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1 | 7505-7508 | Some common examples are glucose, fructose, ribose, etc (ii) Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates
that
yield
two
to
ten
monosaccharide units, on hydrolysis, are called oligosaccharides They
are further classified as disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides,
etc , depending upon the number of monosaccharides, they provide
on hydrolysis |
1 | 7506-7509 | (ii) Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates
that
yield
two
to
ten
monosaccharide units, on hydrolysis, are called oligosaccharides They
are further classified as disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides,
etc , depending upon the number of monosaccharides, they provide
on hydrolysis Amongst these the most common are disaccharides |
1 | 7507-7510 | They
are further classified as disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides,
etc , depending upon the number of monosaccharides, they provide
on hydrolysis Amongst these the most common are disaccharides The two monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of a disaccharide
may be same or different |
1 | 7508-7511 | , depending upon the number of monosaccharides, they provide
on hydrolysis Amongst these the most common are disaccharides The two monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of a disaccharide
may be same or different For example, one molecule of sucrose on
hydrolysis gives one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
whereas maltose gives two molecules of only glucose |
1 | 7509-7512 | Amongst these the most common are disaccharides The two monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of a disaccharide
may be same or different For example, one molecule of sucrose on
hydrolysis gives one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
whereas maltose gives two molecules of only glucose (iii) Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates which yield a large number of
monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides |
1 | 7510-7513 | The two monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of a disaccharide
may be same or different For example, one molecule of sucrose on
hydrolysis gives one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
whereas maltose gives two molecules of only glucose (iii) Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates which yield a large number of
monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides Some common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums,
etc |
1 | 7511-7514 | For example, one molecule of sucrose on
hydrolysis gives one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
whereas maltose gives two molecules of only glucose (iii) Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates which yield a large number of
monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides Some common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums,
etc Polysaccharides are not sweet in taste, hence they are also
called non-sugars |
1 | 7512-7515 | (iii) Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates which yield a large number of
monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides Some common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums,
etc Polysaccharides are not sweet in taste, hence they are also
called non-sugars The carbohydrates may also be classified as either reducing or non-
reducing sugars |
1 | 7513-7516 | Some common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums,
etc Polysaccharides are not sweet in taste, hence they are also
called non-sugars The carbohydrates may also be classified as either reducing or non-
reducing sugars All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling’s
solution and Tollens’ reagent are referred to as reducing sugars |
1 | 7514-7517 | Polysaccharides are not sweet in taste, hence they are also
called non-sugars The carbohydrates may also be classified as either reducing or non-
reducing sugars All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling’s
solution and Tollens’ reagent are referred to as reducing sugars All
monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose are reducing sugars |
1 | 7515-7518 | The carbohydrates may also be classified as either reducing or non-
reducing sugars All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling’s
solution and Tollens’ reagent are referred to as reducing sugars All
monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose are reducing sugars Monosaccharides are further classified on the basis of number of carbon
atoms and the functional group present in them |
1 | 7516-7519 | All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling’s
solution and Tollens’ reagent are referred to as reducing sugars All
monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose are reducing sugars Monosaccharides are further classified on the basis of number of carbon
atoms and the functional group present in them If a monosaccharide
contains an aldehyde group, it is known as an aldose and if it contains
a keto group, it is known as a ketose |
1 | 7517-7520 | All
monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose are reducing sugars Monosaccharides are further classified on the basis of number of carbon
atoms and the functional group present in them If a monosaccharide
contains an aldehyde group, it is known as an aldose and if it contains
a keto group, it is known as a ketose Number of carbon atoms
constituting the monosaccharide is also introduced in the name as is
evident from the examples given in Table 10 |
1 | 7518-7521 | Monosaccharides are further classified on the basis of number of carbon
atoms and the functional group present in them If a monosaccharide
contains an aldehyde group, it is known as an aldose and if it contains
a keto group, it is known as a ketose Number of carbon atoms
constituting the monosaccharide is also introduced in the name as is
evident from the examples given in Table 10 1
10 |
1 | 7519-7522 | If a monosaccharide
contains an aldehyde group, it is known as an aldose and if it contains
a keto group, it is known as a ketose Number of carbon atoms
constituting the monosaccharide is also introduced in the name as is
evident from the examples given in Table 10 1
10 1 |
1 | 7520-7523 | Number of carbon atoms
constituting the monosaccharide is also introduced in the name as is
evident from the examples given in Table 10 1
10 1 1
Classification of
Carbohydrates
10 |
1 | 7521-7524 | 1
10 1 1
Classification of
Carbohydrates
10 1 |
1 | 7522-7525 | 1 1
Classification of
Carbohydrates
10 1 2
Monosaccharides
3
Triose
Aldotriose
Ketotriose
4
Tetrose
Aldotetrose
Ketotetrose
5
Pentose
Aldopentose
Ketopentose
6
Hexose
Aldohexose
Ketohexose
7
Heptose
Aldoheptose
Ketoheptose
Carbon atoms
General term
Aldehyde
Ketone
Table 10 |
1 | 7523-7526 | 1
Classification of
Carbohydrates
10 1 2
Monosaccharides
3
Triose
Aldotriose
Ketotriose
4
Tetrose
Aldotetrose
Ketotetrose
5
Pentose
Aldopentose
Ketopentose
6
Hexose
Aldohexose
Ketohexose
7
Heptose
Aldoheptose
Ketoheptose
Carbon atoms
General term
Aldehyde
Ketone
Table 10 1: Different Types of Monosaccharides
Glucose occurs freely in nature as well as in the combined form |
1 | 7524-7527 | 1 2
Monosaccharides
3
Triose
Aldotriose
Ketotriose
4
Tetrose
Aldotetrose
Ketotetrose
5
Pentose
Aldopentose
Ketopentose
6
Hexose
Aldohexose
Ketohexose
7
Heptose
Aldoheptose
Ketoheptose
Carbon atoms
General term
Aldehyde
Ketone
Table 10 1: Different Types of Monosaccharides
Glucose occurs freely in nature as well as in the combined form It is
present in sweet fruits and honey |
1 | 7525-7528 | 2
Monosaccharides
3
Triose
Aldotriose
Ketotriose
4
Tetrose
Aldotetrose
Ketotetrose
5
Pentose
Aldopentose
Ketopentose
6
Hexose
Aldohexose
Ketohexose
7
Heptose
Aldoheptose
Ketoheptose
Carbon atoms
General term
Aldehyde
Ketone
Table 10 1: Different Types of Monosaccharides
Glucose occurs freely in nature as well as in the combined form It is
present in sweet fruits and honey Ripe grapes also contain glucose
in large amounts |
1 | 7526-7529 | 1: Different Types of Monosaccharides
Glucose occurs freely in nature as well as in the combined form It is
present in sweet fruits and honey Ripe grapes also contain glucose
in large amounts It is prepared as follows:
1 |
1 | 7527-7530 | It is
present in sweet fruits and honey Ripe grapes also contain glucose
in large amounts It is prepared as follows:
1 From sucrose (Cane sugar): If sucrose is boiled with dilute HCl or
H2SO4 in alcoholic solution, glucose and fructose are obtained in
equal amounts |
1 | 7528-7531 | Ripe grapes also contain glucose
in large amounts It is prepared as follows:
1 From sucrose (Cane sugar): If sucrose is boiled with dilute HCl or
H2SO4 in alcoholic solution, glucose and fructose are obtained in
equal amounts Preparation of
Glucose
10 |
1 | 7529-7532 | It is prepared as follows:
1 From sucrose (Cane sugar): If sucrose is boiled with dilute HCl or
H2SO4 in alcoholic solution, glucose and fructose are obtained in
equal amounts Preparation of
Glucose
10 1 |
1 | 7530-7533 | From sucrose (Cane sugar): If sucrose is boiled with dilute HCl or
H2SO4 in alcoholic solution, glucose and fructose are obtained in
equal amounts Preparation of
Glucose
10 1 2 |
1 | 7531-7534 | Preparation of
Glucose
10 1 2 1 Glucose
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Biomolecules
+
H
12
22
11
2
6
12
6
6
12
6
C H O
H O
C H O
+ C H O
+
→
Sucrose
Glucose
Fructose
2 |
1 | 7532-7535 | 1 2 1 Glucose
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Biomolecules
+
H
12
22
11
2
6
12
6
6
12
6
C H O
H O
C H O
+ C H O
+
→
Sucrose
Glucose
Fructose
2 From starch: Commercially glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of
starch by boiling it with dilute H2SO4 at 393 K under pressure |
1 | 7533-7536 | 2 1 Glucose
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Biomolecules
+
H
12
22
11
2
6
12
6
6
12
6
C H O
H O
C H O
+ C H O
+
→
Sucrose
Glucose
Fructose
2 From starch: Commercially glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of
starch by boiling it with dilute H2SO4 at 393 K under pressure +
H
6
10
5 n
2
6
12
6
393K; 2-3 atm
(C H
O )
+ nH O
nC H
O
→
Starch or cellulose
Glucose
Glucose is an aldohexose and is also known as dextrose |
1 | 7534-7537 | 1 Glucose
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Biomolecules
+
H
12
22
11
2
6
12
6
6
12
6
C H O
H O
C H O
+ C H O
+
→
Sucrose
Glucose
Fructose
2 From starch: Commercially glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of
starch by boiling it with dilute H2SO4 at 393 K under pressure +
H
6
10
5 n
2
6
12
6
393K; 2-3 atm
(C H
O )
+ nH O
nC H
O
→
Starch or cellulose
Glucose
Glucose is an aldohexose and is also known as dextrose It is the
monomer of many of the larger carbohydrates, namely starch, cellulose |
1 | 7535-7538 | From starch: Commercially glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of
starch by boiling it with dilute H2SO4 at 393 K under pressure +
H
6
10
5 n
2
6
12
6
393K; 2-3 atm
(C H
O )
+ nH O
nC H
O
→
Starch or cellulose
Glucose
Glucose is an aldohexose and is also known as dextrose It is the
monomer of many of the larger carbohydrates, namely starch, cellulose It is probably the most abundant organic compound on earth |
1 | 7536-7539 | +
H
6
10
5 n
2
6
12
6
393K; 2-3 atm
(C H
O )
+ nH O
nC H
O
→
Starch or cellulose
Glucose
Glucose is an aldohexose and is also known as dextrose It is the
monomer of many of the larger carbohydrates, namely starch, cellulose It is probably the most abundant organic compound on earth It was
assigned the structure given below on the basis of the following
evidences:
1 |
1 | 7537-7540 | It is the
monomer of many of the larger carbohydrates, namely starch, cellulose It is probably the most abundant organic compound on earth It was
assigned the structure given below on the basis of the following
evidences:
1 Its molecular formula was found to be C6H12O6 |
1 | 7538-7541 | It is probably the most abundant organic compound on earth It was
assigned the structure given below on the basis of the following
evidences:
1 Its molecular formula was found to be C6H12O6 2 |
1 | 7539-7542 | It was
assigned the structure given below on the basis of the following
evidences:
1 Its molecular formula was found to be C6H12O6 2 On prolonged heating with HI, it forms n-hexane, suggesting that all
the six carbon atoms are linked in a straight chain |
1 | 7540-7543 | Its molecular formula was found to be C6H12O6 2 On prolonged heating with HI, it forms n-hexane, suggesting that all
the six carbon atoms are linked in a straight chain 3 |
1 | 7541-7544 | 2 On prolonged heating with HI, it forms n-hexane, suggesting that all
the six carbon atoms are linked in a straight chain 3 Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form an oxime and adds a
molecule of hydrogen cyanide to give cyanohydrin |
1 | 7542-7545 | On prolonged heating with HI, it forms n-hexane, suggesting that all
the six carbon atoms are linked in a straight chain 3 Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form an oxime and adds a
molecule of hydrogen cyanide to give cyanohydrin These reactions
confirm the presence of a carbonyl group (>C = O) in glucose |
1 | 7543-7546 | 3 Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form an oxime and adds a
molecule of hydrogen cyanide to give cyanohydrin These reactions
confirm the presence of a carbonyl group (>C = O) in glucose 4 |
1 | 7544-7547 | Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form an oxime and adds a
molecule of hydrogen cyanide to give cyanohydrin These reactions
confirm the presence of a carbonyl group (>C = O) in glucose 4 Glucose gets oxidised to six carbon carboxylic acid (gluconic acid)
on reaction with a mild oxidising agent like bromine water |
1 | 7545-7548 | These reactions
confirm the presence of a carbonyl group (>C = O) in glucose 4 Glucose gets oxidised to six carbon carboxylic acid (gluconic acid)
on reaction with a mild oxidising agent like bromine water This
indicates that the carbonyl group is present as an aldehydic group |
1 | 7546-7549 | 4 Glucose gets oxidised to six carbon carboxylic acid (gluconic acid)
on reaction with a mild oxidising agent like bromine water This
indicates that the carbonyl group is present as an aldehydic group CHO
(CH
OH)4
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
Br water
2
COOH
Gluconic acid
5 |
1 | 7547-7550 | Glucose gets oxidised to six carbon carboxylic acid (gluconic acid)
on reaction with a mild oxidising agent like bromine water This
indicates that the carbonyl group is present as an aldehydic group CHO
(CH
OH)4
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
Br water
2
COOH
Gluconic acid
5 Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose
pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five –OH groups |
1 | 7548-7551 | This
indicates that the carbonyl group is present as an aldehydic group CHO
(CH
OH)4
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
Br water
2
COOH
Gluconic acid
5 Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose
pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five –OH groups Since
it exists as a stable compound, five –OH groups should be attached
to different carbon atoms |
1 | 7549-7552 | CHO
(CH
OH)4
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
Br water
2
COOH
Gluconic acid
5 Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose
pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five –OH groups Since
it exists as a stable compound, five –OH groups should be attached
to different carbon atoms Structure of
Glucose
CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
Glucose
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Chemistry
6 |
1 | 7550-7553 | Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose
pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five –OH groups Since
it exists as a stable compound, five –OH groups should be attached
to different carbon atoms Structure of
Glucose
CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
Glucose
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Chemistry
6 On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both
yield a dicarboxylic acid, saccharic acid |
1 | 7551-7554 | Since
it exists as a stable compound, five –OH groups should be attached
to different carbon atoms Structure of
Glucose
CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
Glucose
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Chemistry
6 On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both
yield a dicarboxylic acid, saccharic acid This indicates the presence
of a primary alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose |
1 | 7552-7555 | Structure of
Glucose
CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH2OH
Glucose
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Chemistry
6 On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both
yield a dicarboxylic acid, saccharic acid This indicates the presence
of a primary alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
Oxidation
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
COOH
(CH
)4
OH
COOH
COOH
Oxidation
Saccharic
acid
Gluconic
acid
The exact spatial arrangement of different —OH groups was given
by Fischer after studying many other properties |
1 | 7553-7556 | On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both
yield a dicarboxylic acid, saccharic acid This indicates the presence
of a primary alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
Oxidation
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
COOH
(CH
)4
OH
COOH
COOH
Oxidation
Saccharic
acid
Gluconic
acid
The exact spatial arrangement of different —OH groups was given
by Fischer after studying many other properties Its configuration is
correctly represented as I |
1 | 7554-7557 | This indicates the presence
of a primary alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
Oxidation
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
COOH
(CH
)4
OH
COOH
COOH
Oxidation
Saccharic
acid
Gluconic
acid
The exact spatial arrangement of different —OH groups was given
by Fischer after studying many other properties Its configuration is
correctly represented as I So gluconic acid is represented as II and
saccharic acid as III |
1 | 7555-7558 | CHO
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
Oxidation
(CH
)4
OH
CH OH
2
COOH
(CH
)4
OH
COOH
COOH
Oxidation
Saccharic
acid
Gluconic
acid
The exact spatial arrangement of different —OH groups was given
by Fischer after studying many other properties Its configuration is
correctly represented as I So gluconic acid is represented as II and
saccharic acid as III CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
I
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
II
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
COOH
III
Glucose is correctly named as D(+)-glucose |
1 | 7556-7559 | Its configuration is
correctly represented as I So gluconic acid is represented as II and
saccharic acid as III CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
I
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
II
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
COOH
III
Glucose is correctly named as D(+)-glucose ‘D’ before the name
of glucose represents the configuration whereas ‘(+)’ represents
dextrorotatory nature of the molecule |
1 | 7557-7560 | So gluconic acid is represented as II and
saccharic acid as III CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
I
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
II
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
COOH
III
Glucose is correctly named as D(+)-glucose ‘D’ before the name
of glucose represents the configuration whereas ‘(+)’ represents
dextrorotatory nature of the molecule It should be remembered that
‘D’ and ‘L’ have no relation with the optical activity of the compound |
1 | 7558-7561 | CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
I
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
II
COOH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
COOH
III
Glucose is correctly named as D(+)-glucose ‘D’ before the name
of glucose represents the configuration whereas ‘(+)’ represents
dextrorotatory nature of the molecule It should be remembered that
‘D’ and ‘L’ have no relation with the optical activity of the compound They are also not related to letter ‘d’ and ‘l’ (see Unit 6) |
1 | 7559-7562 | ‘D’ before the name
of glucose represents the configuration whereas ‘(+)’ represents
dextrorotatory nature of the molecule It should be remembered that
‘D’ and ‘L’ have no relation with the optical activity of the compound They are also not related to letter ‘d’ and ‘l’ (see Unit 6) The meaning
of D– and L– notations is as follows |
1 | 7560-7563 | It should be remembered that
‘D’ and ‘L’ have no relation with the optical activity of the compound They are also not related to letter ‘d’ and ‘l’ (see Unit 6) The meaning
of D– and L– notations is as follows The letters ‘D’ or ‘L’ before the name of any compound indicate the
relative configuration of a particular stereoisomer of a compound with
respect to configuration of some other compound, configuration of
which is known |
1 | 7561-7564 | They are also not related to letter ‘d’ and ‘l’ (see Unit 6) The meaning
of D– and L– notations is as follows The letters ‘D’ or ‘L’ before the name of any compound indicate the
relative configuration of a particular stereoisomer of a compound with
respect to configuration of some other compound, configuration of
which is known In the case of carbohydrates, this refers to their
relation with a particular isomer of glyceraldehyde |
1 | 7562-7565 | The meaning
of D– and L– notations is as follows The letters ‘D’ or ‘L’ before the name of any compound indicate the
relative configuration of a particular stereoisomer of a compound with
respect to configuration of some other compound, configuration of
which is known In the case of carbohydrates, this refers to their
relation with a particular isomer of glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde
contains one asymmetric carbon atom and exists in two enantiomeric
forms as shown below |
1 | 7563-7566 | The letters ‘D’ or ‘L’ before the name of any compound indicate the
relative configuration of a particular stereoisomer of a compound with
respect to configuration of some other compound, configuration of
which is known In the case of carbohydrates, this refers to their
relation with a particular isomer of glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde
contains one asymmetric carbon atom and exists in two enantiomeric
forms as shown below (+) Isomer of glyceraldehyde has ‘D’ configuration |
1 | 7564-7567 | In the case of carbohydrates, this refers to their
relation with a particular isomer of glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde
contains one asymmetric carbon atom and exists in two enantiomeric
forms as shown below (+) Isomer of glyceraldehyde has ‘D’ configuration It means that when
its structural formula is written on paper following specific conventions
which you will study in higher classes, the –OH group lies on right hand
side in the structure |
1 | 7565-7568 | Glyceraldehyde
contains one asymmetric carbon atom and exists in two enantiomeric
forms as shown below (+) Isomer of glyceraldehyde has ‘D’ configuration It means that when
its structural formula is written on paper following specific conventions
which you will study in higher classes, the –OH group lies on right hand
side in the structure All those compounds which can be chemically
correlated to D (+) isomer of glyceraldehyde are said to have D-
configuration whereas those which can be correlated to ‘L’ (–) isomer of
glyceraldehyde are said to have L—configuration |
1 | 7566-7569 | (+) Isomer of glyceraldehyde has ‘D’ configuration It means that when
its structural formula is written on paper following specific conventions
which you will study in higher classes, the –OH group lies on right hand
side in the structure All those compounds which can be chemically
correlated to D (+) isomer of glyceraldehyde are said to have D-
configuration whereas those which can be correlated to ‘L’ (–) isomer of
glyceraldehyde are said to have L—configuration In L (–) isomer –OH
group is on left hand side as you can see in the structure |
1 | 7567-7570 | It means that when
its structural formula is written on paper following specific conventions
which you will study in higher classes, the –OH group lies on right hand
side in the structure All those compounds which can be chemically
correlated to D (+) isomer of glyceraldehyde are said to have D-
configuration whereas those which can be correlated to ‘L’ (–) isomer of
glyceraldehyde are said to have L—configuration In L (–) isomer –OH
group is on left hand side as you can see in the structure For assigning
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Biomolecules
the configuration of monosaccharides, it is the lowest asymmetric carbon
atom (as shown below) which is compared |
1 | 7568-7571 | All those compounds which can be chemically
correlated to D (+) isomer of glyceraldehyde are said to have D-
configuration whereas those which can be correlated to ‘L’ (–) isomer of
glyceraldehyde are said to have L—configuration In L (–) isomer –OH
group is on left hand side as you can see in the structure For assigning
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Biomolecules
the configuration of monosaccharides, it is the lowest asymmetric carbon
atom (as shown below) which is compared As in (+) glucose, —OH on
the lowest asymmetric carbon is on the right side which is comparable
to (+) glyceraldehyde, so (+) glucose is assigned D-configuration |
1 | 7569-7572 | In L (–) isomer –OH
group is on left hand side as you can see in the structure For assigning
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Biomolecules
the configuration of monosaccharides, it is the lowest asymmetric carbon
atom (as shown below) which is compared As in (+) glucose, —OH on
the lowest asymmetric carbon is on the right side which is comparable
to (+) glyceraldehyde, so (+) glucose is assigned D-configuration Other
asymmetric carbon atoms of glucose are not considered for this
comparison |
1 | 7570-7573 | For assigning
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Biomolecules
the configuration of monosaccharides, it is the lowest asymmetric carbon
atom (as shown below) which is compared As in (+) glucose, —OH on
the lowest asymmetric carbon is on the right side which is comparable
to (+) glyceraldehyde, so (+) glucose is assigned D-configuration Other
asymmetric carbon atoms of glucose are not considered for this
comparison Also, the structure of glucose and glyceraldehyde is written
in a way that most oxidised carbon (in this case –CHO)is at the top |
1 | 7571-7574 | As in (+) glucose, —OH on
the lowest asymmetric carbon is on the right side which is comparable
to (+) glyceraldehyde, so (+) glucose is assigned D-configuration Other
asymmetric carbon atoms of glucose are not considered for this
comparison Also, the structure of glucose and glyceraldehyde is written
in a way that most oxidised carbon (in this case –CHO)is at the top CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
D–(+) – Glucose
CHO
CH2OH
H
OH
D– (+) – Glyceraldehyde
The structure (I) of glucose explained most of its properties but the
following reactions and facts could not be explained by this structure |
1 | 7572-7575 | Other
asymmetric carbon atoms of glucose are not considered for this
comparison Also, the structure of glucose and glyceraldehyde is written
in a way that most oxidised carbon (in this case –CHO)is at the top CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
D–(+) – Glucose
CHO
CH2OH
H
OH
D– (+) – Glyceraldehyde
The structure (I) of glucose explained most of its properties but the
following reactions and facts could not be explained by this structure 1 |
1 | 7573-7576 | Also, the structure of glucose and glyceraldehyde is written
in a way that most oxidised carbon (in this case –CHO)is at the top CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
D–(+) – Glucose
CHO
CH2OH
H
OH
D– (+) – Glyceraldehyde
The structure (I) of glucose explained most of its properties but the
following reactions and facts could not be explained by this structure 1 Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not give Schiff’s
test and it does not form the hydrogensulphite addition product with
NaHSO3 |
1 | 7574-7577 | CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
D–(+) – Glucose
CHO
CH2OH
H
OH
D– (+) – Glyceraldehyde
The structure (I) of glucose explained most of its properties but the
following reactions and facts could not be explained by this structure 1 Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not give Schiff’s
test and it does not form the hydrogensulphite addition product with
NaHSO3 2 |
1 | 7575-7578 | 1 Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not give Schiff’s
test and it does not form the hydrogensulphite addition product with
NaHSO3 2 The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine
indicating the absence of free —CHO group |
1 | 7576-7579 | Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not give Schiff’s
test and it does not form the hydrogensulphite addition product with
NaHSO3 2 The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine
indicating the absence of free —CHO group 3 |
1 | 7577-7580 | 2 The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine
indicating the absence of free —CHO group 3 Glucose is found to exist in two different crystalline forms which are
named as a and b |
1 | 7578-7581 | The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine
indicating the absence of free —CHO group 3 Glucose is found to exist in two different crystalline forms which are
named as a and b The a-form of glucose (m |
1 | 7579-7582 | 3 Glucose is found to exist in two different crystalline forms which are
named as a and b The a-form of glucose (m p |
1 | 7580-7583 | Glucose is found to exist in two different crystalline forms which are
named as a and b The a-form of glucose (m p 419 K) is obtained by
crystallisation from concentrated solution of glucose at 303 K while
the b-form (m |
1 | 7581-7584 | The a-form of glucose (m p 419 K) is obtained by
crystallisation from concentrated solution of glucose at 303 K while
the b-form (m p |
1 | 7582-7585 | p 419 K) is obtained by
crystallisation from concentrated solution of glucose at 303 K while
the b-form (m p 423 K) is obtained by crystallisation from hot and
saturated aqueous solution at 371 K |
1 | 7583-7586 | 419 K) is obtained by
crystallisation from concentrated solution of glucose at 303 K while
the b-form (m p 423 K) is obtained by crystallisation from hot and
saturated aqueous solution at 371 K This behaviour could not be explained by the open chain structure
(I) for glucose |
1 | 7584-7587 | p 423 K) is obtained by crystallisation from hot and
saturated aqueous solution at 371 K This behaviour could not be explained by the open chain structure
(I) for glucose It was proposed that one of the —OH groups may add
to the —CHO group and form a cyclic hemiacetal structure |
1 | 7585-7588 | 423 K) is obtained by crystallisation from hot and
saturated aqueous solution at 371 K This behaviour could not be explained by the open chain structure
(I) for glucose It was proposed that one of the —OH groups may add
to the —CHO group and form a cyclic hemiacetal structure It was
found that glucose forms a six-membered ring in which —OH at C-5
is involved in ring formation |
1 | 7586-7589 | This behaviour could not be explained by the open chain structure
(I) for glucose It was proposed that one of the —OH groups may add
to the —CHO group and form a cyclic hemiacetal structure It was
found that glucose forms a six-membered ring in which —OH at C-5
is involved in ring formation This explains the absence of —CHO
group and also existence of glucose in two forms as shown below |
1 | 7587-7590 | It was proposed that one of the —OH groups may add
to the —CHO group and form a cyclic hemiacetal structure It was
found that glucose forms a six-membered ring in which —OH at C-5
is involved in ring formation This explains the absence of —CHO
group and also existence of glucose in two forms as shown below These two cyclic forms exist in equilibrium with open chain structure |
1 | 7588-7591 | It was
found that glucose forms a six-membered ring in which —OH at C-5
is involved in ring formation This explains the absence of —CHO
group and also existence of glucose in two forms as shown below These two cyclic forms exist in equilibrium with open chain structure The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the
configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1, called anomeric carbon
Cyclic
Structure
of Glucose
Rationalised 2023-24
286
Chemistry
(the aldehyde carbon before cyclisation) |
1 | 7589-7592 | This explains the absence of —CHO
group and also existence of glucose in two forms as shown below These two cyclic forms exist in equilibrium with open chain structure The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the
configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1, called anomeric carbon
Cyclic
Structure
of Glucose
Rationalised 2023-24
286
Chemistry
(the aldehyde carbon before cyclisation) Such isomers, i |
1 | 7590-7593 | These two cyclic forms exist in equilibrium with open chain structure The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the
configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1, called anomeric carbon
Cyclic
Structure
of Glucose
Rationalised 2023-24
286
Chemistry
(the aldehyde carbon before cyclisation) Such isomers, i e |
1 | 7591-7594 | The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the
configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1, called anomeric carbon
Cyclic
Structure
of Glucose
Rationalised 2023-24
286
Chemistry
(the aldehyde carbon before cyclisation) Such isomers, i e , a-form
and b-form, are called anomers |
1 | 7592-7595 | Such isomers, i e , a-form
and b-form, are called anomers The six membered cyclic structure
of glucose is called pyranose structure (a– or b–), in analogy with
pyran |
1 | 7593-7596 | e , a-form
and b-form, are called anomers The six membered cyclic structure
of glucose is called pyranose structure (a– or b–), in analogy with
pyran Pyran is a cyclic organic compound with one oxygen atom
and five carbon atoms in the ring |
1 | 7594-7597 | , a-form
and b-form, are called anomers The six membered cyclic structure
of glucose is called pyranose structure (a– or b–), in analogy with
pyran Pyran is a cyclic organic compound with one oxygen atom
and five carbon atoms in the ring The cyclic structure of glucose is
more correctly represented by Haworth structure as given below |
1 | 7595-7598 | The six membered cyclic structure
of glucose is called pyranose structure (a– or b–), in analogy with
pyran Pyran is a cyclic organic compound with one oxygen atom
and five carbon atoms in the ring The cyclic structure of glucose is
more correctly represented by Haworth structure as given below Fructose is an important ketohexose |
1 | 7596-7599 | Pyran is a cyclic organic compound with one oxygen atom
and five carbon atoms in the ring The cyclic structure of glucose is
more correctly represented by Haworth structure as given below Fructose is an important ketohexose It is obtained along with glucose
by the hydrolysis of disaccharide, sucrose |
1 | 7597-7600 | The cyclic structure of glucose is
more correctly represented by Haworth structure as given below Fructose is an important ketohexose It is obtained along with glucose
by the hydrolysis of disaccharide, sucrose It is a natural
monosaccharide found in fruits, honey and vegetables |
1 | 7598-7601 | Fructose is an important ketohexose It is obtained along with glucose
by the hydrolysis of disaccharide, sucrose It is a natural
monosaccharide found in fruits, honey and vegetables In its pure
form it is used as a sweetner |
1 | 7599-7602 | It is obtained along with glucose
by the hydrolysis of disaccharide, sucrose It is a natural
monosaccharide found in fruits, honey and vegetables In its pure
form it is used as a sweetner It is also an important ketohexose |
1 | 7600-7603 | It is a natural
monosaccharide found in fruits, honey and vegetables In its pure
form it is used as a sweetner It is also an important ketohexose Fructose also has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and
on the basis of its reactions it was found to contain a
ketonic functional group at carbon number 2 and six
carbons in straight chain as in the case of glucose |
1 | 7601-7604 | In its pure
form it is used as a sweetner It is also an important ketohexose Fructose also has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and
on the basis of its reactions it was found to contain a
ketonic functional group at carbon number 2 and six
carbons in straight chain as in the case of glucose It
belongs to D-series and is a laevorotatory compound |
1 | 7602-7605 | It is also an important ketohexose Fructose also has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and
on the basis of its reactions it was found to contain a
ketonic functional group at carbon number 2 and six
carbons in straight chain as in the case of glucose It
belongs to D-series and is a laevorotatory compound It is appropriately written as D-(–)-fructose |
1 | 7603-7606 | Fructose also has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and
on the basis of its reactions it was found to contain a
ketonic functional group at carbon number 2 and six
carbons in straight chain as in the case of glucose It
belongs to D-series and is a laevorotatory compound It is appropriately written as D-(–)-fructose Its open
chain structure is as shown |
1 | 7604-7607 | It
belongs to D-series and is a laevorotatory compound It is appropriately written as D-(–)-fructose Its open
chain structure is as shown It also exists in two cyclic forms which are obtained
by the addition of —OH at C5 to the (
) group |
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