning team the year before. As cup-holders, Wanderers were permitted to choose the stadium at which the match would be played. As the club had no official stadium of its own, its officials chose the Lillie Bridge ground in West Brompton.
Oxford dominated the early stages of the game due largely to the strong running of Arnold Kirke-Smith. Newspaper The Sportsman commented that "the whole eleven work[ed] well together and with great energy". Nonetheless, Wanderers came closer to scoring when William Kenyon-Slaney got the ball into the goal, only for the umpires to disallow the goal due to an infringement of the offside rule. After 27 minutes, Wanderers captain Arthur Kinnaird, whom the press rated as the best player of the match due to his dribbling skills, gave his team the lead when he outpaced Oxford's backs and kicked the ball between the goalposts.
In a desperate attempt to secure an equalising goal, Oxford took the unusual step of dispensing with the use of a goalkeeper and moved Andrew Leach, who had been playing in that position, upfield to play as a forward. This plan back-fired at around the 80-minute mark, however, when Charles Wollaston broke through and scored a second goal for the Wanderers, who thereby retained the trophy which they had won in its inaugural year. The correspondent from The Field stated that the shot would easily have been saved had there been a player in goal. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Merc%C3%A8 | La Mercè | Activities | La Mercè / Activities | La Mercè is the annual festival of the city of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. It has been an official city holiday since 1871, when the local government first organized a program of special activities to observe the Roman Catholic feast day of Our Lady of Mercy, La Mare de Déu de la Mercè in Catalan. Although the actual feast day is September 24, the festivities begin a few days beforehand.
Some of the most important features of the festival were introduced in the year 1902, when parades included papier maché “giants” known as gegants i capgrossos and a popular dance from Empordà that was becoming popular throughout Catalonia: the Sardana. The holiday has enjoyed immense local popularity ever since.
Among more recently introduced traditions are the annual Catalan Wine Fair, a special correfoc, a 10 km race and the pyro-musical, a display featuring synchronized fireworks, water fountains and music conducted at the base of the Montjuïc mountain. | During the week-long festival, close to two million people attend cultural and artistic presentations held throughout the city. The most traditional activities of the festival are based in the popular culture of Catalonia. Especially noteworthy are the street parades, originating from the spectacular processions which took place centuries ago for the celebration of Corpus Christi. Each day of the festival is celebrated with its own parade filled with mythical characters and traditional drumming.
There are about 600 events spread throughout the plazas, streets, museums, and parks. All entertainment is free. Barcelona's metro trains run all night during the festival. Street theater is a distinct element of the artistic events. Dance, circus, bands, fringe, and touring shows make up the bulk of the events. In order to bring Barcelona’s people closer to different cultures, each year, through the "Guest City" program, another city from elsewhere in the world is invited to present its culture and artists. In 2013 the Guest City was Vienna. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_upright_bass | Electric upright bass | Types | Electric upright bass / Types | The electric upright bass is an instrument that can perform the musical function of a double bass.
It requires only a minimal or 'skeleton' body to produce sound because it uses a pickup and electronic amplifier and loudspeaker. Therefore, a large resonating structure is not required to project the sound into the air. This minimal body greatly reduces the bulk and weight of the instrument. EUBs must always be connected to an amplifier and speaker cabinet to produce an adequate audible sound. The EUB retains enough of the features of the double bass so that double bass players are able to perform on it. | There are many varieties of EUBs available at present. Some EUBs cannot be used with a bow because of the large radius of the fingerboard and the flatness of the bridge. These types are therefore solely used for pizzicato playing. Other EUBs have a curved bridge which permits a bow to be used. While EUBs are often four-stringed, 5, 6, 7, and 8-string models are available. As well, solid, hollow and 'floating top' configurations are made. While hollow and 'floating top' models produce a more resonant tone, they are also more prone to feedback; as such, solid-body EUBs may be the best choice for bassists who play in loud styles, such as jam bands or metal fusion groups. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_o%27Selside | Top o'Selside | Introduction | Top o'Selside | Top o'Selside is a hill in the Lake District in Cumbria, England. At 335 metres (1,099 ft), it is the highest point of the group of hills situated between Coniston Water and Windermere. This group also includes the Wainwright of Black Fell and the summits of Black Brows and Rusland Heights. Top o'Selside lies not in the centre of this region, but in the south-western corner, just outside the forestry plantations of Grizedale Forest and only two-thirds of a mile from the eastern shore of Coniston Water. This large separation from any higher ground gives it enough relative height to make it a Marilyn. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Stefaniszin | Sebastian Stefaniszin | Introduction | Sebastian Stefaniszin | Sebastian Stefaniszin (born July 22, 1987) is a German former professional ice hockey goaltender, who last played with Dresdner Eislöwen of the DEL2. He also played in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liujiang_man | Liujiang man | Introduction | Liujiang man | The Liujiang men (Chinese: 柳江人) are among the earliest modern humans (Homo sapiens) found in East Asia.
Their remains were discovered in the Tongtianyan Cave (通天岩) in Liujiang, Guangxi, China.
The remains were excavated in 1958. The remains consist of a well-preserved adult cranium, a right innominate (hip bone), complete sacrum, multiple vertebrae, and two femoral fragments. All remains are believed to belong to one individual.
Very little is known about the specimen due to a lack of academic sources published within the United States. There seems to be a discrepancy in determining accurate dates of the specimen due to the unknown stratigraphic context in which the remains were found.
The remains are dated to the Late Pleistocene, most likely to about 67,000 years ago.
High rates of variability yielded by various dating techniques carried out by different researchers place the most widely accepted range of dates with 67,000 BP as a minimum, but does not rule out dates as old as 159,000 BP.
Any date prior to 50,000 years ago is surprising, as it would seem to predate the "recent dispersal" scenario of coastal migration ("Out of Africa II"). The remains have been considered in the context of a possible early dispersal which left Africa before 100,000 years ago, but which was extinct (or "retracted back to Africa") before the arrival of the "recent dispersal" wave. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filet_crochet | Filet crochet | Introduction | Filet crochet | Filet crochet is a type of crocheted fabric. This type of crocheted lace is gridlike because it uses only two crochet stitches: the chain stitch and the double crochet stitch (U.S. terminology; known in some other countries as chain stitch and treble). Old filet patterns used a treble or triple stitch vertically but chained two between the vertical stitches. This was to prevent distortion of some patterns. Chain stitches use less yarn than double crochet stitches, which results in a visual difference in appearance between the two kinds of stitch. Filet crochet forms patterns by filling in parts of a mostly chain stitch mesh with double crochet stitches. Filet crochet is usually constructed from monotone crochet thread made of Mercerised cotton in white or ecru, and worked in rows. Filet crochet is used for decorative applications such as window curtains, tablecloths, and place settings such as coasters and placemats.
Filet crochet is most often worked from a graph or a symbol diagram. Patterns are created by combining solid and open meshes, usually working the design in solid meshes and the background in open meshes. The size of the space is determined by the number of chain stitches between each double stitch. Filet crochet may also be worked by alternating chain stitches with another type of crochet stitch such as (U.S. terminology) half double or triple crochet, and may be worked from yarn instead of thread. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Dalkeith_Railway | Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway | "The Innocent Railway" | Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway / "The Innocent Railway" | The Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway was an early railway built to convey coal from pits in the vicinity of Dalkeith into the capital. It was a horse-operated line, with a terminus at St Leonards on the south side of Arthur's Seat.
Opened in stages from 1831, it was Edinburgh's first railway, and used the track gauge of 4 ft 6 in, commonly used for mineral railways in Scotland. The entry into the terminus involved a passage through a tunnel on a rope-worked incline.
It was not planned for passengers, but a trader operated passenger services and they were surprisingly successful, and the company later operated them itself.
When intercity railways were being planned, the North British Railway wished to reach Carlisle from Edinburgh, and it purchased the Dalkeith line in 1845 to secure part of the route. The new owners altered the gauge to the standard 4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in and laid stronger track for locomotive operation. Part of its main line became incorporated into the Waverley Route. Only a small section of the network remains open. | A tablet has been erected naming the railway "The Innocent Railway" on the basis that the line never suffered a fatal accident.
Thomas explains:
Dr Robert Chalmers, reflecting on the E & D trains jogging their leisurely and profitable way round the southern outskirts of Edinburgh and comparing them with trains on more sophisticated railways wrote, 'In the very contemplation of the innocence of the railway you find your heart rejoiced. Only think of a railway having a board at all the stations forbidding the drivers to stop by the way to feed their horses!' The name The Innocent Railway entered the history books and the legend grew that the line was so called because it never killed or injured a passenger. In fact injuries, whether to passengers alighting from trains in motion or to pointsboys taking chances at loops were numerous; the manager himself got a leg injury that left him with a limp for life.
Robertson says:
Its familiar and affectionate soubriquet of the "Innocent Railway" was not due, unless inaccurately, to the legend that no-one was ever killed on it, but rather to an air of old-fashioned unreality which stood by the leisurely horse-drawn tradition long after it had been abandoned elsewhere.
Robert Chalmers, who coined the nickname, gently enjoyed himself at its expense:
By the Innocent Railway you never feel in the least jeopardy; your journey is one of incident and adventure; you can examine the crops as you go along; you have time to hear the news from your companions; and the by-play of the officials is a source of never-failing amusement.
Robertson goes on to observe that a driver was killed in 1840 and two children were killed in 1843 and 1844, citing Parliamentary Papers 1841, 1843 and 1846.
Munro has discovered another explanation: "The Company soon became known as the 'innocent Railway' because it did not issue tickets to travellers. At a Board of Enquiry the manager, Mr Rankine, explained that this was because the passengers could not, or would not, make up their minds as to their destination."
A public information plaque at the entrance to the path states that,
You are standing on one of Scotland's pioneering Railways. The Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway was nicknamed "The Innocent Railway" because it was originally horse-drawn in an age which thought steam engines dangerous. It was built to transport coal from the Dalkeith area to Auld Reekie. To the surprise of the promoters, however, the public rapidly took to this convenient novelty and soon 300,000 passengers were carried annually.
Thereafter, passengers became as important as freight to the railways. Open carriages, wagons and converted stagecoaches were the first rolling stock. Among its engineering features were an early tunnel, a cast iron beam bridge and an outstanding timber viaduct on masonry piers. The first two still survive. The viaduct at Thornybank, Dalkeith was finally demolished in the 1960s. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(European_Parliament_constituency) | West Midlands (European Parliament constituency) | Introduction | West Midlands (European Parliament constituency) | West Midlands was a constituency of the European Parliament. It is represented by seven MEPs using the D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. In 2009, the constituency was reduced to six seats, but also elected a "virtual MEP" who took her seat in the Parliament when the Treaty of Lisbon came into effect. The constituency was represented by seven MEPs prior to the 2009 election, until the UK exit from the European Union on 31 January 2020. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-%C3%A0-Pierre_station | Rivière-à-Pierre station | Introduction | Rivière-à-Pierre station | Rivière-à-Pierre station is a railway station in Rivière-à-Pierre, Quebec, Canada. It serves Via Rail's Montreal–Jonquière train. It is located on Rue Principale (Main Street), and is staffed. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_of_Brandenburg | Dorothea of Brandenburg | Introduction | Dorothea of Brandenburg | Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430/1431 – 10 November 1495) was Queen of Denmark (1445–1448 and 1449–1481), Queen of Norway (1445–1448 and 1450–1481) and Queen of Sweden (1447–1448 and 1457–1464) by her marriages to King Christopher III and King Christian I. She served as interim regent during the interregnum in 1448, and as regent in the absence of her second spouse during his reign.
She was the mother of two future kings of Denmark: John, King of Denmark who reigned from 1481 until 1513; Frederick I of Denmark who reigned from 1523 until 1533. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantinatha_Basadi,_Jinanathapura | Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura | Introduction | Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura | Shantinatha Basadi (or Shanteshvara basadi), a Jain temple dedicated to the sixteenth Tirthankar Shantinatha is located in the historically important temple town of Jinanathapura near Shravanabelagola (also spelt "Jainanathapura"). It is a village in Channarayapatna taluk in the Hassan district of Karnataka state, India. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Luck | Andrew Luck | 2018 season: Final season | Andrew Luck / Professional career / 2018 season: Final season | Andrew Austen Luck is a former American football quarterback who played all seven years of his professional career with the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League. He played college football for the Stanford Cardinal, where he won the Maxwell Award and Walter Camp Award as college football's player of the year and was twice recognized as an All-American. He was the runner-up for the Heisman Trophy in both 2010 and 2011, and was named the Offensive Player of the Year in the Pac-12 Conference in both 2010 and 2011. CBS Sports draft analyst Rob Rang called Luck the best prospect he had ever scouted, while the Kansas City Star put him in line with LeBron James and Bryce Harper as "the most hyped amateurs in recent sports memory."
Although widely projected as the first overall selection in the 2011 NFL Draft, Luck decided to return to Stanford for his redshirt junior season. A year later, he was selected first overall in the 2012 NFL Draft. In his first three professional seasons, Luck led the Colts to three playoff appearances including two AFC South division titles in 2013 and 2014, also earning a Pro Bowl selection in each season. | Luck started Week 1 on September 9, 2018 against the Cincinnati Bengals, his first game in 616 days. He had 319 passing yards, two touchdowns and an interception, and set a career-high in completions with 39, but the Colts lost 34–23. In Week 3 against the Philadelphia Eagles, with the Colts down 20–16 with seconds left in the game, Luck, who had thrown for just 164 yards in the game, was replaced by backup Jacoby Brissett to attempt a Hail Mary pass from his own 46-yard line. Brissett overthrew several players in the back of the end zone and the Colts lost the game. The move was questioned by some journalists and fans, and led to some speculation about the health of Luck's shoulder, although head coach Frank Reich and Luck both said it was purely because Brissett had a stronger throwing arm. The following week against the Houston Texans, Luck threw for four touchdowns and career-highs in completions (40), attempts (62) and yards (464). He led the Colts back from down 28–10 in the third quarter, including a game-tying two point conversion with :51 left. However the team lost in overtime, 37–34, after Indianapolis failed to convert a 4th and 4 on their own 43 and the Texans kicked the game-winning field goal. In Week 5, on Thursday Night Football against the New England Patriots, he was 38-of-59 for 365 passing yards, three touchdowns, and two interceptions as the Colts fell 38–24. Luck's 121 passing attempts in Weeks 4–5 were the most over a two-game span in NFL history. In Week 6, against the New York Jets, he had 301 passing yards, four touchdowns, and three interceptions in the 42–34 loss.
After the 1–5 start to the season, Luck and the Colts went on a five-game winning streak. In Week 7, he passed for 156 yards and four touchdowns in a 37–5 victory over the Buffalo Bills. In the next two games, victories over the Oakland Raiders and Jacksonville Jaguars, he passed for three touchdowns in both games. In Week 11, Luck completed 23 of 29 passes for 297 yards and three touchdowns, posting a 143.8 passer rating, in a 38–10 win over the Titans, earning him AFC Offensive Player of the Week. In a Week 12 27–24 victory over the Miami Dolphins, Luck had his eight consecutive game with at least three passing touchdowns. In Week 16, Luck led a double-digit comeback against the New York Giants, the 21st fourth quarter comeback of his career, throwing a go-ahead score to Chester Rogers with 55 seconds left, and winning 28–27. The win put the Colts in position for a chance to earn a Wild Card playoff berth the following week in their matchup with the Titans. Luck also set a new in single-season completions in the game, passing his previous mark of 380 in 2014. The Colts defeated the Titans, earning a Wild Card berth and end the season winning nine of ten games. Luck finished his first season back from injury with 4,593 passing yards, 39 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. Luck and the Colts upset the AFC South division champion Houston Texans in the Wild Card Round by a score of 21–7. In the victory, Luck passed for 222 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception. In the Divisional Round, the Colts faced off against the AFC West champion Kansas City Chiefs. In what ended up being his final game, Luck passed for 203 yards and one touchdown, but the Colts fell to the Chiefs by a score of 31–13.
At the completion of the season, Luck was named to the fourth Pro Bowl of his career, as well as being given the National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award by the Pro Football Writers Association. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownston_House | Brownston House | Introduction | Brownston House | Brownston House is a Grade I listed building at Devizes, Wiltshire, England, dating from the beginning of the 18th century. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioShock_2:_Minerva%27s_Den | BioShock 2: Minerva's Den | Development | BioShock 2: Minerva's Den / Development | BioShock 2: Minerva's Den is a single-player downloadable content campaign for the 2010 first-person shooter game BioShock 2, developed by 2K Marin and published by 2K Games. The player assumes the role of Subject Sigma, an armored human or "Big Daddy"; Sigma must travel through Minerva's Den, the technological hub of the underwater city of Rapture, to download a schematic of the city's supercomputer. Gameplay is similar to that of BioShock 2, with new enemies and weapons.
Minerva's Den was created by a small team within 2K Marin led by Steve Gaynor, who partly based the setting on ideas he discussed in his hiring interview. The team decided upon a small, personal story about identity and free will, which explores an unseen part of the underwater city of Rapture. Minerva's Den was initially released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in August 2010, and was later released and reissued on other platforms. It was well received by critics, who praised its story, characters, and gameplay; reviewers, including those writing for Kotaku and Paste, considered it one of the best video game expansions of all time. | Development of the Minerva's Den downloadable content (DLC) began after the completion of BioShock 2. Steve Gaynor and a team of nine other full-time workers were tasked with creating a three-to-five-hour, single-player experience; Gaynor served as lead designer, having worked as a level designer for BioShock 2 and on story elements such as dialogue and audio diaries—scattered logs that reveal backstory while players explore. The names of the development team were given to slugs scattered around the game's levels as an Easter egg. The development team were limited in what form the DLC could take and had to reuse as many assets as possible; Gaynor recalled the constraints of limited time and resources was a blessing in disguise. Though many companies would treat DLC as a "cash grab" with less development time and lowered expectations, Gaynor felt these constraints also enabled more creative risks to be taken. With such a small team, the staff collaborated without remaining in segregated roles; according to Gaynor, "It has to be organic as possible, and when someone has something that's not necessarily their primary responsibility but they have a passion for it and ideas for it ... I think you have to take advantage of that".
While being interviewed for his job at 2K Marin, Gaynor had been asked to propose a potential BioShock level. Gaynor recalled suggesting a story focusing on Rapture's computer core and a character splicing to become more intelligent. During BioShock 2's development, the level designers suggested the possibility that technology from Rapture created a primitive artificial intelligence (A.I.) that would lead to the development of SHODAN, an A.I. that appears in the video game System Shock. When developing ideas for what would become Minerva's Den, Gaynor suggested merging the ideas, using a story about Rapture's computer core and a "steampunk" A.I., drawing from SHODAN's multiple identities and impersonations. Gaynor wanted the content to fit both the world of BioShock and the historical era in which it takes place. When the developers decided to focus on Rapture's computer technology, they based it on the early computing age spurred by work done during World War II, including the work of Alan Turing and the cryptographers at Bletchley Park. Gaynor reasoned that Rapture advanced using genetic technology, but the residents of Rapture explored other technological dead ends, including areas devoted to robotics and automation in Minerva's Den.
Contrasting the long development and narrative of the main game with those of Minerva's Den, Gaynor said that he enjoyed the opportunity to tell a shorter story where players understood the characters. According to Gaynor:
We could take the themes of BioShock that are native to Rapture and make them relevant to the specific fiction of Minerva's Den. When you have a super computer that can do a million calculations a second, how does that fit into the ideas of free will and predestination and fate, and choice, that BioShock is built on?
Gaynor wanted to adapt the grand themes of BioShock to tell a different story about loss and changing the past that focused on a single character, Porter, who forms the "heart" of the game. Gaynor felt the final gameplay sequence, in which the player walks through Porter's living space, was important to give players time to reflect on the character's journey. He resisted calls to make the interesting environment a place for combat.
To prevent players of BioShock 2 from feeling Minerva's Den's gameplay was repetitive, 2K Marine tried to present a different experience within the narrative's constraints. Shadowy level design and more dangerous enemies were crafted to give a subtle survival horror feel; the team also adjusted the order in which players receive equipment and plasmids to encourage them to interact with the environment, rather than simply using aggression. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland) | White Guard (Finland) | Heritage | White Guard (Finland) / Heritage | The White Guard or Civil Guard was a voluntary militia that emerged victorious over the socialist Red Guards as a part of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War of 1918. They were generally known as the White Guard in the West due to their opposition to the communist Red Guards. In the White Army of Finland many participants were recruits, draftees and German-trained Jägers and not part of the paramilitary. The central organization was named the White Guard Organization, and the organization consisted of local chapters in municipalities.
The Russian revolution of 1905 led to social and political unrest and a breakdown of security in Finland, which was then a Grand Duchy under the sovereignty of the Russian Tsar. Citizen militias were formed as a response, but soon these would be transformed along political lines. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent independence of Finland also caused conflicts in the country. On January 27, 1918, the Finnish government ordered the disarmament of all remaining Russian garrisons with the forces of the White Guard, and on the same day the Reds proclaimed revolution, leading to a bloody civil war. White Guards, led by Gen. C.G.E. | One of the chapters of the Treaty of Paris (1947) was disbandment of all "fascist-like organizations". The Soviet Union considered that the White Guard and Lotta Svärd were fascist organizations, and they were disbanded.
The disbanding of the White Guard effectively ended all Finnish voluntary military training for the next several decades. The sports activities of the Guard were taken over by ordinary civilian sports associations, while the psychological work of instilling a national defence spirit was continued by the reservists' associations. However, the Guard itself is a contentious issue, which still divides the people along political lines.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Finland unilaterally renounced the military articles of the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947. Following this, the NGOs working in fields with connections to total defence formed the National Defence Training Association of Finland (Finnish: Maanpuolustuskoulutus ry), which started to organise supplemental voluntary training primarily for Finnish Defence Forces reservists in conjunction with the Defence Forces. The legal basis for the activities was given by changing the Act on Defence Forces in 1994. More accurate basis was given by the Act on Voluntary Defence Work of 2007, which will make the Association a nominally independent public organization under political state control. As the heritage of the White Guard in Finland is very mixed, the National Defence Training Association does not consider itself to be the successor of the White Guard.
In 2007 formation of Territorial Forces was started, a volunteer military organization composed of reservists. Some political groups have criticized formation of these units, saying that they are too close to White Guards that were abolished as fascist organization in 1944. However, unlike the White Guard, local defense troops are not a separate organization, but fully in the control of the Finnish Defence Forces. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Cybulski | Mieczysław Cybulski | Introduction | Mieczysław Cybulski | Mieczysław Cybulski (16 March 1903 – 13 August 1984) was a Polish film actor. He appeared in more than 25 films between 1927 and 1939. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer) | Miguel Enríquez (privateer) | Introduction | Miguel Enríquez (privateer) | D. Miguel Enríquez (c. 1674–1743), was a privateer from San Juan, Puerto Rico who operated during the early 18th century. A mulatto born out of wedlock, Enríquez was a shoemaker by occupation. After working for the governor as a salesman he was recruited to defend Puerto Rico, then a colony of the Spanish Empire, and commanded a small fleet that intercepted foreign merchant ships and other vessels dedicated to contraband. These outlaws were thriving in the waters of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, notably in the areas surrounding Saint Thomas, Curaçao and Jamaica. Operating during the height of the Golden Age of Piracy, his fleet was also credited with controlling the proliferation of buccaneers in the region. However, he was considered a pirate himself by the enemies of Spain, since it was common practice of the government to ignore when foreign ships were attacked. After some time operating independently, Enríquez received a letter of marque and reprisal from the Spanish Crown, this was a special permit granting him the privileges of a privateer. Corsairs from Puerto Rico were often called guardacostas, or "coast guards." They operated in the same fashion as any other pirate, the only difference was that they did it in the name of Spain, protecting imperial trade restrictions. Employing a systematic approach, Enríquez was able to become the most successful and influential Puerto Rican of his time. However, despite this, he was never able to gain the acceptance of the higher social classes, something that he strived to earn throughout his life.
During his years as a privateer, Enríquez established close links with the Spanish Monarchy. His ships were also responsible for the distribution of urgent messages that arrived at San Juan or La Aguada to the rest of the West Indies. When there was a shortage of royal vessels, Enríquez's fleet was responsible for transporting items on behalf of Spain without charge. His fleet also provided transportation for the authorities that arrived at Puerto Rico en route to other locations and for missionaries. Throughout the War of the Spanish Succession, Enríquez's fleet was responsible for guarding the Antilles from incursions by the British and Dutch. Among the places where he established connections was the adjacent island of St. Thomas. Enríquez also dealt directly with the governor of Curaçao. At a time when letters of marque were being regularly issued in neighboring islands his actions converted San Juan into one of the most important ports in the Caribbean. Between 1702 and 1713 Enríquez owned a fleet of more than thirty vessels, losing at least a dozen and capturing more than twenty others. By the time that his career was over, he had reportedly commanded a fleet of over 300 privateer ships, of which approximately 150 were lost, employing close to 1,500 sailors.
In 1717, Great Britain occupied the island of Vieques which was under the control of the Spanish Government of Puerto Rico. According to the British government, they did not recognize the Spanish claim to the island which they referred to as "Crab Island". Enríquez, with the consent of the government, organized an expeditionary force which consisted of two ships with seven members of the regular Spanish Army and 286 members of the Puerto Rican militia. The ships were escorted by a Spanish warship under the command of Naval Commander José Rocher. Enríquez's men fought and defeated the British in Vieques, taking most of their enemy to the mainland of Puerto Rico as their prisoners. He was received as a national hero when he returned the island of Vieques to the Spanish Empire and to the governorship of Puerto Rico. The British government became alarmed and sent a warship to San Juan. Further confrontation between both nations was avoided when the Spanish authorities returned the prisoners. His fleet also participated in other military expeditions in 1728 and 1729.
Enríquez received several recognitions and exemptions that facilitated his work and contributed towards his vast wealth. Under the order of King Philip |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_82 | West Virginia Route 82 | Introduction | West Virginia Route 82 | West Virginia Route 82 is an east–west state highway in central West Virginia, USA. The western terminus of the route is at an interchange with U.S. Route 19 in Birch River. The eastern terminus is at West Virginia Route 20 outside Cowen. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbelce | Gbelce | Introduction | Gbelce | Gbelce (Hungarian: Köbölkút) is a municipality and village in the Nové Zámky District in the Nitra Region of south-west Slovakia. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunthorn_Kongsompong | Sunthorn Kongsompong | Introduction | Sunthorn Kongsompong | Sunthorn Kongsompong (Thai: สุนทร คงสมพงษ์, RTGS: Sunthon Khongsomphong, IPA: [sǔn.tʰɔːn kʰoŋ.sǒm.pʰoŋ]; 1 August 1931 – 2 August 1999) was the de facto head of government of Thailand from 1991 to 1992, after a military coup d'etat led by Sunthorn and General Suchinda Kraprayoon deposed the government of Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan on February 23, 1991. The generals accused Chatichai of corruption, and established the National Peacekeeping Council (NPKC) as an interim administration, with Sunthorn as chairman.
Anand Panyarachun was appointed Prime Minister in March, 1991, but the administration of the country was also executed by the NPKC.
Sunthorn left the political office following the May 1992 constitution promulgation, which prohibited members of the military from executing the office of the Prime Minister.
His son is Apirat Kongsompong, who since 2018 has also been Army commander. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollemi_National_Park | Wollemi National Park | Biology and ecology | Wollemi National Park / Biology and ecology | The Wollemi National Park is a protected national park and wilderness area that is located in the northern Blue Mountains and Lower Hunter regions of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 501,703-hectare park, the second largest national park in New South Wales, contains the 361,113-hectare Wollemi Wilderness – the largest such wilderness area in Australia – and is situated approximately 130 kilometres northwest of Sydney.
The Wollemi National Park is one of the eight protected areas that, in 2000, was inscribed to form part of the UNESCO World Heritage–listed Greater Blue Mountains Area. The Wollemi National Park is the most north–westerly of the eight protected areas within the World Heritage Site. The national park forms part of the Great Dividing Range.
The only known living wild specimens of the Wollemi Pine were discovered in 1994. Special efforts were made to protect the trees when the 2019-20 Australian bushfires burned through the park. | Eucalypt dominated open forests comprise 90% of Wollemi National Park, with over 70 species of Eucalypt recorded. The remaining 10% of the National Park comprises rainforest, heath and grassland.
The variety of habitats within Wollemi National Park allow for large diversity in animals. 58 reptile species, 38 frog species, 235 bird species and 46 mammal species have been recorded in the park.
The only known living wild specimens of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis), a species thought to have become extinct on the mainland approximately thirty million years ago, were discovered in three small stands within deep canyons in 1994. The location is kept secret to protect the groves from diseases and trampling.
Besides the Wollemi Mint Bush, the park contains populations of the rare Banksia conferta subsp. penicillata, only described in 1981. The Wollemi Stringybark is a newly discovered species of Eucalyptus tree. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbas_National_Academy_of_Civil_Engineering_and_Architecture | Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture | Introduction | Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture | Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture (Ukrainian: Донбаська національна академія будівництва і архітектури; abbreviated ДонНАБА) is one of the largest engineering universities in Ukraine. It was founded on 1 January 1972 as the Makiivka Civil Engineering Institute. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee_(ceremony) | Levee (ceremony) | Première entrée | Levee (ceremony) / Louis XIV's lever / Première entrée | The levee was traditionally a daily moment of intimacy and accessibility to a monarch or leader. It started out as a royal custom, but, in British America, it later came to refer to a reception by the king’s representatives and, even later, by the president. | When the King had them recalled, now accompanied by those who had the lesser privilege of the première entrée, his process of dressing began. Louis preferred to dress himself "for he did almost everything himself, with address and grace", Saint-Simon remarked. The King was handed a dressing-gown, and a mirror was held for him, for he had no toilet table like ordinary gentlemen. Every other day the King shaved himself. Now, other privileged courtiers were admitted, a few at a time, at each stage, so that, as the King was putting on his shoes and stockings, "everyone" — in Saint-Simon's view — was there. This was the entrée de la chambre, which included the king's readers and the director of the Menus Plaisirs, that part of the royal establishment in charge of all preparations for ceremonies, events and festivities, to the last detail of design and order. At the entrée de la chambre were admitted the Grand Aumônier and the Marshal of France and the king's ministers and secretaries. A fifth entrée now admitted ladies for the first time, and a sixth entrée admitted, from a privileged position at a cramped backdoor, the king's children, legitimate and illegitimate indiscriminately — in scandalous fashion Saint-Simon thought — and their spouses.
The crowd in the chambre du Roi can be estimated from Saint-Simon's remark of the King's devotions, which followed: the King knelt at his bedside "where all the clergy present knelt, the cardinals without cushions, all the laity remaining standing".
The King then passed into the cabinet where all those who possessed any court office attended him. He then announced what he expected to do that day and was left alone with those among his favourites of the royal children born illegitimately (whom he had publicly recognised and legitimated) and a few favourites, with the valets. These were less pressing moments to discuss projects with the King, who parcelled out his attention with strict regard for the current standing of those closest to him. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetes_saxatilis | Mimetes saxatilis | Introduction | Mimetes saxatilis | Mimetes saxatilis or limestone pagoda is an evergreen, upright, rarely branching shrub of 1–2¼ m (3⅓–7¼ ft) high, assigned to the family Proteaceae. The approximately oval leaves are 3½–5 cm (1.4–2.0 in) long and 1½–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in) wide with a blunt, thickened, reddish tip or with three crowded teeth. It has cylinder-shaped inflorescences topped by a crest of green leaves, further consisting of heads with 12-22 individual bright yellow flowers, each in the axil of a flat, green leaf. It is an endemic species that is restricted to limestone outcrops in the Agulhas plains in the very south of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is considered an endangered species. Flowering may occur between July and December, but is unreliable in its timing, dependent on sufficient moisture availability. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis | Sleep paralysis | Cultural significance and priming | Sleep paralysis / Society and culture / Cultural significance and priming | Sleep paralysis is a state, during waking up or falling asleep, in which a person is aware but unable to move or speak. During an episode, one may hallucinate, which often results in fear. Episodes generally last less than a couple of minutes. It may occur as a single episode or be recurrent.
The condition may occur in those who are otherwise healthy or those with narcolepsy, or it may run in families as a result of specific genetic changes. The condition can be triggered by sleep deprivation, psychological stress, or abnormal sleep cycles. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a dysfunction in REM sleep. Diagnosis is based on a person's description. Other conditions that can present similarly include narcolepsy, atonic seizure, and hypokalemic periodic paralysis.
Treatment options for sleep paralysis have been poorly studied. It is recommended that people be reassured that the condition is common and generally not serious. Other efforts that may be tried include sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy, and antidepressants.
Between 8% and 50% of people experience sleep paralysis at some point in their life. About 5% of people have regular episodes. | Although the core features of sleep paralysis (e.g., atonia, a clear sensorium, and frequent hallucinations) appear to be universal, the ways in which they are experienced vary according to time, place, and culture. Over 100 terms have been identified for these experiences. Some scientists have proposed sleep paralysis as an explanation for reports of paranormal phenomena such as ghosts,, alien visits, demons or demonic possession, alien abduction experiences, the night hag and shadow people haunting.
According to some scientists culture may be a major factor in shaping sleep paralysis. When sleep paralysis is interpreted through a particular cultural filter, it may take on greater salience. For example, if sleep paralysis is feared in a certain culture, this fear could lead to conditioned fear, and thus worsen the experience, in turn leading to higher rates. Consistent with this idea, high rates and long durations of immobility during sleep paralysis have been found in Egypt, where there are elaborate beliefs about sleep paralysis, involving malevolent spirit-like creatures, the jinn.
Research has found that sleep paralysis is associated with great fear and fear of impending death in 50% of sufferers in Egypt. A study comparing rates and characteristics of sleep paralysis in Egypt and Denmark found that the phenomenon is three times more common in Egypt versus Denmark. In Denmark, unlike Egypt, there are no elaborate supernatural beliefs about sleep paralysis, and the experience is often interpreted as an odd physiological event, with overall shorter sleep paralysis episodes and fewer people (17%) fearing that they could die from it. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani_(Oretania) | Germani (Oretania) | Culture | Germani (Oretania) / Culture | The Germani were an obscure pre-Roman ancient people of the Iberian Peninsula which settled around the 4th century BC in western Oretania, an ancient region corresponding to the south of Ciudad Real and the eastern tip of Badajoz provinces. | Archeological evidence retrieved from local Iron Age hillforts such as Alarcos (Ciudad Real) and Cerro de las Cabezas confirm that the material culture of the Germani did not differ from their southeastern Iberian neighbours nor the Celtiberians. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_(vessel) | Ding (vessel) | Historical development | Ding (vessel) / Historical development | Ding are prehistoric and ancient Chinese cauldrons, standing upon legs with a lid and two facing handles. They are one of the most important shapes used in Chinese ritual bronzes. They were made in two shapes: round vessels with three legs and rectangular ones with four, the latter often called fangding. They were used for cooking, storage, and ritual offerings to the gods or to ancestors. The earliest recovered examples are pre-Shang ceramic ding at the Erlitou site but they are better known from the Bronze Age, particularly after the Zhou deemphasized the ritual use of wine practiced by the Shang kings. Under the Zhou, the ding and the privilege to perform the associated rituals became symbols of authority. The number of permitted ding varied according to one's rank in the Chinese nobility: the Nine Ding of the Zhou kings were a symbol of their rule over all China but were lost by the first emperor, Shi Huangdi in the late 3rd century BCE. Subsequently, imperial authority was represented by the Heirloom Seal of the Realm, carved out of the sacred Heshibi; it was lost at some point during the Five Dynasties after the collapse of the Tang. | One of the many types of bronze vessels, the ding vessel had its origins in standard ceramic vessels with the shape of a tripod. A bronze ding vessel from Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Hubei, for example, inherits its shape from Neolithic pottery. Perhaps the most famous ancient dings were the legendary Nine Tripod Cauldrons. This set of bronze vessels is said to have been cast by King Yu of the Xia Dynasty when he divided his territory into the Jiuzhou or Nine Provinces. Later on, possession of all nine was considered a sign of rightful authority over all. The whereabouts of the nine ding are presently unknown, but are said to have been lost during the imperial Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), after having been passed among various royal dynasties and feudal states.
Ding vessels were used throughout the Shang and Zhou dynasties and later time periods. Round, tripod ding vessels are emblematic of the Shang and Western and Eastern Zhou periods. Western Zhou ding vessels departed from the Shang aesthetic in terms of their oddly-proportioned legs that were deliberately emphasized through the addition of flanged taotie motifs. In terms of their significance throughout history, bronze vessels came to assume a more political role in later dynasties than in the Shang period. Inscriptions cast on Western Zhou ding vessels, for example, commemorate political events and record gifts between monarchs and subjects. The Da Ke ding records a royal award to Ke of royal estate, which is seen as evidence of the breaking up of the estates of old families and their distribution to new families in the transition between different time periods.
In Late Western Zhou, sets of ding and gui were used to indicate rank; a feudal lord would be entitled to nine ding and six gui, while lesser officials were entitled to a smaller number of vessels. Likewise, late Zhou bronzes were often very large, suggesting corresponding wealth. Early Eastern Zhou bronzes descended directly from those of Western Zhou. In later times, in the middle Warring States period, the three-legged ding would be one of the most popular ceramic forms imitating bronzes.
In Western China in an area controlled by Qin, small, shallow tripod ding vessels were produced. For these vessels, groups of ceramic and bronze vessels buried together reveal that Western Zhou vessel types continued to exist over different time periods. Tombs at Baoji and Hu Xian, for example, contain sets of ding among others that are shallow and with cabriole legs. The role of ding vessels in the Zhou period continued, as Qin cemeteries contained ding vessels that expressed rank.
Food vessels such as fu, gui, and dui that were popular in Zhou times disappeared by the Han dynasty, during which the ding, zhong, hu, and fang were the main vessel types used. In Western and Eastern Han, the ding was one of the most common bronze-derived shapes in pottery.
Today, the architecture of the Shanghai Museum is intended to resemble a bronze ding. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra_Rock | Socotra Rock | History | Socotra Rock / History | Socotra Rock is a submerged rock 4.6 metres below sea level located in the Yellow Sea. International maritime law stipulates that a submerged rock outside of a nation's territorial sea can not be claimed as territory by any nation. However, the rock is the subject of a maritime dispute between South Korea and China, which consider it to lie within their respective exclusive economic zones.
The rock is located 149 kilometres southwest of Marado in Korea. For China, Yushan Island of Zhejiang, is 287 km away from the rock. The rock serves as the foundation for Korean Ieodo Ocean Research Station. A Korean helipad is also located there to allow the research station to be serviced. | Both "Parangdo" and "Ieodo" are names for the mythical island which the residents of Jeju Island believed housed the spirits of fishermen who perished at sea. The South Korean government has asserted a direct connection between these legends and the modern-day rock, claiming that the traditional saying that "One who sees Parangdo would never return" refers to the danger facing sailors when high waves allow the rock to break the surface.
Koreans even name the studies about Ieodo as "Ieodology".
Socotra Rock's Korean name was officially designated as "Ieodo" on 26 January 2001, by the Korea Institute of Geology. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brzechwa | Jan Brzechwa | Introduction | Jan Brzechwa | Jan Brzechwa ([ˈbʐɛxfa]), (15 August 1898 – 2 July 1966) was a Polish poet, author and lawyer, known mostly for his contribution to children's literature. He was born Jan Wiktor Lesman to a Polish family of Jewish descent. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlingham | Birlingham | Introduction | Birlingham | Birlingham is a village and civil parish in the Wychavon district of Worcestershire. The village is south of Pershore, located in a bend of the River Avon. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Jacob | Vijay Jacob | Introduction | Vijay Jacob | Vijay Jacob (Malayalam: വിജയ് ജേക്കബ്), is an Indian music composer. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Gim%C3%A9nez_(baseball) | Héctor Giménez (baseball) | Pittsburgh Pirates | Héctor Giménez (baseball) / Professional career / Pittsburgh Pirates | Héctor Eliner Carasco Giménez [Ec-tor he-MEH-nes] is a Venezuelan former professional baseball catcher. He has previously played in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox, Houston Astros and Los Angeles Dodgers. | He signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates in January 2009 and split the season between the AA Altoona Curve and AAA Indianapolis Indians. In 2010, he was with Altoona for the whole season and hit .305 in 94 games with 16 home runs, his highest total in any of his professional seasons. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Wie%C5%9B_Reszelska | Nowa Wieś Reszelska | The shrine today | Nowa Wieś Reszelska / The shrine today | Nowa Wieś Reszelska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bisztynek, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
The village is located in the north of the Warmia and
Mazury voivodeship, 9 km from Bisztynek. In 2010, it had a population of 40. In 1975-1998, when a different administrative division was in place, it was located in Olsztyn Voivodeship. Each August 26, Nowa Wieś Reszelska becomes a destination for pilgrims who come from nearby villages to participate in a mass and church fair that take place at the Shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Częstochowa. | Each Easter the traditional food blessing takes place at the shrine. In May the faithful gather there for May Devotions and on 26 August (the Virgin Mary of Częstochowa Day) a Plenary Indulgence Mass is celebrated. According to a Warmia tradition, once a year a plenary indulgence mass has to be celebrated on the day of a shrine's patron saint. It was this ceremony that drew the attention of the people living in the nearby village of Sątopy, who eventually began to travel to Nowa Wieś Reszelska to attend the plenary indulgence mass. Jadwiga Kuźlik, the village leader, had the shrine renovated and painted blue - the colour of Virgin Mary. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUMEC | GRUMEC | Formation | GRUMEC / Formation | The Combat Divers Group, abbreviated to GRUMEC, is the special forces unit of the Brazilian Navy.
The GRUMEC was created in 1974 and is subordinate to the Submarine Force, which provides the primary means of transport for combat diver missions. GRUMEC teams can be transported to the target by a submarine, from which can reach the target by swimming, in kayaks, or in inflatable boats that can be launched from the submarine while it is still under water. The GRUMEC can also reach the target by parachute or helicopter.
The function of the GRUMEC is to infiltrate undetected in coastal and riverine environments in order to perform tasks such as reconnaissance, sabotage and the elimination of targets of strategic value. In this sense it is similar to the U.S. Navy SEALs and British Special Boat Service.
A member of the force is known as a "MEC", which is an abbreviation of "mergulhador de combate", meaning "combat diver". | Reputed as one of the hardest in the world, the Brazilian Navy Combat Diver's indoctrination and training methods are similar to other combat diver units such as the American SEALs, British SBS (Special Boat Service) or the DINOPS (Détachement d'Intervention Operationelle Subaquatique) belonging to the French Foreign Legion. The course is conducted in the MEC Cry.
For officers of the Navy, the initial requirements include passing medical and psychological examinations, testing in a recompression chamber and arduous physical tests. The call CAMECO (Enhancement Course for Officers Combat Diver) lasts 41 weeks, is divided into four phases and aims to enable the military to operate diving equipment, weapons, explosives, tactics and techniques used for unconventional warfare and conflict low intensity, enabling them to perform, in short, the various types of Special Operations. Officials, of course, special emphasis is given to planning operations, but as a whole, the materials include: physical training and military defense; hygiene and first aid campaign, self-contained open-circuit, fighting techniques, riverine operations, demolition, weapons, communications, shore reconnaissance, submarine special operations, military planning process and case study, contemporary management, leadership; introduction to microcomputers, communications system of the Navy, and Intelligence.
For enlisted (corporals or male sergeants with less than 30 years of age and able to reenlist), there is a C-ESP-MEC - Special Course Combat Divers, whose requirements for admission are the same as CAMECO. The duration is 42 weeks of instructional activities also drawn as to the officers, but those who endure the enormous physical and mental pressure of the course will be adequately prepared for the specialized tasks assigned to MECS.
Throughout the period of the course, candidates are submitted to MEC to extreme physical and psychological hardships, and emphasized the attributes of combat leadership, wisdom, objectivity, improvisation, serene environment when subjected to high risks or stress, among other. The weather is always kept as close as possible to what would be found in a real operational situation. The pressure is constant so that, typically, a group that started the course, only about 30 to 40 percent receive final approval and with it the coveted wings (badge). All applicants are volunteers and may request the termination of the activity at any time. Clam also gives the C-EXP-MAUT-GAS-Diver Course Expedito of Closed-Circuit, available for both official and squares that have been judged fit to psychophysical control annual swim (or equivalent examination) for less than one year. Its duration is four weeks and is open also for military Marine Corps, Army and Air Force. It is always important to emphasize that the techniques of closed-circuit scuba diving with equipment that does not produce bubbles, are essential for most jobs in special operations, thanks to the discretion, silence and invisibility of the virtual operators to visual observation and detection by the enemy.
After graduating MEC, the military is called to serve in GruMeC, where he has a full complement of training program and conduct advanced courses and internships in various areas such as deactivation of explosive devices (EOD), basic skydiving (static line jump), jumpmaster, HALO jump, HALO jumpmaster, precursor paratrooper (PREC), folding, maintenance and supplies by air (DOMPSA) stage basic mountaineering course in jungle operations, operational stage in the Pantanal, stage sniper (sniper), among others. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_railway_station | Salisbury railway station | Services | Salisbury railway station / Services | Salisbury railway station serves the city of Salisbury in Wiltshire, England. It is 83 miles 43 chains from London Waterloo on the line to Exeter St Davids. This is crossed at Salisbury by the Wessex Main Line between Cardiff Central and Portsmouth Harbour/Brighton. In the past timetabled routes had more distant destinations to the south-west including Ilfracombe, Padstow and Plymouth. It is operated by South Western Railway and also served by Great Western Railway. | South Western Railway operate half-hourly services to London Waterloo and hourly to Exeter St Davids. There is also an hourly circular service to Chandlers Ford via Southampton Central and limited services to Bristol Temple Meads or Yeovil Pen Mill. In 2016 a new service began running once on summer Saturdays between London Waterloo and Weymouth.
Until late 2009, Services to Exeter would extend on a limited basis to Penzance, Plymouth & Paignton. These services were removed in favour of hourly Waterloo to Exeter services.
Great Western Railway operate hourly regional services between Portsmouth Harbour and Cardiff Central via Bristol Temple Meads and limited services between Brighton and Great Malvern, plus a few Southampton to Bristol/Gloucester stopping trains. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Patursson | Helena Patursson | Introduction | Helena Patursson | Súsanna Helena Patursson (27 August 1864 in Kirkjubøur – 15 December 1916 in Kirkjubøur) was a Faroese actress and writer, and the first political feminist in the country, particularly stressing the need for all Faroers to be able to write and learn Faroese properly. She also wrote the first play in the Faroese language. Her brothers Sverri Patursson and Jóannes Patursson were also well-known.
Helena Patursson is the daughter of the king's farmer Poul Peder Pedersen and Ellen Cathrine Djonesen. She grew up on the king's farm Kirkjubøargarður, where she got private lessons together with her brothers. Later she went to Copenhagen, where she learned piano and handiworks. She worked there as paralegal until 1904, when she returned to the Faroes.
Like her brothers Helena Paturson was an activist, ever since the Christmas Meeting of 1888, where the nationalist movement was founded. Her activities were mainly addressed to women. In 1889 wrote she the first play in Faroese, Veðurføst (feminine form of veðurfastur = unable to move from a place because of weather conditions, "weather-stuck"), from which unfortunately only fragments are preserved. It is about women's role in the national awakening and teaching Faroese at home, which had at this time no official status as a language.
She also wrote in the papers Føringatíðindi (Faroe Periodical) and Fuglaframi (Fowl Forth = the Faroese people's furtherance) which belonged to her brothers, Jóannes and Sverre. In Copenhagen she organised a women's union, and in 1896 persuaded the Faroese Association there to affiliate with women.
Back in the Faroes, Helena Patursson founded and wrote her own periodical Oyggjarnar (the Islands), which was not only the first periodical mainly intended for Faroese women, but also at its time (1905-1908) was the only periodical in Faroese language. Thus Oyggjarnar has a large importance in the history of the Faroe Islands. Every issue was four pages long, it came out weekly, and it originally sold for 1,5 crowns for a half-year subscription but later the cost lessened.
It was not addressed to women only, but most articles were about Faroese education and a need for the shift from being taught entirely in Danish to teaching children in Faroese (as at the time, Danish was the official language and was the language used in schools), how the Faroe Islands was seen as or mentioned by other countries, the Faroese women's role or jobs, recipes (which were considered a national request at the time) and tips for how to create a good home. For instance Oyggjarnar emphasized that girls should have the same good food as boys, and articles might be written about news from Iceland or Norway as told or sent in by a Faroer who visited there. A new women's role became popular, using parts of the old farmer's culture but changing into something more decorative, for example traditional wool processing becoming only something for handicrafts.
A book, which was partially a compilation of her articles from Oyggjarnar, came out February 1908 and was called Matreglur fyri hvørt hús (literally, "Food-rules for every house"), which was the first Faroese cookbook. It consisted of 160 "rules" (meaning recipes - at the time, there seemed to be no clear word for food "recipes" as the periodical itself switched between names for them often), was sold for 50 oyra (half a crown, equivalent to cents of a dollar), and was for sale at the bookshop in Tórshavn, at B.A. Sálmalsson in Tórshavn, at various places in towns and with Helena Patursson herself in Kirkjubøur.
Of the recipes published in the periodical at the time of the cookbook's publishing, most were for meals considered to be basic, traditional food today: oatmeal porridge, lamb, meatballs, liver paste, puffin, fishballs, plukkfisk (a common dish in Iceland and the Faroes, essentially leftover fish with potatoes and other things mixed in), kleynir (common in Iceland and the Faroes, a sort of plain, doughnut-like pastry eaten with coffee), cauliflower soup, and how to make a good sausage. There were, however, a few recipes for more |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea | List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea | Introduction | List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea | This is a list of all second-level administrative divisions of North Korea, including cities, counties, workers' districts, districts, and wards, organized by province or directly governed city. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Memorial_Church | Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church | Spire and memorial hall | Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church / Spire and memorial hall | The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church is a Protestant church affiliated with the Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia, a regional body of the Evangelical Church in Germany. It is located in Berlin on the Kurfürstendamm in the centre of the Breitscheidplatz.
The original church on the site was built in the 1890s. It was badly damaged in a bombing raid in 1943. The present building, which consists of a church with an attached foyer and a separate belfry with an attached chapel, was built between 1959 and 1963. The damaged spire of the old church has been retained and its ground floor has been made into a memorial hall.
The Memorial Church today is a famous landmark of western Berlin, and is nicknamed by Berliners "der hohle Zahn", meaning "the hollow tooth". | The entrance hall in the base of the damaged spire was reopened to visitors, having been consecrated on 7 January 1987. Its floor contains a mosaic of the Archangel Michael fighting the dragon. The vault shows a procession of Hohenzollern princes, early and more recent. Other mosaics show important monarchs in medieval Germany, Reformation thinkers and Reformation princes. Bas-relief sculptures illustrate scenes from biblical stories, scenes from the life of Kaiser Wilhelm I and symbolic figures representing war and peace. In the north apse are 16 display panels which tell the story of the old church and its destruction. At the opposite end of the hall are three items which symbolise the history of the church. In the middle is a damaged statue of Christ which originally stood on the altar of the old church. To its right is the Cross of Nails which was made from nails in the roof timbers of Coventry Cathedral, which had been severely damaged in a German air raid on 14 November 1940. To the left of the statue of Christ is an icon cross which was given by the Russian Orthodox Church and handed over in 1988. Outside the hall are four sandstone figures made by Stefan Kaehne.
In December 2007, Charles Jeffrey Gray, a former British pilot who carried out World War II bombing raids over Germany, joined a campaign to rescue the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church from decay. After reading about the condition of the Church, Gray contacted Wolfgang Kuhla, the chairman of the church's advisory board, urging that its tower be restored. In response, a fund was launched to help raise the costs of its repair. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Patch | Harry Patch | Legacy | Harry Patch / Legacy | Henry John Patch, dubbed in his later years "the Last Fighting Tommy", was an English supercentenarian, briefly the oldest man in Europe and the last surviving combat soldier of the First World War from any country. He is known to have fought in the trenches of the Western Front. Patch was the longest-surviving soldier of World War I, but he was the fifth-longest-surviving veteran of any sort from World War I, behind British veterans Claude Choules and Florence Green, Frank Buckles of the United States and John Babcock of Canada. At the time of his death, aged 111 years, 1 month, 1 week and 1 day, Patch was the third oldest man in the world, behind Walter Breuning and Jiroemon Kimura, the latter of whom would become the oldest verified man ever. | Race horse trainer and owner Michael Jarvis named a horse after Patch in 2008. Having bought the horse in October 2007, during that year's Poppy Appeal, the Newmarket trainer decided to name him after a First World War veteran. Michael's daughter suggested Patch after reading an article about him. The horse won the 1:30 at Doncaster racecourse on 8 November 2008, the day before Remembrance Sunday. A commemorative plaque in Patch's memory is to be placed on the Guildhall in Bath.
The BBC commissioned Carol Ann Duffy, the Poet Laureate, to write a poem to mark the deaths of Patch and Henry Allingham (who died one week before Patch, on 18 July 2009). The result, Last Post, was read by Duffy on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 on 30 July 2009, the day of Allingham's funeral.
On 5 August 2009, the band Radiohead released the song "Harry Patch (In Memory Of)". Singer Thom Yorke explained that the song was inspired by a 2005 interview with Patch on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4. The song was sold from Radiohead's website for £1, with proceeds donated to the British Legion.
In mid-2009, Harry recorded some spoken word parts for UK heavy metal band Imperial Vengeance, to be included on the title track to the album At the Going Down of the Sun. The song was about the horrors of the trenches and Patch read part of the poem For the Fallen.
The former UK Poet Laureate, Andrew Motion composed a poem, The Death of Harry Patch, which he read for the first time on The World at One Radio 4 programme on Armistice Day 2010.
On 6 November 2015 Great Western Railway named one of their Class 43 High Speed locomotives after Harry to commemorate the forthcoming armistice day. The locomotive was wrapped in remembrance vinyls that included images of poppies, soldiers, and text from the 'For the Fallen' poem by Laurence Binyon. The locomotive nameplates read: 'Harry Patch The last survivor of the trenches' and included a coloured line of all eight ribbons from the medals awarded to Patch.
Harry Patch's portrait, painted from life by the artist Bill Leyshon, was commissioned by the Western Daily Press in 2007 and is now in the collections of Somerset Museums Service, Taunton.
After his passing, several articles have examined how Patch's life and image served as a reference point for thinking about the meaning of the Great War, commemoration and indeed the figure of the veteran. Patch's hard won pacifism for instance can be seen to sit uneasily with contemporary jingoism and militaristic rhetoric. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Prinz_Eugen | German cruiser Prinz Eugen | Design | German cruiser Prinz Eugen / Design | Prinz Eugen was an Admiral Hipper-class heavy cruiser, the third of a class of five vessels. She served with Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The ship was laid down in April 1936, launched in August 1938, and entered service after the outbreak of war, in August 1940. She was named after Prince Eugene of Savoy, an 18th-century Austrian general. She was armed with a main battery of eight 20.3 cm guns and, although nominally under the 10,000-long-ton limit set by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, actually displaced over 16,000 long tons.
Prinz Eugen saw action during Operation Rheinübung, an attempted breakout into the Atlantic Ocean with the battleship Bismarck in May 1941. The two ships destroyed the British battlecruiser Hood and moderately damaged the battleship Prince of Wales in the Battle of the Denmark Strait. Prinz Eugen was detached from Bismarck during the operation to raid Allied merchant shipping, but this was cut short due to engine troubles. After putting into occupied France and undergoing repairs, the ship participated in Operation Cerberus, a daring daylight dash through the English Channel back to Germany. | The Admiral Hipper class of heavy cruisers was ordered in the context of German naval rearmament after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 and repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935, Germany signed the Anglo–German Naval Agreement with Great Britain, which provided a legal basis for German naval rearmament; the treaty specified that Germany would be able to build five 10,000-long-ton (10,000 t) "treaty cruisers". The Admiral Hippers were nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, though they significantly exceeded the figure.
Prinz Eugen was 207.7 meters (681 ft) long overall, and had a beam of 21.7 m (71 ft) and a maximum draft of 7.2 m (24 ft). After launching, her straight bow was replaced with a clipper bow, increasing the length overall to 212.5 meters (697 ft). The new bow kept her foredeck much drier in heavy weather. The ship had a design displacement of 16,970 t (16,700 long tons; 18,710 short tons) and a full-load displacement of 18,750 long tons (19,050 t). Prinz Eugen was powered by three sets of geared steam turbines, which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired boilers. The ship's top speed was 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), at 135,619 shaft horsepower (101.131 MW). As designed, her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.
The ship's primary armament was eight 20.3 cm (8.0 in) SK L/60 guns mounted in four twin turrets, placed in superfiring pairs forward and aft. Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve 10.5 cm (4.1 in) L/65 guns, twelve 3.7 cm (1.5 in) guns, and eight 2 cm (0.79 in) guns. The ship also carried a pair of triple 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo launchers abreast of the rear superstructure. For aerial reconnaissance, she was equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult. Prinz Eugen's armored belt was 70 to 80 mm (2.8 to 3.1 in) thick; her upper deck was 12 to 30 mm (0.47 to 1.18 in) thick and her main armored deck was 20 to 50 mm (0.79 to 1.97 in) thick. The main battery turrets had 105 mm (4.1 in) thick faces and 70 mm thick sides. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick-Stillman_Railroad_Park | McCormick-Stillman Railroad Park | Introduction | McCormick-Stillman Railroad Park | McCormick-Stillman Railroad Park is a 40-acre (16 ha) railroad park located in Scottsdale, Arizona. It features a 15 in (381 mm) gauge railroad, a Magma Arizona Railroad locomotive, a railroad museum, three model railroad clubs and a 7 ¹⁄₂ in (190.5 mm) gauge live steam railroad. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Collier_Frank | Pat Collier Frank | Introduction | Pat Collier Frank | Pat Collier Frank (born November 21, 1929) is an American politician in the state of Florida.
Frank was born in Ohio and came to Florida in 1935. She attended the University of Florida and Georgetown University School of Law. A business economist, she served in the Florida State Senate from 1979 to 1988, as a member of the Democratic Party (23rd district). She also served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1976 to 1978. She was elected to her fourth term as Clerk of the Court in Hillsborough County, Florida, (Tampa), where she has resided since 1961.
She was the first woman admitted to Georgetown University School of Law, where she met her husband, the late Judge Richard Harlan Frank, Second District Court of Appeals, (Florida). Judge Frank and Pat Collier met while in law school in a contracts class, where they later decided, "to make one of their own", (as Pat Frank phrased it). They were married 93 days after meeting in that Contracts class, on December 22, 1951 at the Washington National Cathedral, in Washington, D.C. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_National_Council | Serb National Council | Structure | Serb National Council / Structure | The Serb National Council is an elected political, consulting and coordinating body which acts as a form of self-government and autonomous cultural institution of the Serbs of Croatia in matters regarding civil rights and cultural identity. The council's main focuses are human, civil and national rights, as well the issues of Serbs of Croatia identity, participation and integration in the Croatian society.
The body was established as the national coordination of Serb community in Croatia in 1997, in the aftermath of the Croatian War of Independence and defeat of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina. The legal basis for its establishment was extracted from the international Erdut Agreement signed in 1995 which ended the conflict in the Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia by granting rights on cultural autonomy in exchange for peaceful reintegration. Serb National Council network consists of 94 regional and local councils with the total of 1581 councilors. They are elected every four years at the National Minorities Councils and Representatives Elections with the most recent one being organized in 2019. | The Serb National Council structure consist of Assembly, Presidency, The Supervisory Board, President, Deputy President and Vice Presidents. Permanent working bodies of Presidency are: 1) Committee for the selection, appointment and organization, 2) Committee for Human Rights in the constitutional and legal position of the Serbs, 3) Committee on education and youth, 4) Committee for return, reconstruction and socio-economic position of Serbs, 5) Committee on Information, publishing and documentation and 6) Committee for Cooperation with the Serbs in other countries. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains_Hospital | White Plains Hospital | Introduction | White Plains Hospital | White Plains Hospital is a general medical and surgical, non-profit hospital located in White Plains, New York. In addition to providing general care to patients, it also operates a number of specialized programs, such as its cancer center. The hospital was founded in 1893 as a four-room hospital. As of 2012, White Plains Hospital treated 170,000 patients annually and is a member of the Montefiore Health System network. The total capacity of the hospital is 292 beds. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieppe | Nieppe | Introduction | Nieppe | Nieppe (Dutch: Niepkerke) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is in the Lys Plain and a portion of it is in the Lys Valley (Leiedal in Dutch). |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Mountains_(California) | Sierra Madre Mountains (California) | Geography | Sierra Madre Mountains (California) / Geography | The Sierra Madre Mountains are a mountain range primarily in northern Santa Barbara County and extending into northwestern Ventura County in Southern California, western United States. It is a range of the Inner South Coast Ranges group, and is the southernmost reach of the California Coast Ranges, which are themselves part of the Pacific Coast Ranges of western North America. | The Sierra Madre range trends from northwest to southeast, and is approximately 25 mi (40 km) long. High peaks in the range include MacPherson Peak at 5,747 feet (1,752 m) in elevation, and the highest point in the range, Peak Mountain at 5,843 feet (1,781 m) in elevation. Snow falls on the highest peaks during the winter months.
The range forms the southwestern side of the Cuyama Valley. The La Panza Range is a northern extension of the Sierra Madre, located in eastern San Luis Obispo County.
The Sierra Madre is almost entirely within the Los Padres National Forest, and marks the northern boundary of the San Rafael Wilderness area. The southeastern extent of the range is about 25 mi (40 km) north of the city of Santa Barbara, and the northwestern extent of the range is about 50 mi (80 km) north by northwest of the city.
To the southeast, the range merges with the San Rafael Mountains of the Transverse Ranges System, in a complex topography of unnamed ranges. The adjacent highest point of the San Rafael Mountains, and in all Santa Barbara County, is Big Pine Mountain (6,820 ft (2,079 m)). |
en | wit-train-topic-005271771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anitta_(singer) | Anitta (singer) | 2012–13: Debut album and initial success | Anitta (singer) / Career / 2012–13: Debut album and initial success | Larissa de Macedo Machado, known professionally by her stage name Anitta, is a Brazilian singer, songwriter, television host, actress, business woman and entrepreneur.
She began singing at age 8 in a choir from a Catholic church in the Honório Gurgel neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. In 2010, after posting a video on YouTube, Renato Azevedo, then producer of the independent record company Furacão 2000, called her to sign a contract with the label. Due to the success of the song "Meiga e Abusada" in 2012, she signed a contract with Warner Music Brasil the following year.
Anitta rose to national fame in 2013 after releasing the single "Show das Poderosas", which reached the top of the Brasil Hot 100 Airplay chart. Its music video has been viewed over 150 million times on YouTube. In July of the same year, she released her debut studio album which received a triple gold record certificate and platinum certification by ABPD. The album hit the mark of 170,000 copies sold, being also released in Portugal. Ritmo Perfeito, her second studio album, sold 45,000 copies after a month of its release. On the same day she also released her first live album, Meu Lugar. | In 2010, Anitta was invited by funk carioca producer Renato Azevedo (known as Batutinha) to perform some tests after he saw one of her videos singing. After being approved, she signed with independent recording label Furacão 2000. That same year she released her first song on radio stations in Rio de Janeiro, the promotional single "Eu Vou Ficar", which was included on the Armagedom DVD, released by Furacão 2000. Advised by her producer, she decided to put another "t" in the stage name. A year later, the song "Fica Só Olhando" was included on the second version of the DVD.
Her first televised appearance was on May 16, 2012 on TV program Cante se Puder, on SBT, where she sang "Exttravasa", a song by Claudia Leitte, inside a beer cup. In June 2012, Kamilla Fialho, after watching a performance on stage by Anitta, offered to be her manager, paying a fine of $46.000 required to release the singer from her contract with Furacão 2000, later signing her to Kamilas's company K2L.
In early 2013, she created the "quadradinho" choreography, which was very successful among funk groups. In January 2013, due to the success of the song "Meiga e Abusada" in Rio de Janeiro, Anitta signed a recording contract with Warner Music Group. "Meiga e Abusada" became one of the most requested songs in Brazilian radio stations in early 2013. A music video for the song was recorded in Las Vegas, and directed by American director Blake Farber, who has worked with Beyoncé. Her debut, self-titled debut album was released in June 2013.
The music video for the song "Show das Poderosas" received considerable attention by the media in May 2013, becoming the most watched music video on YouTube in Brazil, surpassing 130 million views. Also helping to music, which remained for weeks at the top of the best selling in iTunes Brazil, and making it the third most played song on the radio in the country in 2013. The song also held the top ten of the music charts in Spain, Portugal and Argentina. At the time, the singer's booking was estimated at $27.000 per concert, being one of the highest in Brazil. In 2019, the booking of her concerts was $65,000. The singer does an average of 200 concerts a year. |
en | wit-train-topic-005271773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrij_Parekh | Andrij Parekh | Introduction | Andrij Parekh | Andrij Parekh (born September 20, 1971) is an American cinematographer. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_St-Arnaud | Bertrand St-Arnaud | Introduction | Bertrand St-Arnaud | Bertrand St-Arnaud (born 13 September 1958) is a politician in the Canadian province of Quebec, who was elected to represent the riding of Chambly in the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2008 provincial election. He was defeated in the 2014 Quebec general election by Coalition Avenir Quebec candidate Jean-Francois Roberge. He is a member of the Parti Québécois.
St-Arnaud first obtained a license degree in law from the Université de Montréal and later added a master's degree in political sciences from the Université Laval. He also made studies in Europe with a degree from the University of Lund in Sweden.
He practised law from 1987 to 2000 and in 2005. He was also the press secretary for the Cabinet of the Premier of Quebec in 1985 and would work for the intergovernmental affairs department as well as for the Library of the National Assembly of Quebec and the Cabinet director for the Minister of International Relations from 2000 to 2003. |
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en | wit-train-topic-005271781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uca_crenulata | Uca crenulata | Introduction | Uca crenulata | Uca crenulata, the Mexican fiddler crab, is a species of true crab in the family Ocypodidae. |
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