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320098280497496113	Polydactyl cat	Polydactyl cat - wikipedia Polydactyl cat Jump to : navigation , search One of the polydactyl cats at the Ernest Hemingway House in Key West , Florida ; this particular cat has 26 toes A polydactyl cat is a cat with a congenital physical anomaly called polydactyly ( or polydactylism , also known as hyperdactyly ) , that causes the cat to be born with more than the usual number of toes on one or more of its paws . Cats with this genetically inherited trait are most commonly found along the East Coast of North America ( in the United States and Canada ) and in South West England and Wales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Occurrence 2 History and folklore 3 Naming 4 Breeding 5 PolyTrak database of polydactyl Maine Coons 6 Genetic causes 7 Biased polyphenism of a spontaneous complex variation 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Occurrence ( edit ) Kitten with 23 toes True polydactyly is a congenital abnormality , genetically inherited as an autosomal dominant trait of the ZRS cis element of the Pd gene with incomplete penetrance . Normal cats have a total of 18 toes , with five toes on each fore paw , and four toes on each hind paw ; polydactyl cats may have as many as eight digits on their front and / or hind paws . Jake , a Canadian polydactyl cat with 28 toes , was recognised by Guinness World Records as having the highest number of toes on a cat . Various combinations of anywhere from four to seven toes per paw are common . Polydactyly is most commonly found on the front paws only , it is rare for a cat to have polydactyl hind paws only , and polydactyly of all four paws is even less common . The nickname `` double - pawed cat '' is a misnomer since there is a specific double paw condition , although this condition may be interrelated with polydactyly . Feline radial hypoplasia ( see squitten ) is a mimic of polydactyly and is considered a severe condition . Radial hypoplasia may cause the formation of extra jointed toes , but it is not a result of the gene normally associated with polydactyls . It thus does not cause the `` mitten cat '' or `` thumb cat '' condition where the extra toes occur separated from the normal ones just like a dewclaw , usually associated with an additional pad which makes them look like an underdeveloped foot sticking out near the base of the normal toes . Rather , radial hypoplasia - related extra toes are immediately adjacent to the normal ones , giving the cat overly large , flat feet -- colloquially known as `` patty feet '' or `` hamburger feet '' . Though this looks less serious than true polydactyly ( as the feet appear `` normal '' apart from having one or two extra toes ) , breeding such cats will eventually result in severely disabled offspring . Cats used in polydactyl breeding programs can be screened by x-ray for indicators of radial hypoplasia , and cats suspected to have radial hypoplasia should not be used for breeding . History and folklore ( edit ) Right front paw of a polydactyl cat . Circles represent digits . The circle with a question mark indicates what might be a separate digit . The rightmost circle is for a small , underdeveloped , clawless digit . Preaxial polydactyly , Hemingway mutant : Frequency of polydactylous digits per individual The condition seems to be most commonly found in cats along the East Coast of North America ( in the United States and Canada ) and in South West England , Wales and Kingston - upon - Hull . Polydactyl cats have been extremely popular as ship 's cats . Although there is some controversy over whether the most common variant of the trait originated as a mutation in New England or was brought there from Britain , there seems to be agreement that it spread widely as a result of cats carried on ships originating in Boston , Massachusetts , and the prevalence of polydactyly among the cat population of various ports correlates with the dates when they first established trade with Boston . Contributing to the spread of polydactyl cats by this means , sailors were long known to value polydactyl cats especially for their extraordinary climbing and hunting abilities as an aid in controlling shipboard rodents . Some sailors also considered them to be extremely good luck when at sea . Genetic work studying the DNA basis of the condition however indicates that many different mutations can all lead to polydactyly and since samples from the UK and USA were shown to possess different mutations it seems likely that these cats have originated multiple times independently , rather than spreading from a single origin . Nobel Prize - winning author Ernest Hemingway was a famous aficionado of polydactyl cats , after being first given a six - toed cat by a ship 's captain . Upon Hemingway 's death in 1961 , his former home in Key West , Florida , became a museum and a home for his cats , and it currently houses approximately fifty descendants of his cats ( about half of which are polydactyl ) . Because of his love for these animals , polydactyl cats are sometimes referred to as `` Hemingway Cats '' . Some sources state that these cats are rare in Europe because they were killed as witches ' familiars , but other sources indicate that they are quite common in southern Britain . Naming ( edit ) Nicknames for polydactyl cats include `` conch cats '' , `` boxing cats '' , `` mitten cats '' , `` mitten - foot cats '' , `` snowshoe cats '' , `` thumb cats '' , `` six - fingered cats '' , `` Cardi - cats '' , and `` Hemingway cats '' . Two specific breeds recognized by some but not all cat fancier clubs are the American Polydactyl and Maine Coon Polydactyl , and named regional populations include the Boston thumb cat , Cardi - cat , Ithacat , and Vermont snowshoe cat . Breeding ( edit ) American Polydactyl cats are bred as a specific cat breed , with specific physical and behavioral characteristics in addition to extra digits . The American Polydactyl is not to be confused with the pedigree Maine Coon polydactyl . The polydactyl form of the Maine Coon is being reinstated by some breeders . A particular strain of polydactyl cats native to Ithaca , New York is known as the Ithacat . Polydactyls are very common in the Cardigan area of Wales , where they are known as `` Cardi - cats . '' PolyTrak database of polydactyl Maine Coons ( edit ) Polydactyl Red Maine Coon Kitten The database PolyTrak comprises 1800 Maine Coons in total ( as of July 2014 ) . Out of them about 1200 are polydactyl . The PolyTrak database service is a repository of information for the Maine Coon polydactyl cat . Details on numbers of toes are given as well as of catteries , sires and dames . Physiological characteristics of each polydactyl individual are also stored . There is no medical injury mentioned of any polydactyl Maine Coon individual . Thus PolyTrak could help to confirm on a broad empirical base , that the polydactyl Maine Coon ( Hemingway mutant ) has no negative health effects at all . Genetic causes ( edit ) Preaxial polydactyly : Ectopic Shh - expression , Hemingway mutant , mouse , right forelimb Preaxial polydactyly : Maine Coon cat , Hemingway mutant , right forefoot In the case of preaxial polydactyly of the Maine Coon cat ( Hemingway mutant ) a mutation of the cis - regulatory element ZRS ( ZPA regulator sequence ) is associated . ZRS is a noncoding element , 800.000 basepairs remote to the target gene Shh . An ectopic expression of Shh is seen on the anterior side of the limb . Normally Shh is expressed in an organiser region , called the zone of polarizing activity ( ZPA ) on the posterior limb side . From there it diffuses anteriorly , laterally to the growth direction of the limb . In the mutant mirroring smaller ectopic expression in a new organiser region is seen on the posterior side of the limb . This ectopic expression causes cell proliferation delivering the raw material for one or more new digits . In addition to the study of genetic causes of polydactyly limb patterning models are used to simulate the congenital disorder at the limb , being able to explain the development paths of polydactyly . Biased polyphenism of a spontaneous complex variation ( edit ) Polydactyly is a spontaneous complex phenotypic variation , developed in one generation . In the concrete preaxial form of the Hemingway mutant the variation is induced by a single point mutation in a noncoding cis - regulatory element for Shh . In an extensive phenotypic variation like this , one or more complete digits at each single limb are developed including nerves , blood vessels , muscles and ligaments . The physiology of the digits can be perfect . This complex phenotypic result can not be explained by the mutation alone . The mutation can only induce the variation . In the consequence of the mutation thousands of events , each different from the wildtype , occur on different organisation layers , i.e. expression changes of other genes , cell - cell signal exchange , cell differentiation , cell and tissue growth . The summarized small random changes on all layers build the raw material and the process steps for the generation of the plastic variation . The mentioned form of polydactyly of the Hemingway mutant shows a biased variation . In a recent empirical study first the number of extra toes of 375 mutant Maine Coon cats were variable ( polyphenism ) and second , the number of extra toes followed a discontinuous statistical distribution . They were not equally distributed as one might expect of an identical single point mutation . The example demonstrates , that the variation is not explained completely by the mutation alone . The Maine Coon ( wildtype : 18 toes ) in some cases exhibits polydactyly with 18 toes , were the first toe at the forehand is elongated forming a three phalangeal thumb . More often 20 toes appear , and in diminishing order we see 22 , 24 or 26 toes per individual . Also odd numbers of toes are seen . See also ( edit ) Polydactyly Polydactyly in early tetrapods Lil Bub a notable cat who is polydactyl References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lettice LA , Hill AE , Devenney PS , Hill RE ( 2008 ) . `` Point mutations in a distant sonic hedgehog cis - regulator generate a variable regulatory output responsible for preaxial polydactyly '' . Human Molecular Genetics . 17 ( 7 ) : 978 -- 85 . doi : 10.1093 / hmg / ddm370 . PMID 18156157 . Jump up ^ `` Most toes on a cat '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , Axel ; Nemeschkal , Hans L. ; Müller , Gerd B. ( 2013 ) . `` Biased Polyphenism in Polydactylous Cats Carrying a Single Point Mutation : The Hemingway Model for Digit Novelty '' . Evolutionary Biology . 41 ( 2 ) : 262 -- 75 . doi : 10.1007 / s11692 - 013 - 9267 - y . ^ Jump up to : `` Polydactyl Cats ( Part 1 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is it true many New England cats have extra paws because Boston ships ' captains considered them lucky ? Or may it be true that they were better at catching mice than normal cats ? '' . The Straight Dope. 1999 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` American Polydactyl '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kus , Beth E. `` The History of the Polydactyl Maine Coon '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ PolyTrak database Jump up ^ Lettice LA , Heaney SJ , Purdie LA , Li L , de Beer P , Oostra BA , Goode D , Elgar G , Hill RE , de Graaff E ( 2003 ) . `` A long - range Shh enhancer regulates expression in the developing limb and fin and is associated with preaxial polydactyly '' . Human Molecular Genetics . 12 ( 14 ) : 1725 -- 35 . doi : 10.1093 / hmg / ddg180 . PMID 12837695 . Jump up ^ Lettice LA , Williamson I , Wiltshire JH , Peluso S , Devenney PS , Hill AE , Essafi A , Hagman J , Mort R , Grimes G , DeAngelis CL , Hill RE ( 2012 ) . `` Opposing functions of the ETS factor family define Shh spatial expression in limb buds and underlie polydactyly '' . Developmental Cell. 22 ( 2 ) : 459 -- 67 . doi : 10.1016 / j. devcel. 2011.12. 010 . PMC 3314984 . PMID 22340503 . Further reading ( edit ) Chapman , V.A. ; Zeiner , Fred N. ( 1961 ) . `` The anatomy of polydactylism in cats with observations on genetic control '' . The Anatomical Record . 141 : 205 -- 17 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 1091410305 . PMID 13878202 . Danforth CH ( 1947 ) . `` Heredity of polydactyly in the cat '' . The Journal of Heredity. 38 ( 4 ) : 107 -- 12 . PMID 20242531 . Danforth , C.H. ( 1947 ) . `` Morphology of the feet in polydactyl cats '' . American Journal of Anatomy. 80 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 71 . doi : 10.1002 / aja. 1000800202 . PMID 20286212 . Jude , A.C. ( 1955 ) . Cat genetics . Fond du Lac : All - Pets Books . OCLC 1572542 . Lockwood , Samuel , From American Naturalist `` Malformations '' , polydactyl cats - Popular Science Monthly January 1974 Page 383 Robinson , Roy ( 1977 ) . Genetics for Cat Breeders ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 021209 - 8 . Sis RF , Getty R ( 1968 ) . `` Polydactylism in cats '' . Veterinary Medicine , Small Animal Clinician. 63 ( 10 ) : 948 -- 51 . PMID 5188319 . Todd NB ( 1966 ) . `` The independent assortment of dominant white and polydactyly in the cat '' . The Journal of Heredity. 57 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 8 . PMID 5917255 . Vella , Carolyn M. ; Shelton , Lorraine M. ; McGonagle , John J. ; Stanglein , Terry W. ( 1999 ) . Robinson 's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 4069 - 5 . Wenthe , M ; Lazarz , B ( 1995 ) . `` Ein Fall von atavistischer Polydaktylie an der Hinterextremität des Hauskatze '' ( A case of atavistic polydactyly at the hind limb of a cat ) . Kleintierpraxis ( in German ) . 40 ( 8 ) : 617 -- 9 . Wittmann , F ( 1992 ) . `` Polydactylism in a Cat '' . Der Praktische Tierarzt. 73 ( 8 ) : 709 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polydactyl cats . Hemingway Home Museum , Key West Florida , cats webpage Article on polydactylism in cats in New England Images of polydactyl cats PolyTrak : Maine Coon Polydactyl Tracking Database and Resource Owner 's appeal over cat 's 26 toes ( hide ) Domestic cats Felinology Anatomy Genetics Dwarf cat Kitten Odd - eyed cat Squitten Coat genetics Bicolor cat Black cat Calico cat Tabby cat Tortoiseshell cat Health Aging Declawing Diet Neutering Spaying Vaccination Behavior Body language Catfight Catnip Communication ( Meow ) Kneading Intelligence Play and toys Purr Righting reflex Senses Human -- cat interaction Ailurophobia Animal - assisted therapy Cat cafés Cat massage Cat meat Cat - scratch disease Cat show Cats in ancient Egypt Cultural depictions Farm cat Feral cat Cats and Islam Puppy cat Ship 's cat Zoonosis Registries American Cat Fanciers Association Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana Canadian Cat Association Cat Aficionado Association Cat Fanciers ' Association Emirates Feline Federation Fédération Internationale Féline Governing Council of the Cat Fancy Southern Africa Cat Council The International Cat Association Breeds ( full list ) ( experimental breeds ) Fully domestic Abyssinian American Curl American Shorthair Balinese Brazilian Shorthair British Shorthair Birman Bombay Burmese California Spangled Chartreux Chinese Li Hua Colorpoint Shorthair Cornish Rex Cymric Devon Rex Donskoy Egyptian Mau European Shorthair Exotic Shorthair German Rex Himalayan Japanese Bobtail Javanese Khao Manee Korat Kurilian Bobtail Maine Coon Manx Munchkin Norwegian Forest Ocicat Oriental Shorthair Persian Peterbald Pixie - bob Raas Ragdoll Ragamuffin Russian Blue Scottish Fold Selkirk Rex Siamese Siberian Singapura Snowshoe Somali Sphynx Thai Traditional Persian Tonkinese Toyger Turkish Angora Turkish Van Hybrid Bengal Chausie Highlander Savannah Serengeti Landraces Aegean Cyprus Domestic long - haired Domestic short - haired Kellas Sokoke Van Diseases and disorders Acne Asthma Calicivirus Congenital sensorineural deafness Flea Heartworm Hepatic lipidosis Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Immunodeficiency virus Infectious peritonitis Leukemia virus Lower urinary tract disease Panleukopenia Polydactyly Rabies Ringworm Roundworm Skin disorders Tick Toxoplasmosis Viral rhinotracheitis Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polydactyl_cat&oldid=814329120 '' Categories : Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system Toes Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from May 2016 Accuracy disputes from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk پنجابی Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 04 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why are some cats born with extra toes	[ "A polydactyl cat is a cat with a congenital physical anomaly called polydactyly (or polydactylism, also known as hyperdactyly), that causes the cat to be born with more than the usual number of toes on one or more of its paws. Cats with this genetically inherited trait are most commonly found along the East Coast of North America (in the United States and Canada) and in South West England and Wales." ]	[ "a congenital physical anomaly called polydactyly (or polydactylism, also known as hyperdactyly), that causes the cat to be born with more than the usual number of toes on one or more of its paws" ]
6529435610571867178	List of Downton Abbey episodes	List of Downton Abbey episodes - wikipedia List of Downton Abbey episodes Downton Abbey is a British period drama television series created by Julian Fellowes and co-produced by Carnival Films and Masterpiece . It first aired on ITV in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2010 , and on PBS in the United States on 9 January 2011 , as part of the Masterpiece Classic anthology . Six series have been made , the sixth airing in the autumn of 2015 in the UK and Ireland , and in January 2016 in the United States . On 26 March 2015 , the sixth series was confirmed to be the final series , with the final episode airing in the UK on 25 December 2015 on ITV . During the course of the programme , 52 episodes of Downton Abbey aired over six series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 2.4 Series 4 ( 2013 ) 2.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 2.6 Series 6 ( 2015 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Ave . UK viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 7 26 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 7 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 9.70 8 ( + 1 ) 18 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 6 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 25 December 2011 ( special ) 11.68 8 ( + 1 ) 16 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 4 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 25 December 2012 ( special ) 11.91 8 ( + 1 ) 22 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 10 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 25 December 2013 ( special ) 11.84 5 8 ( + 1 ) 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 9 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 25 December 2014 ( special ) 10.40 6 8 ( + 1 ) 20 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 8 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 25 December 2015 ( special ) 10.42 Episode list ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Series 1 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Episode One '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 26 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 9.25 April 1912 - March 1913 . News arrives that threatens the future of the title and estate , Lord Grantham 's cousin James Crawley , heir presumptive to the earldom , and his son Patrick have died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic . Meanwhile , Lord Grantham hires his former batman , John Bates as his valet . In September the family receives the visit of the young Duke of Crowborough . The family thought he was interested in marrying Mary . It is revealed that the Duke once had a romantic relationship with Thomas , the footman . In March 1913 , Matthew Crawley , a distant third cousin , learns of his good fortune as the new heir . Matthew and his mother move into Crawley House in Downton village . `` Episode Two '' Ben Bolt Julian Fellowes 3 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 9.97 March 1913 . Matthew Crawley arrives at Downton Abbey with his mother , Isobel , and Violet and Lady Mary are openly hostile towards them . The families experience some culture clash , due to their differing backgrounds . Isobel had trained as a nurse during the Anglo - Boer War , and occupies herself with the local hospital . Meanwhile , Carson is a former music - hall performer and is being blackmailed by his old show partner , Charles Grigg . Lord Grantham is amused by Carson 's background and pays off Grigg . The hostility between Mrs. Crawley and the Dowager Countess escalates when Isobel pressures Dr. Clarkson to perform pericardiocentesis on a patient suffering from dropsy . Violet tries to prevent this but the treatment is successful and Robert makes Mrs. Crawley chair of the hospital board . Violet begins to consider the possibility of Mary marrying Matthew , but Mary is opposed . `` Episode Three '' Ben Bolt Julian Fellowes 10 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 8.97 March 1913 . Evelyn Napier , son of a peer visits the family with a dashing Turkish diplomat , Mr. Kemal Pamuk , who is in London for the Albanian independence negotiations , and Mary is smitten . Thomas is also attracted to him . Mr. Pamuk comes into Mary 's room and seduces her , but he dies in her bed . To avert a scandal , Mary is forced to get Anna and her mother to move Pamuk 's body back to his room . Cora is horrified by Mary 's behaviour but promises not to tell Robert . `` Episode Four '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes , Shelagh Stephenson 17 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 9.70 May 1913 . A travelling fair arrives in the neighbouring village . Anna falls ill and stays in bed , visited by Mr. Bates who brings her up a tray with a flower . Mrs. Hughes , the housekeeper , is reunited with a former suitor , who proposes again ; and eventually turns down the proposal . Molesley suffers from an allergic reaction to rue , which Violet correctly diagnoses after Isobel assumed it was erysipelas . Carson fears there is a thief at Downton after doing an inventory of the wine cellar . Lady Sybil continues to experiment with feminism , aided and inspired by the new , politically minded Irish chauffeur , Branson . After visiting her dressmaker , she surprises the whole family by displaying an outfit consisting of Harem pants . 5 5 `` Episode Five '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes 24 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 9.40 August 1913 . Bates discovers that Thomas is stealing wine from the cellar . Worried that he will be reported , Thomas attempts to frame Bates for stealing one of Lord Grantham 's antique snuffboxes , but his plans are thwarted . Anna tells Mr. Bates that she loves him but he says they ca n't be together . Meanwhile , rumours are beginning to circulate about Lady Mary and the `` handsome Turk '' . Daisy is finding it increasingly difficult to keep quiet about what she has seen , and after some cajoling from Miss O'Brien , she tells her story to Lady Edith , who reveals the truth to the Turkish ambassador . At the annual flower show , Isobel questions Violet 's history of winning every year and instead supports Molesley 's father 's arrangements , much to Violet 's dismay . 6 6 `` Episode Six '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes , Tina Pepler 31 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) 9.84 May 1914 . Gossip about Lady Mary and the `` handsome Turk '' intensifies , reaching Carson and the Dowager Countess . Violet confronts Cora , who is forced to tell her the truth . Edith finds an admirer in Sir Anthony Strallan . Bates reveals that he was once a drunkard and has been in prison for theft ; Carson is unwilling to let him go , realising that is not the full story . Sybil makes Branson take her to Ripon under false pretences to attend the by - election count . She is injured during a brawl but is rescued by him . Lord Grantham blames Branson but Sybil defends him . Later that night , Mary and Matthew confess their love for each other , but she feels she can not accept his proposal without telling him her scandalous secret . Violet apologises for her earlier harsh treatment of Cora . Anna tells Mr. Bates that she does n't want him to leave Downton and they almost kiss . 7 7 `` Episode Seven '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 7 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 10.77 July -- August 1914 . Tensions abound following the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . The family returns from London after Sybil 's debutante ball but Mary stays with her aunt , Lady Rosamund Painswick . Cora discovers that she is pregnant . Mary learns from Evelyn Napier that it was Edith , not he , who originated the rumours about her and Pamuk . Carson has discovered that while Bates was a soldier , he stole the regimental silver . Matthew is angered by Mary 's hesitancy . Anticipating the war , Thomas finds a non-combatant role in the Army Medical Corps . Mary confronts Edith about revealing her secret , implying that she will exact revenge . Learning that Sir Anthony Strallan intends to propose at the garden party , Mary makes him think Edith finds him old and boring , so he leaves . O'Brien is angry when she thinks Cora intends to replace her and leaves soap below her bath . She regrets it but is unable to warn Cora , who slips , falls , and miscarries . A telephone is installed . Mary is prepared to marry Matthew but he tells her he can not be sure of her motives and intends to leave Downton . During the garden party , Lord Grantham receives a telegram and announces to all that the United Kingdom is at war with Germany , marking the beginning of the First World War . Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Series 2 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 8 `` Episode One '' Ashley Pearce Julian Fellowes 18 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 11.41 November 1916 . Matthew is returning to Downton during his upcoming leave and informs the family he is engaged to Miss Lavinia Swire . Lady Mary announces that she has invited Sir Richard Carlisle , a ruthless , wealthy newspaper mogul to Downton . The servants prepare for a concert to help fund the local hospital . Bates tells Anna that he may finally be able to get a divorce and proposes . Vera Bates , Bates ' estranged wife , arrives at Downton and demands that Bates return to her or she will expose Lady Mary 's indiscretion with Pamuk . Bates gives his notice without explanation . Mrs Hughes tells the story to Mr. Carson , and he informs Lord Grantham . Sybil enrolls in nursing training . Branson reveals his feelings before Sybil leaves . Matthew arrives with Lavinia . He and Mary reconcile . Matthew meets Thomas in the trenches . Thomas intentionally gets wounded to be sent back to England . 9 `` Episode Two '' Ashley Pearce Julian Fellowes 25 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 11.77 April 1917 . Lord Grantham informs Mrs Patmore that her nephew was shot for cowardice . Thomas goes to work under Dr Clarkson at the village hospital along with Lady Sybil . Downton becomes a convalescent home . Matthew is unhappy about returning to England for a recruitment drive . Lavinia is confronted by Sir Richard Carlisle , an old and unwelcome acquaintance . Lady Edith volunteers to drive Mr Drake 's , a Downton tenant farmer , tractor and help with the work . She and Mr Drake kiss , and are seen by Mrs Drake , who quietly puts an end to Edith 's job . 10 `` Episode Three '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 2 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 11.33 July 1917 . Downton becomes a convalescent home for wounded officers , with Isobel taking charge . Cora gets Acting Sergeant Thomas Barrow assigned to run the military side of Downton . Violet believes that Mary and Matthew are still in love . She and Rosamund try to end Matthew 's engagement to Lavinia . Violet believes there is something more to Lavinia 's relationship with Sir Richard . William proposes to Daisy before going to war . 11 `` Episode Four '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes 9 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) 11.30 Early 1918 . Ethel continues flirting with Major Bryant ; when Mrs Hughes finds them in bed together , she dismisses Ethel . Later , she returns , announcing she is pregnant with Bryant 's child . Preparations are under way for a concert at Downton . Tensions flare between Isobel and Cora , while Edith receives worrying news about Matthew and William . Branson declares his feelings for Sybil again . Lord Grantham visits Bates at a nearby pub where he is working . Lord Grantham receives a letter from Carlisle , which causes him concern and forces an uncomfortable conversation with Mary . 12 5 `` Episode Five '' Brian Kelly Julian Fellowes 16 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 11.59 Mid-1918 . Matthew has suffered a serious spinal injury and is paralysed from the waist down . He is told that he will never walk again or father children . He wants Lavinia to forget him and sends her away , while Mary attempts to nurse him back to health . Mrs Hughes secretly helps Ethel and her baby since Ethel 's lover , Major Bryant , has ignored her . William 's injuries are fatal , prompting him to ask Daisy to marry him before he dies . Mrs Patmore persuades Daisy to go through with it ; William dies a few hours later . Bates is taken aback when Vera promises to expose old secrets about Lady Mary and Pamuk 's death , as he paid her to divorce him . When Mary discovers this , she confesses everything to Sir Richard Carlisle and asks him to help . He pays Vera to sign a contract with confidentiality obligations . Unknown to Mary , Sir Richard announces his engagement to her in his paper . On finding out she was tricked into silence , Vera warns Bates she will still ruin him . 13 6 `` Episode Six '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 23 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 11.33 October -- November 1918 . A Canadian officer , badly disfigured by burns , arrives at Downton and declares that he is Patrick Crawley , the supposedly deceased heir . Mary rejects the claim , but Edith is persuaded as he recounts details of old times at Downton . Robert has his solicitor Murray investigate ; Murray learns that Patrick Crawley had a close friend who emigrated to Canada . `` Patrick '' abruptly departs . Matthew is adapting to his condition and Mary 's caring for him . Isobel is full of social - improvement schemes using Downton Abbey . Ethel hears the news that Major Bryant has been killed . Lady Sybil receives an ultimatum from Branson regarding his marriage proposal to her . Bates is shocked to find the legality of his divorce threatened , as Vera reveals that he paid her to leave him , and he goes to London to attempt to settle matters with her again . Upon his return , he receives the news that she is dead . Soon afterwards , the war ends with the Armistice . 14 7 `` Episode Seven '' James Strong Julian Fellowes 30 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 12.26 1919 . Matthew begins to feel his legs . Matthew announces that he and Lavinia intend to marry soon . Violet tells him that Mary is still in love with him , but Matthew feels obliged to marry Lavinia . Sir Richard Carlisle distresses Anna by asking her to spy on Mary ; his behaviour leads Carson to reject his offer of employment . Bates realises that Vera committed suicide in order to frame him . When Major Bryant 's parents visit Downton to see where their son convalesced , Mrs Hughes contrives a meeting between them and Ethel and her baby . However , Mr Bryant angrily refuses to believe her claim . Thomas embarks on a new money - making scheme in the post-war black market . Lord Grantham is attracted to the new maid , Jane , and kisses her . Lady Sybil makes the drastic decision to elope with Branson . However , Mary discovers her plan and , along with Edith and Anna , seeks them out and persuades Sybil to return and plead her cause openly to their parents . 15 8 `` Episode Eight '' James Strong Julian Fellowes 6 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 12.45 April 1919 . Preparations are under way for Matthew and Lavinia 's wedding . Lady Grantham , Carson , and Lavinia are taken ill by the Spanish flu . Matthew and Mary acknowledge that they can not marry as it would be cruel to Lavinia . Lavinia overhears them and sees them kiss . Ethel is surprised when Major Bryant 's parents want to see her but is horrified when she learns that Mr Bryant offers to take custody of the baby and tells her that she will not be allowed to see him . Lord Grantham and Jane have an encounter but are interrupted and Jane decides to leave . Anna and Bates marry in secret . Cora becomes seriously ill . Lavinia succumbs to the flu and dies . Matthew tells Mary that any relationship between them is now impossible . Lord Grantham reluctantly gives his blessing for Lady Sybil and Thomas Branson to marry . Bates is arrested for the murder of his late wife . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 16 `` Christmas at Downton Abbey '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 25 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 25 ) 12.11 December 1919 and January 1920 . The household is bustling with Christmas preparations . The staff entertain themselves with a Ouija board , trying to contact the spirits . Bates is convicted of Vera 's murder , but his death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment . Bates encourages Anna to stay at Downton but live a full life . Daisy meets with William 's father , Mr Mason , who assures her that she is a good person , and asks her to become his surrogate daughter . Rosamund contemplates marriage , but her suitor is exposed as a `` fortune hunter '' . Sybil , now married to Tom Branson and living in Ireland , writes to Cora that she is pregnant . Cora insists on them returning to Downton . Mary jilts her fiancé , Sir Richard Carlisle , despite his threat to publish her dark secret regarding the late Kemal Pamuk . Though afraid that he will see her as `` soiled '' , Lady Mary tells Matthew about Pamuk . Though surprised , he soon decides that what 's past is past , and proposes to her ; she happily accepts . Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) ITV confirmed the commissioning of a third series on 3 November 2011 . It entered production in early 2012 , and began airing 16 September 2012 on ITV and aired in the United States beginning 6 January 2013 . Series 3 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Episode One '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 16 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 11.43 7.9 ( PBS ) March / April 1920 . Cora 's mother , Martha Levinson , comes to Downton for Matthew and Mary 's wedding . Lord Grantham learns that his massive investment of Cora 's fortune in the Grand Trunk Railway has failed . Meanwhile , O'Brien's nephew , Alfred , joins the staff downstairs . Sybil and her husband , Tom Branson , return to Downton to a muted response , as Branson remains highly vocal about his political beliefs . Matthew repairs things when he chooses Branson to be his best man . Matthew and Mary are married . 18 `` Episode Two '' Brian Percival Julian Fellowes 23 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 23 ) 12.08 April 1920 . Mary and the Dowager Countess conspire to show Mrs Levinson Downton at its grandest to persuade her to give it more money and save them from financial ruin . Meanwhile , downstairs , O'Brien and Thomas wage war against one another due to Alfred 's recent promotion to valet to Matthew , whilst Mrs Levinson 's maid takes a shine to Alfred . Mrs Hughes faces a cancer scare , and Isobel Crawley finds that Ethel has become a prostitute . Edith actively pursues Anthony Strallan as a potential husband and he proposes . 19 `` Episode Three '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 30 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 11.96 May 1920 . Matthew finally agrees to accept Lavinia 's late father 's money , saving Downton . Lord Grantham refuses to accept the money , insisting that he and Matthew become joint masters of Downton . Edith 's wedding day arrives , but as Edith reaches the altar Strallan changes his mind and calls off the wedding . Mrs Hughes finally receives the news that she does not have cancer . Thomas tries to get revenge on O'Brien by spreading a rumour to the family that she will be leaving Downton . Bates 's cellmate tries to get him into trouble by planting drugs in his bunk . 20 `` Episode Four '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 7 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ) 11.83 May 1920 . Branson is wanted by the Irish police . He escapes to Downton Abbey without Sybil , and the Crawleys are outraged . Sybil eventually returns to Downton safely . Anna has not received any letters from Bates and is no longer allowed to visit ; similarly Bates wonders why Anna 's letters and visits have stopped . Ethel decides to let her son live with his grandparents so he can have a better life . Carson recruits a new footman , Jimmy Kent , who attracts the attention of the female staff and Thomas . Ivy Stuart , the new kitchen maid , draws Alfred 's attention away from Daisy . Edith writes to the newspaper supporting more widespread women 's suffrage . 21 5 `` Episode Five '' Jeremy Webb Julian Fellowes 14 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) 11.93 May 1920 . Edith is asked to write a regular newspaper column , but most of the family is not supportive . Matthew believes that Robert has been mismanaging the estate and finds an ally in George Murray , the family solicitor . Mary is angry when she discovers it . Sybil goes into labour and Lord Grantham hires a famous obstetrician , Sir Philip Tapsel . Dr Clarkson insists that Sybil is suffering from eclampsia and should be taken to hospital but Sir Philip argues that Sybil is fit and healthy . Sybil delivers a girl but , during the night , she goes into convulsions and dies . Cora blames her husband for the death . 22 6 `` Episode Six '' Jeremy Webb Julian Fellowes 21 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 21 ) 12.06 May / June 1920 . Branson decides to name his daughter Sybil and baptise her as a Catholic , to both of which Lord Grantham is firmly opposed . Violet pressures Dr Clarkson into retracting his assertion that Sybil might have survived had she undergone a Caesarean section , and Cora forgives Robert . Anna finds evidence that might prove Bates innocent . Ethel prepares a luncheon for the Crawley women and gets Mrs Patmore to help . Lord Grantham is outraged that Isobel would let a former prostitute serve lunch to his family . 23 7 `` Episode Seven '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 28 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 11.82 July 1920 . Bates is freed from prison . Persuaded by O'Brien , Thomas makes a midnight visit to Jimmy 's room and kisses him as he sleeps -- just as Alfred enters the room . Jimmy is outraged and disgusted ; so is Alfred . Edith goes to London to meet a magazine editor , and accepts his offer for a weekly column . Branson 's drunkard brother comes to Downton . Matthew continues to confront Lord Grantham about the estate 's mismanagement , leading to the resignation of the family 's long time agent Jarvis . Tom is appointed as the new family agent . Miss Sybil Branson is baptised at a Catholic Church in Ripon with the whole Crawley family in attendance . 24 8 `` Episode Eight '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 4 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 12.15 Before 11 August 1920 . Downton Abbey 's annual cricket match with the village takes place . Alfred complains about Thomas to the police and CID officers arrive to see him ; Lord Grantham persuades the police that it was all a misunderstanding . Violet 's great niece , Lady Rose MacClare -- the daughter of Violet 's niece , Susan , Marchioness of Flintshire and her husband , Hugh , Marquess of Flintshire -- visits . A trip to London reveals that Rose is a wild girl who likes to drink and party . Mary and Matthew discover they have separately been visiting a London doctor to find out why they have had no children ; Mary reveals she has had a small operation , and they now look forward to starting a family . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 25 `` A Journey to the Highlands '' Andy Goddard Julian Fellowes 25 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 25 ) 10.28 August 1921 . The Crawley family heads to Duneagle Castle in Scotland , to visit Lady Rose and her warring parents , Hugh ( `` Shrimpy '' ) and Susan , the Marquess and Marchioness of Flintshire . Bates , Anna , Molesley , and O'Brien also make the trip . Michael Gregson tells Lady Edith that he is going to be in Scotland as well . Mary and Matthew disagree about Gregson 's motives . Gregson later declares his feelings for Edith . Shrimpy tells Lord Grantham that he will have to sell his estate because he did not modernise it like Downton and now the money is all gone . Tom remains at Downton with one - year - old Sybbie . The staff looks forward to the approaching country fair , and Carson struggles to keep them concentrating on work . Mrs Patmore becomes involved in a budding romance . At the country fair , Jimmy is nearly robbed after winning money from betting on the tug of war , but is saved by Thomas , who was following him and is robbed and beaten in his place . They later agree just to be friends . Lady Mary returns early from Scotland , rushing to Cottage Hospital to deliver her healthy baby . Matthew soon joins her and meets his son and heir , but after he leaves back to Downton Abbey , he is killed in a car accident . Series 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Series 4 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 26 `` Episode One '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 22 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 11.96 February 1922 . Lady Mary mourns Matthew , and feels little motherly love for baby George . Lord Grantham and Branson dispute the management of the estate and struggle to pay death duties . Miss O'Brien leaves to serve Lady Flintshire . Needing a maid in a hurry , Cora hires former maid Edna , who has trained as a lady 's maid . When Cora overhears Miss West , the nanny , insulting Sybbie , she fires her . Mr Molesley has lost his job following Matthew 's death ; the Dowager Countess tries to help him by letting him serve at a luncheon for a friend . The servants are excited by Valentine 's Day , and Mrs Patmore struggles to deal with an electric whisk . Carson talks to Mary to bring her out of her shell , but she regards it as impertinence . She later apologises to him , and has a good cry in his arms . 27 `` Episode Two '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 29 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12.10 March 1922 . A letter is found from Matthew , appointing Mary his sole heir ; Lord Grantham is displeased and prefers Mary be uninvolved in managing the estate . Violet secretly supports Mary , and urges her to learn the business from Tom . Discovering that Molesley has fallen on hard times , is working as a labourer , and has debts , Bates gets money from the Dowager Countess , and pretends he is paying him back for an earlier loan . Lady Rose and Anna attend a tea dance in York that is for the servant class . Lord Grantham 's solicitor confirmes that Matthew 's letter is as good as a Will , and everyone urges him to include Mary in running the estate . 28 `` Episode Three '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 6 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 11.86 April 1922 . A house party is held at Downton . Lady Mary renews an acquaintance with the suave Lord Gillingham , who flirts with her . During Nellie Melba 's ( Kiri Te Kanawa ) performance , Lord Gillingham 's valet , Mr Green , violently assaults and rapes Anna . Tom feels uncomfortable amongst all the toffs ; Edna takes advantage by getting him drunk and sneaking into his bedroom afterwards . Anna makes Mrs Hughes promise to tell no one , including Bates , about the rape , fearing Bates will kill Green and be hanged for it . 29 `` Episode Four '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 13 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 11.75 April 1922 . Edna claims she could be pregnant and wants Tom to marry her . Mrs Hughes confronts her and Edna leaves Downton . Lady Rose accompanies Mary and Tom to London where they stay with Lady Rosamund , who has sneakily invited Lord Gillingham and Bullock to join them . They go to a jazz club where Jack Ross , the club 's black singer , dances with Rose , to others ' discomfort . Anna , feeling unworthy of Bates , grows distant and moves back into the main house . Michael Gregson is about to depart for Germany ; if he becomes a German citizen , he may be able to divorce his insane wife . Lady Rosamund discovers that Edith spent the night with Gregson , and warns her about damaging her reputation . Lord Gillingham proposes to Mary but she refuses , saying she is still grieving Matthew 's death . 30 5 `` Episode Five '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 20 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 11.39 May 1922 . Carson considers re-hiring Mr Molesley if Alfred leaves to a chef training program , but Molesley , unhappy at being demoted to a footman , dithers too long over the offer , and loses the opportunity . Thomas pressures Cora 's new lady 's maid , Baxter , to spy on everyone for him . Cora has to persuade a nervous Mrs Patmore to exchange their ice - box for a refrigerator . Edith visits a London doctor . Tom considers moving to America . Bates continues to pressure Anna to explain her behaviour . Mrs Hughes tells him that a stranger broke into the servants ' hall and raped Anna . Bates and Anna reconcile , but he suspects Green committed the crime . 31 6 `` Episode Six '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 27 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 11.54 June 1922 . Alfred leaves for the Ritz chef training , and Carson is not keen for Molesley to replace him . Edith learns she is pregnant . Bates and Anna go to dinner at a posh hotel where a snooty maître d ' tries to bar them ; fortunately , Cora is there , and ensures they are admitted . Rose arranges for the jazz club band to play at Robert 's birthday . Carson is scandalised to see Jack , the black singer , at Downton Abbey . After the party , Mary sees Rose and Jack kissing in the servants ' hall . Government inspectors arrive to inspect the estate : Mr Napier , an old friend of Lady Mary , and Mr Blake , an acerbic liberal who politely clashes with her . 32 7 `` Episode Seven '' Ed Hall Julian Fellowes 3 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 11.93 July 1922 . Robert leaves for America to bail Cora 's playboy brother out of trouble . Mary , told by Mrs Hughes about what happened to Anna , persuades Robert to take Thomas with him as his valet instead of Bates . The Dowager Countess falls ill with bronchitis , and is nursed by Isobel . Tom attends a council meeting and meets a chirpy young woman , Sarah Bunting . Edith and Rose go to London , where Rose continues to pursue her romantic relationship with Jack . Edith decides to have an abortion , but backs out at the last minute . Lord Gillingham and his valet , Green , arrive at Downton , and Mrs Hughes tells Green that she knows what he did and warns him to stay clear of Anna whilst there . During the servants ' dinner , Green reveals that he went to the servants ' hall during Dame Nellie 's recital . 33 8 `` Episode Eight '' Ed Hall Julian Fellowes 10 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 12.16 August 1922 . Edith wants a tenant farmer and his wife to care for her baby , but Lady Rosamund suggests she go to Switzerland and give up the baby there . Alfred proposes to Ivy , but begins appreciating Daisy 's loyalty after Ivy refuses him . Daisy is confused over her feelings , but gives Alfred up , and he leaves for good . Lord Gillingham , who is ending his engagement , visits briefly , still pursuing Mary ; she has learned about Green 's crime and wants Gillingham to dismiss the valet , which he agrees to do . The church bazaar is held , organised by Cora ; during it , Lord Grantham arrives unexpectedly , as does Lord Gillingham , to tell Mary that Green was killed in a road accident in Piccadilly . Anna realizes that Bates had the same day off , supposedly to go to York , and he will not say what he was doing there . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 34 `` The London Season '' Jon East Julian Fellowes 25 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 25 ) 9.4 August 1923 : The Granthams move to their London residence for Rose 's debutante ball and presentation at court . They are joined by Cora 's brother , Harold , and mother , Martha , from the United States . Lord Gillingham and Mr Blake attend . Tom and Thomas initially remain at Downton . Tom unexpectedly meets with Sarah Bunting , who asks for a tour of Downton Abbey . At a party , Rose 's indiscretion leads to card - sharp , Mr Sampson , stealing a letter from the Prince of Wales to his mistress , Freda Dudley Ward , from her handbag . Rose tells . He invites Sampson to a poker party , and Mary , Rose , and Charles Blake search Sampson 's flat , but can not find the letter . As the players leave , Bates picks Sampson 's coat pocket and retrieves it . Mrs Hughes finds a train ticket in Bates 's coat for York to London on the day Green died . She tells Mary , and they agree to keep quiet . At the ball , Gillingham surprises Mary by revealing Mr Blake is actually cousin and heir to a very wealthy baronet with a large estate . Edith has given birth to a girl , and arranges the baby girl 's placement with a tenant farmer , keeping her parentage secret , due to the girl 's illegitimacy . The Countess offers the servants a fun day out ; Carson is persuaded by Mrs Hughes to choose a day at the seaside . Mrs Hughes entices Carson to go wading in the surf , holding her hand for support . Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The fifth series began airing on ITV in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2014 and on PBS in the United States on 4 January 2015 . Series 5 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 35 `` Episode One '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 10.71 February 1924 : Both Robert and Carson are upset by the election of a Labour government . The villagers want to build a war memorial , and ask Carson to head the committee . Lady Edith has had no word from Michael Gregson for several months , and is upset at being unable to participate in the life of her daughter , Marigold . Tom Branson grows closer to school - teacher Sarah Bunting . Lord Merton pursues Isobel , who is uninterested . Baxter reveals that she was sentenced for her stealing from a previous employer . When Thomas tries to expose Baxter to Cora , she rebuffs him . Miss Bunting is invited to Robert and Cora 's 34th wedding anniversary , but causes dissent with her anti-aristocracy comments . Lady Mary agrees to have a secret affair with Lord Gillingham . Thomas rescues Lady Edith from a fire in her bedroom , restoring him to Cora 's good graces . Robert discovers Jimmy in bed with Lady Anstruther , who leaves before morning ; Robert instructs Carson to dismiss Jimmy . 36 `` Episode Two '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 28 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 10.46 April 1924 : Thomas reveals Miss Baxter 's crime to Molesley ; Baxter confirms everything . Suave art historian Simon Bricker ( Richard E. Grant ) arrives to view a painting . He flirts with Cora , and Robert considers him a bounder . Bricker is accompanied by Charles Blake , who concedes that Mary prefers Tony Gillingham . Mary asks Anna to procure her a birth - control device for her tryst with Gillingham . Tenant farmer Mr Drewe suggests Edith become Marigold 's patroness , allowing her to visit her daughter more often . Violet and Isobel visit Lord Merton 's country estate . Robert opposes getting a wireless , but rents one when King George V ( voiced by Jon Glover ) broadcasts a speech from the British Empire Exhibition . The local police sergeant arrives , and tells Carson and Mrs Hughes that inquiries must be made , as there was a witness to Green 's death in London . 37 `` Episode Three '' Catherine Morshead Julian Fellowes 5 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 10.15 May 1924 : Sergeant Willis reveals that a witness overheard Green telling someone he had been badly treated at Downton and disliked Bates . Violet 's butler Spratt spots Mary and Gillingham leaving a hotel in Liverpool ; he informs Violet , who later tells Mary she disapproves of her behaviour . Mrs Patmore is distressed that her nephew , Archie , who was shot for cowardice during the war , has been excluded from his home village war memorial . Edith 's constant visits to see Marigold are upsetting Mrs Drewe , and Mr Drewe asks Edith to temporarily stay away . A developer wants to build fifty houses near the village , but Robert refuses to sell the land . A group of Russian aristocrats arrives for tea ; one of them , Prince Kuragin ( Rade Šerbedžija ) , knew the Dowager Countess when she was in Russia . Lord Gillingham is eager to wed Mary quickly , but she doubts he is the right man for her . 38 `` Episode Four '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 12 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 10.25 May 1924 : Violet takes Isobel to visit the Russian aristocrats , now living in poverty . Tom and Mary push the housing development . Rose 's father , Lord Flintshire ( Shrimpy ) announces that he and his wife are divorcing . Lord Merton proposes to Isobel . Miss Baxter witnesses Thomas self - medicating . Mary tells Lord Gillingham she will not marry him . Mr Bricker visits again , to Robert 's disapproval . Miss Bunting goes too far in goading Robert with her left - wing views , and is ordered to leave the house . Sergeant Willis returns to Downton ; whilst in London with Mary , Anna was observed by an undercover officer visiting Lord Gillingham 's flat in Albany . This is explained as her delivering a letter to Gillingham from Mary . However , she then went to Piccadilly , where Green was killed , making the police suspicious . 39 5 `` Episode Five '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 10.39 1924 : Inspector Vyner of Scotland Yard interviews Mary and Anna about Mr Green . Mrs Patmore decides to buy a cottage with her inheritance money and rent it out . Mrs Drewe tells her husband to forbid further contact with Edith . Violet gets the entire story from Rosamund ; they advise Edith to take the child to France . Charles Blake invites Mary to lunch , along with Tony Gillingham 's ex-fiancée , Mabel Lane Fox ; he has a cunning plan to reunite Gillingham and Mabel , leaving him free to court Mary , but Mabel flounces out . Thomas is looking increasingly ill . With Robert away , Mr Bricker visits again and sneaks uninvited to Cora 's bedroom . Robert arrives back early and discovers them . Robert remains distant with Cora , believing she is also at fault . 40 6 `` Episode Six '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 26 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) 9.87 1924 : Violet visits Prince Kuragin . Edith learns that Michael was killed during Hitler 's Beer Hall Putsch . She inherits his publishing company and removes Marigold from the Drewes and goes to London . The police returns and interview Miss Baxter . She admits to some suspicions about Bates and Green . Bates discovers Mary 's contraceptive device hidden in Anna 's drawer and accuses her of not wanting his child because she believes him a murderer . His unused train ticket would have proved he had never gone there , but Mary burned it , believing she was protecting him . Anna and Bates reconcile . Baxter takes Thomas to Dr Clarkson , and he admits he was attempting to `` cure '' his homosexuality . Cora and Robert reconcile . Carson asks Mrs Hughes if she would be interested in investing in a property with him . Robert 's dog , Isis , appears to be unwell . 41 7 `` Episode Seven '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 2 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 10.77 1924 : Rose introduces her new friend Atticus Aldridge and his parents , Lord and Lady Sinderby , to the family . Isobel announces her engagement to Lord Merton . Mrs Drewe tells Cora Edith 's secret , and she goes with Rosamund to see Edith in London . She suggests that Edith return home and pretend to adopt Marigold . Bates and Anna plan their future , and contemplate selling Bates 's mother 's house in London and buying a house or hotel nearby to let out . Tom has written to his cousin in Boston about moving to the United States . Lord Merton 's two sons are rude and insolent to Isobel during dinner ... Atticus proposes to Rose . Robert 's beloved dog Isis is ill with cancer . He and Cora take her into their bed to comfort her in her final hours . 42 8 `` Episode Eight '' Michael Engler Julian Fellowes 9 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 10.44 1924 : Everyone is in London for Rose and Atticus 's wedding . Inspector Vyner calls Anna to take part in an identity parade at Scotland Yard . Tom shares with his sisters - in - law that he plans to move to Boston and become partners with his cousin . Inspector Vyner turns up unexpectedly and arrests Anna on suspicion of Green 's murder , as she was identified by the witness as having been on the pavement near Green just before the accident . The war memorial is unveiled , and Robert unveils a separate stone which he ordered that honours Mrs Patmore 's late nephew . Robert comes to the realisation that Marigold is Edith and the late Michael Gregson 's daughter . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 43 `` A Moorland Holiday '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 25 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 25 ) 7.99 September and December 1924 . Lord and Lady Sinderby invite the Granthams to the country estate they have hired for driven grouse shooting . The Dowager Countess reunites Prince Kuragin and his estranged wife . Carson and Mrs Hughes search for a house as an investment together , but Mrs Hughes reveals she has no money and can not retire as she must pay for her mentally disabled younger sister Becky 's care . Carson reveals he has bought a property in both their names . He then proposes marriage to Mrs Hughes , and she accepts . Isobel declines Lord Merton 's earlier marriage proposal , not wanting to come between him and his sons . Robert learns he has a stomach ulcer , and agrees to stop drinking . He also learns from Edith that Marigold is his granddaughter and agrees to continue the charade that she has been adopted by Edith . To absolve Anna , Bates writes a letter confessing to having attempted to kill Mr Green , and disappears , apparently , to Ireland . Molesley and Baxter find the pub where he had lunch on the day in question , proving he was not in London when Green was killed . Anna is released on bail . A big Christmas party is held for the Downton household . Tom has found work as a writer in America and will be taking his daughter Sybbie with him . Bates returns reunites with Anna . Violet confesses to Isobel that she and Prince Kuragin had attempted to run away together . Series 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The sixth series premiered on 20 September 2015 in the UK and on 3 January 2016 in the United States . This series was the last , the 2015 Christmas special titled `` The Finale '' . Due to increasingly popular ratings worldwide , a film is said to be in production . Series 6 No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 44 `` Episode One '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 20 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 10.32 April 1925 . The local hospital is threatened with a take - over by the larger County Hospital ; the board is split , with Violet objecting , and Isobel approving . Rita Bevan , a former chambermaid at the hotel where Mary and Lord Gillingham stayed , attempts to blackmail Mary by exposing their tryst . Mary refuses to pay , but Rita confronts Robert , who buys her off with £ 50 instead of the £ 1,000 she demanded . Sergeant Willis informs Bates and Anna that a woman has confessed to murdering Green , and the case is closed . Anna is upset at not having had a child . Edith plans to spend more time in London and be more hands - on with the magazine . The family attend an auction at a neighbouring estate which is being sold to pay off debts . The former owner tells Robert that great estates like theirs are obsolete , and advises him to sell up too . 45 `` Episode Two '' Minkie Spiro Julian Fellowes 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 10.04 April 1925 . Mary chides Robert for offering Carson the servants ' hall for his and Mrs Hughes 's wedding reception , and offers the upstairs instead ; Mrs Hughes insists on a separate venue which better represents who they are , which leads to friction between the couple . Edith argues vehemently with Mr Skinner , the magazine 's publisher , whom she believes dislikes all her ideas because she is a woman . Mary takes Anna to a Harley Street doctor , who proposes minor surgery during her next pregnancy to prevent another miscarriage . Mary takes Marigold with her and little George when she goes to inspect the animals at the farm . Mrs Drewe kidnaps the girl during the local livestock show competition ; her husband persuades her to return Marigold . 46 `` Episode Three '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 4 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 10.04 May 1925 . Mrs Patmore tells Cora that Mrs Hughes is unhappy with having her wedding breakfast in Downton 's hall . Violet tries to get Robert to support her view on the hospital merger ; things get nasty at a Board meeting , and an annoyed Isobel is rude to Dr Clarkson . Edith dismisses her editor . Anna is pregnant . Daisy hopes that Mr Mason can take over the Drewes ' farm . She mistakenly believes that Cora has already arranged it . Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes are married in the church . During the wedding breakfast at the village school , Tom Branson and his daughter , Sybbie , unexpectedly arrive from Boston ; he announces he feels Downton is his home and wants to stay . 47 `` Episode Four '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 11 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 10.39 May 1925 . Lady Shackleton visits , with her nephew , Henry Talbot . Lady Rosamund also arrives , and Downton is visited by Mr and Mrs Harding . Anna recognizes and greets Mrs Harding as Gwen , the former Downton housemaid who left service to better herself in a new career . Sergeant Willis asks Baxter to testify against the man with whom she was involved when she stole from a previous employer . Cora persuades Robert and Mary to lease Mason Yew Tree Farm , which Daisy learns from Robert as she is about to confront Cora . Lady Mary rushes Anna to London where the doctor performs the surgery , saving the baby . Bates is delighted to learn that Anna is pregnant . Robert continues to experience stomach pain but dismisses it as indigestion . Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes return from their Scarborough honeymoon and move into a cottage . Edith announces plans to appoint a woman as editor to her magazine . 48 5 `` Episode Five '' Philip John Julian Fellowes 18 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 10.60 May 1925 . Mrs Patmore , Daisy , and Andy help Mr Mason move into the farm . Andy confesses to Thomas that he is illiterate , and accepts Thomas 's offer to teach him in secret . Edith hires Laura Edmunds as her editor , and Edith also becomes romantic with Bertie Pelham . Molesley accompanies Baxter to the trial , but she is not called upon to testify as Coyle accepts a plea . Violet persuades Minister of Health Neville Chamberlain to attend dinner at Downton , and she harangues everyone about the hospital . Robert suddenly vomits blood over the dinner table , collapses , and is rushed to hospital . He has a burst ulcer and survives surgery , but Mary tells Tom that the two of them must take over running the estate , as her father must not be stressed further . Mary becomes suspicious about Marigold 's birth , after hearing a puzzling remark about the child between Cora and Violet . 49 6 `` Episode Six '' Michael Engler Julian Fellowes 25 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 10.31 Early June 1925 . Carson continues to criticise Mrs Hughes 's housekeeping practices at the cottage not being up to standard , to her increasing annoyance . He even complains about how she makes the bed , and suggests she get some cooking pointers from Mrs Patmore . The Board of the Downton Cottage Hospital decides to approve its merger with the Royal Yorkshire Hospital and invites Cora to be their new president , replacing Lady Violet to avoid similar situations in the future . Mary takes Tom to London , where they meet Henry . Henry tells Mary he is falling in love with her . Mary and Tom open the house to the public for a day to raise funds for the hospital . Carson questions Thomas about his meetings with Andy , causing him more distress and reducing him to tears of self - pity . 50 7 `` Episode Seven '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 1 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 10.49 July 1925 . Isobel is puzzled to receive an invitation to the wedding for Lord Merton 's son , Larry and Amelia Cruikshank . Mary receives a telephone call from Henry , who implores her to give him an answer regarding his romantic intentions ; she says he is not the right man for her . Daisy and Molesley sit for their exams ; the latter does so well that the headmaster offers him a teaching job at the school . Mrs Hughes pretends to have injured her hand , forcing Mr Carson to do the cooking and housekeeping at the cottage . Carson is exhausted and gains a new respect for his wife 's efforts . Mrs Patmore 's B&B opens with its first guests . Bertie proposes to Edith , who mentions Marigold and asks for time to consider . Violet has departed to the south of France and gives Robert a new dog . 51 8 `` Episode Eight '' David Evans Julian Fellowes 8 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 11.15 August 1925 . When his cousin dies , Bertie becomes a Marquess . Edith hesitates to tell him that Marigold is her illegitimate daughter . Mary spitefully reveals it at breakfast , and Bertie walks out . After having a heated row with Mary , Edith goes to London , where she and her editor discover that the magazine 's agony aunt , believed to be a female , is in fact Spratt , the Dowager Countess 's butler . When it is revealed that the first couple to stay at Mrs Patmore 's B&B were adulterers , she finds bookings are being cancelled . Cora , and Robert go there for tea , taking a newspaper photographer to record their visit . Molesley begins teaching at the school . Thomas attempts suicide by slashing his wrists . Henry calls Mary again . Mary reveals her fear that Henry will die in a car crash like her late husband , Matthew . Henry is invited back , and Mary agrees to marry him . They marry quickly in the village church . Mary and Edith reconcile . Christmas special No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 52 `` The Finale '' Michael Engler Julian Fellowes 25 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) 11.22 29 September -- 31 December 1925 : Carson fumbles serving dinner when his hands begin shaking . Thomas secures a job with an elderly couple . Molesley leaves service when the Headmaster offers him a teaching position , plus a cottage ; he and Baxter finally express their mutual romantic affection . Lord Merton tells Isobel he suffers from pernicious anaemia , but still wants to marry her . His cruel daughter - in - law , Amelia , prevents Isobel from seeing him . An indignant Violet intervenes , and he enthusiastically agrees to marry Isobel . Andy falls for Daisy , who is uninterested , but she gradually grows to like him . Eventually she decides to live at the farm . Bertie proposes to Edith and she accepts . At Brancaster Castle to announce the engagement , the Crawleys meet Bertie 's moralistic mother Miranda . Edith tells her about her having borne an illegitimate child , Marigold , winning over Mrs Pelham with her honesty . Henry and Tom go into business together selling cars , and Mary tells Henry she is pregnant with his child . Edith and Bertie are married on New Year 's Eve and leave to return to Brancaster Castle , where young Marigold is waiting with her step - grandmother . Dr Clarkson informs Lord Merton that he has only a mild form of anaemia . During the reception , Anna suddenly goes into labour and gives birth to a healthy son . Carson realizes his illness will ultimately prevent him from performing his duties , and tenders his resignation ; Robert reluctantly accepts , and suggests that Thomas return as Butler ; Carson can retire with a pension , retaining an oversight role . Violet accepts that Cora has taken over her prime position within the family , and they reconcile . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 10.245 million on ITV1 , 919,000 on ITV1 HD , and 601,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.824 million on ITV1 , 978,000 on ITV1 HD , and 531,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.880 million on ITV1 , 814,000 on ITV1 HD , and 606,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.155 million on ITV1 , 945,000 on ITV1 HD , and 486,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.867 million on ITV1 , 955,000 on ITV1 HD , and 504,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.811 million on ITV1 , 1.086 million on ITV1 HD , and 383,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 11.180 million on ITV1 , 968,000 on ITV1 HD , and 297,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.672 million on ITV1 , 922,000 on ITV1 HD , and 513,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.952 million on ITV1 , 1.104 m on ITV1 HD , 544,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.606 million on ITV1 , 1.071 m on ITV1 HD , 404,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.425 million on ITV1 , 1.097 m on ITV1 HD , 439,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.219 million on ITV1 , 1.115 m on ITV1 HD , 495,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.31 million on ITV1 , 1.156 m on ITV1 HD , 460,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.478 million on ITV1 , 1.154 m on ITV1 HD , 424,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.167 million on ITV1 , 1.210 m on ITV1 HD , 447,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.574 million on ITV1 , 1.193 m on ITV1 HD , 385,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 8.561 million on ITV1 , 1.127 m on ITV1 HD , 588,000 on ITV1 + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.124 million on ITV , 1.344 m on ITV HD , 484,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 10.256 million on ITV , 1.295 m on ITV HD , 548,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.891 million on ITV , 1.396 m on ITV HD , 576,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.922 million on ITV , 1.219 m on ITV HD , 608,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 9.659 million on ITV , 1.204 m on ITV HD , 529,000 on ITV + 1 . Jump up ^ 7.752 million on ITV , 1.201 m on ITV HD , 454,000 on ITV + 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey ( Masterpiece ) '' . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Downton Abbey ' to be axed after the sixth series in 2015 with cast members already looking for jobs in the US ' '' . Metro ( British newspaper ) . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Series 1 -- 5 based on 7 - day consolidated ratings data from BARB . Christmas Special ( 2014 ) -- Christmas Special ( 2015 ) based on 28 - day consolidated ratings data from BARB . ^ Jump up to : Weekly Top 10 Programmes Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 25 September 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 25 September 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 25 September 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 2 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 2 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 2 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 9 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 9 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 9 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 16 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 16 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 16 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 23 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 23 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 23 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 30 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 30 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 30 October 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 06 November 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 06 November 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 06 November 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 25 December 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 25 December 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 25 December 2011 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday , Josh ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey : ITV confirms third series '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey , Season 3 -- The Phenomenon Lives On ! '' . PBS . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 16 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 16 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 16 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey Season 3 premiere draws record ratings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . The Season 3 premiere of the World War I - era British costume epic on PBS on Sunday drew 7.9 million total viewers , its highest total yet , according to Nielsen. That figure is four times PBS ' typical nightly average and nearly twice the 4.2 million who showed up for the Season 2 premiere last January . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 23 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 23 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 23 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 30 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 30 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 30 September 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 7 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 7 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 7 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 14 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 14 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 14 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 21 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 21 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 21 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 28 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 28 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 28 October 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 4 November 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 4 November 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 4 November 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ITV Commissions a fourth series of Downton Abbey '' . ITV. 23 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Paul ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey Christmas special 2012 plot details revealed '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes talks Season 4 '' . CBS News ET Online . 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV1 w / e 30 December 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 HD w / e 30 December 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV1 + 1 w / e 30 December 2012 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV w / e 22 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 22 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 22 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV w / e 29 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 29 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 29 September 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV w / e 6 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 6 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 6 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV w / e 13 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 13 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 13 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV w / e 20 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 20 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 20 October 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV w / e 29 December 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV HD w / e 29 December 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes : ITV + 1 w / e 29 December 2013 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey series 5 confirmed for 2014 after series 4 becomes biggest drama on TV this year '' . Mirror. 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . hide Downton Abbey Character list Episode list Series 1 Series 2 Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Downton_Abbey_episodes&oldid=843918972 '' Categories : Downton Abbey Lists of British period drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Magyar 日本語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 10 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes were in season 1 of downton abbey	[ "\n\nSeries\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nAve. UK viewers\n(millions)[3]\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n7\n26 September 2010 (2010-09-26)\n7 November 2010 (2010-11-07)\n9.70\n\n\n\n2\n8 (+1)\n18 September 2011 (2011-09-18)\n6 November 2011 (2011-11-06)\n25 December 2011 (special)\n11.68\n\n\n\n3\n8 (+1)\n16 September 2012 (2012-09-16)\n4 November 2012 (2012-11-04)\n25 December 2012 (special)\n11.91\n\n\n\n4\n8 (+1)\n22 September 2013 (2013-09-22)\n10 November 2013 (2013-11-10)\n25 December 2013 (special)\n11.84\n\n\n\n5\n8 (+1)\n21 September 2014 (2014-09-21)\n9 November 2014 (2014-11-09)\n25 December 2014 (special)\n10.40\n\n\n\n6\n8 (+1)\n20 September 2015 (2015-09-20)\n8 November 2015 (2015-11-08)\n25 December 2015 (special)\n10.42\n\n" ]	[ "7" ]
-1118538869966878656	Danny Cooksey	Danny Cooksey - wikipedia Danny Cooksey Danny Cooksey Daniel Ray Allen Cooksey Jr . ( 1975 - 11 - 02 ) November 2 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Moore , Oklahoma , U.S. Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1983 -- present Spouse ( s ) Amber Leigh ( m . 1998 ) Children Daniel Ray Allen `` Danny '' Cooksey Jr. ( born November 2 , 1975 ) is an American actor and singer . He is best known for his roles in television shows , such as Diff'rent Strokes during the final three seasons , The Cavanaughs , and Salute Your Shorts , and for providing the voice of Montana Max in Tiny Toon Adventures . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Music 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Cooksey was born in Moore , Oklahoma , the son of Melody Ann ( née Wagoner ) and Daniel Ray Allen Cooksey , Sr. Cooksey married make - up artist Amber Leigh in 1998 . They have a daughter , Zoe Leigh , and a son , Jackson Paul ( born February 25 , 2011 ) . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) In 1979 , Cooksey and his mother moved to Los Angeles with the intention of pursuing a career in country music . When an agent saw Cooksey 's performance , he invited the young actor to audition for Diff'rent Strokes ; he was cast as Sam McKinney , a part he played for the last three seasons . He also played Kevin Cavanaugh in The Cavanaughs , Bobby Budnick in Salute Your Shorts , John Connor 's friend Tim in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , the title character in The Further Adventures of SuperTed , Montana Max in Tiny Toon Adventures , Jack Spicer in Xiaolin Showdown and the title character in Dave the Barbarian . He also lent his voice to the Kids ' WB animated series Static Shock as Francis Stone / Hotstreak . Music ( edit ) Cooksey was the lead singer in the band Bad4Good ; they released one CD , Refugee , for Interscope Records in 1992 . He was also a band member of Lucy 's Milk in 1996 and Arbuckle in 2004 . In between Bad4Good and Lucy 's Milk , Cooksey attempted to form another super group called Sheriff . Sheriff consisted of Cooksey , his friends and former Salute Your Shorts castmates Blake Sennett and Michael Bower and his former bandmate in Bad4Good Zach Young . The Sheriff project was scrapped when they could n't land a record deal . In 2013 , Cooksey worked with L.A. Country and Western band Shelter Dogs providing guitar and vocals . He still makes sporadic appearances with Shelter Dogs . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1988 Mac and Me Jack , Jr . 1991 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day Tim 1992 Mom and Dad Save The World Alan Nelson 2012 The Lorax Brett / Chet ( voices ) 2017 Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie Stoop Kid ( voice ) TV movie Television Year Title Role Notes The Dukes of Hazzard Terry Lee Episode : `` A Boy 's Best Friend '' 1984 -- 86 Diff'rent Strokes Sam McKinney 48 episodes 1985 The Twilight Zone Little Boy Episode : `` Act Break / The Burning Man / Dealer 's Choice '' 1986 Mr. Belvedere Tommy Sullivan Episode ; `` The Play '' 1986 Riptide Jordan Bernbaum Episode : `` Dead Men Do n't Floss '' 1986 MacGyver Darin Cooper Episode `` Eagles '' 1986 A Smoky Mountain Christmas Jasper Movie 1986 -- 87 Pound Puppies Casey / Tiny / Mervin ( voices ) 3 episodes 1986 -- 89 The Cavanaughs Kevin Cavanaugh 26 episodes Werewolf Davey Harris Episode : `` The Boy Who Cried Werewolf '' Growing Pains New Ben Episode : `` This Is Your Life '' Little Clowns of Happytown Big Top 17 Episodes The Little Troll Prince Bu - the Little Troll Prince ( voice ) Movie 1988 The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley Wendell Malone ( voice ) Episode : `` Tall , Dark and Hansom '' 1988 Superman George Episode : `` Cybron Strikes / The First Day of School '' 1989 ABC Weekend Special P.J. Funnybunny ( voice ) Episode : `` P.J. Funnybunny '' 1989 The Further Adventures of SuperTed SuperTed ( voice ) American dub Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures Deacon Logan ( voice ) Episode : `` Model ' T ' for Ted '' 1990 -- 92 Tiny Toon Adventures Montana Max / Horace Goulash / Sheriff of Naughtyham / Montiarity / Monty 's Imagination 20 episodes 1991 -- 92 Salute Your Shorts Robert `` Bobby '' Budnick 20 episodes 1992 The Idiot Box Jared Huggins / Prank Caller 3 episodes 1992 The Plucky Duck Show Montana Max ( voice ) 3 episodes 1992 -- 94 The Little Mermaid Urchin ( voice ) 10 episodes 1993 -- 94 The Ren & Stimpy Show Victor ( voice ) 3 episodes Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Josh Dugan Episode : `` The Tale of the Guardian 's Curse '' 1994 ; 1996 ABC Afterschool Special Jake / Todd 2 episodes Hey Arnold ! Stoop Kid ( voice ) Episode : `` Arnold 's Hat / Stoop Kid '' 1997 -- 98 101 Dalmatians Mooch 15 episodes 1997 -- 2000 Pepper Ann Milo Kamalani ( voice ) 19 episodes 1999 The Wild Thornberrys Wanuug ( voice ) Episode : `` Polar Opposites '' 2000 ; 2002 -- 04 Static Shock Hotstreak / Francis Stone / F - Stop ( voices ) 10 episodes As Told by Ginger Lifeguard ( voice ) Episode : `` The Right Stuff '' 2001 -- 02 ; 2006 Invader Zim Keef / Melvin / Dirge / Customer / Greg / Small Child / Screaming Guy / Random Head / Pizza Man / Agent Disembodied Head ( voices ) 5 episodes 2001 ; 2006 -- 07 What 's with Andy ? Peter Lik 6 episodes 2002 - 2003 Ozzy & Drix Shane Episode : `` Puberty alert '' 2003 Rocket Power Production Assistant ( voice ) Episode : `` Reggie 's Big ( Beach ) Break '' 2003 ; 2005 Kim Possible Jake ( voice ) 2 episodes 2003 -- 06 Xiaolin Showdown Jack Spicer ( voice ) 52 episodes Dave the Barbarian Dave the Barbarian ( voice ) 21 episodes 2008 -- 09 The Secret Saturdays Paul Cheechoo 3 episodes 2009 Phineas and Ferb Thadeus ( voice ) Episode : `` Thaddeus and Thor / De Plane ! De Plane ! '' G.I. Joe : Renegades Snake Eyes / Young Snake Eyes ( voices ) 2 episodes Pound Puppies Joey Wald / Chucky / Humphrey / Teen Boy # 2 / Volleyball Player / Chip / Biker / Chubby Puppy / Security Guard / Yipper ( voices ) 7 episodes 2010 -- 12 Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil Brad Buttowski 43 episodes 2011 -- 12 ; 2014 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Peng / Villager # 2 / Thug # 1 3 episodes 2014 -- 15 Regular Show Stan / Yoga Instructor / Officer Glenn / Reggie ( voices ) 2 episodes Video games Year Title Voice role 2003 Arc the Lad : Twilight of the Spirits Maru 2003 Need for Speed : Underground Additional voices 2005 Medal of Honor : European Assault Additional voices 2005 Quake 4 Anderson 2006 24 : The Game Additional US voiceover 2006 Xiaolin Showdown Jack Spicer 2007 Meet the Robinsons Emperor Stanley 2007 Medal of Honor : Airborne Additional voices 2009 MadWorld Leo Fallmont / Scared Businessman / Killseeker 3 2009 Stormrise Coop / Ranger Soldier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Cooksey Biography ( 1975 - ) '' . Filmreference.com. 1975 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hey Arnold movie : Nickeloden ( sic ) announces title , 19 original actors returning Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Danny Cooksey on IMDb Arbuckle ( current band ) MySpace WorldCat Identities MusicBrainz : 9f353286 - c248 - 4686 - 8ec4 - 4619668ba8be VIAF : 315534298 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Cooksey&oldid=860556002 '' Categories : 1975 births American male child actors American male film actors American child singers American male singers American singers American male television actors American male voice actors Living people Male actors from Oklahoma People from Moore , Oklahoma Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Français Português Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 13 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played john connor's friend in terminator 2	[ "Daniel Ray Allen \"Danny\" Cooksey Jr. (born November 2, 1975) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his roles in television shows, such as Diff'rent Strokes during the final three seasons, The Cavanaughs, and Salute Your Shorts, and for providing the voice of Montana Max in Tiny Toon Adventures.\n" ]	[ "Daniel Ray Allen \"Danny\" Cooksey Jr." ]
2773104143820751125	The Great Gig in the Sky	The Great Gig in the Sky - wikipedia The Great Gig in the Sky Jump to : navigation , search `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album The Dark Side of the Moon Published World Copyrights Ltd Released 1 March 1973 Recorded September 1972 -- January 1973 Genre Progressive rock Length 4 : 36 Label Harvest Songwriter ( s ) Richard Wright , Clare Torry Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd Audio sample file help Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd track listing 26 tracks ( show ) Disc one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow '' Disc two `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' is the fifth track on The Dark Side of the Moon , the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd . The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Clare Torry 's vocals 3 Quotes from those involved 4 Lawsuit 5 Spoken parts 6 Live performances 7 Commercial re-use 8 Cover versions 9 Personnel 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) The song began life as a Richard Wright chord progression , known variously as `` The Mortality Sequence '' or `` The Religion Song '' . During 1972 it was performed live as a simple organ instrumental , accompanied by spoken - word samples from the Bible and snippets of speeches by Malcolm Muggeridge , a British writer known for his conservative religious views . When the band came to record Dark Side in 1973 , the lead instrument had been switched to a piano . Various sound effects were tried over the track , including recordings of NASA astronauts communicating on space missions , but none were satisfactory . Finally , a couple of weeks before the album was due to be finished , the band thought of having a female singer `` wail '' over the music . Clare Torry 's vocals ( edit ) As the band began casting around for a singer , album engineer Alan Parsons suggested Clare Torry , a 25 - year - old songwriter and session vocalist . Parsons had previously worked with Torry , and had liked her voice on a compilation album of covers . An accountant from Abbey Road Studios called Dennis contacted Torry and tried to arrange a session for the same evening , but she was initially unenthusiastic . Torry was not a particular fan of Pink Floyd , and she had various other commitments , including , she later admitted , tickets to see Chuck Berry that evening . Eventually , however , a session was scheduled for the following Sunday . The band played the instrumental track for Torry and asked her to improvise a vocal . At first , Torry struggled to divine what the band wanted , but then she was inspired to pretend that she herself was an instrument . She performed two complete takes , the second one more emotional than the first . David Gilmour asked for a third take , but halfway through Torry stopped , feeling she was getting repetitive and had already done the best she could . The final album track was assembled from all three takes . The members of the band were deeply impressed by Torry 's performance , but were so reserved in their outward response that she left under the impression that her vocals would never make the final cut . She only became aware they were used when she saw the album at a local record store , spotted her name in the credits and purchased it . Quotes from those involved ( edit ) Richard Wright : Great Gig in the Sky ? It was just me playing in the studio , playing some chords , and probably Dave or Roger saying `` Hmm ... that sounds nice . Maybe we could use that for this part of the album . '' And then , me going away and trying to develop it . So then I wrote the music for that , and then there was a middle bit , with Clare Torry singing , that fantastic voice . We wanted something for that bit , and she came in and sang on it . Roger Waters : It was something that Rick had already written . It 's a great chord sequence . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' and the piano part on `` Us and Them , '' in my view , are the best things that Rick did -- they 're both really beautiful . And Alan ( Parsons ) suggested Clare Torry . I 've no idea whose idea it was to have someone wailing on it . Clare came into the studio one day , and we said , `` There 's no lyrics . It 's about dying -- have a bit of a sing on that , girl . '' I think she only did one take . And we all said , `` Wow , that 's that done . Here 's your sixty quid . '' Alan Parsons : She ( Torry ) had done a covers album ; I can remember that she did a version of `` Light My Fire . '' I just thought she had a great voice . When the situation came up , they started head - scratching , saying , `` Who are we going to get to sing on this ? '' I said , `` I 've got an idea -- I know this girl . '' She came , and in a couple of hours it was all done . She had to be told not to sing any words : when she first started , she was doing `` Oh yeah baby '' and all that kind of stuff , so she had to be restrained on that . But there was no real direction -- she just had to feel it . David Gilmour : Clare Torry did n't really look the part . She was Alan Parsons ' idea . We wanted to put a girl on there , screaming orgasmically . Alan had worked with her previously , so we gave her try . And she was fantastic . We had to encourage her a little bit . We gave her some dynamic hints : `` Maybe you 'd like to do this piece quietly , and this piece louder . '' She did maybe half a dozen takes , and then afterwards we compiled the final performance out of all the bits . It was n't done in one single take . Clare Torry : I went in , put the headphones on , and started going ' Ooh - aah , baby , baby -- yeah , yeah , yeah . ' They said , ' No , no -- we do n't want that . If we wanted that we 'd have got Doris Troy . ' They said , ' Try some longer notes ' , so I started doing that a bit . And all this time , I was getting more familiar with the backing track . ( ... ) That was when I thought , ' Maybe I should just pretend I 'm an instrument . ' So I said , ' Start the track again . ' One of my most enduring memories is that there was a lovely can ( i.e headphone ) balance . Alan Parsons got a lovely sound on my voice : echoey , but not too echoey . When I closed my eyes -- which I always did -- it was just all - enveloping ; a lovely vocal sound , which for a singer , is always inspirational . Chris Thomas , who was brought in to assist Alan Parsons in mixing the album mentions that they were actually in mixdown at the time . On the DVD Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , various members mention that they had this song and were n't quite sure what to do with it . Wright further mentions that when she finished , she was apologetic about her performance even though those present were amazed at her improvisation . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 2004 , Torry sued Pink Floyd and EMI for songwriting royalties , on the basis that her contribution to `` Great Gig in the Sky '' constituted co-authorship with Richard Wright . Originally , she had been paid the standard Sunday flat studio rate of £ 30 ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2015 ) . In 2005 , prior to a hearing in the High Court , an out - of - court settlement was reached . Although the terms of the settlement were not disclosed all pressings after 2005 list the composition to Richard Wright and Clare Torry . Spoken parts ( edit ) On Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , it is pointed out that during the recording of the album , in which death and life had been a consistent theme , the members of the band went around asking questions and recording responses by the folks working inside Abbey Road . Among the questions , they were asked `` Are you afraid of dying ? '' The responses of doorman Gerry O'Driscoll and the wife of their road Manager Peter Watts were used , as well as other spoken parts throughout the album ( `` I 've always been mad '' `` That geezer was cruisin ' for a bruisin '' ) ( At 0 : 38 ) And I am not frightened of dying . Any time will do , I do n't mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it -- you 've got to go sometime . -- Gerry O'Driscoll , Abbey Road Studios janitorial `` browncoat '' ( At 3 : 33 , faintly ) I never said I was frightened of dying . -- Patricia ' Puddie ' Watts , wife of road manager Peter Watts Live performances ( edit ) An early incarnation of the song , titled `` The Mortality Sequence '' and lacking the vocals later contributed by Clare Torry , was performed by Pink Floyd throughout 1972 . In its final version , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' was performed live from 1973 -- 1975 , and from 1987 -- 1994 . During the band 's 1974 -- 1975 tour , David Gilmour played both pedal steel guitar and the Hammond organ , allowing Richard Wright to concentrate solely on piano ( his keyboards were arranged where he could n't play both ) . Gilmour 's pedal steel for `` Great Gig '' was located accordingly beside Wright 's Hammond . Starting in 1987 , additional touring keyboardist Jon Carin took over the Hammond parts . Up to three singers performed the vocals , each taking different parts of the song . On the 1974 -- 75 tour , vocal duties were handled by Venetta Fields and Carlena Williams , both former members of The Blackberries . On the Delicate Sound of Thunder video , the vocals are shared by Rachel Fury , Durga McBroom and Margret Taylor . Clare Torry returned for the Knebworth ' 90 concert . The 1994 live album P U L S E features a version sung by Sam Brown , Durga McBroom and Claudia Fontaine . When the Floyd 's manager , Steve O'Rourke , died in 2003 , Gilmour , Wright , and Mason played `` Fat Old Sun '' and `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' at O'Rourke's funeral . Commercial re-use ( edit ) A short clip of the song was used in a 1974 TV advertisement for Dole bananas . A re-recorded version was used as the backing music in a UK television advertisement for the analgesic Nurofen in 1990 . The band was not involved in this version , but Clare Torry again did the vocal with Neil Conti on drums and Lati Kronlund on bass . ' Rick wrote that music . He remade it for them . It 's down to the writer . If my name had been on that track too it would n't have happened . I would n't do it . But that 's Rick 's business . I did n't approve of it , but I have no control over it . ' -- David Gilmour , Cover versions ( edit ) On the Easy Star All - Stars ' Dub Side of the Moon album , there are two different dub music versions of the track , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' ( Track 4 ) and `` Great Dub in the Sky '' ( Track 11 ) . The London Philharmonic Orchestra performs an instrumental version , arranged by Jaz Coleman and conducted by Peter Scholes , on the 1995 album Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd . Phish does a live cover on track 6 of disc 3 of Live Phish Vol. 7 . Seattle local band The Squirrels did a full - length parody `` tribute '' of The Dark Side of the Moon in 1999 entitled The Not - So - Bright Side of the Moon . Their version of `` Great Gig '' has vocalist Baby Cheevers singing after guitarist Joey Kline says `` Sorry , the girl did n't show up ! '' On the 2009 Flaming Lips remake of Dark Side , Peaches performs Clare Torry 's vocals and Henry Rollins recreates the interview samples . The progressive metal band Dream Theater performs this song in their `` Official Bootlegs : Covers '' series , with Theresa Thomason taking over vocal duties . The Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps , from Canton , Ohio , played an arrangement of the song with multiple trumpets performing the vocal part for their Drum Corps International world championship winning 2016 show `` Down Side Up . '' Personnel ( edit ) Richard Wright -- piano , Hammond organ David Gilmour -- pedal steel guitar Roger Waters -- bass Nick Mason -- drums with : Clare Torry -- vocals References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Some CD pressings merge `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , Discography : The Dark Side of the Moon Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 142 ; Mabbett 1995 ; Blake 2008 , pp. 198 . See also Nerpil , Hannah ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` Richard Wright 's Greatest Hits : 10 Pink Floyd Classics '' . The Times Online . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Most of the material in this paragraph is compiled from Blake 2008 , pp. 198 -- 199 ; Harris 2006 , pp. 141 -- 144 ; Mason 2005 , pp. 174 . Jump up ^ Blake 2008 , pp. 198 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 5 : 48 . I was convinced it would never see the light of day because they had n't commented . They had n't said `` great '' , `` awful '' , nothing ! I honestly thought they did n't like it . And I did n't give it much thought because I never thought anybody would hear it . Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 6 : 44 . There used to be a record shop in King 's Road ( ... ) near where I lived , and there in the window was this now - familiar cover , `` Pink Floyd new album '' , so I thought `` oh I wonder if that 's what I did '' , see I had no idea . And so I walked in and opened the album . ( ... ) I do n't think it had a title when I did the singing , it was just called `` scat '' or something , and there it was `` Great Gig in the Sky '' , vocals Clare Torry , so I thought `` oh I 'll have to buy that '' . Jump up ^ Kendall , Charlie ( 1984 ) . `` Shades of Pink -- The Definitive Pink Floyd Profile '' . The Source Radio Show . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Roger Waters '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Alan Parsons '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : David Gilmour '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , John ( October 2005 ) . `` Clare Torry - Brain Damage exclusive '' . Brain Damage . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Nick Wright interview , Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ `` Seventies Singer '' . 2005 . Retrieved 23 January 2009 . A female vocalist may have become the first British artist to win an out - of - court settlement for a piece of music recorded over 30 years ago . Clare Torry was paid £ 30 to perform on Pink Floyd 's 1973 album ' Dark Side of the Moon ' and was given a written credit at the time . Yet the session singer , who contributed to the track The Great Gig in the Sky , has taken her claim to the High Court where she has won a half - share on copyright ownership on the song performed . Although most details of the case are secret , the Daily Telegraph has reported the singer secured a cash payment with Pink Floyd and their label , EMI . Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 135 ^ Jump up to : Sutcliffe , Phil ; Henderson , Peter ( March 1998 ) . `` The True Story of Dark Side of the Moon '' . Mojo ( 52 ) . Retrieved from http://www.pinkfloyd-co.com/band/interviews/art-rev/art-mojo98.html on 23 December 2010 . There is confusion in this article over who `` Puddie '' or `` Puddy '' Watts is . For clarification see Harris 2006 or David Gilmour 's response to the Mojo article , retrieved from http://pinkfloyd.1accesshost.com/artic/letter.htm Jump up ^ Mason 2005 Jump up ^ Manning , Toby ( 2006 ) . `` Which One 's Pink ? '' . The Rough Guide to Pink Floyd ( 1st ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 147 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 575 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Dole Bananas Commercial '' . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Echoes FAQ '' . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phil Sutcliffe ( July 1995 ) . `` The 30 Year Technicolor Dream '' . Mojo Magazine . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Bibliography Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) . Comfortably Numb -- The Inside Story of Pink Floyd . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81752 - 7 . Harris , John ( 2006 ) . The Dark Side of the Moon ( third ed . ) . Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 779090 - 6 . Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Mason , Nick ( 2005 ) . Philip Dodd , ed . Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd ( Paperback ed . ) . Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1906 - 6 . Povey , Glenn ( 2007 ) . Echoes . Mind Head Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9554624 - 0 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Dark Side of the Moon Songs Side one `` Speak to Me '' `` Breathe '' `` On the Run '' `` Time '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Side two `` Money '' `` Us and Them '' `` Any Colour You Like '' `` Brain Damage '' `` Eclipse '' Related articles Dark Side of the Moon Tour The Dark Side of the Moon Live Dark Side of the Rainbow Darkside Tribute albums Dub Side of the Moon Dubber Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs Doing The Dark Side of the Moon From the Dark Side of the Moon Return to the Dark Side of the Moon Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gig_in_the_Sky&oldid=801204168 '' Categories : 1973 songs Pink Floyd songs The Flaming Lips songs Peaches ( musician ) songs Rock instrumentals Songs about death Songs written by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the vocals for pink floyd's great gig in the sky	[ "\"The Great Gig in the Sky\" is the fifth track[nb 1] on The Dark Side of the Moon, the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry." ]	[ "Clare Torry" ]
-176198940703313130	Pork ribs	Pork ribs - wikipedia Pork ribs Balinese roasted pork ribs Pork ribs are a cut of pork popular in Western and Asian cuisines . The ribcage of a domestic pig , meat and bones together , is cut into usable pieces , prepared by smoking , grilling , or baking -- usually with a sauce , often barbecue -- and then served . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cuts of pork ribs 1.1 Baby back ribs 1.2 Spare ribs 1.3 Rib tips 1.4 Riblets 1.5 Other cuts and preparations 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cuts of pork ribs ( edit ) Several different types of ribs are available , depending on the section of rib cage from which they are cut . Variation in the thickness of the meat and bone , as well as levels of fat in each cut , can alter the flavor and texture of the prepared dish . The inner surface of the rib cage is covered by a layer of connective tissue ( pleura ) that is difficult to cook tender ; it is usually removed before marinating or cooking . Baby back ribs served with fries and cornbread Baby back ribs ( edit ) Smoked baby back pork ribs Baby back ribs ( also back ribs or loin ribs ) are taken from the top of the rib cage between the spine and the spare ribs , below the loin muscle . They have meat between the bones and on top of the bones , and are shorter , curved , and sometimes meatier than spare ribs . The rack is shorter at one end , due to the natural tapering of a pig 's rib cage . The shortest bones are typically only about 3 in ( 7.6 cm ) and the longest is usually about 6 in ( 15 cm ) , depending on the size of the hog . A pig side has 15 to 16 ribs ( depending on the breed ) , but usually two or three are left on the shoulder when it is separated from the loin . So , a rack of back ribs contains a minimum of eight ribs ( some may be trimmed if damaged ) , but can include up to 13 ribs , depending on how it has been prepared by the butcher . A typical commercial rack has 10 -- 13 bones . If fewer than 10 bones are present , butchers call them `` cheater racks '' . Spare ribs ( edit ) Spare ribs cut into riblets with Chinese barbecue sauce Main article : Spare ribs Spare ribs , also called `` spareribs '' or `` side ribs '' , are taken from the belly side of the rib cage , below the section of back ribs and above the sternum ( breast bone ) . Spare ribs are flatter and contain more bone than meat , but more fat that can make the ribs more tender than back ribs . The term `` spare ribs '' is a Middle English corruption ( via `` sparrib '' ) of `` rippspeer '' , a Low German term that referred to racks of meat being roasted on a turning spit . St. Louis style ribs ( or St. Louis cut spare ribs ) have had the sternum bone , cartilage , and rib tips ( see below ) removed . The shape is almost rectangular . Kansas City style ribs are trimmed less closely than the St. Louis style ribs , and have the hard bone removed . Rib tips ( edit ) Rib tips are short , meaty sections of rib attached to the lower end of the spare ribs , between the ribs and the sternum . Unlike back ribs or spare ribs , the structure of the rib is provided by dense costal cartilage , not bone . Rib tips are cut away from the spare ribs when preparing St. Louis style spare ribs . Riblets ( edit ) Barbecue country style pork ribs Smoked country style pork ribs Riblets are prepared by butchers by cutting a full set of spare ribs approximately in half . This produces a set of short , flat ribs where the curved part of the rib is removed and gives them a more uniform look . Loin back ribs do n't always have this removed . When not removed they have a rounded look to them and are often referred to as baby back ribs . Another product ( imprecisely ) called riblets is actually the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae . Riblets used to be thrown out by butchers , but have become popular due to their excellent flavor and lower cost . Button ribs ( or feather bones ) are often confused with riblets mostly because Applebee 's sells these as `` riblets '' . In fact , what Applebee 's sells is found just past the ribs near the back bone , just underneath the tenderloin . This cut of meat actually has no bones , but instead has `` buttons '' of cartilaginous material with meat attached . Rib tips ( or brisket ) are found at the bottom of the spare ribs by the sternum . The rib tips have a high proportion of cartilage . The rib tips give the spare ribs a rounded appearance . In an attempt to give the meat a more uniform appearance and make it easier to eat , this piece is sometimes removed , and the remaining spare ribs are referred to as Saint Louis style ribs . Other cuts and preparations ( edit ) Crown rib roast of pork with apples Button ribs are flat , circular - shaped bones located at the sirloin end of the loin . They are not actually ribs , as they are not taken from the rib cage . The button ribs consist of the last four to six bones on the backbone ; they do not have actual ribs connected to them . The meat on the button ribs consists of meat that covers each button and connects them together . Country - style ribs are cut from the blade end of the loin close to the pork shoulder . They are meatier than other rib cuts . They contain no rib bones , but instead contain parts of the shoulder blade ( scapula ) . Rib roast ( or bone - in pork loin rib roast , bone - in loin rib roast , center cut rib roast , prime rib of pork , standing rib roast ) is a whole pork loin with the back ribs attached . They can be up to 2 ft long and 6 in thick . They are sold whole or in sections . Rib chops are pork steaks or chops that include a back rib bone and the loin meat attached . They are lean and tender . Rib patties -- The meat from the ribs is taken off the bone and ground to make rib patties . McDonald 's McRib patties contain pork meat mostly from non-rib sections of the hog . Christmas ribs -- About half of Norwegian families eat oven - cooked rib at Christmas Eve . Normally , they are referred to as ribbe or juleribbe . Traditional recipes include steaming half an hour before cooking in the oven to achieve a crisp surface . See also ( edit ) Food portal Ribs ( food ) Beef ribs Galbi Rack of lamb Pork belly References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Universal Lexikon Jump up ^ The Straight Dope Jump up ^ Amelia Allonsy . `` How to Cook Boneless Rib Patties '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ forskning.no Jump up ^ Recipe from klikk.no External links ( edit ) Media related to Pork ribs at Wikimedia Commons hide Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Pigs in Space Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Porco Rosso Spider - Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Toot & Puddle Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Barbecue Cooking styles Asado Barbacoa Char siu Churrasco Indirect grilling Korean barbecue Mangal Mixed grill Mongolian barbecue Schwenker Shao Kao Shisa nyama Siu mei Yakiniku Regional variations of barbecue Barbecue in the United States Barbecue in North Carolina Barbecue in Oklahoma Barbecue in South Carolina Barbecue in Texas Kansas City - style barbecue Memphis - style barbecue Santa Maria - style barbecue St. Louis - style barbecue Cookers and related Barbecue grill Barrel barbecue Briquette Buccan Charbroiler Charcoal lighter fluid Chimney starter Disposable grill Flattop grill Gridiron Grilling Hibachi Kamado Pit barbecue Propane Shichirin Skewer Smoking Foods and dishes List of barbecue dishes List of smoked foods Anticuchos Arrosticini Bakkwa Barbecue chicken Barbecue sandwich Barbecue sauce Brochette Bulgogi Bull roast Burnt ends Cha siu bao Chuan Churrasco Cocoloşi Corn on the cob Espetada Fatányéros Frigărui Galinha à Africana Isaw Jeok Jujeh kabab Kabab Barg Kai yang Kebab Khorkhog Khorovats Kofte kebab Lechon Mashawi Méchoui Meurav Yerushalmi Mixiote Mućkalica Neobiani Pig pickin ' Pig roast Pinchitos Provoleta Pulled pork Ražnjići Red slaw Satay Sausage sizzle Shashlik Shish kebab Shish taouk Spare ribs Sosatie Souvlaki Suckling pig Suya Tsukune Yakitori Misc . Barbecue restaurant List of barbecue restaurants Churrascaria Food portal Commons WikiProject Food and drink Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_ribs&oldid=841488607 '' Categories : Cuts of pork Soul food Cuisine of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Suomi Svenska 粵語中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do spare ribs come from on a pig	[ "Spare ribs, also called \"spareribs\" or \"side ribs\", are taken from the belly side of the rib cage, below the section of back ribs and above the sternum (breast bone). Spare ribs are flatter and contain more bone than meat, but more fat that can make the ribs more tender than back ribs. The term \"spare ribs\" is a Middle English corruption (via \"sparrib\") of \"rippspeer\", a Low German term that referred to racks of meat being roasted on a turning spit.[1][2]" ]	[ "from the belly side of the rib cage, below the section of back ribs and above the sternum (breast bone)" ]
-6990676211118647849	2017 NBA Playoffs	2017 NBA Playoffs - wikipedia 2017 NBA Playoffs Jump to : navigation , search 2017 NBA Playoffs Dates April 15 -- June 12 , 2017 Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 16 Champions Golden State Warriors ( 5th title ) Runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4th finals appearance ) Semifinalists San Antonio Spurs Boston Celtics ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 2016 -- 17 season , which began in October 2016 . The playoffs began on April 15 , 2017 . The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors defeating the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . Kevin Durant was named the NBA Finals MVP . The Warriors ' NBA championship run also set the record for the fewest games played to win an NBA championship since the first - round was changed in 2003 to a best - of - seven format , which is 17 , one more than the minimum number of 16 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Western Conference 1.2 Eastern Conference 1.3 First round 1.4 Conference Semifinals 1.5 Conference Finals 1.6 NBA Finals 2 Format 3 Playoff qualifying 3.1 Eastern Conference 3.2 Western Conference 4 Bracket 5 First Round 5.1 Eastern Conference 5.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 8 ) Chicago Bulls 5.1. 2 ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 7 ) Indiana Pacers 5.1. 3 ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks 5.1. 4 ( 4 ) Washington Wizards vs. ( 5 ) Atlanta Hawks 5.2 Western Conference 5.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 8 ) Portland Trail Blazers 5.2. 2 ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 7 ) Memphis Grizzlies 5.2. 3 ( 3 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 6 ) Oklahoma City Thunder 5.2. 4 ( 4 ) Los Angeles Clippers vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6 Conference Semifinals 6.1 Eastern Conference Semifinals 6.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Washington Wizards 6.1. 2 ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors 6.2 Western Conference Semifinals 6.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6.2. 2 ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 3 ) Houston Rockets 7 Conference Finals 7.1 Eastern Conference Finals 7.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers 7.2 Western Conference Finals 7.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs 8 2017 NBA Finals : ( E2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( W1 ) Golden State Warriors 9 Statistical leaders 10 Media coverage 10.1 Television 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Western Conference ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors clinched the earliest playoffs berth in NBA history ( on February 25 ) , clinched the best record in the league for 3rd straight season and entered their fifth consecutive postseason for the first time since making 6 straight appearances from 1947 -- 52 . The San Antonio Spurs entered their 20th consecutive postseason , including back - to - back 60 + wins for the first time in franchise history . However , they were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Conference Finals . The Houston Rockets entered their fifth consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Semifinals . The Los Angeles Clippers entered their franchise record sixth consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the Utah Jazz in the first round . The Utah Jazz clinched the playoffs spot for the first time since 2012 and their first playoffs series win since 2010 . However , they were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Conference Semifinals . The Oklahoma City Thunder entered their 2nd consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the Houston Rockets in the first round , their earliest exit since 2010 . The Memphis Grizzlies entered their seventh consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round for the second straight year . The Portland Trail Blazers entered their fourth consecutive postseason . However , they were swept by Golden State Warriors in the first round . Eastern Conference ( edit ) The Boston Celtics entered their third consecutive postseason and clinched the best record in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 2008 . However , they were eliminated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals . The defending champions Cleveland Cavaliers entered their third consecutive postseason . However , they were defeated by the Golden State Warriors in the NBA Finals . The Toronto Raptors entered their fourth consecutive postseason , including back - to - back 50 + wins for the first time in franchise history . However , they were swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Semifinals . The Washington Wizards , Milwaukee Bucks & Chicago Bulls clinched a playoff spot for the first time since 2015 . Milwaukee and Chicago were eliminated by Toronto and Boston , respectively . The Washington Wizards were eliminated by the Boston Celtics in the Conference Semifinals . It should also be noted that Game 6 of the Wizards - Celtics game was the last time before Verizon Center renames to Capital One Arena . The Atlanta Hawks entered their 10th consecutive postseason , one shy of their postseason streak of 11 ( 1963 - 73 ) . However , they were eliminated by the Washington Wizards in the first round . The Indiana Pacers entered their second consecutive postseason . However , they were swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round . With a 4th seed in the playoffs , the Wizards had their highest seed under a 16 - team playoff format . First round ( edit ) This was the first time , in a best - of - 7 series , that an 8th seed ( Chicago Bulls ) went up 2 -- 0 against a 1st seed ( Boston Celtics ) in the first round . It is the second time this happened overall ; the Los Angeles Lakers did it against the Phoenix Suns in 1993 , which was a best - of - five series that Phoenix eventually won 3 games to 2 . Cleveland became the first team in playoffs history to come back from a 25 - point halftime deficit and win when they beat the Pacers in Game 3 . The Cavaliers became the first team to sweep an opponent while giving up 100 + points every game since the Houston Rockets allowed 100 + in all 4 games during their sweep of the Orlando Magic in the 1995 NBA Finals . The Boston Celtics became the 19th team to come back after trailing 2 -- 0 , against the Bulls . They were also the 4th team in NBA history to lose the first two games of a best - of - 7 series at home and still win the series . Game 7 between the Los Angeles Clippers and Utah Jazz ensured an 18th - straight postseason in which at least one Game 7 was played ; 1999 was the last postseason to not feature a Game 7 . The Clippers became the first NBA team to blow five straight postseason series leads . Conference Semifinals ( edit ) Trailing by 14 and 13 in Games 1 and 2 respectively , the Boston Celtics became the first team to come back and win back - to - back games after trailing by double digits in the first quarter . The 27 - point loss in Game 1 is San Antonio 's largest defeat in a postseason home game . Scoring 125 points in a Game 2 blowout victory against the Toronto Raptors , the Cleveland Cavaliers set a franchise record for most points scored in a postseason game . Their previous record was 124 , in 2010 . 18 of 21 conference semifinals games were decided by 10 points or more . Eight of these games were decided by over 20 points . With a four - game sweep against the Raptors , the Cleveland Cavaliers became the second team to have six playoffs series sweeps in three consecutive postseasons ( 2015 -- 2017 ) since the Lakers did it in 1987 -- 1989 . They also became the first team to start 8 -- 0 in two straight playoffs . The Cavaliers ' Game 4 win over the Raptors gave them their 11th consecutive postseason win ( a streak dating back to Game 5 of the 2016 NBA Finals ) , setting a franchise record . With a four - game sweep against Utah , Golden State swept consecutive playoff series for the first time in franchise history and also had their best eight - game postseason start in franchise history . The Cavaliers and Warriors both started the NBA postseason with 8 -- 0 records , the first time in NBA history that two teams started 8 -- 0 in the same postseason since switching to a seven - game format . In a series - ending 114 -- 75 loss against the Spurs , the Houston Rockets set an NBA record for fewest two - point field goals made in a game . They made 9 of 37 , while the previous record was 11 of 41 . Conference Finals ( edit ) After trailing as much as 25 points , Golden State Warriors came back and won against the San Antonio Spurs in Game 1 . This is the largest comeback in the Conference Finals since the Celtics came back from 26 to beat the Nets in Game 3 of the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals . With a 36 - point win against the San Antonio Spurs in Game 2 , this is Golden State Warriors ' 2nd largest margin of victory in postseason history . ( The largest is 39 - point set back in 1948 , which would be surpassed in the following year when the Warriors defeat Rockets by 41 . ) After trailing as much as 21 points , the Boston Celtics surged back with a 28 -- 10 third quarter run against the Cleveland Cavaliers to win Game 3 . This was also the Cavaliers ' first loss this postseason , as well as their first loss in a postseason game since Game 4 of the previous year 's Finals , snapping an NBA playoff record tying 13 game winning streak . With a four - game sweep against the San Antonio Spurs , the Golden State Warriors earned the distinction of having a 12 -- 0 postseason record , the first in NBA history . They are also the first team to have 3 best - of - 7 series sweeps , and join the 1988 - 89 Los Angeles Lakers ( who ironically , would get swept themselves by the Detroit Pistons ) and the 2000 - 01 Lakers as the only teams to be undefeated going into the championship round , and the only one to have done it under the 7 - 7 - 7 - 7 format since it was introduced in 2003 . NBA Finals ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors began the finals with a playoff record of 12 -- 0 . The first two finals games were blowouts by Golden State , Game 3 was closer , but the Warriors still came out victors , going up 3 -- 0 bringing them to 15 -- 0 in the playoffs , the best ever start in NBA playoff history . The Cleveland Cavaliers countered beating the Warriors 137 -- 116 in Game 4 , with 86 points in the first half , setting an NBA Finals record . On June 12 , the Warriors bounced back and won game 5 at home 129 - 120 , clinching the organization 's fifth championship . Golden State 's 16 -- 1 record is an NBA playoff record . The title was all - star forward Kevin Durant 's first . Durant , who scored over 30 points in each of five games ( the first player to do so since Shaquille O'Neal in 2000 with Los Angeles ) , was the recipient of the 2017 Bill Russell NBA Finals MVP award . Format ( edit ) Further information : NBA Playoffs § Format Within each conference , the eight teams with the most wins qualify for the playoffs . The seedings are based on each team 's record . Each conference 's bracket is fixed ; there is no reseeding . All rounds are best - of - seven series ; the team that has four wins advances to the next round . As stated above , all rounds , including the NBA Finals , are in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format . Home court advantage in any round does not necessarily belong to the higher - seeded team , but instead to the team with the better regular season record . If two teams with the same record meet in a round , standard tiebreaker rules are used . The rule for determining home court advantage in the NBA Finals is winning percentage , then head to head record , followed by record vs. opposite conference . Playoff qualifying ( edit ) On February 25 , 2017 , The Golden State Warriors became the first team to clinch a 2017 playoff spot , and the earliest in NBA history , besting their own record from last year by two days . The Cleveland Cavaliers became the first Eastern Conference team to clinch a playoff spot on March 19 , 2017 . Eastern Conference ( edit ) Seed Team Record Clinched Playoff berth Division title Best record in conference Best record in NBA Boston Celtics 53 -- 29 March 21 April 10 April 12 -- Cleveland Cavaliers 51 -- 31 March 19 March 24 -- -- Toronto Raptors 51 -- 31 March 25 -- -- -- Washington Wizards 49 -- 33 March 24 March 28 -- -- 5 Atlanta Hawks 43 -- 39 April 8 -- -- -- 6 Milwaukee Bucks 42 -- 40 April 8 -- -- -- 7 Indiana Pacers 42 -- 40 April 12 -- -- -- 8 Chicago Bulls 41 -- 41 April 12 -- -- -- Western Conference ( edit ) Seed Team Record Clinched Playoff berth Division title Best record in Conference Best record in NBA Golden State Warriors 67 -- 15 February 25 March 16 April 5 April 5 San Antonio Spurs 61 -- 21 March 4 March 31 -- -- Houston Rockets 55 -- 27 March 14 -- -- -- Los Angeles Clippers 51 -- 31 March 25 -- -- -- 5 Utah Jazz 51 -- 31 March 26 April 7 -- -- 6 Oklahoma City Thunder 47 -- 35 March 29 -- -- -- 7 Memphis Grizzlies 43 -- 39 March 31 -- -- -- 8 Portland Trail Blazers 41 -- 41 April 9 -- -- -- Bracket ( edit ) Teams in bold advanced to the next round . The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team 's seeding in its conference , and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round . The division champions are marked by an asterisk . Teams with home court advantage are shown in Italics . First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals E1 Boston * E8 Chicago E1 Boston * E4 Washington * E4 Washington * E5 Atlanta E1 Boston * Eastern Conference E2 Cleveland * E3 Toronto E6 Milwaukee E3 Toronto 0 E2 Cleveland * E2 Cleveland * E7 Indiana 0 E2 Cleveland * W1 Golden State * W1 Golden State * W8 Portland 0 W1 Golden State * W5 Utah * 0 W4 LA Clippers W5 Utah * W1 Golden State * Western Conference W2 San Antonio * 0 W3 Houston W6 Oklahoma City W3 Houston W2 San Antonio * W2 San Antonio * W7 Memphis * Division winner Bold Series winner Italic Team with home - court advantage This bracket : view talk edit First round ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Eastern Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 8 ) Chicago Bulls ( edit ) TNT April 16 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 106 , Boston Celtics 102 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 28 , 25 -- 18 , 26 -- 28 , 32 -- 28 Pts : Jimmy Butler 30 Rebs : Robin Lopez 11 Asts : Rondo , Wade 6 each Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Jae Crowder 8 Asts : Al Horford 8 Bulls leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Kane Fitzgerald , David Guthrie TNT April 18 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 111 , Boston Celtics 97 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 26 , 23 -- 20 , 32 -- 29 , 25 -- 22 Pts : Butler , Wade 22 each Rebs : Rajon Rondo 9 Asts : Rajon Rondo 14 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 20 Rebs : Al Horford 11 Asts : Kelly Olynyk 7 Bulls leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : James Capers , John Goble , Sean Wright ESPN April 21 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 104 , Chicago Bulls 87 Scoring by quarter : 33 -- 15 , 11 -- 26 , 32 -- 22 , 28 -- 24 Pts : Al Horford 18 Rebs : Al Horford 8 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 9 Pts : Dwyane Wade 18 Rebs : Cristiano Felício 11 Asts : three players 3 each Bulls leads series , 2 -- 1 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,293 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Brian Forte , Bill Spooner TNT April 23 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 104 , Chicago Bulls 95 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 18 , 27 -- 28 , 22 -- 24 , 25 -- 25 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 7 Pts : Jimmy Butler 33 Rebs : Bobby Portis 8 Asts : Jimmy Butler 9 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,863 Referees : Scott Foster , Eric Lewis , Tom Washington TNT April 26 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 97 , Boston Celtics 108 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 23 , 30 -- 29 , 31 -- 27 , 16 -- 29 Pts : Dwyane Wade 26 Rebs : Dwyane Wade 11 Asts : Dwyane Wade 8 Pts : Bradley , Thomas 24 each Rebs : Al Horford 7 Asts : Al Horford 9 Celtics leads series , 3 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Ed Malloy ESPN April 28 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 105 , Chicago Bulls 83 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 23 , 24 -- 18 , 34 -- 18 , 17 -- 24 Pts : Avery Bradley 23 Rebs : Horford , Olynyk 6 each Asts : Al Horford 7 Pts : Jimmy Butler 23 Rebs : Bobby Portis 11 Asts : Dwyane Wade 3 Boston wins series , 4 -- 2 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,682 Referees : Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy , James Williams After trailing 2 - 0 in the series , the Celtics came back to tie the series as Rajon Rondo was ruled out indefinitely after breaking his right thumb in Game 2 , and Al Horford scored 18 points and grabbed 8 rebounds in Game 3 , and Isaiah Thomas scorched the Bulls for 33 points in Game 4 . The Celtics ' win in Game 5 would be the only home game victory of the series , and Avery Bradley scored 23 points in Game 6 as the Celtics eliminated the Bulls . Notably , this series began one day following the death of Chyna Thomas , younger sister of Isaiah , in a one - car accident . Thomas played all six games of the series , before returning to the state of Washington for her funeral on April 29th . Game 6 also marked the final game of Jimmy Butler 's tenure as a Bull . Regular - season series ( show ) Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series October 27 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 99 , Chicago Bulls 105 United Center , Chicago , Illinois November 2 , 2016 Recap Chicago Bulls 100 , Boston Celtics 107 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts February 16 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 103 , Chicago Bulls 104 United Center , Chicago , Illinois March 12 , 2017 Recap Chicago Bulls 80 , Boston Celtics 100 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning the first four meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) Boston leads 4 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1981 Boston Celtics 4 , Chicago Bulls 0 1981 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1986 Boston Celtics 3 , Chicago Bulls 0 1986 Eastern Conference First Round Boston Celtics 3 , Chicago Bulls 0 1987 Eastern Conference First Round 2009 Boston Celtics 4 , Chicago Bulls 3 2009 Eastern Conference First Round ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 7 ) Indiana Pacers ( edit ) ABC April 15 3 : 00 PM Boxscore Indiana Pacers 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 109 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 34 , 30 -- 32 , 25 -- 26 , 24 -- 17 Pts : Paul George 29 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 9 Asts : Paul George 7 Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : LeBron James 13 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Matt Boland , Tony Brothers TNT April 17 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Indiana Pacers 111 , Cleveland Cavaliers 117 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 29 -- 31 , 20 -- 33 , 33 -- 21 Pts : Paul George 32 Rebs : Paul George 8 Asts : Paul George 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 37 Rebs : Kevin Love 11 Asts : LeBron James 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , Sean Corbin , James Williams TNT April 20 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 119 , Indiana Pacers 114 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 37 , 22 -- 37 , 35 -- 17 , 35 -- 23 Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 12 Pts : Paul George 36 Rebs : Paul George 15 Asts : Paul George 9 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 0 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Danny Crawford , Tony Brown , Ron Garretson ABC April 23 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 106 , Indiana Pacers 102 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 24 , 36 -- 28 , 30 -- 25 , 18 -- 25 Pts : LeBron James 33 Rebs : Kevin Love 16 Asts : LeBron James 4 Pts : Lance Stephenson 22 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 10 Asts : Jeff Teague 10 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 0 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Leon Wood In Game 1 , LeBron James scored 32 points in a close battle ; the Pacers came back in the 4th quarter , but C.J. Miles missed a game - winning three , giving the Cavaliers the win . But after winning Game 2 , the Cavs were down by as many as 26 points in the first half of Game 3 . The Pacers were in control until the Cavs led by James ' triple - double of 41 points , 13 rebounds and 12 assists came roaring back in the second half and took the lead late in the fourth quarter . They would end up winning Game 3 , 119 - 114 , as they made it one of the largest comebacks in NBA playoff history . With the Pacers holding a 2 - point lead with over a minute left in Game 4 , James hits the three over Myles Turner , giving the Cavs a one - point lead . Later , Kyle Korver 's free throws increases the lead to three . The Pacers had a chance to extend the game , but Paul George missed the three , and James gets the rebound . He would make 1 of the 2 free throws to seal the Cavs ' 4 - game sweep over the Pacers . Regular season series ( show ) Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 16 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 93 , Indiana Pacers 103 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana February 8 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 132 , Indiana Pacers 117 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana February 15 , 2017 Recap Indiana Pacers 104 , Cleveland Cavaliers 113 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio April 2 , 2017 Recap Indiana Pacers 130 , Cleveland Cavaliers 135 ( 2OT ) Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Pacers winning the first meeting . Previous playoffs series ( show ) Indiana leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1998 Cleveland Cavaliers 1 , Indiana Pacers 3 1998 Eastern Conference First Round ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( edit ) ESPN April 15 5 : 30 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 97 , Toronto Raptors 83 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 22 , 16 -- 29 , 29 -- 19 , 22 -- 13 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 28 Rebs : Greg Monroe 15 Asts : Khris Middleton 9 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 27 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 14 Asts : Kyle Lowry 6 Bucks leads series , 1 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,133 Referees : Ken Mauer , John Goble , Ed Malloy NBA TV April 18 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 100 , Toronto Raptors 106 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 28 , 27 -- 27 , 31 -- 29 , 17 -- 22 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 24 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 15 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 7 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 23 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 10 Asts : Serge Ibaka 6 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,077 Referees : Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy , Mark Lindsay NBA TV April 20 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 77 , Milwaukee Bucks 104 Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 32 , 18 -- 25 , 16 -- 21 , 31 -- 26 Pts : Lowry , Wright 13 each Rebs : Pöltl , Valančiūnas 7 each Asts : Cory Joseph 3 Pts : Khris Middleton 20 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 8 Asts : Malcolm Brogdon 9 Bucks leads series , 2 -- 1 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba TNT April 22 3 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 87 , Milwaukee Bucks 76 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 19 , 22 -- 22 , 23 -- 17 , 23 -- 18 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 33 Rebs : DeMar DeRozan 9 Asts : DeMar DeRozan 5 Pts : Tony Snell 19 Rebs : Khris Middleton 11 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 4 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Danny Crawford , Brent Barnaky , Ron Garretson NBA TV April 24 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 93 , Toronto Raptors 118 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 31 , 28 -- 26 , 25 -- 33 , 20 -- 28 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 30 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Khris Middleton 6 Pts : Norman Powell 25 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 7 Asts : Kyle Lowry 10 Raptors leads series , 3 -- 2 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,251 Referees : James Capers , Pat Fraher , Courtney Kirkland TNT April 27 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 92 , Milwaukee Bucks 89 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 24 , 23 -- 14 , 23 -- 23 , 18 -- 28 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 32 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 11 Asts : Kyle Lowry 4 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 34 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Khris Middleton 5 Toronto wins series , 4 -- 2 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Marc Davis , Tony Brothers , Rodney Mott Regular - season series ( show ) Toronto won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 25 , 2016 Recap Toronto Raptors 105 , Milwaukee Bucks 99 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin December 12 , 2016 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 100 , Toronto Raptors 122 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario January 27 , 2017 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 86 , Toronto Raptors 102 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario March 4 , 2017 Recap Toronto Raptors 94 , Milwaukee Bucks 101 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin This was the first meeting in the playoffs between the Raptors and Bucks . ( 4 ) Washington Wizards vs. ( 5 ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) TNT April 16 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 107 , Washington Wizards 114 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 25 , 19 -- 20 , 28 -- 38 , 31 -- 31 Pts : Dennis Schröder 25 Rebs : Dwight Howard 14 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Pts : John Wall 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 14 Wizards leads series , 1 -- 0 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba NBA TV April 19 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 101 , Washington Wizards 109 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 23 , 19 -- 28 , 35 -- 23 , 23 -- 35 Pts : Paul Millsap 27 Rebs : Paul Millsap 10 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Pts : John Wall 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 9 Wizards leads series , 2 -- 0 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Marc Davis , Sean Corbin , David Guthrie TNT April 22 5 : 30 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 98 , Atlanta Hawks 116 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 38 , 26 -- 26 , 21 -- 26 , 31 -- 26 Pts : John Wall 29 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 8 Asts : John Wall 7 Pts : Paul Millsap 29 Rebs : Paul Millsap 14 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Wizards leads series , 2 -- 1 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,866 Referees : James Capers , Kane Fitzgerald , Pat Fraher TNT April 24 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 101 , Atlanta Hawks 111 Scoring by quarter : 35 -- 28 , 15 -- 31 , 27 -- 18 , 24 -- 34 Pts : Bradley Beal 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 18 Asts : John Wall 10 Pts : Paul Millsap 19 Rebs : Dwight Howard 15 Asts : Bazemore , Millsap 7 each Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,676 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Leroy Richardson TNT April 26 6 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 99 , Washington Wizards 103 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 23 , 24 -- 27 , 30 -- 33 , 20 -- 20 Pts : Dennis Schröder 29 Rebs : Paul Millsap 11 Asts : Dennis Schröder 11 Pts : Bradley Beal 27 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 14 Wizards leads series , 3 -- 2 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Williams , Sean Wright NBA TV / ESPNU April 28 7 : 30 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 115 , Atlanta Hawks 99 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 23 , 35 -- 23 , 24 -- 36 , 26 -- 17 Pts : John Wall 42 Rebs : Morris , Porter 8 each Asts : John Wall 8 Pts : Paul Millsap 31 Rebs : Paul Millsap 10 Asts : Dennis Schröder 10 Washington wins series , 4 -- 2 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,849 Referees : Danny Crawford , John Goble , Bill Spooner Regular - season series ( show ) Washington won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 27 , 2016 Recap Washington Wizards 99 , Atlanta Hawks 114 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia November 4 , 2016 Recap Atlanta Hawks 92 , Washington Wizards 95 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. January 27 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 112 , Atlanta Hawks 86 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia March 22 , 2017 Recap Atlanta Hawks 100 , Washington Wizards 104 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Wizards / Bullets winning three of the first five meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) Washington / Baltimore leads 3 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1965 St. Louis Hawks 1 , Baltimore Bullets 3 1965 Western Conference Semifinals 1966 Baltimore Bullets 0 , St. Louis Hawks 3 1966 Western Conference Semifinals 1978 Washington Bullets 2 , Atlanta Hawks 0 1978 Eastern Conference First Round 1979 Washington Bullets 4 , Atlanta Hawks 3 1979 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2015 Washington Wizards 2 , Atlanta Hawks 4 2015 Eastern Conference Semifinals Western Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 8 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( edit ) ABC April 16 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 109 , Golden State Warriors 121 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 32 , 29 -- 24 , 32 -- 32 , 21 -- 33 Pts : C.J. McCollum 41 Rebs : Evan Turner 10 Asts : Turner , Vonleh 4 each Pts : Kevin Durant 32 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Tony Brown , Ron Garretson TNT April 19 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 81 , Golden State Warriors 110 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 33 , 29 -- 22 , 12 -- 28 , 23 -- 27 Pts : Maurice Harkless 15 Rebs : Maurice Harkless 8 Asts : Evan Turner 7 Pts : Stephen Curry 19 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Draymond Green 10 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Michael Smith ESPN April 22 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 119 , Portland Trail Blazers 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 37 , 24 -- 30 , 33 -- 21 , 32 -- 25 Pts : Stephen Curry 34 Rebs : Draymond Green 8 Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Pts : C.J. McCollum 32 Rebs : Jusuf Nurkić 8 Asts : Lillard , Nurkić 4 each Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 20,177 Referees : Ken Mauer , Leroy Richardson , Zach Zarba TNT April 24 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 128 , Portland Trail Blazers 103 Scoring by quarter : 45 -- 22 , 27 -- 26 , 34 -- 32 , 22 -- 23 Pts : Stephen Curry 37 Rebs : Curry , Pachulia 7 each Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Pts : Damian Lillard 34 Rebs : Noah Vonleh 14 Asts : Damian Lillard 6 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 19,902 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Bennie Adams , Sean Wright Regular - season series ( show ) Golden State won 4 -- 0 in the regular - season series November 1 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 127 , Portland Trail Blazers 104 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon December 17 , 2016 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 90 , Golden State Warriors 135 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 4 , 2017 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 117 , Golden State Warriors 125 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 29 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 113 , Portland Trail Blazers 111 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with Golden State winning the first meeting in 2016 . Previous playoffs series ( show ) Golden State leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2016 Portland Trail Blazers 1 , Golden State Warriors 4 2016 Western Conference Semifinals ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 7 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( edit ) ESPN April 15 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 82 , San Antonio Spurs 111 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 25 , 19 -- 27 , 15 -- 32 , 18 -- 27 Pts : Marc Gasol 32 Rebs : Conley , Gasol 5 each Asts : Mike Conley 7 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 32 Rebs : Dewayne Dedmon 8 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 5 Spurs leads series , 1 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Josh Tiven TNT April 17 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 82 , San Antonio Spurs 96 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 29 , 21 -- 27 , 28 -- 19 , 17 -- 21 Pts : Mike Conley 24 Rebs : Zach Randolph 10 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 37 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 11 Asts : Ginóbili , Mills 3 each Spurs leads series , 2 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Danny Crawford , Rodney Mott , Bill Spooner TNT April 20 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 94 , Memphis Grizzlies 105 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 21 , 25 -- 29 , 17 -- 31 , 31 -- 24 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 18 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 11 Asts : three players 3 each Pts : Mike Conley 24 Rebs : Zach Randolph 8 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Spurs leads series , 2 -- 1 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : James Capers , Pat Fraher , Courtney Kirkland ESPN April 22 8 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 108 , Memphis Grizzlies 110 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 23 , 25 -- 32 , 20 -- 19 , 25 -- 22 , Overtime : 12 -- 14 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 43 Rebs : Pau Gasol 11 Asts : Tony Parker 5 Pts : Mike Conley 35 Rebs : Marc Gasol 12 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Bennie Adams , John Goble NBA TV April 25 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 103 , San Antonio Spurs 116 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 23 , 26 -- 32 , 27 -- 32 , 27 -- 29 Pts : Mike Conley 26 Rebs : Marc Gasol 7 Asts : Zach Randolph 6 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 28 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 9 Asts : Leonard , Parker 6 each Spurs leads series , 3 -- 2 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brothers , Derrick Collins TNT April 27 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 103 , Memphis Grizzlies 96 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 22 , 21 -- 28 , 30 -- 24 , 28 -- 22 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 28 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : Leonard , Parker 4 each Pts : Mike Conley 26 Rebs : Zach Randolph 11 Asts : Marc Gasol 6 San Antonio wins series , 4 -- 2 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : Scott Foster , Brian Forte , Zach Zarba In game 4 , Marc Gasol hits the game winning shot with 0.7 seconds left in overtime . Regular - season series ( show ) Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series February 6 , 2017 Recap San Antonio Spurs 74 , Memphis Grizzlies 89 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee March 18 , 2017 Recap San Antonio Spurs 96 , Memphis Grizzlies 104 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee March 23 , 2017 Recap Memphis Grizzlies 90 , San Antonio Spurs 97 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas April 4 , 2017 Recap Memphis Grizzlies 89 , San Antonio Spurs 95 ( OT ) AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams , with San Antonio winning three of the four meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) San Antonio leads 3 -- 1 in all - time playoff series San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2004 Western Conference First Round 2011 San Antonio Spurs 2 , Memphis Grizzlies 4 2011 Western Conference First Round 2013 San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2013 Western Conference Finals 2016 San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2016 Western Conference First Round ( 3 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 6 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( edit ) TNT April 16 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 87 , Houston Rockets 118 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 27 , 25 -- 32 , 20 -- 30 , 13 -- 29 Pts : Russell Westbrook 22 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 11 Asts : Russell Westbrook 7 Pts : James Harden 37 Rebs : Ryan Anderson 12 Asts : James Harden 9 Rockets leads series , 1 -- 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : James Capers , Courtney Kirkland , Sean Wright TNT April 19 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 111 , Houston Rockets 115 Scoring by quarter : 35 -- 26 , 33 -- 36 , 21 -- 24 , 22 -- 29 Pts : Russell Westbrook 51 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 10 Asts : Russell Westbrook 13 Pts : James Harden 35 Rebs : Clint Capela 10 Asts : James Harden 8 Rockets leads series , 2 -- 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , Mark Ayotte , Tony Brothers ESPN April 21 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 113 , Oklahoma City Thunder 115 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 34 , 33 -- 31 , 25 -- 28 , 30 -- 22 Pts : James Harden 44 Rebs : Patrick Beverley 7 Asts : James Harden 6 Pts : Russell Westbrook 32 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 13 Asts : Russell Westbrook 11 Rockets leads series , 2 -- 1 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Scott Foster , Mark Lindsay , Tom Washington ABC April 23 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 113 , Oklahoma City Thunder 109 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 26 , 32 -- 32 , 19 -- 19 , 40 -- 32 Pts : Nenê 28 Rebs : Nenê 10 Asts : James Harden 8 Pts : Russell Westbrook 35 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 14 Asts : Russell Westbrook 14 Rockets leads series , 3 -- 1 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Brian Forte , Josh Tiven TNT April 25 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 99 , Houston Rockets 105 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 16 , 22 -- 35 , 33 -- 21 , 22 -- 33 Pts : Russell Westbrook 47 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 11 Asts : Russell Westbrook 9 Pts : James Harden 34 Rebs : Clint Capela 9 Asts : James Harden 4 Houston wins series , 4 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Zach Zarba Regular - season series ( show ) Houston won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 16 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 103 , Oklahoma City Thunder 105 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma December 9 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 102 , Oklahoma City Thunder 99 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma January 5 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 116 , Houston Rockets 118 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas March 26 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 125 , Houston Rockets 137 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Thunder / SuperSonics winning six of the first seven meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) Oklahoma City / Seattle leads 6 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1982 Houston Rockets 1 , Seattle SuperSonics 2 1982 Western Conference First Round Houston Rockets 2 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1987 Western Conference Semifinals 1989 Houston Rockets 0 , Seattle SuperSonics 3 1989 Western Conference First Round 1993 Houston Rockets 3 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1993 Western Conference Semifinals Houston Rockets 0 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1996 Western Conference Semifinals 1997 Houston Rockets 4 , Seattle SuperSonics 3 1997 Western Conference Semifinals 2013 Houston Rockets 2 , Oklahoma City Thunder 4 2013 Western Conference First Round ( 4 ) Los Angeles Clippers vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) ESPN April 15 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 97 , Los Angeles Clippers 95 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 24 , 30 -- 28 , 22 -- 18 , 23 -- 25 Pts : Joe Johnson 21 Rebs : Gordon Hayward 10 Asts : Boris Diaw 6 Pts : Blake Griffin 26 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 15 Asts : Chris Paul 11 Jazz leads series , 1 -- 0 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Danny Crawford , Rodney Mott , Bill Spooner TNT April 18 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 91 , Los Angeles Clippers 99 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 29 , 24 -- 22 , 28 -- 28 , 21 -- 20 Pts : Gordon Hayward 20 Rebs : Favors , Hill 7 each Asts : George Hill 4 Pts : Blake Griffin 24 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 15 Asts : Chris Paul 10 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Kane Fitzgerald , Pat Fraher ESPN2 April 21 10 : 00 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 111 , Utah Jazz 106 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 34 , 28 -- 24 , 33 -- 26 , 29 -- 22 Pts : Chris Paul 34 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 13 Asts : Chris Paul 10 Pts : Gordon Hayward 40 Rebs : Gordon Hayward 8 Asts : Joe Ingles 5 Clippers lead series , 2 -- 1 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brothers , Eric Lewis TNT April 23 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 98 , Utah Jazz 105 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 24 , 26 -- 31 , 28 -- 22 , 18 -- 28 Pts : Chris Paul 27 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 10 Asts : Chris Paul 12 Pts : Joe Johnson 28 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : Joe Ingles 11 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , James Williams TNT April 25 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 96 , Los Angeles Clippers 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 27 -- 22 , 18 -- 15 , 32 -- 34 Pts : Gordon Hayward 27 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 11 Asts : George Hill 7 Pts : Chris Paul 28 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 12 Asts : Chris Paul 9 Jazz leads series , 3 -- 2 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,171 Referees : Scott Foster , Ron Garretson , John Goble ESPN April 28 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 98 , Utah Jazz 93 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 22 , 27 -- 23 , 31 -- 25 , 20 -- 23 Pts : Chris Paul 29 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 18 Asts : Chris Paul 8 Pts : Gordon Hayward 31 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 9 Asts : Gordon Hayward 4 Series tied at , 3 -- 3 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , Tom Washington ABC April 30 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 104 , Los Angeles Clippers 91 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 24 , 22 -- 15 , 33 -- 24 , 25 -- 28 Pts : Gordon Hayward 26 Rebs : Derrick Favors 11 Asts : Hill , Johnson 5 each Pts : DeAndre Jordan 24 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 17 Asts : Chris Paul 9 Utah wins series , 4 -- 3 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Danny Crawford , Tony Brothers , Bill Kennedy Game 7 is Paul Pierce 's final NBA game . It is also Chris Paul 's final game with the Clippers before being traded to the Rockets during the offseason . Regular - season series ( show ) L.A. Clippers won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 30 , 2016 Recap Utah Jazz 75 , Los Angeles Clippers 88 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California February 13 , 2017 Recap Los Angeles Clippers 88 , Utah Jazz 72 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah March 13 , 2017 Recap Los Angeles Clippers 108 , Utah Jazz 114 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah March 25 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 95 , Los Angeles Clippers 108 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California In game one , Joe Johnson hits the game winner at the buzzer . This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Jazz winning the previous two meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) Utah leads 2 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1992 Los Angeles Clippers 2 , Utah Jazz 3 1992 Western Conference First Round 1997 Los Angeles Clippers 0 , Utah Jazz 3 1997 Western Conference First Round Conference Semifinals ( edit ) Eastern Conference Semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Washington Wizards ( edit ) ABC April 30 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 111 , Boston Celtics 123 Scoring by quarter : 38 -- 24 , 26 -- 35 , 16 -- 36 , 31 -- 28 Pts : Bradley Beal 27 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 13 Asts : John Wall 16 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Al Horford 9 Asts : Al Horford 10 Celtics leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Scott Foster , Courtney Kirkland , Zach Zarba TNT May 2 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 119 , Boston Celtics 129 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 42 -- 29 , 25 -- 35 , 22 -- 20 , 25 -- 30 , Overtime : 5 -- 15 Pts : John Wall 40 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 13 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 53 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Marcus Smart 5 Celtics leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Marc Davis , Rodney Mott , Tom Washington ESPN May 4 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 89 , Washington Wizards 116 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 39 , 23 -- 24 , 29 -- 32 , 20 -- 21 Pts : Al Horford 16 Rebs : Jae Crowder 7 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 4 Pts : John Wall 24 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 16 Asts : John Wall 8 Celtics leads series , 2 -- 1 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Tony Brown , James Capers TNT May 7 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 102 , Washington Wizards 121 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 20 , 24 -- 28 , 20 -- 42 , 34 -- 31 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 19 Rebs : Crowder , Rozier 7 each Asts : Marcus Smart 6 Pts : Bradley Beal 29 Rebs : Markieff Morris 10 Asts : John Wall 12 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Ron Garretson TNT May 10 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 101 , Boston Celtics 123 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 33 , 30 -- 34 , 25 -- 26 , 25 -- 30 Pts : John Wall 21 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 11 Asts : three players 4 each Pts : Avery Bradley 29 Rebs : Marcus Smart 11 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 9 Celtics leads series , 3 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Ed Malloy , Sean Wright ESPN May 12 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 91 , Washington Wizards 92 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 22 , 25 -- 19 , 27 -- 25 , 22 -- 26 Pts : Bradley , Thomas 27 each Rebs : Kelly Olynyk 8 Asts : Jae Crowder 8 Pts : Bradley Beal 33 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 13 Asts : John Wall 8 Series tied at , 3 -- 3 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , John Goble TNT May 15 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 105 , Boston Celtics 115 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 27 , 32 -- 26 , 24 -- 32 , 26 -- 30 Pts : Bradley Beal 38 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 11 Asts : John Wall 11 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 29 Rebs : Horford , Smart 6 each Asts : Isaiah Thomas 12 Boston wins series , 4 -- 3 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Regular - season series ( show ) Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series November 9 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 93 , Washington Wizards 118 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. January 11 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 108 , Boston Celtics 117 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts January 24 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 108 , Washington Wizards 123 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. March 20 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 102 , Boston Celtics 110 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning two of the first three meetings . Memorably , during the first quarter of Game 1 , Isaiah Thomas was struck in the mouth by the elbow of Otto Porter , immediately knocking out one tooth , and causing further damage to his mouth . As Porter prepared to shoot a pair of free throws , Thomas calmly retrieved and pocketed his fallen tooth , then hit two three - point field goals in the following two minutes , before being pulled from the game for medical attention . Thomas went on to play the entire seven - game series , including a 53 - point effort to lead his team to an overtime victory in game 2 , all while wearing temporary protection in his mouth . He underwent extensive oral surgery after the playoffs to mitigate the damage . Previous playoff series ( show ) Boston leads time playoff series Boston Celtics 2 , Washington Bullets 4 1975 Eastern Conference Finals 1982 Boston Celtics 4 , Washington Bullets 1 1982 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1984 Boston Celtics 3 , Washington Bullets 1 1984 Eastern Conference First Round ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors ( edit ) TNT May 1 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 105 , Cleveland Cavaliers 116 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 30 , 30 -- 32 , 25 -- 34 , 31 -- 20 Pts : Kyle Lowry 20 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 11 Asts : Kyle Lowry 11 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 14 Asts : Kyrie Irving 10 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Eric Lewis , Derrick Stafford TNT May 3 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 103 , Cleveland Cavaliers 125 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 34 , 26 -- 28 , 25 -- 37 , 30 -- 26 Pts : Jonas Valančiūnas 23 Rebs : Cory Joseph 6 Asts : Kyle Lowry 5 Pts : LeBron James 39 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 9 Asts : Kyrie Irving 11 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Sean Wright ESPN May 5 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 115 , Toronto Raptors 94 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 24 , 21 -- 28 , 30 -- 25 , 36 -- 17 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 37 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 8 Asts : Cory Joseph 6 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,384 Referees : Mike Callahan , Kane Fitzgerald , Bill Kennedy ABC May 7 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 109 , Toronto Raptors 102 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 28 , 33 -- 21 , 24 -- 31 , 24 -- 22 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : LeBron James 9 Asts : Kyrie Irving 9 Pts : Serge Ibaka 23 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 12 Asts : Cory Joseph 12 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,307 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Pat Fraher Regular - season series ( show ) Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 28 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 94 , Toronto Raptors 91 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario November 15 , 2016 Recap Toronto Raptors 117 , Cleveland Cavaliers 121 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio December 5 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 116 , Toronto Raptors 112 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario April 12 , 2017 Recap Toronto Raptors 98 , Cleveland Cavaliers 83 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with Cleveland winning the first meeting in 2016 . Previous playoffs series ( show ) Cleveland leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2016 Toronto Raptors 2 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 Eastern Conference Finals Western Conference Semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) TNT May 2 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 94 , Golden State Warriors 106 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 27 , 25 -- 31 , 27 -- 26 , 21 -- 22 Pts : Rudy Gobert 13 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : three players 4 each Pts : Stephen Curry 22 Rebs : Draymond Green 8 Asts : David West 7 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , David Guthrie ESPN May 4 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 104 , Golden State Warriors 115 Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 33 , 32 -- 27 , 35 -- 32 , 22 -- 23 Pts : Gordon Hayward 33 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 16 Asts : Hayward , Mack 4 each Pts : Kevin Durant 25 Rebs : Kevin Durant 11 Asts : Curry , Durant 7 each Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba ABC May 6 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 102 , Utah Jazz 91 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 17 , 22 -- 33 , 23 -- 20 , 30 -- 21 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Draymond Green 5 Pts : Gordon Hayward 29 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 15 Asts : Gordon Hayward 6 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Ken Mauer , Bennie Adams , Ed Malloy TNT May 8 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 121 , Utah Jazz 95 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 17 , 21 -- 35 , 33 -- 27 , 28 -- 16 Pts : Stephen Curry 30 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 11 Pts : Gordon Hayward 25 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : Hayward , Ingles 3 each Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , James Williams Regular - season series ( show ) Golden State won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series December 8 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 106 , Utah Jazz 99 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah December 20 , 2016 Recap Utah Jazz 74 , Golden State Warriors 104 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California April 10 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 105 , Golden State Warriors 99 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Warriors winning two of the first three meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) Golden State leads 2 -- 1 in all - time playoff series Golden State Warriors 3 , Utah Jazz 2 1987 Western Conference First Round 1989 Golden State Warriors 3 , Utah Jazz 0 1989 Western Conference First Round 2007 Golden State Warriors 1 , Utah Jazz 4 2007 Western Conference Semifinals ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 3 ) Houston Rockets ( edit ) TNT May 1 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 126 , San Antonio Spurs 99 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 23 , 35 -- 16 , 27 -- 28 , 30 -- 32 Pts : Trevor Ariza 23 Rebs : Clint Capela 13 Asts : James Harden 14 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 21 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 11 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 6 Rockets leads series , 1 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Josh Tiven TNT May 3 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 96 , San Antonio Spurs 121 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 33 , 25 -- 32 , 28 -- 23 , 13 -- 33 Pts : Ryan Anderson 18 Rebs : Ryan Anderson 8 Asts : James Harden 10 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 34 Rebs : Pau Gasol 13 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 8 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Bill Spooner ESPN May 5 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 103 , Houston Rockets 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 24 -- 18 , 29 -- 27 , 31 -- 26 Pts : Aldridge , Leonard 26 each Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 10 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 7 Pts : James Harden 43 Rebs : Clint Capela 16 Asts : Ariza , Harden 5 each Spurs leads series , 2 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,187 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , Brian Forte TNT May 7 9 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 104 , Houston Rockets 125 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 34 , 31 -- 23 , 23 -- 34 , 28 -- 34 Pts : Jonathon Simmons 17 Rebs : Pau Gasol 7 Asts : Patty Mills 5 Pts : James Harden 28 Rebs : Clint Capela 9 Asts : James Harden 12 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Sean Wright TNT May 9 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 107 , San Antonio Spurs 110 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 31 -- 26 , 25 -- 28 , 16 -- 15 , Overtime : 6 -- 9 Pts : James Harden 33 Rebs : Capela , Harden 11 each Asts : James Harden 10 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 22 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 15 Asts : Manu Ginóbili 5 Spurs leads series , 3 -- 2 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Rodney Mott , Zach Zarba ESPN May 11 8 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 114 , Houston Rockets 75 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 24 , 30 -- 18 , 26 -- 22 , 27 -- 11 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 34 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : Patty Mills 7 Pts : Trevor Ariza 20 Rebs : Clint Capela 12 Asts : James Harden 7 San Antonio wins series , 4 -- 2 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , James Capers , Ron Garretson Regular - season series ( show ) San Antonio won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 9 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 101 , San Antonio Spurs 99 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas November 12 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 106 , Houston Rockets 100 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas December 20 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 102 , Houston Rockets 100 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas March 6 , 2017 Recap Houston Rockets 110 , San Antonio Spurs 112 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Rockets winning the first three meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) Houston leads 3 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1980 Houston Rockets 2 , San Antonio Spurs 1 1980 Eastern Conference First Round 1981 Houston Rockets 4 , San Antonio Spurs 3 1981 Western Conference Semifinals 1995 Houston Rockets 4 , San Antonio Spurs 2 1995 Western Conference Finals Conference Finals ( edit ) Eastern Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) TNT May 17 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 117 , Boston Celtics 104 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 19 , 31 -- 20 , 31 -- 36 , 25 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 38 Rebs : Kevin Love 12 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Bradley , Crowder 21 each Rebs : Jaylen Brown 9 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 10 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Sean Wright TNT May 19 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 130 , Boston Celtics 86 Scoring by quarter : 32 -- 18 , 40 -- 13 , 31 -- 28 , 27 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 30 Rebs : Kevin Love 12 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Jaylen Brown 19 Rebs : three players 5 each Asts : Marcus Smart 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Ron Garretson TNT May 21 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 111 , Cleveland Cavaliers 108 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 35 , 26 -- 31 , 32 -- 21 , 29 -- 21 Pts : Marcus Smart 27 Rebs : Jae Crowder 11 Asts : Marcus Smart 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 29 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : Kyrie Irving 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , David Guthrie TNT May 23 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 99 , Cleveland Cavaliers 112 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 19 , 28 -- 28 , 23 -- 40 , 19 -- 25 Pts : Avery Bradley 19 Rebs : Jae Crowder 8 Asts : Al Horford 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 42 Rebs : Kevin Love 17 Asts : LeBron James 6 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Pat Fraher , Derrick Stafford TNT May 25 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 135 , Boston Celtics 102 Scoring by quarter : 43 -- 27 , 32 -- 30 , 34 -- 17 , 26 -- 28 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Kevin Love 11 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Avery Bradley 23 Rebs : Jae Crowder 6 Asts : Terry Rozier 7 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 1 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Ken Mauer , Kane Fitzgerald , Ed Malloy Regular - season series ( show ) Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 3 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 122 , Cleveland Cavaliers 128 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio December 29 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 124 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio March 1 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 99 , Boston Celtics 103 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts April 5 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 114 , Boston Celtics 91 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the seventh playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning four of the first six meetings . Previous playoff series ( show ) Boston leads 4 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1976 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 1976 Eastern Conference Finals 1985 Boston Celtics 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 1 1985 Eastern Conference First Round 1992 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 3 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2008 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 3 2008 Eastern Conference Semifinals Cleveland Cavaliers 2 , Boston Celtics 4 2010 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2015 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 0 2015 Eastern Conference First Round Western Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs ( edit ) ABC May 14 3 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 111 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 16 , 32 -- 26 , 28 -- 39 , 21 -- 32 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 28 Rebs : Aldridge , Leonard 8 each Asts : three players 3 each Pts : Stephen Curry 40 Rebs : Zaza Pachulia 9 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , Tom Washington ESPN May 16 9 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 100 , Golden State Warriors 136 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 33 , 28 -- 39 , 31 -- 34 , 25 -- 30 Pts : Jonathon Simmons 22 Rebs : Dewayne Dedmon 9 Asts : Dejounte Murray 6 Pts : Stephen Curry 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 9 Asts : Stephen Curry 7 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Kane Fitzgerald , Ed Malloy ESPN May 20 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 120 , San Antonio Spurs 108 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 33 , 35 -- 22 , 36 -- 33 , 20 -- 20 Pts : Kevin Durant 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 10 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Pts : Manu Ginóbili 21 Rebs : Pau Gasol 10 Asts : Patty Mills 6 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,792 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , Bill Kennedy ESPN May 22 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 129 , San Antonio Spurs 115 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 19 , 34 -- 32 , 31 -- 27 , 33 -- 37 Pts : Stephen Curry 36 Rebs : Kevin Durant 12 Asts : Draymond Green 8 Pts : Kyle Anderson 20 Rebs : Pau Gasol 9 Asts : Ginóbili , Murray 7 each Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,466 Referees : Mike Callahan , Sean Corbin , Zach Zarba Regular - season series ( show ) San Antonio won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series . October 25 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 129 , Golden State Warriors 100 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California March 11 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 85 , San Antonio Spurs 107 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas March 29 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 110 , San Antonio Spurs 98 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with each team winning one series . San Antonio led by as many as 25 points in game 1 before Kawhi Leonard had to leave the game and the series after he landed on Zaza Pachulia 's foot , re-aggravated his existing ankle injury . Previous playoff series ( show ) Tied 1 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1991 Golden State Warriors 3 , San Antonio Spurs 1 1991 Western Conference First Round 2013 Golden State Warriors 2 , San Antonio Spurs 4 2013 Western Conference Semifinals 2017 NBA Finals : ( e2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( w1 ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NBA Finals ABC June 1 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 91 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 35 , 22 -- 25 , 20 -- 33 , 19 -- 20 Pts : LeBron James 28 Rebs : Kevin Love 21 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba ABC June 4 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 113 , Golden State Warriors 132 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 40 , 30 -- 27 , 24 -- 35 , 25 -- 30 Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : LeBron James 11 Asts : LeBron James 14 Pts : Kevin Durant 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Stephen Curry 11 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers ABC June 7 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 113 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 32 , 28 -- 29 , 22 -- 33 , 29 -- 19 Pts : Kevin Durant 31 Rebs : Stephen Curry 13 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Pts : LeBron James 39 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Ed Malloy , Ken Mauer ABC June 9 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 116 , Cleveland Cavaliers 137 Scoring by quarter : 33 -- 49 , 35 -- 37 , 28 -- 29 , 20 -- 22 Pts : Kevin Durant 35 Rebs : Draymond Green 14 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Pts : Kyrie Irving 40 Rebs : James , Thompson 10 each Asts : LeBron James 11 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Mike Callahan , Marc Davis , John Goble ABC June 12 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 120 , Golden State Warriors 129 Scoring by quarter : 37 -- 33 , 23 -- 38 , 33 -- 27 , 27 -- 31 Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Kevin Durant 39 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 1 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Ed Malloy , Derrick Stafford Regular - season series ( show ) Tied 1 -- 1 in the regular - season series December 25 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 109 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio January 16 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 91 , Golden State Warriors 126 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California This was the third meeting in the NBA Finals between the Warriors and Cavaliers with each team winning one series . Previous playoff series ( show ) Teams tied 1 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 2015 Golden State Warriors 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 2015 NBA Finals 2016 Golden State Warriors 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 NBA Finals Statistical leaders ( edit ) Game High Average Player Team High Player Team Avg . GP Points Isaiah Thomas Boston Celtics 53 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 37.4 5 Rebounds Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers 21 DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 14.4 7 Assists John Wall Washington Wizards 16 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 10.8 5 Steals Thaddeus Young Kawhi Leonard Stephen Curry Kevin Love Indiana Pacers San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors Cleveland Cavaliers 6 Russell Westbrook André Roberson Oklahoma City Thunder 2.40 5 Blocks Draymond Green Golden State Warriors 6 André Roberson Oklahoma City Thunder 3.40 5 Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN , TNT , ABC , and NBA TV broadcast the playoffs nationally in the United States . In the first round , regional sports networks affiliated with the teams can also broadcast the games , except for games televised on ABC . Throughout the first two rounds , TNT televised games Saturday through Thursday , ESPN televised games Friday and Saturday , and ABC televised selected games on Saturday and Sunday , usually in the afternoon . NBA TV has aired select weekday games in the first round . TNT televised the Eastern Conference Finals . Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals was televised on ABC , while Games 2 through 4 were televised on ESPN . ABC had exclusive television rights to the NBA Finals for the 15th consecutive year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors cruise past Nets without Kevin Durant to secure a playoff berth '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyrie Irving scores 46 and Cavs clinch playoff berth in 125 - 120 win over Lakers '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff bound ! Boston Celtics clinch postseason berth '' . Wcvb.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics clinch No. 1 seed in East , beat Bucks 112 - 94 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs score 112 - 105 victory over Hornets ; clinch Central Division title '' . Fox8.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors clinch Eastern playoff spot with win over Mavs '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards beat Lakers 119 - 108 to clinch division title '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Clinch Pacific Division Title '' . Warriors.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden State Warriors clinch West 's No. 1 seed for third consecutive season '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kawhi Leonard helps Spurs beat Timberwolves in OT '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russ Registers 39th TD But Spurs Clinch Comeback Victory ; DeRozan Powers Raptors '' . India.NBA.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Clinch Playoff Berth '' . Spacecityscoop.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers clinch playoff berth with 108 - 95 victory over Jazz '' . ESPN.com . March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz Clinch Playoff Berth with Nuggets ' Loss to Pelicans '' . Bleacherreport.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder Clinch Playoff Berth With Victory Over Magic '' . Bleacherreport.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies clinch playoff spot with 99 - 90 win over Mavericks '' . ESPN.com . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey . `` Trail Blazers Clinch 8th Seed With Nuggets Loss , Will Face Warriors In First Round '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian . `` Sister of Boston Celtics star Isaiah Thomas killed in one - car accident NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Chicago Bulls ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Toronto Raptors versus Milwaukee Bucks ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Atlanta Hawks versus Washington Wizards ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus Portland Trail Blazers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Memphis Grizzlies versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus Oklahoma City Thunder ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Los Angeles Clippers versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Washington Wizards ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Toronto Raptors ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Boston Celtics ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors versus Cleveland Cavaliers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA PLAYOFFS TV SCHEDULE ON ESPN , ABC , TNT AND NBA TV '' . Sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official website of the NBA NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 -- 17 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NBA_Playoffs&oldid=843282819 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NBA season National Basketball Association playoffs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 03 : 24 . About Wikipedia	who did the golden state warriors play in the playoffs last year	[ "The 2017 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 2016–17 season, which began in October 2016. The playoffs began on April 15, 2017. The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors defeating the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals. Kevin Durant was named the NBA Finals MVP." ]	[ "Cleveland Cavaliers" ]
9121414610468620186	List of prison escapes	List of prison escapes - wikipedia List of prison escapes Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of historically famous prison escapes , and of multiple prison escapes : Contents ( hide ) 1 Famous historical escapes 1.1 17th century 1.2 18th century 1.3 19th century 1.4 1900 -- 1950 1.5 1950 -- 1975 1.6 1975 -- 1999 1.7 2000 -- present 2 People who escaped multiple times 3 See also 4 References Famous historical escapes ( edit ) On November 27 , 1863 , John Hunt Morgan and six of his officers , most notably Thomas Hines , escaped from their cells in the Ohio Penitentiary by digging a tunnel from Hines ' cell into the inner yard and then ascending a wall with a rope made from bunk coverlets and a bent poker iron . There have been many infamous escapes throughout history : 17th century ( edit ) In 1621 Dutch author Hugo Grotius escaped from Loevestein Castle where he was held captive by hiding himself inside a book chest . He was then smuggled outside . 18th century ( edit ) Englishman Jack Sheppard took to theft and burglary in 1723 , and was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times , making him a notorious public figure and wildly popular with the poorer classes . The Italian author and adventurer Giacomo Casanova escaped from prison in 1757 . 19th century ( edit ) In the Libby Prison Escape , during the American Civil War , over 109 Union POWs broke out of a building at Libby Prison in Richmond , Virginia on the night between February 9 and February 10 , 1864 . All but 50 ( two were drowned in the nearby James River ) successfully reached back to Union lines . The notorious outlaw Billy The Kid managed to escape from prison in 1881 , but was captured and shot by Pat Garrett only a few months later . 1900 -- 1950 ( edit ) In 1901 , Lum You was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by a Pacific County , Washington court . He enjoyed great public sympathy , including from county officials , who supposedly allowed him to escape by leaving his cell door unlocked at night . He eventually seized the opportunity , but within a few days he either gave himself up or was recaptured . German Naval Air Service Kapitänleutnant Gunther Plüschow escaped from the Donington Hall prisoner of war camp in 1915 . Frederick Mors , an Austrian - born American serial killer , was declared insane and placed into the Matteawan Institution for the Insane in the United States in 1915 . He escaped in 1916 and was never seen again . Leonard T. Fristoe was imprisoned for double murder in 1920 of a police Constable and a deputy Sherriff in Nevada . He escaped from Nevada State Prison in 1923 . He lived for nearly 46 years under the allias of Claude R. Willis , before being turned in by his own son . After serving several years in prison he died of natural causes . John Dillinger served time at the Indiana State Penitentiary at Michigan City , until 1933 , when he was paroled . Within four months , he was back in jail in Lima , Ohio , but his gang sprang him , killing the jailer , Sheriff Jessie Sarber . Most of the gang was captured again by the end of the year in Tucson , Arizona , due to a fire at the Historic Hotel Congress . Dillinger alone was sent to the Lake County jail in Crown Point , Indiana . He was to face trial for the suspected killing of police officer William O'Malley during a bank shootout in East Chicago , Indiana , some time after his escape from jail . During this time on trial , a famous photograph was taken of Dillinger putting his arm on prosecutor Robert Estill 's shoulder when suggested to him by reporters . On March 3 , 1934 , Dillinger escaped from the `` escape - proof '' ( as it was dubbed by local authorities at the time ) Crown Point , Indiana county jail , which was guarded by many police officers and national guardsmen . Newspapers reported that Dillinger had escaped using a fake gun made from wood , blackened and shined with shoe polish . French prisoner René Belbenoît escaped from the penal colony of French Guiana on March 2 , 1935 when he and five others took to the sea with a boat they had bought . After a series of daring adventures , during which all of the other escapees were captured , he reached United States in 1937 . In 1938 his account , Dry Guillotine , was published . Belbenoît had written it in French and it was translated in English by Preston Rambo . It went through 14 printings in less than a year . Japanese murderer Yoshie Shiratori broke out of prison four times between the 1930s and 1940s . A novel and TV - drama Hagoku was based on his true story . Fort San Cristóbal is located on the top of the mountain San Cristóbal , which is very close ( 4 km ) to Pamplona , Spain . Built inside the mountain and obsolete since its opening in 1919 , due to its weakness against aviation , it served as a prison . On May 22 , 1938 , during the Spanish Civil War , around 30 prisoners organised a mutiny for a massive prison break . 792 prisoners fled but only three succeeded in getting to the French border ; 585 were arrested , 211 died and 14 of the arrested who were considered the leaders were sentenced to death . Most fugitives were intercepted during the following days . In 1988 , a sculpture was erected to honour the memory of the Republican people dead there . The fort ceased to be a prison in 1945 . Colditz Castle was used as an `` escape - proof '' prisoner - of - war camp during World War II , but over the course of 300 escape attempts , 130 prisoners escaped . Thirty escapees eventually managed to reach friendly territory . The men had tunneled , disguised themselves as guards , workmen or women , sneaked away through sewer drains , and even planned to use a glider to get over the wall . André Devigny , a French resistance fighter during World War II , escaped Montluc Military Prison in Lyons with his cellmate in April 1943 . French author Henri Charrière tried to escape in vain several times , but eventually was successful in 1943 . His story , Papillon , was published and filmed under the same name . In the Great Escape , 76 Allied POWs ( primarily Commonwealth airmen ) escaped from Stalag Luft III during World War II . 73 of the escapees were captured and fifty of them were executed by the Gestapo , while only three succeeded in reaching neutral territories . In the Cowra breakout , at least 545 out of approximately 1000 Japanese POWs escaped from Number 12 POW Compound at Cowra on the night of 4 August 1944 . Out of the roughly 500 escapees , 231 died and 108 were wounded . 31 killed themselves and 12 were burnt to death in huts set on fire by the Japanese . Sixteen of the wounded showed signs of attempted suicide . In the Great Papago Escape , over 25 German POWs escaped by tunneling out of Camp Papago Park POW facility , near Phoenix , Arizona , on the night of December 23 , 1944 . They then fled into the surrounding desert but because the rivers in Arizona were mostly dry and had not been navigable for decades , most of them were recaptured without bloodshed over the next few weeks . In the Acre Prison break , 28 members of the Jewish underground groups Irgun and Lehi escaped from Acre Prison in Acre , Mandatory Palestine ( now Israel ) on May 4 , 1947 . 1950 -- 1975 ( edit ) In 1959 , Frank Freshwaters escaped from an Ohio prison while serving a sentence of involuntary manslaughter from a 1957 car accident . After 56 years he was arrested in Florida . In the Alcatraz escape on June 11 , 1962 , American criminals brothers John and Clarence Anglin , and Frank Morris escaped Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on Alcatraz Island using an inflatable raft , never to be seen again . It was never determined by the FBI whether they succeeded in their escape or died in the attempt . In 1973 , three Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners escaped in the Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape , when a hijacked helicopter landed in the exercise yard at Mountjoy Prison , Dublin , Republic of Ireland . In 1975 , 28 - year - old American convicted drug smuggler Billy Hayes escaped from a prison in İmralı , Turkey , using a rowboat . He made his way to Istanbul , then to Greece , where he was eventually deported to the U.S. Hayes wrote a book on his experiences , Midnight Express , which was later adapted into the 1978 film of the same name starring Brad Davis as Hayes . 1975 -- 1999 ( edit ) On 5 April 1976 , in the Segovia prison break , twenty nine prisoners escape from prison , in Spain 's largest prison break since the country 's civil war . The majority belong to the Basque separatist group ETA . The majority of prisoners are recaptured in shoot outs with the authorities in the next few days , during which one escapee is killed , though four manage to escape to France . In 1977 , the convicted murderer of Martin Luther King , Jr. , James Earl Ray , escaped from Brushy Mountain State Prison in Tennessee , along with six others . Ray was recaptured after two days . He had been running and hiding in the mountainous forest surrounding the prison . In 1977 , convicted murderer James Robert Jones escaped from prison in Kansas , and lived in Florida for 37 years under the alias of Bruce Walter Keith . He was arrested in March 2014 . It is assumed that he used someone else 's identity . In 1979 , Assata Shakur successfully escaped prison in Union , New Jersey when three members of the Black Liberation Army took prison guards as hostages , freed Assata and fled in a prison van . No one was injured during the prison break , including the guards - turned - hostages who were left in the parking lot . In 1984 , Shakur escaped to Cuba where she gained political asylum . Shakur was moved to the FBI 's Most Wanted Terrorists List on May 2 , 2013 . On 2 March 1982 in Peru , PCP guerilla fighters assaulted the Ayacucho prison , resulting in the release of 255 inmates . In the 1983 Batticaloa Jailbreak on 23 September 1983 , 41 Tamil political prisoners and 151 criminal prisoners escaped in eastern Sri Lanka . In the Maze Prison escape on 25 September 1983 , 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army members escaped from HMP Maze in Northern Ireland , the biggest prison escape in Irish or British history . In 1984 , six death row inmates escaped Mecklenburg Correctional Center , making it the largest mass death row escape in American history . All were recaptured within 18 days , and all six men would eventually be executed . The final execution took place in 1996 . On 7 March 1993 , Peter Gibb and Archie Butterley escaped from the Melbourne Remand Centre in Australia , with the help of prison guard Heather Parker who was having a relationship with Gibb . Police found Butterley shot dead six days later , and re-captured Gibb . Trikala , Greece , on May 23 , 1995 , Albanian inmates staged a daring escape from an old Turkish administration building - turned - prison , using weight dumbbells to break the locks of the gates and bed springs as a ladder to scale the wall . 29 prisoners escaped , and about half of them absconded to Albania and were never recaptured . Only Albanian inmates escaped , having kept escape plans secret from the prison 's international population . In the 1995 Vellore Fort Jailbreak on 15 August 1995 , 43 Tamil Tiger inmates escaped from Vellore Fort prison in India . In 1998 , the Belgian child molester Marc Dutroux notoriously managed to escape for a few hours . He was caught the same afternoon , but the incident forced two politicians to resign and deepened the loss of faith in the Belgian judicial system . Martin Gurule escaped from the Texas Death Row at Ellis Unit in 1998 . He was found dead a few days later . In 1999 , Leslie Dale Martin and three other inmates on Louisiana 's death row escaped from their cells at the Louisiana State Penitentiary . They were caught within hours , before they even managed to escape prison grounds . The four men had managed the escape with the use of hacksaws that had been smuggled in for them by a bribed corrections officer . Other officers were inattentive to the inmates ' two to three week effort at cutting their cell doors and window . After the escape , two corrections officers were fired and two others were demoted . Two corrections officers later overheard Martin plotting another escape , which included taking hostages and commandeering a vehicle to ram the prison 's front gates . Martin was immediately moved to the holding cell outside the death chamber , a month before his execution in 2002 . 2000 -- present ( edit ) The Texas 7 escaped from John B. Connally Unit on December 13 , 2000 . Six of them were captured after over a month and a half on the run ; the seventh killed himself before being captured . In January 2001 , three inmates escaped from Chicago State Penitentiary 's H - Unit ( Hi - Max ) . One of them was injured during the escape , and while trying to get back into the prison he got caught in the razor between the fences . The other two offenders ( one serving a life sentence for murder , the other for rape and kidnapping ) were at large for several days before being apprehended in a small town approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the prison . In New York , two convicted murderers escaped from Elmira State Penitentiary in July 2003 ; both were recaptured in two days . Colton Harris - Moore fled a three - year sentence by walking out of a halfway house in April 2008 . On 11 July 2010 , he was captured at Harbour Island , Bahamas and sent back to Seattle The Sarposa Prison attack was a raid on the Kandahar detention facility in Kandahar , Afghanistan by Taliban insurgents on June 13 , 2008 . One of the largest attacks by Afghan insurgents , the raid freed 400 - 1000 prisoners . On August 4 , 2008 , Sarah Jo Pender escaped from Rockville Correctional Facility with the help of prison guard Scott Spitler , who was expecting a $15,000 payment . She remained on the run for four months . Eight inmates charged with violent crimes escaped from the Curry County Adult Detention Center in Clovis , New Mexico on August 24 , 2008 . The men escaped by climbing prison pipes in a narrow space inside a wall , then using homemade instruments to cut a hole in the roof . The jailbreak was featured on a September 6 episode of America 's Most Wanted . As of October 2010 , convicted murderer Edward Salas was the only inmate still at large . Salas was taken into custody by the US Marshals Service on Thursday , October 4 , 2012 in Chihuahua City , Mexico , and was extradited back to New Mexico . Lance Battreal , Charles Smith , and Mark Booher escaped from a Michigan City , Indiana prison on July 12 , 2009 through underground tunnels under the prison yard . Smith was captured on July 20 , 2009 near Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley 's vacation home in Grand Beach , Michigan . Battreal was captured on July 21 , 2009 at his mother 's house in Rockport , Indiana . Booher was captured on July 23 , 2009 in a hotel in Indianapolis , Indiana . Three inmates at an Arizona State Prison for - profit Management and Training Corporation - operated facility escaped on July 30 , 2010 . Daniel Renwick and Tracy Province were murderers and John McCluskey had been convicted of attempted murders . Renwick was captured in a shootout in Rifle , Colorado on August 1 , 2010 . Though he still had 32 years on his sentence in Arizona , he was sentenced to 60 years to be served in Colorado . Province , already a lifer , was captured on August 9 , 2010 in Meeteese , Wyoming . After being sentenced to 38 1 / 3 years in Arizona , he was quickly extradited to face murder charges in New Mexico . McCluskey , who had been doing consecutive 15 - year sentences , was captured with Casslyn Welch , his cousin / accomplice , in eastern Arizona on August 19 in the Apache - Sitgreaves National Forest . He was sentenced to 43 years in an Arizona prison on escape , kidnap , hijacking and robbery charges . Like Province , Welch and McCluskey were soon extradited for the alleged robbery , hijack and murder of two vacationers in New Mexico . Kenneth John Gonzales , the U.S. Attorney in New Mexico , filed death penalty charges against all three . McCluskey was convicted after a three - month trial in Albuquerque on October 7 , 2013 , after Province and Welch testified against him , a conditions of their plea bargains . The death penalty phase of the proceedings began on October 21 , but the jury delivered a sentence of life imprisonment for McCluskey , and Province received the same . Welch was sentenced to 40 years . On July 27 , 2013 , 1,000 inmates escaped from the Queyfiya prison near Benghazi , Libya . The escape occurred after a wave of political assassinations and attacks on political offices around the country . Local residents of Benghazi forced the inmates out of the prison . In October 2013 , Kevin Patrick Stoeser escaped from the Austin Transitional Center where he was serving the remainder of a 156 - month sentence for four counts of child sexual assault and one count of possession of child pornography . He pleaded guilty to these charges in 2003 . He was never captured but DNA - confirmed remains of his skull were found near Del Valle , Texas on September 8 , 2014 . On May 4 , 2014 , Michael Wheatley 55 , dubbed `` The Skull Cracker , '' who was given 13 life sentences for a string of violent raids on banks and building societies , failed to return to HMP Standford Hill open prison on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent , United Kingdom . He was arrested on May 7 , 2014 . On June 8 , 2014 , Robert Elbryan , 42 , Joe Game , 53 , and George Broussard , 63 , escaped from a Quebec detention center with help from a helicopter . The three men were arrested a couple weeks later and returned to the same facility . On September 11 , 2014 , TJ Lane , 19 , serving three life sentences for indiscriminately killing fellow students at his Ohio high school in 2012 , and Jay Morris , 20 , escaped Allen Correctional Institution . Rodriguez was apprehended about 5 hours later , and Morris was captured about 8 hours later . On June 6 , 2015 , Richard Matt , 48 , and David Sweat , 34 , were discovered missing from the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora , New York during a head count at 5 : 30am . An `` external breach '' was found on a street approximately 500 feet south of the prison wall . Both inmates had been convicted of murder . Richard Matt was shot dead on June 26 , 2015 near Lake Titus in Upstate New York . Two days later on June 28 , 2015 , David Sweat was captured just miles from the Canada -- US border , shot twice before taken to a local hospital . On July 11 , 2015 , Mexican drug lord Joaquín Guzmán Loera , also known as ' El Chapo ' , escaped from Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 , a maximum security prison . His escape involved an elaborate underground tunnel leading from the shower area in his cell stretching 1.5 km to a house construction site . The shower area in his cell was not detectable to the security cameras , creating a blind spot . The tunnel lay 10 meters underground and was equipped with a ladder to climb to the bottom , artificial lights , air ducts and various construction materials . A makeshift motorcycle was found in the tunnel , believed to have been used to excavate the tons of earth removed , transport materials and Guzmán himself . An investigation and manhunt quickly followed . He was recaptured on January 8 , 2016 . On January 26 , 2016 , three inmates escaped the Orange County Men 's Central Jail , a maximum security jail in Orange County , California . The three inmates ( Jonathan Tieu , 20 ; Hossein Nayeri , 37 ; and Bac Tien Duong , 43 ) cut through steel bars , made their way through plumbing tunnels , and a used a makeshift rope made out of bed sheets to rappel down the multistory facility . On November 7 , 2016 , two inmates escaped HMP Pentonville in North London . The two inmates ( Mathew Baker and James Whitlock ) used diamond - tipped cutting equipment to break through cell bars before they scaled the perimeter wall . They left mannequins in their beds to fool the prison guards . People who escaped multiple times ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Name # Date Prison name Country Details Brian Bo Larsen 22 ? - 2014 Vridsløselille prison ( in 2014 ) DEN In 2005 , he succeeded to escape by hiding in a container , with the complicity of workers from the waste collection services . On 13 December 2014 he escaped for the 20th time through the window by rope , after having sawed the bars . Nachman Farkash 5 1960s - 1970s Ayalon ( Ramla ) Prison ( 1960s ) ISR Joe , Moondyne Moondyne Joe 5 1833 ( + / - ) Borstal institution ( youth detention ) GBR Joseph Bolitho Johns ( 1826 -- 1900 ) , better known as Moondyne Joe , was Western Australia 's best known bushranger . 1861 , August Toodyay lockup AUS 1865 , November AUS 1866 , August AUS 1867 , March 7 Fremantle Prison AUS Shiratori , Yoshie Yoshie Shiratori 1936 Aomori Prison JPN Yoshie Shiratori ( 1907 - 1979 ) , known as the `` Showa Era escape artist '' . In 1983 a novel based on Shiratori 's life , Hagoku ( literally , Prison Break ) , was published by Akira Yoshimura and in 1985 the book was converted to a made - for - TV - movie by NHK , the Japan Broadcasting Corporation . 1942 Akita Prison JPN 1944 Abashiri Prison JPN 1947 Sapporo Prison JPN Sheppard , Jack Jack Sheppard 1724 , April St Giles 's Roundhouse GBR Sheppard ( 1702 -- 1724 ) was a robber , burglar and thief of early 18th - century London . He was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times , making him a notorious public figure . He used knotted bed - clothes to descend to ground level during his escapes . Ultimately , he was caught , convicted , and hanged at Tyburn , ending his brief criminal career after less than two years . 1724 , May 25 New Prison GBR 1724 , August 31 Newgate Prison GBR 1724 , October 15 Newgate Prison ( the `` Castle '' ) GBR Jay Russell , Steven Steven Jay Russell ( born 1957 ) 1992 , May 13 Harris County jail USA He is a U.S. con artist . As of 2010 , Russell , Texas Department of Criminal Justice # 00760259 , is in the Polunsky Unit , on 23 - hour lockup , only having one free hour a day to shower and exercise , to stop him from escaping . 1996 , July 13 Harris County jail ( 2 ) USA 1996 , December 13 Maximum Security Estelle Unit in Huntsville , Texas USA 1998 , March 13 Maximum Security Estelle Unit ( 2 ) USA Hinds , Alfred George Alfred George Hinds ( 1917 -- 1991 ) 1955 Nottingham Prison GBR He was convicted for a jewelry robbery and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment in 1953 . He escaped from Nottingham Prison after sneaking through the locked doors and over a 20 - foot prison wall . 1956 Law Courts in London GBR After his arrest , he brought a lawsuit against authorities charging the prison commissioners with illegal arrest and used the incident to plan his next escape . He escaped but was captured at an airport five hours later . 1957 Chelmsford Prison GBR He escaped from Chelmsford Prison less than a year later . Two years later he was arrested after being stopped in an unregistered car . Collen Chauke ( 1970 -- 2003 ) Johannesburg Prison RSA He was convicted for car theft and sentenced for four years imprisonment . He escaped from prison after serving only one month of his sentence . Pretoria Prison RSA He was found guilty of robbing R12 , 6 - million from a depot of the SBV security company in Pretoria in October 1997 . He manage to escape from Pretoria prison with five others in December 1997 . 1998 Pretoria Prison RSA He escaped from prison and manage to evade the police for a year until he was recaptured in 1999 in Nelspruit . McNair , Richard Lee Richard Lee McNair ( born 1958 ) Minot municipal police station USA He used lip balm to squeeze out of handcuffs . 1992 , October North Dakota State Penitentiary USA He escaped by crawling through a ventilation duct . 2006 , April 5 United States Penitentiary , Pollock USA He mailed himself out of prison in a crate . McNair was captured in October 2007 in Canada and is now held at the ADX Florence supermax facility in Colorado . Sutton , Willie Willie Sutton ( 1901 - 1980 ) 1932 , December 11 Sing Sing USA He was an American named `` The Actor '' and `` Slick Willie '' . In June 1931 he was sentenced to 30 years on charges of assault and robbery . He escaped on 11 December 1932 , by scaling the prison wall on two 9 - foot sections of ladder that were joined together . Sutton was apprehended on 5 February 1934 and was sentenced to serve 25 -- 50 years in Eastern State Penitentiary , for a machine gun robbery of the Corn Exchange Bank . 1945 , April 3 Eastern State Penitentiary USA He was one of 12 convicts who escaped the institution through a tunnel . He was recaptured the same day by Philadelphia police officers , his fifth escape attempt at this prison . Sentenced to life imprisonment as a fourth time offender , he was transferred to the Philadelphia County Prison . 1947 , February 10 Philadelphia County Prison USA He and other prisoners dressed as prison guards and escaped via ladders across the prison yard to the wall . Payet , Pascal Pascal Payet 2001 , October 12 Luynes prison FRA Payet ( born 1963 ) is a French criminal who gained notoriety for his daring prison escapes using helicopters . He was initially sentenced to a 30 - year jail term for a murder committed during the robbery of a security van in 1997 . He escaped two times with a helicopter . After his second escape he was captured on September 21 , 2007 . 2007 , July 14 Prison in Grasse FRA Dillinger , John John Dillinger ( 1903 - 1934 ) 1933 , October 13 Allen County Jail USA He was a notorious bank robber who operated throughout the Midwest during the Great Depression . He broke out of the Allen County Jail in Lima , Ohio by having his gang pose as officers and infiltrate the prison . Only a few months later , the gang was re-captured when the hotel they were staying in caught fire . He was incarcerated while waiting to stand trial for the murder of a police officer in a bank robbery . 1934 , March 3 Lake County Jail USA Officials boasted that the Lake County Jail in Crown Point , Indiana was escape - proof and posted extra guards , but he escaped using a fake gun . Matt , Richard Richard Matt ( 1967 - 2015 ) 1986 , October 13 Erie County Correction Facility USA In 1986 , at age 19 , Matt was convicted and sentenced to a year in jail . The term was interrupted when Matt , taking advantage of a guard 's mistake , slipped out of his cell , scaled a 9 - foot brick and metal wall topped with razor wire and hopped a freight train to his brother 's house in Tonawanda . Five days later , police officers found him brandishing an ax handle in his brother 's apartment . 2015 , June 6 Clinton Correctional Facility USA On June 6 , 2015 , inmates Richard Matt and David Sweat , both serving sentences for murder , escaped from the facility . A prison employee , Joyce Mitchell , was charged with aiding their escape . Matt was shot and killed by police on June 26 , 2015 . Loera , Joaquín Guzmán Joaquín Guzmán Loera ( born 1954 or 1957 ) 2001 , January 19 `` Puente Grande '' Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation No. 2 MEX On 19 January 2001 , Francisco `` El Chito '' Camberos Rivera , a prison guard , opened Guzmán 's electronically operated cell door , and Guzmán got in a laundry cart that maintenance worker Javier Camberos rolled through several doors and eventually out the front door . He was then transported in the trunk of a car driven by Camberos out of the town . The escape allegedly cost Guzmán $2.5 million . 2015 , July 11 `` Altiplano '' Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 MEX In his second escape from the prison , he escaped through a tunnel leading from the shower area to a home construction site 1.5 km ( 0.93 mi ) away in a Santa Juanita neighborhood . The tunnel was 1.7 m ( 5.7 ft ) tall and 75 cm ( 29.5 in ) in width . It was equipped with artificial light , air conditioning , and high - quality construction materials . Abagnale , Frank Frank Abagnale ( born 1948 ) British VC - 10 airliner ( while deporting ) USA 1971 , April Federal Detention Center , Atlanta , Georgia USA See also ( edit ) Prison escape List of helicopter prison escapes List of prisoner - of - war escapes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevens , Sydney ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Behind Bars in Old Pacific County , 1902 : The Hanging of Lum You '' . Chinook Observer . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Espy , Willard R. ( 1976 ) . Oysterville : Roads to Grandpa 's Village . University of Washington Press . pp. 142 -- 143 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 52196 - 2 . Jump up ^ ODMP memorial Jump up ^ `` Longest prison escape '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . `` Appendix 5 -- The Prison Break at Cowra , August 1944 '' ( PDF ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . pp. 623 -- 624 . OCLC 1297619 . Jump up ^ IB Tribune Jump up ^ `` Murderer caught after 37 years on run - World - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz. 2014 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - EUROPE - Dutroux re-enacts escape '' . Jump up ^ Graczyk , Michael ( Dec 4 , 1998 ) . `` Inmate found dead near breakout site '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . pp. A13 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw 's Court of Appeals of Indiana case and opinions . '' . Jump up ^ `` Convicted killer Edward Salas captured in Mexico '' . KFDA - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 3 inmates escape Michigan City prison '' WISH - TV Retrieved on 2009 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ `` One Henry County killer caught near Chicago mayors home '' The Star Press Retrieved on 2009 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ `` 2nd of 3 Ind. prison escapees captured '' WIVB Retrieved on 2009 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Last of three prison escapees captured in Indiana '' CNN Jump up ^ `` First Inmate Sentenced in Arizona Prison Escape '' . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona inmate gets 43 years for his escape '' . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inmate convicted of killing retired couple while on the lam '' , U.S.A. Today , 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` 40 Years for Woman 's Role in Murders '' , Albuquerque Journal , Scott Sandlin . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitive 's Skull Found by Family Dog '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Skull Cracker ' Michael Wheatley absconds from open prison '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ CNN , By Michael Pearson . `` Escapees in Canadian helicopter jailbreak captured - CNN.com '' . Jump up ^ CNN , By Ed Payne and Cristy Lenz . `` Convicted killer T.J. Lane captured after escape - CNN.com '' . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` CAPTURED - Chardon shooter T.J. Lane in custody '' . Jump up ^ `` CNN México on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California jail escape : 3 inmates on the loose - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Two Pentonville prisoners escape over perimeter wall '' . BBC News . 2016 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Poissiron , Simone ( 13 December 2014 ) . `` Danish Criminal Escapes Prison for the 20th Time '' . Jump up ^ Linebaugh , Ch. 1 . `` The Common Discourse of the Whole Nation : Jack Sheppard and the Art of Escape '' , in The London Hanged , pp. 7 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` RUSSELL , STEVEN L . '' Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Retrieved on December 10 , 2010 . TDCJ ID : 00760259 , SID : 05138971 Jump up ^ Stein , Joshua David . `` Ewan McGregor : Filthy and Gorgeous . '' Out . Friday February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved on December 10 , 2010 . `` ( ... ) the two live lavishly until Russell gets caught and goes to prison for good ( Escape , Case No. 9,856 - C ) . Russell -- Inmate No. 00760259 -- has a maximum sentence that would keep him imprisoned until July 12 , 2140 -- 47,595 days after the film opens . '' Jump up ^ Day , Elizabeth . `` I love you Phillip Morris : a conman 's story . '' The Observer . Sunday September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved on December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/citypress/2003/11/23/C1/4/02.html Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff . `` Collen Chauke dies in hospital '' . Jump up ^ Bayens , Stuart P. `` Deadmonton - Richard Lee McNair '' Archived 2014 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Last Link on the Left . May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Willie Sutton Archived 2016 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , FBI , accessdate 2 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` French inmate in second breakout '' . BBC . 2007 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Pascal Payet s'est évadé en hélicoptère de la maison d'arrêt de Grasse , Nouvelobs.com , 15 / 07 / 2007 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Payet , auteur d'une évasion en hélicoptère , arrêté en Espagne , Le Point , 22 / 09 / 2007 Jump up ^ `` Guzmán Escapes '' . Jump up ^ Martínez , César ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` Escapó ' Chapo ' por túnel de 1.5 km '' ( in Spanish ) . Reforma . ( hide ) Incarceration Science Correctional medicine Criminology Penology Punishment Stanford prison experiment Prisoners Criminal Detainee Hostage Political prisoner Prisoner of conscience Prisoner of war Slave Prisons Types Black site Dark Debtors ' Extermination camp Farm Internment Labor camp Military Penal colony Corrective labor colony Prisoner - of - war camp Private Ship Youth detention center Security levels Administrative detention Death row Maximum security Open Supermax Components Cell Solitary confinement Commissary Cemetery Food Library Nursery Officer Warden Sally port Superintendent Trusty system Escape List of prison escapes Helicopter prison escapes Prisoner - of - war escapes Culture Film Gang ( United States ) Handball Literature Blogs American Prison ring Slang Tattooing Social issues Abuse ( United States ) Contemplative programs Solitary confinement Education LGBT people Mentally ill people in the United States Mobile phones Pay - to - stay Overcrowding Private prisons Rape ( United States ) Religion ( United States ) Riots Sexuality Strikes Suicide Protective custody Women in prison ( United States ) Organizations International Network of Prison Ministries African Prisons Project Florida Justice Institute POA ( trade union ) Prison abolition movement Prison Advice and Care Trust Prison Fellowship Prison Fellowship International Prison Legal News Prison Officers ' Association ( Ireland ) Prison Radio Prison Reform Trust Prison University Project The Prison Phoenix Trust WriteAPrisoner.com Leaving prison Escape Rehabilitation Work release Lists Countries by incarceration rate Prisons By country Australia China Chile Estonia Germany India Ireland Jamaica Japan North Korea Russia Soviet Union Gulag Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Imprisonment and detention Commons Criminal justice portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_prison_escapes&oldid=803729540 '' Categories : Escape Escapes Penal imprisonment Prison escapes Prison - related crime Lists of events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Incomplete lists from June 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 07 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time someone escaped prison	[ "On November 7, 2016, two inmates escaped HMP Pentonville in North London. The two inmates (Mathew Baker and James Whitlock) used diamond-tipped cutting equipment to break through cell bars before they scaled the perimeter wall. They left mannequins in their beds to fool the prison guards.[27]" ]	[ "November 7, 2016" ]
-3007483684204078485	Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)	Member of the Legislative Assembly ( India ) - wikipedia Member of the Legislative Assembly ( India ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Member of Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district ( constituency ) to the legislature of the State government in the Indian system of government . Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) are elected by the people . From Each constituency , the people elected one representative who then becomes a member of parliament the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) . Each state has between seven and nine MLAs for every Member of Parliament ( MP ) that it has in the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's bicameral parliament . There are also members in two unicameral legislatures in Union Territories : the Delhi Legislative Assembly and Puducherry Legislative Assembly . Contents 1 State legislature 2 Qualification 3 Term 4 Powers 5 MLA party memberships as of 15 May 2018 6 Presiding officers 7 See also 8 References State legislature ( edit ) In states where there are two houses there is a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly . In such a case , the Legislative Council is the Upper House , while Legislative Assembly is the Lower House of the State Legislature . The Governor shall not be a member of the Legislature or Parliament , shall not hold any office of profit , and shall be entitled to emoluments and allowances . ( Article 158 of Indian constitution ) . The Legislative Assembly consists of not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60 . The biggest state , Uttar Pradesh , has 403 members in its Assembly . States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even lesser number of members in the Legislative Assembly . Puducherry has 30 members . Mizoram and Goa have only 40 members each . Sikkim has 32 . All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult franchise , and one member is elected from one constituency . Just as the President has the power to nominate two Anglo Indians to the Lok Sabha , similarly , the Governor has the power to nominate one member from the Anglo Indian community as he / she deems fit , if he / she is of the opinion that they are not adequately represented in the Assembly . Qualification ( edit ) The qualifications to become a member of the state Legislature are largely similar to the qualifications to be a member of Parliament . i ) The person should be a citizen of India ii ) not less than 25 years of age to be a member of the Legislative Assembly and not less than 30 years as per Article 173 of Indian Constitution to be a member of the Legislative Council . Person should follow the Indian constitution . Education is not a criteria . No person can become a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of any state , unless the individual is a voter from any constituency of the state . Those who can not become members of Parliament also can not become members of the state legislature . The member is elected by the people of that particular constituency and represents those people in the legislative assembly and debates on issues related to his or her constituency . The MLA 's position is like an MP , but the difference is only that MLA is in the state level and the MP is in the national level . Term ( edit ) The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years . However , it may be dissolved earlier than that by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister . The term of the Legislative Assembly may be extended during an emergency , but not more than six months at a time . The Legislative Council is the Upper House in the State . Just like the Rajya Sabha it is a permanent House . The members of the state 's upper house are selected based on the strength of each party in the lower house and by state gubernatorial nomination . The term of is six years , and a third of the members of the House retire after every two years . The upper house of a state assembly , unlike the Upper house of the Parliament , can be abolished by the lower house , if it passes a specific law bill , which states to dissolve the upper house , and gets it attested in both houses of parliament and then signed by the president into law . Only Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Jammu and Kashmir , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Telangana , and Uttar Pradesh have their upper houses in existence with 6 year term , J&K also has 6 year term lower house . All other states have abolished the upper house by the above - mentioned method , as the upper house causes unnecessary problems and issues . Powers ( edit ) The most important function of the legislature is law making . The State Legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament can not legislate . Some of these items are police , prisons , irrigation , agriculture , local governments , public health , pilgrimages , and burial grounds . Some topics on which both Parliament and states can make laws are education , marriage and divorce , forests , and the protection of wild animals and birds . As regards money bills , the position is the same . Bills can originate only in the Legislative Assembly . The Legislative Council can either pass the bill within 14 days of the date of the receipt of the Bill or suggest changes in it within 14 days . These changes may or may not be accepted by the Assembly . The state legislature , besides making laws , has one electoral power , in electing the President of India . Elected members of the Legislative Assembly along with the elected members of Parliament are involved in this process . Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament with the approval of half of state legislatures . Thus the state legislatures take part in the process of amendment of the Constitution . MLA party memberships as of 15 May 2018 ( edit ) State name Total BJP INC Leftists Socialist NDA Others Ind . Vacant Andhra Pradesh 175 TDP 105 , YSRCP 66 Arunachal Pradesh 60 48 NPP 7 Assam 126 61 25 AGP 14 , BPF 12 AIUDF 13 Bihar 243 53 27 CPI - ML 3 RJD 81 JDU 70 , LJP 2 , RLSP 2 HAM 1 Chhattisgarh 90 49 39 BSP 1 Goa 40 14 14 MGP 3 , GFP 3 , NCP 1 Gujarat 182 99 76 BTP 2 , NCP 1 Haryana 90 47 17 INLD 19 SAD 1 BSP 1 5 Himachal Pradesh 68 44 21 CPM 1 Jammu & Kashmir 87 25 12 CPM 1 JKPC 2 PDP 28 , NC 15 , PDF 1 Jharkhand 81 43 7 CPI - ML 1 , MCC 1 JMM 19 , JBSP 1 AJSU 4 JVM ( P ) 2 , BSP 1 , JP 1 , NSM 1 Karnataka 224 104 79 JDS 36 BSP 1 , KPJP 1 Kerala 140 22 CPM 57 , CPI 19 , CMP ( KSC ) 1 , RSP ( L ) 1 , C ( S ) 1 , NSC 1 , KCB 1 JDS 3 IUML 18 , KCM 6 , KCJ 1 , NCP 2 , 5 Madhya Pradesh 230 165 58 BSP 4 Maharashtra 288 119 40 PWPI 3 , CPM 1 SS 62 , RSP 1 NCP 38 , BVA 3 , AIMIM 2 , MNS 1 , BBM 1 7 9 Manipur 60 31 19 NPF 4 , NPP 4 , LJP 1 Meghalaya 60 20 NPP 20 , UDP 7 , PDP 4 , HSPDP 2 NCP 1 , KHNAM 1 Mizoram 40 30 MNF 6 Nagaland 60 12 NDPP 17 , NPP 2 , JDU 1 NPF 26 Odisha 147 10 16 CPM 1 BJD 117 , SKD 1 Punjab 117 78 SAD 14 AAP 20 , LIP 2 Rajasthan 200 160 25 NPP 1 BSP 2 , NUZP 2 7 Sikkim 32 SDF 22 SKM 10 Tamil Nadu 234 8 AIADMK 116 , DMK 88 , IUML 1 20 Telangana 119 5 13 CPM 1 TRS 90 , AIMIM 7 , TDP 3 Tripura 60 36 CPM 16 IPFT 8 Uttar Pradesh 403 311 7 SP 48 ADS 9 , SBSP 4 BSP 19 5 Uttarakhand 70 57 11 West Bengal 294 42 CPM 26 , RSP 3 , AIFB 2 , CPI 1 AITC 213 , GJM 3 Delhi 70 AAP 66 Puducherry 30 15 AINRC 8 AIADMK 4 , DMK 2 Total 4120 1517 722 142 325 321 1007 63 23 Presiding officers ( edit ) Similar to the Presiding officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council also have Presiding Officers . The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and the Legislative Council has a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman . They are elected from among the members of the House . See also ( edit ) Election Commission of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Indian Government Structure at State Level '' . KKHSOU . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)&oldid=866485976 '' Categories : State lower houses in India State legislatures of India Members of the state Legislative Assemblies of India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 16 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many member of legislative assembly in india	[ "\n\n\nState name\nTotal\nBJP\nINC\nLeftists\nSocialist\nNDA\nOthers\nInd.\nVacant\n\n\nAndhra Pradesh\n175\n4\n\n\n\n\nTDP 105, YSRCP 66\n\n\n\n\nArunachal Pradesh\n60\n48\n3\n\n\nNPP 7\n\n2\n\n\n\nAssam\n126\n61\n25\n\n\nAGP 14, BPF 12\nAIUDF 13\n1\n\n\n\nBihar\n243\n53\n27\nCPI-ML 3\nRJD 81\nJDU 70, LJP 2, RLSP 2\nHAM 1\n4\n\n\n\nChhattisgarh\n90\n49\n39\n\n\n\nBSP 1\n1\n\n\n\nGoa\n40\n14\n14\n\n\nMGP 3, GFP 3,NCP 1\n\n\n\n3\n\n2\n\n\nGujarat\n182\n99\n76\n\n\n\nBTP 2, NCP 1\n2\n\n\n\nHaryana\n90\n47\n17\n\nINLD 19\nSAD 1\nBSP 1\n5\n\n\n\nHimachal Pradesh\n68\n44\n21\nCPM 1\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\nJammu & Kashmir\n87\n25\n12\nCPM 1\n\nJKPC 2\nPDP 28, NC 15, PDF 1\n3\n\n\n\nJharkhand\n81\n43\n7\nCPI-ML 1, MCC 1\nJMM 19, JBSP 1\nAJSU 4\nJVM(P) 2, BSP 1, JP 1, NSM 1\n\n\n\n\nKarnataka\n224\n104\n79\n\nJDS 36\n\nBSP1, KPJP 1\n1\n2\n\n\nKerala\n140\n1\n22\nCPM 57, CPI 19, CMP(KSC) 1, RSP(L) 1, C(S) 1, NSC 1, KCB 1\nJDS 3\n\nIUML 18, KCM 6, KCJ 1, NCP 2,\n5\n1\n\n\nMadhya Pradesh\n230\n165\n58\n\n\n\nBSP 4\n3\n\n\n\nMaharashtra\n288\n119\n40\nPWPI 3, CPM 1\n\nSS 62, RSP 1\nNCP 38, BVA 3, AIMIM 2, MNS 1, BBM 1\n7\n9\n\n\nManipur\n60\n31\n19\n\n\nNPF 4, NPP 4, LJP 1\n\n1\n\n\n\nMeghalaya\n60\n2\n20\n\n\nNPP 20, UDP 7, PDP 4, HSPDP 2\nNCP 1, KHNAM 1\n3\n\n\n\nMizoram\n40\n\n30\n\n\nMNF 6\n\n\n\n4\n\n\nNagaland\n60\n12\n\n\n\nNDPP 17, NPP 2, JDU 1\nNPF 26\n1\n1\n\n\nOdisha\n147\n10\n16\nCPM 1\nBJD 117, SKD 1\n\n\n2\n\n\n\nPunjab\n117\n3\n78\n\n\nSAD 14\nAAP 20, LIP 2\n\n\n\n\nRajasthan\n200\n160\n25\n\n\nNPP 1\nBSP 2, NUZP 2\n7\n3\n\n\nSikkim\n32\n\n\n\n\nSDF 22\nSKM 10\n\n\n\n\nTamil Nadu\n234\n\n8\n\n\n\nAIADMK 116, DMK 88, IUML 1\n1\n20\n\n\nTelangana\n119\n5\n13\nCPM 1\n\n\nTRS 90, AIMIM 7, TDP 3\n\n\n\n\nTripura\n60\n36\n\nCPM 16\n\nIPFT 8\n\n\n\n\n\nUttar Pradesh\n403\n311\n7\n\nSP 48\nADS 9, SBSP 4\nBSP 19\n5\n\n\n\nUttarakhand\n70\n57\n11\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\nWest Bengal\n294\n3\n42\nCPM 26, RSP 3, AIFB 2, CPI 1\n\n\nAITC 213, GJM 3\n1\n\n\n\nDelhi\n70\n4\n\n\n\n\nAAP 66\n\n\n\n\nPuducherry\n30\n\n15\n\n\nAINRC 8\nAIADMK 4 , DMK 2\n1\n\n\n\nTotal\n4120\n1517\n722\n142\n325\n321\n1007\n63\n23\n" ]	[ "4120" ]
-4903966046550667698	Edible plant stem	Edible plant stem - wikipedia Edible plant stem Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Edible plant stems are one part of plants that are eaten by humans . Most plants are made up of stems , roots , leaves , flowers , and produce fruits containing seeds . Humans most commonly eat the seeds ( e.g. maize , wheat , coffee ) , fruit ( e.g. tomato , apples , bananas ) , flowers ( e.g. dandelion , broccoli , sunflower ) , leaves ( e.g. lettuce , spinach , and cabbage ) , roots ( e.g. carrots , ginger , beets ) , and stems ( e.g. asparagus , rhubarb , leek ) of many plants . There are also a few edible petioles ( also known as leaf stems ) such as celery . Plant stems have a variety of functions . Stems support the entire plant and have buds , leaves , flowers , and fruits . Stems are also a vital connection between leaves and roots . They conduct water and mineral nutrients through ( xylem ) tissue from roots upward , and organic compounds and some mineral nutrients through phloem tissue in any direction within the plant . Apical meristems , located at the shoot tip and axillary buds on the stem , allow plants to increase in length , surface , and mass . In some plants , such as cactus , stems are specialized for photosynthesis and water storage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Modified stems 2 Detailed description of edible plant stems 3 Some wild plants with edible stems 4 Sources and external links Modified stems ( edit ) Typical stems are located above ground , but there are modified stems that can be found either above or below ground . Modified stems located above ground are crowns , stolons , runners , or spurs . Modified stems located below ground are bulbs ( which are actually primarily the enlarged base of the plant 's leaves ) , corms , rhizomes , and tubers . Detailed description of edible plant stems ( edit ) Crispy lotus stem garnished with chives Asparagus The edible portion is the rapidly emerging stems that arise from the crowns in the Bamboo The edible portion is the young shoot ( culm ) . Birch Trunk sap is drunk as a tonic or rendered into birch syrup , vinegar , beer , soft drinks , and other foods . Broccoli The edible portion is stem tissue , flower buds , and some small leaves . Carrot In addition to its edible root , its leaves and stems may also be eaten . They may be blanched to remove their bitter taste . Cauliflower The edible portion is proliferated stem and flower tissue . Celery The whole plant is edible including the crisp petiole ( leaf stalk ) and the fleshy taproot . Chives Stems of chives have a mild flavor . Cinnamon Many favor the unique sweet flavor of the inner bark of cinnamon , and it is commonly used as a spice . Dandelion The stems taste mildly bitter . Fig The edible portion is stem tissue . The fig `` fruit '' is actually an inverted flower with both the male and female flower parts enclosed inside stem tissue . Garlic The edible portion is predominantly swollen leaves with a bit of stem . Ginger root The edible portion is a branched underground compressed stem also referred to as a rhizome . Kohlrabi The edible portion is an enlarged ( swollen ) stem . It is a member of the cabbage family and is white , green , or purple in color . Leek Similar to other members in the onion family , the edible portion is swollen leaves with a bit of stem . Lotus root The edible portion is a stem modified for underwater growth . Buds and branches are visible on the vegetable sold as lotus root . Kupal The edible portion is stem segments . Onion The edible portion is swollen leaves with a bit of stem . They are bulbs which , like garlic and leeks , are modified stems in which the primary storage tissue is expanded leaf bases . They come in white , yellow , and red varieties . Potato The edible portion is an underground stem that is also a tuber . The `` eyes '' of the potato are lateral buds . Potatoes come in white , yellow , orange , or purple - colored varieties . Radish The whole plant is edible , but it is commonly grown for the root . Rhubarb The red or green stalks are the edible portion ; the leaves are toxic . Sassafras The shoots and stem bark are sometimes used to make root beer . Shallot Also a member of the onion family , the edible portion is mainly swollen leaves with a bit of stem . Sugar cane The edible portion is the inner stalk ( stem ) whose sap is a source of sugar . In its raw form chewing or extraction through a juicer extracts its juice . Sugar maple Phloem sap from the tree trunks is made into maple sugar and maple syrup . Taro The edible portion is the underground stem ( corm ) . White pine The sweet inner bark ( phloem ) was eaten by Native Americans . Some wild plants with edible stems ( edit ) There are also many wild edible plant stems . In North America , these include the shoots of common milkweed , Solomon 's seal , woodsorrel ( usually eaten along with the leaves ) , blackberry and raspberry ( peeled ) , chickweeds , galinsoga , common purslane , Japanese knotweed , saxifrage , cleavers , wild leeks , wild onion , nodding onion , field garlic , wild garlic , winter cress and other wild mustards , thistles ( de-thorned ) , stinging nettles and wood nettles ( cooked ) , burdock , bellworts , jewelweed , spiderwort , violets , carrion flower , twisted - stalk , amaranth , pine and slippery elm , among many others . Also , some wild plants with edible rhizomes ( underground , horizontal stems ) can be found , such as cattail , ground nut , Solomon 's seal and false Solomon 's seal . Wild edible tubers include arrowhead , and many more . Wild edible stems , like their domestic relatives , are usually only good when young and growing . Many of these also require preparation ( as do many domestic plants , such as the potato ) , so it is wise to read up on the plant before experimenting with eating it . Sources and external links ( edit ) Albuquerque Master Gardeners. ( 2005 , May 23 ) . Basic Plant Science ( Botany ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2005 , from www.nmmastergardeners.org/Manual % 20etc / Supplementfiles / Botany. htm Hershey , D. ( 2001 , May 4 ) . Re : What plant parts do we eat ? . Message posted to www.madsci.org Lineberger , D. ( spring 2005 ) . Aggie Horticulture 's edible botany . Retrieved July 15 , 2005 , from aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/201h/ediblebotany/index.html McEachern , G.R. ( 1996 , December 9 ) . Figs . Retrieved July 15 , 2005 , from aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/fruit/figs/figs.html Oregon State University Extension Service . ( 1999 ) . Master Gardener Handbook : external plant parts -- stems . Retrieved July 15 , 2005 , from extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/stems6.html Wilson , H.D. ( 1998 , July 7 ) . Plants and People -- Botany 328 , Lab 1 -- Plant Vegetative Morphology and Vegetables . Retrieved July 15 , 2005 , from www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/pp/su98/veglablist.htm Institute for the Study of Edible Wild Plants & Other Foragables Link Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edible_plant_stem&oldid=842063456 '' Categories : Stem vegetables Edible plants Lists of foods Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which part of potato plant is used as vegetable	[ "The edible portion is an underground stem that is also a tuber. The \"eyes\" of the potato are lateral buds. Potatoes come in white, yellow, orange, or purple-colored varieties." ]	[ "stem" ]
8084308408250853463	The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild	The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild - wikipedia The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild 2017 video game The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Primary packaging artwork , depicting Link overlooking Hyrule Developer ( s ) Nintendo EPD Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Director ( s ) Hidemaro Fujibayashi Producer ( s ) Eiji Aonuma Programmer ( s ) Takuhiro Dohta Kenji Matsutani Hiroshi Umemiya Artist ( s ) Satoru Takizawa Writer ( s ) Akihito Toda Composer ( s ) Manaka Kataoka Yasuaki Iwata Hajime Wakai Series The Legend of Zelda Platform ( s ) Nintendo Switch , Wii U Release March 3 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is an action - adventure game developed and published by Nintendo . An entry in the longrunning The Legend of Zelda series , it was released for the Nintendo Switch and Wii U consoles on March 3 , 2017 . Breath of the Wild takes place at the end of the Zelda timeline ; the player controls Link , who awakens from a hundred - year slumber to defeat Calamity Ganon before it can destroy the kingdom of Hyrule . Similarly to the original Legend of Zelda ( 1986 ) , players are given little instruction and can explore the open world freely . Tasks include collecting multipurpose items to aid in objectives or solving puzzles and side quests for rewards . Breath of the Wild 's world is unstructured and designed to reward experimentation , and the story can be completed in a nonlinear fashion . Development of Breath of the Wild lasted five years . Wanting to reinvent the series , Nintendo introduced elements such as a detailed physics engine , high - definition visuals , and voice acting . Monolith Soft assisted in designing landscapes . The game was planned for release in 2015 as a Wii U exclusive , but was delayed twice due to problems with the physics engine . Breath of the Wild was a launch game for Switch and the final Nintendo game for Wii U . Two downloadable content packs were released later in 2017 . Breath of the Wild received acclaim for its open - ended gameplay and attention to detail , with many publications describing it as one of the greatest video games of all time . Critics called it a landmark in open - world design , despite minor criticism for its technical performance at launch . It won numerous awards , including several game of the year awards . By September 2018 , Breath of the Wild had sold over 11.7 million copies worldwide , making it the bestselling Zelda game . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Promotion and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay See also : Gameplay of The Legend of Zelda series Players are free to explore the world of Breath of the Wild using a variety of tools . For example , by jumping from a high elevation and deploying his paraglider , Link can travel distances quickly . Breath of the Wild is an action - adventure game set in an open world environment where players are tasked with exploring the kingdom of Hyrule while controlling Link . In terms of structure , Breath of the Wild encourages nonlinear gameplay , which is illustrated by the game 's lack of defined entrances or exits to areas , scant instruction given to the player , and encouragement to explore freely . Breath of the Wild introduces a consistent physics engine to the Zelda series , letting players approach problems in different ways rather than trying to find a single solution . The game also integrates a `` chemistry engine '' that defines the physical properties of most objects and governs how they interact with the player and one another . For example , players may take advantage of the game 's dynamic weather by throwing metal objects at enemies during thunderstorms to attract a lightning strike . These design approaches result in a generally unstructured and interactive world that rewards experimentation and allows for nonlinear completion of the story . As Link , players can perform actions such as running , climbing , swimming , and gliding with a paraglider , although Link is limited by his stamina . Link can procure items from the environment , including weapons , food , and other resources . Unlike previous Zelda games , weapons and shields will degrade over time . Many items have multiple uses ; for example , wooden weapons and armor can be set to light fires or collect incoming enemy arrows , and shields can be used as makeshift snowboards . Players can obtain food from hunting animals , gathering wild fruit , or collecting parts of deceased enemies . By cooking combinations of food or materials , the player can create meals and elixirs that can replenish Link 's health and stamina , or provide temporary status bonuses such as increased strength or weather resistance . An important tool in Link 's arsenal is the `` Sheikah Slate '' , which can be used to mark waypoints on a map . Over the course of the game , Link can collect powers to add to the Slate , including remote bombs , the ability to manipulate metal objects , form ice blocks on watery surfaces , and temporarily stopping objects in time . In combat , players can lock onto targets for more precise attacks , while certain button combinations allow for advanced offensive and defensive moves . Players may also defeat enemies without weapons , such as rolling boulders off cliffs into enemy camps . Besides exploration , players can undergo quests or challenges to obtain certain benefits . Activating towers and shrines adds waypoints that the player may warp to at any time . Activating towers also adds territories to the map , although location names are not added until the player explores that area . Dotted throughout Hyrule are shrines that contain challenges ranging from puzzles to battles against robotic opponents . Clearing shrines earns Spirit Orbs , which can be traded for additional health or stamina points . Scattered across Hyrule are small puzzles that reveal Korok Seeds , which can be traded to expand inventory size for weapons , shields , and bows . Towns serve as hotspots for quests , sidequests and shops selling materials and clothing . Hikers and other travelers offer sidequests , hints , or conversation . Additionally , players can scan Amiibo figures against their console to summon items or call Link 's horse Epona from previous Zelda games and Wolf Link from Twilight Princess . Plot Breath of the Wild takes place at the end of the Zelda timeline in the kingdom of Hyrule . When the evil Calamity Ganon threatens Hyrule , he is defeated by Princess Zelda , descendant of the Goddess Hylia , with the help of her knight , Link . Hyrule matured into an advanced civilization , protected by four Divine Beasts -- enormous animalistic machines -- and an army of Guardians , autonomous weapons . Upon Ganon 's return , four great warriors were given the title of Champion and piloted one of the Divine Beasts to weaken him , protected by Zelda , Link , and the Guardians . Link struck Ganon down with the Master Sword , allowing Zelda to seal Ganon away . 10,000 years later , the kingdom of Hyrule regressed to a medieval state . Reading their ancestors ' prophecies , the Hyrulians recognized the signs of Ganon 's return and excavated the Divine Beasts and Guardians . The champions of Hyrule 's races -- Daruk , warrior of the mountainous Goron ; Mipha , princess of the aquatic Zora ; Revali , archer of the birdlike Rito ; and Urbosa , chief of the desert - dwelling Gerudo -- assembled to pilot the Divine Beasts , while Zelda and Link battled Ganon . However , Ganon possessed the Guardians and Divine Beasts , turning them against Hyrule . King Rhoam and the Champions were killed , the castle town was destroyed , and Link was gravely wounded . Zelda took Link to safety , hid the Master Sword , and used her magic to trap Ganon in Hyrule Castle . 100 years later , an amnesiac Link awakens in Hyrule . He meets an old man , who reveals himself as the spirit of King Rhoam . Rhoam explains that Ganon , sealed in Hyrule Castle , has grown strong ; he pleads for Link to defeat Ganon before he breaks free and destroys the world . Link travels Hyrule , returning to locations from his past and regaining his memories . With the help of the Hyrulian races , he boards the four Divine Beasts and purges them of Ganon 's monsters , releasing the spirits of Hyrule 's former champions . After obtaining the Master Sword from the Lost Woods , Link enters Hyrule Castle and defeats Ganon with the help of the Divine Beasts and Zelda 's Bow of Light . Zelda seals Ganon away , restoring peace and allowing the spirits of King Rhoam and the champions to depart . Zelda realizes that Hyrule must be rebuilt and that she and Link must begin the process themselves . If the player fulfills certain conditions , they unlock an alternative ending where Link and Zelda survey Hyrule and talk about rebuilding the world . Development With Breath of the Wild , Zelda series producer Eiji Aonuma sought to rethink series conventions . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild was developed by Nintendo EPD for the Wii U and Nintendo Switch consoles . According to series producer Eiji Aonuma , the development team aimed to `` rethink the conventions of Zelda '' . Following the release of The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword in 2011 , Aonuma received comments from players who wished to see a more interconnected map to explore the locales between the gameplay areas . In 2013 , Nintendo experimented with nonlinear , open - world gameplay in The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds . At the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo , Aonuma said he planned to reform dungeons and puzzles , two of the series ' major gameplay elements , and redesign the game to allow players to reach the end without progressing through the story . As Nintendo had never worked on a modern open - world game before , they took influence from the development of The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . Prior to full development , the developers designed a playable 2D prototype similar to the original Zelda to experiment with physics - based puzzles . The final game uses a modified version of the Havok physics engine . At the 2017 Game Developers Conference , Director Hidemaro Fujibayashi , technical director Takuhiro Dohta , and art director Satoru Takizawa held a presentation titled `` Change and Constant -- Breaking Conventions with The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' , during which they demoed the prototype . Aonuma called the physics engine in Breath of the Wild a major development for the Zelda series , saying that it `` underpins everything in the world '' and makes things operate in a `` logical and realistic way '' , allowing players to approach puzzles and problems in different ways . He expanded on the difficulty in developing this system , recalling how one day during development he entered an area in the game and found that all the objects had been blown away by the wind . `` Our mission in developing this new Zelda game ... is quite plainly to re-think the conventions of Zelda . I 'm referring to the expectation that the player is supposed to complete dungeons in a certain order ... we want to set aside these conventions , get back to basics and create a newborn Zelda so that the players can best enjoy the real essence of the franchise . '' Eiji Aonuma , producer The game was built and demonstrated with touchscreen features for the Wii U , but the developers found that looking away from the main screen distracted from the game . The features were removed when the game moved to tandem development across the Wii U and Nintendo Switch . The Wii U GamePad also affected animation ; although Link is canonically left - handed , he is right - handed in the game to match the GamePad 's control scheme , which has its sword - swinging buttons on its right side . The Switch version performs better than the Wii U release when docked to a television , although when undocked , both run at the same resolution . The Switch version also has higher - quality environmental sounds . Aonuma stated that the art design was inspired by gouache and en plein air art to help identify the vast world . The game 's landscape was based on locations in and around Kyoto , the hometown of game director Hidemaro Fujibayashi , and was partially designed by Monolith Soft , who assisted with topographical level design . `` I really think the implementation of this physics engine is a major development for the Zelda series . The way the physics engine underpins everything in the world really offers up a lot of new possibilities . For instance , in Breath of the Wild you might have a puzzle where making use of the physics , there 'll be various ways you can solve that puzzle . That really opens up a lot of possibilities so there 's not just one way to progress in the game or just one way to solve a puzzle . '' Eiji Aonuma , producer Breath of the Wild was the first main Zelda game to use voice acting in cutscenes , although Link remains a silent protagonist . Aonuma was affected by the first time he heard a character with a human voice in - game , and wanted to leave a similar impression on players . The team decided to record voice - overs for all cutscenes instead of only the key scenes , as originally planned . Nintendo provided voice - overs and subtitles in eight languages . Initially , players were not able to mix and match the languages of voices and subtitles ; however , Nintendo released an update in May 2017 that allowed players to choose the voice - over language . The game went gold on February 3 , 2017 , with Nintendo holding a wrap party to celebrate . Coinciding with the game 's launch in Taiwan and South Korea in early 2018 , Nintendo introduced a patch worldwide adding traditional and simplified Chinese and Korean translations for the Nintendo Switch version . The original score was composed by Manaka Kataoka , Yasuaki Iwata , and Hajime Wakai . Kataoka and Wakai had previously worked on the Zelda games Spirit Tracks and The Wind Waker respectively . The soundtrack was primarily written and performed on a piano , with a focus on ambient music and sounds rather than the melodic and upbeat music in previous Zelda games . According to Wakai , this helped add `` authenticity '' to the environments , and was taken on as a challenge by the rest of the sound team . Promotion and release Aonuma announced a new entry for Nintendo 's Wii U console in January 2013 during the company 's regular online presentation . The game , he continued , would challenge the series ' conventions , such as the requirement that players complete dungeons in a set order . The next year , Nintendo introduced the game 's high - definition , cel - shaded visual style with in - game footage at its June 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo press event . Once planned for release in 2015 , the game was delayed early in the year and did not show at that year 's E3 . Zelda series creator Shigeru Miyamoto reaffirmed that the game was still set for release on the Wii U , despite the development of Nintendo 's next console , the Nintendo Switch . The game was delayed again in April 2016 due to problems with its physics engine . Nintendo let attendees play the game 's Wii U version at E3 2016 , where they also announced its subtitle , Breath of the Wild . CNET said that the showing would `` take your breath away '' , and Breath of the Wild was the most talked - about E3 2016 game on social media according to Brandwatch , a social media monitoring platform . It was also listed among the best games at E3 by Eurogamer , GameSpot , and GamesRadar+ . At a Nintendo presentation in January 2017 , Nintendo showed a new trailer announcing that the game would be released as a launch game for the Switch . Breath of the Wild launched for both the Wii U and Switch on March 3 , 2017 . It was the last Nintendo game released for the Wii U . The Switch version was available in limited `` Special Edition '' and `` Master Edition '' bundles , which both included a Sheikah Eye coin , a Calamity Ganon tapestry with world map , a soundtrack CD , and a themed carrying case for the Switch . The Master Edition also included a figurine based on the Master Sword . An `` Explorer 's Edition '' was released for the Switch on November 23 , 2017 , containing a two - sided map and a 100 - page book of story information . In Europe , the game used unique packing artwork . A five - disc , 211 - track soundtrack was released in Japan on April 25 , 2018 . Downloadable content On June 30 , 2017 , Nintendo released a `` season pass '' for two bundled downloadable content ( DLC ) : The Master Trials and The Champions ' Ballad . The Master Trials adds gameplay modes , features , and items . In the Trial of the Sword challenge , Link fights through around 45 rooms of enemies and must finish each room before proceeding . Link begins with no equipment , but is rewarded with a glowing Master Sword that has greater durability and possesses a doubled damage stat if the player completes the challenge . The pack also adds an option to play the game at a higher difficulty level , which adds ranks and raises the ranks of enemies . The enemies are more perceptive when Link sneaks near them and slowly regenerate health in battle . New floating platforms throughout the land offer enemies to battle and treasure as a reward . The Hero 's Path feature draws the player 's path on the game 's map , designed to help players determine places they have not visited . The player can also find the hidden Travel Medallion to save Link 's current position as a single waypoint to which the player can transport Link at any time . New items include the Korok Mask , which helps the player find Korok locations , and other themed cosmetics related to previous Zelda games . The Champions ' Ballad was released on December 7 , 2017 , with a trailer presented at The Game Awards 2017 exhibiting the new content . The expansion pack adds a new dungeon , original story , gear , and additional challenges . It also introduces the Master Cycle Zero , a motorcycle - like vehicle that Link can ride after players complete the pack 's additional content . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( NS ) 97 / 100 ( Wii U ) 96 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 Edge 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer Essential Famitsu 40 / 40 Game Informer 10 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 10 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Nintendo Life Nintendo World Report 9.5 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10 Breath of the Wild was released to critical acclaim , with some calling the game a masterpiece and one of the greatest video games of all time . On the review aggregator Metacritic , Breath of the Wild was the highest - rated game of 2017 and holds the largest number of perfect reviews of any game from any year . Industry publications including IGN , GameSpot , Polygon , Entertainment Weekly , Eurogamer , Electronic Gaming Monthly , GamesRadar+ , and Game Informer ranked Breath of the Wild the best game of 2017 . It was the 29th game ( including retrospective perfect scores ) to earn a 10 / 10 score from Edge and the 24th game to receive a 40 / 40 score from Famitsu . The open - world gameplay received praise . Jose Otero of IGN described it as `` a masterclass in open - world design '' and `` a wonderful sandbox full of mystery , dangling dozens upon dozens of tantalizing things in front of you that just beg to be explored '' . GameSpot called it the most impressive game Nintendo had made , writing that it `` takes designs and mechanics perfected in other games and reworks them for its own purposes to create something wholly new , but also something that still feels quintessentially like a Zelda game ... It 's both a return to form and a leap into uncharted territory , and it exceeds expectations on both fronts . '' Edge wrote that the game world was `` an absolute , and unremitting , pleasure to get lost in '' and that `` the magic of being given all the tools in the opening hour is the knowledge that the solution to any problem is already at your disposal , and you can always change tack '' . According to Kyle Orland of Ars Technica , `` after spending a week utterly immersed in Nintendo 's open - world reimagining of the tried - and - true Zelda formula , it 's hard to return to the more formulaic entries of the franchise 's past '' . Journalists commented on unexpected results not intended by the developers , with serendipitous moments proving popular on social media . Chris Plante of The Verge predicted that whereas prior open - world games tended to feature prescribed challenges , Zelda would influence a new generation of games with open - ended problem - solving . Reviewers lauded the sense of detail and immersion . Kotaku recommended turning off UI elements in praise of the indirect cues that contextually indicate the same information , such as Link shivering in the cold or waypoints appearing when using the scope . Reviewers also commented on the unexpected permutations of interactions between Link , villagers , pets , and enemies , , many of which were shared widely on social media . A tribute to former Nintendo president Satoru Iwata , who died during development , also attracted praise . Jim Sterling was more critical than most , giving Breath of the Wild a 7 / 10 score . He criticized the difficulty , weapon durability , and level design , but praised the open world and variety of content . Other criticism focused on the unstable frame rate and the low resolution of 900p ; updates addressed some of these problems . Sales Breath of the Wild broke sales records for a Nintendo launch game in multiple regions . In Japan , the Switch and Wii U versions sold a combined 230,000 copies in the first week of release , with the Switch version becoming the top - selling game released that week . In the UK , Breath of the Wild was the second - bestselling retail game its week of release behind Horizon Zero Dawn , and became the third - bestselling Zelda game behind Wind Waker and Twilight Princess . In the United States , Breath of the Wild was the second - bestselling video game during its month of release behind Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands . Nintendo reported that Breath of the Wild sold more than one million copies in the US that month , 925,000 of which were for Switch - a 100 % attach rate . That month , Nintendo reported it had sold 3.84 million copies of Breath of the Wild worldwide , 1.08 million for Wii U and 2.76 million for Switch , surpassing the Switch 's global sales of 2.74 million for the same period . Nintendo president Tatsumi Kimishima said that the attach rate of Breath of the Wild to the Switch was `` unprecedented '' . By June 2018 , the Switch version had sold 9.32 million copies , and the Wii U version 1.5 million , for a total of 10.82 million , making Breath of the Wild the best - selling Zelda game . By September 2018 , the Switch version reached 10.28 million copies sold . The game 's success sparked increased interest in the Wii U emulator Cemu , as the Cemu developers rapidly updated the software to run the game at a smooth frame rate within weeks of release . Accolades Following its demonstration at E3 2016 , Breath of the Wild received several accolades from the Game Critics Awards and from publications such as IGN and Destructoid . It was listed among the best games at E3 by Eurogamer , GameSpot , and GamesRadar+ . In late 2016 , Breath of the Wild received two awards at Gamescom , and won the award for Most Anticipated Game at The Game Awards 2016 . After its release , Breath of the Wild won multiple awards at The Game Awards 2017 , including Game of the Year , Best Game Direction , and Best Action / Adventure Game , and was nominated for Best Art Direction , Best Score / Music , and Best Audio Design . At the 2018 DICE Awards , it won Game of the Year among other awards . Award Date of ceremony Category Result Ref . Game Critics Awards July 5 , 2016 Best Action / Adventure Game Won Best Console Game Won Best of Show Won The Game Awards 2016 December 1 , 2016 Most Anticipated Game Won 2017 Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Video Game Nominated Japan Game Awards September 21 , 2017 The Grand Award Won BBC Radio 1 's Teen Awards October 22 , 2017 Best Game Nominated Golden Joystick Awards November 17 , 2017 Best Visual Design Nominated Best Audio Won Critics ' Choice Award Won Nintendo Game of the Year Won Ultimate Game of the Year Won The Game Awards 2017 December 7 , 2017 Game of the Year Won Best Game Direction Won Best Art Direction Nominated Best Score / Music Nominated Best Audio Design Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Won New York Game Awards January 24 , 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Won Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game Nominated Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Won D.I.C.E. Awards February 22 , 2018 Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated Outstanding Technical Achievement Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won NAVGTR Awards March 13 , 2018 Art Direction , Fantasy Won Control Design , 3D Nominated Game Design , Franchise Nominated Game of the Year Nominated Game , Franchise Family Nominated Original Light Mix Score , Franchise Won SXSW Gaming Awards March 17 , 2018 Excellence in Musical Score Nominated Excellence in Animation Nominated Excellence in Art Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Won Excellence in Design Won Video Game of the Year Won Game Developers Choice Awards March 21 , 2018 Best Audio Won Best Design Won Innovation Award Nominated Best Technology Nominated Best Visual Art Nominated Game of the Year Won 14th British Academy Games Awards April 12 , 2018 Artistic Achievement Nominated Best Game Nominated Game Design Nominated Game Innovation Won Music Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Video Game Nominated References Notes Jump up ^ Japanese : ゼルダの伝説ブレスオブザワイルド , Hepburn : Zeruda no Densetsu : Buresu obu za Wairudo Jump up ^ Languages include Dutch , English , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Russian , and Spanish . The Dutch localization is text only and borrows the English voice - over by default , whilst the Spanish localization include two different voice - over tracks for different regions . Jump up ^ The Chinese and Korean localization is text only and borrows the Japanese voice - over by default . Citations Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's Open World is 12 Times Bigger than Twilight Princess '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : George , Richard ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` New HD Zelda Revealed for Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tom ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` The big Zelda : Breath of the Wild interview '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Kate ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Is The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild the best - designed game ever ? '' . Theguardian.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Jose ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Breath of the Wild is the future of blockbuster games '' . Theverge.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` New Gameplay Shown From The Legend of Zelda Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Zelda Wii U 's Open World Is as Big as the System Can Handle '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is the most ambitious Nintendo game in years '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tach , David ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild beginner 's guide '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Two Skills Break Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's Otherwise Creative Combat '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hilliard , Kyle ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About The Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Dungeons '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The reward for collecting all 900 Zelda : Breath of the Wild Korok seeds is a bit poo '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild gets three new Amiibo , here they are '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` You can unlock Links classic green tunic in The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Now Has an Official Place in the Series ' Timeline ... Sort Of '' . IGN . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Impa : The history of the royal family of Hyrule is also the history of Calamity Canon , a primal evil that has endured over the ages . This evil has been turned back time and time again by a warrior wielding the soul of a hero and a princess who carries the blood of the Goddess . With the passage of time , each conflict with Ganon faded into legend . So listen closely as I tell you of this ' legend ' that occurred 10,000 years ago . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Impa : Hyrule was then blossoming as a highly advanced civilization ... the people thought it wise to utilize their technological prowess to ensure the safety of the land should Calamity Ganon ever return . They constructed ... the Divine Beasts . They also built a legion of autonomous weapons called guardians . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Impa : The Divine Beasts were piloted by four individuals of exceptional skill from across the land . And thus , the plan to neutralize Ganon was forged ... The princess and the hero fought alongside these four Champions against this ancient evil . The Guardians were tasked with protecting the hero , as the Divine Beasts unleashed a furious attack ... And when the hero wielding the sword that seals the darkness delivered his final blow , the princess used her sacred power to seal away Calamity Ganon . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Princess Zelda 's Research Notes : In the war against the Calamity 10,000 years ago ... were the injuries so great as to necessitate such a facility ? Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : There was also a prophecy . ' The signs of a resurrection of Calamity Ganon are clear , and the power to oppose it lies dormant beneath the ground ' . We decided to heed the prophecy and began excavating large areas of land . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : The princess , her appointed knight , and the rest of the Champions were on the brink of sealing away Ganon ... But nay ... Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : ( Ganon ) seized control of the Guardians and the Divine Beasts and turned them against us . The Champions lost their lives . Those residing in the castle as well . The appointed knight , gravely wounded , collapsed while defending the princess . And thus , the Kingdom of Hyrule was devastated absolutely by Calamity Ganon . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : However , the princess survived ... to face Ganon alone . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what engine was used for breath of the wild	[ "Prior to full development, the developers designed a playable 2D prototype similar to the original Zelda to experiment with physics-based puzzles. The final game uses a modified version of the Havok physics engine.[35] At the 2017 Game Developers Conference, Director Hidemaro Fujibayashi, technical director Takuhiro Dohta, and art director Satoru Takizawa held a presentation titled \"Change and Constant – Breaking Conventions with The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild\", during which they demoed the prototype.[35][36] Aonuma called the physics engine in Breath of the Wild a major development for the Zelda series, saying that it \"underpins everything in the world\" and makes things operate in a \"logical and realistic way\", allowing players to approach puzzles and problems in different ways. He expanded on the difficulty in developing this system, recalling how one day during development he entered an area in the game and found that all the objects had been blown away by the wind.[3]\n" ]	[ "a modified version of the Havok physics engine" ]
-2791972943422256473	Marian Keyes	Marian Keyes - wikipedia Marian Keyes Jump to : navigation , search Marian Keyes ( 1963 - 09 - 10 ) 10 September 1963 ( age 54 ) Limerick , Ireland Occupation Writer , novelist Nationality Irish Alma mater Dublin University Period 1995 -- present Genre Women 's literature Subject Domestic violence , drug abuse , mental illness , divorce and alcoholism Notable works Fiction Watermelon ( 1995 ) Lucy Sullivan is Getting Married ( 1996 ) This Charming Man ( 2008 ) Spouse Tony Baines ( m . 1995 ) Website www.mariankeyes.com Marian Keyes ( born 10 September 1963 ) is an Irish novelist and non-fiction writer , best known for her work in women 's literature . She is an Irish Book Awards winner . By March 2017 over 35 million copies of her twelve novels preceding The Break ( 2017 ) have been sold and been translated into 33 languages . She became known worldwide for Watermelon , Lucy Sullivan is Getting Married , Rachel 's Holiday , Last Chance Saloon , Anybody Out There , and This Charming Man , with themes including alcoholism , depression , addiction , cancer , bereavement , and domestic violence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Style 3 Bibliography 3.1 Fiction 3.2 Non-fiction 3.3 Film and television adaptations 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Born in Limerick and raised in Monkstown ( Cork ) , Keyes graduated from Dublin University with a law degree . After completing her studies , Keyes took an administrative job before moving to London in 1986 . During this period she developed alcoholism and clinical depression , culminating in a suicide attempt and subsequent rehabilitation in 1995 at the Rutland Centre in Dublin , Ireland . In an article for The Telegraph , Keyes details how her struggles with anxiety , depression , and alcoholism began from an early age . Keyes began writing short stories while suffering from alcoholism . After her treatment at the Rutland Centre she returned to her job in London and submitted her short stories to Poolbeg Press . The publisher encouraged her to submit a full - length novel and Keyes began work on her first book , Watermelon . The novel was published the same year . Since 1995 she has published 13 novels and four works of nonfiction . Keyes has written frankly about her clinical depression. , which left her unable to sleep , read , write , or talk . After a long hiatus due to severe depression , a food title , Saved by Cake , was released in February 2012 . All in all this dark period lasted about four years . During this time Keyes also wrote The Mystery of Mercy Close , a novel where the heroine experiences similar battles with depression and suicide attempts that Keyes herself battled with . Keyes further describes this period of her life as `` It was like being in an altered reality ... I was always melancholic and prone to sadness and hopelessness but this was catastrophic and unimaginable . '' In March 2017 Keyes was the guest for BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs . Her favourite track was `` You Have Been Loved '' by George Michael . She revealed that she had battled constant suicidal urges at the height of her mental illness . During her appearance on Desert Island Discs , Keyes also tells host Kirsty Young that in spite of all her efforts to treat her depression , ranging from cognitive behavioural therapy , medication , mindfulness , hospitalisation , diets , among others , what finally healed her was time . `` It was an illness and it ran its course . '' In 2014 , after Keyes went on Marian Finucane 's RTÉ One show to talk about her new book , she told her Twitter followers that Finucane had the `` compassion and empathy of a cardboard box . Even my mammy called her a bad word '' . Keyes currently lives in Dún Laoghaire with her husband Tony Baines , after returning to Ireland from London in 1997 . Style ( edit ) Although many of her novels are known as comedies , they revolve around dark themes often drawn from Keyes ' own experiences , including domestic violence , drug abuse , mental illness , divorce and alcoholism . Keyes considers herself a feminist , and has chosen to reflect feminist issues in many of her books . She is regarded as a pioneer of the ' chick - lit ' genre ; her stories usually revolve around a strong female character who overcomes numerous obstacles to achieve lasting happiness . Regarding her decision to use an optimistic tone and hopeful ending , Keyes has said , `` I 'm very bleak , really melancholic . But I 've always used humour as a survival mechanism . I write for me and I need to feel hopeful about the human condition . So no way I 'm going to write a downbeat ending . And it is n't entirely ludicrous to suggest that sometimes things might work out for the best . '' During an author Q & A in 2014 with Canada 's Chatelaine magazine , when asked how she feels about being labeled as `` Chick - lit '' Keyes replied , `` Fine now . It used to bother me because it 's so belittling -- and it 's meant to be belittling . It 's as if it 's saying , `` Oh you silly girls , with your pinkness and shoes , how will you ever run the world ? '' But as I 've matured ( haha ) I 've realised that I 'm very proud of what I write about and I know that the books I write bring happiness and comfort to people . I wish that our world was far less patriarchal than it is , but we 're all doing our best to bring about positive changes . Keyes ' gift for tackling difficult subjects and making them relatable to women all over , without sacrificing quality or tact , has been recognised by her peers . As told to The Irish Times by another Irish author , `` It 's a rare gift ... The only other writer I can think of who writes so hilariously and movingly about serious subjects was the late , great Sue Townsend . '' In the same interview Keyes further explains to Ingles how she suspects that gender bias is at play when recognising the impact of female authors in literary fiction . Despite her tremendous success and acclaim , male authors with less commercial success are held in higher regard . `` Do you remember in the early noughties when a lot of Irish women writers like Cathy Kelly , Sheila O'Flanagan , Cecelia Ahern were selling all over the world ? I do n't feel that was celebrated enough . I wonder if a group of young Irish men around the same age had been selling in huge numbers , I really think it would not have passed unremarked . '' During her appearance on Desert Island Discs in March 2017 , host Kirsty Young mentions how wrongly categorised Keyes ' works are and wonders why that is . Keyes remarked that by conditioning women to think that what they find empowering or valuable is worth less than what men consider to be worthwhile , women are prevented from reaching for parity and the gender gap in power and money between men and women is kept in the favour of men . Bibliography ( edit ) Fiction ( edit ) Watermelon ( 1995 ) ( Claire Walsh ) Lucy Sullivan is Getting Married ( 1996 ) Rachel 's Holiday ( 1998 ) ( Rachel Walsh ) Last Chance Saloon ( 1999 ) Sushi for Beginners ( 2000 ) No Dress Rehearsal ( 2000 ) Angels ( 2002 ) ( Maggie Walsh ) The Other Side of the Story ( 2004 ) Nothing Bad ever Happens in Tiffany 's ( 2005 ) Anybody Out There ? ( 2006 ) ( Anna Walsh ) This Charming Man ( 2008 ) The Brightest Star in the Sky ( 2009 ) Mammy Walsh 's A-Z of the Walsh Family : An e-book Short ( August 2012 ) The Mystery of Mercy Close ( September 2012 ) ( Helen Walsh ) The Woman Who Stole My Life ( November 2014 ) The Break ( September 2017 ) Non-fiction ( edit ) Under the Duvet ( 2001 ) Further under the Duvet ( 2005 ) Cracks In My Foundation in Damage Control -- Women on the Therapists , Beauticians , and Trainers Who Navigate Their Bodies edited by Emma Forrest ( 2007 ) Saved by Cake ( 2012 ) Making It Up As I Go Along ( February 2016 ) Film and television adaptations ( edit ) Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married ( 1999 / 2000 ) Watermelon ( 16 April 2003 ) Au Secours J'ai Trente Ans ( 2004 ) . Awards ( edit ) 2009 -- Irish Book Awards ; winner of the Irish Popular Fiction Book for This Charming Man 2016 -- Irish Book Awards ; The Ireland AM Popular Non-Fiction Book of the Year Making it up as I go Along References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ' Novelist Marian Keyes reveals fight against constant ' suicidal impulses , The Guardian ( 12 March 2017 ) Jump up ^ Nikkhah , Roya ( 20 April 2008 ) . `` Marian Keyes ready to tackle domestic violence '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox - Leonard , Boudicca ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Marian Keyes : ' As a child I was scared I would become an alcoholic ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marian Keyes '' . CurtisBrown.co.uk. 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bates , Daniel ( 6 January 2010 ) . `` Marian Keyes apologises to fans for crippling depression which has left her unable to sleep , read , write or talk '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Keyes , Marian ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` My midlife meltdown : Marian Keyes tells terrifying story detailing the reality of a breakdown '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charlotte ( 23 September 2011 ) . `` Marian Keyes to write cookery for MJ spring list '' . TheBookseller.com . London . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Róisín ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Marian Keyes : ' There 's an awful lot of riding in my book ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marian Keyes , Desert Island Discs - BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 12 March 2017 ) . `` Novelist Marian Keyes reveals fight against constant ' suicidal impulses ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Taylor , Sarah ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Desert Island Discs '' . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marian Keyes says Marian Finucane has the ' empathy of a cardboard box ' ! '' . evoke.ie. 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reference 3 ^ Jump up to : Reference 11 Jump up ^ Grassi , Laurie ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Marian Keyes on her new book , sex scenes and the term chick lit '' . Chatelaine . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reference 8 Vallely , Paul ( 9 January 2010 ) . `` Marian Keyes : A darker side to chick - lit '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Flood , Alison ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` Marian Keyes : a life in books '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official Site Harper Collins Site Marian Keyes ' Official Wattpad Profile VIAF : 85314579 LCCN : n96076877 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 0555 GND : 115671153 SUDOC : 052525597 BNF : cb13561002m ( data ) BIBSYS : 2006546 BNE : XX1501090 IATH : w6dr6k2b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marian_Keyes&oldid=811775862 '' Categories : 1963 births Living people Irish romantic fiction writers People from County Limerick Chick lit writers Women romantic fiction writers Irish women novelists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego עברית Magyar Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 21 : 49 . About Wikipedia	what is the name of marian keyes new book	[ "Marian Keyes (born 10 September 1963) is an Irish novelist and non-fiction writer, best known for her work in women's literature. She is an Irish Book Awards winner. By March 2017 over 35 million copies of her twelve novels preceding The Break (2017) have been sold and been translated into 33 languages.[1] She became known worldwide for Watermelon, Lucy Sullivan is Getting Married, Rachel's Holiday, Last Chance Saloon, Anybody Out There, and This Charming Man, with themes including alcoholism, depression, addiction, cancer, bereavement, and domestic violence. [2]" ]	[ "The Break (2017)" ]
-988164280241954391	Cornerback	Cornerback - wikipedia Cornerback This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KGirlTrucker81 ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 26 , 7 August 2017 ( Reverted edits by Corotius ( talk ) ( HG ) ( 3.2. 0 ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 14 : 26 , 7 August 2017 by KGirlTrucker81 ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted edits by Corotius ( talk ) ( HG ) ( 3.2. 0 ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Cornerbacks across from their assigned receivers in a base 3 - 4 defense A cornerback ( CB ) , also referred to as a corner , is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in American and Canadian football . Cornerbacks cover receivers , to defend against pass offenses and make tackles . Other members of the defensive backfield include the safeties and occasionally linebackers . The cornerback position requires speed and agility . A cornerback 's skillset typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , back - pedalling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Zone coverage 2.1 Cover 1 2.2 Cover 2 2.3 Cover 3 2.4 Cover 4 3 Jamming the receiver 4 Single / man - to - man coverage 4.1 Loose man 4.2 Man up 5 See also 6 References Overview ( edit ) The chief responsibility of the cornerback is to defend against the offense 's pass . The rules of American professional football and American college football do not mandate starting position , movement , or coverage zones for any member of the defense . There are no `` illegal defense '' formations . Cornerbacks can be anywhere on the defensive side of the line of scrimmage at the start of play , although their proximity , formations , and strategies are outlined by the coaching staff or captain . A cornerback for Trinity College rises to intercept an errant pass . Most modern National Football League defensive formations use four defensive backs ( two safeties and two corners ) ; Canadian Football League defenses generally use five defensive backs ( one safety , two defensive halfbacks , and two corners ) . A cornerback 's responsibilities vary depending on how the defense assigns protection to its defensive secondary . In terms of defending the run , often corners may be assigned to blitz depending on the coaching decisions in a game . In terms of defending passing plays , a corner will be typically assigned to either zone or man - to - man coverage . The most effective cornerbacks are typically called `` shutdown corners , '' because they can cover an offensive receiver so effectively , on either side of the field , that the quarterback does not throw towards ( or target ) the receiver being covered by a `` shutdown corner '' any longer . A `` shutdown corner '' is most often used to identify a cornerback that `` lines up '' on either side of the defensive zone of the field of play . In American football , `` shutdown corner '' is typically used to refer to only a few elite players . Zone coverage ( edit ) In zone coverage , the cornerback defends an assigned area of the field . Many schemes and variations were created to provide defensive coordinators great latitude and flexibility which aim to thwart offensive schemes . When a team is using zone coverage , some areas of the field require special attention when defending against specific pass plays . They include the flats ( to defend the screen pass and hitch routes ) , mid range zones including the void ( to defend the `` stop n go '' , quick post , fade , hook , curl , and `` sideline '' or `` out '' routes ) , and finally the deep zones ( to defend the post / deep post , chair , streak , `` fly '' , `` go '' , bomb , or Hail Mary routes ) . These are basic terms ( perhaps the most generic ) for the basic zones and routes which vary system to system , league to league , and team to team . Advanced forms of coverage may involve `` quarterback spies '' and `` containment '' coverages , as well as various `` on field adjustments '' that require shifts and rotations ; the latter usually initiated by the captain of the secondary ( typically the free safety ) during the quarterback 's cadence . At this time the captain attempts to `` read '' the alignment ( pro set , split set , trips , etc . ) of the offensive `` skill players '' ( backs and receivers ) in order to best predict and counter the play the offense will run . He will base his decision on past experience , game preparation , and a sound comprehension of his teammates strengths , abilities , and tendencies . These adjustments may change on a play by play basis , due to substitutions or even evolving weather or field conditions . For example , defensive coordinators may favor a tendency to play a less aggressive containment style zone coverage during wet or slippery field conditions to avoid problems associated with over-pursuit ( when a defender takes a poor angle on a ball carrier and can not redirect in time due to poor footing ) . Cover 1 ( edit ) The cover 1 defense has just one defender playing in a deep zone downfield . Normally the one defender playing the deep zone downfield is the Safety . The corner 's primary responsibility is to play on or off the receiver , and not let him release vertically . Often defensive coordinators will not use Cover 1 unless the cornerbacks for that team are very good at man - to - man coverage . The cover 1 defense is normally only used when offenses are just trying to gain a short amount of yards . An aggressive defense , Cover 1 is employed because it provides for a safety net over the top , but gives the other safety the freedom to rush the line of scrimmage or drop back into coverage . Cover 2 ( edit ) The Cover 2 is popular among defensive coordinators in the National Football League because it uses two safeties to defend the deep routes instead of one . This coverage allows the safeties to watch the play develop in front of them thus allowing the corners to pursue a more aggressive style of play . Cover 2 is a `` 2 Deep Zone '' that uses four defensive backs . Two safeties line up deep , around 11 -- 15 yards off the line of scrimmage ( usually each safety stands on or a few feet from his hash mark ) , while the cornerbacks line up around five yards from the wide receivers which are nearest to each sideline . In Cover 2 , the cornerback is usually responsible for `` containment '' . This is where he does not allow anyone to run outside of him ( between him and the sideline ) . He then funnels or jams receivers towards the middle and within five yards , reads the quarterback , and finally drops back to defend the void if there is not a throw to the flat or a running play . This is also known as the `` Catch and Run Technique '' . Typically with the Cover 2 , cornerbacks mirror each other 's zone responsibilities . However , sometimes they play a `` man - up '' style bump and run , a form of bump and run designed to eliminate the short pass , where the receiver is forced to the near sideline , which is the opposite of the run oriented `` containment '' style of Cover 2 . Usually if one corner is in man to man coverage , the other is in man to man coverage as well . The two safeties act as a security blanket for deep routes . Cover 3 ( edit ) In a `` Cover 3 '' , the two corners and free safety defend their assigned deep thirds of the field , where the corners defend the outside third , ( hence the term corner ) while the safety defends the middle third . This allows the strong safety to address a full range of duties depending on what reads he makes coupled with the coverage called . These duties may simply include single or zone coverage , being a quarterback spy , providing extra run support in short yardage situations , or to stunt or blitz through a gap or from the end . Cover 4 ( edit ) In a `` Cover 4 '' each defensive back is responsible for covering his designated `` deep fourth '' of the field , while other defensive players are responsible for covering the underneath areas . Sometimes Cover 4 is used as a `` prevent defense '' . Variations of these coverages exist to counter the many styles of offenses a defense may face on any given week . For example , one variation of the Cover 2 allocates the weak - side corner ( e.g. : typically the `` right cornerback '' when playing against right - handed quarterbacks ) to cover half the field in order to free up a safety ; the idea being to allow the safety to engage a different part of the field , blitz , contain , or spy . The strong side cornerback ( the `` left cornerback '' ) may be in a variety of different alignments which may include `` loose man '' , `` man - under '' , or `` man - up '' . Although these are forms of single coverage , more often than not his responsibility is usually limited to an initial jam and funnel with a subsequent drop back into the `` void '' . This pie - shaped slice of field is included with your most basic 2 Deep Zone coverage . One interesting aspect sometimes encountered with Cover 2 is that it is possible for one corner to be in a zone coverage , where he funnels and drops into the void , while another may be in man coverage . However , your basic garden variety 2 Deep Zone usually employs the two safeties to share half the field responsibilities , with the two corners funneling . Jamming the receiver ( edit ) Cornerback Charles Woodson covering Randy Moss When a cornerback is attempting to jam or funnel a receiver , he is trying to disrupt the receiver 's route at the line of scrimmage . Many routes are precisely coordinated between the quarterback and the receiver , to the point that a quarterback may throw the ball without looking , knowing his receiver will be in an exact spot after a certain time . Jamming will disrupt the timing between the two , which provides the defense with extra time to sack the quarterback ( sometimes called a `` coverage sack '' ) , or force an ill - timed throw that misses the target . In addition , a proper jam allows the safety or linebacker to provide stronger run support because he then has more time to drop back into zone coverage in the event of a pass . In other words , he has been granted more time by the corner to recover from his mistakes if he anticipates a run when in fact the play is a pass . Proper jamming technique requires the cornerback to use their legs , shoulder width apart . At the same time , the cornerback thrusts their arms forward into the receiver 's chest to maximize power . When properly executed , a jam can knock a receiver off his feet . Jamming is only legal within five yards from the line of scrimmage . If the jam fails , the cornerback is usually flat footed and not in a suitable position to defend the mid to long - range passes . When this occurs , the safeties and linebackers usually can not return to their zone obligations in time , especially if they were anticipating a run as the play began . In essence , the defense is unnecessarily `` stretched '' to its breaking point . Receivers who can effectively avoid the jam and stretch defenses are far more likely to create big play opportunities for the offense . Therefore , it is vital that a cornerback execute a proper funnel or jam to allow safeties and linebackers enough time to return to their zone responsibilities in the event of an unforeseen pass play . By working together and familiarizing where one 's help may come from , a higher degree of confidence is established amongst the defensive secondary as a unit , with the end result translating into a much more formidable defense against both the run and pass . Single / man - to - man coverage ( edit ) In single or man to man coverage , the cornerback is responsible for a particular receiver assigned to him . As the play begins , the corner may either attempt to `` jam '' the receiver at the line , play a step or two off of him , or concede a few yards and play with a `` cushion '' . Cushions can range from a yard or two , to forty yards in a `` prevent defense '' situation . Cushion is just how far off the defender plays away from the offensive player he is assigned to defend . When lining up in front of the receiver to `` jam '' him or playing just a few steps off , it is important that the corner keeps his body in front of the receiver 's body . The easiest way for a corner to be in position is to line up slightly inside of the receiver and the ball , and keep his eyes looking between the receiver 's hip and his knees . If a cornerback loses focus on his receiver , the receiver will run straight past him , and then it leads to corners having to use the cushion technique . Generally , cushions are smaller in single coverage and larger in zone coverage . Single coverage in the `` red zone '' -- the area between the twenty - yard line and the goal line -- is usually designed to prevent receivers from slanting towards the middle of the field . These types of routes are difficult to stop in the red zone because this area is usually congested with bodies colliding , crossing , and weaving in different directions . Although illegal , defenders are easily picked or screened by opposing receivers and sometimes by their own teammates ; this is illegal yet difficult to enforce in short field , congested situations . To avoid this , it is often favorable for cornerbacks to either : `` switch '' assignments , where he will agree beforehand to trade assignments with one of his fellow defenders in the event that the receivers criss - cross as the play begins , or alternatively , a corner may instead line up very close to the receiver at the line of scrimmage to force or `` jam '' him toward the sideline ( outside ) without violating the 5 - yard no - touch rule . Corners often refer to this second style of coverage as the `` man under '' technique . Single coverage , or man to man coverage usually employs relatively few techniques . However , they are often initially displayed to resemble one another as much as possible to disguise the true motives of the defense , and be interchangeable as well . Although terminology for single coverage can vary , a few generic terms have been included to establish a general understanding of cornerback philosophy and how his function relates to the rest of the defense . Loose man ( edit ) Loose man requires cornerbacks to play off the receiver with a five to ten yard cushion . He usually does not touch the receiver and tries to keep his head on a swivel in order to move in whatever direction the receiver decides to shape his route . Typically with loose man coverage , the cornerback has little or no help from the safety in defending against the receiver . This defense is used to discourage deeper passes , but often allows short yardage passes . A loose - man defense looks to create confusion for the quarterback by using blitzes . The idea is to disrupt the coordination necessary for short routes , which leads to drops or poorly thrown passes stalling the drive . However , accurate quarterbacks with a quick release of football can exploit this and routinely make 3 to 5 yard completions to receivers . Man up ( edit ) By far the most challenging , the man up technique grants the wide receiver a relatively free release as the corner shadows him stride for stride everywhere he goes . The cornerback 's objective here is to position himself between the quarterback and the receiver , without knowing where the receiver is going . As the ball is snapped the corner will initially ignore the quarterback , turn and run with the receiver and hope the ball does not drop out of the sky before he can react to it . Corners must also hope the receiver does not change directions when it is time to sneak a peek at the quarterback in effort to discover where the ball is . A wet field makes this coverage extremely difficult . In addition , a perfect throw is hard , if not impossible , to stop . This coverage is usually reserved for the elite cornerback with superb coverage skills . See also ( edit ) Category : American football cornerbacks American football defensive schemes References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ A Brief History of the Game . Jump up ^ `` NFL Rules Digest : Position of Players at Snap '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 - 10 NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bibliography Kelly , Danny ( June 6 , 2011 ) ) `` The 4 - 3 Under Defense : Coverage Schemes '' SB Nation Thurmond , Chris ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Rice University Cornerbacks Coach '' . telephone interview . Positions in American football and Canadian football Offense ( Skill position ) Defense Special teams Linemen Guard , Tackle , Center Linemen Tackle , End Kicking players Placekicker , Punter , Kickoff specialist Quarterback ( Dual - threat , Game manager , System ) Linebacker Snapping Long snapper , Holder Backs Halfback / Tailback , Fullback , H - back , Triple - threat Backs Cornerback , Safety , Halfback Returning Punt returner , Kick returner , Jammer Receivers Wide receiver ( Eligible ) , Tight end , Slotback Nickelback , Dimeback Tackling Gunner , Upback , Utility Formations ( List ) -- Nomenclature -- Strategy ( show ) Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - A-Days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornerback&oldid=794358630 '' Categories : American football positions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does a cornerback do in american football	[ "A cornerback (CB), also referred to as a corner, is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in American and Canadian football.[1] Cornerbacks cover receivers, to defend against pass offenses and make tackles. Other members of the defensive backfield include the safeties and occasionally linebackers. The cornerback position requires speed and agility. A cornerback's skillset typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback, back-pedalling, executing single and zone coverage, disrupting pass routes, block shedding, and tackling. Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field." ]	[ "Cornerbacks cover receivers, to defend against pass offenses and make tackles" ]
-1319107592748448779	O Brother, Where Art Thou?	O Brother , Where Art Thou ? - Wikipedia O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Jump to : navigation , search For the film soundtrack , see O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) . For the unrelated Simpsons episodes , see Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? and O Brother , Where Bart Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Coen Produced by Ethan Coen Written by Ethan Coen Joel Coen Based on The Odyssey by Homer Starring George Clooney John Turturro Tim Blake Nelson Charles Durning Michael Badalucco John Goodman Holly Hunter Music by T Bone Burnett Cinematography Roger Deakins Edited by Roderick Jaynes Tricia Cooke Production company Working Title Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date October 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 19 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget $26 million Box office $72 million O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is a 2000 crime comedy film written , produced , and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen , and starring George Clooney , John Turturro , and Tim Blake Nelson , with John Goodman , Holly Hunter , and Charles Durning in supporting roles . The film is set in 1937 rural Mississippi during the Great Depression , and its story is a modern satire loosely based on Homer 's epic poem The Odyssey that incorporates mythology from the American South . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist is a director who wants to film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , a fictional book about the Great Depression . Much of the music used in the film is period folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The movie was one of the first to extensively use digital color correction to give the film an autumnal , sepia - tinted look . The film received positive reviews , and the soundtrack won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2001 using American folk music . The original band became popular after the film 's release . The country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film included John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others . They joined together to perform the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 6 Soggy Bottom Boys 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three convicts , Ulysses Everett McGill , Pete Hogwallop , and Delmar O'Donnell , escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve a supposed treasure Everett buried before the area is flooded to make a lake . The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railway . He tells them , among other prophecies , that they will find a fortune but not the one they seek . The trio make their way to the house of Wash , Pete 's cousin . They sleep in the barn , but Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley , who , along with his men , torches the barn . Wash 's son helps them escape . They pick up Tommy Johnson , a young black man , who claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play guitar . In need of money , the four stop at a radio broadcast tower where they record a song as The Soggy Bottom Boys . That night , the trio part ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police . Unbeknownst to them , the recording becomes a major hit . Near a river , the group hears singing . They see three women washing clothes and singing . The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness . Upon waking , Delmar finds Pete 's clothes lying next to him , empty except for a toad . Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad . Later , one - eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch , then mugs them and kills the toad . Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett 's home town . Everett confronts his wife Penny , who changed her last name and told his daughters he was dead . He gets into a fight with Vernon T. Waldrip , her new `` suitor . '' They later see Pete working on a chain gang . Later that night , they sneak into Pete 's holding cell and free him . As it turns out , the women had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities . Under torture , Pete gave away the treasure 's location to the police . Everett then confesses that there is no treasure . He made it up to convince the guys he was chained with to escape with him in order to stop his wife from getting married . Pete is enraged at Everett , because he had two weeks left on his original sentence , and must serve fifty more years for the escape . The trio stumble upon a rally of the Ku Klux Klan , who are planning to hang Tommy . The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy . However , Big Dan , a Klan member , reveals their identities . Chaos ensues , and the Grand Wizard reveals himself as Homer Stokes , a candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election . The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross , leaving it to fall on Big Dan . Everett convinces Pete , Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back . They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner she is attending , disguised as musicians . The group begins a performance of their radio hit . The crowd recognizes the song and goes wild . Homer recognizes them as the group who humiliated his mob . When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views , the crowd runs him out of town on a rail . Pappy O'Daniel , the incumbent candidate , seizes the opportunity , endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys and grants them full pardons . Penny agrees to marry Everett with the condition that he find her original ring . The next morning , the group sets out to retrieve the ring , which is at a cabin in the valley which Everett had earlier claimed was the location of his treasure . The police , having learned of the place from Pete , arrest the group . Dismissing their claims of having received pardons , Sheriff Cooley orders them hanged . Just as Everett prays to God , the valley is flooded and they are saved . Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by , and they return to town . However , when Everett presents the ring to Penny , it turns out it was not her ring , she does n't want that one , and she ca n't remember where she put the real ring . Cast ( edit ) George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill , a man who is imprisoned for practicing law without a license . He claims to have escaped from prison so he can find a stash of money he had hidden , though in reality it is so he can get back to his family before his wife remarries . He corresponds to Odysseus ( Ulysses ) in the Odyssey . John Turturro , as Pete Hogwallop , a fellow criminal who reveals little about his past . He believes in being true to one 's kin , even when his cousin Washington B. Hogwallop betrays him . He dreams of moving out west and opening a fine restaurant , where he will be the maître d ' . He agreed to go along with the breakout , though he only had two weeks left on his sentence . Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell , a small - time crook imprisoned for robbing a Piggly Wiggly in Yazoo City ; he initially claims innocence but later admits he is guilty . Delmar says he will spend his share of Everett 's nonexistent money buying back his family farm , believing , `` You ai n't no kind of man if you ai n't got land . '' Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson , a skilled blues musician . He is the accompanying guitarist in the Soggy Bottom Boys . He claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his skill on the guitar . He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson , a blues musician with a mysterious past , who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads ( a story more often attributed to Robert Johnson ) . Frank Collison as Washington B. `` Wash '' Hogwallop , Pete 's paternal cousin . He removes the escapees ' chains but later betrays the men to the police . John Goodman as Daniel `` Big Dan '' Teague , a one - eyed man who masquerades as a Bible salesman and mugs Everett and Delmar . He later reveals the identity of the trio when they are disguised at a Ku Klux Klan rally , but they kill him by cutting loose a burning cross , which falls on him and the Klansmen . He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey . Holly Hunter as Penny , Everett 's ex-wife , who is fed up with Everett 's wheeling and dealing . She divorces him while he is in prison , telling their children he was hit by a Louisville & Nashville train . She is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip until Everett wins her back . She corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey . ( Penelope is an icon of the faithful wife , as she rejected her many suitors , stalling for time while awaiting Odysseus ' return . ) Charles Durning as Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the incumbent Governor of Mississippi . He is frequently seen berating his son and his campaign managers , who are depicted as simpletons . The character is based on Texas governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . ( Flensted - Jensen elaborates on the connection between the fictional and the real Pappy O'Daniel . ) He shares a name with Menelaus , an Odyssey character , but corresponds with Zeus from the narrative . Daniel von Bargen as Sheriff Cooley , a ruthless rural sheriff who , with his bloodhound , pursues the trio for the duration of the film . It is implied several times that he is the devil incarnate , and Cooley fits Tommy Johnson 's description of Satan : Cooley 's sunglasses evoke Satan 's `` big empty eyes . '' He eventually ambushes the escapees after they have been pardoned by the governor . He intends to hang them nonetheless , but when the valley is flooded , he , his men , and his dog all drown . He corresponds to Poseidon in the Odyssey . He has been compared to Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke . Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes , the reform candidate in the upcoming election for Governor . He travels the countryside with a dwarf , who depicts the `` little man '' , and a broom , with which he promises to `` sweep this state clean . '' He is secretly an Imperial Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan . He falsely identifies Everett , Pete , and Delmar as people of color because they darkened their faces to remain unseen when freeing Tommy . Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip , Penny 's bona fide suitor and the manager of Homer Stokes 's election campaign . It has been suggested that his name is a nod to novelist Howard Waldrop , whose novella A Dozen Tough Jobs is one of the inspirations for the film . He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey . Michael Badalucco as George Nelson , a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called `` Baby Face . '' The real George Nelson died in 1934 , three years before the story is set . Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair , as suggested in the film . Stephen Root as Mr. Lund , the blind radio station manager who records Everett 's story in the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' and makes him known throughout the state . He corresponds to Homer . Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer , a mysterious railroad man who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio 's adventure as well as several other incidents . He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey . Production ( edit ) The idea of O Brother , Where Art Thou ? arose spontaneously . Work on the script began in December 1997 , long before the start of production , and was at least half - written by May 1998 . Despite the fact that Ethan Coen described the Odyssey as `` one of my favorite storyline schemes , '' neither of the brothers had read the epic and were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture . According to the brothers , Nelson ( who has a degree in classics from Brown University ) was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist ( a director ) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother , Where Art Thou ? that will be a `` commentary on modern conditions , stark realism , and the problems that confront the average man . '' Lacking any experience in this area , the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio . The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges 's film , including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir . The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges 's film . Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he came to Phoenix , Arizona , to offer the lead role to Clooney . Clooney agreed to do the role immediately , without reading the script . He stated that he liked even the Coens ' least successful films . Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack who lived in Kentucky and asked him to read the entire script into a tape recorder . Unknown to Clooney , in his recording , Jack , a devout Baptist , omitted all instances of the words `` damn '' and `` hell '' from the Coens ' script , which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him in the middle of shooting . This was the fourth film of the brothers in which John Turturro has starred . Other actors in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? who had worked previously with the Coens include John Goodman ( three films ) , Holly Hunter ( two ) , Michael Badalucco and Charles Durning ( one film each ) . The Coens used digital color correction to give the film a sepia - tinted look . Joel stated this was because the actual set was `` greener than Ireland . '' Cinematographer Roger Deakins stated , `` Ethan and Joel favored a dry , dusty Delta look with golden sunsets . They wanted it to look like an old hand - tinted picture , with the intensity of colors dictated by the scene and natural skin tones that were all shades of the rainbow . '' Initially the crew tried to perform the color correction using a physical process , however after several tries with various chemical processes proved unsatisfactory , it became necessary to perform the process digitally . This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Deakins , and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage , grass , trees , and bushes would be a lush green . It was filmed near locations in Canton , Mississippi and Florence , South Carolina in the summer of 1999 . After shooting tests , including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques , Deakins suggested digital mastering be used . Deakins subsequently spent 11 weeks fine - tuning the look , mainly targeting the greens , making them a burnt yellow and desaturating the overall image in the digital files . This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means , narrowly beating Nick Park 's Chicken Run . O Brother , Where Art Thou ? was the first time a digital intermediate was used on the entirety of a first - run Hollywood film that otherwise had very few visual effects . The work was done in Los Angeles by Cinesite using a Spirit DataCine for scanning at 2K resolution , a Pandora MegaDef to adjust the color , and a Kodak Lightning II recorder to put out to film . A major theme of the film is the connection between old - time music and political campaigning in the Southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions , institutions , and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century . The Ku Klux Klan , at the time a political force of white populism , is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance . The character Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour , is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , one - time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state . W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business , and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show . In one campaign , W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom , an oft - used campaign device in the reform era , promising to sweep away patronage and corruption . His theme song had the hook , `` Please pass the biscuits , Pappy '' , emphasizing his connection with flour . While the film borrows from real - life politics , differences are obvious between the characters in the film and historical political figures . The O'Daniel of the movie used `` You Are My Sunshine '' as his theme song ( which was originally recorded by real - life Governor of Louisiana James Houston `` Jimmie '' Davis ) and Homer Stokes , as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel , portrays himself as the `` reform candidate '' , using a broom as a prop . Music ( edit ) See also : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) and Down from the Mountain Music in the film was originally conceived as a major component of the film , not merely as a background or a support . Producer and musician T - Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases , and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced . Much of the music used in the film is period - specific folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The musical selection also includes religious music , including Primitive Baptist and traditional African American gospel , most notably The Fairfield Four , an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film 's end . Selected songs in the film reflect the possible spectrum of musical styles typical of the old culture of the American South : gospel , delta blues , country , swing and bluegrass . The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music ( `` O Death '' , `` Lonesome Valley '' , `` Angel Band '' , `` I Am Weary '' ) in contrast to bright , cheerful songs ( `` Keep On the Sunny Side '' , `` In the Highways '' ) in other parts of the film . The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski ( lead vocal on `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' ) , Nashville songwriter Harley Allen , and the Nashville Bluegrass Band 's Pat Enright . The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals , both for the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' . Tim Blake Nelson sang the lead vocal on `` In the Jailhouse Now '' . `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' has five variations : two are used in the film , one in the music video , and two in the soundtrack album . Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back - to - back , and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse . Though the song received little significant radio airplay , it reached # 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002 . The version of `` I 'll Fly Away '' heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch ( as it is on the CD and concert tour ) , but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long - neck five - string banjo , recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival on October 19 , 2000 . It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide off its $26 million budget . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 77 % based on 147 reviews and an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` Though not as good as Coen brothers ' classics such as Blood Simple , the delightfully loopy O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is still a lot of fun . '' The film holds an average score of 69 / 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film , saying all the scenes in the film were `` wonderful in their different ways , and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was selected into the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival . The film also received two Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards : Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography . Cinematographer Roger Deakins was recognized with both Academy Award and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film . For his portrayal of Ulysses Everett McGill , George Clooney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . Soggy Bottom Boys ( edit ) The Soggy Bottom Boys is the musical group that the main characters form to serve as accompaniment for the film . The name is in homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys , a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs . In the film , the songs credited to the band are lip - synched by the actors , except that Tim Blake Nelson does sing his own vocals on `` In the Jailhouse Now . '' The actual musicians are Dan Tyminski ( guitar and lead vocals ) , Harley Allen , and Pat Enright . The band 's hit single is Dick Burnett 's `` Man of Constant Sorrow , '' a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life . After the film 's release , the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film got together and performed the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . This included Ralph Stanley , John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Data :O Brother Where Art Thou '' . The Numbers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Gray , Owen Robinson . A companion to the literature and culture of the American south . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22404 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lafrance , J.D. ( April 5 , 2004 ) . `` The Coen Brothers FAQ '' ( PDF ) . pp. 33 -- 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Menaker , Daniel ( November 30 , 2000 ) . `` A Film Score Odyssey Down a Quirky Country Road '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPR : Pioneering Bluegrass Musician Ralph Stanley '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` CGSociety -- The Colorists '' . The Colorists . The CGSociety . p. 3 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Filmed near locations in Canton , MS ; Florence , SC ; and Wardville , LA . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Grammy Awards -- Infoplease.com '' . 2001 Grammy Award Winners . Infoplease.com . February 27 , 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Flensted - Jensen , Pernille ( 2002 ) , `` Something old , something new , something borrowed : the Odyssey and O Brother , Where Art Thou '' , Classica Et Mediaevalia : Revue Danoise De Philologie , 53 : 13 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` The real king of delta blues - Tommy Johnson '' . Erinharpe.com . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blues Singers '' . University of Virginia . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorin , Hillary ( August 4 , 2010 ) , `` Today in Texas History : Gov. Pappy O'Daniel resigns '' , The Houston Chronicle , retrieved August 2 , 2011 , Many cultural and political historians think the character Gov. Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel of Mississippi is based on the notorious Texas politician , Wilbert Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . Jump up ^ Conard , Mark T . The Philosophy of the Coen Brothers ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Datlow , Ellen ; Howard Waldrop ( 2003 ) . `` Howard Waldrop Interviewed '' . Readercon 15 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michel Ciment , Hubert Niogret. ( 1998 ) . The Logic of Soft Drugs . Positive . Jump up ^ Tim Blake Nelson Biography Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kari Molvar , `` '' Q&A : Tim Blake Nelson `` '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2001 . Retrieved December 26 , 2001 . , Brown Alumni Magazine ( March / April 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardin . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sullivan 's Travels ( 1941 ) '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve . `` George Clooney : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Zach . `` The Coen Brothers and George Clooney Uncover the Magic of ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' at 15th Anniversary Reunion '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Robert . `` Digital Domain '' . The Digital Domain : A brief history of digital film mastering -- a glance at the future . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou : Box office / business '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Bob ( October 2000 ) . `` Escaping from chains '' . American Cinematographer . Jump up ^ Crawford , Bill ( 2004 ) . Please Pass the Biscuits , Pappy : Pictures of Governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70575 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Pappy O'Daniel '' . Texas Treasures . Texas State Library . March 11 , 2003 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Jesse ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Pass the Biscuits -- We 're living in Pappy O'Daniel's world '' . Reason . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Boulard , Garry ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Following the Leaders '' . Gambit Weekly . Gambit Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` River of Song : The Artists '' . Louisiana : Where Music is King . The Filmmakers Collaborative & The Smithsonian Institution . 1998 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular ? '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Jim ( May 22 , 2000 ) . `` Talking with Joel and Ethan Coen about ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClatchy , Debbie ( June 27 , 2000 ) . `` A Short History of Appalachian Traditional Music '' . Appalachian Traditional Music -- A Short History . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soggy Bottom Boys Hit the Top at 35th CMA Awards '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Long , Roger J. ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` '' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' entry page `` . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top Music Charts -- Hot 100 -- Billboard 200 -- Music Genre Sales '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Kossoy Sisters , Where Art Thou Been ? '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 29 , 2000 ) . `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Review '' . The Chicago Sun Times . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Temple Kirby , Jack ( 2006 ) . Mockingbird Song : Ecological Landscapes of the South . UNC Press . p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3057 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rowell , Erica ( 2007 ) . The Brothers Grim : The Films of Ethan and Joel Coen . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 276 n. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0810858503 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zac . `` The Soggy Bottom Boys '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Man of Constant Sorrow ( trad. / The Stanley Brothers / Bob Dylan ) '' . Man of Constant Sorrow . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? on IMDb O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at AllMovie O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Box Office Mojo O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Rotten Tomatoes `` Coenesque : The Films of the Coen Brothers '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2003 . `` American Myth Today : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia Works by the Coen brothers Filmography Awards and nominations Frequent collaborators Films directed Blood Simple ( 1984 ) Raising Arizona ( 1987 ) Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) Barton Fink ( 1991 ) The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Ladykillers ( 2004 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Burn After Reading ( 2008 ) A Serious Man ( 2009 ) True Grit ( 2010 ) Inside Llewyn Davis ( 2013 ) Hail , Caesar ! ( 2016 ) Written only Crimewave ( 1985 ) The Naked Man ( 1998 ) Gambit ( 2012 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) Suburbicon ( 2017 ) Television The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) Homer 's Odyssey ( 8th century BC ) Characters Characters House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Ctimene ( sister ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Eumaeus ( swineherd ) Philoetius ( cowherd ) Melanthius ( goatherd ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Odyssean gods Athena Poseidon Calypso Circe Ino Hermes Zeus Heracles Films L'Odissea ( 1911 Italian ) Ulysses ( 1954 Italian ) The Return of Ringo ( 1965 ) Ulysses ' Gaze ( 1995 Greek ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) Keyhole ( 2012 ) TV L'Odissea ( 1968 ) Ulysses 31 ( 1981 Japanese anime ) The Odyssey ( 1997 ) Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists ( 2007 ) Star Trek : Odyssey ( 2007 ) Literature True History ( 2nd century AD ) Les Aventures de Télémaque ( 1699 ) The World 's Desire ( 1890 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Odyssey : A Modern Sequel ( 1938 ) The Human Comedy ( 1943 ) Big Fish : A Novel of Mythic Proportions ( 1998 ) Trojan Odyssey ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Lost Books of the Odyssey ( 2010 ) Poems Ulysses ( 1842 ) The Odyssey : A Modern Sequel ( 1938 ) The Cantos ( 1962 ) Pagan Operetta ( 1998 ) Stage Current Nobody ( play ) Cyclops ( play ) Ithaka ( play ) Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( opera ) The Golden Apple ( musical ) Glam Slam Ulysses ( musical ) Home Sweet Homer ( musical ) Song `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' ( song ) `` The Odyssey '' ( song ) The Odyssey ( symphony ) Study Homeric scholarship Homeric Question Chorizontes Geography of the Odyssey Historicity of the Homer epics Odysseus Unbound Homer 's Ithaca Rediscovering Homer The Baltic Origins of Homer 's Epic Tales `` Odysseus ' scar '' Hermoniakos ' Iliad Hysteron proteron Epithets in Homer Dactylic hexameter Translations `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' On Translating Homer Video games Odyssey : The Search for Ulysses Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey Phrases In medias res Between Scylla and Charybdis Related Telemachy Nekyia Trojan Horse Suitors of Penelope The Odyssey Old Man of the Sea The Apotheosis of Homer Contempt Cold Mountain ( novel ) Cold Mountain ( film ) Homer 's Daughter Works based on Faust Folk legend Faust Johann Georg Faust Deal with the Devil in popular culture Simon Magus Theophilus of Adana Erdgeist Mephistopheles Pan Twardowski Stingy Jack Seminal works Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1587 chapbook ) Cenodoxus ( 1602 , play ) Doctor Faustus ( 1604 play ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 play ) Faust , Part One Faust , Part Two Prose `` Bearskin '' `` Daniel and the Devil '' Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' ( 1824 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1830 ) Auriol ( 1844 ) Chasse - galerie ( 1892 ) The Sorrows of Satan ( 1896 ) Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll , Pataphysician ( 1898 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1929 -- 40 ) Mephisto ( 1936 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1937 ) None but Lucifer ( 1939 ) Doktor Faustus ( 1947 ) The Devil in Velvet ( 1951 ) The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant ( 1954 ) Gimmicks Three ( 1956 ) The Devil to Pay in the Backlands ( 1956 ) That Hell - Bound Train ( 1958 ) For a Breath I Tarry ( 1966 ) The Damnation Game ( 1986 ) Eric ( 1990 ) The Devil 's Own Work ( 1991 ) Jack Faust ( 1997 ) Johannes Cabal the Necromancer ( 2009 ) Plays Gretchen ( 1879 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! ( 1993 ) Faust ( 2003 ) Other Paintings Faust ( ballet ) ( 1848 ) Gods ' Man ( 1929 ) Faust ( manga ) ( 1950 ) Doctor Faustus ( comics ) ( 1968 ) Faust ( Avatar Press ) ( 1987 ) Mississippi portal Film portal VIAF : 208718696 LCCN : no2001087856 GND : 4703030 - 6 SUDOC : 179445588 BNE : XX4034610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F&oldid=834407076 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s criminal comedy films 2000s musical comedy films 2000s road movies American films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American criminal comedy films American musical comedy films American road movies Americana Country music films Films about music and musicians Films based on the Odyssey Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1937 Films set in Mississippi Films shot in Mississippi Great Depression films Slapstick films Treasure hunt films Working Title Films films Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films directed by the Coen brothers Cultural depictions of Baby Face Nelson Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 15 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did o brother where art thou take place	[ "The film is set in 1937 rural Mississippi[4] during the Great Depression, and its story is a modern satire loosely based on Homer's epic poem The Odyssey that incorporates mythology from the American South. The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 film Sullivan's Travels, in which the protagonist is a director who wants to film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, a fictional book about the Great Depression.[5]" ]	[ "1937" ]
1354033057252032375	Randy Disher	Randy Disher - wikipedia Randy Disher Jump to : navigation , search Randall Disher Monk character Jason Gray - Stanford as Randy Disher First appearance `` Mr. Monk and the Candidate '' Last appearance `` Mr. Monk and the End - Part II '' Created by David Hoberman Portrayed by Jason Gray - Stanford ( 2002 - 2009 ) Information Aliases `` Dirty Randy '' Gender Male Occupation Philadelphia Police Department , Police Sergeant ( pre-1999 ) San Francisco Police Department , Police Lieutenant ( 1999 - 2009 ) Summit , New Jersey Chief of Police ( 2009 ) Family Sharona Fleming ( wife ) Benjy Fleming ( stepson ) Maria Disher ( mother ) Harvey Disher ( uncle ; deceased as of `` Mr. Monk Visits a Farm '' ) Randall Disher is a fictional character portrayed by Jason Gray - Stanford on the television series Monk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Miscellaneous 3 Relationships 4 Background 4.1 The Randy Disher Project 5 References Personality ( edit ) Randy is Captain Stottlemeyer 's second - in - command and employed at the San Francisco Police Department . He is usually portrayed as loyal and tenacious , but with a comical lack of insight and given to far - fetched theories , which were a running gag of the series . Aside from his truly ridiculous theories , which often involve defying the very laws of physics ( for instance astral projection ) , he is competent within his own range of abilities . Another running gag in the series is the rather awkwardly ceremonial way in which he delivers news to Stottlemeyer , asking him to guess what it is or sit down for it ; this method mostly annoys others who would like him to get to the point . His feelings towards Monk change from the pilot episode of the series . In the pilot , Randy is not only skeptical of Monk , but he seems to find Monk a joke , even calling Monk `` the defective detective '' to Stottlemeyer . What appears as his jealousy of Monk in the beginning becomes admiration as their relationship develops . In the book , Mr. Monk and the Blue Flu , Stottlemeyer , in a covert meeting with Monk and Natalie , reveals that Randy has a high clearance and conviction rate . While teaching Monk how to be a Captain and delegate , he tells them how Randy is a people person , who gets people to say things they would n't have said otherwise . They are n't high profile or unusual like the cases Monk gets , but it is how Stottlemeyer delegates cases . The implication is that Stottlemeyer is a good captain for matching staff to cases , and Disher , while incapable of solving a weird case , is good at others , which is his gift . Miscellaneous ( edit ) His original name for the pilot was Randy Deacon , as part of the creators ' homage to Sherlock Holmes ' Lestrade ( LEland STottlemeyer and RAndy DEacon ) . It was changed to Disher for the rest of the series . In `` Mr. Monk Goes to the Dentist '' , much of the case was solved by Disher . In `` Mr. Monk Visits a Farm '' , Monk feeds Randy the solution of how Jimmy Belmont killed Randy 's uncle in his sleep . In `` Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa '' , it is suggested that Disher thought that Santa Claus did indeed exist . Although it is not known which day Randy 's birthday falls on , it is mentioned in the episode `` Mr. Monk and the Voodoo Curse '' that he is a Pisces . Relationships ( edit ) During the series , Randy loses his entire life savings during a trip to Las Vegas in `` Mr. Monk Goes to Vegas '' , which prompted Monk and Stottlemeyer to come to his rescue , using Monk 's abilities to win the money back . He acts as Natalie Teeger 's bodyguard in `` Mr. Monk and the Election '' . He helps Monk find clues for the Trudy Monk case by traveling to New York with him in `` Mr. Monk Takes Manhattan '' . Randy is shown to argue regularly with but not - so - secretly be attracted to Sharona Fleming , and he maintains a friendly , professional behavior towards Natalie . Throughout the series , Randy seems to always harbor crushes on Sharona and Natalie . As well , he writes a personal ad fitting Sharona in `` Mr. Monk and the Paperboy '' , which he unsuccessfully tries to hide from her . In the season 6 episode `` Mr. Monk and the Bad Girlfriend '' , when Natalie tells Randy that she and Monk have news , he guesses that she wants to say she is in love with him , leaving Natalie in a dumbstruck state while Monk delivers their theory that Linda Fusco killed her former partner . Natalie is shown to be rather annoyed by Randy 's theory that she is in love with him ( bringing it up again when Monk asks Randy if he has any crazy theories about how to break Linda 's alibi ) . Randy 's lack of luck getting dates is so notorious that when he actually does land a girlfriend , in the episode `` Mr. Monk and the Employee of the Month '' , no one believes him . Throughout that episode , he shows the cast a generic picture of a woman . Sharona confirms that it was included with his wallet . They dismiss Randy 's claims that his girlfriend is a wallet model named Crystal Smith ( when Randy mentions that her first name is Crystal to Sharona , she asks if Crystal 's last name is `` Glassware '' , referring to the box of crystal glassware she is seeing in the loading dock ) . It is revealed to the viewers but not to the characters that Randy was telling the truth . A few episodes later , in `` Mr. Monk Gets Cabin Fever '' , he dates a Chinese woman named Hayley , only for her to turn out to be part of a Triad hit crew sent to eliminate Monk after Monk goes into witness protection for witnessing a gang shooting . In later seasons , Randy 's success with women significantly increases . In `` Mr. Monk Falls in Love '' , he 's dating an attractive girl as shown by the opening scene , when he and his date climb into the back of a cab , only to find that their driver is dead , having been stabbed with a hat pin by his previous fare . In `` Mr. Monk 's 100th Case '' , Randy is dating Jillian , the actress who plays the reenactment of Kate Kindel 's murder in James Novak 's documentary . She is described as being used for reenactments on a number of crime shows ( as Randy notes that she was bludgeoned to death on Dateline ) . In `` Mr. Monk and Sharona , '' Randy and Sharona have a fond reunion . While reminiscing over the cases that they 've worked , Sharona apologizes to Randy for the amount of teasing that she gave him ; he , in turn , states that he `` missed '' it . At the end of the episode , he picks up Sharona to go to the airport , sharing a kiss as they load her bags . In the series finale , `` Mr. Monk and the End , '' Randy accepts a job as Chief of Police in the town of Summit in her native New Jersey , stating that he and Sharona are becoming a couple . Background ( edit ) Randy is noted to have been born in San Diego . He attended Temple University and lived in Philadelphia briefly , where he was a sergeant in that city 's police . This is mentioned in the season 4 episode `` Mr. Monk Goes to a Wedding '' . In Philadelphia , one of Randy 's cases was that of Darlene Coolidge , a black widow who murders her husbands . In `` Mr. Monk Goes to a Wedding '' , someone attempts to run Randy down in the parking lot . Monk reveals that the new wife of Natalie 's brother , Jonathan Davenport , Theresa Scott , is really Coolidge . As Randy was the chief investigator into the death of her husband , he would have recognized her , so Theresa tried to kill him by running him over in a car . Randy 's injuries land him in a wheelchair but he manages to identify Coolidge / Scott . In the season 5 episode `` Mr. Monk and the Leper '' , Monk and Natalie find a picture of Randy on the wall of Dr. Aaron Polanski 's office . Polanski mentions that Randy as a teenager had incredibly bad acne , although when Natalie asks Randy about this later , Randy says that he was undercover and posing as a teenager with acne problems . He attempts to steal that picture later , ending up ripping out a small portion of the wall and knocking off a large number of other photos in the process . He joined the police force three years before the start of the series . In the season 2 episode `` Mr. Monk Gets Married '' , Randy has Monk and Sharona pretend to be married in order to rescue his mother Maria from Dalton Padron , a killer with a very ulterior motive . While at the marriage counseling institute , Maria mentions Randy several times to Monk and Sharona , but they pretend not to know Randy . Randy later revealed to have an uncle Harvey . In the season 5 episode `` Mr. Monk Visits a Farm '' , Randy inherits his uncle 's farm after Harvey Disher supposedly commits suicide . Soon after he arrives , Randy claims to get the chilling suspicion that nearby farmer Jimmy Belmont ( Ricardo Chavira ) killed Harvey , and he brings Monk in to prove that there has been foul play . The Randy Disher Project ( edit ) In high school , he was part of a rock band , The Randy Disher Project , which he resurrects with his bandmates in `` Mr. Monk Goes to the Dentist '' after he quits because no one believes his claim that Dr. Oliver Bloom and Terri killed a man in the dentist 's office during his operation . The band creates a music video entitled `` I Do n't Need a Badge '' , which tries to justify Randy 's leaving the police force . The band breaks up when Randy realizes what the man his dentist killed was arguing with him about , and returns to the SFPD shortly afterwards . The song was reprised in the season 5 episode `` Mr. Monk and the Really , Really Dead Guy '' . Disher is placed as a decoy to try to attract the attention of the perpetrator , playing the erstwhile rock song off - key while constantly forgetting most of the lyrics , with the instruments of a one - man band . However , when another man believed to be the perp comes up with an instrument , he is tackled by undercover agents , and turns out to be a harmless man wanting to accompany Randy . In the novel Mr. Monk is Miserable , Monk , Natalie and Stottlemeyer are shocked to find that `` I Do n't Need a Badge '' has become a cult phenomenon in Paris . It is revealed that Paris police Inspector Guy Gadois knows the lyrics and music of the song by heart ( though Natalie notes that he has done slight modifications to the lyrics , e.g. replacing `` Captain '' with `` Inspector '' , and `` mustache '' with `` goatee '' ) . Further , in `` Mr. Monk and the Rapper '' , Randy boards the stage in a rap club , shouting : `` If you enjoyed that , check out therandydisherproject.com ! '' . However , his rapping abilities are questionable and he gets offended when Murderuss ( Snoop Dogg ) calls him the `` whitest white guy '' after Randy attempts to rap out part of Murderuss 's song Car Bomb ( specifically , the part of `` Ch , ch , ch , I put the bomb in your limo , that 's what the surprise is / Under your seat like Oprah giving prizes '' ) . The song is also featured in the season 8 episode `` Mr. Monk Goes Camping '' as the ringtone on Randy 's phone . In `` Mr. Monk 's 100th Case , '' Randy pulls out the Randy Disher Project CD while riding with Stottlemeyer and James Novak 's camera crew to a SWAT team raid on Douglas Thurman 's photo studio . He describes the music style as `` a sort of a jazz , fusion , punk kind of a rap , kind of a folk '' music . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mr. Monk and the Dirty Cop Jump up ^ `` Mr. Monk Goes to the Office '' Jump up ^ `` Mr. Monk and the Genius '' Jump up ^ `` Mr. Monk and His Biggest Fan '' ( hide ) Monk Seasons 5 6 7 8 Episodes `` Mr. Monk and the Candidate '' `` Mr. Monk and the Airplane '' `` Mr. Monk and the Three Pies '' `` Mr. Monk Takes Manhattan '' `` Mr. Monk Gets Jury Duty '' `` Mr. Monk and the Actor '' `` Mr. Monk Gets a New Shrink '' `` Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus '' `` Mr. Monk and the End '' Characters Adrian Monk Sharona Fleming Natalie Teeger Leland Stottlemeyer Randy Disher Trudy Monk Novels Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse Mr. Monk Goes to Hawaii Mr. Monk and the Blue Flu Mr. Monk and the Two Assistants Mr. Monk in Outer Space Mr. Monk Goes to Germany Mr. Monk Is Miserable Mr. Monk and the Dirty Cop Mr. Monk in Trouble Mr. Monk Is Cleaned Out Mr. Monk on the Road Mr. Monk on the Couch Mr. Monk on Patrol Mr. Monk Is a Mess Mr. Monk Gets Even Mr. Monk Helps Himself Mr. Monk Gets on Board Mr. Monk Is Open for Business Other Awards and nominations Cast list Soundtrack `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Disher&oldid=831482377 '' Categories : Monk characters Fictional police lieutenants Fictional characters from San Francisco Fictional San Francisco Police Department detectives Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional singers Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 20 : 31 . About Wikipedia	who does randy end up with on monk	[ "In \"Mr. Monk and Sharona,\" Randy and Sharona have a fond reunion. While reminiscing over the cases that they've worked, Sharona apologizes to Randy for the amount of teasing that she gave him; he, in turn, states that he \"missed\" it. At the end of the episode, he picks up Sharona to go to the airport, sharing a kiss as they load her bags. In the series finale, \"Mr. Monk and the End,\" Randy accepts a job as Chief of Police in the town of Summit in her native New Jersey, stating that he and Sharona are becoming a couple." ]	[ "Sharona" ]
-4678552229719828590	The whole nine yards	The whole nine yards - wikipedia The whole nine yards Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the phrase . For the film , see The Whole Nine Yards ( film ) . A 1921 headline from The Spartanburg Herald - Journal in South Carolina reads `` The Whole Six Yards of It . '' The whole nine yards or the full nine yards is a colloquial American English phrase meaning `` everything , the whole lot '' or , when used as an adjective , `` all the way '' , as in , `` The Army came out and gave us the whole nine yards on how they use space systems . '' Its origin is unknown and has been described by Yale University librarian Fred R. Shapiro as `` the most prominent etymological riddle of our time '' . The Oxford English Dictionary finds the earliest published non-idiomatic use in an 1855 Indiana newspaper article . The earliest known idiomatic use of the phrase is from 1907 in Southern Indiana . The phrase is related to the expression the whole six yards , used around the same time in Kentucky and South Carolina . Both phrases are variations on the whole ball of wax , first recorded in the 1880s . They are part of a family of expressions in which an odd - sounding item , such as enchilada , shooting match , shebang or hog , is substituted for ball of wax . The choice of the number nine may be related to the expression `` To the nines '' ( to perfection ) . Use of the phrase became widespread in the 1980s and 1990s . Much of the interest in the phrase 's etymology can be attributed to New York Times language columnist William Safire , who wrote extensively on this question . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the phrase 2 Research 3 Origin 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History of the phrase ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary places the earliest published non-idiomatic use of the phrase in the New Albany Daily Ledger ( New Albany , Indiana , January 30 , 1855 in an article called `` The Judge 's Big Shirt . '' `` What a silly , stupid woman ! I told her to get just enough to make three shirts ; instead of making three , she has put the whole nine yards into one shirt ! '' The first known use of the phrase as an idiom appears in The Mitchell Commercial , a newspaper in the small town of Mitchell , Indiana , in its May 2 , 1907 edition : This afternoon at 2 : 30 will be called one of the baseball games that will be worth going a long way to see . The regular nine is going to play the business men as many innings as they can stand , but we can not promise the full nine yards . The idiom was used three more times in the Mitchell Commercial over the next seven years , in the forms give him the whole nine yards ( i.e. , tell someone a big story ) , take the whole nine yards ( i.e. , take everything ) , and settled the whole nine yards ( i.e. , resolved everything ) . In other uses from this time period , the phrase was given as the whole six yards . In 1912 , a local newspaper in Kentucky asked readers to , `` Just wait boys until the fix gets to a fever heat and they will tell the whole six yards . '' The same newspaper repeated the phrase soon afterward in another issue , stating `` As we have been gone for a few days and failed to get all the news for this issue we will give you the whole six yards in our next . '' The six - yard form of the phrase also appears in a 1921 headline in a local South Carolina paper . The phrase is not known to have been used in writing thereafter until a 1956 issue of Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , where it appears in an article on fishing . After describing the contests and prizes , the author writes , `` So that 's the whole nine - yards . '' It appeared in an article on hunting the following year , this time unhyphenated . The phrase at this point was still rare . There is strong circumstantial evidence it was not in general use in 1961 , as Ralph Boston set a world record for the long jump that year at 27 feet , or nine yards , but no news report has been found that made any reference to the term , suggesting that journalists were unaware of it or did not regard it as common enough to use as a pun . In a short story published in 1962 , the phrase is attributed to `` a brush salesman '' . A letter published in an auto magazine later that year describes a certain new car as containing `` all nine yards of goodies '' . In 1964 , several newspapers published a syndicated story which explained that `` Give ' em the whole nine yards '' was NASA talk for an item - by - item report . This early usage can be read as suggesting length , but can also be read as suggesting detailed completeness . Two 1965 newspaper articles quote U.S. military personnel serving in Vietnam using the phrase . The phrase was explained as something `` teenagers say '' in a military - oriented magazine in 1965 . Citations from 1966 show the phrase was used by a former U.S. Army airman , and also in a publication for military test pilots . It is also recorded in two contemporary novels concerning the U.S. Air Force in Vietnam , Carl Krueger 's Wings of a Tiger ( 1966 ) , and Elaine Shepard 's The Doom Pussy ( 1967 ) . Research ( edit ) William Safire , a language columnist at the New York Times , asked listeners for information regarding the origin of the phrase on Larry King 's radio show in 1982 . Safire ended up writing nine columns on this subject and is largely responsible for the interest in it . In 1986 , the phrase was added to the Oxford English Dictionary with the earliest citation given as 1970 . The Historical Dictionary of American Slang ( 1997 ) cited Shepard 's novel , thus pushing the earliest known usage back to 1967 . Several key discoveries in further antedating the phrase were made by Bonnie Taylor - Blake , a neuroscience researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an amateur member of the American Dialect Society , an association of professional and amateur linguists whose mailing list often serves as a forum for word and phrase discoveries . In 2012 , Taylor - Blake discovered the 1956 and 1957 uses in Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , and later that year she and Fred R. Shapiro found the `` whole six yards '' examples from the 1912 -- 1921 period , which received substantial publicity . In 2013 , Taylor - Blake posted her discovery of the Mitchell Commercial uses from the 1907 -- 1914 period . Origin ( edit ) There is still no consensus on the origin , though many early published quotations are now available for study . A vast number of explanations for this phrase has been suggested ; many of these are no longer viable in light of what is now known about the phrase 's history . Perhaps the most commonly offered explanation is that World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) aircraft machine gun belts were nine yards long . There are many versions of this explanation with variations regarding type of plane , nationality of gunner and geographic area . An alternative weapon is the ammunition belt for the British Vickers machine gun , invented and adopted by the British Army before World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . The standard belt for this gun held 250 rounds of ammunition and was approximately twenty feet ( under seven yards ) in length . However , the Vickers gun as fitted to aircraft during the First World War usually had ammunition containers capable of accommodating linked belts of 350 - 400 rounds , the average length of such a belt being about nine yards , and it was thought that this may be the origin of the phrase . This theory is no longer considered viable , since the phrase predates World War I . Another common explanation is that `` nine yards '' is a cubic measure and refers to the volume of a concrete mixer . This theory , too , is inconsistent with the phrase 's history . Many of the popular candidates relate to the length of pieces of fabric , or various garments , including Indian saris , Scottish kilts , burial shrouds , or bolts of cloth . No single source verifies that any one of those suggestions was the actual origin . However , an article published in Comments on Etymology demonstrates that fabric was routinely sold in standard lengths of nine yards ( and other multiples of three yards ) during the 1800s and early 1900s . This may explain why so many different types of cloth or garments have been said to have been nine yards long. The phrase `` ... she has put the whole nine yards into one shirt '' appears in 1855 . Other proposed sources include the volume of graves ; the length of bridal veils , kilts , burial shrouds , bolts of cloth , or saris ; a very long list ; ritual disembowelment ; shipyards ; and American football . Little documentary evidence has surfaced to support any of these explanations . One proposed origin involves the world of full - rigged sailing ships , in which yard is used not as a measure of length or size , but as the name of each horizontal spar on which a sail is hung . All square - rigged sails unfurled , with 3 yards on each of 3 masts , could then be described as the whole nine yards , but again no actual documentation has been uncovered to support this explanation , and in any case not all ships had exactly three yards on each mast , even disregarding the fact that by no means all sailing vessels were three - masters . Bonnie Taylor - Blake , noting that several early examples are in the form `` give '' or `` tell '' the whole nine ( or six ) yards , has suggested that the idiom likely relied on `` yards '' as `` lengthy or thorough presentation ( of news , anecdotes , play - by - play , etc . ) '' Jesse Sheidlower , editor - at - large for the Oxford English Dictionary , and Fred R. Shapiro have argued that the phrase does not have a concrete meaning , pointing to the variance between six and nine yards and comparing it to the whole shebang . See also ( edit ) Look up the whole nine yards in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The full monty ( phrase ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The phrase `` to the nines '' is first recorded in 1687 . In early usage , it suggested that a work met the standards of the nine Muses of Greek mythology . Nine is considered a perfect number in numerology as it is three squared . Note that the phrase `` cloud seven '' was inflated to `` cloud nine '' by the same process . See The Phrase Finder and Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang . Dressing `` To the Nines '' could also refer to the fact that in French `` neuf '' means both 9 and New ( `` Mes souliers sont neuf '' = `` My shoes are new '' ) . So , `` dressing to the nines '' would mean dressing in a new outfit ( `` neuf '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whole , adj. , n. , and adv. , C2 , compound whole nine yards , Oxford English Dictionary ( OED Online version Marc 2013 ) ( citing Aviation Week 7 March 1983 , 46 / 2 ) . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Fred , `` You can quote them '' , May / June 2009 ^ Jump up to : Nunberg , Geoff , `` The Whole Nine Yards ' Of What ? '' , NPR Fresh Air , January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball '' , Mitchell Commercial , p. 2 , col. 3 ( May 2 , 1907 ) . Jump up ^ Mitchell Commercial , p. 3 , col. 5 ( June 4 , 1908 ) . Jump up ^ `` Third Term Superstition '' , Mitchell Commercial p. 2 , col. 2 ( October 10 , 1912 ) . Jump up ^ `` Story of a Green Basket , '' Mitchell Commercial p. 1 , col. 5 ( November 26 , 1914 ) . Jump up ^ `` Livingston '' , Mount Vernon ( Kentucky ) Signal ' , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Vernon Signal Newspaper '' . Old Fulton NY Post Cards . June 28 , 1912 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Whole Six Yards of It , '' Spartanburg ( South Carolina ) Herald - Journal , 7 May 1921 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Schuessler , Jennifer ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Whole Nine Yards About a Phrase 's Origin '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Then , in August , Bonnie Taylor - Blake , a neuroscience researcher in North Carolina who had been searching for variants of the phrase via Google News Archive and Google Books for five years , posted a message on the e-mail list of the American Dialect Society noting a 1956 occurrence in an outdoors magazine called Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , followed in September by a more startling twist : a 1921 headline from The Spartanburg Herald - Journal in South Carolina reading `` The Whole Six Yards of It . '' ... The recent discovery of several instances of `` the whole six yards '' in newspapers from the 1910s -- four decades before the earliest known references to the whole nine yards -- opens a new window onto `` the most prominent etymological riddle of our time , '' said Fred Shapiro , a librarian at Yale Law School who announced the findings in next month 's issue of The Yale Alumni Magazine ... ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Ben ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Stretching Out ' The Whole Nine Yards ' '' . Word Routes . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhody , Ron ( July 1956 ) . `` Kentucky Afield Fishing Derbies Are Underway '' . Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground . 12 ( 4 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ See also `` Plugs and Bugs '' by Ferd Holtmann , Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , Vol. 18 . No. 2 , March , 1962 , page 6 . `` Most anglers will tell you he has six or seven baits he uses more than all the others combined , yet he would be lost without the entire nine yards . It might be said there 's a feeling of security involved in carrying the whole load on every outing . '' Jump up ^ `` The whole nine yards - meaning and origin '' , Gary Martin , 2006 . The Phrase Finder Jump up ^ Wegner , Robert E. , `` Man on the Thresh - Hold '' , Michigan 's Voices , Fall 1962 . `` ... the consequence of house , home , kids , respectability , status as a college professor and the whole nine yards , as a brush salesman who came by the house was fond of saying , the whole damn nine yards . '' Jump up ^ Linster , Gale F. , `` Constructive Criticism '' , Car Life Vol. 9 , Issue 11 ( December 1962 ) , p. 2 . `` Your staff of testers can not fairly and equitably appraise the Chevrolet Impala sedan , with all nine yards of goodies , against the Plymouth Savoy which has straight shift and none of the mechanical conveniences which are quite common now . '' Jump up ^ Trumbell , Stephen . `` Talking Hip in the Space Age '' , Tucson Daily Citizen ( Arizona ) , April 25 , 1964 ; `` ' Give ' em the whole nine yards ' means an item - by - item report on any project . '' ( The reporter 's name was misspelled in this newspaper ; it is actually Trumbull . ) Zimmer , Benjamin ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Great moments in antedating '' . Language Log . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Ben ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Where Did We Get `` The Whole Nine Yards '' ? `` . Word Routes . Visual Thesaurus . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Frank D. , Jr . Lt. Col , Daily Facts , ( Redlands , CA ) , April 7 , 1965 , p. 6 . `` We got the whole nine yards , including a side trip to Panama for jungle survival . '' ( Quote attributed to Maj Clyde B. Williams . ) Burris , Keith , `` ' Burners ' Are Not Informed '' , Deseret News , 28 December 1965 , ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) , p . A11 , col. 1 ; `` Capt . Greer was on alert the night of the big Red raid on Piel Me . He said the Cong troops were extremely well outfitted with steel helmets , boots -- ' the whole nine yards of uniform . ' '' Jump up ^ Andrus , Col. Burton C. Jr , Assembly ( magazine ) , Association of Graduates , United States Military Academy , v. 23 n . 3 col. 3 , Fall 1965 , p. 53 ( 55 of 100 in pdf ) . `` We have 60 of the 120 rooms reserved so far -- why not take over `` the whole 9 yards '' as the teenagers say ? '' Jump up ^ Guthrie , James M. , `` Sesquicentennial Scrapbook '' , National Road Traveler , ( Cambridge City , Indiana ) , June 30 , 1966 , p. 3 ; `` If you like `` The Old Swimmin ' Hole , '' `` Raggedy Man '' and `` When the Frost is on the Pumpkin '' you 'll like this one . And J.W. Riley is only a small contributor . ( But Riley would have loved the whole nine yards ) . '' For Guthrie 's biographical information , see here . Jump up ^ Technical Review , The Society of Experimental Test Pilots , Vol. 8 , No. 2 , p. 176 ( September 1966 ) `` Then two - engines , two pilots , and the rest , the nine yards of things that we have really all been aware of for a long time and should pay a lot more attention to . '' Jump up ^ Krueger , Carl , Wings of the Tiger : A novel ( 1966 ) ; `` ' Okay , Tiger , ' it said . ' Give ' em the whole nine yards . Now ! ' '' ( An instruction to fire at the enemy ) , p. 39 . `` We 'll go over it after de-briefing . Get me a list of all pilots and planes available . Everything . The whole nine yards . '' p. 57 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Elaine , The Doom Pussy , Trident Press , ( 1967 ) , p. 54 ; `` Slipping out of the knot ( marriage ) was expensive but Smash was eventually able to untangle what he called ' the whole nine yards . ' '' The phrase appears several times in the book , always as the pet usage of Major `` Smash '' Crandell , a U.S. Air Force navigator . At one point , Smash refers to , `` the ninth yard '' ( finishing touch ) . Jump up ^ Whole , adj. , n. , and adv. , C2 , compound whole nine yards , Oxford English Dictionary ( OED Online version March 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Taylor - Blake , The whole nine yards ( 1908 , 1912 , 1914 ) , ADS - L ( September 6 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Taylor - Blake , The full nine yards ( 1907 ) , ADS - L ( September 6 , 2013 ) ... Jump up ^ Wilton , Dave , `` whole nine yards , the '' , June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The whole ' whole nine yards ' enchilada '' , The Phrase Finder . An amusing chart is included which shows which explanations are most common . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Dolf L ( 1994 ) . The Grand Old Lady of No Man 's Land , The Vickers Machinegun . Cobourg , Ontario , Canada : Collector Grade Publications Inc. p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 88935 - 147 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wilton , David . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends , Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517284 - 1 , p. 36 . William Safire and James J. Kilpatrick have both given the cement mixer explanation . Jump up ^ Reitan , Peter ( January 2015 ) . `` Origin of The Whole Three / Six / Nine Yards : The Sale of Cloth in Multiples of Threes was Common in the 1800s and Early 1900s '' . Comments on Etymology. 44 ( 4 ) : 2 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter Jensen . `` Nine Yards to the Dollar - the History and Etymology of `` the Whole Nine Yards '' `` . Early Sports ' n ' Pop - Culture History Blog . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Yankee Notions . T.W. Strong . 1855 . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Wilton , p. 37 . A grave is about 4 cubic yards . Jump up ^ http://www.highlandsecrets.com/qa.html Jump up ^ Wilton p. 36 . A bolt of cloth is 20 to 25 yards . Jump up ^ Wilton , pp. 34 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Nautical Terms Index Jump up ^ Nautical Language Jump up ^ Wilton , p. 37 . There was no standard number of yards on a sailboat , nor any citations of this phrase from the sailboat era . Jump up ^ Bonnie Taylor - Blake , Front - page New York Times story on `` The Whole Nine Yards '' , ADS - L ( December 27 , 2012 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_whole_nine_yards&oldid=834498532 '' Categories : English - language idioms Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the phrase whole nine yards come from	[ "The whole nine yards or the full nine yards is a colloquial American English phrase meaning \"everything, the whole lot\" or, when used as an adjective, \"all the way\", as in, \"The Army came out and gave us the whole nine yards on how they use space systems.\"[1] Its origin is unknown and has been described by Yale University librarian Fred R. Shapiro as \"the most prominent etymological riddle of our time\".[2]" ]	[ "origin is unknown" ]
7895117190041959565	Mount Everest	Mount Everest - Wikipedia Mount Everest `` Everest '' redirects here . For other uses , see Everest ( disambiguation ) . This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mount Everest सगरमाथा ( Sagarmāthā ) ཇོ ་ མོ ་ གླང ་ མ ( Chomolungma ) 珠穆朗玛峰 ( Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng ) Everest 's north face from the Tibetan plateau Highest point Elevation 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) Ranked 1st Prominence Ranked 1st ( Notice special definition for Everest ) Listing Seven Summits Eight - thousander Country high point Ultra Coordinates 27 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 86 ° 55 ′ 31 '' E / 27.98806 ° N 86.92528 ° E / 27.98806 ; 86.92528 Coordinates : 27 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 86 ° 55 ′ 31 '' E / 27.98806 ° N 86.92528 ° E / 27.98806 ; 86.92528 Geography Mount Everest Location on the Province No. 1 , Nepal -- Tibet Autonomous Region , China border Mount Everest Mount Everest ( Nepal ) Mount Everest Mount Everest ( Tibet ) Mount Everest Mount Everest ( China ) Mount Everest Mount Everest ( Asia ) Show map of Province No. 1 Show map of Nepal Show map of Tibet Show map of China Show map of Asia Show all Location Solukhumbu District , Province No. 1 , Nepal ; Tingri County , Xigazê , Tibet Autonomous Region , China Countries Nepal and China Parent range Mahalangur Himal , Himalayas Climbing First ascent 29 May 1953 Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay ( First winter ascent 17 February 1980 Krzysztof Wielicki , Leszek Cichy ) Normal route southeast ridge ( Nepal ) This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . This article contains Tibetan script . Without proper rendering support , you may see very small fonts , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters . Aerial photo from the south , with Mount Everest rising above the ridge connecting Nuptse and Lhotse Mount Everest , known in Nepali as Sagarmatha ( सगरमाथा ) and in Tibetan as Chomolungma ( ཇོ ་ མོ ་ གླང ་ མ ) , is Earth 's highest mountain above sea level , located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas . The international border between Nepal ( Province No. 1 ) and China ( Tibet Autonomous Region ) runs across its summit point . The current official elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) , recognized by China and Nepal , was established by a 1955 Indian survey and subsequently confirmed by a Chinese survey in 1975 . In 2005 , China remeasured the rock height of the mountain , with a result of 8844.43 m . There followed an argument between China and Nepal as to whether the official height should be the rock height ( 8,844 m. , China ) or the snow height ( 8,848 m. , Nepal ) . In 2010 , an agreement was reached by both sides that the height of Everest is 8,848 m , and Nepal recognizes China 's claim that the rock height of Everest is 8,844 m . In 1865 , Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society , upon a recommendation by Andrew Waugh , the British Surveyor General of India . As there appeared to be several different local names , Waugh chose to name the mountain after his predecessor in the post , Sir George Everest , despite George Everest 's objections . Mount Everest attracts many climbers , some of them highly experienced mountaineers . There are two main climbing routes , one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal ( known as the `` standard route '' ) and the other from the north in Tibet . While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route , Everest presents dangers such as altitude sickness , weather , and wind , as well as significant hazards from avalanches and the Khumbu Icefall . As of 2017 , nearly 300 people have died on Everest , many of whose bodies remain on the mountain . The first recorded efforts to reach Everest 's summit were made by British mountaineers . As Nepal did not allow foreigners into the country at the time , the British made several attempts on the north ridge route from the Tibetan side . After the first reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921 reached 7,000 m ( 22,970 ft ) on the North Col , the 1922 expedition pushed the north ridge route up to 8,320 m ( 27,300 ft ) , marking the first time a human had climbed above 8,000 m ( 26,247 ft ) . Seven porters were killed in an avalanche on the descent from the North Col . The 1924 expedition resulted in one of the greatest mysteries on Everest to this day : George Mallory and Andrew Irvine made a final summit attempt on 8 June but never returned , sparking debate as to whether or not they were the first to reach the top . They had been spotted high on the mountain that day but disappeared in the clouds , never to be seen again , until Mallory 's body was found in 1999 at 8,155 m ( 26,755 ft ) on the north face . Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary made the first official ascent of Everest in 1953 , using the southeast ridge route . Norgay had reached 8,595 m ( 28,199 ft ) the previous year as a member of the 1952 Swiss expedition . The Chinese mountaineering team of Wang Fuzhou , Gonpo , and Qu Yinhua made the first reported ascent of the peak from the north ridge on 25 May 1960 . Contents 1 History 2 Early surveys 3 Name 4 Surveys 4.1 Comparisons 5 Geology 6 Flora and fauna 7 Environment 8 History of expeditions 8.1 Overview 8.2 Early attempts 8.3 First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary 8.4 1970 disaster 8.5 1979 / 1980 : Winter Himalaism 8.6 1996 disaster 8.7 2006 mountaineering season 8.7. 1 David Sharp ethics controversy 8.7. 2 Lincoln Hall rescue 8.8 2007 8.9 Ascent statistics up to 2010 season 8.10 2012 and 2013 events 8.11 2014 avalanche and season 8.12 2015 avalanche , earthquake , season 8.12. 1 Mountain re-opens in August 2015 8.13 2016 season 8.13. 1 Rescues and fatalities 8.14 2017 season 8.15 2018 9 Climbing 9.1 Permits 9.2 Routes 9.2. 1 Southeast ridge 9.2. 2 North ridge route 9.3 Summit 9.4 Death zone 9.5 Supplemental oxygen 9.6 Autumn climbing 9.7 Selected climbing records 9.8 Summiting with disabilities 10 Everest and aviation 10.1 1988 : First climb and glide 10.2 1991 : Hot air balloon flyover 10.3 2005 : Pilot summits Everest with helicopter 10.4 2011 Paraglide off summit 10.5 2014 : Helicopter - assisted ascent 10.6 2016 : Helicopter business increases 11 Financial cost of guided climbs 12 Commercial climbing 12.1 Law and order 13 2014 Sherpa strike 14 Extreme sports at Mount Everest 15 Everest and religion 16 Waste management 17 Names 18 Context and maps 19 Panorama 20 See also 21 References 22 Further reading 23 External links History The history of this area dates back to 800 BCE , when the ancient Kirati had their Kirata Kingdom in the Himalayan mountains . The Mahalangur range of the Himalaya is also known as Kirat area of eastern Nepal . Early surveys Location on Earth In 1715 , the Qing Empire surveyed the mountain while mapping its territory and depicted it as Mount Qomolangma no later than 1719 . Mount Everest relief map In 1802 , the British began the Great Trigonometric Survey of India to fix the locations , heights , and names of the world 's highest mountains . Starting in southern India , the survey teams moved northward using giant theodolites , each weighing 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) and requiring 12 men to carry , to measure heights as accurately as possible . They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s , but Nepal was unwilling to allow the British to enter the country due to suspicions of political aggression and possible annexation . Several requests by the surveyors to enter Nepal were turned down . The British were forced to continue their observations from Terai , a region south of Nepal which is parallel to the Himalayas . Conditions in Terai were difficult because of torrential rains and malaria . Three survey officers died from malaria while two others had to retire because of failing health . Nonetheless , in 1847 , the British continued the survey and began detailed observations of the Himalayan peaks from observation stations up to 240 km ( 150 mi ) distant . Weather restricted work to the last three months of the year . In November 1847 , Andrew Waugh , the British Surveyor General of India made several observations from the Sawajpore station at the east end of the Himalayas . Kangchenjunga was then considered the highest peak in the world , and with interest , he noted a peak beyond it , about 230 km ( 140 mi ) away . John Armstrong , one of Waugh 's subordinates , also saw the peak from a site farther west and called it peak `` b '' . Waugh would later write that the observations indicated that peak `` b '' was higher than Kangchenjunga , but given the great distance of the observations , closer observations were required for verification . The following year , Waugh sent a survey official back to Terai to make closer observations of peak `` b '' , but clouds thwarted his attempts . In 1849 , Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area , who made two observations from Jirol , 190 km ( 120 mi ) away . Nicolson then took the largest theodolite and headed east , obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations , with the closest being 174 km ( 108 mi ) from the peak . Nicolson retreated to Patna on the Ganges to perform the necessary calculations based on his observations . His raw data gave an average height of 9,200 m ( 30,200 ft ) for peak `` b '' , but this did not consider light refraction , which distorts heights . However , the number clearly indicated that peak `` b '' was higher than Kangchenjunga . Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return home without finishing his calculations . Michael Hennessy , one of Waugh 's assistants , had begun designating peaks based on Roman numerals , with Kangchenjunga named Peak IX . Peak `` b '' now became known as Peak XV . In 1852 , stationed at the survey headquarters in Dehradun , Radhanath Sikdar , an Indian mathematician and surveyor from Bengal , was the first to identify Everest as the world 's highest peak , using trigonometric calculations based on Nicolson 's measurements . An official announcement that Peak XV was the highest was delayed for several years as the calculations were repeatedly verified . Waugh began work on Nicolson 's data in 1854 , and along with his staff spent almost two years working on the numbers , having to deal with the problems of light refraction , barometric pressure , and temperature over the vast distances of the observations . Finally , in March 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his deputy in Calcutta . Kangchenjunga was declared to be 8,582 m ( 28,156 ft ) , while Peak XV was given the height of 8,840 m ( 29,002 ft ) . Waugh concluded that Peak XV was `` most probably the highest in the world '' . Peak XV ( measured in feet ) was calculated to be exactly 29,000 ft ( 8,839.2 m ) high , but was publicly declared to be 29,002 ft ( 8,839.8 m ) in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of 29,000 feet ( 8,839.2 m ) was nothing more than a rounded estimate . Waugh is sometimes playfully credited with being `` the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Everest '' . Name The name `` Mount Everest '' was first proposed in this 1856 speech , later published in 1857 , in which the mountain was first confirmed as the world 's highest While the survey wanted to preserve local names if possible ( e.g. , Kangchenjunga and Dhaulagiri ) , Waugh argued that he could not find any commonly used local name . Waugh 's search for a local name was hampered by Nepal and Tibet 's exclusion of foreigners . Many local names existed , including `` Deodungha '' ( `` Holy Mountain '' ) in Darjeeling and the Tibetan `` Chomolungma '' , which appeared on a 1733 map published in Paris by the French geographer D'Anville . In the late 19th century , many European cartographers incorrectly believed that a native name for the mountain was Gaurishankar , a mountain between Kathmandu and Everest . Waugh argued that because there were many local names , it would be difficult to favour one name over all others , so he decided that Peak XV should be named after Welsh surveyor Sir George Everest , his predecessor as Surveyor General of India . Everest himself opposed the name suggested by Waugh and told the Royal Geographical Society in 1857 that `` Everest '' could not be written in Hindi nor pronounced by `` the native of India '' . Waugh 's proposed name prevailed despite the objections , and in 1865 , the Royal Geographical Society officially adopted Mount Everest as the name for the highest mountain in the world . The modern pronunciation of Everest ( / ˈɛvərɪst / ) is different from Sir George 's pronunciation of his surname ( / ˈiːvrɪst / EEV - rist ) . The Tibetan name for Mount Everest is ཇོ ་ མོ ་ གླང ་ མ ( IPA : ( t͡ɕhòmòlɑ́ŋmɑ̀ ) , lit . `` Holy Mother '' ) , whose official Tibetan pinyin form is Qomolangma . It is also popularly romanised as Chomolungma and ( in Wylie ) as Jo - mo - glang - ma or Jomo Langma . The official Chinese transcription is 珠穆朗玛峰 ( t 珠穆朗瑪峰 ) , whose pinyin form is Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng . It is also infrequently simply translated into Chinese as Shèngmǔ Fēng ( t 聖母峰 , s 圣母峰 , lit . `` Holy Mother Peak '' ) . In 2002 , the Chinese People 's Daily newspaper published an article making a case against the use of `` Mount Everest '' in English , insisting that the mountain should be referred to as Mount `` Qomolangma '' , based on the official form of the local Tibetan name . The article argued that British colonialists did not `` first discover '' the mountain , as it had been known to the Tibetans and mapped by the Chinese as `` Qomolangma '' since at least 1719 . In the early 1960s , the Nepalese government coined a Nepali name for Mount Everest , Sagarmāthā or Sagar - Matha ( सागर - मथ्था ) . Surveys Published by the Survey of Nepal , this is Map 50 of the 57 map set at 1 : 50,000 scale `` attached to the main text on the First Joint Inspection Survey , 1979 -- 80 , Nepal - China border . '' At the top centre , a boundary line , identified as separating `` China '' and `` Nepal '' , passes through the summit contour . The boundary here and for much of the China - Nepal border follows the main Himalayan watershed divide . Kangshung Face ( the east face ) as seen from orbit The 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) height given is officially recognised by Nepal and China , although Nepal plans a new survey . In 1856 , Andrew Waugh announced Everest ( then known as Peak XV ) as 8,840 m ( 29,002 ft ) high , after several years of calculations based on observations made by the Great Trigonometric Survey . The elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) was first determined by an Indian survey in 1955 , made closer to the mountain , also using theodolites . It was subsequently reaffirmed by a 1975 Chinese measurement of 8,848.13 m ( 29,029.30 ft ) . In both cases the snow cap , not the rock head , was measured . In May 1999 an American Everest Expedition , directed by Bradford Washburn , anchored a GPS unit into the highest bedrock . A rock head elevation of 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) , and a snow / ice elevation 1 m ( 3 ft ) higher , were obtained via this device . Although it has not been officially recognised by Nepal , this figure is widely quoted . Geoid uncertainty casts doubt upon the accuracy claimed by both the 1999 and 2005 surveys . A detailed photogrammetric map ( at a scale of 1 : 50,000 ) of the Khumbu region , including the south side of Mount Everest , was made by Erwin Schneider as part of the 1955 International Himalayan Expedition , which also attempted Lhotse . An even more detailed topographic map of the Everest area was made in the late - 1980s under the direction of Bradford Washburn , using extensive aerial photography . On 9 October 2005 , after several months of measurement and calculation , the Chinese Academy of Sciences and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping officially announced the height of Everest as 8,844.43 m ( 29,017.16 ft ) with accuracy of ± 0.21 m ( 8.3 in ) . They claimed it was the most accurate and precise measurement to date . This height is based on the highest point of rock and not the snow and ice covering it . The Chinese team also measured a snow - ice depth of 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) , which is in agreement with a net elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) . The snow and ice thickness varies over time , making a definitive height of the snow cap impossible to determine . It is thought that the plate tectonics of the area are adding to the height and moving the summit northeastwards . Two accounts suggest the rates of change are 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) per year ( upwards ) and 3 to 6 mm ( 0.12 to 0.24 in ) per year ( northeastwards ) , but another account mentions more lateral movement ( 27 mm or 1.1 in ) , and even shrinkage has been suggested . Comparisons The summit of Everest is the point at which earth 's surface reaches the greatest distance above sea level . Several other mountains are sometimes claimed to be the `` tallest mountains on earth '' . Mauna Kea in Hawaii is tallest when measured from its base ; it rises over 10,200 m ( 33,464.6 ft ) when measured from its base on the mid-ocean floor , but only attains 4,205 m ( 13,796 ft ) above sea level . By the same measure of base to summit , Denali , in Alaska , also known as Mount McKinley , is taller than Everest as well . Despite its height above sea level of only 6,190 m ( 20,308 ft ) , Denali sits atop a sloping plain with elevations from 300 to 900 m ( 980 to 2,950 ft ) , yielding a height above base in the range of 5,300 to 5,900 m ( 17,400 to 19,400 ft ) ; a commonly quoted figure is 5,600 m ( 18,400 ft ) . By comparison , reasonable base elevations for Everest range from 4,200 m ( 13,800 ft ) on the south side to 5,200 m ( 17,100 ft ) on the Tibetan Plateau , yielding a height above base in the range of 3,650 to 4,650 m ( 11,980 to 15,260 ft ) . The summit of Chimborazo in Ecuador is 2,168 m ( 7,113 ft ) farther from earth 's centre ( 6,384.4 km ( 3,967.1 mi ) ) than that of Everest ( 6,382.3 km ( 3,965.8 mi ) ) , because the earth bulges at the equator . This is despite Chimborazo having a peak 6,268 m ( 20,564.3 ft ) above sea level versus Mount Everest 's 8,848 m ( 29,028.9 ft ) . The second highest mountain , K2 Dhaulagiri , shown here , was thought to be highest before Kanchenjunga and Everest were measured Kanchenjunga , now determined to be third highest , took over from Dhaulagiri , and in turn surpassed by Everest Geology Mount Everest with snow melted , showing upper geologic layers in bands . Geologists have subdivided the rocks comprising Mount Everest into three units called formations . Each formation is separated from the other by low - angle faults , called detachments , along which they have been thrust southward over each other . From the summit of Mount Everest to its base these rock units are the Qomolangma Formation , the North Col Formation , and the Rongbuk Formation . The Qomolangma Formation , also known as the Jolmo Lungama Formation or the Everest Formation , runs from the summit to the top of the Yellow Band , about 8,600 m ( 28,200 ft ) above sea level . It consists of greyish to dark grey or white , parallel laminated and bedded , Ordovician limestone interlayered with subordinate beds of recrystallised dolomite with argillaceous laminae and siltstone . Gansser first reported finding microscopic fragments of crinoids in this limestone . Later petrographic analysis of samples of the limestone from near the summit revealed them to be composed of carbonate pellets and finely fragmented remains of trilobites , crinoids , and ostracods . Other samples were so badly sheared and recrystallized that their original constituents could not be determined . A thick , white - weathering thrombolite bed that is 60 m ( 200 ft ) thick comprises the foot of the `` Third Step '' , and base of the summit pyramid of Everest . This bed , which crops out starting about 70 m ( 230 ft ) below the summit of Mount Everest , consists of sediments trapped , bound , and cemented by the biofilms of micro-organisms , especially cyanobacteria , in shallow marine waters . The Qomolangma Formation is broken up by several high - angle faults that terminate at the low angle normal fault , the Qomolangma Detachment . This detachment separates it from the underlying Yellow Band . The lower five metres of the Qomolangma Formation overlying this detachment are very highly deformed . The bulk of Mount Everest , between 7,000 and 8,600 m ( 23,000 and 28,200 ft ) , consists of the North Col Formation , of which the Yellow Band forms its upper part between 8,200 to 8,600 m ( 26,900 to 28,200 ft ) . The Yellow Band consists of intercalated beds of Middle Cambrian diopside - epidote - bearing marble , which weathers a distinctive yellowish brown , and muscovite - biotite phyllite and semischist . Petrographic analysis of marble collected from about 8,300 m ( 27,200 ft ) found it to consist as much as five percent of the ghosts of recrystallised crinoid ossicles . The upper five metres of the Yellow Band lying adjacent to the Qomolangma Detachment is badly deformed . A 5 -- 40 cm ( 2.0 -- 15.7 in ) thick fault breccia separates it from the overlying Qomolangma Formation . The remainder of the North Col Formation , exposed between 7,000 to 8,200 m ( 23,000 to 26,900 ft ) on Mount Everest , consists of interlayered and deformed schist , phyllite , and minor marble . Between 7,600 and 8,200 m ( 24,900 and 26,900 ft ) , the North Col Formation consists chiefly of biotite - quartz phyllite and chlorite - biotite phyllite intercalated with minor amounts of biotite - sericite - quartz schist . Between 7,000 and 7,600 m ( 23,000 and 24,900 ft ) , the lower part of the North Col Formation consists of biotite - quartz schist intercalated with epidote - quartz schist , biotite - calcite - quartz schist , and thin layers of quartzose marble . These metamorphic rocks appear to be the result of the metamorphism of Middle to Early Cambrian deep sea flysch composed of interbedded , mudstone , shale , clayey sandstone , calcareous sandstone , graywacke , and sandy limestone . The base of the North Col Formation is a regional low - angle normal fault called the `` Lhotse detachment '' . Below 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) , the Rongbuk Formation underlies the North Col Formation and forms the base of Mount Everest . It consists of sillimanite - K - feldspar grade schist and gneiss intruded by numerous sills and dikes of leucogranite ranging in thickness from 1 cm to 1,500 m ( 0.4 in to 4,900 ft ) . These leucogranites are part of a belt of Late Oligocene -- Miocene intrusive rocks known as the Higher Himalayan leucogranite . They formed as the result of partial melting of Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician high - grade metasedimentary rocks of the Higher Himalayan Sequence about 20 to 24 million years ago during the subduction of the Indian Plate . Mount Everest consists of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic collision of India with Asia . Current interpretations argue that the Qomolangma and North Col formations consist of marine sediments that accumulated within the continental shelf of the northern passive continental margin of India before it collided with Asia . The Cenozoic collision of India with Asia subsequently deformed and metamorphosed these strata as it thrust them southward and upward . The Rongbuk Formation consists of a sequence of high - grade metamorphic and granitic rocks that were derived from the alteration of high - grade metasedimentary rocks . During the collision of India with Asia , these rocks were thrust downward and to the north as they were overridden by other strata ; heated , metamorphosed , and partially melted at depths of over 15 to 20 kilometres ( 9.3 to 12.4 mi ) below sea level ; and then forced upward to surface by thrusting towards the south between two major detachments . The Himalayas are rising by about 5 mm per year . Flora and fauna A yak at around 4790 m ( 15,715 ft ) There is very little native flora or fauna on Everest . A moss grows at 6,480 metres ( 21,260 ft ) on Mount Everest . It may be the highest altitude plant species . An alpine cushion plant called Arenaria is known to grow below 5,500 metres ( 18,000 ft ) in the region . Euophrys omnisuperstes , a minute black jumping spider , has been found at elevations as high as 6,700 metres ( 22,000 ft ) , possibly making it the highest confirmed non-microscopic permanent resident on Earth . It lurks in crevices and may feed on frozen insects that have been blown there by the wind . There is a high likelihood of microscopic life at even higher altitudes . Birds , such as the bar - headed goose , have been seen flying at the higher altitudes of the mountain , while others , such as the chough , have been spotted as high as the South Col at 7,920 metres ( 25,980 ft ) . Yellow - billed choughs have been seen as high as 7,900 metres ( 26,000 ft ) and bar - headed geese migrate over the Himalayas . In 1953 , George Lowe ( part of the expedition of Tenzing and Hillary ) said that he saw bar - headed geese flying over Everest 's summit . Yaks are often used to haul gear for Mount Everest climbs . They can haul 100 kg ( 220 pounds ) , have thick fur and large lungs . One common piece of advice for those in the Everest region is to be on the higher ground when around yaks and other animals , as they can knock people off the mountain if standing on the downhill edge of a trail . Other animals in the region include the Himalayan tahr which is sometimes eaten by the snow leopard . The Himalayan black bear can be found up to about 4,300 metres ( 14,000 ft ) and the red panda is also present in the region . One expedition found a surprising range of species in the region including a pika and ten new species of ants . Environment Atmospheric pressure comparison Pressure Reference kilopascal psi Olympus Mons summit 0.03 0.0044 -- Mars average 0.6 0.087 -- Hellas Planitia bottom 1.16 0.168 -- Armstrong limit 6.25 0.906 -- Mount Everest summit 33.7 4.89 Earth sea level 101.3 14.69 -- Dead Sea level 106.7 15.48 Surface of Venus 9,200 1,330 In 2008 , a new weather station at about 8,000 m altitude ( 26,246 feet ) went online . The station 's first data in May 2008 were air temperature − 17 ° C ( 1 ° F ) , relative humidity 41.3 percent , atmospheric pressure 382.1 hPa ( 38.21 kPa ) , wind direction 262.8 ° , wind speed 12.8 m / s ( 28.6 mph , 46.1 km / h ) , global solar radiation 711.9 watts / m , solar UVA radiation 30.4 W / m . The project was orchestrated by Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment ( SHARE ) , which also placed the Mount Everest webcam in 2011 . The solar - powered weather station is on the South Col . Everest and Lhotse from the south . In the foreground are Thamserku , Kantega , and Ama Dablam One of the issues facing climbers is the frequent presence of high - speed winds . The peak of Mount Everest extends into the upper troposphere and penetrates the stratosphere , which can expose it to the fast and freezing winds of the jet stream . In February 2004 a wind speed of 280 km / h ( 175 mph ) was recorded at the summit and winds over 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) are common . These winds can blow climbers off Everest . Climbers typically aim for a 7 - to 10 - day window in the spring and fall when the Asian monsoon season is either starting up or ending and the winds are lighter . The air pressure at the summit is about one - third what it is at sea level , and by Bernoulli 's principle , the winds can lower the pressure further , causing an additional 14 percent reduction in oxygen to climbers . The reduction in oxygen availability comes from the reduced overall pressure , not a reduction in the ratio of oxygen to other gases . In the summer , the Indian monsoon brings warm wet air from the Indian Ocean to Everest 's south side . During the winter the west - southwest flowing jet stream shifts south and blows on the peak . History of expeditions Climbers below the Geneva Spur Reunion of the 1953 British team Because Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world , it has attracted considerable attention and climbing attempts . A set of climbing routes has been established over several decades of climbing expeditions to the mountain . Whether the mountain was climbed in ancient times is unknown . It may have been climbed in 1924 . Overview Everest 's first known summitting occurred by 1953 , and interest by climbers increased . Despite the effort and attention poured into expeditions , only about 200 people had summitted by 1987 . Everest remained a difficult climb for decades , even for serious attempts by professional climbers and large national expeditions , which were the norm until the commercial era began in the 1990s . By March 2012 , Everest had been climbed 5,656 times with 223 deaths . Although lower mountains have longer or steeper climbs , Everest is so high the jet stream can hit it . Climbers can be faced with winds beyond 320 km / h ( 200 mph ) when the weather shifts . At certain times of the year the jet stream shifts north , providing periods of relative calm at the mountain . Other dangers include blizzards and avalanches . By 2013 , The Himalayan Database recorded 6,871 summits by 4,042 different people . Early attempts In 1885 , Clinton Thomas Dent , president of the Alpine Club , suggested that climbing Mount Everest was possible in his book Above the Snow Line . The northern approach to the mountain was discovered by George Mallory and Guy Bullock on the initial 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition . It was an exploratory expedition not equipped for a serious attempt to climb the mountain . With Mallory leading ( and thus becoming the first European to set foot on Everest 's flanks ) they climbed the North Col to an altitude of 7,005 metres ( 22,982 ft ) . From there , Mallory espied a route to the top , but the party was unprepared for the great task of climbing any further and descended . The British returned for a 1922 expedition . George Finch climbed using oxygen for the first time . He ascended at a remarkable speed -- 290 metres ( 951 ft ) per hour , and reached an altitude of 8,320 m ( 27,300 ft ) , the first time a human reported to climb higher than 8,000 m . Mallory and Col. Felix Norton made a second unsuccessful attempt . Mallory was faulted for leading a group down from the North Col which got caught in an avalanche . Mallory was pulled down too but survived . Seven native porters were killed . The next expedition was in 1924 . The initial attempt by Mallory and Geoffrey Bruce was aborted when weather conditions prevented the establishment of Camp VI . The next attempt was that of Norton and Somervell , who climbed without oxygen and in perfect weather , traversing the North Face into the Great Couloir . Norton managed to reach 8,550 m ( 28,050 ft ) , though he ascended only 30 m ( 98 ft ) or so in the last hour . Mallory rustled up oxygen equipment for a last - ditch effort . He chose young Andrew Irvine as his partner . 1952 documentary On 8 June 1924 , George Mallory and Andrew Irvine made an attempt on the summit via the North Col - North Ridge - Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned . On 1 May 1999 , the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition found Mallory 's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI . Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both of them reached the summit 29 years before the confirmed ascent and safe descent of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 . In 1933 , Lady Houston , a British millionairess , funded the Houston Everest Flight of 1933 , which saw a formation of aircraft led by the Marquess of Clydesdale fly over the summit in an effort to deploy the British Union Flag at the top . Early expeditions -- such as General Charles Bruce 's in the 1920s and Hugh Ruttledge 's two unsuccessful attempts in 1933 and 1936 -- tried to ascend the mountain from Tibet , via the North Face . Access was closed from the north to Western expeditions in 1950 after China took control of Tibet . In 1950 , Bill Tilman and a small party which included Charles Houston , Oscar Houston , and Betsy Cowles undertook an exploratory expedition to Everest through Nepal along the route which has now become the standard approach to Everest from the south . The Swiss Expedition of 1952 , led by Edouard Wyss - Dunant , was granted permission to attempt a climb from Nepal . The expedition established a route through the Khumbu icefall and ascended to the South Col at an elevation of 7,986 m ( 26,201 ft ) . No attempt at an ascent of Everest was ever under consideration in this case . Raymond Lambert and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay were able to reach an elevation of about 8,595 m ( 28,199 ft ) on the southeast ridge , setting a new climbing altitude record . Tenzing 's experience was useful when he was hired to be part of the British expedition in 1953 . First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary Main article : 1953 British Mount Everest expedition Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay In 1953 , a ninth British expedition , led by John Hunt , returned to Nepal . Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt to reach the summit . The first pair , Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans , came within 100 m ( 330 ft ) of the summit on 26 May 1953 , but turned back after running into oxygen problems . As planned , their work in route finding and breaking trail and their oxygen caches were of great aid to the following pair . Two days later , the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with its second climbing pair , the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay , a Nepali Sherpa climber . They reached the summit at 11 : 30 local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col route . At the time , both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition , but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first . They paused at the summit to take photographs and buried a few sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending . News of the expedition 's success reached London on the morning of Queen Elizabeth II 's coronation , 2 June . A few days later , the Queen gave orders that Hunt ( a Briton ) and Hillary ( a New Zealander ) were to be knighted in the Order of the British Empire for the ascent . Tenzing , a Nepali Sherpa who was a citizen of India , was granted the George Medal by the UK . Hunt was ultimately made a life peer in Britain , while Hillary became a founding member of the Order of New Zealand . Hillary and Tenzing are also recognised in Nepal , where annual ceremonies in schools and offices celebrate their accomplishment . The next successful ascent was on 23 May 1956 by Ernst Schmied and Juerg Marmet . This was followed by Dölf Reist and Hans - Rudolf von Gunten on 24 May 1957 . Wang Fuzhou , Gonpo and Qu Yinhua of China made the first reported ascent of the peak from the North Ridge on 25 May 1960 . The first American to climb Everest , Jim Whittaker , joined by Nawang Gombu , reached the summit on 1 May 1963 . 1970 disaster See also : 1970 Mount Everest disaster In 1970 Japanese mountaineers conducted a major expedition . The centerpiece was a large `` siege '' - style expedition led by Saburo Matsukata , working on finding a new route up the southwest face . Another element of the expedition was an attempt to ski Mount Everest . Despite a staff of over one hundred people and a decade of planning work , the expedition suffered eight deaths and failed to summit via the planned routes . However , Japanese expeditions did enjoy some successes . For example , Yuichiro Miura became the first man to ski down Everest from the South Col ( he descended nearly 4,200 vertical feet from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries ) . Another success was an expedition that put four on the summit via the South Col route . Miura 's exploits became the subject of film , and he went on to become the oldest person to summit Mount Everest in 2003 at age 70 and again in 2013 at the age of 80 . In 1975 , Junko Tabei , a Japanese woman , became the first woman to summit Mount Everest . 1979 / 1980 : winter Himalaism Confirmation of the summit obtained by the Nepalese Ministry of Tourism The Polish climber Andrzej Zawada headed the first winter ascent of Mt . Everest , the first winter ascent of an eight - thousander . The team of 20 Polish climbers and 4 Sherpas established a base camp on Khumbu Glacier in early January 1980 . On 15 January , the team managed to set up Camp III at 7150 meters above sea level , but further action was stopped by hurricane - force winds . The weather improved after 11 February , when Leszek Cichy , Walenty Fiut and Krzysztof Wielicki set up camp IV on South Col ( 7906 m ) . Cichy and Wielicki started the final ascent at 6 : 50 AM on 17 February . At 2 : 40 PM Andrzej Zawada at base camp heard the climbers ' voices over the radio - `` We are on the summit ! The strong wind blows all the time . It is unimaginably cold . '' . The successful winter ascent of Mt . Everest started a new decade of Winter Himalaism , which became a Polish specialisation . After 1980 Poles did ten first winter ascents on 8000 metre peaks , which earned Polish climbers a reputation of `` Ice Warriors '' . 1996 disaster Main article : 1996 Mount Everest disaster On 11 May 1996 eight climbers died after several expeditions were caught in a blizzard high up on the mountain . During the 1996 season , 15 people died while climbing on Mount Everest . These were the highest death tolls for a single event , and for a single season , until the sixteen deaths in the 2014 Mount Everest avalanche . The disaster gained wide publicity and raised questions about the commercialisation of climbing Mount Everest . Journalist Jon Krakauer , on assignment from Outside magazine , was in one of the affected parties , and afterward published the bestseller Into Thin Air , which related his experience . Anatoli Boukreev , a guide who felt impugned by Krakauer 's book , co-authored a rebuttal book called The Climb . The dispute sparked a debate within the climbing community . In May 2004 , Kent Moore , a physicist , and John L. Semple , a surgeon , both researchers from the University of Toronto , told New Scientist magazine that an analysis of weather conditions on 11 May suggested that freak weather caused oxygen levels to plunge approximately 14 percent . One of the survivors was Beck Weathers , an American client of New Zealand - based guide service Adventure Consultants . Weathers was left for dead about 275 metres ( 900 feet ) from Camp 4 at 7,950 metres ( 26,085 feet ) . After spending a night on the mountain , Weathers managed to find his way to Camp 4 with massive frostbite and vision impaired due to snow blindness . When he arrived at Camp 4 , fellow climbers considered his condition terminal and left him in a tent to die overnight . Before leaving Camp 4 Jon Krakauer heard Weathers calling for help from his tent . Weathers ' condition had not improved and an immediate descent to a lower elevation was deemed essential . A helicopter rescue was considered but was out of the question : Camp 4 was higher than the rated ceiling of any available helicopter and in any case would be extraordinarily dangerous . Eventually , a rescue was organised thanks to a lieutenant colonel of the Nepalese Army who conducted the second - highest known helicopter medical evacuation up to that time . The storm 's impact on climbers on the North Ridge of Everest , where several climbers also died , was detailed in a first - hand account by British filmmaker and writer Matt Dickinson in his book The Other Side of Everest. 16 - year - old Mark Pfetzer was on the climb and wrote about it in his account , Within Reach : My Everest Story . The 2015 feature film Everest , directed by Baltasar Kormákur , is based on the events of this disaster . 2006 mountaineering season show 2006 fatalities Deaths Nation Tuk Bahadur Thapa Masa Nepal Igor Plyushkin Russia Vitor Negrete Brazil David Sharp United Kingdom Thomas Weber Germany Tomas Olsson Sweden Jacques - Hugues Letrange France Ang Phinjo Nepal * Pavel Kalny Czech Republic Lhakpa Tseri Nepal Dawa Temba Nepal Sri Kishan India * Lhotse face fatality Small avalanche on Everest , 2006 In 2006 12 people died . One death in particular ( see below ) triggered an international debate and years of discussion about climbing ethics . The season was also remembered for the rescue of Lincoln Hall who had been left by his climbing team and declared dead , but was later discovered alive and survived being helped off the mountain . David Sharp ethics controversy There was an international controversy about the death of a solo British climber David Sharp , who attempted to climb Mount Everest in 2006 but died in his attempt . The story broke out of the mountaineering community into popular media , with a series of interviews , allegations , and critiques . The question was whether climbers that season had left a man to die and whether he could have been saved . He was said to have attempted to summit Mount Everest by himself with no Sherpa or guide and fewer oxygen bottles than considered normal . He went with a low - budget Nepali guide firm that only provides support up to Base Camp , after which climbers go as a `` loose group '' , offering a high degree of independence . The manager at Sharp 's guide support said Sharp did not take enough oxygen for his summit attempt and did not have a Sherpa guide . It is less clear who knew Sharp was in trouble , and if they did know , whether they were qualified or capable of helping him . Double - amputee climber Mark Inglis said in an interview with the press on 23 May 2006 , that his climbing party , and many others , had passed Sharp , on 15 May , sheltering under a rock overhang 450 metres ( 1,480 ft ) below the summit , without attempting a rescue . Inglis said 40 people had passed by Sharp , but he might have been overlooked as climbers assumed Sharp was the corpse nicknamed `` Green Boots '' , but Inglis was not aware that Turkish climbers had tried to help Sharp despite being in the process of helping an injured woman down ( a Turkish woman named Burçak Poçan ) . There has also been some discussion about Himex in the commentary on Inglis and Sharp . In regards to Inglis 's initial comments , he later revised certain details because he had been interviewed while he was `` ... physically and mentally exhausted , and in a lot of pain . He had suffered severe frostbite -- he later had five fingertips amputated . '' When they went through Sharp 's possessions they found a receipt for $7,490 USD , believed to be the whole financial cost . Comparatively , most expeditions are between $35,000 to $100,000 USD plus an additional $20,000 in other expenses that range from gear to bonuses . It was estimated on 14 May that Sharp summitted Mount Everest and began his descent down , but 15 May he was in trouble but being passed by climbers on their way up and down . On 15 May 2006 it is believed he was suffering from hypoxia and was about 1,000 feet from the summit on the North Side route . `` Dawa from Arun Treks also gave oxygen to David and tried to help him move , repeatedly , for perhaps an hour . But he could not get David to stand alone or even stand to rest on his shoulders , and crying , Dawa had to leave him too . Even with two Sherpas , it was not going to be possible to get David down the tricky sections below . '' -- Jamie McGuiness Some climbers who left him said that the rescue efforts would have been useless and only have caused more deaths . Beck Weathers of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster said that those who are dying are often left behind and that he himself had been left for dead twice but was able to keep walking . The Tribune of India quoted someone who described what happened to Sharp as `` the most shameful act in the history of mountaineering '' . In addition to Sharp 's death , at least nine other climbers perished that year , including multiple Sherpas working for various guiding companies . `` You are never on your own . There are climbers everywhere . '' -- David Sharp Much of this controversy was captured by the Discovery Channel while filming the television program Everest : Beyond the Limit . A crucial decision affecting the fate of Sharp is shown in the program , where an early returning climber Lebanese adventurer Maxim Chaya is descending from the summit and radios to his base camp manager ( Russell Brice ) that he has found a frostbitten and unconscious climber in distress . Chaya is unable to identify Sharp , who had chosen to climb solo without any support and so did not identify himself to other climbers . The base camp manager assumes that Sharp is part of a group that has already calculated that they must abandon him , and informs his lone climber that there is no chance of him being able to help Sharp by himself . As Sharp 's condition deteriorates through the day and other descending climbers pass him , his opportunities for rescue diminish : his legs and feet curl from frostbite , preventing him from walking ; the later descending climbers are lower on oxygen and lack the strength to offer aid ; time runs out for any Sherpas to return and rescue him . David Sharp 's body remained just below the summit on the Chinese side next to `` Green Boots '' ; they shared a space in a small rock cave that was an ad hoc tomb for them . Sharp 's body was removed from the cave in 2007 , according to the BBC , and since 2014 , Green Boots has been missing , presumably removed or buried . Lincoln Hall rescue As the Sharp debate kicked off , on 26 May 2006 Australian climber Lincoln Hall was found alive , after being left for dead the day before . He was found by a party of four climbers ( Dan Mazur , Andrew Brash , Myles Osborne and Jangbu Sherpa ) who , giving up their own summit attempt , stayed with Hall and descended with him and a party of 11 Sherpas sent up to carry him down . Hall later fully recovered . His team assumed he had died from cerebral edema , and they were instructed to cover him with rocks . There were no rocks around to do this and he was abandoned . The erroneous information of his death was passed on to his family . The next day he was discovered by another party alive . I was shocked to see a guy without gloves , hat , oxygen bottles or sleeping bag at sunrise at 28,200 - feet height , just sitting up there . -- Dan Mazur Lincoln greeted his fellow mountaineers with this : I imagine you are surprised to see me here . -- Lincoln Hall Lincoln Hall went on to live for several more years , often giving talks about his near - death experience and rescue , before dying from medical issues in 2012 at the age of 56 ( born in 1955 ) . 2007 Similar heroic rescue actions have been recorded since Hall , including on 21 May 2007 , when Canadian climber Meagan McGrath initiated the successful high - altitude rescue of Nepali Usha Bista . Recognising her heroic rescue , Major Meagan McGrath was selected as a 2011 recipient of the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation of Canada Humanitarian Award , which recognises a Canadian who has personally or administratively contributed a significant service or act in the Himalayan Region of Nepal . Ascent statistics up to 2010 season Ascents of Mount Everest by year through 2010 The sun rising on Everest in 2011 By the end of the 2010 climbing season , there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals , with 77 % of these ascents being accomplished since 2000 . The summit was achieved in 7 of the 22 years from 1953 to 1974 and was not missed between 1975 and 2014 . In 2007 , the record number of 633 ascents was recorded , by 350 climbers and 253 sherpas . A remarkable illustration of the explosion of popularity of Everest is provided by the numbers of daily ascents . Analysis of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster shows that part of the blame was on the bottleneck caused by a large number of climbers ( 33 to 36 ) attempting to summit on the same day ; this was considered unusually high at the time . By comparison , on 23 May 2010 , the summit of Mount Everest was reached by 169 climbers -- more summits in a single day than in the cumulative 31 years from the first successful summit in 1953 through 1983 . There have been 219 fatalities recorded on Mount Everest from the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition through the end of 2010 , a rate of 4.3 fatalities for every 100 summits ( this is a general rate , and includes fatalities amongst support climbers , those who turned back before the peak , those who died en route to the peak and those who died while descending from the peak ) . Of the 219 fatalities , 58 ( 26.5 % ) were climbers who had summited but did not complete their descent . Though the rate of fatalities has decreased since the year 2000 ( 1.4 fatalities for every 100 summits , with 3938 summits since 2000 ) , the significant increase in the total number of climbers still means 54 fatalities since 2000 : 33 on the northeast ridge , 17 on the southeast ridge , 2 on the southwest face , and 2 on the north face . Nearly all attempts at the summit are done using one of the two main routes . The traffic seen by each route varies from year to year . In 2005 -- 07 , more than half of all climbers elected to use the more challenging , but cheaper northeast route . In 2008 , the northeast route was closed by the Chinese government for the entire climbing season , and the only people able to reach the summit from the north that year were athletes responsible for carrying the Olympic torch for the 2008 Summer Olympics . The route was closed to foreigners once again in 2009 in the run - up to the 50th anniversary of the Dalai Lama 's exile . These closures led to declining interest in the north route , and , in 2010 , two - thirds of the climbers reached the summit from the south . 2012 and 2013 events Main articles : Mount Everest in 2012 and Mount Everest in 2013 Selfie on the summit , 2012 Years in review summary Year Summiters Reference ( s ) 2012 547 2013 658 2014 106 2015 0 2016 641 2017 648 2014 avalanche and season Main article : 2014 Mount Everest avalanche Mount Everest , 2014 On 18 April 2014 , an avalanche hit the area just below the Base Camp 2 at around 01 : 00 UTC ( 06 : 30 local time ) and at an elevation of about 5,900 metres ( 19,400 ft ) . Sixteen people were killed in the avalanche ( all Nepalese guides ) and nine more were injured . This was not the only tragedy in the region , with over 43 killed in the 2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster , and they were not even summiting but rather trekking the Annapurna Circuit . One positive outcome of the season was a 13 - year - old girl , Malavath Purna , reaching the summit , breaking the record for youngest female . Additionally , one team used a helicopter to fly from south base camp to Camp 2 to avoid the Khumbu Icefall , then reached the Everest summit . This team had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb . Nepal turned Chinese reluctance into a success for the country , with the executive donating tens of thousands of dollars to local hospitals and achieving a new hybrid aviation - mountaineering technique . She was named the Nepalese `` International Mountaineer of the Year '' . The location of the fatal ice avalanche on the 2014 route , and the revised 2015 route through the Khumbu . Over 100 people summited Everest from China ( Tibet region ) , and six from Nepal in the 2014 season . This included 72 - year - old Bill Burke , the Indian teenage girl , and a Chinese woman Jing Wang . Another teen girl summiter was Ming Kipa Sherpa who summited with her elder sister Lhakpa Sherpa in 2003 , and who had achieved the most times for woman to the summit of Mount Everest at that time . ( see also Santosh Yadav ) 2015 avalanche , earthquake , season Main article : 2015 Mount Everest avalanches Everest , April 2015 2015 was set to be a record - breaking season of climbs , with hundreds of permits issued in Nepal and many additional permits in Tibet ( China ) . However , a magnitude 7.8 earthquake on 25 April 2015 effectively shut down the Everest climbing season . 2015 was the first time since 1974 with no spring summits , as all climbing teams pulled out after the quakes and avalanche . One of the reasons for this was the high probability of aftershocks ( over 50 percent according to the USGS ) . Just weeks after the first quake , the region was rattled again by a 7.3 magnitude quake and there were also many considerable aftershocks . On 25 April 2015 , an earthquake measuring 7.8 M triggered an avalanche that hit Everest Base Camp . Eighteen bodies were recovered from Mount Everest by the Indian Army mountaineering team . The avalanche began on Pumori , moved through the Khumbu Icefall on the southwest side of Mount Everest , and slammed into the South Base Camp . The quakes trapped hundreds of climbers above the Khumbu icefall , and they had to be evacuated by helicopter as they ran low on supplies . The quake shifted the route through the ice fall , making it essentially impassable to climbers . Bad weather also made helicopter evacuation difficult . The Everest tragedy was small compared the impact overall on Nepal , with almost nine thousand dead and about 22 thousand injured . In Tibet , by 28 April at least 25 had died , and 117 were injured . By 29 April 2015 , the Tibet Mountaineering Association ( North / Chinese side ) closed Everest and other peaks to climbing , stranding 25 teams and about 300 people on the north side of Everest . On the south side , helicopters evacuated 180 people trapped at Camps 1 and 2 . Mountain re-opens in August 2015 On 24 August 2015 Nepal re-opened Everest to tourism including mountain climbers . The only climber permit for the autumn season was awarded to Japanese climber Nobukazu Kuriki , who had tried four times previously to summit Everest without success . He made his fifth attempt in October , but had to give up just 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) from the summit due to `` strong winds and deep snow '' . Kurki noted the dangers of climbing Everest , having himself survived being stuck in a freezing snow hole for two days near the top , which came at the cost of all his fingertips and his thumb , lost to frostbite , which added further difficulty to his climb . Some sections of the trail from Lukla to Everest Base Camp ( Nepal ) were damaged in the earthquakes earlier in the year and needed repairs to handle trekkers . 2016 season Mount Everest , May 2016 , with Nuptse and Lhotse peaks to the upper right The Nepal Department of Tourism said by June 2016 that about 456 people made it to the summit of Mount Everest , including 45 women . They noted some good summit windows , and on one day , 19 May 2016 , 209 climbers made it to the summit . By 11 May 2016 the lines were fixed on the south side of Everest , after which several hundred climbers would make it up in the critical weather windows . Alan Arnette published his Everest report by year end , based on results for the now 93 - year - old Elizabeth Hawley , which were released in December 2016 . For 2016 her records indicate 641 made it to the summit early 2016 . On 11 May 2016 , nine Sherpas summited Mount Everest . The next day another six persons reached the top . These were the first summitings since 2014 , when 106 made it to the top . By 13 May , 42 climbers had reached the summit and by 22 May , good weather had allowed over 400 climbers to reach the summit . However , about 30 climbers developed frostbite or became sick , and two climbers died from what was reported as possible altitude sickness . Among those that had to turn back was a science expedition attempting to study the link between hypoxia and cognitive decline . Although it did not run its course , it did give some clues into the effects of high - altitude acclimatisation on human blood . Adrian Ballinger and Cory Richards were sponsored by Eddie Bauer to climb Everest , and they relayed information from the Everest climb using the smartphone software application and service Snapchat . Mount Everest has had a 3G wireless data communication network since 2010 . One of the things that was reported by them , was that bottled oxygen was stolen from them and there was some bad behaviour up there . The bottled oxygen was there for emergency back - up if they ran into trouble . Cory Richards summited Mount Everest without oxygen and returned safely , and Adrian made it almost to the top also . Another famous mountaineer , British climber Kenton Cool achieved his 12th Everest summit ( the second - highest number of Everest summitings for a foreigner after Dave Hahn ) , and US celebrity mountaineer Melissa Arnot , completed her sixth summit , and achieved her personal goal of climbing Everest without supplementary bottled oxygen . This also turned out to be the most summits for a foreign female ( not Nepali or Chinese ) , and one of the first US women to summit and survive without supplementary oxygen . In 1998 , Francys Arsentiev had made it to the summit , but died during the descent ; she went on to become a famous corpse as a landmark known as `` Sleeping Beauty '' until she was buried on Everest in 2007 by one of the people who had tried to help her . Another woman from the Americas , the Ecuadorian woman Carla Perez also summited Mount Everest in 2016 without supplementary oxygen . Perez and Arnot became the fifth and sixth women to summit Everest without supplementary oxygen . There is an ongoing discussion about the use of extra bottled oxygen in mountaineering . Also at issue is Dexamethasone ( Dex ) , which is valuable as a lifesaver as it reduces swelling in the brain if someone comes down with high - altitude cerebral edema ( HACE ) . When American Bill Burke was interviewed for his attempt , he noted how one of his team members had overdosed on Dex , prompting a medical evacuation even as in his more recent expedition , someone had 25 doses of Dex . He also noted it was hard to argue against large supplies of Dex , due its life - saving properties against some types of altitude sickness , especially HACE . An example of a death in which Dex was implicated was Dr. Eberhard Schaaf in 2012 on Everest . Schaaf died on descent at the south summit from altitude sickness . It has a good reputation as a life saver , and is commonly given to Everest climbers for its ability to intervene in last desperate moments when altitude sickness sets in . For example , in the 2016 season Robert Gropel said he gave Dex to his wife ( as reported by the Daily Telegraph ) in attempt to save her as they tried to descend Everest . Dex is just the tip of the iceberg , with the UIAA noting the aforementioned dexamethasone , but also acetazolamide ( aka Diamox ) , amphetamine , and alcohol use ; and another noted Diamox ( acetazolamide ) use among trekkers . It is not really a matter of some authorities being for or against medications , but awareness , as misuse can cause drug interactions and various side effects . In particular it was noted that supplementary oxygen significantly lowers death rate on ultra-high altitude mountain climbing , and is generally not regulated as a drug , whereas the safe use of medications is less understood or even acknowledged in many cases . ( see also : Effects of high altitude on humans ) `` We estimate that during our informal survey on Everest spring 2012 , at least two - thirds of climbers we contacted were prescribed several performance - enhancing drugs ( PEDs ) and had intended to use them not for rescue , but to increase their chances of summit success '' -- Dr. L. Freer of Everest ER Mexican - American David Liaño Gonzalez ( aka David Liano ) summited for the sixth time , promoting a charity and also carrying a Seattle Seahawks flag with him to the Everest summit . Another sports team represented at the Everest summit was the Denver Broncos , with its flag unfurled by Kim Hess . Rounding out US mountaineering was news that a group of soldiers and veterans summited , including some who had been wounded in combat . A British wounded veteran ( one - eyed ) was also trying to summit but gave up his bid to help some Indian climbers . In 2016 the first climbers from Sri Lanka , Myanmar , and Tunisia reached the summit of Mount Everest . Only two other people from North Africa have summited Everest , one from Algeria and the other from Morocco . The youngest Australian woman to summit Mount Everest was Alyssa Azar . She returned to Australia safely , but a bittersweet victory for Australia after the loss of another Australian woman who was also trying to summit that May with her husband . The youngest Japanese woman also summited ( and returned alive ) at the age of 19 . Another woman record - breaker in 2016 was the first woman from Thailand to summit Mount Everest , Napassaporn Chumnarnsit , who was granted an audience with the Prime Minister of Thailand for her achievement . The first person with Cystic Fibrosis also summited Mount Everest on his third try . Also , a 61 - year old summited with two artificial knees . He had been trying for several years and had lost his Nepali friend Sherpa Nawang Tenzing in the 2015 earthquakes . He was not alone in being grief - stricken , as many climbers connected with the Everest mountaineering community lost climbing buddies in two years of disasters . One who narrowly survived the disasters himself climbed this year to bring attention to the disease Lewy body dementia ( DLB ) , which had affected his father . Rescues and fatalities show 2016 fatalities Fatalities Nationality Eric Arnold Netherlands Dr. Maria Strydom Australia Subhash Pal India * Phurba Sherpa Nepal Paresh Nath India Goutam Ghosh India Dr. Charles MacAdams Canada * Lhotse face fatality A one - eyed British war veteran rescued a woman from India who was in trouble on her descent . The climber , Leslie Binns , successfully rescued her and tried to save another from her ill - fated eleven - person expedition which suffered three fatalities . About 500 metres from the summit , which he could see with his one eye , he heard a woman screaming for help so he gave up his summit bid to help her down . She had run out of bottled oxygen and was getting frostbitten . On 11 May 2016 a Calgary physician died in Tibet , in the Chinese - side base camp . A 25 - year old Nepali named Phurba Sherpa , fixing lines near the Lhotse summit , fell to his death . A guide company , Arnold Coster Expeditions , suffered two fatalities , and a third client had to be airlifted out . One was a man from the Netherlands , and another was a South African - born Australian woman . Her husband had tried to save her , but he also ran into trouble and had to be airlifted out with medical complications . These deaths were very widely reported in international news and triggered some public discussion about Everest mountaineering and tourism . An Indian expedition from West Bengal suffered a great tragedy , with the single expedition suffering three fatalities and third , a mother of an 11 - year old had to be rescued on her way down . At first it was reported one died and two were missing , but later the other two were located and had not survived . One British climber gave up his summit bid to help a Bengali woman that had fallen and was ailing on her descent . She was evacuated by the Himalayan Rescue Association and airlifted to Kathmandu with bad frostbite injuries . They were part of an eleven - member expedition from India . Eight had reached the summit , including the injured woman The death toll for Everest climbers rose to five in most reports by late May 2016 , and with a death of a high - altitude worker on Lhotse face during the season ( Everest summiters sometimes need to climb Lhotse face depending on the route ) , gives a total of six known deaths from the Everest massif by the time the season drew to a close . Although not widely reported during May , a climber in Tibet had died on 11 May 2016 which makes it possibly six for Mount Everest and seven for the Everest Massif . The Nepal ministry of tourism said five people died ( on the Nepali side ) . 2017 season Main article : Mount Everest in 2017 2017 was the biggest season yet , permit-wise , yielding hundreds of summiters and a handful of deaths . On 27 May 2017 , Kami Rita Sherpa made her 21st climb to the summit with the Alpine Ascents Everest Expedition , one of three people in the World along with Apa Sherpa and Phurba Tashi Sherpa to make it to the summit of Mount Everest 21 times . The season had a tragic start with the death of famous climber Ueli Steck of Switzerland , who died from a fall during a warm - up climb . There was a continued discussion about the nature of possible changes to the Hillary Step . Total summiters for 2017 was tallied up to be 648 . 449 summited via Nepal ( from the South ) and 120 from Chinese Tibet ( North side ) . 2018 Famous Himalayan record keeper Elizabeth Hawley died in late January 2018 . In 2018 , Nepal may re-measure the height of Mount Everest , which is typically recognized as being 29,029 , although re-measurement by teams have come up with somewhat varying figures including 29,022 and 29,035 . One of the issues is if the height is from the rock summit or includes the ice and snow , which can add a significant amount of height . It is known the height of Everest may be changing due to its position on tectonic plates , which can alternately raise or lower it depending on the type of tectonic event . Another goal in 2018 that many organizations have , is to remove trash from the mountain and nature areas . Nepal honoured several mountain climbers , including those that and summited Everest in the 1970s and went on to conduct humanitarian projects in the impoverished land - locked country . Climbers honoured by Nep al included Wolfgang Nairz , Oswald Ölz , Peter Habeler , Raimund Magreiter , Robert Schauer , Hanns Schell and Helmuth Hagner . Nepal also honored Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler in April 2018 , for their 1978 climb of Mount Everest . As of April 2018 , about 350 climbing permits for tourists had been issued so far on the Nepal side . Olympic Gold Medal winner Victoria Pendleton , made a summit bid with TV show host Ben Fogle , however , the summit bid had to be abandoned due to medical concerns . One reason for this was that a weather window opened up earlier than expected , but her body was not taking in enough oxygen . Everest has claimed perhaps 300 lives in the last century of expeditions on the mountain , often with little regard to a climber 's skill -- it has claimed the careless and sometimes the careful as well . The weather window is a time , in modern times carefully watched with modern weather observation and prediction technology , to find the time of calm to avoid treacherously high winds which are known to reach 175 mph ( 280 kph ) . A gourmet pop - up restaurant at Everest Base camp was planned this year , making international news . A group of chefs planned a seven course meal featuring local ingredients , and one of the challenges of serving gourmet food at high altitude is that people 's sense of taste is altered . The Chef noted he planned to use the style of cooking Sous - vide on the expedition . On May 13 , 2018 , a group of Nepali climbers reached the summit of Mount Everest , the first of the season . This group paves the way for more climbers to reach from the Nepal side of the mountain , and 346 permits were granted for this year in the climbing season which runs in the spring from April to the end of May . Another 180 climbers are said to be making a summit bid from the northern side , in China ( Tibet region ) . This is the time when there are a few days of calm and good weather high on the mountain . Some of the fatalities this season were a Japanese climber who died on his 8th attempt and was known for returning to make a summit attempt in 2015 even after he lost nine of his fingers in an attempt to summit in 2012 . Also , a climber from Macedonia is reported to have died on the mountain . By May 19 , 2018 , the Kathmandu Times reports that at least 277 climbers had summited Mount Everest . Among those that summited this year was a team lead by Adrian Ballinger , including Neal Beidleman who survived the 1996 Mount Everest disaster and returned to summit this season . Record - breaking woman summiter Lhakpa Sherpa summited Mount Everest again , making 2018 her 9th summit of Mount Everest , meanwhile Kami Rita Sherpa attained his 22nd summit in 2018 , overtaking the previous maximum of 21 set by Apa Sherpa . The famous British climber Kenton Cool increased his summit tally to 13 in 2018 , the most for the United Kingdom . Some the various national records include Alyssa Azar , she became the youngest Australian to summit the mountain in 2016 when she was just 19 and reached the summit again in 2018. The achievement also makers her the youngest Australian to summit Mount Everest , to summit it twice , and youngest from both south and north sides of the Mountain . A group of woman journalists that climbed Everest as part of the Women Journalists Everest Expedition - 2018 was awarded for their expedition by the Prime Minister of Nepal , in Kathmandu . Due to various incentives for Sherpas that will receive $2 per kilo of trash removed and can earn up to $500 for returning an oxygen bottle discard on Everest has resulted in cleaned up trails . This season additional confirmation has come in that the Hillary Step has been altered , with the climber 's describing it as a slope . It used to be a 40 foot ( 12 meter ) climbing face a ways down from the summit , and there was a clear report it has now changed as in previous years there was a lot of snow that made it harder to determine what had happened . In particular , one large stone of about 5 meters in height is gone . The step was famous since it was first known to be climbed by Hillary in 1953 , and so named . About 5 people are reported to have died or gone missing mountaineering at Mount Everest by late May 2018 in this season , including Nobukazu Kuriki , Gjeorgi Petkov , Rustem Amirov , and Lama Babu Sherpa . Climbing Looking up along the southern ridgeline , the face of the Hillary Step is visible . The top of the South - West face is on the left in shadow , and in the light to the right is the top of the East / Kangshung face . In 2016 and 2017 there were serious reports that the Hillary Step was changed , which triggered a big discussion in the climbing community . ( 2010 photo ) Typical Nepal Camp Altitudes Location Altitude ( km ) Base camp 5400 m / 17700 ft . 5.4 5.4 Camp 1 6100 m / 20000 ft . 6.1 6.1 Camp 2 6400 m / 21000 ft . 6.4 6.4 Camp 3 6800m / 22300 ft . 6.8 6.8 Camp 4 8000 m / 26000 ft . 8 8 Summit 8850 m / 29035 ft . 8.8 8.8 One of the big activities is trips to base camp ( aka trekking ) , which can be higher than some of the highest mountains . The other big activity is serious attempts to make it to the top of Everest , and those in support of those attempts . The peak time for this is late May , because that is when the monsoons push the jet stream away , there is another time later in the year when the monsoon ends yielding another break in the weather , but there is more snow then . Some technology for climbing include crampons , fixed ropes , various cold - weather gear , bottled oxygen , and weather prediction . Predicting the weather is critical ; one of the big disasters came in 1996 when a storm hit during a summit bid . In modern times , there is greater on - demand logistical support available such as internet access , but also some new challenges like not offending the locals and watching out for oxygen - bottle thefts . Helicopter support has grown and the availability of helicopter rescues increased , but there are limits on how high and in what weather they are able to fly . Modern dangers include unexpected avalanches ( these claimed many lives in 2014 and 2015 ) , sudden onset of altitude sickness , and classic climbing danger - falling . For a price , permits are available from both China in the Tibet region and from Nepal ; there is a multitude of mountaineering firms from all over the world operating on the mountain . Permits There were 334 climbing permits issued in 2014 in Nepal , these were extended until 2019 due to the closure . In 2015 there was 357 permits to climb Everest , but the mountain was closed again because of the avalanche and earthquake , and these permits were given a two - year extension to 2017 ( not to 2019 as with the 2014 issue ) . This was an example of hospitality that Nepalis have become famous for ; an extension was especially requested by expedition firms ( which in turn bring resources into the country due for mountaineering ) . Nepal is essentially a `` fourth world '' country , as of 2015 one of the poorest non-African countries along with Haiti and Myanmar , and the 19th poorest country in the world overall . Despite this , Nepal has been very welcoming to tourists and a significant tourism industry has been established . Although there is some difficulties , especially it can be hard to maintain order in distant areas or control the actions of trouble - makers there is along history of going the extra kilometer for tourists . In 2017 a permit evader who tried to climb Everest without the 11,000 dollar permit , faced among other penalties a 22,000 dollar fine , bans , and a possible four years in jail after he was caught ( he had made it up past the Khumbu icefall ) . In the end he was given a ten - year mountaineering ban in Nepal and allowed to return home according to the British newspaper Daily Mail . The rogue mountaineer , who in fact had not climbed other mountains , said he was `` ecstatic '' and that he would try again but buy a permit next time . Nepal permits by year : 2008 -- 160 2009 -- 220 2010 -- 209 2011 -- 225 2012 -- 208 2013 -- 316 2014 -- 326 ( extended for use in any year up to 2019 ) 2015 -- 356 ( extended for in any year up to 2017 ) 2016 -- 289 2017 -- 373 ( last year for 2015 extended permits ) The Chinese side in Tibet is also managed with permits for summiting Everest . They did not issue permits in 2008 , due to the Olympic torch relay being taken to the summit of Mount Everest . Routes Overview South Col route and North Col / Ridge route Mt . Everest has two main climbing routes , the southeast ridge from Nepal and the north ridge from Tibet , as well as many other less frequently climbed routes . Of the two main routes , the southeast ridge is technically easier and more frequently used . It was the route used by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 and the first recognised of 15 routes to the top by 1996 . This was , however , a route decision dictated more by politics than by design , as the Chinese border was closed to the western world in the 1950s , after the People 's Republic of China invaded Tibet . Most attempts are made during May , before the summer monsoon season . As the monsoon season approaches , the jet stream shifts northward , thereby reducing the average wind speeds high on the mountain . While attempts are sometimes made in September and October , after the monsoons , when the jet stream is again temporarily pushed northward , the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and the less stable weather patterns at the monsoons ' tail end makes climbing extremely difficult . Southeast ridge The ascent via the southeast ridge begins with a trek to Base Camp at 5,380 m ( 17,700 ft ) on the south side of Everest , in Nepal . Expeditions usually fly into Lukla ( 2,860 m ) from Kathmandu and pass through Namche Bazaar . Climbers then hike to Base Camp , which usually takes six to eight days , allowing for proper altitude acclimatisation in order to prevent altitude sickness . Climbing equipment and supplies are carried by yaks , dzopkyos ( yak - cow hybrids ) , and human porters to Base Camp on the Khumbu Glacier . When Hillary and Tenzing climbed Everest in 1953 , the British expedition they were part of ( comprising over 400 climbers , porters , and Sherpas at that point ) started from the Kathmandu Valley , as there were no roads further east at that time . Climbers spend a couple of weeks in Base Camp , acclimatising to the altitude . During that time , Sherpas and some expedition climbers set up ropes and ladders in the treacherous Khumbu Icefall . Seracs , crevasses , and shifting blocks of ice make the icefall one of the most dangerous sections of the route . Many climbers and Sherpas have been killed in this section . To reduce the hazard , climbers usually begin their ascent well before dawn , when the freezing temperatures glue ice blocks in place . Above the icefall is Camp I at 6,065 metres ( 19,900 ft ) . Climber traversing Khumbu Icefall From Camp I , climbers make their way up the Western Cwm to the base of the Lhotse face , where Camp II or Advanced Base Camp ( ABC ) is established at 6,500 m ( 21,300 ft ) . The Western Cwm is a flat , gently rising glacial valley , marked by huge lateral crevasses in the centre , which prevent direct access to the upper reaches of the Cwm . Climbers are forced to cross on the far right , near the base of Nuptse , to a small passageway known as the `` Nuptse corner '' . The Western Cwm is also called the `` Valley of Silence '' as the topography of the area generally cuts off wind from the climbing route . The high altitude and a clear , windless day can make the Western Cwm unbearably hot for climbers . From ABC , climbers ascend the Lhotse face on fixed ropes , up to Camp III , located on a small ledge at 7,470 m ( 24,500 ft ) . From there , it is another 500 metres to Camp IV on the South Col at 7,920 m ( 26,000 ft ) . From Camp III to Camp IV , climbers are faced with two additional challenges : the Geneva Spur and the Yellow Band . The Geneva Spur is an anvil shaped rib of black rock named by the 1952 Swiss expedition . Fixed ropes assist climbers in scrambling over this snow covered rock band . The Yellow Band is a section of interlayered marble , phyllite , and semischist , which also requires about 100 metres of rope for traversing it . On the South Col , climbers enter the death zone . Climbers making summit bids typically can endure no more than two or three days at this altitude . That 's one reason why clear weather and low winds are critical factors in deciding whether to make a summit attempt . If the weather does not cooperate within these short few days , climbers are forced to descend , many all the way back down to Base Camp . From Camp IV , climbers begin their summit push around midnight , with hopes of reaching the summit ( still another 1,000 metres above ) within 10 to 12 hours . Climbers first reach `` The Balcony '' at 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) , a small platform where they can rest and gaze at peaks to the south and east in the early light of dawn . Continuing up the ridge , climbers are then faced with a series of imposing rock steps which usually forces them to the east into the waist - deep snow , a serious avalanche hazard . At 8,750 m ( 28,700 ft ) , a small table - sized dome of ice and snow marks the South Summit . From the South Summit , climbers follow the knife - edge southeast ridge along what is known as the `` Cornice traverse '' , where snow clings to intermittent rock . This is the most exposed section of the climb , and a misstep to the left would send one 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) down the southwest face , while to the immediate right is the 3,050 m ( 10,010 ft ) Kangshung Face . At the end of this traverse is an imposing 12 m ( 39 ft ) rock wall , the Hillary Step , at 8,790 m ( 28,840 ft ) . Hillary and Tenzing were the first climbers to ascend this step , and they did so use primitive ice climbing equipment and ropes . Nowadays , climbers ascend this step using fixed ropes previously set up by Sherpas . Once above the step , it is a comparatively easy climb to the top on moderately angled snow slopes -- though the exposure on the ridge is extreme , especially while traversing large cornices of snow . With increasing numbers of people climbing the mountain in recent years , the Step has frequently become a bottleneck , with climbers forced to wait significant amounts of time for their turn on the ropes , leading to problems in getting climbers efficiently up and down the mountain . After the Hillary Step , climbers also must traverse a loose and rocky section that has a large entanglement of fixed ropes that can be troublesome in bad weather . Climbers typically spend less than half an hour at the summit to allow time to descend to Camp IV before darkness sets in , to avoid serious problems with afternoon weather , or because supplemental oxygen tanks run out . North ridge route See also : Three Steps Mount Everest north face from Rongbuk in Tibet The north ridge route begins from the north side of Everest , in Tibet . Expeditions trek to the Rongbuk Glacier , setting up base camp at 5,180 m ( 16,990 ft ) on a gravel plain just below the glacier . To reach Camp II , climbers ascend the medial moraine of the east Rongbuk Glacier up to the base of Changtse , at around 6,100 m ( 20,000 ft ) . Camp III ( ABC -- Advanced Base Camp ) is situated below the North Col at 6,500 m ( 21,300 ft ) . To reach Camp IV on the North Col , climbers ascend the glacier to the foot of the col where fixed ropes are used to reach the North Col at 7,010 m ( 23,000 ft ) . From the North Col , climbers ascend the rocky north ridge to set up Camp V at around 7,775 m ( 25,500 ft ) . The route crosses the North Face in a diagonal climb to the base of the Yellow Band , reaching the site of Camp VI at 8,230 m ( 27,000 ft ) . From Camp VI , climbers make their final summit push . Climbers face a treacherous traverse from the base of the First Step : ascending from 8,501 to 8,534 m ( 27,890 to 28,000 ft ) , to the crux of the climb , the Second Step , ascending from 8,577 to 8,626 m ( 28,140 to 28,300 ft ) . ( The Second Step includes a climbing aid called the `` Chinese ladder '' , a metal ladder placed semi-permanently in 1975 by a party of Chinese climbers . It has been almost continuously in place since , and ladders have been used by virtually all climbers on the route . ) Once above the Second Step the inconsequential Third Step is clambered over , ascending from 8,690 to 8,800 m ( 28,510 to 28,870 ft ) . Once above these steps , the summit pyramid is climbed by a snow slope of 50 degrees , to the final summit ridge along which the top is reached . Summit A view from the summit of Mount Everest in May 2013 The routes usually share one spot in common , the summit itself . The summit of Everest has been described as `` the size of a dining room table '' . The summit is capped with snow over ice over rock , and the layer of snow varies from year to year . The rock summit is made of Ordovician limestone and is a low - grade metamorphic rock according to Montana State University . ( see survey section for more on its height and about the Everest rock summit ) Below the summit there is an area known as `` rainbow valley '' , filled with dead bodies still wearing brightly coloured winter gear . Down to about 8000 metres is an area commonly called the `` death zone '' , due to the high danger and low oxygen because of the low pressure . Below the summit the mountain slopes downward to the three main sides , or faces , of Mount Everest : the North Face , the South - West Face , and the East / Kangshung Face . Death zone Main article : Effects of high altitude on humans The summit of Mount Everest from the North side From Kala Patthar At the higher regions of Mount Everest , climbers seeking the summit typically spend substantial time within the death zone ( altitudes higher than 8,000 metres ( 26,000 ft ) ) , and face significant challenges to survival . Temperatures can dip to very low levels , resulting in frostbite of any body part exposed to the air . Since temperatures are so low , snow is well - frozen in certain areas and death or injury by slipping and falling can occur . High winds at these altitudes on Everest are also a potential threat to climbers . Another significant threat to climbers is low atmospheric pressure . The atmospheric pressure at the top of Everest is about a third of sea level pressure or 0.333 standard atmospheres ( 337 mbar ) , resulting in the availability of only about a third as much oxygen to breathe . Debilitating effects of the death zone are so great that it takes most climbers up to 12 hours to walk the distance of 1.72 kilometres ( 1.07 mi ) from South Col to the summit . Achieving even this level of performance requires prolonged altitude acclimatisation , which takes 40 -- 60 days for a typical expedition . A sea - level dweller exposed to the atmospheric conditions at the altitude above 8,500 m ( 27,900 ft ) without acclimatisation would likely lose consciousness within 2 to 3 minutes . In May 2007 , the Caudwell Xtreme Everest undertook a medical study of oxygen levels in human blood at extreme altitude . Over 200 volunteers climbed to Everest Base Camp where various medical tests were performed to examine blood oxygen levels . A small team also performed tests on the way to the summit . Even at base camp , the low partial pressure of oxygen had direct effect on blood oxygen saturation levels . At sea level , blood oxygen saturation is generally 98 -- 99 % . At base camp , blood saturation fell to between 85 and 87 % . Blood samples taken at the summit indicated very low oxygen levels in the blood . A side effect of low blood oxygen is a greatly increased breathing rate , often 80 -- 90 breaths per minute as opposed to a more typical 20 -- 30 . Exhaustion can occur merely attempting to breathe . Lack of oxygen , exhaustion , extreme cold , and climbing hazards all contribute to the death toll . An injured person who can not walk is in serious trouble , since rescue by helicopter is generally impractical and carrying the person off the mountain is very risky . People who die during the climb are typically left behind . As of 2006 , about 150 bodies had never been recovered . It is not uncommon to find corpses near the standard climbing routes . Debilitating symptoms consistent with high altitude cerebral oedema commonly present during descent from the summit of Mount Everest . Profound fatigue and late times in reaching the summit are early features associated with subsequent death . -- Mortality on Mount Everest , 1921 -- 2006 : descriptive study A 2008 study noted that the `` death zone '' is indeed where most Everest deaths occur , but also noted that most deaths occur during descent from the summit . A 2014 article in the magazine The Atlantic about deaths on Everest noted that while falling is one of the greatest dangers the DZ presents for all 8000ers , avalanches are a more common cause of death at lower altitudes . However , Everest climbing is more deadly than BASE jumping , although some have combined extreme sports and Everest including a beverage company that had someone base - jumping off Everest in a wingsuit ( they did survive , though ) . Despite this , Everest is safer for climbers than a number of peaks by some measurements , but it depends on the period . Some examples are Kangchenjunga , K2 , Annapurna , Nanga Parbat , and the Eiger ( especially the nordwand ) . Mont Blanc has more deaths each year than Everest , with over one hundred dying in a typical year and over eight thousand killed since records were kept . Some factors that affect total mountain lethality include the level of popularity of the mountain , the skill of those climbing , and the difficulty of the climb . Another health hazard is retinal haemorrhages , which can damage eyesight and cause blindness . Up to a quarter of Everest climbers can experience retinal haemorrhages , and although they usually heal within weeks of returning to lower altitudes , in 2010 a climber went blind and ended up dying in the death zone . At one o'clock in the afternoon , the British climber Peter Kinloch was on the roof of the world , in bright sunlight , taking photographs of the Himalayas below , `` elated , cheery and bubbly '' . But Mount Everest is now his grave , because only minutes later , he suddenly went blind and had to be abandoned to die from the cold . -- A. McSmith The team made a huge effort for the next 12 hours to try to get him down the mountain , but to no avail , as they were unsuccessful in getting him through the difficult sections . Even for the able , the Everest North - East ridge is recognised as a challenge . It is hard to rescue someone who has become incapacitated and it can be beyond the ability of rescuers to save anyone in such a difficult spot . One way around this situation was pioneered by two Nepali men in 2011 , who had intended to paraglide off the summit . They had no choice and were forced to go through with their plan anyway , because they had run out of bottled oxygen and supplies . They successfully launched off the summit and para-glided down to Namche in just 42 minutes , without having to climb down the mountain . Supplemental oxygen Climber at the summit wearing an oxygen mask Available oxygen at Everest Most expeditions use oxygen masks and tanks above 8,000 m ( 26,000 ft ) . Everest can be climbed without supplementary oxygen , but only by the most accomplished mountaineers and at increased risk . Humans do not think clearly with low oxygen , and the combination of extreme weather , low temperatures , and steep slopes often requires quick , accurate decisions . While about 95 percent of climbers who reach the summit use bottled oxygen in order to reach the top , about five percent of climbers have summited Everest without supplemental oxygen . The death rate is double for those who attempt to reach the summit without supplemental oxygen . Travelling above 8,000 feet altitude is a factor in cerebral hypoxia . This decrease of oxygen to the brain can cause dementia and brain damage , as well as other symptoms . One study found that Mount Everest may be the highest an acclimatised human could go , but also found that climbers may suffer permanent neurological damage despite returning to lower altitudes . Brain cells are extremely sensitive to a lack of oxygen . Some brain cells start dying less than 5 minutes after their oxygen supply disappears . As a result , brain hypoxia can rapidly cause severe brain damage or death . -- Healthline Website The use of bottled oxygen to ascend Mount Everest has been controversial . It was first used on the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition by George Finch and Geoffrey Bruce who climbed up to 7,800 m ( 25,600 ft ) at a spectacular speed of 1,000 vertical feet per hour ( vf / h ) . Pinned down by a fierce storm , they escaped death by breathing oxygen from a jury - rigged set - up during the night . The next day they climbed to 8,100 m ( 26,600 ft ) at 900 vf / h -- nearly three times as fast as non-oxygen users . Yet the use of oxygen was considered so unsportsmanlike that none of the rest of the Alpine world recognised this high ascent rate . George Mallory described the use of such oxygen as unsportsmanlike , but he later concluded that it would be impossible for him to summit without it and consequently used it on his final attempt in 1924 . When Tenzing and Hillary made the first successful summit in 1953 , they used bottled oxygen , with the expedition 's physiologist Griffith Pugh referring to the oxygen debate as a `` futile controversy '' , noting that oxygen `` greatly increases subjective appreciation of the surroundings , which after all is one of the chief reasons for climbing . '' For the next twenty - five years , bottled oxygen was considered standard for any successful summit . ... although an acclimatised lowlander can survive for a time on the summit of Everest without supplemental oxygen , one is so close to the limit that even a modicum of excess exertion may impair brain function . -- Thomas F. Hornbein in The high - altitude brain Reinhold Messner was the first climber to break the bottled oxygen tradition and in 1978 , with Peter Habeler , made the first successful climb without it . In 1980 , Messner summited the mountain solo , without supplemental oxygen or any porters or climbing partners , on the more difficult northwest route . Once the climbing community was satisfied that the mountain could be climbed without supplemental oxygen , many purists then took the next logical step of insisting that is how it should be climbed . The aftermath of the 1996 disaster further intensified the debate . Jon Krakauer 's Into Thin Air ( 1997 ) expressed the author 's personal criticisms of the use of bottled oxygen . Krakauer wrote that the use of bottled oxygen allowed otherwise unqualified climbers to attempt to summit , leading to dangerous situations and more deaths . The disaster was partially caused by the sheer number of climbers ( 34 on that day ) attempting to ascend , causing bottlenecks at the Hillary Step and delaying many climbers , most of whom summitted after the usual 14 : 00 turnaround time . He proposed banning bottled oxygen except for emergency cases , arguing that this would both decrease the growing pollution on Everest -- many bottles have accumulated on its slopes -- and keep marginally qualified climbers off the mountain . The 1996 disaster also introduced the issue of the guide 's role in using bottled oxygen . Guide Anatoli Boukreev 's decision not to use bottled oxygen was sharply criticised by Jon Krakauer . Boukreev 's supporters ( who include G. Weston DeWalt , who co-wrote The Climb ) state that using bottled oxygen gives a false sense of security . Krakauer and his supporters point out that , without bottled oxygen , Boukreev could not directly help his clients descend . They state that Boukreev said that he was going down with client Martin Adams , but just below the south summit , Boukreev determined that Adams was doing fine on the descent and so descended at a faster pace , leaving Adams behind . Adams states in The Climb , `` For me , it was business as usual , Anatoli 's going by , and I had no problems with that . '' The low oxygen can cause a mental fog - like impairment of cognitive abilities described as `` delayed and lethargic thought process , clinically defined as bradypsychia '' even after returning to lower altitudes . In severe cases , climbers can experience hallucinations . Some studies have found that high - altitude climbers , including Everest climbers , experience altered brain structure . The effects of high altitude on the brain , particularly if it can cause permanent brain damage , continue to be studied . Autumn climbing Everest in September 2006 , what can be seen here is how white all the mountains are from snowfall . The increased snowfall in the autumn has made it popular for ski / snow boarding but the increased risk of avalanche from all the snow does not benefit mountaineering Although generally less popular than spring , Mount Everest has also been climbed in the autumn ( also called the `` post-monsoon season '' ) . For example , in 2010 Eric Larsen and five Nepali guides summited Everest in the autumn for the first time in ten years . The first mainland British ascent of Mount Everest ( Hillary was from New Zealand ) , led by Chris Bonnington , was an autumn ascent in 1975 . The autumn season , when the monsoon ends , is regarded as more dangerous because there is typically a lot of new snow which can be unstable . However , this increased snow can make it more popular with certain winter sports like skiing and snow boarding . Two Japanese also summited in October 1973 . Chris Chandler and Bob Cormack summited Everest in October 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial Everest Expedition that year , the first Americans to make an autumn ascent of Mt . Everest according to the Los Angeles Times . By the 21st century , summer and autumn can be more popular with skiing and snowboard attempts on Mount Everest . During the 1980s , climbing in autumn was actually more popular than in spring . The U.S. astronaut Karl Gordon Henize died in October 1993 on a fall ( autumn ) expedition conducting an experiment on radiation . The amount of background radiation increases with higher altitudes . The mountain has also been climbed in the winter , but that is not popular because of the combination of cold high winds and shorter days . By January the peak is typically battered by 170 mph ( 270 km / h ) winds and the average temperature of the summit is around − 33 ° F ( − 36 ° C ) . Selected climbing records Main article : Timeline of climbing Mount Everest The Khumbu Icefall in 2005 The Western Cwm ( `` Coom '' ) , with Everest on the left and Lhotse to the right By the end of the 2010 climbing season , there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals . Some notable `` firsts '' by climbers include : 1922 -- First climb to 8,000 metres ( 26,247 ft ) , by George Finch and Captain Geoffrey Bruce 1952 -- First climb to South Col by 1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition 1953 -- First ascent , by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on 1953 British Mount Everest expedition 1960 -- First reported ascent from the North Ridge by Wang Fuzhou , Gonpo and Qu Yinhua of China . 1975 -- First female ascent , by Junko Tabei ( 16 May ) . 1975 -- First female ascent from the North Ridge , by Phanthog , deputy head of the second Chinese Everest expedition that sent nine climbers to the summit ( 27 May ) . 1978 -- First ascent without supplemental oxygen by Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler 1980 -- First winter ascent , by Polish National Expedition Winter 1979 / 1980 ( Leszek Cichy and Krzysztof Wielicki ) 1980 -- First solo ascent , by Reinhold Messner 1988 -- First `` cross-over '' climb by Chinese , Japanese and Nepalese teams which ascended the peak simultaneously from both the North and South sides of the mountain and descended down the other side . The cross-over climb was also the first to be recorded on live broadcast television . 1988 -- First descent by paraglider , by Jean - Marc Boivin 1988 -- First female ascent without supplemental oxygen by Lydia Bradey 1998 -- Fastest to reach the summit via the southeast ridge ( South Col ) , without supplemental oxygen , by Kazi Sherpa , in 20 hours and 24 minutes . 2000 -- First descent by ski by Davo Karničar 2001 -- First ascent by a blind climber , Erik Weihenmayer 2001 -- Lhakpa Sherpa becomes first Nepali woman to summit Everest and survive . 2004 -- Fastest to reach the summit via the southeast ridge ( South Col ) , with supplemental oxygen , by Pemba Dorje , in 8 hours and 10 minutes . 2006 -- Lhakpa Sherpa summits for the 6th time , breaking her own record for most successful female Everest climber . 2007 -- Fastest to reach the summit via the northeast ridge , without supplemental oxygen , by Christian Stangl , in 16 hours , 42 minutes . 2010 -- Youngest male to reach the summit , by Jordan Romero ( 13 - year and 10 months old ) 2011 -- Most times to reach the summit , Apa Sherpa ( 21 times ; 10 May 1990 -- 11 May 2011 ) 2013 -- Apa Sherpa tied for most times to reach the summit by Phurba Tashi ( 21 times ; 1999 -- 2013 ) 2013 -- Melissa Arnot , American , summits for the 5th time breaking her own record for most successful summits by any non-Sherpa woman . 2014 -- Youngest female to reach the summit , by Malavath Purna ( 13 - year and 11 months old ) 2017 -- Kami Rita Sherpa of Alpine Ascents reaches 21 ascents to the summit . Summiting with disabilities Summiting Everest with disabilities such as amputations and diseases has become popular in the 21st century , with stories like that of Sudarshan Gautam , a man with no arms who made it to the top in 2013 . A teenager with Down 's syndrome made it to Base camp , which has become a substitute for more extreme record - breaking because it carries many of the same thrills including the trip to the Himalayas and rustic scenery . Danger lurks even at base camp though , which was the site where dozens were killed in the 2015 Mount Everest avalanches . Others that have climbed Everest with amputations include Mark Inglis ( no legs ) , Paul Hockey ( 1 arm only ) , and Arunima Sinha ( 1 leg ) . Everest and aviation 1988 : first climb and glide On 26 September 1988 , having climbed the mountain via the south - east ridge , Jean - Marc Boivin made the first paraglider descent of Everest , in the process creating the record for the fastest descent of the mountain and the highest paraglider flight . Boivin said : `` I was tired when I reached the top because I had broken much of the trail , and to run at this altitude was quite hard . '' Boivin ran 18 m ( 60 ft ) from below the summit on 40 - degree slopes to launch his paraglider , reaching Camp II at 5,900 m ( 19,400 ft ) in 12 minutes ( some sources say 11 minutes ) . Boivin would not repeat this feat , as he was killed two years later in 1990 , base - jumping off Venezuela 's Angel Falls . 1991 : hot air balloon flyover In 1991 four men in two balloons achieved the first hot - air balloon flight over Mount Everest . In one balloon was Andy Elson and Eric Jones ( cameraman ) , and in the other balloon Chris Dewhirst and Leo Dickinson ( cameraman ) . Leo went on to write a book about the adventure called Ballooning Over Everest . The hot - air balloons were modified to function at up to 40,000 feet altitude . Reinhold Messner called one of Leo 's panoramic views of Everest , captured on the now discontinued Kodak Kodachrome film , the `` best snap on Earth '' , according to UK newspaper The Telegraph . Dewhirst has offered to take passengers on a repeat of this feat for 2.6 million USD per passenger . 2005 : pilot summits Everest with helicopter Photo of a Eurocopter AS350 B3 `` Squirrel '' In May 2005 , pilot Didier Delsalle of France landed a Eurocopter AS350 B3 helicopter on the summit of Mount Everest . He needed to land for two minutes to set the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) official record , but he stayed for about four minutes , twice . In this type of landing the rotors stay engaged , which avoids relying on the snow to fully support the aircraft . The flight set rotorcraft world records , for highest of both landing and take - off . Some press reports suggested that the report of the summit landing was a misunderstanding of a South Col landing , but he had also landed on South Col two days earlier , with this landing and the Everest records confirmed by the FAI . Delsalle also rescued two Japanese climbers at 4,880 m ( 16,000 ft ) while he was there . One climber noted that the new record meant a better chance of rescue . 2011 Paraglide off summit In 2011 two Nepali paraglided from the Everest Summit to Namche in 42 minutes . They had run out of oxygen and supplies , so it was a very fast way off the mountain . The duo won National Geographic Adventurers of the Year for 2012 for their exploits . After the paraglide they kayaked to the Indian Ocean , and they had made it to the Bay of Bengal by the end of June 2011 . One had never climbed , and one had never para-glided , but together they accomplished a ground - breaking feat . By 2013 footage of the flight was shown on the television Nightline . ( see also kayaking for more on this style of activity ) 2014 : helicopter - assisted ascent In 2014 , a team financed and led by mountaineer Wang Jing used a helicopter to fly from South base camp to Camp 2 to avoid the Khumbu Icefall , and thence climbed to the Everest summit . This climb immediately sparked outrage and controversy in much of the mountaineering world over the legitimacy and propriety of her climb . Nepal ended up investigating Wang , who initially denied the claim that she had flown to Camp 2 , admitting only that some support crew were flown to that higher camp , over the Khumbu Icefall . In August 2014 , however , she stated that she had flown to Camp 2 because the icefall was impassable . `` If you do n't fly to Camp II , you just go home , '' she said in an interview . In that same interview she also insisted that she had never tried to hide this fact . Her team had had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb . Ultimately , the Chinese refusal may have been beneficial to Nepalese interests , allowing the government to showcase improved local hospitals and provided the opportunity for a new hybrid aviation / mountaineering style , triggering discussions about helicopter use in the mountaineering world . National Geographic noted that a village festooned Wang with honours after she donated 30,000 USD to the town 's hospital . Wang won the International Mountaineer of the Year Award from the Nepal government in June 2014 . 2016 : helicopter business increases In 2016 the increased use of helicopters was noted for increased efficiency and for hauling material over the deadly Khumbu icefall . In particular it was noted that flights saved icefall porters 80 trips but still increased commercial activity at Everest . After many Nepalis died in the icefall in 2014 , the government had wanted helicopters to handle more transportation to Camp 1 but this was not possible because of the 2015 deaths and earthquake closing the mountain , so this was then implemented in 2016 ( helicopters did prove instrumental in rescuing many people in 2015 though ) . That summer Bell tested the 412EPI , which conducted a series of tests including hovering at 18,000 feet and flying as high as 20,000 feet altitude near Mount Everest . Financial cost of guided climbs Going with a `` celebrity guide '' , usually a well - known mountaineer typically with decades of climbing experience and perhaps several Everest summits , can cost over £ 100,000 as of 2015 . On the other hand , a limited support service , offering only some meals at base camp and bureaucratic overhead like a permit , can cost as little as US $7,000 as of 2007 . There are issues with the management of guiding firms in Nepal , and one Canadian woman was left begging for help when her guide firm , which she had paid perhaps US $40,000 to , could n't stop her from dying in 2012 . She ran out of bottled oxygen after climbing for 27 hours straight . Despite decades of concern over inexperienced climbers , neither she nor the guide firm had summited Everest before . The Tibetan / Chinese side has been described as `` out of control '' due to reports of thefts and threats . By 2015 , Nepal was considering requiring that climbers have some experience and wanted to make the mountain safer , and especially increase revenue . One barrier to this is that low - budget firms make money not taking inexperienced climbers to the summit. ( subscription required ) Those turned away by Western firms can often find another firm willing to take them for a price -- that they return home soon after arriving after base camp , or part way up the mountain . Whereas a Western firm will convince those they deem incapable to turn back , other firms simply give people the freedom to choose . Commercial climbing Top down view showing the location of the summit , and its three main faces / sides Everest base camp Gorak Shep is about a three - hour walk to South EBC ( Everest Base Camp ) . Climbing Mount Everest can be a relatively expensive undertaking for climbers . Climbing gear required to reach the summit may cost in excess of US $8,000 , and most climbers also use bottled oxygen , which adds around US $3,000 . The permit to enter the Everest area from the south via Nepal costs US $10,000 to US $25,000 per person , depending on the size of the team . The ascent typically starts at one of the two base camps near the mountain , both of which are approximately 100 kilometres ( 60 mi ) from Kathmandu and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from Lhasa ( the two nearest cities with major airports ) . Transferring one 's equipment from the airport to the base camp may add as much as US $2,000 . By 2016 , most guiding services cost between US $35,000 -- 200,000 . However , the services offered vary widely and it is `` buyer beware '' when doing deals in Nepal , one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world . Tourism is about four percent of Nepal 's economy , but Everest is special in that an Everest porter can make nearly double the nations 's average wage in a region in which other sources of income are lacking . Beyond this point , costs may vary widely . It is technically possible to reach the summit with minimal additional expenses , and there are `` budget '' travel agencies which offer logistical support for such trips . However , this is considered difficult and dangerous ( as illustrated by the case of David Sharp ) . Many climbers hire `` full service '' guide companies , which provide a wide spectrum of services , including acquisition of permits , transportation to / from base camp , food , tents , fixed ropes , medical assistance while on the mountain , an experienced mountaineer guide , and even personal porters to carry one 's backpack and cook one 's meals . The cost of such a guide service may range from US $40,000 -- 80,000 per person . Since most equipment is moved by Sherpas , clients of full - service guide companies can often keep their backpack weights under 10 kilograms ( 22 lb ) , or hire a Sherpa to carry their backpack for them . By contrast , climbers attempting less commercialised peaks , like Denali , are often expected to carry backpacks over 30 kilograms ( 66 lb ) and , occasionally , to tow a sled with 35 kilograms ( 77 lb ) of gear and food . According to Jon Krakauer , the era of commercialisation of Everest started in 1985 , when the summit was reached by a guided expedition led by David Breashears that included Richard Bass , a wealthy 55 - year - old businessman and an amateur mountain climber with only four years of climbing experience . By the early - 1990s , several companies were offering guided tours to the mountain . Rob Hall , one of the mountaineers who died in the 1996 disaster , had successfully guided 39 clients to the summit before that incident . The degree of commercialisation of Mount Everest is a frequent subject of criticism . Jamling Tenzing Norgay , the son of Tenzing Norgay , said in a 2003 interview that his late father would have been shocked to discover that rich thrill - seekers with no climbing experience were now routinely reaching the summit , `` You still have to climb this mountain yourself with your feet . But the spirit of adventure is not there any more . It is lost . There are people going up there who have no idea how to put on crampons . They are climbing because they have paid someone $65,000 . It is very selfish . It endangers the lives of others . '' Reinhold Messner concurred in 2004 , `` You could die in each climb and that meant you were responsible for yourself . We were real mountaineers : careful , aware and even afraid . By climbing mountains we were not learning how big we were . We were finding out how breakable , how weak and how full of fear we are . You can only get this if you expose yourself to high danger . I have always said that a mountain without danger is not a mountain ... High altitude alpinism has become tourism and show . These commercial trips to Everest , they are still dangerous . But the guides and organisers tell clients , `` Do n't worry , it 's all organised . '' The route is prepared by hundreds of Sherpas . Extra oxygen is available in all camps , right up to the summit . People will cook for you and lay out your beds . Clients feel safe and do n't care about the risks . However , not all opinions on the subject among prominent mountaineers are strictly negative . For example , Edmund Hillary , who went on record saying that he has not liked `` the commercialization of mountaineering , particularly of Mt . Everest '' and claimed that `` Having people pay $65,000 and then be led up the mountain by a couple of experienced guides ... is n't really mountaineering at all '' , nevertheless noted that he was pleased by the changes brought to Everest area by Westerners , `` I do n't have any regrets because I worked very hard indeed to improve the condition for the local people . When we first went in there they did n't have any schools , they did n't have any medical facilities , all over the years we have established 27 schools , we have two hospitals and a dozen medical clinics and then we 've built bridges over wild mountain rivers and put in fresh water pipelines so in cooperation with the Sherpas we 've done a lot to benefit them . '' One of the early guided summiters , Richard Bass ( of Seven Summits fame ) responded in an interview about Everest climbers and what it took to survive there , `` Climbers should have high altitude experience before they attempt the really big mountains . People do n't realise the difference between a 20,000 - foot mountain and 29,000 feet . It 's not just arithmetic . The reduction of oxygen in the air is proportionate to the altitude alright , but the effect on the human body is disproportionate -- an exponential curve . People climb Denali ( 20,320 feet ) or Aconcagua ( 22,834 feet ) and think , ' Heck , I feel great up here , I 'm going to try Everest . ' But it 's not like that . '' Law and order Some climbers have reported life - threatening thefts from supply caches . Vitor Negrete , the first Brazilian to climb Everest without oxygen and part of David Sharp 's party , died during his descent , and theft from his high - altitude camp may have contributed . `` Several members were bullied , gear was stolen , and threats were made against me and my climbing partner , Michael Kodas , making an already stressful situation even more dire . '' said one climber . In addition to theft , Michael Kodas describes in his book High Crimes : The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed ( 2008 ) , unethical guides and Sherpas , prostitution and gambling at the Tibet Base Camp , fraud related to the sale of oxygen bottles , and climbers collecting donations under the pretense of removing trash from the mountain . The Chinese side of Everest in Tibet was described as `` out of control '' after one Canadian had all his gear stolen and was abandoned by his Sherpa . Another sherpa helped him get off the mountain safely and gave him some spare gear . Other climbers have also reported missing oxygen bottles , which can be worth hundreds of dollars each . One problem is that hundreds of climbers pass by people 's tents . Also weather can damage or even blow people 's equipment away . In the late 2010s the reports of theft of oxygen bottles from camps became more common . Westerners have sometimes struggled to understand the ancient culture and desperate poverty that drives some locals , some with a different concept of the value of a human life . For example , for just 1,000 rupees ( £ 6.30 ) per person several foreigners were forced to leave the lodge where they were staying and tricked into believing they were being led to safety . Instead they were abandoned and died in the snowstorm . 2014 Sherpa strike On 18 April 2014 , in one of the worst disasters to ever hit the Everest climbing community up to that time , 16 Sherpas died in Nepal due to the avalanche that swept them off Mount Everest . In response to the tragedy numerous Sherpa climbing guides walked off the job and most climbing companies pulled out in respect for the Sherpa people mourning the loss . Some still wanted to climb but there was really too much controversy to continue that year . One of the issues that triggered the work action by Sherpas was unreasonable client demands during climbs . Extreme sports at Mount Everest A paraglider at Neustift , Tirol , Austria Mount Everest has been host to other winter sports and adventuring besides mountaineering , including snowboarding , skiing , paragliding , and BASE jumping . Yuichiro Miura became the first man to ski down Everest in the 1970s . He descended nearly 4,200 vertical feet from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries . Stefan Gatt and Marco Siffredi snowboarded Mount Everest in 2001 . Other Everest skiers include Davo Karničar of Slovenia , who completed a top to south base camp descent in 2000 , Hans Kammerlander of Italy in 1996 on the north side , and Kit DesLauriers of the United States in 2006 . In 2006 Tomas Olsson planned to ski down the north face , but his anchor broke while he was rappelling down a cliff in the Norton couloir at about 8,500 metres , resulting in his death from a two and a half kilometre fall . Also , Marco Siffredi died in 2002 on his second snow - boarding expedition . Various types of gliding descents have slowly become more popular , and are noted for their rapid descents to lower camps . In 1986 Steve McKinney led an expedition to Mount Everest , during which he became the first person to fly a hang - glider off the mountain . Frenchman Jean - Marc Boivin made the first paraglider descent of Everest in September 1988 , descending in minutes from the south - east ridge to a lower camp . In 2011 , two Nepalese made a gliding descent from the Everest summit down 5,000 metres ( 16,400 ft ) in 45 minutes . On 5 May 2013 , the beverage company Red Bull sponsored Valery Rozov , who successfully BASE jumped off of the mountain while wearing a wingsuit , setting a record for world 's highest BASE jump in the process . Everest and religion The Rongphu Monastery , with Mt . Everest in the background The southern part of Mt . Everest is regarded as one of several `` hidden valleys '' of refuge designated by Padmasambhava , a ninth - century `` lotus - born '' Buddhist saint . Near the base of the north side of Everest lies Rongbuk Monastery , which has been called the `` sacred threshold to Mount Everest , with the most dramatic views of the world . '' For Sherpas living on the slopes of Everest in the Khumbu region of Nepal , Rongbuk Monastery is an important pilgrimage site , accessed in a few days of travel across the Himalayas through Nangpa La . Miyolangsangma , a Tibetan Buddhist `` Goddess of Inexhaustible Giving '' , is believed to have lived at the top of Mt Everest . According to Sherpa Buddhist monks , Mt Everest is Miyolangsangma 's palace and playground , and all climbers are only partially welcome guests , having arrived without invitation . The Sherpa people also believe that Mt . Everest and its flanks are blessed with spiritual energy , and one should show reverence when passing through this sacred landscape . Here , the karmic effects of one 's actions are magnified , and impure thoughts are best avoided . Waste management In 2015 the president of the Nepal Mountaineering Association warned that pollution , especially human waste , has reached critical levels . As much as `` 26,500 pounds of human excrement '' each season is left behind on the mountain . Human waste is strewn across the verges of the route to the summit , making the four sleeping areas on the route up Everest 's south side minefields of human excrement . Climbers above Base Camp -- for the 62 - year history of climbing on the mountain -- have most commonly either buried their excrement in holes they dug by hand in the snow , or slung it into crevasses , or simply defecated wherever convenient , often within meters of their tents . The only place where climbers can defecate without worrying about contaminating the mountain is Base Camp . At approximately 18,000 feet , Base Camp sees the most activity of all camps on Everest because climbers acclimate and rest there . In the late - 1990s , expeditions began using toilets that they fashioned from blue plastic 50 - gallon barrels fitted with a toilet seat and enclosed . The problem of human waste is compounded by the presence of more anodyne waste : spent oxygen tanks , abandoned tents , empty cans and bottles . The Nepalese government now requires each climber to pack out eight kilograms of waste when descending the mountain . Names 1890 graphic with the Himalayas , including Gaurisankar ( Mount Everest ) in the distance Peak XV ( British Empire 's Survey ) `` The Bastard '' ( Hillary ) Romanised Tibetan name : `` Chomolongma '' Romanised Chinese name : `` Mount Qomolangma '' Romanised Nepalese name : `` Sagar - Matha '' ( usually Sagarmatha ) Old Darjeeling name : `` Deodungha '' Mount Everest `` Gauri Shankar '' or `` Gaurisankar '' ; in modern times the name is used for a different peak about 30 miles away , but was used occasionally until about 1900 Context and Maps Nearby peaks include Lhotse , 8,516 m ( 27,940 ft ) ; Nuptse , 7,855 m ( 25,771 ft ) , and Changtse , 7,580 m ( 24,870 ft ) among others . Another nearby peak is Khumbutse , and many of the highest mountains in the world are near Mount Everest . On the southwest side , a major feature in the lower areas is the Khumbu icefall and glacier , which is a famous obstacle to climbers on those routes but also nearby the base camps of those attempting to climb it Southern and northern climbing routes as seen from the International Space Station . ( The names on the photo are links to corresponding pages . ) Satellite view of Everest , Khumbu Glacier , Khumbu Icefall Annotated image of Everest and surroundings as seen from Gokyo Ri . Changtse , Nirekha , Everest , Lobuche West , Cho La , Nuptse , Lhotse , Lobuche , Island Peak A comparison of a Mount Everest height comparison with several other peaks . Note Mount Sharp is on planet Mars , it is the one with Curiosity ( rover ) Panorama 2004 photo mosaic of the Himalayas with Makalu and Mount Everest from the International Space Station , Expedition 8 Sunset lights up the peak of Everest 's North face See also Mountains portal Geology of the Himalaya List of elevation extremes by country List of Mount Everest records List of people who died climbing Mount Everest List of ski descents of Eight - Thousanders List of tallest mountains in the Solar System Qomolangma National Park Sagarmatha National Park Timeline of climbing Mount Everest Chinese plan for a rail tunnel under Everest The lowest point of Nepal References ^ Jump up to : Based on the 1999 and 2005 surveys of elevation of snow cap , not rock head . For more details , see Surveys . Jump up ^ The WGS84 coordinates given here were calculated using detailed topographic mapping and are in agreement with adventurestats . They are unlikely to be in error by more than 2 `` . Coordinates showing Everest to be more than a minute further east that appeared on this page until recently , and still appear in Wikipedia in several other languages , are incorrect . Jump up ^ Geography of Nepal : Physical , Economic , Cultural & Regional By Netra Bahadur Thapa , D.P. Thapa Orient Longmans , 1969 Jump up ^ The position of the summit of Everest on the international border is clearly shown on detailed topographic mapping , including official Nepalese mapping . Jump up ^ `` Official height for Everest set '' . BBC . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest '' . Proceedings of the London Royal Geographical Society of London . IX : 345 -- 351 . April -- May 1857 . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel . `` Death in the clouds : The problem with Everest 's 200 + bodies '' . BBC Future . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Jon E. ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Appendix 1 '' . The Mammoth Book of How it Happened -- Everest . Little , Brown Book Group . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78033 - 727 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gonpo : first Chinese atop Mount Qomolangma '' . CCTV. 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Searching for Yeti : The Abominable Snowman By Turin Truet , Laura Anne Gilman The Rosen Publishing Group , 2011 Jump up ^ South Asian Studies , Volume 10 By South Asian Studies Centre , Department of Political Science , University of Rajasthan , 1975 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India : Provincial Series , Volume 1 By Superintendent of Government Printing , 1908 Jump up ^ `` No Longer Everest but Mount Qomolangma '' . People 's Daily Online . 20 November 2002 . Retrieved 9 June 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Gillman , ed. ( 1993 ) . Everest -- The Best Writing and Pictures from Seventy Years of Human Endeavour . Little , Brown and Company . pp. 10 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 90489 - 6 . Jump up ^ Biswas , Soutik ( 20 October 2003 ) . `` The man who `` discovered '' Everest `` . BBC News . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Letters to the Editor '' . The American Statistician. 36 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 67 . February 1982 . doi : 10.1080 / 00031305.1982. 10482782 . JSTOR 2684102 . Jump up ^ Beech , Martin ( 2014 ) . The Pendulum Paradigm : Variations on a Theme and the Measure of Heaven and Earth . Universal - Publishers . p. 267 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Everest 1857 '' . harappa.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Waddell , LA ( December 1898 ) . `` The Environs and Native Names of Mount Everest '' . The Geographical Journal . 12 ( 6 ) : 564 -- 569 . doi : 10.2307 / 1774275 . JSTOR 1774275 . ^ Jump up to : `` India and China '' . The Times ( 22490 ) . 4 October 1856 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest '' . Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London . IX : 345 -- 351 . April -- May 1857 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged ( v 1.1 ) . Random House , Inc . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Claypole , Jonty ( Director ) ; Kunzru , Hari ( Presenter ) ( 2003 ) . Mapping Everest ( TV Documentary ) . London : BBC Television . ^ Jump up to : `` Chomo - lungma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Djomo - lungma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chomolongma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Jolmo Lungma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Other variants include `` Chomo - lungma '' , `` Djomo - lungma '' , `` Jolmo Lungma '' , and `` Chomolongma '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Qomolangma Feng : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sagar - Matha : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Unsworth , Walt ( 2000 ) . Everest -- The Mountaineering History ( 3rd ed . ) . Bâton Wicks . p. 584 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898573 - 40 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest 's height '' . BBC News . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everest , World 's Tallest Mountain , Maybe Not That Tall '' . Fox News . 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest not as tall as thought '' . News in Science . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 5 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevation of Mount Everest newly defined '' . Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research . 12 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile '' . Government of Nepal. 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mount Everest ( 1 : 50,000 scale map ) , prepared under the direction of Bradford Washburn for the Boston Museum of Science , the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research , and the National Geographic Society , 1991 , ISBN 3 - 85515 - 105 - 9 Jump up ^ `` China says Mount Qomolangma stands at 8844.43 '' . Xinhua online . Xinhua News Agency . 9 October 2005 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roof of the World '' . National Geographic Society . 1999 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Everest : Plate Tectonics '' . Museum of Science . 1998 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lim , Louisa ( 25 January 2005 ) . `` China fears Everest is shrinking '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : The `` base '' of a mountain is a problematic notion in general with no universally accepted definition . However , for a peak rising out of relatively flat terrain , such as Mauna Kea or Denali , an `` approximate '' height above `` base '' can be calculated . Everest is more complicated since it only rises above relatively flat terrain on its north ( Tibetan Plateau ) side . Hence the concept of `` base '' has even less meaning for Everest than for Mauna Kea or Denali , and the range of numbers for `` height above base '' is wider . In general , comparisons based on `` height above base '' are somewhat suspect . Jump up ^ `` Surviving Denali , The Mission '' . NOVA . Public Broadcasting Corporation . 2000 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mount McKinley 83 feet shorter than thought , new data show '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich ( 7 April 2007 ) . `` The ' Highest ' Spot on Earth ? '' . NPR . ^ Jump up to : Yin , C. - H. , and S. - T. Kuo. 1978 . `` Stratigraphy of the Mount Jolmo Langma and its north slope . '' Scientia Sinica . v. 5 , pp. 630 -- 644 ^ Jump up to : Sakai , H. , M. Sawada , Y . Takigami , Y . Orihashi , T. Danhara , H. Iwano , Y . Kuwahara , Q. Dong , H. Cai , and J. Li. 2005 . `` Geology of the summit limestone of Mount Qomolangma ( Everest ) and cooling history of the Yellow Band under the Qomolangma detachment . '' Island Arc . v. 14 no . 4 pp. 297 -- 310 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest , Geology '' . Jump up ^ Gansser , A. 1964 . Geology of the Himalayas , John Wiley Interscience , London , 1964 289 pp . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` A site which uses this dramatic fact first used in illustration of `` deep time '' in John McPhee 's book ' ' ' Basin and Range ' ' ' `` . Geology.about.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myrow , P.M. , N.C. Hughes , M.P. Searle , C.M. Fanning , S. - C. Peng , and S.K. Parcha , 2009 , `` Stratigraphic correlation of Cambrian Ordovician deposits along the Himalaya : Implications for the age and nature of rocks in the Mount Everest region '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . v. 121 , no . 3 - 4 , pp. 323 -- 332 . Jump up ^ Searle , M.P. ( 1999 ) Emplacement of Himalayan leucogranites by magma injection along giant sill complexes : examples from the Cho Oyu , Gyachung Kang and Everest leucogranites ( Nepal Himalaya ) . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences . v. 17 , no . 5 - 6 , pp. 773 -- 783 . Jump up ^ Guo , Z. , and M. Wilson ( 2012 ) The Himalayan leucogranites : Constraints on the nature of their crustal source region and geodynamic setting . Gondwana Research . v. 22 , no . 2 , pp. 360 -- 376 . Jump up ^ `` Tectonic Motion : Making the Himalayas '' . Nature on PBS . 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Himalayas : Two continents collide '' . USGS. 5 May 1999 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : An Earth Plate Is Breaking in Two '' . Jump up ^ Myrow , P.M. , N.C. Hughes , T.S. Paulsen , I.S. Williams , S.K. Parcha , K.R. Thompson , S.A. Bowring , S. - C. Peng , and A.D. Ahluwalia. 2003 . Integrated tectonostratigraphic reconstruction of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . vol. 212 , pp. 433 -- 441 . Jump up ^ Myrow , P.M. , N.C. Hughes , J.W. Goodge , C.M. Fanning , I.S. Williams , S. - C. Peng , O.N. Bhargava , S.K. Tangri , S.K. Parcha , and K.R. Pogue. 2010 . Extraordinary transport and mixing of sediment across Himalayan central Gondwanaland during the Cambrian - Ordovician . Geological Society of America Bulletin . vol. 122 , pp. 1660 -- 1670 . Jump up ^ Searle , M. 2012 . Colliding Continents : A geological exploration of the Himalaya , Karakoram , & Tibet . Oxford University Press , Oxford , United Kingdom . 464 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 965300 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` High altitude plants '' . Adventure Scientists . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Heinrichs ( 1 September 2009 ) . Mount Everest . Marshall Cavendish . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 4649 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wanless , F.R. ( 1975 ) . `` Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu '' . British Arachnological Society . Jump up ^ The Ascent of Everest by John Hunt ( Hodder & Stoughton , 1953 ) In chapter 14 , Hunt describes seeing a chough on the South Col ; meanwhile Charles Evans saw some unidentified birds fly over the col Jump up ^ Jesse Greenspan . `` 7 Things You Should Know About Mount Everest '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bar - headed geese : Highest bird migration tracked '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaun Francis ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Trekking etiquette : Seek higher ground than the yaks or risk a push off the cliff '' . National Post . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ale , Som B. `` Ecology of the Snow Leopard and the Himalayan Tahr in Sagarmatha ( Mt . Everest ) National Park , Nepal . '' University of Illinois , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` List of Animals on Mount Everest '' . Pets on mom.me . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest Expedition Uncovers Exotic Species '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ West , John B. ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` Barometric pressures on Mt . Everest : new data and physiological significance '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 86 : 1062 -- 1066 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea Region as a Health Resort '' . The CF Center . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Basilevsky , Alexandr T. ; Head , James W. ( 2003 ) . `` The surface of Venus '' . Rep. Prog . Phys. 66 ( 10 ) : 1699 -- 1734 . Bibcode : 2003RPPh ... 66.1699 B . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 66 / 10 / R04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest weather station goes online '' . UIAA. 16 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Claire ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` Mount Everest webcam gives new meaning to high - def '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ da Polenza , Agostino ; Vuillermoz , Elisa ; Verza , Gian Pietro ; Cortinovis , Alberto . `` SHARE Everest Automatic Weather Station : South Col , Mt . Everest , Nepal '' ( PDF ) . Italy : Ev - K2 - CNR Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The deadly odds of climbing Mount Everest : By the numbers '' . The Week . ^ Jump up to : godhead / v . `` The Open Graveyard of Mt . Everest 's `` Death Zone '' `` . Gizmodo . Gawker Media . 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Jump up ^ `` The London Gazette '' . 6 June 1953 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE ORDER OF NEW ZEALAND ( Instituted 1987 ) '' . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Sir Ed Hillary From Nepal '' . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ernst Schmied '' . EverestHistory.com . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Whittaker '' . EverestHistory.com . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ( February -- March 2007 ) . `` Highest Adventure '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Unsworth ( 2000 ) , p. 594 . Jump up ^ `` THE JAPANESE MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION , 1969 -- 1970 '' . Jump up ^ `` Everest Summits in the 1970s '' . EverestHistory.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yuichiro Miura , 80 , scales Everest '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1984_files/AJ%201984%2050-59%20Zawada%20Everest.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` The Ice Warriors : Poland 's Golden Alpine Generation '' . 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Granowski , Damian . `` The first winter ascent of Mount Everest - WinterClimb.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Krzysztof Wielicki -- Polish Winter Expedition 1980 -- part 1 '' . 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Adventurestats.com '' . www.adventurestats.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden Decade : The Birth of 8000m Winter Climbing - Alpinist.com '' . www.alpinist.com . Jump up ^ `` Poland 's ' ice warriors ' risk life and limb to be first to summit K2 in winter '' . Jump up ^ `` The day the sky fell on Everest '' . New Scientist ( 2449 ) : 15 . 29 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Peplow , Mark ( 25 May 2004 ) . `` High winds suck oxygen from Everest . Predicting pressure lows could protect climbers '' . BioEd Online . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Moore explains that these jet streaks can drag a huge draught of air up the side of the mountain , lowering the air pressure . He calculates that this typically reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the air by about 6 % , which translates to a 14 % reduction in oxygen uptake for the climbers . Air at that altitude already contains only one third as much oxygen as sea - level air . ^ Jump up to : `` Beck Weathers '' . Badass of the Week . ^ Jump up to : Weathers , Beck ( May 2000 ) . `` MY JOURNEY HOME FROM EVEREST '' . D Magazine . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . They left me alone in Scott Fischer 's tent that night , expecting me to die . On a couple of occasions , I heard the others referring to ' a dead guy ' in the tent . Who could that be ? I wondered as I slipped in and out of wakefulness . 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Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Breed , Allen G. ; Gurubacharya , Binaj ( 18 July 2006 ) . `` Part II : Near top of Everest , he waves off fellow climbers : ' I just want to sleep ' '' . Oh My News . ^ Jump up to : Ed Douglas ( 13 January 2007 ) . `` Summit fever '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Much it Costs to Climb Mount Everest - TIME.com '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D. Savage ; B. Torgler ( 25 February 2015 ) . The Times They Are A Changin ' : The Effect of Institutional Change on Cooperative Behaviour at 26,000 ft over Sixty Years . Springer . pp. 5 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 52515 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb -- Jamie McGuiness about David Sharp : `` Crying , Dawa had to leave him '' `` . explorersweb.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Did Everest Climber Sharp Have to Die ? '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Tribune -- Spectrum '' . tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb -- Un-named Everest Sherpa gets a name -- and fatality details '' . explorersweb.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Seattle Times : Outdoors : David Sharp 's vow on Everest : `` If I do n't do it this time , I 'm not coming back . '' `` . seattletimes.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Death in the Clouds : The problem with Everest 's 200 + bodies '' . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Death in the clouds : The problem with Everest 's 200 + bodies '' . BBC Future . ^ Jump up to : Sydney , By Nick Squires in . `` Climber declared dead on Everest is brought down alive '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Lincoln Hall , Australian Mountaineer , Dies at 56 '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Lincoln Hall , Australian Mountaineer , Dies at 56 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation of Canada '' . Thesiredmundhillaryfoundation.ca . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2010 '' . 8000ers.com. 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 15 March 2008 ) . `` Nepal Puts Everest Off Limits During China 's Olympic Torch Relay in May '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Moore , Malcolm ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` China closes Tibetan side of Everest to climbers ahead of anniversary of Dalai Lama 's exile '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Everest Maxed Out '' . ngm.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2013 : Season Recap : Summits , Records and Fights '' . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2014 : Season Summary - A Nepal Tragedy '' . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Holley ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` The Washington Post - For the first time in four decades , nobody made it to the top of Mount Everest last year '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest by the Numbers : 2017 Edition - The Blog on alanarnette.com '' . 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is it time to ban Western travellers - and their egos - from Mount Everest ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Everest avalanche kills at least 12 Sherpa guides '' . BBC News . 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Death and Anger on Everest '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Of the twenty - five men hit by the falling ice , sixteen were killed , all of them Nepalis working for guided climbing teams . Jump up ^ `` 13 - year - old Andhra teen becomes the youngest woman to scale Everest '' . Times of India . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woman Whose Post-Avalanche Everest Ascent Sparked Outrage Defends Her Feat '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2014 : Season Summary -- A Nepal Tragedy '' ( Blog ) . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2014 : Summits -- Update 6 '' ( Blog ) . alanarnette.com . Jump up ^ Luke Harding . `` Teenage girl conquers Everest , 50 years on '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2015 : Season Summary -- Summits Do n't Matter '' ( Blog ) . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Everest Will Not Be Climbed for First Time Since 1974 '' . snowbrains.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Laura ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` Will Everest 's Climbing Circus Slow Down After Disasters ? '' . News . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No One Will Climb Everest This Year -- The Last Team Pulls Out '' ( Blog ) . snowbrains.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Nick Rawlinson ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Nepal earthquake : such huge aftershocks are rare '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardiner Harris ( 25 April 2015 ) . `` Everest Climbers Are Killed as Nepal Quake Sets Off Avalanche '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche triggered by quake kills 18 on Mount Everest '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest Base Camp a ' War Zone ' After Earthquake Triggers Avalanches '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 confirmed dead in Mount Everest avalanche , but toll expected to rise '' . The Washington Post . 25 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trapped at 20,000 feet : Hundreds of Everest climbers await choppers as supplies run low '' . Fox News . ^ Jump up to : `` Incident Report of Earthquake 2015 '' . Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction Portal , drrportal.gov.np . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal earthquake death toll rises to 8,413 '' . The Times of India . 7 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal quake : Death toll rises to 25 in Tibet ; 117 injured '' . Business Standard . Press Trust of India . 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Side of Everest Closing '' . Outside . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal earthquake : Hopes fade for survivors ; 180 rescued on Mount Everest '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest opens for business '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese climber with no fingertips abandons bid to scale Everest '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tanya Basu . `` Everest Reopened to Climbers '' . Time . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan finger frostbite victim exposes Nepali desperation to revive Everest climbs '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4 sections of trekking route to Mount Everest were damaged by earthquake , assessment finds '' . Fox News . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt Everest records 456 south summits , five deaths '' . The Himalayan Times . 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 19 - year - old becomes youngest Japanese to climb Mount Everest '' . Japan Times . Kyodo. 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest by the Numbers : 2017 Edition '' . alanarnette.com. 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Chris Graham ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` ' It breaks my heart ' : Australian climber blames himself for wife 's death on Everest '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UIAA OFFICIAL STANDARDS OF THE UIAA MEDICAL COMMISSION . VOL : 22a '' . Docplayer.net . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Well under drugs is half way up ? - Mount Everest - Adventure Sports - DW.COM '' . Blogs.dw.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bob Condotta ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Top of the world ! Fan takes love of Seahawks to summit of Mount Everest '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Brits , Mexican are 1st foreigners on Everest in 2 years '' . Seattle Times . 11 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Gelardi ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Colorado woman checks Mount Everest off list on quest to climb `` seven summits '' `` . Thedenverchannel.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ashley Strickland , . `` Active - duty U.S. soldiers , veteran summit Everest '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Briton Leslie Binns abandons Everest peak to save fellow climber '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Everest Expedition Nepal '' . International Mountain Guides . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mizzima ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Myanmar climbers reach Everest summit in country first '' . Mizzima . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` For the first time Tunisian climber reaches Everest peak '' . Ansamed.info. 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyssa Azar welcomed home at Toowoomba after climbing Mount Everest '' . ABC News . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Thai Mount Everest woman summiter meets PM Prayut '' . Thaivisa.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Thai woman conquers Mount Everest today Coconuts Bangkok '' . Bangkok.coconuts.co. 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Harry Yorke ; Sophie Jamieson ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` British man becomes first person with cystic fibrosis to climb Everest '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Donaldson , Amy ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` How a 61 - year - old Utah man made history by summiting Everest with two artificial knees '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joisher , Kuntal ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` A Life 's Dream Complete : Conquering Mount Everest '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian climber third to die on Mount Everest in recent days '' . Spokesman.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Chan , Melissa . `` Woman Trying to Prove ' Vegans Can Do Anything ' Dies on Mount Everest '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marszal , Andrew ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest climbers : Death toll rises to five '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Emma McIntosh ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Calgary doctor dies at Everest base camp '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , James ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest British climber Leslie Binns turns back just 500m from top to help stranger '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charles MacAdams Obituary '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 climbers die in 3 days on Mount Everest '' . fox13now.com. 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Marszal ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest climbers : Death toll rises to five '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metres away from Mt Everest summit , Briton turns around to save Bengali woman '' . Hindustan Times . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back from Everest , Kolkata 's frostbitten survivor plans her next climb '' . The Indian Express . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2017 : South Col Dead Body Report was Wrong '' . Alanarnette. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Pokhrel , Rajan ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Kami Rita Sherpa scales Mt Everest 21 times '' . The Himalayan Times . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Nepalese Sherpa scales Everest for record 21 times '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Katie ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Ueli Steck , famed Swiss mountain climber , dead after plunging 3,280 feet near Mount Everest '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest 's famed Hillary Step collapses '' . ABC Online . ABC News . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : AFP ( 13 May 2018 ) . `` First climbers of 2018 reach Mount Everest summit '' . Times of India . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . Archived from the original on 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Hawley dies at 94 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Tall Is Mount Everest ? For Nepal , It 's a Touchy Question '' . 3 February 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Sharma , Bhadra ; Schultz , Kai ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) . `` How Tall Is Mount Everest ? For Nepal , It 's a Touchy Question '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Bhadra ; Schultz , Kai ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) . `` How Do You Get 200,000 Pounds of Trash Off Everest ? Recruit Yaks '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Post , The Jakarta . `` Climbing Everest has become quite safe now , says Messner '' . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Victoria Pendleton forced to pull out of Mount Everest climb with Ben Fogle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How To Remove Dead Bodies From Mount Everest ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Dine with an altitude at Mount Everest 's pop - up restaurant '' . 9 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's going to be a super fancy pop - up restaurant on Mount Everest '' . 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpa Guides Scale Everest to Pave Way for Others Climbers '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 05 - 13 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` First climbers of 2018 reach Mount Everest summit - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climber dies on eighth Everest attempt '' . BBC News . 2018 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 277 mountaineers reach atop Mount Everest '' . Jump up ^ `` Alpinist Adrian Ballinger and Climbing Team Successfully Summit Mt . Everest and Cho Oyu in 23 Days - Press Release - Digital Journal '' . www.digitaljournal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lhakpa Sherpa -- First Woman with Record Everest Summits Inspiring Nepali Women '' . Nepali Sansar. 2018 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Kenton Cool Summits Everest for his 13th time '' . 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Lucy ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Brisbane woman becomes youngest Australian to climb Everest twice '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Stone , Lucy ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Brisbane woman becomes youngest Australian to climb Everest twice '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Women journalists honoured for successfully scaling Mt Everest '' . The Himalayan Times . 2018 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fogle , Ben ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` I climbed Everest expecting a rubbish dump but what I found surprised me - Ben Fogle '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Everest 's Hillary Step now a ' slope ' : climbers '' . Manila Bulletin News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 's Hillary Step now a ' slope ' : climbers '' . Manila Bulletin News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 's Hillary Step now a ' slope ' : climbers '' . Manila Bulletin News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 's Hillary Step now a ' slope ' : climbers '' . Manila Bulletin News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IFMGA guide Damai Sarki Sherpa dies ; Everest death toll reaches five '' . The Himalayan Times . 2018 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpa climber dies while ascending Mt Everest from North Col '' . The Himalayan Times . 2018 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The route -- climbers guide to Everest '' . www.mounteverest.net . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sangam Prasain . `` Kathmandu Post - Everest permits to be extended '' . Kathmandupost.ekantipur.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest expeditions likely to be delayed by bad weather '' . ekantipur.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Asia , Nepal , Malahangur Asia , Nepal ( Khumbu ) , Everest , Summer and Autumn Attempts with Ski and Snowboard -- AAC Publications -- Search The American Alpine Journal and Accidents In North American Mountaineering '' . americanalpineclub.org . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Huey , RB ; Salisbury , R ( 2003 ) . `` Success & death on Everest '' ( PDF ) . American Alpine Journal . Jump up ^ `` Radiation exposures of aircrew in high altitude flight -- IOPscience '' . Iopscience.iop.org. 26 February 2015 . Bibcode : 2001JRP ... 21 ... 5T . doi : 10.1088 / 0952 - 4746 / 21 / 1 / 003 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal to cut fees for off - season Everest climbers '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Finch '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Victoria , James ( 27 May 2012 ) . `` Japan 's Everest timeline '' . Japan Times . Jump up ^ Reinhold Messner ( 15 November 2014 ) . Everest : Expedition to the Ultimate . Vertebrate Graphics Limited . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 910240 - 21 - 2 . Jump up ^ John B West ( 27 May 2013 ) . High Life : A History of High - Altitude Physiology and Medicine . Springer . p. 487 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 7573 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Pāndēng zhū fēng chuánqí '' 攀登珠峰传奇 ( Everest Legend ) ( in Chinese ) . People 's Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest -- First without oxygen '' . NOVA Online . PBS . 2000 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Starr , Daniel ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Golden Decade : The Birth of 8000m Winter Climbing '' . Alpinist.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mt Everest History and facts '' . Mnteverest.net . Archived from the original on 8 May 1999 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A view from the top of the world '' . BBC News . 15 February 2007 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Firsts '' . Everest History.com . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpa Attempts Everest Speed Climbing Record '' . Classic.mountainzone.com . Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New / Old Records Record '' . everestsummiteersassociation.org . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ 1999 American Alpine Journal . American Alpine Club Press . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933056 - 46 - 3 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Julia ( 10 October 2000 ) . `` The man who skied down Everest '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenfeld , Karl ( 18 June 2001 ) . `` Adventure : Blind To Failure '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SAWNET : Who 's Who : Lhakpa Sherpa '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpa sets record Everest time '' . BBC News . 21 May 2004 . Jump up ^ Grayson Schaffer . `` The Most Successful Female Everest Climber of All Time Is a Housekeeper in Hartford , Connecticut '' . Outside Online . Jump up ^ `` 58 Stunden , 45 Minuten '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( in German ) . 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` In 16 Stunden auf den Mount Everest '' ( In 16 hours to Mount Everest ) ( in German ) . bergsteigen.com. 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest K2 News Explorersweb -- the pioneers checkpoint '' . Explorersweb.com. 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Devon ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` espnW -- Melissa Arnot has conquered Mount Everest five times , but American is hailed as hero for playing peacemaker on mountain 's slopes '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeds , IANS ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Nepal 's Kami Rita becomes third person to scale Mt . Everest 21 times '' . india.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nepalese creates record by scaling Mount Everest 21 times '' . deccanchronicle.com. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian double - amputee summits Mount Everest '' . CBC News . CBC / Radio - Canada . 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 -- via CBC.ca . Jump up ^ `` Teen with Down syndrome becomes first ever to reach Mt . Everest base camp '' . Fox News . FOX. 1 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A view from the top of the world '' . BBC News . 15 February 2007 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Harlin , John ( May 1989 ) . `` Get Down '' . Backpacker Magazine : 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hang glider and Paraglider expeditions to Everest '' . flymicro.com . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BASE Fatality List -- Jean - Marc Boivin '' . blincmagazine.com. 23 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Hot - Air Balloon Ride Over Mt . Everest Will Cost You $2.6 Million '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Elson goes over the top '' . andyelson.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spectacular panorama captured of the Himalayas from hot air balloon '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Landing on Air '' . National Geographic Adventure. 1 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rotorcraft World Records '' . FAI . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` French Everest Mystery Chopper 's Utopia summit '' . MountEverest.net. 27 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sano Babu Sunuwar and Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa , Adventurers of the Year 2012 -- National Geographic '' . Adventure.nationalgeographic.com. 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Descent : Paragliding off Everest Video -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chip ( 25 May 2014 ) . `` Chinese Woman Becomes First to Summit Everest After Avalanche '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Next year I think maybe I will relax . Jump up ^ Yelkov , Alexander ( 20 April 2015 ) . `` Ван Цзин -- миллионерша , красавица , мама и скандальная рекордсменка мира ( Wang Jing - millionaire , beauty , mother and scandalous world record holder ) '' . ГорнЯшкА. рф ( in Russian ) . Gornyack.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Gopal ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Nepal probes if Chinese woman used helicopter on Everest climb '' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helicopter transport flights to Everest high camps - Mount Everest - Adventure Sports - DW.COM '' . Blogs.dw.com. 25 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bergqvist , Pia . `` Bell Helicopter Tests 412EPI Near Mount Everest Flying Magazine '' . Flyingmag.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kenton Cool : my journey from a wheelchair to the peak of Mount Everest '' . The Telegraph . 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan Chessell . `` Manny Pizarro robbed and abandoned by Sherpa after summiting Everest -- being helped down by DCXP 's sirdar '' . Jump up ^ Jason Burke . `` Mount Everest to be declared off - limits to inexperienced climbers , says Nepal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt Everest ' summit fever ' : Why climbers make poor decisions near peak '' . Herald Sun . 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal -- Gokyo valley and Everest Base Camp trek '' . Jump up ^ `` Nepal '' . Developing World Connections. 25 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Conger , Cristen ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` How has Mount Everest tourism affected Nepal ? HowStuffWorks '' . Adventure.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed ropes '' . Jump up ^ `` What It Costs To Climb Mount Everest '' . Jump up ^ `` The Physical Demands of Climbing Denali '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Stall , Bill ( 2 May 1985 ) . `` Conquers Mt . Everest to Fulfill Dream : Millionaire First to Climb Summits of All Continents '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Mark ( June 2013 ) . `` Maxed Out on Everest '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 's decline blamed on trail of rich tourists '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Home on the range '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary : The Right Stuff '' . Jump up ^ `` Hillary laments Everest changes '' . BBC News . 26 May 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sir Edmund Hillary '' . Foreign Correspondent . ABC . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ James Clash ( 12 November 2003 ) . `` The Adventurer : Dick Bass ' Many Summits '' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest fatality silence mystery solved : British David Sharp left to die by 40 climbers '' . Explorersweb . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian Vitor Negrete lost on Everest after a no O2 summit '' . Explorersweb . Jump up ^ `` Guest Insights : A leadership nightmare turned Everest triumph -- Anne Parmenter '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kodas , Michael ( 2008 ) . High Crimes : The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed . Hyperion . ISBN 9781401302733 . Jump up ^ `` Go Sell It on the Mountain '' . Mother Jones . 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Bristow , Michael ( 13 July 2007 ) . `` Everest base camp a ' wild - west town ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Two Climbers Return to Everest to Snapchat the Summit '' . nationalgeographic.com. 14 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dean ( 17 October 2014 ) . `` Nepal trekkers ' kicked out of lodge during snow storm ' blame local greed for eight deaths '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` Nepal blizzard : survivor tells of friends ' deaths on Annapurna circuit '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Julie ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` Sherpas Walk Off The Job After Deadly Avalanche '' . NPR . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpas Consider Boycott After Everest Disaster '' . NPR . Associated Press . 21 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Everest Snowboard Controversy Solved '' . TransWorld SNOWboarding. 27 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skiing Down Mount Everest and the World 's Highest Peaks '' . igluski.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Richard ( 2004 ) . The Himalayan database the expedition archives of Elizabeth Hawley . Golden , CO : American Alpine Club Press . ISBN 0930410998 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Olsson found dead -- Skiing down from the North side of Mount Everest ended in tragedy ! '' . travelexplorations.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Walt Unsworth ( 2000 ) . Everest : The Mountaineering History . London : Mountaineers . p. 626 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89886 - 670 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sano Babu Sunuwar & Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa . `` Ultimate Adventure Bucket List -- Dream Trip : Make the Ultimate Descent '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Tarquin ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Valery Rozov BASE Jumps From Mt Everest '' . Red Bull . ^ Jump up to : Coburn , Broughton ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` Mount Everest Fight Raises Questions About Sherpas '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . National Geographic Partners , LLC . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Jeanne - Marie ( November 2000 ) . `` Rongbuk Monastery '' . PBS . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Morning Mix Decades of human waste have made Mount Everest a ' fecal time bomb ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brent ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` Peak Poop : The Feces Problem on Everest Needs a Solution '' . Outside Online . Mariah Media Network LLC . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Human waste left by climbers on Mount Everest is causing pollution and could spread diseases '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherpa , Phurba ( 28 May 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest death toll rises to five '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Everest facts '' . historyextra.com . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ H.P.S. Ahluwalia ( 1978 ) . Faces of Everest . Vikas Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7069 - 0563 - 2 . Further reading For 1924 Mount Everest expedition , see 1924 British Mount Everest expedition § Bibliography . For first ascent of Mount Everest , see 1953 British Mount Everest expedition § Further reading . Astill , Tony ( 2005 ) . Mount Everest : The Reconnaissance 1935 . Boukreev , Anatoli ; DeWalt , G. Weston ( 1997 ) . The Climb : Tragic Ambitions on Everest . Saint Martin 's Press . ISBN 0312168144 . Hillary , Edmund ( 1953 ) . High Adventure . London : Hodder & Stoughton . Messner , Reinhold ( 1989 ) . The Crystal Horizon : Everest -- the first solo ascent . Seattle : The Mountaineers . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 207 - 8 . Murray , W.H. ( 1953 ) . The Story of Everest , 1921 -- 1952 . London : J.M. Dent & Sons . Norgay , Tenzing ; Ullman , Ramsey James ( 1955 ) . Tiger of the Snows . New York : Putnam . Tilman , H.W. ( 1952 ) . Nepal Himalaya . Cambridge University Press . Washburn , Bradford ( November 1988 ) . `` Mount Everest : Surveying the Third Pole '' . National Geographic . Vol. 174 no . 5 . pp. 652 -- 659 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links External image 360 ° panoramic view ( virtual tour ) Find more aboutMount Everestat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Mount Everest at Encyclopædia Britannica Mount Everest on Himalaya-Info.org ( German ) 360 panorama view from top of Mount Everest -- large dimension drawing National Geographic site on Mt . Everest NOVA site on Mt . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who gave the name sagarmatha to mt. everest	[ "In the early 1960s, the Nepalese government coined a Nepali name for Mount Everest, Sagarmāthā or Sagar-Matha[30] (सागर-मथ्था).[31]\n" ]	[ ", the Nepalese government" ]
-1860541154822837444	Starvation response	Starvation response - wikipedia Starvation response This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Starvation response in animals is a set of adaptive biochemical and physiological changes that reduce metabolism in response to a lack of food . Equivalent or closely related terms include famine response , starvation mode , famine mode , starvation resistance , starvation tolerance , adapted starvation , adaptive thermogenesis , fat adaptation , and metabolic adaptation . Starvation contributes to tolerance during infection , as nutrients become limited when they are sequestered by host defenses and consumed by proliferating bacteria . One of the most important causes of starvation induced tolerance in vivo is biofilm growth , which occurs in many chronic infections . Starvation in biofilms is due to nutrient consumption by cells located on the periphery of biofilm clusters and by reduced diffusion of substrates through the biofilm . Biofilm bacteria shows extreme tolerance to almost all antibiotic classes , and supplying limiting substrates can restore sensitivity . Contents 1 In humans 1.1 Magnitude and composition 1.1. 1 General 1.1. 2 Timeline 1.2 Biochemistry 2 See also 3 References 4 Resources In humans ( edit ) Starvation mode is a state in which the body responds to prolonged periods of low energy intake . During short periods of energy abstinence , the human body burns primarily free fatty acids from body fat stores , along with small amounts of muscle tissue to provide required glucose for the brain . After prolonged periods of starvation the body has depleted its body fat and begins to burn primarily lean tissue and muscle as a fuel source . Ordinarily , the body responds to reduced energy intake by burning fat reserves and consuming muscle and other tissues . Specifically , the body burns fat after first exhausting the contents of the digestive tract along with glycogen reserves stored in liver cells . After prolonged periods of starvation , the body uses the proteins within muscle tissue as a fuel source . Magnitude and composition ( edit ) The magnitude and composition of the starvation response ( i.e. metabolic adaptation ) was estimated in a study of 8 individuals living in isolation in Biosphere 2 for two years . During their isolation , they gradually lost an average of 15 % ( range : 9 -- 24 % ) of their body weight due to harsh conditions . On emerging from isolation , the eight isolated individuals were compared with a 152 - person control group that initially had had similar physical characteristics . On average , the starvation response of the individuals after isolation was a 180 kCal reduction in daily total energy expenditure . 60 kCal of the starvation response was explained by a reduction in fat - free mass and fat mass . An additional 65 kCal was explained by a reduction in fidgeting . The remaining 55 kCal was statistically insignificant . General ( edit ) The energetic requirements of a body are composed of the basal metabolic rate and the physical activity level . This caloric requirement can be met with protein , fat , carbohydrates , alcohol , or a mixture of those . Glucose is the general metabolic fuel , and can be metabolized by any cell . Fructose and some other nutrients can only be metabolized in the liver , where their metabolites transform into either glucose stored as glycogen in the liver and in muscles , or into fatty acids stored in adipose tissue . Because of the blood -- brain barrier , getting nutrients to the human brain is especially dependent on molecules that can pass this barrier . The brain itself consumes about 18 % of the basal metabolic rate : on a total intake of 1800 kcal / day , this equates to 324 kcal , or about 80 g of glucose . About 25 % of total body glucose consumption occurs in the brain . Glucose can be obtained directly from dietary sugars and by the breakdown of other carbohydrates . In the absence of dietary sugars and carbohydrates , glucose is obtained from the breakdown of stored glycogen . Glycogen is a readily - accessible storage form of glucose , stored in notable quantities in the liver and in small quantities in the muscles . When the glycogen reserve is depleted , glucose can be obtained from the breakdown of fats from adipose tissue . Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids , with the glycerol being turned into glucose in the liver via the gluconeogenesis pathway . When even the glucose made from glycerol reserves start declining , the liver starts producing ketone bodies . Ketone bodies are short - chain derivatives of the free fatty acids mentioned in the previous paragraph , and can cross the blood -- brain barrier , meaning they can be used by the brain as an alternative metabolic fuel . Fatty acids can be used directly as an energy source by most tissues in the body . Timeline ( edit ) After the exhaustion of the glycogen reserve , and for the next 2 -- 3 days , fatty acids are the principal metabolic fuel . At first , the brain continues to use glucose , because , if a non-brain tissue is using fatty acids as its metabolic fuel , the use of glucose in the same tissue is switched off . Thus , when fatty acids are being broken down for energy , all of the remaining glucose is made available for use by the brain . After 2 or 3 days of fasting , the liver begins to synthesize ketone bodies from precursors obtained from fatty acid breakdown . The brain uses these ketone bodies as fuel , thus cutting its requirement for glucose . After fasting for 3 days , the brain gets 30 % of its energy from ketone bodies . After 4 days , this goes up to 75 % . Thus , the production of ketone bodies cuts the brain 's glucose requirement from 80 g per day to about 30 g per day . Of the remaining 30 g requirement , 20 g per day can be produced by the liver from glycerol ( itself a product of fat breakdown ) . This still leaves a deficit of about 10 g of glucose per day that must come from some other source . This other source is the body 's own proteins . After several days of fasting , all cells in the body begin to break down protein . This releases amino acids into the bloodstream , which can be converted into glucose by the liver . Since much of our muscle mass is protein , this phenomenon is responsible for the wasting away of muscle mass seen in starvation . However , the body can selectively decide which cells break down protein and which do not . About 2 -- 3 g of protein must be broken down to synthesize 1 g of glucose ; about 20 -- 30 g of protein is broken down each day to make 10 g of glucose to keep the brain alive . However , to conserve protein , this number may decrease the longer the fasting . Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted and protein is the only fuel source available to the body . Thus , after periods of starvation , the loss of body protein affects the function of important organs , and death results , even if there are still fat reserves left unused . ( In a leaner person , the fat reserves are depleted earlier , the protein depletion occurs sooner , and therefore death occurs sooner . ) The ultimate cause of death is , in general , cardiac arrhythmia or cardiac arrest brought on by tissue degradation and electrolyte imbalances . In very obese persons , it has been shown that proteins can be depleted first and death from starvation is predicted to occur before fat reserves are used up . ( There is nothing in the study about any of the five subjects dying . ) Biochemistry ( edit ) During starvation , less than half the energy used by the brain comes from metabolized glucose . Because the human brain can use ketone bodies as major fuel sources , the body is not forced to break down skeletal muscles at a high rate , thereby maintaining both cognitive function and mobility for up to several weeks . This response is extremely important in human evolution and allowed for humans to continue to find food effectively even in the face of prolonged starvation . Initially , the level of insulin in circulation drops and the levels of glucagon , epinephrine and norepinephrine rise . At this time , there is an up - regulation of glycogenolysis , gluconeogenesis , lipolysis , and ketogenesis . The body 's glycogen stores are consumed in about 24 hours . In a normal 70 kg adult , only about 8,000 kilojoules of glycogen are stored in the body ( mostly in the striated muscles ). The body also engages in gluconeogenesis to convert glycerol and glucogenic amino acids into glucose for metabolism . Another adaptation is the Cori cycle , which involves shuttling lipid - derived energy in glucose to peripheral glycolytic tissues , which in turn send the lactate back to the liver for resynthesis to glucose . Because of these processes , blood glucose levels remain relatively stable during prolonged starvation . However , the main source of energy during prolonged starvation is derived from triglycerides . Compared to the 8,000 kilojoules of stored glycogen , lipid fuels are much richer in energy content , and a 70 kg adult stores over 400,000 kilojoules of triglycerides ( mostly in adipose tissue ) . Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids via lipolysis . Epinephrine precipitates lipolysis by activating protein kinase A , which phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase ( HSL ) and perilipin . These enzymes , along with CGI - 58 and adipose triglyceride lipase ( ATGL ) , complex at the surface of lipid droplets . The concerted action of ATGL and HSL liberates the first two fatty acids . Cellular monoacylglycerol lipase ( MGL ) , liberates the final fatty acid . The remaining glycerol enters gluconeogenesis . Fatty acids by themselves can not be used as a direct fuel source . They must first undergo beta oxidation in the mitochondria ( mostly of skeletal muscle , cardiac muscle , and liver cells ) . Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria as an acyl - carnitine via the action of the enzyme CAT - 1 . This step controls the metabolic flux of beta oxidation . The resulting acetyl - CoA enters the TCA cycle and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP . The body invests some of this ATP in gluconeogenesis to produce more glucose . Triglycerides and long - chain fatty acids are too hydrophobic to cross into brain cells , so the liver must convert them into short - chain fatty acids and ketone bodies through ketogenesis . The resulting ketone bodies , acetoacetate and β - hydroxybutyrate , are amphipathic and can be transported into the brain ( and muscles ) and broken down into acetyl - CoA for use in the TCA cycle . Acetoacetate breaks down spontaneously into acetone , and the acetone is released through the urine and lungs to produce the `` acetone breath '' that accompanies prolonged fasting . The brain also uses glucose during starvation , but most of the body 's glucose is allocated to the skeletal muscles and red blood cells . The cost of the brain using too much glucose is muscle loss . If the brain and muscles relied entirely on glucose , the body would lose 50 % of its nitrogen content in 8 -- 10 days . After prolonged fasting , the body begins to degrade its own skeletal muscle . To keep the brain functioning , gluconeogenesis continues to generate glucose , but glucogenic amino acids -- primarily alanine -- are required . These come from the skeletal muscle . Late in starvation , when blood ketone levels reach 5 - 7 mM , ketone use in the brain rises , while ketone use in muscles drops . Autophagy then occurs at an accelerated rate . In autophagy , cells cannibalize critical molecules to produce amino acids for gluconeogenesis . This process distorts the structure of the cells , and a common cause of death in starvation is due to diaphragm failure from prolonged autophagy . See also ( edit ) Calorie restriction Fasting ( section Health effects ) Refeeding syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adapted from Wang et al. 2006 , p 223 . Jump up ^ Therapeutic Fasting Jump up ^ Sarah C. Couch ( 7 April 2006 ) . `` Ask an Expert : Fasting and starvation mode '' . University of Cincinnati ( NetWellness ) . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Weyer , Christian ; Walford , Roy L ; Harper , Inge TS ; Milner , Mike A ; MacCallum , Taber ; Tataranni , P Antonio ; Ravussin , Eric ( 2000 ) . `` Energy metabolism after 2 y of energy restriction : the Biosphere 2 experiment '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72 ( 4 ) : 946 -- 953 . PMID 11010936 . Jump up ^ C.J. Coffee , Quick Look : Metabolism , Hayes Barton Press , Dec 1 , 2004 , p. 169 Jump up ^ `` Protein , fat , and carbohydrate requirements during starvation : anaplerosis and cataplerosis '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 68 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 34 . Jul 1998 . PMID 9665093 . Jump up ^ Cahill , GF and Veech , RL ( 2003 ) Ketoacids ? Good Medicine ? , Trans Am Clin Clim Assoc , 114 , 149 - 163 . Jump up ^ Zauner , C. , Schneeweiss , B. , Kranz , A. , Madl , C. , Ratheiser , K. , Kramer , L. , ... & Lenz , K. ( 2000 ) . Resting energy expenditure in short - term starvation is increased as a result of an increase in serum norepinephrine . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 71 ( 6 ) , 1511 - 1515 . Jump up ^ Clark , Nancy . Nancy Clark 's Sports Nutrition Guidebook . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics , 2008 . pg. 111 Jump up ^ Yamaguchi ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` CGI - 58 interacts with perilipin and is localized to lipid droplets . Possible involvement of CGI - 58 mislocalization in Chanarin - Dorfman syndrome '' . J. Biol. Chem. 279 : 30490 -- 30497 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. m403920200 . Jump up ^ Zechner , R , Kienesberger , PC , Haemmerle , G , Zimmermann , R and Lass , A ( 2009 ) Adipose triglyceride lipase and the lipolytic catabolism of cellular fat stores , J Lipid Res , 50 , 3 - 21 Jump up ^ McCue , MD ( 2010 ) Starvation physiology : reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive a common challenge , Comp Biochem Physiol , 156 , 1 - 18 Jump up ^ Cahill GF ; Parris , Edith E. ; Cahill , George F. ( 1970 ) . `` Starvation in man '' . N Engl J Med. 282 ( 12 ) : 668 -- 675 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197003192821209 . PMID 4915800 . Jump up ^ Yorimitsu T , Klionsky DJ ( 2005 ) . `` Autophagy : molecular machinery for self - eating '' . Cell Death and Differentiation. 12 ( Suppl 2 ) : 1542 -- 1552 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cdd. 4401765 . PMC 1828868 . PMID 16247502 . Resources ( edit ) Wang , Tobias ; Hung , Carrie ; Randall , David ( 2006 ) . `` The Comparative Physiology of Food Deprivation : From Feast to Famine '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 68 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 251 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. physiol. 68.040104. 105739 . PMID 16460272 . Henry , C.J.K ; editors P.S.W Davies and T.J. Cole ( 1995 ) . `` 7 : Influence of body composition on protein and energy requirements : some new insights '' . Body composition techniques in health and disease . Cambridge University Press . pp. 85 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46179 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dulloo , Abdul G ; Jacquet , Jean ( 2001 ) . `` An adipose - specific control of thermogenesis in body weight regulation '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Obesity. 25 : S22 -- S29 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ijo. 0801907 . PMID 11840210 . Dulloo , Abdul G ; Jacquet , Jean ( 1998 ) . `` Adaptive reduction in basal metabolic rate in response to food deprivation in humans : a role for feedback signals from fat stores '' ( PDF ) . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 68 ( 3 ) : 599 -- 606 . PMID 9734736 . MacDonald IA , Webber J ( March 1995 ) . `` Feeding , fasting and starvation : factors affecting fuel utilization '' . Proc Nutr Soc. 54 ( 1 ) : 267 -- 74 . doi : 10.1079 / pns19950053 . PMID 7568259 . Elia M ( December 2000 ) . `` Hunger disease '' . Clin Nutr. 19 ( 6 ) : 379 -- 86 . doi : 10.1054 / clnu. 2000.0157 . PMID 11104587 . Felig P , Marliss EB , Cahill GF ( February 1971 ) . `` Metabolic response to human growth hormone during prolonged starvation '' . J. Clin. Invest . 50 ( 2 ) : 411 -- 21 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI106508 . PMC 291937 . PMID 5540176 . Wilson , DE ; Zeikus , R ; Chan , IF ( Apr 1987 ) . `` Relationship of organ lipoprotein lipase activity and ketonuria to hypertriglyceridemia in starved and streptozocin - induced diabetic rats '' . Diabetes. 36 ( 4 ) : 485 -- 90 . doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 36.4. 485 . PMID 3817303 . Swaner , JC ; Connor , WE ( Aug 1975 ) . `` Hypercholesterolemia of total starvation : its mechanism via tissue mobilization of cholesterol '' . The American Journal of Physiology. 229 ( 2 ) : 365 -- 9 . PMID 169705 . Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starvation_response&oldid=858379682 '' Categories : Malnutrition Metabolism Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2018 , at 19 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does body get energy from when fasting	[ "Starvation mode is a state in which the body responds to prolonged periods of low energy intake. During short periods of energy abstinence, the human body burns primarily free fatty acids from body fat stores, along with small amounts of muscle tissue to provide required glucose for the brain. After prolonged periods of starvation the body has depleted its body fat and begins to burn primarily lean tissue and muscle as a fuel source.\n", "Starvation mode is a state in which the body responds to prolonged periods of low energy intake. During short periods of energy abstinence, the human body burns primarily free fatty acids from body fat stores, along with small amounts of muscle tissue to provide required glucose for the brain. After prolonged periods of starvation the body has depleted its body fat and begins to burn primarily lean tissue and muscle as a fuel source.\n" ]	[ "primarily free fatty acids from body fat stores", "small amounts of muscle tissue" ]
-2062195447534777149	Deion Sanders	Deion Sanders - wikipedia Deion Sanders Deion Sanders Sanders in 2011 No. 21 , 37 Position : Cornerback Born : ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 51 ) Fort Myers , Florida , U.S. Height : 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Weight : 198 lb ( 90 kg ) Career information High school : North Fort Myers ( FL ) College : Florida State NFL Draft : 1989 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5 Career history Atlanta Falcons ( 1989 -- 1993 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1994 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Washington Redskins ( 2000 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Career highlights and awards 2 × Super Bowl champion ( XXIX , XXX ) 8 × Pro Bowl ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) 8 × First - team All - Pro ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) NFL Defensive Player of the Year ( 1994 ) NFL 1990s All - Decade Team Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor Jim Thorpe Award ( 1988 ) 2 × Unanimous All - American ( 1987 , 1988 ) Florida State Seminoles No. 2 retired Career NFL statistics Interceptions : 53 Defensive touchdowns : 10 Return touchdowns : 9 Receptions : 60 Receiving yards : 784 Receiving touchdowns : 3 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame Deion Luywnn Sanders Sr. ( / ˈdiːɒn / ; born August 9 , 1967 ) , nicknamed `` Primetime '' , is a former American football and baseball player who works as an analyst for CBS Sports and the NFL Network . He is currently the offensive coordinator at Trinity Christian - Cedar Hill high school where his sons go to school . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011 . Sanders played football primarily at cornerback , but also as a kick returner , punt returner , and occasionally wide receiver . He played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Atlanta Falcons , the San Francisco 49ers , the Dallas Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and the Baltimore Ravens , winning the Super Bowl with both the 49ers and the Cowboys . An outfielder in baseball , he played professionally for the New York Yankees , the Atlanta Braves , the Cincinnati Reds and the San Francisco Giants , and participated in the 1992 World Series with the Braves . He attended Florida State University , where he was recognized as a two - time All - American in football , and also played baseball and ran track . Sanders founded the Prime Prep Academy charter school in 2012 and has coached at the school . The school was closed January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency . In 2014 , he debuted his new show , the Deion Family Playbook . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 High school 1.2 College career 2 Professional baseball career 3 Professional football career 3.1 Draft and Atlanta Falcons 3.2 San Francisco 49ers 3.3 Dallas Cowboys 3.4 Washington Redskins 3.5 Baltimore Ravens 4 Legacy 5 Media appearances and pop culture fame 6 Other business and entertainment ventures 7 Discography 8 Personal life 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) High school ( edit ) Sanders was born in Fort Myers , Florida . He attended North Fort Myers High School in North Fort Myers , and was a letterman and All - State honoree in football , basketball and baseball . In 1985 , Sanders was named to the Florida High School Association All - Century Team which selected the top 33 players in the 100 - year history of high school football in the state . The Kansas City Royals selected Sanders out of North Fort Myers High School in the sixth round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft . He did not sign with the Royals . College career ( edit ) Sanders at Florida State Sanders enrolled at Florida State University and played three sports for the Florida State Seminoles : football , baseball , and track . Beginning his freshman year , he started in the Seminoles ' secondary , played outfield for the baseball team that finished fifth in the nation , and helped lead the track and field team to a conference championship . Under head coach Bobby Bowden , Sanders was a two - time consensus All - American cornerback in 1987 and 1988 , and a third team All - American in 1986 , intercepting 14 passes in his career , including three in bowl games , and managed to return one interception 100 yards for a touchdown breaking Fred Biletnikoff 's interception return record by one yard . He won the Jim Thorpe Award in 1988 . He was also a standout punt returner for Florida State , leading the nation in 1988 with his punt return average , and breaking the school 's record for career punt return yards . Sanders made an interception with 5 seconds left to seal Florida State 's 13 - 7 win over Auburn in the 1989 Sugar Bowl , during the 1988 postseason . Based on those accolades , his jersey at Florida State , # 2 , was retired in 1995 . He finished his career with 126 punt returns for 1,429 yards . Bowden would later state that Sanders was his `` measuring stick for athletic ability '' . While playing baseball under head coach Mike Martin at Florida State , Sanders hit . 331 in 1986 ; he was known more for base stealing , compiling 27 stolen bases in 1987 . Sanders once played the first game of a baseball doubleheader , ran a leg of a 4 × 100 relay , then returned to play another baseball game . Professional baseball career ( edit ) Deion Sanders Left fielder / Center fielder Born : ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 51 ) Fort Myers , Florida Batted : Left Threw : Left MLB debut May 31 , 1989 , for the New York Yankees Last MLB appearance June 14 , 2001 , for the Cincinnati Reds MLB statistics Batting average . 263 Hits 558 Home runs 39 Stolen bases 186 Teams New York Yankees ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Atlanta Braves ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Francisco Giants ( 1995 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1997 , 2001 ) Career highlights and awards NL Triples champion ( 1992 ) Sanders played a nine - year , part - time baseball career , playing left and center field in 641 games with 4 teams . He was originally drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the 6th round of the 1985 draft , but did not sign with them . The New York Yankees selected Sanders in the 30th round of the 1988 Major League Baseball draft , and he signed with the team on June 22 . He opened the 1989 season with the Albany - Colonie Yankees of the Class AA Eastern League . Though he planned to leave the Yankees in July to attend NFL training camp , he became embroiled in a contract dispute with the Falcons , and used the Yankees as leverage . He received a promotion to the major leagues , and spent the summer with the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League . He made his major league baseball debut on May 31 , 1989 . Sanders made the Yankees ' Opening Day roster for the 1990 season . On May 22 , 1990 , Sanders became involved in a dispute with Chicago White Sox ' catcher Carlton Fisk . Sanders started by stepping up to the plate with one out and a runner on third , drawing a dollar sign in the dirt before the pitch and then failed to run to first base after hitting a routine pop fly to shortstop , trotting back to the dugout instead . The Yankee fans booed , and Fisk told Sanders to `` run the fucking ball out '' and called Sanders a `` piece of shit . '' Later in the game , Sanders told Fisk that `` the days of slavery are over . '' Fisk was furious . `` He comes up and wants to make it a racial issue , there 's no racial issue involved . There is a right way and a wrong way to play this game . '' By mid-July , Sanders expressed that he was unsure if he would remain with the Yankees or report to NFL training camp for the upcoming NFL season . He requested a $1 million salary for the 1991 season , and the Yankees ended negotiations on a contract extension with Sanders . He left the team , finishing the 1990 season with a . 158 batting average and three home runs in 57 games . In September 1990 , the Yankees placed Sanders on waivers with the intention of giving him his release , as Yankees ' general manager Gene Michael said that Sanders ' football career was stunting his baseball development . Sanders later signed with the Atlanta Braves for the 1991 MLB season . On July 31 , Sanders hit a key three - run homer to spark a comeback win against the Pittsburgh Pirates during the Braves ' run to the National League West Division title . However , he had to leave the Braves the very next day to report to the Atlanta Falcons because of a clause in his NFL contract and missed the postseason . Before the 1992 season , Sanders reworked his NFL deal whereby he still reported to the Falcons for training camp in August , but was allowed to rejoin the Braves for the postseason . During the 1992 season , his best year in the majors , he hit . 304 for the team , stole 26 bases , and led the NL with 14 triples in 97 games . During the 1989 season , he hit a major league home run and scored a touchdown in the NFL in the same week , becoming the only player ever to do so . Sanders is also the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series . Deion Sanders and Bo Jackson were the pre-eminent multi-sport athletes of their time , but prior to the 1990 season , they had never squared off against each other in a professional game . That changed in 1990 , when Jackson and Sanders met five times on the diamond -- the most memorable of which came on July 17th , in what was billed as `` The Bo and Prime Time Show . '' After Bo Jackson 's three - homer night , Sanders said , `` He 's ( Bo 's ) one of the best athletes who ever put on a uniform . '' Sanders batting for the Braves in 1993 . In four games of the 1992 World Series , Sanders batted . 533 with 4 runs , 8 hits , 2 doubles , and 1 RBI while playing with a broken bone in his foot . Despite Sanders 's performance , the Braves ultimately lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in six games . In Game 3 , he narrowly avoided being a victim of what would have been only the second triple play in World Series history ( following Bill Wambsganss 's unassisted triple play in 1920 ) . With Sanders on second base and Terry Pendleton on first , David Justice hit a deep fly ball to center field that Blue Jays center fielder Devon White unexpectedly caught with a leaping effort . Pendleton passed Sanders on the bases for the second out , but umpire Bob Davidson called Sanders safe after he scampered back to second base . Replays showed that Toronto third baseman Kelly Gruber tagged him on the heel before he returned to second . In 1997 , Sanders finished 2nd in the NL with 56 stolen bases in 115 games while with the Cincinnati Reds before leaving baseball for three years . Sanders returned to the Reds in 2001 , but was released after playing in only 29 games and batting just . 173 . Following his release from the Reds he signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays triple - A affiliate , Syracuse Chiefs . Sanders was hitting . 252 for Syracuse before the Washington Redskins found a loophole in his contract which compelled him to return to the Redskins . His football contract had been negotiated to allow for Sanders to play both baseball and football , but the terms of the contract stated that Sanders could miss NFL training camp and the first few games of the season only if he were playing Major League Baseball . Since he was not then on an MLB roster , Sanders had to leave Syracuse and return to the Redskins so he would not violate his NFL contract . But before arriving at training camp , Sanders informed Redskins personnel he was retiring from professional baseball . In his final professional baseball game , Sanders hit a solo home run and an RBI single in Syracuse 's 12 - 6 win over the Toledo Mud Hens . As those in MLB and the NFL urged Sanders to concentrate on only one sport , he would often explain , `` football is my wife and baseball is my mistress . '' Professional football career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Draft and Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) At the 1989 NFL Scouting Combine , Sanders ran a 4.27 second 40 - yard dash . He was the fifth pick overall in the 1989 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons , where he played until 1993 . Despite fumbling ( and recovering ) his first NFL punt return ( which was re-kicked on a penalty ) , Sanders ran for a touchdown on his second attempt of his first game . During his time in Atlanta , he intercepted 24 passes ( including a career - high 7 in 1993 ) , three of which he returned for touchdowns . In 1992 , he also led the league in kickoff return yards ( 1,067 ) , yards per return ( 26.7 ) and return touchdowns ( 2 ) . On October 11 , 1992 , Sanders played in a Falcons game in Miami and then flew to Pittsburgh , hoping to play in the Braves ' League Championship Series game against the Pirates that evening and become the first athlete to play in two professional leagues in the same day . Sanders ultimately did not , however , appear in the baseball game that night . Over his five years with the Falcons , Sanders scored ten touchdowns ( three defensive , three kick returns , two punt returns , and two receptions ) . San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) After five seasons Sanders signed on to play the 1994 season with the San Francisco 49ers , where he had arguably his best season as a professional football player , recording six interceptions and returning them for an NFL - best and a then - NFL record 303 yards and three touchdowns . Two of his interceptions were returned for a gain of at least 90 yards , making him the first player to do this in NFL history . On October 16 , 1994 , Sanders made his dramatic return to the Georgia Dome in a 49er uniform . After getting into a scuffle with his former Falcon teammate Andre Rison , Sanders intercepted a pass from quarterback Jeff George and returned it 93 yards while mockingly staring down the entire Falcons sideline before high - stepping into the end zone . Sanders was later voted the 1994 NFL Defensive Player of the Year and recorded an interception in the 49ers 49 -- 26 victory over the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , earning him his first championship ring . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Following his successful season with the 49ers , Sanders , along with his agent Eugene Parker , courted numerous teams in need of a cornerback . The several teams in the `` Deion Sweepstakes '' , as it was called by the media , were the Philadelphia Eagles , Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New Orleans Saints , San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys , who had lost their starting cornerback Kevin Smith to injury for the rest of the season . On September 9 , 1995 ( which fell in Week 2 of that NFL season ) , Sanders signed a lucrative contract with the Dallas Cowboys ( seven years , $35 million with a $12.999 million signing bonus , because owner Jerry Jones was superstitious of the number 13 ) , essentially making him , at the time , the highest - paid defensive player in the NFL . Sanders later stated in his book Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life that the Oakland Raiders offered him more money than any other team , but he chose to play in Dallas for more time on the offensive side of the ball , a chance to win back - to - back Super Bowls , and because of his friendship with Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin . Arthroscopic surgery kept him sidelined until his debut in Week 9 , which was once again in Atlanta against the Falcons ; the Cowboys won , 28 - 13 . He went on to help the Cowboys win their third title in four years in Super Bowl XXX against the Pittsburgh Steelers , where he returned a punt for 11 yards and caught a 47 - yard reception on offense , setting up Dallas ' first touchdown of the game and a 27 -- 17 victory . Sanders played four more seasons with Dallas , earning Pro Bowl selection in all of them . On June 2 , 2000 , he was released in a salary cap move . Washington Redskins ( edit ) Soon after being released by the Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and Daniel Snyder signed Sanders to a hefty $56 million , 7 - year contract . At the end of the 2000 season and an above - average statistical year , Sanders abruptly retired after only playing one year with the Redskins . Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) In 2004 , Sanders announced that he was going to end his retirement , after being lured back to football by Ravens cornerback Corey Fuller , linebacker Ray Lewis and best friend Joe Zorovich . A major reason for doing so was to play with Ray Lewis . He signed a 1 - year deal with the Baltimore Ravens to be a nickelback . Sanders chose to wear the number 37 , which matched his age at the time , to preemptively let people know that he was well aware of his relative senior status as an NFL player ( additionally , the number 21 , used by Sanders throughout his career , was already being worn by Ravens Pro Bowl cornerback Chris McAlister ) . Against the Buffalo Bills in Week 7 of 2004 , Sanders scored his ninth career interception return touchdown , moving him into a tie for second place with Ken Houston and Aeneas Williams , and behind Rod Woodson ( with 12 ) for all - time in the statistical category . Sanders in 2008 . In January 2006 , after playing two seasons as a corner and safety for Baltimore in which the Ravens did not qualify for the postseason , Sanders once again retired from the NFL and became an analyst for the NFL Network . Legacy ( edit ) During his 14 - year NFL career , Sanders was a perennial All - Pro and one of the strongest pass defenders ever to play the game . However , he was also known for being a relatively poor tackler and not much of a factor in run support . Sanders also occasionally lined up with his team 's offense . During the 1996 season , Sanders skipped the baseball season , concentrating on football , and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position . He became only the second two - way starter ( after the Cardinals ' Roy Green ) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due . Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series , to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week , and to have both a reception and an interception in the Super Bowl . He is one of two players to score an NFL touchdown six different ways . During his career , Sanders intercepted 53 passes for 1,331 yards ( a 25.1 yards per return average ) , recovered four fumbles for 15 yards , returned 155 kickoffs for 3,523 yards , gained 2,199 yards on 212 punt returns , and caught 60 passes for 784 yards . Sanders amassed 7,838 all - purpose yards and scored 22 touchdowns : nine interception returns , six punt returns , three kickoff returns , three receiving , and one fumble recovery . His 19 defensive and return touchdowns was an NFL record ( now held by Devin Hester with 20 return touchdowns ) . In the postseason , Sanders added 5 more interceptions , as well as 3 receptions for 95 yards , 4 carries for 39 yards , and two touchdowns ( one rushing and one receiving ) . He was selected to eight Pro Bowls and won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1994 . College Football News named Sanders # 8 in its list of 100 Greatest College Football Players of All - Time . The Sporting News named Sanders # 37 in their Top 100 Football Players of the Century released in 1999 . ESPN named Sanders # 74 in its list of the 100 Great Athletes of the Century released in 1999 . NFL.com named Sanders # 34 on NFL 's Top 100 list released in late 2010 On November 11 , 2010 , Sanders was inducted into the Atlanta Falcons ' Ring of Honor . On February 5 , 2011 , Sanders was announced as a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in his first year of eligibility . On May 17 , 2011 , Sanders was announced as a College Football Hall of Fame inductee . On August 6 , 2011 , Sanders was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Sanders also had a rushing TD in the playoffs ( against the Philadelphia Eagles in January 1996 ) . This makes him ( including post season ) one of only two players in NFL history ( Bill Dudley being the other ) to score a touchdown six different ways ( interception return , punt return , kickoff return , receiving , rushing , and a fumble recovery ) . On February 6 , 2011 , at Super Bowl XLV in Arlington , Texas , Sanders performed the pre-game coin toss . Sanders did not attend classes or take final exams during the fall semester of his senior year at Florida State , yet played in the Sugar Bowl against Auburn . This caused the Florida State Legislature to create the ' Deion Sanders rule ' , whereby a football athlete at any state university could not play in a bowl game if he failed to successfully complete the previous semester . In 1995 , he signed with the Dallas Cowboys for a minimum yearly base salary and a nearly $13 million signing bonus in an attempt to circumvent the NFL 's salary cap . This caused the NFL to institute its own ' Deion Sanders rule ' whereby a prorated portion of a player 's signing bonus counted against the salary cap . Media appearances and pop culture Fame ( edit ) See also : Leon Sandcastle Sanders became known for sporting a `` do - rag '' or bandana and for his high - stepping into the end zone followed by his touchdown dance celebrations . At the end of his Hall of Fame speech , he put a bandana on his bust . His `` Prime Time '' nickname was given to him by a friend and high - school teammate , Florida Gators defensive back Richard Fain . The two played pickup basketball games together during the prime time television hour , and Sanders ' athletic display during those games earned him the nickname . His other nickname is `` Neon Deion '' . Following his first Super Bowl victory with the San Francisco 49ers , Sanders hosted Saturday Night Live , broadcast on February 18 , 1995 . In January 1995 , Sanders became the official spokesman of the Sega Sports line of video games . Sanders has also appeared in television commercials for such companies as Nike , Pepsi , Burger King , Pizza Hut , and American Express . These included a Road Runner Pepsi ad , with Sanders as Wile E. Coyote , and a Pizza Hut commercial in which he appeared with Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones . He also makes a cameo as himself in the film Celtic Pride . Sanders , known for his custom - made showy suits and flashy jewelry , frequently capitalized on his image . On December 26 , 1994 , Sanders released Prime Time , a rap album on Bust It Records ( MC Hammer 's label , of whom Sanders is a friend ) that featured the singles `` Must Be the Money '' and `` Prime Time Keeps on Tickin ' '' . The album was universally panned by critics , and despite Sanders ' fame , neither the album nor its singles charted in the Top 40 . Sanders also appeared in Hammer 's `` Too Legit to Quit '' music video , and his alter - ego `` Prime Time '' showed up in Hammer 's `` Pumps and a Bump '' video . Hammer , a big sports fan , had launched a new enterprise during his career called Roll Wit It Entertainment & Sports Management and boasted such clients as Evander Holyfield , Deion Sanders and Reggie Brooks . In 1995 , Hammer released `` Straight to My Feet '' ( with Deion Sanders ) from the Street Fighter soundtrack ( released in December 1994 ) . The song charted # 57 in the UK . After retiring from the NFL , Sanders worked as a pre-game commentator for CBS ' The NFL Today until 2004 , when contract negotiations failed . Sanders turned down a 30 % salary increase demanding to be paid $2.5 million , the highest of any NFL TV analyst . He was replaced by Shannon Sharpe . During Sanders ' run , he participated in several sketches . The first was `` Primetime and 21st '' , a mock street corner where Sanders ( not yet a regular panelist ) would give his opinions . Another was his `` Sanders Claus '' persona , one of numerous sketches that involved young kids in football jerseys , representing NFL players , receiving a sarcastic gift from Sanders . Deion actually debuted as `` Sanders Claus '' in a set of Nike commercials . Sanders still takes presents at Christmas time to local children 's hospitals in his area dressed as `` Sanders Claus '' . Sanders as an NFL Network analyst in 2008 . Sanders frequently made guest appearances on ESPN , especially on the ESPN Radio Dallas affiliate , and briefly hosted a show called The New American Sportsman . He also hosted the 2002 Miss USA pageant . Sanders also was co-host of the 2004 GMA Music Awards broadcast , taped in late April 2004 , and slated for air on UPN in May 2004 . When negotiations with fellow Viacom property CBS failed ( see above ) two weeks before the broadcast , and he signed a deal with ESPN , UPN promptly canceled the broadcast , and the show aired on the i Network in December 2004 ( both UPN and CBS are now owned by CBS Corporation ) . Sanders works at NFL Network as an analyst on a number of the network 's shows . Prior to the Sunday night game , Sanders , alongside host Rich Eisen and Steve Mariucci , breaks down all the action from the afternoon games on NFL GameDay . At the conclusion of all the action on Sunday , Sanders , Mariucci , Michael Irvin and host Fran Charles recap the day 's action with highlights , analysis and postgame interviews . For the 2010 season , Sanders joined Eisen , Mariucci and Marshall Faulk on the road for Thursday Night Kickoff presented by Lexus , NFL Network 's two - hour pregame show leading into Thursday Night Football . The group broadcasts live from the stadium two hours prior to all eight live Thursday Night Football games and returns for the Sprint halftime show and Kay Jewelers postgame show . Sanders also has a segment called `` Let 's Go Primetime '' on NFL Network . In 2008 , Sanders and his wife starred in the reality show Deion & Pilar : Prime Time Love , centering on them and their five children living in the small town of Prosper , Texas . Sanders appeared as himself in the fourth season of The League , playing a prospective buyer of Andre 's apartment . In 2014 , Sanders was featured in an episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls , where he and Grylls hiked in the desert of southern Utah for two days , rappelling down canyon walls and later climbing up a mesa . Sanders served as an alumni captain for Team Sanders in the 2014 Pro Bowl . In 2014 , he rejoined CBS Sports as a studio analyst for Thursday games only . He still works for the NFL Network on Sundays . Sanders and his girlfriend Tracey Edmonds were featured together on an episode of Tiny House Nation that first aired on January 21 , 2017 . Other business and Entertainment ventures ( edit ) In addition to his sports career , Sanders also had a career in music as a rapper . He released his debut album , Prime Time , through Hammer 's Bust It Records label via Capitol Records , in 1994 . Sanders moved on to other ventures after his retirement . In 2003 , Sanders took interest in Devin Hester , a return specialist from Miami . Sanders mentored Hester , counseling and advising him during various points of his collegiate career . The Chicago Bears drafted Hester in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft . Since then , Hester has broken the record for the most total returns for touchdowns in NFL history with 15 punt returns and 5 kick off returns . Hester has cited Sanders as one of his major inspirations and idols , and thanked him for his training and advice . Hester , also known as `` Anytime '' , occasionally performs Sanders ' signature touchdown dance and high - steps in homage to his mentor . Sanders also tried to adopt a high school running back , Noel Devine , who was one of the top recruits in 2007 . Sanders was advised against this , but responded , `` He does n't have parents ; they died . God put this young man in my heart . This is not about sports . This is about a kid 's life . '' He now mentors Devine , and was a factor in Devine 's extended wait to sign a letter - of - intent to West Virginia University . Devine eventually signed to play football for the Mountaineers . Sanders has also been a mentor to Baltimore Ravens wide receiver Michael Crabtree , as well as former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver , Dez Bryant . In January 2004 , Sanders was hired as an assistant coach to the Dallas Fury , a women 's professional basketball team in the National Women 's Basketball League , even though Sanders had never played organized basketball either in college or the professional level . On September 2 , 2005 , in response to the after - effects of Hurricane Katrina , Sanders challenged all professional athletes in the four major sports to donate $1,000 each to relief efforts , hoping to raise between $1.5 and $3 million total . Sanders said `` Through unity , we can touch thousands ... I have friends and relatives that feel this pain . Help in any way you can . '' In April 2006 , Sanders became an owner of the Austin Wranglers , an Arena Football League team . Sanders has occasionally served as a celebrity spokesperson , such as representing Monitronics , a security system firm , at an industry conference in the spring of 2010 . In 2012 , he co-founded Prime Prep Academy , a grouping of charter schools in Texas . The school was plagued by ethical , legal , and financial issues , and closed on January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency . Discography ( edit ) Year Album Chart Positions US Hip - Hop US Heatseekers 1994 Prime Time 70 14 2005 The Encore Remix -- -- `` -- '' denotes the album failed to chart or not released Personal life ( edit ) Sanders has been married twice -- to Carolyn Chambers ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , with whom he has two children ( Deion Jr. and Deiondra ) , and Pilar Biggers - Sanders ( 1999 -- 2013 ) with whom he has three children ( Shilo , Shelomi Golenzer and Shedeur ) . Sanders , along with J.M. Black , published his autobiography , Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life . World Publishing 1998 . The book was inspired after he began counseling with Bishop T.D. Jakes . He notes his agent Eugene E. Parker as another person who influenced his life . He appeared with his family on the NBC show Celebrity Family Feud which premiered on June 24 , 2008 . On September 22 , 2011 , he served Pilar Biggers - Sanders with divorce papers . He then backed away from the story and denied he and Pilar would be divorcing . By December 17 , 2011 , he had followed through with filing for divorce . On March 12 , 2013 , he was awarded primary custody of his two sons , Shilo and Shedeur , and Pilar was awarded primary custody of their daughter Shelomi . However , one week later , a judge awarded custody of Shelomi to him as well . During the divorce battle , Pilar made several accusations of abuse against him on social media and in interviews , leading him to file a Defamation of Character lawsuit against her . In 2015 , he seemed to have won when the court awarded him a $2.2 million judgment against his ex-wife in the case . However , in August , 2017 , on appeal the case went against him . Sanders is presented as a devout Christian speaker with a fee range of $30,001 - $50,000 . He has been in a relationship with Tracey Edmonds since 2012 . Sanders has made an effort to coach at several different stops . His first being with the charter school Prime Prep Academy in 2012 which he helped found , but was later fired as the coach after a school staffer alleged Sanders assaulted the staffer . Sanders denied the claim and the charter school later shut down in 2015 due to financial mismanagement . In 2015 , Sanders was named the CEO of FOCUS Academies and granted the head coaching position at the Triple A Academy where Sanders led them to face his alma mater North Fort Myers high school in Florida and featured a key matchup between several ranked recruits. . On August 17 , 2017 it was announced by CBS Sports that Deion Sanders would be switching coaching positions at a new high school to become the offensive coordinator at Trinity Christian - Cedar Hill high school in Cedar Hill , Texas . The move was significant for Sanders as both his sons play at the high school . Sanders will serve on the staff as offensive coordinator under former Dallas Cowboy Aveion Cason . See also ( edit ) Biography portal National Football League portal Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders List of athletes who played in Major League Baseball and the National Football League Leon Sandcastle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skiver , Kevin . `` Deion Sanders is switching to offense to coach his sons in high school '' . CBSSports . CBS Sports . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosier , Jeff ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Prime Prep Academy troubles continue after closing '' . Dallasnews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Fired By His Own School , Again '' . ThePostGame . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deion enough to njoyed ' Prime ' moments on diamond '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State Football Guide '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ S.L. Price ( August 25 , 1997 ) . `` Cut Off From the Herd '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Prime Time '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Football Flash No Flash In Pan '' . The New York Times . May 18 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Sanders N.F.L. Bound -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Deion Sanders ' Fed Up ' -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . August 29 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders Dives Into Prime Time as He Makes Yankee Debut '' . The New York Times . June 1 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kass , John . When it comes to heart , truth hurts Sanders . Chicago Tribune . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Joe . Fisk 's Outburst at Sanders Was One for Yankee Pride . Newsday . May 24 , 1990 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forum Clip : `` Carlton Fisk on Deion Sanders '' Archived August 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Forum Channel . February 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is Sanders Staying ? He 's Puzzled '' . The New York Times . July 18 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL -- Deion Sanders Placed On Waivers by Yanks -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . September 25 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN Classic -- Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Series champ speaks about tomahawks and triple plays '' Archived November 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Western Wheel , August 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Deion 's contract presents major dilemma '' . USA Today . July 27 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Chronicle '' . Sanders knows Bo 's woes . Jump up ^ `` Prime 's Time : The True Story of Deion 's Mythical 40 - Yard Dash '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hessler , Warner ( April 23 , 1989 ) . `` NFL General Managers Moan About Another Diluted Draft '' . Daily Press . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft History '' . Football.about.com . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` October 11 , 1992 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 5 , Braves at Pirates '' . Baseball-Reference.com . October 11 , 1992 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Big Hacks In Free Agency Can Produce Foul Balls '' . DallasCowboys.com . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Make Deion Free Man '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . June 3 , 2000 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How $100 Million Becomes $62.2 Million '' . The Washington Post . June 2000 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Ten things you did n't know about Deion Sanders '' . NFL . National Football League . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders HOF Speech '' . Video Entry . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kallestad , Brent . `` Deion Changes the Rules Again : Pro football : This time , however , it 's for better education of athletes with new standards in Florida '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos : 2011 HOF : Deion Sanders '' . Nfl.com . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frohman , Jimmy . `` 11 Most Awesome NFL Player Nicknames '' . Phactual . Phactual , LLC . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CES ProNews Flashes ! '' . GamePro . IDG ( 68 ) : 156 . March 1995 . Jump up ^ Ebony -- Google Books . Books.google.com . October 1990 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' The League '' 12.12. 12 ( TV Episode 2012 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Running Wild with Bear Grylis -- Deion Sanders '' . NBC . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Pro Bowl features new format for NFL all - star game '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Sanders Goes Tiny '' . FYI , . A & E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot episode is prime - time '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Hester wins second straight player of week award '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Devin Hester '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . Espn.go.com . August 9 , 1967 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prime Time joins Wranglers -- ArenaFootball.com -- The Official Web site of the Arena Football League AFL Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Street . `` Monitronics Welcomes NFL Stars At ISC West '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Files for Divorce from Wife , Pilar '' . Essence.com . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders -- WINS Child Custody War with Estranged Wife Pilar Sanders '' . tmz.com . March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pilar Sanders In Tears Over Visitation Schedule Of Her Children '' . RumorFix -- The Anti Tabloid . Jump up ^ Gabrielle McMillen . `` Deion Sanders wins $2.2 million in defamation lawsuit against ex-wife '' . Sporting News . Jump up ^ http://balleralert.com/profiles/blogs/pilar-sanders-prevails-defamation-case-deion-sanders/ Jump up ^ https://www.christianspeakers360.com/speaker/deion-sanders.php Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Talks Relationship With Tracey Edmonds : ' Every Night Is A Date Night ' '' . xonecole . xonecole.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Mitch . `` Deion Sanders to bring Triple A Academy football team to his alma mater , North Fort Meyers '' . Max Preps . Max Preps . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Skiver , Kevin . `` Deion Sanders is switching to offense to coach his sons in high school '' . CBSSports . CBS Sports . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Deion Sanders Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deion Sanders . Official website Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Career statistics and player information from Pro-Football - Reference Baltimore Ravens profile ( archived from 2005 ) Deion Sanders on IMDb Deion Sanders -- awards , championships , and honors Jim Thorpe Award winners 1986 : Everett 1987 : Blades & Dixon 1988 : Sanders 1989 : Carrier 1990 : Lewis 1991 : Buckley 1992 : Figures 1993 : Langham 1994 : Hudson 1995 : Myers 1996 : Wright 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Winfield 1999 : Carter 2000 : Fletcher 2001 : Williams 2002 : Newman 2003 : Strait 2004 : Rogers 2005 : Huff 2006 : Ross 2007 : Cason 2008 : Jenkins 2009 : Berry 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Claiborne 2012 : Banks 2013 : Dennard 2014 : Holliman 2015 : King 2016 : Jackson 2017 : Fitzpatrick 1987 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Don McPherson RB Lorenzo White RB Craig Heyward WR Tim Brown WR Wendell Davis TE Keith Jackson OL Mark Hutson OL Dave Cadigan OL John Elliott OL Randall McDaniel C Nacho Albergamo Defense DL Daniel Stubbs DL Chad Hennings DL Tracy Rocker DL Ted Gregory DL John Roper LB Chris Spielman LB Aundray Bruce LB Dante Jones DB Bennie Blades DB Deion Sanders DB Rickey Dixon DB Chuck Cecil Special teams PK David Treadwell P Tom Tupa 1988 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Steve Walsh & Troy Aikman RB Barry Sanders RB Anthony Thompson RB Tim Worley WR Jason Phillips WR Hart Lee Dykes TE Marv Cook OL Tony Mandarich OL Anthony Phillips OL Mike Utley OL Mark Stepnoski C Jake Young C John Vitale Defense DL Mark Messner DL Tracy Rocker DL Wayne Martin DL Frank Stams DL Bill Hawkins LB Derrick Thomas LB Broderick Thomas LB Mike Stonebreaker DB Deion Sanders DB Donnell Woolford DB Louis Oliver DB Darryl Henley Special teams PK Kendall Trainor P Keith English FWAA 1969 -- 1994 Quarter - century All - America Team Offense : QB John Elway RB Tony Dorsett RB Herschel Walker WR Jerry Rice WR Anthony Carter TE Keith Jackson G John Hannah G Dean Steinkuhler T Jerry Sisemore T Bill Fralic C Dave Rimington Defense : DE Jack Youngblood DE Lee Roy Selmon DT Steve Emtman DT Randy White OLB Hugh Green OLB Lawrence Taylor MLB Mike Singletary CB Deion Sanders CB Jack Tatum SS Kenny Easley FS Ronnie Lott Special Teams P Ray Guy PK Tony Franklin KR Johnny Rodgers 1989 NFL draft first - round selections Troy Aikman Tony Mandarich Barry Sanders Derrick Thomas Deion Sanders Broderick Thomas Tim Worley Burt Grossman Sammie Smith Eric Hill Donnell Woolford Trace Armstrong Eric Metcalf Jeff Lageman Andy Heck Hart Lee Dykes Joe Wolf Brian Williams Wayne Martin Steve Atwater Bill Hawkins Andre Rison David Williams Tom Ricketts Louis Oliver Cleveland Gary Shawn Collins Keith DeLong Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks Nobis Johnson Humphrey Kunz Small Profit Ellis Bartkowski Bean Bryant Faumuina Kenn D. Smith J. Miller Butler Riggs Pitts Bryan Fralic Casillas Green C. Miller Bruce Sanders Collins Broussard Pickens Pritchard Whitfield T. Smith Kennedy Bush Booker Brooking Kerney Vick Duckett Hall Jenkins White Anderson Ryan Baker Jerry Weatherspoon Jones Trufant Matthews Beasley Neal McKinley Ridley Atlanta Falcons 1989 NFL draft selections Deion Sanders Shawn Collins Ralph Norwood Keith Jones Troy Sadowski Undra Johnson Paul Singer Chris Dunn Greg Paterra Tony Bowick Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award winners 1971 : Page 1972 : Greene 1973 : Anderson 1974 : Greene 1975 : Blount 1976 : Lambert 1977 : Martin 1978 : Gradishar 1979 : Selmon 1980 : Hayes 1981 : Taylor 1982 : Taylor 1983 : Betters 1984 : Easley 1985 : Singletary 1986 : Taylor 1987 : White 1988 : Singletary 1989 : Millard 1990 : Smith 1991 : Swilling 1992 : Kennedy 1993 : R. Woodson 1994 : D. Sanders 1995 : Paup 1996 : Smith 1997 : Stubblefield 1998 : White 1999 : Sapp 2000 : Lewis 2001 : Strahan 2002 : Brooks 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Reed 2005 : Urlacher 2006 : Taylor 2007 : B. Sanders 2008 : Harrison 2009 : C. Woodson 2010 : Polamalu 2011 : Suggs 2012 : Watt 2013 : Kuechly 2014 : Watt 2015 : Watt 2016 : Mack 2017 : Donald San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX champions 4 Doug Brien 8 Steve Young ( MVP ) 10 Klaus Wilmsmeyer 14 Bill Musgrave 18 Elvis Grbac 20 Derek Loville 21 Deion Sanders 22 Tyronne Drakeford 25 Eric Davis 27 Adam Walker 28 Dana Hall 32 Ricky Watters 33 Dedrick Dodge 35 Dexter Carter 36 Merton Hanks 40 William Floyd 41 Toi Cook 43 Marc Logan 45 Adrian Hardy 46 Tim McDonald 50 Gary Plummer 51 Ken Norton Jr . 53 Tony Peterson 54 Lee Woodall 55 Kevin Mitchell 57 Rickey Jackson 58 Todd Kelly 61 Jesse Sapolu 63 Derrick Deese 64 Ralph Tamm 65 Harry Boatswain 66 Bart Oates 67 Chris Dalman 69 Rod Milstead 71 Charles Mann 72 Mark Thomas 74 Steve Wallace 75 Frank Pollack 77 Brian Bollinger 79 Harris Barton 80 Jerry Rice 81 Ed McCaffrey 82 John Taylor 84 Brent Jones 85 Ted Popson 86 Brett Carolan 88 Nate Singleton 90 Darin Jordan 91 Rhett Hall 92 Troy Wilson 94 Dana Stubblefield 95 Richard Dent 96 Dennis Brown 97 Bryant Young 98 Antonio Goss 99 Tim Harris Head coach : George Seifert Coaches : Dwaine Board Neal Dahlen Tom Holmoe Carl Jackson Larry Kirksey Gary Kubiak Alan Lowry John Marshall Bobb McKittrick Bill McPherson Brian Pariani Bo Pelini Ray Rhodes Mike Shanahan Mike Solari Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX champions 8 Troy Aikman 10 Jon Baker 11 Wade Wilson 17 Jason Garrett 18 Chris Boniol 19 John Jett 20 Sherman Williams 21 Deion Sanders 22 Emmitt Smith 23 Robert Bailey 24 Larry Brown ( MVP ) 25 Scott Case 26 Kevin Smith 27 Greg Tremble 28 Darren Woodson 29 Alundis Brice 31 Brock Marion 36 Dominique Ross 38 David Lang 40 Bill Bates 42 Charlie Williams 43 Greg Briggs 47 Clayton Holmes 48 Daryl Johnston 52 Jim Schwantz 53 Ray Donaldson 54 Darryl Hardy 54 Anthony Fieldings 55 Robert Jones 56 Reggie Barnes 58 Dixon Edwards 59 Darrin Smith 60 Derek Kennard 61 Nate Newton 65 Ron Stone 67 Russell Maryland 68 Michael Batiste 69 George Hegamin 70 Dale Hellestrae 71 Mark Tuinei 73 Larry Allen 78 Leon Lett 79 Erik Williams 81 Ed Hervey 82 Cory Fleming 83 Kendell Watkins 84 Jay Novacek 85 Kevin Williams 86 Eric Bjornson 87 Billy Davis 88 Michael Irvin 90 Oscar Sturgis 91 Darren Benson 92 Tony Tolbert 94 Charles Haley 95 Chad Hennings 96 Shante Carver 98 Godfrey Myles 99 Hurvin McCormack Head coach : Barry Switzer Coaches : Hubbard Alexander Joe Avezzano Craig Boller Joe Brodsky Dave Campo Jim Eddy Robert Ford Steve Hoffman Hudson Houck Ernie Zampese Mike Zimmer NFL 's 1990s All - Decade Team Brett Favre John Elway Barry Sanders Emmitt Smith Terrell Davis Thurman Thomas Cris Carter Jerry Rice Tim Brown Michael Irvin Shannon Sharpe Ben Coates Willie Roaf Gary Zimmerman Tony Boselli Richmond Webb Bruce Matthews Randall McDaniel Larry Allen Steve Wisniewski Dermontti Dawson Mark Stepnoski Bruce Smith Reggie White Chris Doleman Neil Smith Cortez Kennedy John Randle Warren Sapp Bryant Young Kevin Greene Junior Seau Derrick Thomas Cornelius Bennett Hardy Nickerson Levon Kirkland Deion Sanders Rod Woodson Darrell Green Aeneas Williams Steve Atwater LeRoy Butler Carnell Lake Ronnie Lott Darren Bennett Sean Landeta Morten Andersen Gary Anderson Mel Gray Michael Bates Bill Parcells Marv Levy Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor inductees William Andrews Steve Bartkowski Tommy Nobis Deion Sanders Jessie Tuggle Jeff Van Note Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2011 Richard Dent Marshall Faulk Chris Hanburger Les Richter Ed Sabol Deion Sanders Shannon Sharpe Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H. Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja . Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Dawkins Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers and punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Beathard Be . Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf NFL Network On - air talent Current Kay Adams Brian Baldinger Judy Battista Brian Billick Tiffany Blackmon Kyle Brandt Albert Breer Bucky Brooks Nate Burleson David Carr Charley Casserly Erin Coscarelli Stacey Dales Dave Dameshek Charles Davis Terrell Davis Jamie Dukes Rich Eisen Michael Fabiano Alex Flanagan Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Jay Glazer Rebecca Haarlow Scott Hanson Elliot Harrison Michael Irvin Daniel Jeremiah Kimberly Jones Maurice Jones - Drew Aditi Kinkhabwala Andrea Kremer Rhett Lewis Steve Mariucci Mike Mayock Willie McGinest Randy Moss Adam Rank Ian Rapoport Lindsay Rhodes Deion Sanders Peter Schrager Sterling Sharpe Andrew Siciliano Jane Slater Jason Smith Matt Smith Melissa Stark Amber Theoharis Kurt Warner Solomon Wilcots Ari Wolfe Cole Wright Steve Wyche Former Jennifer Allen Marcus Allen Bobby Beathard Michelle Beisner Paul Burmeister Fran Charles Cris Collinsworth Jeff Darlington Butch Davis Spero Dedes Heath Evans Marshall Faulk Dennis Green Kara Henderson Derrin Horton Seth Joyner Lincoln Kennedy Jason La Canfora Michael Lombardi Mike Martz Jim E. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what position did deion sanders play in baseball	[ "Sanders played football primarily at cornerback, but also as a kick returner, punt returner, and occasionally wide receiver. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Atlanta Falcons, the San Francisco 49ers, the Dallas Cowboys, the Washington Redskins and the Baltimore Ravens, winning the Super Bowl with both the 49ers and the Cowboys. An outfielder in baseball, he played professionally for the New York Yankees, the Atlanta Braves, the Cincinnati Reds and the San Francisco Giants, and participated in the 1992 World Series with the Braves. He attended Florida State University, where he was recognized as a two-time All-American in football, and also played baseball and ran track.\n" ]	[ "outfielder" ]
806276930599563946	Doc McStuffins	Doc McStuffins - Wikipedia Doc McStuffins Doc McStuffins Doc McStuffins logo Also known as Doc McStuffins : Toy Hospital ( season 4 ) Created by Chris Nee Written by Shea Fontana Voices of Kiara Muhammad ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Laya DeLeon Hayes ( season 3 -- present ) Lara Jill Miller Robbie Rist Jess Harnell Loretta Devine Amanda Crew Jaden Isaiah Betts Kimberly Brooks Gary Anthony Williams Opening theme `` The Doc is In '' by China Anne McClain ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Amber Riley ( season 4 -- present ) Ending theme `` The Doc is In '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Stuart Kollmorgen ( score ) Kay Hanley ( songs ) Michelle Lewis ( songs ) Country of origin United States Ireland Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 120 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chris Nee Darragh O'Connell Cathal Gaffney Running time approx. 30 mins . Production company ( s ) Brown Bag Films Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Junior Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) -- April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) Chronology Related shows The Doc Files Vampirina External links Official website Doc McStuffins ( also known as Doc McStuffins : Toy Hospital in the fourth season ) is an American - Irish animated children 's television series produced by Brown Bag Films . It was created and executive produced by Chris Nee and premiered on March 23 , 2012 , on Disney Channel and Disney Junior . The series is about a girl who can `` fix '' toys , with help from her toy friends . It features songs written and composed by Kay Hanley and Michelle Lewis . Reruns air on Disney Channel and Disney Junior . The series received positive reviews due to the show 's concept and the main character , as well as its portrayal of African - Americans ( Nee stated in 2013 that Doc is African - American , proposed by Disney during her initial pitch , Nee initially only knowing she wanted a girl doctor ) in a Disney series . Chris Nee describes the series as `` Cheers for Preschoolers . '' On November 16 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth season by Disney Junior . On April 4 , 2018 , Lara Jill Miller , the voice of Lambie , said that the final episode of the final season has been recorded , ending the show after five seasons . Contents 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Minor 3.3 Toys 3.4 Guest stars 4 Broadcast history 5 DVD releases 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 Video game adaptations 7.1 Feel Good Games 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series chronicles freckled , six - year - old ( later seven ) Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins who decides she wants to become a doctor like her mother , a pediatrician . The show takes place in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . She practices her dream by fixing toys and dolls . In the UK , the show was redubbed using British voice actors , replacing the original American soundtrack . When she activates her magic stethoscope ( similar to an amulet or talisman ) , she can create a variety of supernatural effects , including traveling through time . Her most regular use of it in the show is to cause toys , dolls , and stuffed animals to come to life . They are able to move , speak , hear , see and smell , and she can interact with them . With help from her stuffed friends -- Stuffy the Dragon ( a.k.a. Stuffy Philbert McStuffins ) , Hallie the Hippo , Lambie the Lamb , and Chilly the Snowman -- Doc helps toys recover , or `` feel better '' , by giving them check - ups and diagnosing their fictional illnesses with an encyclopedia called `` The Big Book of Boo Boos '' and another encyclopedia called `` The Big Vet Book '' for her toy pets when she 's a veterinarian . In Season four the Big Book of Boo Boos and The Big Vet Book go Hi - Tech in a tablet form . Each 11 - minute episode includes original songs . During ending credits in Season 1 , Doc gives advice to viewers about staying healthy . Seasons 1 and 2 have the original intro for the theme song , but in Season 3 , the spoken line by Doc at the end of the theme song was re-recorded with Doc 's new voice . In Season 3 Doc opens up a veterinarian clinic for fixing toy pets in addition to the regular medical services that she provides for the other toys . In Season 4 , Doc 's Grandma reveals her own magical stethoscope and teleports her and Doc to McStuffinsville , a magical city populated by living toys , and puts Doc in charge of the McStuffinsville Hospital . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Doc McStuffins episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) 37 September 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 29 July 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 28 July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) Characters ( edit ) This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( April 2018 ) Main ( edit ) Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins ( voiced in the U.S. by Laya DeLeon Hayes ( formerly Kiara Muhammad ) and voiced in the UK by Abriella Bierer ( formerly Eden Jarret ) ) -- The main character of the series . Doc is a 6 ( later 7 ) - year - old girl who likes to fix toys , dolls and stuffed animals . She also wants to be a doctor like her mother , one day . She has a magical toy stethoscope which is her form of communication with all of the toys . She is a girl with short dark brown hair tied in braided pigtails with a fashionable headband in the middle of her head . She usually wears a lab coat over a long sleeved purple - and - white striped T - shirt and pink - colored skirt with polka - dot leggings on her legs and violet ankle socks with pink sneakers with sparkles . The only other clothes she has been shown in is a large Indiana Jones type sunshade hat added to her usual attire or a Bucket Hat in a camping sequence . As well as a straw bonnet during a tea party sequence , a pink polka - dotted dolphin tankini in a pool / water park sequence , a Silk Scarf , white anklet socks , sunglasses and a pair of high heel shoes while pretending to be a pop star , a cowboy costume in a Halloween episode and a winter outfit in a Christmas episode and a pair of pajamas with a pair of bunny slippers in a bedtime sequence . In Season 2 , Doc wears a School uniform consisting of a white short sleeve Polo Shirt ribbon tie , plaid skirt , white knee socks and a pair of Mary Jane shoes and also a sky blue mid sleeve t - shirt , a pink basketball jersey , a pair of running shorts , white sport ankle socks and a pair of running shoes in `` Run Doc Run ! '' , a pink cowgirl hat in `` Rootin ' Tootin ' Southwest Sal '' , and in the Christmas episode a snow outfit with Ugg type boots . Her name is also used for the series title . Also , her maternal grandfather has survived heart and knee replacement surgery . Lambie McStuffins ( voiced in the U.S. by Lara Jill Miller and voiced in the U.K. by Teresa Gallagher ) -- A stuffed lamb who is one of Doc 's best friends . She is very sweet , likes to hug people , and is a gifted dancer who wears a pink bow with her matching tutu . Her other friends are Stuffy , Hallie and Chilly . She may have a bit of a crush on Stuffy , seeing as she gives him the most cuddles . Lambie also idolize Dress - Up Daisy and hopes to be like a fashionista like her . Stuffy Philbert McStuffins ( voiced in the U.S. by Robbie Rist ( or Ben Schwartz in `` The Doc Files '' ) and in the UK by Bob Golding ) -- A stuffed blue dragon who tries to be the bravest dragon of all but does not succeed at that every time especially with spiders which he has a fear of . He is also clumsy . He is one of Doc 's friends and his other friends are Hallie , Lambie and Chilly . His design is partially inspired by Figment from the Epcot ride Journey Into Imagination . Chilly McStuffins a plump ( voiced in the U.S by Jess Harnell and in the UK by Tom Eastwood ) -- A stuffed snowman who is a hypochondriac and does not always seem sure that he is n't a real snowman . He is sweet and one of Doc 's more fearful friends . He is also friends with Lambie , Stuffy and Hallie . Chilly wears a black top hat and a blue scarf . Hallie McStuffins named after the `` Nurse Hallie '' incarnation of the `` Hallie Hippo '' toy series ( voiced in the U.S. by Loretta Devine and voiced in the U.K by Maria Darling ) -- A stuffed hippo and a nurse who is Doc 's assistant . She is friendly and treats Doc 's patients with respect and good care . She is good friends with Doc and the other stuffed animals . She also has a Radar O'Reilly - like intuition as to what Doc needs during an exam , which she calls a `` Hippo Hunch '' and sometimes acts like a drill sergeant . She may be a tribute to Henrietta Hippo from the classic 1970 's children 's show The New Zoo Revue . She wears a Candy striper nurse 's outfit , and resembles the nurse at Doc 's mother 's clinic , named Hattie . Squeakers -- A purple squeaky toy that looks like a blowfish and can go in the water like Hermie , Marvin , Surfer Girl , Melinda the Mermaid and Lula . Donny McStuffins ( voiced in the U.S. by Jaden Betts then Sayeed Shahidi and later Andre Robinson and voiced in the UK by Luca Townsend ) -- Doc 's four - year - old brother who usually spends most of his time playing with his toy cars and his friends . He owns the toy knight action figure named Sir Kirby , who appears in the episodes Knight Time and The Dark Knight . Dr. Myiesha McStuffins / Mom ( voiced in the U.S. by Kimberly Brooks ( also credited as Kim Brooks and Kimberly D. Brooks ) and in the UK by Niki Felstead ) -- She is the mother of Doc and Donny and the wife of Mr. McStuffins . She is a doctor who works at a clinic . She expects Doc to become a doctor , like herself . Mr. Marcus McStuffins / Dad ( voiced in the U.S. by Gary Anthony Williams and voiced in the U.K. by Benjamin Small ) -- Mostly a stay - at - home father but indicated in `` The New Girl '' to have a part - time job who usually cooks dinner while his wife is at work . He takes care of Doc and Donny , his children . Note : Doc McStuffins is the only human character in the show that can talk to toys , alongside her grandmother . Minor ( edit ) April McStuffins -- Doc , Donny and Maya 's paternal Grandmother . Maya Alana McStuffins ( voiced by Karen O ' Brien ) -- Doc and Donny 's new adopted baby sister , referred to as `` Baby McStuffins '' prior to being named . Emmie ( voiced by Kylee Anderson ) -- The girl next door , Doc 's soccer teammate , and best human friend . Alma ( voiced by Amy Smith and Caitlin Carmichael ) -- Emmie 's little sister . Emmie and Alma 's mom ( voiced by Chris Nee ) Luca Stevens ( voiced by James Buddy Handleson ) -- Donny 's best friend . Rudy / Rudi -- Emmie and Alma 's terrier puppy . Will Wright ( voiced by Jay Gragnani ) -- Donny 's friend , who owns Riggo . Unnamed Cashier - The cashier who works at Archie 's Arcade Carlos Ortiz ( voiced by Elan Garfias and Teo Briones ) -- Doc and Donny 's neighbor who owns Star Blazer Zero . Henry Diloy ( voiced by Curtis Harris ) -- Doc and Donny 's neighbor who owns Aurora . Tisha McStuffins ( voiced by China Anne McClain ) -- Doc and Donny 's big cousin . Tobias ( voiced by Tony Hale ) -- A Christmas Elf . Santa Claus ( voiced by Jeffrey Tambor ) -- Beloved holiday icon . Katherine ( voiced by Mela Lee ) -- Doc and Donny 's babysitter neighbor who once owned Dress - Up Daisy Jacob - The boy in the park , who owns Super Stuntman Steve . Dr. Peerless - A Doctor who works in the same clinic like Doctor McStuffins . Declan Smith ( voiced by Matthew Wayne ) -- A shy boy who befriends Doc at the clinic . Hattie ( voiced by Loretta Devine ) -- A nurse at the clinic that is like a human version of Hallie . ( NOTE : In the Closed Captioning of the episode `` The Doctor Will See You Now '' Hattie was mistakenly referred to as `` Addie '' . ) Maddie ( voiced by Angie Wu ) -- The girl in the park who owns Norton . Ramona Marcus ( voiced by Grace Kaufman ) -- The owner of Dart the Unicorn . Ian Sheridan ( voiced by Rio Magini ) -- One of Doc 's neighbors who 's the owner of Wildlife Will Tamara -- One of Donny 's friends who owns Southwest Sal . Nia -- One of the patients at Doctor Myiesha McStuffins 's clinic Tavia ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) Florence Nightingale ( voiced by Joanne Froggatt ) Dev -- A 7 year old boy who is accidentally transported to McStuffinsville and becomes the leader of the McStuffinsville 's First Responders . Toys ( edit ) Angus ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) -- A Karate Kangaroo who has a fear of fighting . ( Based on the game Rock'em Sock'em Robots ) Aurora ( voiced by Laraine Newman ) -- A telescope belonging to Henry , who speaks in 60 's hippie lingo and walks on her tripod . The night she came out of the box ( Episode : `` Starry Starry Night '' ) , her vision was strangely blurred , and Doc led a search of Henry 's yard to find Aurora 's missing eyepiece . Awesome Guy ( voiced by David Boat ) -- A toy superhero that belongs to Donny , he had to rescue Lambie from a tree , but there was a problem with his legs , Doc wanted to give him a checkup , but he did n't want to get one , and later Stuffy had an idea to sneak him in , Doc found out the problem , his legs were put on the wrong way , so when Doc fixed them he was back in action . Bella ( voiced by Julianne Buescher ) -- A ballerina like Lambie , only she 's human and wears a blue outfit and speaks in a Russian accent . She accidentally cracked her leg after a leap , and had to have it put in a cast , but she found lots to do whilst she waited for it to heal . Ben & Anna ( voiced by Jeffrey Nicholas Brown and Meghan Strange ) -- Two stuffed monkeys that stick to each other , and they belong to Alma . Ben had to be fixed when his Velcro sticker ripped off and he got separated from Anna overnight . ( Ben and Anna is a playful spoof on the word `` Banana '' . ) Big Jack ( voiced by Ty Burrell and Tom Cavanagh ) -- A jack - in - the - box , with a joker popping out when the handle turns . Boomer ( voiced by Dave B. Mitchell ) -- The soccer ball that belongs to Emmie . He was flat due to a leak , but was scared of the needle in the air pump Doc had to use . Boppy ( voiced by James Arnold Taylor ) -- The blue inflatable punching bag shaped like a dog , who usually ca n't be knocked down . He found himself losing air after a rosebush popped him , and was taken in by Doc for patching and reinflation ( This scene is used as part of each show 's opening until Season 4 ) . In The Doc Files episode `` Boppy 's Boo Boo '' Boppy was also known as `` Bobby '' . ( Based on inflatable bopping toys ) Bronty ( voiced by Jeffrey Nicholas Brown ) -- A Brontosaurus toy from the Tank Toy Graabber crane machine in which Donny won who loves to runs around and to swim . Bubble Monkey ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) -- A monkey that blows bubbles and belongs to Emmie and Alma . She stopped blowing bubbles when Alma accidentally filled her with paste instead of bubble soap . Buddy ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) -- A dump truck toy that belongs to Donny . Buddy is Riggo 's best friend . ( Based on the Buddy - L line of toy trucks . ) Carl Chug - a-Chug -- A streamline steam locomotive friction powered toy who resides in Doctor McStuffins ' Clinic . Celeste ( voiced by Kath Soucie ) -- A projector toy who can project the entire Solar System . Choo - Choo Train -- A wooden toy train who is used either as a ambulance to move the smaller injured toys or as a get away vehicle for the Wicked King . Curly - Q ( a.k.a Q ) -- A doll who is the newest member of `` The Waiting Room Toys '' who did n't like her original hair style and wanted a new hair style . Dart ( Voiced by Catherine Cavadini ) -- A toy Unicorn that Doc almost stumble over causing Doc to sprain her ankle . Belongs to Ramona . Dolly ( voiced by Alexandra Ryan ) -- A Fairy Princess Rag Doll who resides in Doctor McStuffins ' clinic . Dragon - Bot ( Voiced by Jack Conely ) -- A Hi - Tech Robotic Dragon toy that belongs to Donny who Stuffy becomes jealous because he is more `` hi - tech '' than him . Dress - Up Daisy ( voiced by Amy Sedaris ) -- A fashion Doll that once belong to Katherine when she was Doc 's age and was presumed lost after a gust of wind took her away while wearing a parachutist outfit . ( Based on the Barbie dolls ) The Dude ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) Fabulous Fabio ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) -- A toy with an Italian accent that `` grows '' hair , which he likes to shake , using a Play - Doh type clay who resides in Doctor McStuffins ' Clinic ( based on the Play - Doh toys . ) Frida Fairy ( voiced by Sutton Foster ) -- A cute toy fairy kite who thinks she 's a real , magical fairy . Gaby ( voiced by Lacey Chabert ) -- A toy giraffe that Doc won in the Tank Toy Grabber game at the arcade . She had a ripped leg , so when Doc fixed it , she decided to take her home . The Glider Bros. : Orville ( voiced by Sam Riegel ) and Wilbur ( voiced by David Kaufman ) -- A pair of rubber band powered gliders who love to fly . ( Names of Orville and Wilbur are named after the Wright Brothers who invented the airplane in 1903 ) Glo - Bo ( voiced by Jim Belushi ) -- A toy monster with six arms , he is a friendly toy monster with a joyful personality . Neglected for several weeks when Donny got a new train , Glo - Bo consulted Doc about his lost ability to glow in the dark . He also inadvertently spread a rash ( which was really blue paint ) to lots of toys , including Chilly . Gloria the Giggling Gorilla ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- A purple stuffed toy Gorilla owned by Donny who loves to laugh . Parts of her are made of leather . Gustave ( voiced by Stephen Stanton ) -- A green plastic alligator with a Cajun accent and appetite for marbles . He is one of four mechanical players in Donny 's game Gulpy - Gulpy Gators ( a spoof of Hungry Hungry Hippos ) . Doc had to empty his stomach after Donny added extra marbles to the game and Gustave wound up overstuffed . Hermie ( voiced by Ari Rubin ) -- A toy crab that Doc , Squeakers , and Marvin can play with in the water . He once lost an arm after a rough run - in with Rudi the puppy . Horsey -- A toy horse on wheels which Sir Kirby rides on . Horsey was also in `` Dusty Bear '' as Stuffy 's horse when he pretended to be a Cowboy . Johnny Foosball ( voiced by Josh Keaton ) -- A star Goalie from a foosball game who keeps getting stuck . Kiko ( voiced by Janice Kawaye ) -- A Japanese Anime / Manga doll Doc got from her Grandma . Her problem was having frail legs and being stuck in her box from her long flight from Tokyo , Japan but Doc McStuffins helped her exercise . Lenny ( voiced by Jeff Fischer ) -- A toy firetruck that belongs to Donny , he is also known as Engine 9 . Donny put him in the pile of toys that he does n't play with anymore because he did n't squirt out any water from his hose . Doc refilled him with water and returned himself to Donny . Leliani ( voiced by Liza Del Mundo ) -- A solar powered hula girl from Hawai'i . Lil ' Egghead ( a.k.a Eggie ; voiced by Peter MacNicol ) -- A hand held electronic toy similar to a Nabi Jr . He is known as an intelligent rival to Professor Hootsburg . Little Jack ( a.k.a Little J ; voiced by Nolan Gould and Brady Tutton ) -- The son of Big Jack . He had trouble popping out from his box . He was scared to get a check - up , but then was n't scary . Then Doc found out that his clothes were stuck between the cogs of the music box . Loud Louie ( voiced by Georgina Cordova a.k.a Georgie Kidder ) -- A toy cellphone that Doc used to play with when she was little , he was loud because he was super excited , so he had to learn to use his inside - voice . Lula ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) -- A sponge toy that looks like a Beluga whale . When Lula is placed in the water it takes only a couple hours for her to grow , and in the end she has grown to fit in the fish tank in Doc 's clinic . Marvin Doc 's rubber ducky who lost his squeaker at the water park . Melinda the Mermaid ( voiced by Dharbi Jens ) -- A plastic toy mermaid that was found at the kiddie pool . She had trouble swimming because her winder - upper was stuck and she did n't take swimming lessons , so when she took them , can now swim . Millie the Microphone ( voiced by Lisa Loeb ) -- Emmie 's toy CD boombox . Millie kept repeating words when she spoke because her disc was dirty inside her . Moo Moo ( voiced by Colette Whitaker ) -- A stuffed cow belonging to Alma , who drags out her long u 's when she speaks , so it sounds like she 's actually mooing . Once she did n't want to go back to Alma after being left out in the rain . Morton ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) -- A stuffed toy lion who resides in Doctor McStuffin 's clinic . Mr. Chomp ( voiced by Brad Abrell ) -- The plastic toy shark that belongs to Donny , he 's very kindhearted and does n't bite like a real shark . Norton ( voiced by Tim Dadabo ) -- A toy wind up mouse who belongs to Maddie . He can do flips . ( Based on vintage Tintype wind up toys ) Niles ( voiced by Charlie Schlatter ) -- Donny 's toy crane , he has a bandage on his crane because his crane was unfixable , but Niles did n't want his bandage changed because he was nervous about getting it removed , later he was brave enough to get his old bandage removed slowly and quickly . Officer Pete ( voiced by Michael Gough ) -- Donny 's metal toy police car who takes his job very seriously and overheated while pusuring The Wicked King in a very hot Summer day . ( Officer Pete has a similarity to Sheriff from Disney Pixar 's `` Cars '' ) . Peaches Pie ( voiced by Paula Rhodes ) -- Alma 's sweet smelling doll who smells like peaches , but was dragged outside into the rain soaked yard by Rudi and lost her scent . ( based on the line of Strawberry Shortcake dolls . ) Penny Possum ( voiced by Audrey Wasilewski ) -- Penny is the mother of three possum children , Pip , Flip , & Trip ( all voiced by Caitlyn Leone ) . The children went missing when one of Penny 's velcro patches ripped loose . Pickles the Bunny ( voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey ) -- A stuffed bunny that wears bows on her ears and has a heart on her chest , she was in a box at Alma 's yard sale and left because she thought that she was n't loved anymore , later Doc finds out that Pickles triangle nose is missing and replaces it with a button , soon Doc returns Pickles to Alma and puts her in her room . She was named `` Pickles '' after Alma 's favorite snack which are pickles . ( Based on the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins characters . ) Professor Hootsburgh ( a.k.a `` Hootsie '' ; voiced by Laraine Newman ) -- A stuffed owl with a very smart brain who speaks in a British accent . Doc got her from her older cousin Tisha . In the episode `` Professor Pancake '' she gets flattened under Doc 's toy box . Ricardo Racecar ( voiced by Ian Gomez ) -- Donny 's possibly Italian toy race car who lost energy because Donny raced him and did n't let him recharge , but when Doc 's dad put him onto charge , he was soon better . ( NOTE : Ricardo wears a red paint scheme but is also seen in a yellow paint scheme as well . ) Riggo ( voiced by Dennis Farina ) -- A grader toy that belongs to Will , Riggo is Buddy 's best friend , his scooper was stuck because there was sand on the side of his scoop , jamming his gears . But Doc did n't figure this out until she suffered a little sand in her own eye . Rita ( voiced by Molly Shannon ) -- A toy Cheetah that belongs to Donny who is very fast . Unfortunately , Chilly and the other toys thought she might be sick because of her spots when they first met her . Robot Ray ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) -- Donny 's battery - operated robot who considers himself a rescuer like Ronda , but once he finds out that he ca n't get wet in the episode All Washed Up . Ray is equipped with long - range vision and a white cord he shoots out with his right hand , extending his reach . He was also at Hallie 's birthday and went camping with Doc , Donny and their Dad in the episode `` Out in the Wild '' . He broke his sticky launcher , but Doc used first - aid to fix his arm till the end of the campout . Rescue Ronda ( voiced by Camryn Manheim ) -- The remote - control helicopter that belongs to Luca . Her job and passion is rescue missions , and has ended up in Doc 's clinic more than once with damage taken in the line of duty . If Rescue Ronda ca n't perform a rescue herself , she 'll direct her friends on how to help . ( Her name is a possible spoof of The Beach Boys hit song , `` Help Me , Ronda . '' ) She serves as an aerial ambulance for the toy hospital . Rosie the Rescuer ( voiced by Nika Futterman ) -- A toy ambulance that belongs to Emmie and Alma . She likes to rescue things but suffered from severe panic attacks . Sebastian ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) -- A ghost that lives in a toy pumpkin , who was scared of Halloween , but Doc explains to him that it 's all pretend , so he decides to go back to his job . Sir Kirby ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) -- The armoured knight action figure , who is one of Donny 's toys . He often plays the hero in Doc 's game `` Save Princess Lambie '' , but not without taking some damage . He 's friendly but when someone does something mean like the Wicked King being rude for instance , that 's when he 'll take action . Sir Kirby also has a crush on Lambie . Star Blazer Zero ( voiced by John Michael Higgins ) -- A toy alien who pilots a rocket ship , his catchphrases are `` Kazowie '' and `` Kazow '' . His arms and legs fell off because he did n't wear his seat belt . Southwest Sal ( voiced by Laraine Newman ) - A toy cowgirl who is a literal cow . She holds a lasso which works via a spring , and belongs to Donny 's pal Tamara . Spritzy Mitzi ( voiced by Angelique Perri ) -- An octopus shaped water sprinkler toy that ruptured a sprinkler tentacle after getting a pebble stuck in it . She talks like a rapper and uses phrases like `` poppin ' '' and `` solid . '' Super Stuntman Steve ( voiced by Mike Vaughn ) -- An extreme stunt motorcyclist action figure who belongs to Jacob . ( Based on the Evel Knievel action stunt toys ) Surfer Girl ( voiced by Kimberly Brooks ) -- A teenage girl doll with her feet attached to a surfboard who speaks in Surfer Lingo . Susie Sunshine ( voiced by Amber Hood ) -- A plastic toy doll that wears a pink dress and pink shoes . She was cranky because her eyes were stuck open due to some residue of a melted pineapple ice pop that was stuck on her eyebrows . Sydney ( Voiced by Steve Blum ) -- A Karate Kangaroo who is a partner with Angus who loves to fight . Based on the game Rock'em Sock'em Robots . His name is a reference to Sydney , Australia . Teddy Bear ( a.k.a Bear ; voiced by James Arnold Taylor ) -- A salmon colored teddy bear from the Tank Toy grabber crane machine . Teddy B. ( voiced by Jason Marsden ) -- Donny 's teddy bear who was reunited but caused Donny to sneeze due to an excess of dust on his fur for being laying around and not being played with for ages . Tremaine ( voiced by Ari Rubin ) -- A toy truck designed by Donny , he is very dynamic , he needed to stand still because he had to get his stripes repainted . Tug - A squirt toy shaped like a tugboat - Belongs to Donny . ( based on The Turtle Family - A family of wind up bath and pool toys ) Val ( voiced by Jennifer Hale ) -- A heart shape stuffed toy given by Doc 's parents for Valentine 's Day and causes a rift between her and Lambie . Walter & Gracie ( voiced by Tom Kenny and Grey DeLisle ) -- Two walkie talkies that are both different genders . Once , Walter lost his antenna and Gracie was lost in the strawberry field . Wicked King ( a.k.a. Percy ; voiced by Jess Harnell ) -- He is usually incredibly rude the toys but he has a soft spot . He resembles an old Fisher Price 's Little People toy because he has no hands or arms . He 's also known as Percy , his real name . Wildlife Will ( voiced by Jeffery Nicholas Brown ) -- an Australian explorer action figure who lost his legs after a run in with a Chihuahua . Xyla ( voiced by Tiffany Thornton ) -- A toy xylophone that looks like a ladybug and belongs to Alma , one of her keys was loose because one of the screws was loose , and when the key fell into the sink , Doc replaced it with a new one . Witch Hazel ( voiced by Lara Jill Miller ) -- A witch seen in the episode `` Boo - Hoo to You ! '' . Farmer Mack -- A toy farmer . ( based on the Playmobil line of toys ) Shinji -- A toy firefighter . Lieutenant Luna 2200 -- An astronaut with a pet mechanical dog ( Space Rover ) Olivia 0 -- 197 -- 0 a.k.a. Liv Saltwater Serge ( voiced by Bernardo De Paula ) Nikki Nickel ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) -- A toy piggy bank . Squibbles ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) -- Stuffy 's toy pet critter . Fetchin ' Findo ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) Admiral Fiddlesticks ( voiced by Robert Bathurst ) Creepy Cuddly Charlie Monster ( voiced by Frank Welker ) -- A stuffed three eye monster who is not scary but very friendly . Princess Persephone ( voiced by Geena Davis ) Count Clarence the Magnificent ( voiced by Patton Oswalt ) -- A cardboard toy bat who thinks he could fly like a kite about good positive attitudes after he becomes grumpy from getting caught in a gust of wind and crashing into the wading pool at the park . Then , Doc uses Donny 's kite to dry off Count Clarence and get him back to normal . Army Al ( voiced by Rodger Bumpass ) -- A toy soldier . Pop Up Paulo ( voiced by Arturo Del Puerto ) - A pop - up toy frog . Bernard ( voiced by Matt Milne ) Doodle Doo ( voiced by Nigel Harman ) Get - Well Gus ( voiced by Ludacris ) Gillian the Giant -- An Irish Giantess doll based on a series of storybooks . Lala Koala ( voiced by Cristina Milizia ) -- The new baby toy . Stella the bike racer ( voiced by Ashley Nicole Selich ) Joni the Pony ( voiced by Kelly Stables ) Stanley ( voiced by Anthony Anderson ) -- A toy lion with parts of a toy rabbit who planned on taking over McStuffinsville in the movie event `` Welcome to McStuffinsville '' . Twiggly ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) -- A toy squirrel . Willow ( voiced by Ellen Pompeo ) Darla ( voiced by Molly Ringwaid ) -- A toy fox who helps in emergencies at the toy hospital . Nurse Riley -- A toy Rhonchus who works at the toy hospital . Rodriguez Foosball ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) - One of Johnny Foosball 's team mates . Guest stars ( edit ) Winnie the Pooh ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) Tigger ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) Piglet ( voiced by Travis Oates ) Eeyore ( voiced by Peter Cullen ) Christopher Robin ( voiced by Oliver Bell ) Michelle Obama ( voiced by herself ) Audrey 's mother ( voiced by Robin Roberts ) Broadcast history ( edit ) In the United States , Doc McStuffins first premiered on March 23 , 2012 , on Disney - ABC networks Disney Channel and Disney Junior . On June 5 , 2012 , Disney Junior renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on September 6 , 2013 . On January 8 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on November 2 , 2014 . On April 14 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior , which premiered on August 5 , 2016 . It is titled `` Doc McStuffins : Toy Hospital '' . In the UK , the show premiered on June 4 , 2012 , using British voice actors , replacing the original American soundtrack . In Canada , the show started airing on the Canadian Disney Junior channel on April 8 , 2012 at 10 : 00 AM ET with an encore at 5 : 30 PM ET . The show also is aired in many foreign countries and has been dubbed into several languages . Dvd releases ( edit ) See List of Doc McStuffins episodes for original air dates Home media is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . Collection Included episodes Release date Friendship is the Best Medicine `` Engine Nine , Feelin ' Fine ! '' and `` The Right Stuff '' , `` Caught Blue - Handed '' and `` To Squeak , or Not to Squeak '' , `` Ben / Anna Split ! '' and `` That 's Just Claw - Ful '' , `` The Rip Heard Round the World '' and `` Walkie - Talkie Time '' , `` Dark Knight '' and `` Hallie Gets an Earful '' August 21 , 2012 Time for Your Check Up `` Gulpy , Gulpy Gators ! '' and `` One Note Wonder '' , `` Tea Party Tantrum '' and `` Blast Off ! '' , `` Arcade Escapade '' and `` Starry , Starry Night '' , `` Bronto Boo - Boos '' and `` Brontosaurus Breath '' , `` Doctoring The Doc '' and `` Hot Pursuit '' May 7 , 2013 Mobile Clinic `` Doc McStuffins Goes McMobile '' and `` Chip Off the Ol ' Box '' , `` Doc to the Rescue '' and `` Do n't Knock the Noggin '' , `` Out of the Box '' and `` Run Down Race Car '' , `` Rescue Ronda , Ready for Take off '' and `` All Washed Up '' , `` Rest Your Rotors , Ronda ! '' and `` Keep on Truckin ' '' March 18 , 2014 School of Medicine `` Chilly Gets Chilly '' and `` Through The Reading Glasses '' , `` Hallie 's Happy Birthday '' and `` Shark - Style Toothache '' , `` Think Pink '' and `` You Foose , You Lose '' , `` Disco Dress Up Daisy '' and `` The Glider Brothers '' , `` Celestial Celeste '' and `` Run Doc , Run ! '' September 9 , 2014 Cuddle Me Lambie `` My Huggy Valentine '' and `` Dusty Bear '' , `` Awesome Guy 's Awesome Arm '' and `` Lamb in a Jam '' , `` Kirby and the King '' and `` Bubble Monkey , Blow Your Nose ! '' , `` A Day Without Cuddles '' and `` Collide - o - scope '' , `` Mirror , Mirror On My Penguin '' and `` Hide and Eek ! '' February 3 , 2015 Pet Vet `` Fetchin Findo '' and `` Twin Tweaks '' , `` Three Goats A Cuddlin ' '' and `` Swimmer 's Belly '' , `` A Dragon 's Best Friend '' , `` Stuffy & Squibbles '' and `` Queen Of Thrones '' , `` Take Your Pet To The Vet '' and `` Master And Commander '' November 3 , 2015 Toy Hospital `` Welcome To McStuffinsville '' , `` Baby McStuffins and Selfless Snowman '' , `` Runaway Love and Tour De McStuffins '' , `` Bringing Home Baby '' , `` Baby Names and Night Night , Lala ! '' October 18 , 2016 Reception ( edit ) Creator and Executive Producer Chris Nee accepts the Peabody for `` Doc McStuffins '' along with Darragh O'Connell , Norton Virgien , Theresa Mayer , Chelsea Beyl , Kent Redeker , Kerri Grant , Cathal Gaffney , and Gillian Higgins . The series received positive reviews and criticisms after its release . Kia Morgan Smith of Cincomom.com said that `` It truly warmed my heart and almost brought tears to my eyes when my 8 - year - old , Mikaela , saw ' Doc McStuffins ' for the first time and said , ' Wow , mommy -- she 's brown , ' '' Dr. Myiesha Taylor founding president of Artemis Medical Society said that `` This program featuring a little African - American girl and her family is crucial to changing the future of this nation . '' Taylor also applauded the concept of its portrayal of a young black girl who wishes to follow in the footsteps of her mother as a doctor as the lead character , that inspired her to collect pictures of 131 doctors -- all women of color -- and publish a collage online under the heading , ' We Are Doc McStuffins . ' '' The program is also a ratings hit on Disney Junior . The series premiere attracted 1.08 million children ages 2 to 5 , and the show has attracted an average of 918,000 viewers in the same demographic , leading AdWeek magazine to dub the show an `` improbable ratings juggernaut '' . In 2013 , $500 million worth of Doc McStuffins merchandise was sold , something New York Times writers claimed industry experts said `` seems to be setting a record '' for a `` toy line based on an African - American character '' . They also said the character had broad appeal and the toys sold well to all demographics . In 2016 , news that Disney had yet to formally renew the program for a fifth season resulted in a number of celebrities , including W. Kamau Bell , Jamilah Lemieux and Audra McDonald to appeal Disney to continue the program . Chris Nee , the show 's creator , tweeted that she would report immediately if she received any news of the show being picked up , commenting that the writing staff was eager to continue with new stories . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2014 British Academy Children 's Awards International Norton Virgien , Theresa Mayer , Chris Nee Nominated 2016 Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series Tied with Sarah & Duck Won 2018 GLAAD Award Outstanding Kids & Family Programming Emergency Family Plan Pending 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Children 's Program `` Doc McStuffins '' Won 2014 74th Annual Peabody Award Peabody Award `` Doc McStuffins '' Won Video game adaptations ( edit ) `` Doc McStuffins Pet Vet '' was released on iOS and Android . Feel good games ( edit ) There are a variety of games specifically focused on the series , including : Big Air Adventure a 5 - series crossover of title characters from Henry Hugglemonster , Jake and the Never Land Pirates , Miles from Tomorrowland , and Sofia the First Doc McStuffins Sticker Book Doc Me Doc 's Seek and Find Doc 's Snowman Rollup Doc 's Summertime Clinic Frost Magic Sparkly Ball Sports Stuffy 's Scramble The Doc Mobile References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ruiz , Lorena ( October 2013 ) . `` Meet Chris Nee , creator of Disney 's ' Doc McStuffins ' '' . I just thought that nobody needs another male doctor or another male leader in a group . What we needed was a female character . And Disney , in the first conversation that we had after they bought the pitch said , `` We 've been looking for a good character to bring some ethnicity into them , how do you feel if she 's African - American ? '' ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Creator Chris Nee : From ' Deadliest Catch ' to Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . It was Disney that suggested , in your first pitch meeting , that Doc , her doctor mother , and her stay - at - home dad be African - American . Jump up ^ `` The Peabody Awards -- Doc McStuffins '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Winner 2014 Jump up ^ `` How The Creator Of `` Doc McStuffins '' Bucked The Norm And Made `` Cheers '' For Preschoolers `` . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Is In For Season 5 , Disney Junior Says '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ = 2018 - 04 - 04 `` Miller 's Twitter post '' Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Kiara ( as Doc ) . `` No Sweetah Cheetah '' . Doc McStuffins . We all have things on our bodies that make us special ... like my freckles Jump up ^ `` These Exclusive New Doc McStuffins Images Will Cure What Ails You '' . 21 July 2015 . Doc McStuffins , the Disney Junior series about a seven - year - old girl named Dottie McStuffins Jump up ^ Maria Pilar Clark ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` Nancy Kanter announces five new animated series for Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . `` Doc McStuffins '' is an imaginative animated series about six - year - old Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins , who communicates with and heals stuffed animals and toys out of her backyard clinic . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Doc . `` Let the Nightingale Sing '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 2 . Oh , you never know what you can do with a little magic . ( in response to Hallie asking how it is possible when Doc suggests she could meet Florence Nightingale ) Jump up ^ `` Getting to the Heart of Things '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Stuffy ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Selfless Snowman '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 3 . Episode 84 . 16 minutes in . Stuffing 's my middle name . Actually it 's more like my first name . My middle name is Philbert , but close enough . ( the middle name may be first mentioned in an earlier episode preceding 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : McStuffins , Chilly ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` The Big Storm '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 2 . Episode 45 . 5 minutes in . I 'm glad I 'm a McStuffins , and I 'm even more glad you 're one too . McStuffins , Hallie ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` The Big Storm '' . Doc McStuffins . Season 2 . Episode 45 . 6 minutes in . Me too Chilly , me too . Jump up ^ `` Hide and Eek '' . Doc McStuffins . I 'm plump and ready for the picking . Jump up ^ `` Big Head Hallie '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Mind Over Matter '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Luna on the Moon - a '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ `` Live Long and Pawsper '' . Doc McStuffins . Jump up ^ McStuffins , Stuffy . `` The Search for Squibbles '' . Doc McStuffins. 5 minutes in . Maybe there 's more than one Squibbles around here and he does n't know we 're calling him . His full name is Mister Squibbles Sylvester McStuffins the First . Jump up ^ Tracy Brown ( 6 April 2017 ) . http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-ludacris-doc-mcstuffins-pegasus-20170405-story.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Visits ' Hundred Acre Wood ' Jan. 18 '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maya Rhodan ( 26 September 2015 ) . `` First Lady Michelle Obama Will Appear on Disney Cartoon Doc McStuffins '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Doc McStuffins ' Renewed by Disney - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` ' Sofia The First ' & ' Doc McStuffins ' Renewed At Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Junior '' . Disney Junior . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins renewed for a second season ! An Interview with the show 's Creator Chris Nee ! '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 2012 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Disney Finds a Cure for the Common Stereotype With ' Doc McStuffins ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Wraps Major Upfront Sales '' . AdWeek. 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Eliana Dockterman ( 4 August 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Perfect Answer to Barbie Is Doc McStuffins '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Merchandise based on the Disney Junior TV character Dottie `` Doc '' McStuffins ... grossed around $500 million last year . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ; Vega , Tanzina ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Race in Toyland : A Nonwhite Doll Crosses Over '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Christian ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Why adults are trying to keep 7 - year - old ' Doc McStuffins ' in business '' . WHIO - TV , via Newsy . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2017 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins Pet Vet on the App Store '' . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins -- All Games Page Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Junior Big Air Adventure Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc McStuffins Sticker Book Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Me Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc 's Seek and Find Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc 's Snowman Roll - up Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Doc 's Summertime Clinic Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Frost Magic Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sparkly Ball Sports Doc McStuffins Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Stuffy 's Scramble Doc McStuffins Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Doc Mobile Disney Junior '' . Disneyjunior.disney.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Doc McStuffins at the Big Cartoon DataBase Doc McStuffins on IMDb Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins Elena of Avalor Fancy Nancy The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Mickey and the Roadster Racers Muppet Babies Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Goldie & Bear Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Rolie Polie Olie Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Special Agent Oso Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming T.O.T.S. The Rocketeer See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior LCCN : no2012109945 VIAF : 23146936574513780495 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doc_McStuffins&oldid=856686712 '' Categories : 2012 American television series debuts 2010s American animated television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated fantasy television series American children 's animated musical television series American computer - animated television series Disney animated television series Disney Junior shows Irish children 's television programmes Irish fantasy television series Peabody Award - winning television programs American preschool education television series Sentient toys in fiction Television series by Brown Bag Films Television series by Disney Child characters in television Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 23 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the snowman's name in doc mcstuffins	[ "When she activates her magic stethoscope (similar to an amulet or talisman), she can create a variety of supernatural effects, including traveling through time.[10] Her most regular use of it in the show is to cause toys, dolls, and stuffed animals to come to life. They are able to move, speak, hear, see and smell, and she can interact with them. With help from her stuffed friends – Stuffy the Dragon (a.k.a. Stuffy Philbert McStuffins), Hallie the Hippo, Lambie the Lamb, and Chilly the Snowman – Doc helps toys recover, or \"feel better\", by giving them check-ups and diagnosing their fictional illnesses with an encyclopedia called \"The Big Book of Boo Boos\" and another encyclopedia called \"The Big Vet Book\" for her toy pets when she's a veterinarian. In Season four the Big Book of Boo Boos and The Big Vet Book go Hi-Tech in a tablet form.\n" ]	[ "Chilly the Snowman" ]
8798996941592707951	List of most-followed Instagram accounts	List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 137 million followers . This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 137 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 119 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 115 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 111 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 109 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 108 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 107 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 100 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 90 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 88 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 76 Reality TV personality USA 18 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 75 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 63 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 62 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 59 Comedian USA As of May 13 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 99 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 58 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 47 Musician 10 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 46 Actress 11 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 32 Footballer 13 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 27 Clothing retailer 14 . Indonesia @ raffinagita1717 Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina 22 Presenter and musician As of May 13 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=843654586 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	most followed person on instagram in world 2018	[ "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of May 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 235 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 137 million followers.[2] Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site." ]	[ "Selena Gomez" ]
-4286878807237738007	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty	Anti-ballistic missile treaty - wikipedia Anti-ballistic missile treaty This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Launch of a US Army Nike Zeus missile , the first ABM system to enter widespread testing . Type bilateral treaty Signed 26 May 1972 ( 1972 - 05 - 26 ) Location Moscow , Russian SFSR , USSR Signatories Richard Nixon Leonid Brezhnev Parties United States Soviet Union Ratifiers U.S. Senate Supreme Soviet The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ( ABM Treaty or ABMT ) ( 1972 -- 2002 ) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile - delivered nuclear weapons . Under the terms of the treaty , each party was limited to two ABM complexes , each of which was to be limited to 100 anti-ballistic missiles . Signed in 1972 , it was in force for the next 30 years . In 1997 , five years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , four former Soviet republics agreed with the United States to succeed the USSR 's role in the treaty . In June 2002 the United States withdrew from the treaty , leading to its termination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 ABM Treaty 2.1 Missiles limited by the treaty 3 After the SDI announcement 4 US withdrawal 5 2018 statement by Putin on new weapons 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Deployment history of land based ICBM 1959 -- 2014 Throughout the late 1950s and into the 1960s , the United States and the Soviet Union had been developing missile systems with the ability to shoot down incoming ICBM warheads . During this period , the US considered the defense of the US as part of reducing the overall damage inflicted in a full nuclear exchange . As part of this defense , Canada and the US established the North American Air Defense Command ( now called North American Aerospace Defense Command ) . By the early 1950s , US research on the Nike Zeus missile system had developed to the point where small improvements would allow it to be used as the basis of an operational ABM system . Work started on a short - range , high - speed counterpart known as Sprint to provide defense for the ABM sites themselves . By the mid-1960s , both systems showed enough promise to start development of base selection for a limited ABM system dubbed Sentinel . In 1967 , the US announced that Sentinel itself would be scaled down to the smaller and less expensive Safeguard . Soviet doctrine called for development of its own ABM system and return to strategic parity with the US . This was achieved with the operational deployment of the A-35 ABM system and its successors , which remain operational to this day . The development of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle ( MIRV ) systems allowed a single ICBM to deliver as many as ten separate warheads at a time . An ABM defense system could be overwhelmed with the sheer number of warheads . Upgrading it to counter the additional warheads would be economically unfeasible : The defenders required one rocket per incoming warhead , whereas the attackers could place 10 warheads on a single missile at a reasonable cost . To further protect against ABM systems , the Soviet MIRV missiles were equipped with decoys ; R - 36M heavy missiles carried as many as 40 . These decoys would appear as warheads to an ABM , effectively requiring engagement of five times as many targets and rendering defense even less effective . ABM treaty ( edit ) Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev signing SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . The United States first proposed an anti-ballistic missile treaty at the 1967 Glassboro Summit Conference during discussions between U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union Alexei Kosygin . McNamara argued both that ballistic missile defense could provoke an arms race , and that it might provoke a first - strike against the nation fielding the defense . Kosygin rejected this reasoning. They were trying to minimizing the number of nuclear missiles in the world . Following the proposal of the Sentinel and Safeguard decisions on American ABM systems , the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in November 1969 ( SALT I ) . By 1972 an agreement had been reached to limit strategic defensive systems . Each country was allowed two sites at which it could base a defensive system , one for the capital and one for ICBM silos . The treaty was signed during the 1972 Moscow Summit on 26 May by the President of the United States , Richard Nixon and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , Leonid Brezhnev ; and ratified by the US Senate on 3 August 1972 . The 1974 Protocol reduced the number of sites to one per party , largely because neither country had developed a second site . The sites were Moscow for the USSR and the North Dakota Safeguard Complex for the US , which was already under construction . Missiles limited by the treaty ( edit ) The Treaty limited only ABMs capable of defending against `` strategic ballistic missiles '' , without attempting to define `` strategic '' . It was understood that both ICBMs and SLBMs are obviously `` strategic '' . Neither country intended to stop the development of counter-tactical ABMs . The topic became disputable as soon as most potent counter-tactical ABMs started to be capable of shooting down SLBMs ( SLBMs naturally tend to be much slower than ICBMs ) , nevertheless both sides continued counter-tactical ABM development . After the SDI announcement ( edit ) President Reagan delivering the 23 March 1983 speech initiating SDI On 23 March 1983 , Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative , a research program into ballistic missile defense which would be `` consistent with our obligations under the ABM Treaty '' . The project was a blow to Yuri Andropov 's so - called `` peace offensive '' . Andropov said that `` It is time ( Washington ) stopped thinking up one option after another in search of the best way of unleashing nuclear war in the hope of winning it . To do this is not just irresponsible . It is madness '' . Regardless of the opposition , Reagan gave every indication that SDI would not be used as a bargaining chip and that the United States would do all in its power to build the system . The Soviets were threatened because the Americans might have been able to make a nuclear first strike possible . In The Nuclear Predicament , Beckman claims that one of the central goals of Soviet diplomacy was to terminate SDI . A surprise attack from the Americans would destroy much of the Soviet ICBM fleet , allowing SDI to defeat a `` ragged '' Soviet retaliatory response . Furthermore , if the Soviets chose to enter this new arms race , they would further cripple their economy . The Soviets could not afford to ignore Reagan 's new endeavor , therefore their policy at the time was to enter negotiations with the Americans . By 1987 , however , the USSR withdrew its opposition , concluding the SDI posed no threat and scientifically `` would never work . '' SDI research went ahead , although it did not achieve the hoped - for result . SDI research was cut back following the end of Reagan 's presidency , and in 1995 it was reiterated in a presidential joint statement that `` missile defense systems may be deployed ... ( that ) will not pose a realistic threat to the strategic nuclear force of the other side and will not be tested to ... ( create ) that capability . '' This was reaffirmed in 1997 . US withdrawal ( edit ) Presidents Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush sign SORT on 24 May 2002 in Moscow Although the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991 , in the view of the U.S. Department of State , the treaty continued in force . An additional memorandum of understanding was prepared in 1997 , establishing Belarus , Kazakhstan , the Russian Federation , and Ukraine as successor states to the Soviet Union , for the purposes of the treaty . On 13 December 2001 , George W. Bush gave Russia notice of the United States ' withdrawal from the treaty , in accordance with the clause that required six months ' notice before terminating the pact -- the first time in recent history that the United States has withdrawn from a major international arms treaty . This led to the eventual creation of the American Missile Defense Agency . Supporters of the withdrawal argued that it was a necessity in order to test and build a limited National Missile Defense to protect the United States from nuclear blackmail by a rogue state . The withdrawal also had many critics . John Rhinelander , a negotiator of the ABM treaty , predicted that the withdrawal would be a `` fatal blow '' to the Non-Proliferation Treaty and would lead to a `` world without effective legal constraints on nuclear proliferation . '' The construction of a missile defense system was also feared to enable the US to attack with a nuclear first strike . Russia and the United States signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty in Moscow on 24 May 2002 . This treaty mandates cuts in deployed strategic nuclear warheads , but without actually mandating cuts to total stockpiled warheads , and without any mechanism for enforcement . 2018 statement by Putin on new weapons ( edit ) On 1 March 2018 , Russian president Vladimir Putin , in an address to the Federal Assembly , announced the development of a series of technologically new missile systems and stressed that those were designed as a response to U.S. withdrawal from the ABM Treaty . His statements were referred to by the Trump administration officials as largely boastful untruths , as well as confirmation that `` Russia ha ( d ) been developing destabilizing weapons systems for over a decade , in direct violation of its treaty obligations '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry T. Nash ( 1 May 1975 ) . Nuclear Weapons and International Behaviour . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 9028602658 . Each site would consist of 100 ABMs , or a total of 200 ABMs for each country Jump up ^ `` Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems '' . Bureau of Arms Control . United States Department of State . 26 May 1972 . Jump up ^ Coit D. Blacker , Gloria Duffy ( 2002 ) . International Arms Control : Issues and Agreements ( Studies in International Security & Arms Control ) . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0804712220 . The dramatic proliferation of warheads allowed by MIRV ensured that even an extensive ABM effort could not limit the destructiveness of an American retaliatory strike Jump up ^ `` Moscow extends life of 144 cold war ballistic missiles '' . The Guardian . London . 20 August 2002 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Alexander T.J. Lennon. ( 2002 ) . Contemporary Nuclear Debates : Missile Defenses , Arms Control , and Arms Races in the Twenty - First Century . MIT Press . ISBN 0262621665 . Although Kosygin rejected this reasoning at Glassboro Jump up ^ `` ABM treaty reduces US and USSR to one ABM site each '' . The Nuclear Information Project . FAS . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ivo H. Daalder ( May 1987 ) . `` A tactical defence initiative for the Western Europe ? '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 43 : 37 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Replies by Yu . V. Andropov to Questions from a Correspondent of Pravda '' . Pravda . 27 March 1983 . Cited in Garthoff , Raymond L. ( 1994 ) . The Great Transition : American - Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution . p. 111 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3060 - 8 . Jump up ^ Peter R. Beckman et al. , The Nuclear Predicament : Nuclear Weapons In The Cold War And Beyond , 2nd ed . ( New Jersey : Prentice - Hall Inc , 1992 ) , 183 . Jump up ^ B. Wayne Howell , `` Reagan and Reykjavík : Arms Control , SDI , and the Argument From Human Rights Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Rhetoric & Public Affairs , Vol. 11 , No. 3 , 2008 , pp. 389 -- 415 Jump up ^ Norman A. Graebner , Richard Dean Burns , and Joseph M. Siracusa , Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War , p. 95 , 2008 . ISBN 0313352410 , ISBN 978 - 0313352416 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ `` Fact sheet : Memorandum of understanding on succession '' . United States Department of State . 26 September 1997 . Although the ABM Treaty continues in force , it nevertheless has become necessary to reach agreement as to which New Independent States ( NIS ) would collectively assume the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Treaty . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Withdrawal From the ABM Treaty : President Bush 's Remarks and U.S. Diplomatic Notes '' . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of Withdrawal from the ABM Treaty '' , White House press release Jump up ^ `` Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly '' . kremlin.ru. 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Exclusive : Putin blames U.S. for arms race , denies ' new Cold War ' NBC News , 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Putin claims new ' invincible ' missile can pierce US defenses CNN , 1 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , official State Department site , includes the text of the treaty and the 1974 Protocol . US Announcement of withdrawal ( 2001 ) hide Nuclear weapons limitation treaties Treaties 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1969 Treaty of Tlatelolco 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty 1970s Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 1987 Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1991 START I 1993 START II 1994 United States -- Russia mutual detargeting 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty ( not in force ) 1997 START III 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 2010 New START 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Related Nuclear disarmament Book : Arms control treaties Category : Arms control treaties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty&oldid=849369576 '' Categories : 1972 in the Soviet Union 1972 in the United States Arms control treaties Cold War treaties Missile defense History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) Soviet Union -- United States treaties Nuclear weapons governance Treaties concluded in 1972 Treaties entered into force in 1972 Presidency of Richard Nixon 1972 in politics Nuclear technology treaties Russia -- United States relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 14 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the anti ballistic missle treaty signed	[ "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty\nLaunch of a US Army Nike Zeus missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing.Type\nbilateral treatySigned\n26 May 1972 (1972-05-26)Location\nMoscow, Russian SFSR, USSRSignatories\n Richard Nixon Leonid BrezhnevParties\n United States Soviet UnionRatifiers\nU.S. SenateSupreme Soviet" ]	[ "26 May 1972" ]
-5954002325027102027	Hang Sơn Đoòng	Hang Son Đoòng - wikipedia Hang Son Đoòng Sơn Đoòng Cave Sơn Đoòng Cave View approaching the second doline Location Quảng Bình Province , Vietnam Coordinates 17 ° 27 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 17 ′ 15 '' E / 17.45694 ° N 106.28750 ° E / 17.45694 ; 106.28750 Coordinates : 17 ° 27 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 17 ′ 15 '' E / 17.45694 ° N 106.28750 ° E / 17.45694 ; 106.28750 Depth max. 150 metres ( 490 ft ) Length approx. 9 kilometres ( 5.6 mi ) Discovery 1991 ( AD ) by Hồ Khanh Geology Permo - Carboniferous limestone Entrances Hazards Underground river Cave survey 2009 , British / Vietnamese Sơn Đoòng Cave ( ( haːŋ ˧ ʂəːn ˧ ɗɔ̤ŋ ˨ ˩ ) ) is in Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng National Park , Bố Trạch District , Quảng Bình Province , Vietnam . Located near the Laos -- Vietnam border , Hang Sơn Đoòng has an internal , fast - flowing subterranean river and the largest cross-section of any cave , worldwide , as of 2009 , believed to be twice that of the next largest passage . It is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume . Its name , Hang Sơn Đoòng , is variously translated from Vietnamese as ' cave of the mountain river ' or ' mountain cave of Đoòng ( village ) ' . As a solutional cave , it was formed in soluble limestone and is believed to be between 2 and 5 million years old . Contents 1 Discovery 2 Description 3 Tourist activities 4 Development plans 5 References 6 External links Discovery ( edit ) Hang Sơn Đoòng was found by a local man named Hồ Khanh in 1991 . The whistling sound of wind and roar of a rushing stream in the cave heard through the entrance as well as the steep descent prevented the local people from entering the cave . Only in 2009 did the cave become internationally known after a group of cavers from the British Cave Research Association , led by Howard Limbert , conducted a survey in Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng from 10 to 14 April 2009 . Their progress was stopped by a large , 60 - metre ( 200 ft ) high flowstone - coated wall , which was named the Great Wall of Vietnam . It was traversed in 2010 when the group reached the end of the cave passage . Description ( edit ) Formed of Carboniferous / Permian limestone , the main Sơn Đoòng cave passage is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume -- 38.4 × 10 cubic metres ( 1.36 × 10 cu ft ) , according to Howard Limbert . It is more than 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) long , 200 metres ( 660 ft ) high and 150 metres ( 490 ft ) wide . Its cross-section is believed to be twice that of the next largest passage , in Deer Cave , Malaysia . The cave runs for approximately 9 kilometres ( 5.6 mi ) and is punctuated by 2 large dolines , which are areas where the ceiling of the cave has collapsed . The dolines allow sunlight to enter sections of the cave which has resulted in the growth of trees as well as other vegetation . The cave contains some of the tallest known stalagmites in the world , which are up to 70 m tall . Behind the Great Wall of Vietnam were found cave pearls the size of baseballs , an abnormally large size . Son Doong cave doline Another view out the mouth of the cavern , showing the rainforest in its doline . Reflecting pool further inside Large stalagmites in the passage of Hang Son Doong in Vietnam . The tallest has been measured at 70 meters in height . Large stalagmites in the Hang Son Doong , Vietnam . This passage is said to have the greatest cross sectional area of any cave in the world . The massive Second Doline in Hang Son Doong is so large that trees grow inside . Tourist activities ( edit ) In early August 2013 , the first tourist group explored the cave on a guided tour at a cost of US $3,000 each . Permits are required to access the cave and are made available on a limited basis , with 1000 permits available for the 2019 and 2020 season , which runs from February to August . After August , heavy rains cause river levels to rise and make the cave largely inaccessible . As of 2017 , only one expedition company currently has permits to enter the cave for tourism purposes . Development plans ( edit ) Plans are being considered to build a cable car through the cave . The proposed system would be 10.5 kilometres ( 6.5 mi ) long , and cost between $112 and $211 million . The plans are opposed by environmentalists . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World 's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam '' . National Geographic . July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2013 , Page 032 . ISBN 9781904994879 ^ Jump up to : Dykes , Brett Michael ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Explorers discover spectacular caves in Vietnam '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Gerological Map of Vietnam , Kampuchea , and Laos '' . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Edström , Martin . `` Fly Through A Colossal Cave : Son Doong in 360 ° '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Mark ( January 2011 ) . `` Conquering an Infinite Cave '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World 's largest grotto unveiled in Vietnam '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Britons claim to find world 's largest cave '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 30 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Son Doong Cave . `` Son Doong cave , Hang Son Doong -- Map '' . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Cave '' . National Geographic . July 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Arkell , Harriet ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Five miles long , and with its own rivers and jungle : The world 's largest cave is open for tours ... you just have to trek for a day and a half and then abseil down a Vietnamese cliff to get there '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First foreign tourist group explores Son Doong Cave '' . Foxnews. 2018 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Son Doong Cave tours increase in popularity '' . 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Letter 1213 / UBND - VX , 2016 - 08 - 03 , Government of Quang Binh Province . Jump up ^ `` Son Doong Cave cable car raises controversy '' . Vietnam.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Son Doong Cave . `` Vietnam 's Mammoth Cavern '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . National Geographic pictorial of Hang Sơn Đoòng `` American Film Crew 's Backstage Inside Son Doong '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Saigon - online - SonDoong - cave Strutner , Suzy ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` World 's Largest Cave , Son Doong , Prepping For First Public Tours '' ( includes video ) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Chùm ảnh khám phá hang động đẹp và lớn nhất thế giới ( includes images ) Quảng Bình Province ( in Vietnamese ) `` In pictures : Inside Hang Son Doong , the world 's largest caves in Vietnam '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . The Telegraph Online `` Hang Son Doong '' ( video on Vimeo ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . `` National Geographic Video March 19 , 2015 '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hang_Sơn_Đoòng&oldid = 852598265 '' Categories : Caves of Vietnam Landforms of Quang Binh Province 2009 in Vietnam Sơn Đoòng Cave Show caves in Vietnam Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia cave articles with unreferenced coordinates Articles containing Vietnamese - language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Vietnamese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 02 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is the world's largest cave located	[ "Located near the Laos–Vietnam border, Hang Sơn Đoòng has an internal, fast-flowing subterranean river and the largest cross-section of any cave, worldwide, as of 2009,[1][2] believed to be twice that of the next largest passage. It is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume.\n" ]	[ "near the Laos–Vietnam border" ]
1847748443214421660	National FFA Organization	National FFA Organization - wikipedia National FFA Organization Jump to : navigation , search National FFA Organization Motto Learning to Do , Doing to Learn , Earning to Live , Living to Serve Formation 1928 ; 89 years ago ( 1928 ) Type Youth organization Tax ID no . 54 - 0524844 Legal status 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization Purpose To make a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership , personal growth , and career success through agricultural education . Headquarters U.S. Department of Education Offices of Vocational and Adult Education 1410 King Street , Alexandria , VA 22314 6060 FFA Drive , Indianapolis , Indiana 46278 Region served United States Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Membership 649,355 ( 7,859 Chapters in 52 State Associations ) National FFA Advisor , Board Chair Dr. Steve A. Brown Chief Executive Officer Mark Poeschl Chief Operating Officer Josh Bledsoe National FFA President Breanna Holbert Subsidiaries National FFA Foundation , Inc . Revenue ( 2015 ) $27,832,251 Expenses ( 2015 ) $27,612,465 Employees ( 2015 ) 232 Volunteers ( 2015 ) 3,500 Mission To build partnerships with industry , education , government , foundations , and individuals to secure resources for the future of education , agriculture , and student leader development . Website www.ffa.org Formerly called Future Farmers of America National FFA Organization is an American 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) youth organization , specifically a career and technical student organization , based on middle and high school classes that promote and support agricultural education . It was founded in 1925 at Virginia Polytechnic Institute , by agriculture teachers , Henry C. Groseclose , Walter Newman , Edmund Magill and Harry Sanders as Future Farmers of Virginia . In 1928 , it became a nationwide organization known as Future Farmers of America . In 1988 the name was changed to the National FFA Organization , now commonly referred to as FFA , to recognize that the organization is for those with diverse interests in the food , fiber and natural resource industries , encompassing science , business and technology in addition to production agriculture . Today FFA is among the largest youth organization in the United States , with 649,355 members in 7,859 chapters throughout all 50 states , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands . FFA is the largest of the career and technical student organizations in U.S. schools . The organization holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 FFA structure 3 Officers of FFA 3.1 Constitutional officers 3.2 Others may include 3.3 National officers 3.4 List of past national presidents 4 Official FFA dress 4.1 FFA jacket 4.2 Elements of FFA official dress 4.3 Awards and pins 5 Traditions 6 Career Development Events 6.1 Others 7 Supervised Agricultural Experience Programs 8 Notable alumni 8.1 In politics 8.2 In entertainment 8.3 In the arts 8.4 Other 9 Notable historic events and milestones 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) The National FFA Organization is a youth leadership organization that makes a positive difference in the lives of young people by developing their potential for premier leadership , personal growth and career success through agriculture education . The FFA Motto is Learning to do , Doing to learn , Earning to live , Living to serve . FFA functions within the three - circle model of agricultural education as a student leadership organization that complements a student 's classroom / laboratory instruction and supervised agricultural experience program . FFA members can compete in Career Development Events ( CDE ) that cover job skills in everything from communications to mechanics . Some events allow students to compete as individuals , while others allow them to compete in teams . These competitions can happen at a local or district level , state level , and on the national level . Students are supervised by agricultural education teachers in cooperation with parents , employers and other adults who assist individuals in the development and achievement of educational and career goals . Official colors of the FFA are National Blue and Corn Gold . FFA structure ( edit ) United States Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack ( 3rd from right ) stands with five former National FFA Officers in 2011 . FFA is represented at several different levels across the nation ; FFA administration may change from state to state . The basic levels are the national level , serving all of the United States of America , Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands ; the state level , serving an individual state association ; and the chapter level , serving a school or set of schools in an area . By definition , there can be three types of chapters at the secondary level , they are middle for middle school , junior for ninth grade and senior which can be either tenth through twelfth or ninth through twelfth depending on the school . Other levels include districts , subdistricts , sections , regions , areas , and federations . FFA was created to serve high school students , and has moved into middle schools where membership may begin as early as age 12 , allowing members to become active earlier and stay active for longer . Each chapter is chartered as part of the state association and national organization . Collegiate chapters exist as well . Most states hold FFA conventions at least once annually , where members gather to compete , be recognized for awards , attend leadership workshops , debate organizational issues in a delegate process , and more . Nationally , the National FFA Convention & Expo is held once a year in the fall . It was held in Kansas City , Missouri , from 1928 to 1998 . The convention moved to Louisville , Kentucky , in 1999 before moving again in 2006 to Indianapolis , Indiana . Louisville again hosted the national convention from 2013 to 2015 . FFA announced in July 2015 that the national convention would be hosted in Indianapolis each year from 2016 to 2024 . Officers of FFA ( edit ) As the FFA is a member - led organization intended to serve youth around the nation , it elects officers from its own diverse membership to certain levels of FFA . With these basic constitutional officers a basis of parliamentary procedure is completed during meetings and banquets ; each officer during these procedures will stand and recite their office level and what it is stationed by , and why the particular position is stationed as so. Typical officer roles are : Constitutional officers ( edit ) President -- Stationed by the rising sun , a token of a new era in agriculture . Vice President -- Stationed by the plow , the symbol of labor and tillage of the soil . Secretary -- Stationed by the ear of corn , to keep a record of all meetings and correspond with other secretaries wherever corn is grown and FFA members meet . Treasurer -- Stationed by the emblem of George Washington , to keep an accurate account of receipts and disbursements just as Washington kept his farm accounts . Reporter -- Stationed by the Flag , strives to inform the public in order that every man , woman , and child may know the FFA is a national organization . Sentinel -- Stationed by the door , to ensure the door is open to all and keep the meeting room comfortable as well as assist in maintaining order . Advisor -- Stationed by the owl , the time honored emblem of knowledge and wisdom Others may include ( edit ) Parliamentarian -- Stationed by a copy of Robert 's Rules of Order . Historian -- Stationed at the scroll or chapter scrapbook . Student Advisor -- Stationed by the owl or the key . Chaplain -- Stationed by the Bible or Book . Executive Committee / Executive Board . Each officer is an agricultural student and holds responsibilities needed to serve , and are elected each year by members at the respective levels . National officers ( edit ) President - Breanna Holbert , California Secretary - Erica Baier , Iowa Eastern Region Vice President - Gracie Furnish , Kentucky Southern Region Vice President - Ian Bennet , Georgia Central Region Vice President - Pipper Merritt , Oklahoma Western Region Vice President - Bryce Cluff , Arizona This allows officers to be elected to one of the four national regions of the FFA , as well as a President and a Secretary List of past national presidents ( edit ) 2016 - 2017 - David Townsend , Delaware 2015 -- 2016 - Taylor McNeel , Arkansas 2014 -- 2015 - Andy Paul , Georgia 2013 -- 2014 - Brian Walsh , Virginia 2012 -- 2013 - Clay Sapp , Florida 2011 -- 2012 - Ryan Best , New Mexico 2010 -- 2011 - Riley Pagett , Oklahoma 2009 -- 2010 - Levy Randolph , California 2008 -- 2009 - Paul Moya , New Mexico 2007 -- 2008 - Zach Kinne , Missouri 2006 -- 2007 - Beau Williamson , California 2005 -- 2006 - Travis Jett , Oklahoma 2004 -- 2005 - Jackie Mundt , Wisconsin 2003 -- 2004 - Javier Moreno , Puerto Rico 2002 -- 2003 - Tim Hammerich , California 2001 -- 2002 - Dane White , California 2000 -- 2001 - Trent McKnight , Texas 1999 -- 2000 - Chris Vitelli , Florida 1998 -- 1999 - Lisa Ahrens , Iowa 1997 -- 1998 - Hillary Smith , Georgia 1996 -- 1997 - Corey Rosenbusch , Texas 1995 -- 1996 - Seth Derner , Nebraska 1994 -- 1995 - Corey Flournoy , Illinois 1993 -- 1994 - Curtis Childers , Texas 1992 -- 1993 - Travis Park , Indiana 1991 -- 1992 - Lee Thurber , Nebraska 1990 -- 1991 - Mark Timm , Indiana Official FFA dress ( edit ) Odessa Oldham , of Casper College in Wyoming , explained her role in the National FFA Organization to the United States Department of Agriculture , as part of its Native American Indian Heritage Month celebration in Washington D.C. , in November 2011 . FFA jacket ( edit ) Former FFA emblem in use until February 2015 . The most recognizable symbol of the organization is the blue corduroy FFA jacket that is worn by current FFA members . The back of the jacket features a large FFA emblem just underneath the name of each FFA member 's state . The name of the local FFA chapter , district , region or area is embroidered below the emblem . The front of the FFA jacket features a smaller FFA emblem on the left chest and the FFA member 's name and sometimes , if applicable , office and year on the right chest . FFA members are required to wear the FFA jacket as part of official dress while participating in all official organization activities . The FFA jacket was created to be worn by the Fredericktown Band of the Fredericktown FFA Chapter by Dr. Gus Lintner . It was adopted in 1933 . The color of the jacket 's corduroy has ranged from shades of blue to shades of purple through the years . In 2004 , the National FFA Organization worked with a supplier in North Carolina to set a new standard for the blue corduroy by using samples from archived FFA jackets . The jacket 's color standardization was accompanied by a restoration of the embroidered FFA emblems and fit corrections led by Clemson University 's Apparel Research Center . The improved FFA jacket , produced in both Van Wert , Ohio and South Vietnam , was first made available in August 2005 . Currently , all lettering , embroidery and finishing of FFA jackets is completed by Universal Lettering Company in Van Wert , Ohio . Elements of FFA official dress ( edit ) FFA members are required to wear official FFA dress while participating in official organization activities . The National FFA Organization recently updated its bylaws , stating that members may choose to identify however they choose in regards to official dress , in order to include transgender as well as gender non-conforming individuals within the organization . For females , official dress consists of a black skirt ( black slacks may be appropriate for traveling and outdoor activities ) , a white collared blouse , an official FFA blue scarf , black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe , black nylon hosiery , and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top . Male official dress includes black dress pants , a white dress shirt , an official FFA tie , black dress shoes with a closed heel and toe , black socks and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top . Awards and pins ( edit ) FFA members earn metal pins that signify achievement within the organization . These pins can be placed on the front of the FFA jacket , however , official guidelines state that no more than three pins may be worn at one time . The pins are to be placed beneath the FFA member 's name on the right chest and can recognize the highest office , highest award , and highest organizational degree . Two exceptions exist within pin placement guidelines . When an FFA member earns a State FFA Degree or American FFA Degree , the award keys should be worn above the name on right chest or attached to the FFA jacket with a standard key chain , and no other pins should accompany these . Traditions ( edit ) As an organization , the FFA has many traditions and trademarks identifying it as an agricultural education organization : The FFA Motto : Learning to Do , Doing to Learn , Earning to Live , Living to Serve . The FFA Mission : The National FFA Organization is dedicated to making a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership , personal growth , and career success through agricultural education . The Official FFA Colors : National Blue and Corn Gold ( worn on the Official FFA jackets ) . The FFA Emblem : Cross section of the ear of corn : represents unity . Where ever you live in the United States , corn is grown everywhere . Rising Sun : signifies progress . It represents that tomorrow will always bring a new day . Plow : signifies labor and tillage of the soil . It also shows the historic foundation of our country 's strength . Eagle : symbolizes freedom and our ability to explore the new agriculture world . Owl : represents knowledge . Long recognized for wisdom and knowledge . Agriculture Education and FFA : symbolizes the combination of learning and leadership . The FFA Creed : The creed was written by Erwin Milton `` E.M. '' Tiffany of Lyndon , Kansas and adopted at the 3rd National FFA Convention . It was revised at the 38th and 63rd National FFA Conventions by the assembled delegate body . It is recited by new members to the organization to reflect their growing belief in agriculture and agricultural education . The FFA Creed also must be memorized and recited to earn the Greenhand Degree . I believe in the future of agriculture , with a faith born not of words but of deeds -- achievements won by the present and past generations of agriculturists ; in the promise of better days through better ways , even as the better things we now enjoy have come to us from the struggles of former years . I believe that to live and work on a good farm or to be engaged in other agricultural pursuits , is pleasant as well as challenging ; for I know the joys and discomforts of agricultural life and hold an inborn fondness for those associations which , even in hours of discouragement I can not deny . I believe in leadership from ourselves and respect from others . I believe in my own ability to work efficiently and think clearly , with such knowledge and skill as I can secure , and in the ability of progressive agriculturists to serve our own and the public interest in producing and marketing the product of our toil . I believe in less dependence on begging and more power in bargaining ; in the life abundant and enough honest wealth to help make it so - for others as well as myself ; in less need for charity and more of it when needed ; in being happy myself and playing square with those whose happiness depends upon me . I believe that American agriculture can and will hold true to the best traditions of our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in that inspiring task . Career Development Events ( edit ) FFA Career Development Event ( CDEs ) are contests that members compete in to test their skills learned through agricultural education instruction . They vary at the different levels of FFA , and some are contested only at certain levels and certain states , districts , areas or federations . At the national level , there are 24 Career Development Events : Ag Business Ag Communications Ag Issues Forum Ag Mechanics Ag Sales Agronomy ( Insects , seeds , etc . ) Dairy Cattle Evaluation Dairy Cattle Handlers Activity Dairy Foods Environmental & Natural Resources Extemporaneous Public Speaking Floriculture Food Science & Technology Forestry Horse Evaluation Job Interview Land Judging Livestock Evaluation Marketing Plan Meats Evaluation & Technology Nursery / Landscape Parliamentary Procedure Poultry Evaluation Prepared Public Speaking Rangeland Judging Wildlife Management Veterinarian Science Quiz Bowl Others ( edit ) Examples of CDEs that can be available at the state level are : Small Animal Care Arboriculture Aquaculture Safe Equipment Operation Opening / Closing Ceremonies Wildlife Website Development Entomology Tractor Operations Greenhand CDE F.A.R.M education Envirothon Demonstration Supervised agricultural experience programs ( edit ) To be an active member in the National FFA Organization , a member must have an Supervised Agricultural Experience ( SAE ) project . The projects involve hands - on application of concepts and principles learned in the agricultural education classroom , with guidelines for the SAE projects governed by the state FFA delegation . SAE programs are grouped into four different areas : Exploratory -- learning about the ' big picture ' of agriculture and related careers Research / Experimentation and Analysis -- conducting research or analysis of information to discover new knowledge Ownership / Entrepreneurship -- planning and operation of an agriculture - related business Placement -- working either for pay or experience in an agricultural setting Notable Alumni ( edit ) In politics ( edit ) Harold Brubaker , North Carolina state representative , past National FFA Secretary from Pennsylvania Jimmy Carter , Governor of Georgia , 39th President of the United States Matt Lohr , Virginia state representative , past state FFA President and National FFA Vice President Bruce Maloch , Arkansas state senator , past state FFA President and National FFA Secretary Rick Perry , Governor of Texas , past district FFA officer Jeff Miller ( Florida politician ) , United States Representative from Florida , past state FFA Secretary Sam Brownback , Governor of Kansas , past United States Senator & United States representative , past state FFA President and national FFA vice president In entertainment ( edit ) Trace Adkins , country music singer Johnny Cash , country and rock & roll music singer / songwriter , actor Chris Colfer , actor best known for Glee Easton Corbin , country music singer / songwriter Steve Doocy , network - television personality on the Fox News Channel and a best selling author . Co-host of Fox & Friends in the mornings . Matthew Fox , actor best known for Lost and Party of Five Brantley Gilbert , country music singer Don Henley , music entertainer Toby Keith , country music singer , actor Lyle Lovett , country music singer Tim McGraw , country music singer Eddie Montgomery , country music singer , half of the duo Montgomery Gentry Beyoncé Giselle Knowles , pop and R&B singer Willie Nelson , country music singer Jim Ross , WWE Hall of Famer , past state FFA Vice President Orion Samuelson , radio broadcaster Josh Shipp , motivational speaker & entertainer Taylor Swift , country and pop music singer / songwriter , actress Craig Morgan , country music singer / songwriter In the arts ( edit ) Jim Davis , creator of the Garfield comic strip Jared Hess , director of Napoleon Dynamite Nicholas Kristof , Pulitzer Prize Winner , past Oregon State Officer John Mellencamp , recording artist , co-founder of Farm Aid Other ( edit ) Leonard J. Arrington , Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Historian . `` Dean of Mormon History '' , past National FFA Vice President Howard Warren Buffett , grandson of famed American investor and philanthropist Warren Edward Buffett , past FFA chapter president Bo Jackson , American athlete and a former multi-sport professional in American football ( NFL ) and Baseball ( MLB ) Sterling Marlin , NASCAR driver Brad Meester , American football center for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League , past FFA chapter president Rebecca Podio , Miss Wyoming 2013 Bryant Reeves , retired American professional basketball player for the NBA 's Vancouver Grizzlies Carroll Shelby , American automotive designer , racing driver and entrepreneur Chris Soules , The Bachelorette contestant and The Bachelor star , past Iowa FFA Member Harry Stine , founder and owner of Stine Seed , past Iowa FFA Member Mark Tauscher , American football Offensive Tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League Notable historic Events and milestones ( edit ) Commemorative 25th anniversary Future Farmers of America postage stamp issued on October 13 , 1953 1928 : FFA is established 1929 : National Blue and Corn Gold is adopted as official colors 1930 : Official FFA creed adopted 1944 : Future Farmers of America Foundation formed 1953 : Future Farmers of America U.S. postage stamp issued by U.S. Postal Service 1965 : African American New Farmers of America merged with FFA 1969 : Girls are allowed to join FFA 1988 : Official Name change from Future Farmers of America to FFA Organization 2006 : National FFA Foundation receives first $1 million contribution from Ford Motor Company . 2009 : FFA celebrates 40 years of women in the organization . 2010 : FFA members earn a record 3,449 American FFA Degrees . 2011 : National FFA Alumni Association celebrates its 40th anniversary . 2013 : Official FFA Jacket celebrates 80th anniversary . 2015 : National FFA celebrates 50 years since NFA merged with the FFA . 2017 : National FFA elects first Woman African - American National President , Ms. Breanna Holbert from the State of California . See also ( edit ) 4 - H National Junior Horticultural Association References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FFA Mission and Motto '' . National FFA Organization . Jump up ^ `` Future Farmers of America State Associations & Local Chapter '' . Exempt Organizations Select Check . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 : Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax '' . Future Farmers of America . Guidestar . December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our Leadership '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National FFA Organization and National FFA Foundation Name Mark Poeschl Chief Executive Officer '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Leadership '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Townsend : Bio '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Future Farmers to Meet Aug. 6 - 9 : 1,000 Young Virginians Will Compete for Honors at Blacksburg '' . The Washington Post . 3 August 1929 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` FFA History '' . National FFA Organization . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . National FFA Organization . Jump up ^ `` 36 USC § 70901 -- Organization '' . Federal Charter ; Future Farmers of America is a federally chartered corporation . Legal Information Institute ; Cornell Law School . Jump up ^ `` School - Based Agricultural Education '' ( PDF ) . National FFA Organization . Jump up ^ `` Career Development Events '' . National FFA Organization . Jump up ^ http://www.FFA.org Jump up ^ `` National FFA Organization Announces National Convention and Expo Coming to Indianapolis 2016 - 2024 '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FFA Official Dress '' . National FFA Organization . Jump up ^ Langstaff , Dave . `` A Brief History of The FFA Jacket and The People Who Make It '' . Universal Lettering Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FFA Official Dress PDF '' ( PDF ) . National FFA Organization . ^ Jump up to : 105th U.S. Congress ( August 12 , 1998 ) . `` Public Law 105 - 225 '' ( PDF ) . National FFA Organization . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` FFA Facts '' . Code of Ethics , Creed , Emblem , Mission , Motto , Name , Official Colors , Official Dress , Salute . Minnesota FFA Association . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The FFA Creed '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . It was written in 1928 ^ Jump up to : `` FFA Career Development Events ( CDE ) '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FFA Supervised Agricultural Experience ( SAE ) '' . National FFA Organization . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National FFA Organization . Official website Archives of the National FFA Organization Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Future Farmers of America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_FFA_Organization&oldid=808454957 '' Categories : 1928 establishments in the United States Agricultural organizations based in the United States Career and technical student organizations Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress Youth organizations based in the United States Youth organizations established in 1929 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 23 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the national ffa president and where is he from	[ "\nPresident - Breanna Holbert, California\nSecretary - Erica Baier, Iowa\nEastern Region Vice President - Gracie Furnish, Kentucky\nSouthern Region Vice President - Ian Bennet, Georgia\nCentral Region Vice President - Pipper Merritt, Oklahoma\nWestern Region Vice President - Bryce Cluff, Arizona\n" ]	[ "Breanna Holbert" ]
-1751214705061106800	List of Sense8 characters	List of Sense8 characters - wikipedia List of Sense8 characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters of the Netflix television series Sense8 . The majority of characters of the main cast are called sensates and all are exactly the same age in the show , sharing the same birthday , August 8 . During the Christmas special which shows the sensates celebrating their shared birthday , the candles on a birthday cake reveal their age to be 28 . The actors selected are somewhere between mid-20s and mid-30s . Contents ( hide ) 1 August 8 cluster 1.1 Capheus `` Van Damme '' Onyango 1.2 Sun Bak 1.3 Nomi Marks 1.4 Kala Dandekar 1.5 Riley Blue 1.6 Wolfgang Bogdanow 1.7 Lito Rodríguez 1.8 Will Gorski 2 Other series regulars 2.1 Amanita `` Neets '' Caplan 2.2 Whispers 2.3 Sanyam Dandekar 2.4 Jonas Maliki 2.5 Angelica `` Angel '' Turing 3 Recurring characters 3.1 In Nairobi , Kenya 3.2 In Seoul , South Korea 3.3 In San Francisco , California , United States of America 3.4 In Mumbai , India 3.5 In Reykjavík , Iceland 3.6 In London , England , United Kingdom 3.7 In Berlin , Germany 3.8 In Mexico City , Mexico 3.9 In Chicago , Illinois , United States of America 4 Minor characters 5 References August 8 cluster ( edit ) The `` August 8 cluster '' are the main heroes of the series . Angelica Turing `` gave birth '' to this cluster shortly before her suicide . Jonas Maliki acts as their mentor . Throughout the first season , the sensates ' new powers confuse them , as they frequently visit each other with no control via their newfound psychic link . Over the course of the season , they each get to know each other , eventually gaining more control over their abilities . By the end of season one , they may all visit each other and share their abilities at will , with everyone aiding Will when Riley is captured by the series ' main villain , Whispers . During `` A Christmas Special '' , they are all shown to be close friends now , frequently visiting the others , even when it 's just to talk . Capheus `` Van Damme '' onyango ( edit ) Portrayed by Aml Ameen in the first season and Toby Onwumere in the second . Gabriel Ouma portrayed a young Capheus . A matatu driver in Nairobi , and a passionate fan of Jean - Claude Van Damme who is trying to earn money to buy AIDS medicine for his mother . Capheus owns his bus matatu business with his best friend Jela . Their business is failing , however , in competition with another matatu . One day , they drive through a shady part of a nearby city , where they are ambushed by a local warlord 's men , who take their money and the medicine Capheus has bought for his mother . Capheus goes after them , and is about to be killed when he channels Sun , a sensate in his cluster with intensive kickboxing training , and who Capheus at first believes is the spirit of Van Damme . With her skills , they defeat the men , and his fighting skills gain his matatu business popularity , and draws the attention of Silas Kabaka , one of Nairobi 's most powerful crime lords . He hires Capheus to drive his daughter Amondi every day to a CDC center for cancer treatment , as he can not send his men to do it without drawing attention to her . When Silas is captured by his enemies , Capheus decides to save him , once again channeling Sun to defeat the men , saving Silas and reuniting him with his daughter . Capheus ' driving skills often come in handy for the other sensates , and he is able to use this to help Nomi escape Whispers ' men by taking over the drive through the streets of San Francisco . His matatu is irreparable after his heist to save Silas , but Silas repays him by buying him a new one . Because of his reputation for taking down the superpower , his business is booming , and people begin seeing him as something of an idol . He is later approached to run for office , and run against the current politically corrupt president . His messages of hope and power ring true to the people in Nairobi however he is still targeted at one major rally and by people that think he is reckless . Silas even endorses him but it later turns out he is in love with Capheus ' mother . After one rally goes terribly with riots breaking out as well as his staff turning against him , he is saved by the Superpower gang . He is also determined to quit , but his message and speeches go viral . Sun Bak ( edit ) Portrayed by Doona Bae . Jane Lee portrayed a young Sun . The daughter of a powerful Seoul businessman and a burgeoning star in the underground kickboxing world , with a master 's degree in economics . When Sun 's brother Joong - Ki is caught embezzling , Sun 's father asks her to take the blame before the police and court find out , as Sun is already looked down upon by their partners for being a woman . Remembering her deceased mother 's words to always look out for her brother , Sun agrees , and goes to jail for a crime she did n't commit . She becomes unpopular when she looks out for a woman who is often bullied by the other inmates . Sun helps her get revenge on the women picking on her , leading them to ambush Sun in the courtyard . Sun easily fends them off , but is locked in solitary confinement for fighting . Soon afterwards , her father comes to visit her , telling her that she has been a better child than her brother ever was , and that he will come forward about who really committed the crimes , as he wishes to free Sun . The next day however , Sun 's brother visits and tells her that their father killed himself the night before . Sun is quickly able to realize that Joong - Ki killed their father after realizing he would come forward and that he would end up in jail . Sun is arguably the most useful of the sensates and is considered ' the muscle . ' She often comes to rescue others in the cluster with her kickboxing skills whenever they are cornered , and especially when Will goes to free Riley from Whispers . She has the strongest bond with Capheus , and interacts with him the most . During the next few months , Sun frequently visits the other sensates to escape from solitary confinement , while the women she defended bribe the guards to bring her presents . Eventually , Sun is let out of solitary and rejoins her friends in the main prison . Sun is eventually almost hung by some guards bought off by her brother but she is saved by a fellow prisoner , and they both break out with the help of her cluster . She finds a safe house but is frequently chased by law enforcement , most notably , Detective Mun . It turns out that he is looking to indict her brother and grant Sun with freedom but does not have enough evidence . Sun chooses to go undercover at a gala , serving cocktails with the help of Lito to confront her brother . At the night of the gala , Mun also captures Joong - Ki but he shoots him in the stomach and gets away . Sun pursues him in a high speed chase and pins him on the floor , she does not kill him and is arrested while Joong - Ki is escorted away by a politician friend . With the help of Nomi , who rigs the traffic light system and gets the police bandwagon to topside , Sun escapes and is rescued by Puck , who is somehow is Korea , and they are escorted away . Nomi Marks ( edit ) Portrayed by Jamie Clayton . John Babbo portrayed a young Nomi ( then called Michael ) . A trans woman hacktivist and blogger living in San Francisco with her girlfriend , Amanita ( nicknamed Neets ) . At a pride parade , Nomi falls unconscious . She ends up in the hospital , where her transphobic mother tells her that she wo n't let Neets see her . Nomi 's doctor , Dr. Metzger , tells them that her brain has an illness that compromises her sense of reality , and she will need an operation that is essentially lobotomy . Believing Nomi is mentally unstable , they keep her in the hospital against her will . Nomi eventually finds out that her `` doctor '' works for BPO , an organization which hunts down sensates , owned by the series ' villain , Whispers . Neets stages a breakout for Nomi , and the two begin investigating everything that 's happening . They investigate the company , Dr. Metzger , his previous patients , and Whispers . The two find out that all of Dr. Metzger 's previous patients who he had `` diagnosed '' with the same fake illness were sensates from other clusters , and they have all been lobotomized by BPO to the point that they are waking brain death patients . Nomi also discovers that Whispers can make their lobotomized zombie - like bodies do his bidding when he needs to eliminate threats so she and Neets attempt to stay off the company 's radar for a while . Fellow sensate Will gets in direct contact with Nomi , and she uses her hacking skills to help Will save another sensate named Riley . Now hiding from an FBI agent , Nomi and Neets eventually choose to move - in with her old hacking friend , Bug . She routinely helps out other sensates by being the eyes they can not have by accessing security cameras in other rooms . She eventually gets tired of hiding from the FBI and gets a pass with the help of Bug . Bug gets the idea to give Nomi an ' E-death ' meaning all her records and past crimes will be erased from the government records and she will be free . The E-death successfully works and she is finally able to be the maid of honour at her sister 's wedding . During the ceremony however the FBI agent Bendix apprehends her , but without proof of warrant she is able to go free . At the end of season 2 , Neets proposes to Nomi and in turn , Nomi proposes to Neets . Kala Dandekar ( edit ) Portrayed by Tina Desai . Yashvi Nagar portrayed a young Kala . A university - educated pharmacist and devout Hindu in Mumbai engaged to marry a man she does not love . Her sensate cluster is born while she is stressed about her impending wedding . Through her new powers , Kala meets her fellow sensate Wolfgang . The two talk constantly , and Kala realizes she is beginning to fall in love with him . Kala often goes to a temple of Ganesha to bring offerings and pray for advice . One day while visiting , she discovers her fiancé 's father is trying to get the Indian government to enact a law that will restrict Hindu religious practice , and many priests at the temple are praying for his death . When her wedding day arrives , Wolfgang accidentally appears to her naked , causing her to faint . When she awakens the next day , she and her fiancé , Rajan , discuss rescheduling the wedding . She goes to the temple to pray and Rajan 's father confronts her . He asks her to call off the wedding , but before she can tell him what she wants , a line of hooded figures appear and stab him one by one , revealing themselves as Hindu extremists . While his father 's in a coma , Kala tells Rajan that his father instructed her to break up with him . One day , Wolfgang tells Kala that she should not love him , before confronting some men who tried to kill his best friend Felix . She aids him in defeating them . In the end , all who are left are Wolfgang and the man who organized his best friend 's attempted murder . Even though the man is defenseless , Wolfgang shoots him multiple times , telling Kala that his violent past is why she should n't love him , claiming he is a monster . Kala 's on - the - fly thinking and chemistry skills help free Riley , in the season one finale , from Whispers . While on their honeymoon in Italy , Rajan confronts Kala about being a virgin , which makes her paranoid . While she does eventually decide to have sex with him , she is interrupted by Wolfgang , and does not go through with it . She then decides to move - in with Rajan . The two look for a house together . She is still wrestling her feelings for Wolfgang and also another man comes into her life , Ajay , one of Rajan 's friends . They meet at an Art Gallery where they share a fondness for deity artwork . The battle for religious freedom is still an issue and Kala is still associated with the religious extremists , the crowd she does not want to be associated with . Because of this , the couple increase security measures in their house . Rajan appears to be harbouring secrets of his own and takes a trip to Paris , when it is revealed that he is investigating a political corruption case of Ajay and asks Kala to be escorted to a safe - house in Paris . Hoping to meet up with Wolfgang , she agrees until Wolfgang is taken by Whispers . Riley Blue ( edit ) Portrayed by Tuppence Middleton . Katrin Sara Olafsdottir portrayed a young Riley . An Icelandic DJ living in London who is trying to escape a troubled past . Riley begins the series by accidentally diving deep into the world of London 's drug trade , and has many psychic encounters with Will , a sensate who is a part of her cluster . The two fall in love with each other . She finds that she can not escape her tragic past and goes home to Iceland to confront it and reunite with her father , who is a famous Icelandic pianist . It is there that Riley 's backstory is revealed . She was married once to a man named Magnus and was pregnant with his child . On the way to the hospital to give birth , a snowstorm hits and Magnus accidentally drives off the road . Her husband dies in the car crash and she is stuck in the overturned car . Her water breaks and she has to give birth in the wilderness . She takes her baby and tries to get to safety , but ultimately , her daughter freezes to death . In the present , Riley is haunted by survivor 's guilt . While at her father 's classical music concert , she falls unconscious and is taken to the hospital . Her unique brain scans garner the attention of the series ' villain Whispers , who leads an organization that hunts down sensates , and he abducts her . Aware of what is happening , Will goes to Iceland and uses his skills and those of other sensates to break her out . Before they escape however , Will looks into Whispers ' eyes , which gives Whispers the ability to see and hear through Will 's perspective . Riley helps Will use drugs to knock him unconscious to avoid Whispers learning their location . With this strategy , the two successfully escape , using a boat belonging to Riley 's friend Sven to get out to sea . Due to Whispers ' being able to see through Will , she must constantly inject him with drugs to prevent the psychic link to revealing their location . Riley takes care of Will while in hiding and eventually the two decide to go to Chicago to visit Will 's father . Wolfgang Bogdanow ( edit ) Portrayed by Max Riemelt . Lenius Jung portrayed a young Wolfgang . A Berlin locksmith and safe - cracker who has unresolved problems with his late father and participates in organized crime . One night , he and his best friend Felix decide to rob Steiner , Wolfgang 's cousin and enemy , of his most prized possession , a set of outstandingly expensive jewels . The two successfully rob him , and begin looking for buyers . While using some of their newfound fortune to go on a shopping spree , Felix is shot by the Steiner 's men and is put into a coma . Throughout the series , the sensate who Wolfgang bonds the most with is Kala . Over time , the two fall in love . Wolfgang confronts and kills Steiner and his men with Lito 's help , causing Sergei , Steiner 's father and Wolfgang 's uncle , to seek revenge . Wolfgang goes to Sergei 's home to kill him and , with the help of Will and Kala , defeats all his men . Although , Sergei is left defenseless , wounded , and alone , Wolfgang shows no mercy , shooting him multiple times in the head . He then tells Kala that they can not be together , because Wolfgang claims he is a monster . Wolfgang 's skillful ruthlessness aids Will when Riley is kidnapped by Whispers . Wolfgang is told that his actions may cause a dynastic war between Berlin 's most powerful families . Sure enough , he is ambushed on New Year 's , but he and Felix , who has woken up from his coma , survive thanks to the help of the other sensates . Lito Rodríguez ( edit ) Portrayed by Miguel Ángel Silvestre . A closeted actor living in Mexico City with his boyfriend Hernando . Lito is pursued by his costar Daniela , whom he is using to make the public believe he is straight . One night , a tipsy Daniela visits his apartment , wishing to sleep with him and threatening to call the press in order to manipulate him into allowing her inside . Alone , Lito and Hernando reveal to her that they are lovers . She then agrees to help them keep this secret and quickly becomes one of their closest friends , sometimes participating with them sexually . While filming a movie , he meets the film 's producer , whom he recognizes as Daniela 's abusive ex-boyfriend and stalker , Joaquín . Later , Joaquín shows up at Lito 's apartment , drunk and crying , and manages to steal Daniela 's phone , which contains pictures of Lito and Hernando having sex . He threatens to reveal them to the public . Daniela wishes to protect Lito and Hernando and agrees to go back with Joaquín to prevent him from leaking the photos . Lito agrees to let Daniela do this . Hernando disagrees with the decision , becomes resentful of Lito for allowing Daniela to go back to her abuser , and breaks up with him . While grieving , Lito realizes he should not have let Daniela go back and decides to rescue her . He goes to Joaquín 's house and channels Wolfgang 's aggression , beating Joaquín to a pulp and taking Daniela home . After this , the three are reunited and he and Hernando get back together . Will is able to use Lito 's acting skills to lie while in Whispers ' facility . After rescuing Daniela , Joaquín leaks the photos of Lito and Hernando to the world , ruining his career . He and Lito are evicted from their apartment , but Daniela allows them to stay with her . Will Gorski ( edit ) Portrayed by Brian J. Smith . Maxwell Jenkins portrayed a young Will . A Chicago police officer haunted by an unsolved murder from his childhood . When the series begins , he tells his partner Diego about his supernatural experiences although he does n't believe him . He begins investigating the unreported murder of Angelica , who keeps appearing to him in visions . Most of his initial sensate interactions are with fellow cluster - member Riley Blue and the two begin to fall in love . Soon Jonas Maliki , a sensate from Angelica 's cluster , confronts Will in person about his role as a sensate . Will responds by turning Jonas in to the police and is viewed as a hero in his precinct . He begins to learn more about the other sensates in his cluster and how to utilize his new abilities . Eventually , he discovers that Riley has been captured by the series villain Whispers , whom Jonas has warned him about . According to Jonas , if Will looks into Whispers eyes , he will be able to see everything that he sees . Whispers is holding Riley in a private facility in Iceland , where she is to be experimented on . Will goes to Iceland and uses his skills , as well as the other sensates ' abilities , to save Riley . During their escape , however , Will accidentally looks into Whispers ' eyes . Far from the facility , Will injects himself with drugs to lose consciousness to ensure that Whispers does not find them . Riley helps them successfully escape and gets Will to safety . Because Whispers can now see through him , Will constantly inject himself with drugs in order to reduce Whispers ' psychic influence . When awake , Will and Riley grow much closer . On Christmas Day , however , Whispers reveals to Will that his father has resumed drinking and is severely depressed without him . Will feels guilty , and Riley tells him they will go visit his father together . Other series regulars ( edit ) Amanita `` Neets '' caplan ( edit ) Portrayed by Freema Agyeman . Nomi 's girlfriend , who later becomes an ally for the new sensates . Whispers ( edit ) Portrayed by Terrence Mann . A sensate who turned against his own kind for unknown reasons and leads an organization determined to neutralize or kill sensates . Despite his being a sensate and having a family of his own , he lacks empathy . Sanyam Dandekar ( edit ) Portrayed by Anupam Kher . Himanshu Powdwal portrayed a young Sanyam . Kala 's father , a chef and restaurant owner . He and his daughter are very close . Kala 's fiancée Rajan constantly seeks his approval . Jonas Maliki ( edit ) Portrayed by Naveen Andrews . A sensate from Angelica 's cluster , who wants to help the newly - born cluster of sensates . By the end of season one , he is captured by the series ' villain , Whispers . Angelica `` Ángel '' Turing ( edit ) Portrayed by Daryl Hannah . A sensate from an older cluster ( which includes Jonas ) who becomes the `` mother '' of the cluster of eight new sensates as she activates their psychic connection . She kills herself before being captured by Whispers in order to protect the cluster she has birthed . Because she birthed the new sensates , her memories echo through the them , and she can still somehow communicate with them . Recurring characters ( edit ) The recurring actors are listed by the region in which they first appear . In Nairobi , kenya ( edit ) Paul Ogola as Jela , Capheus ' best friend and partner in the `` Van Damn '' bus service . Peter King Mwania as Silas Kabaka , a crime lord who approaches Capheus to work for him . Lwanda Jawar as Githu , the leader of the Nairobi `` Superpower '' gang . Chichi Seii as Shiro , Capheus ' mother who is seriously ill with AIDS . Rosa Katanu as Amondi Kabaka , Silas ' daughter . Biko Nyongesa , plays a member of the `` Superpower '' gang . Mumbi Maina as Zakia , a local news journalist who becomes romantically involved with Capheus In Seoul , south Korea ( edit ) Lee Ki - chan as Joong - Ki Bak , Sun 's younger brother . Lee Geung - young as Kang - Dae Bak , a businessman and Sun and Joong - Ki 's father . Youn Yuh - jung as Min - jung , fellow prisoner Sukku Son as Detective Mun , policeman , who wants to clear Sun 's name Hye - Hwa Kim as Mi - Cha , Sun 's mother . Sara Sohn as Soo - Jin , a Korean prisoner . Myung Gye - Nam as Sun 's kickboxing trainer . In San Francisco , california , united states of america ( edit ) Adam Shapiro as Dr. Metzger , Nomi 's `` doctor '' who really works for Whispers . Michael X . Sommers as Bug , Nomi 's old friend who ran with her in their younger hacktivist days . Sandra Fish as Janet Marks , Nomi 's disapproving mother . Maximilienne Ewalt as Grace , Amanita 's mother who is more accepting of Nomi than her own . She embraces both Nomi 's relationship with Neets and her identity as a trans woman . In Mumbai , India ( edit ) Purab Kohli as Rajan Rasal , Kala 's fiancé . Natasha Rastogi as Priya Dandekar , Kala and Daya 's mother , Sanyam 's wife . Mansi Dovhal portrayed a young Priya . Darshan Jariwala as Manendra Rasal , Rajan 's father and Sahana 's husband . Mita Vashisht as Sahana Rasal , mother of Rajan and wife of Manendra . Huzane Mewawala as Daya Dandekar , Kala 's sister and a fellow pharmacist . Avantika Akerkar as Aunty Ina , Kala and Daya 's aunt . Shruti Bapna as Devi , Kala 's friend . Rajesh Khera as a wedding planner . In reykjavík , Iceland ( edit ) Kristján Kristjánsson as Gunnar , Riley 's pianist father . Lilja Þórisdóttir as Yrsa , an Icelandic sensate from an older cluster . Eyþór Gunnarsson as Sven , Riley 's friend in Iceland . Thor Birgisson as Magnus Þórsson , Riley 's husband who died in a car accident . In London , england , united kingdom ( edit ) Frank Dillane as Shugs , Riley 's close friend and Bambie 's boyfriend . Nicôle Lecky as Bambie , Shugs ' girlfriend . Joseph Mawle as Nyx , a drug dealer . In Berlin , germany ( edit ) Maximilian Mauff as Felix Bernner , a locksmith who is Wolfgang 's best friend and partner - in - crime . Chiron Elias Krase portrayed a young Felix . Sylvester Groth as Sergei Bogdanow , Wolfgang 's rich uncle and Steiner 's father . Christian Oliver as Steiner Bogdanow , a villainous Russian mobster in Berlin who is at war with his cousin Wolfgang and Felix . Bernhard Schütz as Anton Bogdanow , Wolfgang 's father . Georg Tryphon as Abraham , a Jewish business man . Wolfgang Lindner as one of Sergei 's bodyguards . Lars Eidinger as Sebastian Fuchs , also known as `` King of the North '' for his status as leading one faction of the mob gangs in Berlin . Valeria Bilello as Lila Facchini , a sensate from another cluster that works alongside Fuchs and is in collusion with Whispers . In Mexico city , Mexico ( edit ) Alfonso Herrera as Hernando Fuentes , Lito 's boyfriend . Eréndira Ibarra as Daniela Velázquez , an actress who helps Lito to hide his sexual orientation . Joaquin 's ex-girlfriend . Raúl Méndez as Joaquín Flores , Daniela 's jealous and violent abusive ex-boyfriend . Ari Brickman as the director of Lito 's current film . Jeronimo Best as the assistant director in Lito 's movies . Erik Hayser as Raoul Pasquale , a sensate from Angelica 's first cluster and acquaintance of Lito . In Chicago , illinois , united states of america ( edit ) Ness Bautista as Diego Morales , Will 's police partner . William Burke as Deshawn , a young gang member in Chicago . Larry Clarke as Will 's Police Captain . Margot Thorne as Sara Patrell , a young sensate who disappeared after being found by Whispers . Joe Pantoliano as Michael Gorski , Will 's father , a retired cop . Minor characters ( edit ) These are a few significant minor characters , such as celebrities making a cameo appearance . Ma Dong - seok as the bouncer outside the sex club in Seoul . Tony Hong as the referee of the underground martial arts ring . Sean Dorsey as Sean , the real life choreographer of the Fresh Meat Festival dance Nomi and Amanita attend . Tino Rodríguez as `` Green Fairy '' in the San Francisco Pride . Rodríguez 's painting The Song that Traverses a Tenebrous World is featured in the show hanging on the walls of Lito 's apartment . Virgo Paraiso as `` Purple Fairy '' in the San Francisco Pride . Dorsey , Rodríguez and Paraiso had previously collaborated with the Wachowskis on the music video of Antony and the Johnsons ' Epilepsy Is Dancing . Lana Wachowski and Tom Tykwer passing by the camera with their backs turned to it during the New Years Eve celebration in the Christmas special . David Mitchell and Aleksandar Hemon cameo as themselves in Amanita 's bookstore . They were involved in some capacity with the writing of the second season , for which they were credited as `` consultants '' . Eduardo Semerjian as `` Parade Host '' in the Sao Paulo Pride . Marc Jacobs as himself . His partner Char Defrancesco , appears in the same scene , as Charlie . Kobi Kihara as herself , interviewing Capheus . Cleopatra Koheirwe as Mother References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Emily Orley ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About The Eight Main Characters In `` Sense8 '' `` . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindsay MacDonald ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sense8 ' Christmas Special : Light on the holidays , heavy on the sensates '' . Screener . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Sense8 ' details and a new comic from J. Michael Straczynski '' . Screener ( Interview ) . Interview with Andrea Reiher . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Natricia Duncan ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Aml Ameen : The London boy 's amazing journey '' . The Voice . GV Media Group . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aml Ameen ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Aml Ameen on ' The Maze Runner ' & More '' . Jet ( Interview ) . Interview with L'Oreal Thompson . Ebony Media Operations . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ; Mike Fleming Jr ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sense8 ' : Aml Ameen Replaced By Toby Onwumere In Wachowskis ' Netflix Series '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toby Onwumere ( @ toby_onwumere ) ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game time . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Anjan Sachar ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tina Desai makes her international TV debut '' . Vogue India . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Orley ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About Netflix 's New Show `` Sense8 '' `` . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Priya Gupta ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Lana Wachowski : India should relax more around LGBT issues '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lydia Jenkin ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Sense8 : Making sense of it all '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood glitterati brings action to the city '' . People Daily . September 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter King Mwania ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` This is why Hollywood recognises my acting '' . People Daily ( Interview ) . Mediamax Network Limited . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elly Gitau ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Kenyan Actor , Film Director Cast in Hollywood Series '' . AllAfrica.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pao ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Bae Doo Na Films Wachowskis ' New Series , `` Sense8 , '' in Seoul `` . Soompi . Viki . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix provides unique opportunity to Korean actors in Sense8 '' . Daehan Drama . June 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tae Hong ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Budding actress Sara Sohn looks beyond ' Sense8 ' '' . koreatimesus.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney Friedlander ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Trailer : The Wachowskis ' Netflix Thriller ' Sense8 ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview with Sense8 's Maximilienne Ewalt '' . The news Hub . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sonup Sahadevan ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Purab Kohli , Natasha Rastogi , Darshan Jariwala , Tena Desae to be part of international series Sense 8 '' . Tellychakkar.com . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanvi Trivedi ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Shruti Bapna lands a role in an international series '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saloni Bhatia ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Rajesh Khera to play Betaal in Sinhasan Battisi '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lífið ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Mágarnir KK og Eyþór með hlutverk í Sense8 - þáttunum '' . Fréttablaðið ( in Icelandic ) . 365 prentmiðlar . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaleem Aftab ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Frank Dillane '' . Interview . Jason Nikic . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christian Oliver ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive interview with Christian Oliver '' . myFanbase ( Interview ) . Interview with Nicole Oebel . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stacy Lambe ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Alfonso Herrera Puts Ego Aside for Love on Sense8 '' . Out . Here Media . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero Calderón ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Raúl Méndez el señor de las series '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . Grupo Imagen . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jana Nascimento Nagase ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Perfil : Raul Mendez -- Cinema '' . Gazeta News ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ K STAR 생방송 스타 뉴스 ( June 12 , 2015 ) . ( K STAR ) Ma Dong - seok made a cameo appearance in ( sense8 ) 마동석 , 워쇼스키 남매 작품 에 ' 깜짝 출연 ' ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` SEAN DORSEY DANCE FEATURED ON NETFLIX SERIES ' SENSE8 ' '' . Sean Dorsey Dance . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tino Rodríguez ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` I love it when Hard Core fans do extra research to find out more about their favorite show . '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ Tino Rodríguez ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` As seen in Sense8 on Netflix . '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ Tino Rodríguez ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` My painting ' The song that traverses a tenebrous world ' was inspired by both Caravaggio & Jean Genet . Two amazing queer geniuses that changed the way we perceive the world . This painting also appears in Sense8 on Netflix ❤ 💚 💜 💙 💛 # tinorodriguezart # caravaggio # jeangenet # netflix # sense8 # litorodriguez # miguelangelsilvestre # sense8mexico '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tino Rodríguez ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` My painting as part of Sense8 season 1 on Netflix . Directed by the Wachowskis . Tom twyker and James McTeague . # tinorodriguezart # netflix # sense8 # sensuality # netflix # wachowskis # television # seasonone # litorodriguez # art # painting # homoerotic # blackmail # lifeimitatingart '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Derek Evers . `` Antony And The Johnsons - `` Epilepsy Is Dancing '' `` . The Fader . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simon Abrams ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sense8 Christmas Special Recap : ' Tis the Season '' . Vulture.com . New York Media . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polyphony '' . Sense8 . Season 2 . Episode 4 . May 5 , 2017 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Miguel Ángel Silvestre ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` TELEVISION Lito 's way : Miguel Angel Silvestro talks ' Sense8 ' '' . Windy City Times ( Interview ) . Interview with Lawrence Ferber . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aleksandar Hemon ( May 20 , 2017 ) . `` Aleksandar Hemon : ' Šega i tuga su meni nerazdvojne , kao i mnogim Bosancima ' '' . Novi list ( Interview ) ( in Croatian ) . Interview with Vanja Kulaš . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy F * cking New Year '' . Sense8 . Season 2 . Episode 1 . December 23 , 2016 . Netflix . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/marcjacobs/status/860588165865852928 Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/style-notes-anna-cleveland-sued-by-production-company-boohoos-20m-bid-nasty-gal-959607 Jump up ^ http://www.ghafla.com/ke/2017/06/12/ntvs-kobi-kihara-features-netflixs-sense-8-series/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sense8_characters&oldid=800937844 '' Categories : Lists of fictional characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays will gorski's dad in sense8	[ "\nNess Bautista[18] as Diego Morales, Will's police partner.\nWilliam Burke as Deshawn, a young gang member in Chicago.\nLarry Clarke as Will's Police Captain.\nMargot Thorne as Sara Patrell, a young sensate who disappeared after being found by Whispers.\nJoe Pantoliano as Michael Gorski, Will's father, a retired cop.[18]\n" ]	[ "Joe Pantoliano" ]
-4903458315535477494	Why Don't You Get a Job?	Why Do n't You Get a Job ? - Wikipedia Why Do n't You Get a Job ? Jump to : navigation , search `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' Single by The Offspring from the album Americana B - side `` Beheaded ( 1999 ) '' Released March 30 , 1999 Format CD single , Cassette , 12 '' Recorded 1998 Genre Pop punk , ska punk Length 2 : 49 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dexter Holland Producer ( s ) Dave Jerden The Offspring singles chronology `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' ( 1999 ) `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' ( 1999 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' is a song by The Offspring . The song is the 11th track on The Offspring 's fifth studio album Americana ( 1998 ) and was released as the second single from the album . The song also appears as the eighth track on the band 's Greatest Hits album ( 2005 ) . The single peaked within the top ten of the charts in many countries , including number two in the United Kingdom , Australia and Sweden . The song drew attention for its close similarity to the song `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' , as multiple music writers pointed out that the melody sounded exactly like The Beatles ' 1968 release from the White Album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listings 2.1 Australia CD Maxi 2.2 Part 2 2.3 Later version 2.4 Promo CD 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by McG , was shot on the backlot of Universal Studios Hollywood . Several TV and movie set locations can be seen throughout the video , including Colonial Street ( which was used as Wisteria Lane in Desperate Housewives ) and Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy . The video features the four members of the band walking through these locations while a steadily growing crowd follows them . Dexter Holland opens the video by flying into a serene suburban setting on a hang glider . A male fast food worker ( played by Dor Ashur ) has a milkshake dumped on his face by a group of buxom female customers and then throws himself through a window , and a BMX biker falls off a roof shortly thereafter . Toward the end , Holland triggers an explosion that scatters his followers so that only his fellow band members remain . Bob Eubanks , the host of the Newlywed Game , makes a cameo appearance . Towards the end of the video , Guy Cohen , who played the main character in the `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' video , makes a short appearance . Chris `` X-13 '' Higgins appears in the video as a lazy boyfriend . Pussycat Dolls member Carmit Bachar plays his girlfriend . The video appears on the Complete Music Video Collection DVD , released in 2005 . Track listings ( edit ) Australia CD Maxi ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' 2 : 49 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' ( Lowriders Remix ) 3 : 01 3 . `` Beheaded ( 1999 ) '' 2 : 38 4 . `` '' Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) `` '' ( Music Video in the CD - ROM ) 3 : 07 Part 2 ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' 2 : 49 2 . `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( The Baka Boyz Remix ) 4 : 22 3 . `` Beheaded ( 1999 ) '' 2 : 38 4 . `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' ( Ramones Cover ) 2 : 19 Later version ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' 2 : 49 2 . `` Beheaded ( 1999 ) '' 2 : 38 3 . `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' ( Ramones Cover ) 2 : 19 Promo CD ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( Album version ) 2 : 52 2 . `` Callout Hook # 1 '' 0 : 10 3 . `` Callout Hook # 2 '' 0 : 05 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 25 Canadian RPM Top Singles 19 Canadian RPM Rock Chart France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 74 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 96 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum Sweden ( GLF ) Gold Cover versions ( edit ) South African singer Snotkop translated the song into Afrikaans as `` Kry Jou Ass By Die Werk '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Offspring , The -- Why Do n't You Get A Job ? '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? ( US ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( 1999 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Is the Song an Offspring ? '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Teri vanHorn ( 1999 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Offspring Song Has A Familiar Ring , Beatles Fans Say '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Richard Harrington ( 1999 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Punk With Spunk '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 1999 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Offspring -- Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Offspring : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1999 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ http://www.channel24.co.za/Music/FeaturesInterviews/Interview-Snotkop-20090715 Retrieved 7 January 2014 External links ( edit ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' Official music video on YouTube ( hide ) The Offspring Dexter Holland Greg K . Noodles Pete Parada Jim Benton Doug Thompson Marcus Parrish James Lilja Ron Welty Atom Willard Studio albums The Offspring Ignition Smash Ixnay on the Hombre Americana Conspiracy of One Splinter Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace Days Go By Compilations Collection Greatest Hits Happy Hour ! EPs Baghdad They Were Born to Kill Club Me A Piece of Americana Summer Nationals Demos 6 songs cassette Tehran Singles `` I 'll Be Waiting '' `` Come Out and Play '' `` Self Esteem '' `` Gotta Get Away '' `` Smash It Up '' `` All I Want '' `` Gone Away '' `` The Meaning of Life '' `` I Choose '' `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` She 's Got Issues '' `` Original Prankster '' `` Want You Bad '' `` Million Miles Away '' `` Defy You '' `` Hit That '' `` ( Ca n't Get My ) Head Around You '' `` Spare Me the Details '' `` Ca n't Repeat '' `` Hammerhead '' `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' `` Half - Truism '' `` Days Go By '' `` Cruising California ( Bumpin ' in My Trunk ) '' `` Turning Into You '' `` Coming for You '' Video albums Americana Huck It Complete Music Video Collection Tours Warped Tour 2005 Days Go By Tour Smash : 20th Anniversary Tour World Tour 2016 World Tour 2017 World Tour 2018 Related articles Discography List of songs Awards List of the Offspring band members Nitro Records Related bands Angels & Airwaves Face to Face Saves the Day Steady Ground Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Don%27t_You_Get_a_Job%3F&oldid=813716725 '' Categories : The Offspring songs 1999 singles Songs written by Dexter Holland Music videos directed by McG 1998 songs Columbia Records singles Ska punk songs Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings why don't you get a job	[ "\"Why Don't You Get a Job?\" is a song by The Offspring. The song is the 11th track on The Offspring's fifth studio album Americana (1998) and was released as the second single from the album. The song also appears as the eighth track on the band's Greatest Hits album (2005). The single peaked within the top ten of the charts in many countries, including number two in the United Kingdom, Australia and Sweden." ]	[ "The Offspring" ]
3468213950702405570	List of Doc Martin episodes	List of Doc Martin episodes - wikipedia List of Doc Martin episodes Jump to : navigation , search Doc Martin is a British comedy - drama that has aired on ITV since 2004 , with a first season of six episodes . The episode number for the second series increased to eight . This was followed by a special bonus TV film and a third series of seven episodes . The next four series aired eight episodes each . Series 8 began on 20 September 2017 and as of 11 October 2017 , 4 episodes have aired , bringing the total to 58 episodes ( from the series plus the stand - alone TV Film ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Series 1 ( 2004 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.3 TV film ( 2006 ) 2.4 Series 3 ( 2007 ) 2.5 Series 4 ( 2009 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( 2011 ) 2.7 Series 6 ( 2013 ) 2.8 Series 7 ( 2015 ) 2.9 Series 8 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired DVD release Avg . UK Ratings Series premiere Series finale Region 2 Region 1 6 2 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 02 ) 7 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) 31 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 31 ) 12 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) 9.32 million 8 10 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) 5 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) 3 April 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 03 ) 28 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 28 ) 8.68 million TV film 25 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 25 ) 29 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 28 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 28 ) 5.88 million 7 24 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 5 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 18 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) 2 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) 9.12 million 8 20 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 20 ) 8 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 1 March 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 6 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) 9.15 million 5 8 12 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 12 ) 31 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 31 ) 5 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 5 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) 10.60 million 6 8 2 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 02 ) 21 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) 24 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 10 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 10 ) 8.97 million 7 8 7 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) 2 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 16 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 8 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 7.61 million 8 8 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 8 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBA TBA 9 8 September 2018 November 2018 TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` Going Bodmin '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella 9.93 2 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 02 ) Martin attends an interview for the post of general practitioner ( GP ) . Having unwittingly offended local teacher Louisa Glasson , he spontaneously diagnoses her glaucoma . Although pleased to renew his acquaintance with his Auntie Joan with whom he spent holidays as a boy , he is less than enamoured of the other locals he encounters and the state of his predecessor 's surgery . He also inadvertently uncovers an affair between a teenager and the wife of the Lieutenant Colonel , leading to threats of a divorce , a reconciliation and then a punch on his nose . Disillusioned , Martin decides he has made a mistake and plans to return to London . `` Gentlemen Prefer '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella 8.98 9 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 09 ) Martin 's surgery officially opens for business , but patients continue to treat it as a drop - in cafe . Former teacher Roger Fenn is hoarse and has a lump on his neck , so Martin refers him to a specialist for a biopsy . He is diagnosed with cancer and must have surgery which may cost the former singer his voice . Martin also sacks Elaine as his receptionist for her general attitude and incompetence after she inaccurately takes down the name or phone number of a boy with suspected appendicitis . `` Sh * t Happens '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella 8.91 16 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) A stomach bug sweeps the village , filling Martin 's surgery with patients . Martin appears on the local radio station in an attempt to alert the village to a potential health scare , but his efforts misfire . Bert Large and his son have an argument over college and the future of their family businesses . `` The Portwenn Effect '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella 9.31 23 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 23 ) Louisa buys two tickets to the Portwenn Players Dance and invites Martin . He does n't want to go so Louisa offers the ticket to Mark instead . Peter Cronk , a boy at Louisa 's school , causes trouble on a wildlife trip and Martin meets the Park Ranger Stewart , who believes he lives with a 6 foot squirrel named Anthony . Special Guest : Ben Miller 5 5 `` Of All the Harbours in All the Towns '' Ben Bolt Kirstie Falkous & John Regier 9.45 30 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 30 ) John Slater , an old flame of Joan 's , returns to the village hoping to rekindle his love affair with her , but Martin discovers he has a life - threatening heart condition . Fifteen - year - old Melanie Gibson ( Stephanie Leonidas ) has a crush on the doctor after he mends her dislocated shoulder . Special Guest : John Alderton 6 6 `` Haemophobia '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella 9.31 7 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) Martin is forced to confront his fear of blood , first when the town plays a prank on him involving ketchup as a fake injury , and then when Peter , a young lad of the town , suffers a ruptured spleen that needs an urgent operation . Series 2 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate 7 `` Old Dogs '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella 8.86 10 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) Louisa 's old flame , Danny Steel , comes to Portwenn hoping to rekindle their romance . He is furious with Martin for interfering with his mother 's move to a nursing home . A man who has a habit of inexplicably injuring himself consults Martin . Elaine has resigned and moved away with her boyfriend Greg and has been replaced by her cousin , Pauline Lamb . 8 `` In Loco '' Ben Bolt Richard Stoneman 8.19 17 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 17 ) Louisa interviews for a position as headmistress and crosses Martin by insisting that children with a highly contagious disease should still come to school against the doctor 's wishes . Peter stays with Martin after Peter 's mother suffers serious burns . Bert Large steps in to maintain the chip shop whilst Mrs Cronk is hospitalised , only to find his `` experience in the catering trade '' is a little wayward . 9 `` Blood is Thicker '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 9.26 24 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ) Al discovers that Bert is not his natural father ; Martin diagnoses food poisoning for a rural family with a mysterious unseen mother . 10 `` Aromatherapy '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella 8.99 1 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 01 ) An old man , inexplicably emanating a horrible stench , consults Doctor Ellingham ; and the local radio host , Caroline , seems to have a serious drinking problem . Julie Mitchell arrives in Portwenn and immediately catches the attention of PC Mark Mylow . Special guest : Hugh Lloyd 11 5 `` Always on My Mind '' Ben Bolt Richard Stoneman 8.56 8 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 08 ) Martin examines Helen Pratt , but she collapses and dies . Her husband , Phil , is angry with the doctor and blames him for his wife 's death . A feud develops between Phil and Helen 's long - time friend Joan after Phil becomes convinced that Joan knew something secret about him . Joan encourages Martin to explain the circumstances of Helen 's death to Phil , having previously been extremely cold and insensitive following her death . Pauline begins training to become a member of the lifeboat crew , flirting with her instructor , Ross , in the process , causing Al to become jealous . Special guest : Roger Lloyd - Pack 12 6 `` The Family Way '' Ben Bolt Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella 8.83 15 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 15 ) Martin 's cold and difficult parents come to stay with him . He has n't seen them for seven years , and is puzzled as to why they should turn up out of the blue . Mark and Julie get engaged . Danny Steel 's lung collapses whilst renovating a house and Martin examines a woman with what she claims is a thyroid , but the results turn out to be rather different . Special guests : John Woodvine & Claire Bloom 13 7 `` Out of the Woods '' Minkie Spiro Jack Lothian 8.11 22 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 22 ) PC Mark Mylow plans to spend his stag night sleeping rough in the woods with Al Large , but gets bitten by an adder . The doctor does n't have a clue where they are and his only hope lies with the area 's park ranger -- Stewart . 14 8 `` Erotomania '' Minkie Spiro Dominic Minghella & Edana Minghella 8.60 5 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) Martin tries to persuade Mrs. Tishell , the pharmacist , to remove her collar , which she has worn for years . Louisa breaks up with Danny after career disagreements . A man from the Salvation Army arrives in Portwenn trying to trace a girl who left her home . Whom could he be after ? TV film ( 2006 ) ( edit ) No. overall Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate 15 `` On the Edge '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 5.88 25 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 25 ) Martin learns that he is under investigation for rude and condescending behaviour with the end result that he may have to go on a 2 week course to improve his people skills . Pauline advises him that he will have to find a new receptionist as she is returning to university to study nursing . Bert Large thinks he 's struck gold when word gets out that a rare bird is nesting in the local cliffs so he borrows the police van to offer guided tours . Louisa Glasson 's father Terry suddenly re-appears in the village accompanied by his friend , Jonathan . Terry had left the village under a cloud when he was accused of stealing money from the lifeboat fund but he has always maintained his innocence and Louisa remains his staunchest defender . Things get serious when Jonathan stops taking his medication and takes Martin , Louisa and Pauline prisoner and the problems in the town heat up . Series 3 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate 16 `` The Apple Does n't Fall '' Ben Bolt Richard Stoneman 8.10 24 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) Martin believes Louisa may be anaemic after she passes out in front of her class . A young girl is treated for hyperactivity and it 's suspected that she 's been taking her Mum 's diet pills . After the horror and shock of discovering his fiance Julie 's secret , Constable Mark Mylow has left -- PC Joe Penhale ( John Marquez ) arrives in Portwenn to replace him , arousing attention from the doc , who discovers him unconscious at the wheel of his police car . Titled Tick Tock in American release . 17 `` Movement '' Ben Bolt Nick Vivian 8.58 1 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) Bert Large abandons his plumbing business in favour of running a restaurant . Following the restaurant 's opening , several cases of food poisoning occur with Louisa being one of the victims . Titled The Morning After in American release . 18 `` City Slickers '' Ben Bolt Richard Stoneman 8.84 8 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) A couple and their son move in next door to Louisa causing problems for her , Martin and the local people . Residents also begin to discover something unusual about PC Penhale Titled Love Thy Neighbor in American release . 19 `` The Admirer '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 8.81 15 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) Hotel owner Carrie Wilson has her sights on Martin much to Louisa 's chagrin . Joan has an admirer in painter Edward Melville , who is 30 years younger than she . Titled The GP Always Rings Twice in American release . 20 5 `` The Holly Bears a Prickle '' Ben Bolt Ben Bolt 9.21 22 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) Pauline 's gambling addiction finally comes to a head after an explosive confrontation in the surgery . Martin and Louisa go out on a date , but it is ruined by an inappropriate remark , and Louisa ends their relationship . Louisa 's friend , Holly ( Lucy Robinson ) , injures her back while walking in Portwenn . The episode ends with Martin proposing to Louisa , telling her he ca n't imagine life without her . Titled Breaking Up Is Hard to Do in American release . 21 6 `` Nowt So Queer '' Ben Bolt Keith Temple 9.92 29 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) The news of Martin and Louisa 's engagement spreads like wildfire through Portwenn . A mysterious respiratory infection breaks out in the village . Martin becomes concerned about a patient who lives with her domineering and sinister sister , a biochemist . Al Large is concerned about his finances . Titled The Two of Us in American release 22 7 `` Happily Ever After '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 10.37 5 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) On the day of their wedding , Louisa 's bridesmaid is hit in the eye with a party popper ; the local florist gets arrested and his shop shuttered . Bert Large has to make contingency plans for the wedding party . Martin suggests the vicar has a drink problem and later catches him with a bottle of whiskey . The vicar ends up in hospital after falling over and fracturing his hip . Martin has to find a replacement , and pays a high price for his services . Louisa 's maid of honor has another emergency . Titled In Sickness and In Health in American release . Series 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate 23 `` Better the Devil '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 8.30 20 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 20 ) Life in the beautiful Cornish village of Portwenn has become ever more infuriating for Dr. Martin Ellingham since his and Louisa 's heart - wrenching decision to call off their wedding . Louisa has left the village , and Martin has begun to question what keeps him in Cornwall . It 's certainly not his relentlessly annoying patients . Mrs Tishell 's husband Clive returns to his wife and concerns the doctor with his lack of hearing . Martin 's ex-girlfriend Dr. Edith Montgomery aids a patient of his , and the pair immediately come to a disagreement over the patient 's need for an operation . The episode ends with the return of Louisa and her surprise news . 24 `` Uneasy Lies the Head '' Ben Bolt Ben Bolt 8.03 27 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) Dr. Martin Ellingham struggles to deal with Louisa 's news , and is conflicted over what action to take . But Louisa is adamant she does not want Martin involved . Auntie Joan , however , is highly insistent that she help Louisa through the pregnancy . Louisa takes a job back at Portwenn Primary School , where the headmaster is creating suspicion and public concern over his increasingly erratic behaviour . Martin realises the schoolmaster is unwell when he evacuates blue urine . Things come to a frightening turn when he takes a class of schoolchildren to the beach . Special guest : David Haig 25 `` Perish Together as Fools '' Ben Bolt Richard Stoneman 8.71 4 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) Dr. Martin Ellingham is shocked to find Louisa and Aunt Joan knocking at his door before the Surgery has opened . Louisa has had a medical scare and wants Martin 's reassurance that everything is fine . PC Joe Penhale 's big brother Sam comes to Portwenn . Louisa moves in with an old man who wants to move to a nursing home but Martin refuses his request . The doctor is less than pleased when he hears the surgery needs to be re-decorated . Al Large goes to lengths in order to convince Pauline he is good enough for her . 26 `` Driving Mr. McIynn '' Minkie Spiro Richard Stoneman 9.21 11 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 11 ) Dr. Martin Ellingham is called to Louisa 's new home after she has a dizzy spell while shifting furniture . Martin urges her to slow down , but is shocked to learn that Louisa has applied to be her school 's headteacher again , with the previous one getting porphyria and having to leave . Martin refuses an application to an elderly couple for a disabled parking badge when the wheelchair bound man refuses to prove he is indeed disabled , thus when Martin tries to gain proof anyway , he ends up stabbing the man in his hand with a surgical pin . 27 5 `` The Departed '' Minkie Spiro Jack Lothian 9.49 18 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 18 ) Dr. Martin Ellingham is in London to meet Robert Dashwood , who is leading the selection process for the prestigious Imperial College London surgeon 's job that Martin has applied for . Robert can tell that Martin is excited to be back in the world of surgery , and is pleased when Martin says he has finally conquered his debilitating blood phobia . Robert is confident that Martin will get the job . Meanwhile , a family sues Joan after she traps their highly troublesome child in her chicken coop , after which he develops a mysterious malaise . 28 6 `` Midwife Crisis '' Ben Bolt Ben Bolt 9.23 25 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) Dr. Martin Ellingham meets Portwenn 's new midwife , Molly , who will be looking after Louisa . Martin is dismissive of her profession and irritated by her prejudiced attitude towards him and by her insistence that men are n't needed to help pregnant women . Thus the two of them do not hit it off . In the meantime , Bert hires Marigold to work in the restaurant kitchen . She responds by bringing him game to use in the restaurant . Her husband Michael becomes deathly ill , Marigold shows some milder , but similar symptoms , and when Bert calls in Martin to look at Michael , the Doc finds spoiled roadkill ( the very same game Marigold has been supplying Bert ) in the kitchen cupboard . He determines that they both are suffering from toxoplasmosis from eating bad meat . 29 7 `` Do Not Disturb '' Ben Bolt Richard Stoneman 9.95 1 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) Dr. Martin Ellingham seeks out Louisa to talk about his new surgeon 's job at Imperial College London , but they are interrupted by Bert , who wants to plan a baby shower for Louisa . Joan opens up her house to the public as a B&B , and her first guest is an old friend with disgusting breath and a constipation issue . Martin and Pauline exchange angry words when she discovers a letter offering him a job at Imperial College London , with Martin incensed that she opened his mail in the first place . 30 8 `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 10.28 8 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) Dr. Martin Ellingham and Pauline are surprised by the number of patients coming to see him on the last day before his Surgery closes and he moves to London , but after a series of mishaps , including the taxi driver crashing his car with Louisa inside it , Louisa goes into labour and the Doc is facing a dilemma ; should he move away or stick around to support Louisa and their newborn child ? Series 5 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) includes ITV1 HD and ITV1 + 1 broadcasts Original airdate 31 `` Preserve the Romance '' Ben Bolt Ben Bolt 10.24 12 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 12 ) Curmudgeonly Martin Ellingham 's plans to resume his career as a consultant in London are put on hold with the birth of the son he fathered with his now estranged partner , Louisa Glasson . At the surgery , new doctor Diana Dibbs is excited to begin work , but Martin begins to have serious doubts about her competence after she misdiagnoses patients , dishes out prescriptions for totally inappropriate drugs and advises patients to up dosages if problems persist . Pauline has left and got a job in Bristol , and replaced as receptionist by the new doctor 's husband , much to Dr Ellingham 's shock . Later , Ellingham receives some devastating news : the day previously when driving over Bodmin Moor to visit Louisa in hospital with the new baby , Aunt Joan had a heart attack and died at the wheel of her parked car . 32 `` Dry Your Tears '' Ben Bolt Richard Stoneman 10.66 19 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) Determined to get to grips with fatherhood , Martin asks Louisa to move into his house so he can help to raise their son . He even suggests that Louisa and ' baby ' could move to London with him . Louisa is none too sure about the move to London . Meanwhile , Aunt Joan 's sister Ruth Ellingham turns up at Portwenn for Joan 's funeral . Aunt Ruth is a doctor like Ellingham and his father Christopher , but she is a psychiatrist . Aunt Ruth , Aunt Joan , and Ellingham 's father Chris were all siblings . Ellingham turns Joan 's funeral into a medical warning . Aunt Ruth has no intentions of staying until Martin reveals that Aunt Joan 's farm is all Ruth 's . 33 `` Born with a Shotgun '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 10.37 26 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) Ellingham has a new receptionist , Morwenna Newcross , an attractive teenage girl to replace Pauline . Morwenna fails to make a good impression on the doc by arriving late on her first day . Her grandfather William Winchelcy gives her some ' magic pills ' to make sure she is on time , and bright as a button at work . Sleepless nights are taking their toll on Martin and Louisa . Tempers are frayed as they try to find ways to comfort their constantly wailing baby . Meanwhile , Aunt Ruth is dealing with an artistic intruder on the farm , Michael Dunwich , who has stolen the hub caps from her car and whose mother , Mrs Dunwich , is having mysterious abdominal and mental problems , and also believes her son is trying to poison her . Can Dr Ellingham and Constable Penhale solve the mystery ? 34 `` Mother Knows Best '' Ben Bolt Chris Hurford , Tom Butterworth 10.43 3 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) It 's Portwenn Fun Day and the village is buzzing with excitement about this major fund raising event . PC Penhale is in his element rallying the runners and whipping up support . The event sparks culinary rivalry between Bert Large who runs Large 's restaurant with son Al and Mark , the landlord of the Crab and Lobster pub . They are both keen to take advantage of the day to boost their takings by providing food for the runners and spectators . Also , Louisa 's mother Eleanor ( played by Louise Jameson ) arrives unexpectedly , and Martin and Louisa find their son is sleeping through usual feeds until they find out her mother gave him some of her brew to calm him down . 35 5 `` Remember Me '' Paul Seed Jack Lothian 10.66 10 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) PC Joe Penhale has an unexpected visitor in the shape of his ex-wife Maggie , who appears to have completely forgotten that they split up a couple of years ago . Joe takes her to Large 's restaurant , where fellow diner Martin quickly spots that Maggie is showing symptoms of amnesia . Louisa 's mother Eleanor catches up with her old school friend Paul , a local fisherman , who takes her out on a date . Morwenna arrives at the surgery with an injured foot and the doctor grimaces at the sight of the blood as he treats the wound . Ellingham notices that Morwenna avoids having an injection and realises she is frightened of needles . PC Penhale warns Martin and Louisa that if they do not register a name for their son soon , the state will be forced to step in . In the end they name their son James Henry Ellingham . 36 6 `` Do n't Let Go '' Ben Bolt Chris Hurford , Tom Butterworth 10.86 17 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 17 ) In an effort to get Maggie to stay in Portwenn after she gets the all - clear , PC Joe Penhale tries to prove that he is the man for her -- and even engineers situations where he can show off his macho side to impress her . Maggie does eventually leave but she and PC Penhale part on good terms . Martin steps in when school caretaker Mr Coley becomes confused after breathing carbon monoxide and puts the children of the school at risk . Tensions mount between Martin and Louisa as they find themselves unable to agree on anything , from schooling for their son to what to have for dinner . Feeling that things will never change , not wanting to move to London and that Martin is incapable of showing affection Louisa takes James and moves in with her mother . 37 7 `` Cats & Sharks '' Paul Seed Richard Stoneman 10.92 24 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) Bert Large 's restaurant business is in financial trouble . He ca n't even afford the food and drink for a charity event to raise money for Florence Dingle 's cat sanctuary . Mrs Dingle is distraught . She desperately needs the money to continue to look after the cats and kittens in her care . Bert is also being chased by loan sharks Alastair Tonken and his son Norman for the repayment of £ 1,000 they gave him to clear his debts , warning of repercussions if he does n't pay up . Mrs Tishell 's infatuation for Martin increases , encouraged by his continued separation from Louisa . Martin , assisted by Morwenna , performs an emergency hernia operation on Louisa 's mother Eleanor and saves her life when the ambulance 's arrival is delayed . 38 8 `` Ever After '' Ben Bolt Jack Lothian 10.65 31 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 31 ) Mrs Tishell discovers that she can no longer hide her infatuation with Dr Ellingham and she decides that she must take drastic action , fuelled by a cocktail of drugs that are affecting her judgment . Martin asks her to look after James for the day . Mrs Tishell mis - dispenses eyedrops to PC Penhale causing him to crash his Land Rover . Mrs Tishell mistakenly thinks that Martin has sent her a covert message through a young couple he has treated and vanishes with James to a nearby holiday home . The drugs , for a few hours , cause her to think that James is her and Ellingham 's son . Martin , Louisa , Aunt Ruth and PC Penhale chase after her . To coax her out of the locked house , Martin pretends to profess his love for Mrs Tishell and a desire to stay in Portwenn , while actually aiming his remarks at Louisa . James Henry is rescued , Martin and Louisa profess their love , kiss and reconcile . Series 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) includes ITV HD and ITV + 1 broadcasts Original airdate 39 `` Sickness and Health '' Nigel Cole Jack Lothian 9.51 2 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 02 ) Wedding bells are ringing for the Doc and Louisa . But will the marriage finally go ahead ? The Doc is irritated by PC Penhale , who wrongly presumes he is best man , plus Louisa is late . The Reverend has his doubts as to whether she will turn up , putting Martin on edge . Meanwhile , Ruth is having a rough time looking after James . He refused to eat his dinner and he wo n't settle , crying continuously . To make matters worse , they have a power cut . 40 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ? '' Nigel Cole Ben Bolt 9.05 9 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) It is Louisa 's first day back at school and their new child minder , Mel , is late for work . When Mel finally does arrive Martin is dubious about handing James over to this woman who is constantly scratching . Martin insists the new nanny have a medical appointment to diagnose the cause of the itch . Meanwhile , Ruth has been roped into doing a phone - in programme on Radio Portwenn with Caroline the DJ , and a listener called ' Cliff ' phones in saying he finds it difficult to make friends . 41 `` The Tameness of a Wolf '' Nigel Cole Richard Stoneman 8.36 16 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) Two fishermen wake the Doc and Louisa at the crack of dawn - they found a man collapsed on the beach . Martin examines the mystery man . His name is Robert Campbell . When Robert realises the Doc is Dr Ellingham , he starts to probe Martin about his family . Meanwhile , It 's Mike 's first day looking after James . Louisa is frosty with him . When she gets to school she ca n't help but feel uneasy and sneaks back home to check up on Mike . Al rents Morwenna 's spare room . 42 `` Nobody Likes Me '' Paul Seed Charlie Martin 8.89 23 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) Louisa wants Martin to engage more with James , so she arranges for him to take their baby to playgroup , where he has to pair up with a mother and daughter and sing songs . Meanwhile , Al signs up to a dating website , Bert is suspicious when he catches Jennifer in the bathroom with a needle , and Ruth moves into a cottage in the village , but soon has a spot of trouble with her grumpy new neighbour . 43 5 `` The Practice Around the Corner '' Paul Seed Julian Unthank 9.17 30 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) Mrs Tishell returns to the village , and her affection for Martin quickly disappears when he refuses to pass her fit for work . As if he did n't have enough on his plate , Martin must also face his fear of blood when tests show that Lorna has a high level of ferritin , which is placing a strain on her heart and liver . Meanwhile , Penhale hopes to be selected for an elite police squad by taking part in a survival training course , which goes horribly wrong when he shoots himself in the foot . 44 6 `` Hazardous Exposure '' Paul Seed Charlie Martin 9.09 7 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) Bert pops the question to Jennifer , and Ruth finds fault with Al 's business proposal . Hypochondriac Malcolm Rayner is struggling with his breathing and Martin asks him if he has ever worked with asbestos . Penhale then spreads pandemonium by putting up warning notices about the substance 's harmful properties throughout the village . 45 7 `` Listen with Mother '' Nigel Cole Richard Stoneman 8.58 14 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Mrs Tishell finds herself falling in love with Martin all over again . Al receives a visit from two military policemen who are trying to track down Baby James 's babysitter , Mike Pruddy . Martin becomes convinced that something is wrong with him following a conversation with his mother . The school sports day ends up in disaster , and Louisa 's attempts at getting him to open up about the loss of his father prove futile . 46 8 `` Departure '' Nigel Cole Jack Lothian 9.07 21 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) Louisa decides to leave for Spain with baby James and says an awkward goodbye to Martin , but when he finds the scan of her brain , he spots a malformation and realises she could suffer a haemorrhage if she gets on the plane . Will the doctor make it to the airport in time ? Meanwhile , disaster strikes at Bert and Jennifer 's engagement party . Series 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) includes ITV HD and ITV + 1 broadcasts Original airdate 47 `` Rescue Me '' Nigel Cole Jack Lothian 6.64 7 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) With Louisa visiting her mother in Spain to get some perspective on their marriage , Martin knows he needs to try to change for the sake of their relationship , so he endeavours to keep his promise to her to see a therapist . Aunt Ruth arranges an appointment for him with Dr Rachel Timoney , but a lifeboat training exercise causes problems for the doctor . 48 `` The Shock of the New '' Nigel Cole Julian Unthank 7.33 14 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) Al welcomes his first fishing guests but an uninvited one means that a good review is definitely not guaranteed , while Bert decides to try to rejuvenate trade at the restaurant by joining an online voucher scheme . Morwenna asks Martin for a pay rise , and Louisa has to find a new babysitter to look after James Henry and reluctantly decides to offer Janice a trial . Penhale is excited to receive his new police issue Taser , but Portwenn does not exactly offer him plenty of opportunities to try it out . 49 `` It 's Good to Talk '' Nigel Cole Charlie Martin & Jack Lothian 6.72 21 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) Martin decides to move out of the Surgery to give Louisa space , leaving Mrs Tishell concerned he will not be able to look after himself on his own . Penhale helps Janice babysit , and Al is very concerned when he finds out about Bert 's behaviour and when he hears there are bailiffs at the restaurant . 50 `` Education , Education , Education '' Charles Palmer Richard Stoneman 8.26 28 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) Louisa and Martin have their first therapy session together - though neither of them was expecting they would be given homework . Morwenna is not amused when Peter Cronk , who is on work experience starts trying to boss her around in the surgery . Mrs Tishell is surprised when her husband Clive returns and tells her he wants to give things another go , and Louisa has to call Martin when one of her pupils collapses during a school excursion . 51 5 `` Control - Alt - Delete '' Charles Palmer Julian Unthank 8.06 5 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Reaching breaking point with being followed around by Buddy , Martin resolves to find a vet to have the dog put down once and for all . Meanwhile , Ruth finds out that Bert has been trying to make his own whisky . Clive is suspicious of Mrs Tishell and who she might be cooking meals for , Penhale makes a hash of asking Janice out , and Louisa and Martin 's therapy homework results in a picnic on the beach , where they are interrupted by local vet Angela Sim - who appears to be hallucinating . Special Guest : Caroline Quentin 52 6 `` Other People 's Children '' Ben Gregor Julian Unthank 7.82 19 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) Louisa helps out her ex-boyfriend Danny when he brings seven children from London to camp on Ruth 's farm - supervised by Al and Bert - while she and Martin plan a date on the advice of Dr Timoney . However , their night at the restaurant is interrupted when Danny calls saying one of the youngsters has gone missing . Things get worse for the couple when Martin uncovers a health scare at James 's first birthday party that makes all the guests leave very quickly . 53 7 `` Facta Non Verba '' Ben Gregor Richard Stoneman 8.04 26 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) Louisa is not best pleased when her new art teacher Erica wants to try out some rather alternative ideas on the children , while Dr Timoney is involved in a car accident outside the school . Penhale is confused when he is offered a transfer to Exeter , Bert decides to go back to being a handyman , and Louisa and Martin are intrigued when Dr Timoney invites them for an additional therapy session . Special Guest : Sigourney Weaver & Gemma Jones 54 8 `` The Doctor Is Out '' Ben Gregor Jack Lothian 8.03 2 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) Louisa worries Dr Timoney 's suggestion that she and Martin are n't meant to be together might have prompted him to leave Portwenn for good . Calling on Ruth , Morwenna and Janice for help , she tries to track the down the missing GP , with no luck . However , what Dr Ellingham 's friends and family fail to realise is that he is actually trapped up at the Wilton farm , where desperate wife Annie is trying to coerce him into curing her seriously ill husband Jim . Meanwhile , Ruth and Bert offer Al a proposition regarding the whisky and the B&B ... Special Guest : Gemma Jones Series 8 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( millions ) includes ITV HD and ITV + 1 broadcasts Original airdate 55 `` Mysterious Ways '' Nigel Cole Jack Lothian 7.65 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) After successfully rekindling their relationship , Louisa and Martin are living together again , but Louisa finds herself juggling too many responsibilities at once . As Portwenn prepares for a wedding , Bert hopes to profit from the festivities . 56 `` Sons and Lovers '' Nigel Cole Richard Stoneman 6.67 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) With Janice 's departure , Martin and Louisa need to find a day care for James , and they settle on Portwenn Tots . Ruth considers selling her farm , and Mrs. Tishell 's pharmacy receives a new blood - pressure monitor . Special guest : Art Malik 57 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Nigel Cole Julian Unthank 6.58 4 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) Louisa 's stress is compounded when she must take a group of students on a sailing trip . Ruth 's decision regarding the farm causes trouble for the Large family enterprises , and so Morwenna and Al throw an event to help save their business . 58 `` Faith '' Stuart Orme Colin Bateman 6.75 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) Morwenna 's missionary parents pay her a surprise visit and are taken aback by her relationship with Al . As Louisa starts her new counseling course , Penhale investigates a break - in at the school , in which nothing was stolen . Special guest : Kevin Doyle 59 5 `` From the Mouths of Babes '' Stuart Orme Andrew Rattenbury TBA 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) With James teething , Martin and Louisa are desperate for more sleep . In an unusual display of mourning , Mrs. Tishell closes the pharmacy , inconveniencing everyone . Meanwhile , Al needs Bert 's help to get the whisky business back on track . Special Guest : Caroline Quentin 60 6 `` Accidental Hero '' Stuart Orme Julian Unthank TBA 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) Penhale decides to have a police open house to raise community awareness , but the turnout is not what he hoped for . James goes through a biting phase , and Morwenna leaves the surgery for a weekend away with Al . Special Guest : Caroline Quentin 61 7 TBA TBA TBA TBA 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 62 8 TBA TBA TBA TBA 8 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Episode 1 is based on 28 day data from BARB for ITV and ITV + 1 . Episodes 2 and 3 are based on 28 day data from BARB for ITV and ITV + 1 and 7 day data for ITV HD . Episodes 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 are based on 28 day data from BARB for ITV , ITV + 1 and ITV HD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin -- Series 1 -- Complete ( DVD ) ( 2004 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin : Series 1 ( 2004 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin -- Series 2 -- Complete ( DVD ) ( 2004 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doc Martin : Series 2 ( 2005 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin -- The Edge -- Feature Length Special ( DVD ) ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin -- Series 3 -- Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin , Series 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin -- Series 4 -- Complete ( DVD ) ( 2010 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin : Series 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin -- Series 5 -- Complete ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin - Series 7 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes ( Scroll to ITV1 and see relevant weeks ) '' . BARB.co.uk . London , England , United Kingdom : Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on 22 November 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doc Martin Episode Guide : Series 1 '' . itv . Archived from the original on 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doc Martin Episode Guide : Series 2 '' . itv . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Martin Episode Guide : `` On The Edge '' `` . IMDB . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doc Martin Episode Guide : Series 3 '' . itv . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Press packs : Doc Martin '' . itv . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Programmes - BARB '' . barb.co.uk . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Doc Martin at ITV.com Doc Martin on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Doc_Martin_episodes&oldid=807206119 '' Categories : Lists of British comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 47 . About Wikipedia	doc martin how many episodes in season 7	[ "\n\nNo. overall\nNo. in series\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nViewers (millions)\nincludes ITV HD and ITV +1 broadcasts[18][A]\nOriginal airdate\n\n\n47\n1\n\"Rescue Me\"\nNigel Cole\nJack Lothian\n6.64\n7 September 2015 (2015-09-07)\n\n\nWith Louisa visiting her mother in Spain to get some perspective on their marriage, Martin knows he needs to try to change for the sake of their relationship, so he endeavours to keep his promise to her to see a therapist. Aunt Ruth arranges an appointment for him with Dr Rachel Timoney, but a lifeboat training exercise causes problems for the doctor.\n\n\n48\n2\n\"The Shock of the New\"\nNigel Cole\nJulian Unthank\n7.33\n14 September 2015 (2015-09-14)\n\n\nAl welcomes his first fishing guests but an uninvited one means that a good review is definitely not guaranteed, while Bert decides to try to rejuvenate trade at the restaurant by joining an online voucher scheme. Morwenna asks Martin for a pay rise, and Louisa has to find a new babysitter to look after James Henry and reluctantly decides to offer Janice a trial. Penhale is excited to receive his new police issue Taser, but Portwenn does not exactly offer him plenty of opportunities to try it out.\n\n\n49\n3\n\"It's Good to Talk\"\nNigel Cole\nCharlie Martin & Jack Lothian\n6.72\n21 September 2015 (2015-09-21)\n\n\nMartin decides to move out of the Surgery to give Louisa space, leaving Mrs Tishell concerned he will not be able to look after himself on his own. Penhale helps Janice babysit, and Al is very concerned when he finds out about Bert's behaviour and when he hears there are bailiffs at the restaurant.\n\n\n50\n4\n\"Education, Education, Education\"\nCharles Palmer\nRichard Stoneman\n8.26\n28 September 2015 (2015-09-28)\n\n\nLouisa and Martin have their first therapy session together - though neither of them was expecting they would be given homework. Morwenna is not amused when Peter Cronk, who is on work experience starts trying to boss her around in the surgery. Mrs Tishell is surprised when her husband Clive returns and tells her he wants to give things another go, and Louisa has to call Martin when one of her pupils collapses during a school excursion.\n\n\n51\n5\n\"Control-Alt-Delete\"\nCharles Palmer\nJulian Unthank\n8.06\n5 October 2015 (2015-10-05)\n\n\nReaching breaking point with being followed around by Buddy, Martin resolves to find a vet to have the dog put down once and for all. Meanwhile, Ruth finds out that Bert has been trying to make his own whisky. Clive is suspicious of Mrs Tishell and who she might be cooking meals for, Penhale makes a hash of asking Janice out, and Louisa and Martin's therapy homework results in a picnic on the beach, where they are interrupted by local vet Angela Sim - who appears to be hallucinating.\nSpecial Guest: Caroline Quentin\n\n\n52\n6\n\"Other People's Children\"\nBen Gregor\nJulian Unthank\n7.82\n19 October 2015 (2015-10-19)\n\n\nLouisa helps out her ex-boyfriend Danny when he brings seven children from London to camp on Ruth's farm - supervised by Al and Bert - while she and Martin plan a date on the advice of Dr Timoney. However, their night at the restaurant is interrupted when Danny calls saying one of the youngsters has gone missing. Things get worse for the couple when Martin uncovers a health scare at James's first birthday party that makes all the guests leave very quickly.\n\n\n53\n7\n\"Facta Non Verba\"\nBen Gregor\nRichard Stoneman\n8.04\n26 October 2015 (2015-10-26)\n\n\nLouisa is not best pleased when her new art teacher Erica wants to try out some rather alternative ideas on the children, while Dr Timoney is involved in a car accident outside the school. Penhale is confused when he is offered a transfer to Exeter, Bert decides to go back to being a handyman, and Louisa and Martin are intrigued when Dr Timoney invites them for an additional therapy session.\nSpecial Guest: Sigourney Weaver & Gemma Jones\n\n\n54\n8\n\"The Doctor Is Out\"\nBen Gregor\nJack Lothian\n8.03\n2 November 2015 (2015-11-02)\n\n\nLouisa worries Dr Timoney's suggestion that she and Martin aren't meant to be together might have prompted him to leave Portwenn for good. Calling on Ruth, Morwenna and Janice for help, she tries to track the down the missing GP, with no luck. However, what Dr Ellingham's friends and family fail to realise is that he is actually trapped up at the Wilton farm, where desperate wife Annie is trying to coerce him into curing her seriously ill husband Jim. Meanwhile, Ruth and Bert offer Al a proposition regarding the whisky and the B&B..\nSpecial Guest: Gemma Jones\n\n" ]	[ "8" ]
3694174363697860269	Dust Bowl	Dust Bowl - Wikipedia Dust Bowl Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dust Bowl ( disambiguation ) . Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil Conservation Service . The most severely affected counties are colored . A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County , Oklahoma , April 1936 . Iconic photo taken by Arthur Rothstein . The Dust Bowl , also known as the Dirty Thirties , was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s ; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion ( the Aeolian processes ) caused the phenomenon . The drought came in three waves , 1934 , 1936 , and 1939 -- 1940 , but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years . With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains , farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade ; this had displaced the native , deep - rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds . The rapid mechanization of farm equipment , especially small gasoline tractors , and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers ' decisions to convert arid grassland ( much of which received no more than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation per year ) to cultivated cropland . During the drought of the 1930s , the unanchored soil turned to dust , which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky . These choking billows of dust -- named `` black blizzards '' or `` black rollers '' -- traveled cross country , reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington , D.C. On the Plains , they often reduced visibility to 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) or less . Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma , to witness the `` Black Sunday '' black blizzards of April 14 , 1935 ; Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press coined the term `` Dust Bowl '' while rewriting Geiger 's news story . While the term `` the Dust Bowl '' was originally a reference to the geographical area affected by the dust , today it is usually used to refer to the event , as in `` It was during the Dust Bowl '' . The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres ( 400,000 km ) that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico , Colorado , and Kansas . The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms . Many of these families , who were often known as `` Okies '' because so many of them came from Oklahoma , migrated to California and other states to find that the Great Depression had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left . The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works , notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) by John Steinbeck , the folk music of Woody Guthrie , and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic characteristics and early history 2 Drought and dust storms 3 Human displacement 3.1 U.S. 3.2 Characteristics of migrants 4 U.S. government response 5 Long - term economic impact 6 Influence on the arts and culture 7 Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Geographic characteristics and early History A dust storm approaches Stratford , Texas , in 1935 . The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains , characterized by plains which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Estacado . Elevation ranges from 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) in the east to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) at the base of the Rocky Mountains . The area is semiarid , receiving less than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; this rainfall supports the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the area . The region is also prone to extended drought , alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration . During wet years , the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output , but crops fail during dry years . The region is also subject to high winds . During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains , this region was thought unsuitable for European - style agriculture ; explorers called it the Great American Desert . The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture . The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862 , offering settlers 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) plots . With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 , waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains , and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation . An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that `` rain follows the plow '' ( a popular phrase among real estate promoters ) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently . While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching , the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle , beginning in 1886 , a short drought in 1890 , and general overgrazing , led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation . Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land , the United States government expanded on the 160 acres ( 65 ha ) offered under the Homestead Act -- granting 640 acres ( 260 ha ) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act ( 1904 ) and 320 acres ( 130 ha ) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act ( 1909 ) . Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century . A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the `` formerly '' semiarid area could support large - scale agriculture . At the same time , technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without high labor costs . The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution , which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops , and World War I increased agricultural prices ; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation . For example , in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas , the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920 , then tripled again between 1925 and 1930 . The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large - scale erosion under certain environmental conditions . The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods . Furthermore , cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months , when winds in the High Plains are highest , and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting , thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation . Drought and Dust storms A dust storm ; Spearman , Texas , April 14 , 1935 `` Heavy black clouds of dust rising over the Texas Panhandle , Texas '' , c. 1936 . After fairly favourable climatic conditions in the 1920s with good rainfall and relatively moderate winters , which permitted increased settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains , the region entered an unusually dry era in the summer of 1930 . During the next decade , the northern plains suffered four of their seven driest calendar years since 1895 , Kansas four of its twelve driest , and the entire region south to West Texas lacked any period of above - normal rainfall until record rains hit in 1941 . When severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s , it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time . The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable , reduced to a powdery consistency in some places . Without the indigenous grasses in place , the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period . The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail , leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion . The fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds . On November 11 , 1933 , a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year . Beginning on May 9 , 1934 , a strong , two - day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl . The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago , where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust . Two days later , the same storm reached cities to the east , such as Cleveland , Buffalo , Boston , New York City , and Washington , D.C. That winter ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , red snow fell on New England . On April 14 , 1935 , known as `` Black Sunday '' , 20 of the worst `` black blizzards '' occurred across the entire sweep of the Great Plains , from Canada south to Texas . The dust storms caused extensive damage and turned the day to night ; witnesses reported that they could not see five feet in front of them at certain points . Denver - based Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma that day . His story about Black Sunday marked the first appearance of the term Dust Bowl ; it was coined by Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press , while rewriting Geiger 's news story . Spearman and Hansford County have been literaly ( sic ) in a cloud of dust for the past week . Ever since Friday of last week , there has n't been a day pass but what the county was beseieged with a blast of wind and dirt . On rare occasions when the wind did subside for a period of hours , the air has been so filled with dust that the town appeared to be overhung by a fog cloud . Because of this long seige of dust and every building being filled with it , the air has become stifling to breathe and many people have developed sore throats and dust colds as a result . '' -- Spearman Reporter , 21 March 1935 Much of the farmland was eroded in the aftermath of the Dust Bowl . In 1941 , a Kansas agricultural experiment station released a bulletin that suggested reestablishing native grasses by the `` hay method '' . Developed in 1937 to speed up the process and increase returns from pasture , the `` hay method '' was originally supposed to occur in Kansas naturally over 25 -- 40 years . After much data analysis , the causal mechanism for the droughts can be linked to ocean temperature anomalies . Specifically , Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures appear to have had an indirect effect on the general atmospheric circulation , while Pacific sea surface temperatures seem to have had the most direct influence . Human displacement This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the region . Us Buried machinery in a barn lot ; Dallas , South Dakota , May 1936 In 1935 , many families were forced to leave their farms and travel to other areas seeking work because of the drought ( which at that time had already lasted four years ) . Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the displaced from Texas , Oklahoma , and the surrounding Great Plains to adjacent regions . More than 500,000 Americans were left homeless . Over 350 houses had to be torn down after one storm alone . The severe drought and dust storms had left many homeless , others had their mortgages foreclosed by banks , and others felt they had no choice but to abandon their farms in search of work . Many Americans migrated west looking for work . Parents packed up `` jalopies '' with their families and a few personal belongings , and headed west in search of work . Some residents of the Plains , especially in Kansas and Oklahoma , fell ill and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition . `` Broke , baby sick , and car trouble ! '' - Dorothea Lange 's 1937 photo of a Missouri migrant family 's jalopy stuck near Tracy , California . The Dust Bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history within a short period of time . Between 1930 and 1940 , approximately 3.5 million people moved out of the Plains states ; of those , it is unknown how many moved to California . In just over a year , over 86,000 people migrated to California . This number is more than the number of migrants to that area during the 1849 Gold Rush . Migrants abandoned farms in Oklahoma , Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , Colorado , and New Mexico , but were often generally referred to as `` Okies '' , `` Arkies '' , or `` Texies '' . Terms such as `` Okies '' and `` Arkies '' came to be known in the 1930s as the standard terms for those who had lost everything and were struggling the most during the Great Depression . Not all migrants traveled long distances ; some simply went to the next town or county . So many families left their farms and were on the move that the proportion between migrants and residents was nearly equal in the Great Plains states . Characteristics of migrants A migratory family from Texas living in a trailer in an Arizona cotton field Historian James N. Gregory examined Census Bureau statistics and other records to learn more about the migrants . Based on a 1939 survey of occupation by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of about 116,000 families who arrived in California in the 1930s , he learned that only 43 percent of southwesterners were doing farm work immediately before they migrated . Nearly one - third of all migrants were professional or white - collar workers . The poor economy displaced more than just farmers as refugees to California ; many teachers , lawyers , and small business owners moved west with their families during this time . After the Great Depression ended , some moved back to their original states . Many others remained where they had resettled . About one - eighth of California 's population is of Okie heritage . Us government response The greatly expanded participation of government in land management and soil conservation was an important outcome from the disaster . Different groups took many different approaches to responding to the disaster . To identify areas that needed attention , groups such as the Soil Conservation Service generated detailed soil maps and took photos of the land from the sky . To create shelterbelts to reduce soil erosion , groups such as the United States Forestry Service 's Prairie States Forestry Project planted trees on private lands . Finally , groups like the Resettlement Administration , which later became the Farm Security Administration , encouraged small farm owners to resettle on other lands , if they lived in dryer parts of the Plains . During President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first 100 days in office in 1933 , his administration quickly initiated programs to conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the nation . Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August 1933 under Hugh Hammond Bennett . In 1935 , it was transferred and reorganized under the Department of Agriculture and renamed the Soil Conservation Service . It is now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) . As part of New Deal programs , Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act in 1936 , requiring landowners to share the allocated government subsidies with the laborers who worked on their farms . Under the law , `` benefit payments were continued as measures for production control and income support , but they were now financed by direct Congressional appropriations and justified as soil conservation measures . The Act shifted the parity goal from price equality of agricultural commodities and the articles that farmers buy to income equality of farm and non-farm population . '' Thus , the parity goal was to re-create the ratio between the purchasing power of the net income per person on farms from agriculture and that of the income of persons not on farms that prevailed during 1909 -- 1914 . To stabilize prices , the government paid farmers and ordered more than six million pigs to be slaughtered . It paid to have the meat packed and distributed to the poor and hungry . The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) was established to regulate crop and other surpluses . FDR in an address on the AAA commented , Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats . Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity . If there had been no Government program , if the old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934 , that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle , immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the farm , and if the old order had been in effect those years , we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face today . Our program -- we can prove it -- saved the lives of millions of head of livestock . They are still on the range , and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat . '' The FSRC diverted agricultural commodities to relief organizations . Apples , beans , canned beef , flour and pork products were distributed through local relief channels . Cotton goods were later included , to clothe the needy . In 1935 , the federal government formed a Drought Relief Service ( DRS ) to coordinate relief activities . The DRS bought cattle in counties which were designated emergency areas , for $14 to $20 a head . Animals determined unfit for human consumption were killed ; at the beginning of the program , more than 50 percent were so designated in emergency areas . The DRS assigned the remaining cattle to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) to be used in food distribution to families nationwide . Although it was difficult for farmers to give up their herds , the cattle slaughter program helped many of them avoid bankruptcy . `` The government cattle buying program was a blessing to many farmers , as they could not afford to keep their cattle , and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets . '' President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene , Texas to break the wind , hold water in the soil , and hold the soil itself in place . The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques , including crop rotation , strip farming , contour plowing , terracing , and other improved farming practices . In 1937 , the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers in the Dust Bowl to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil . The government paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods . By 1938 , the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65 % . The land still failed to yield a decent living . In the fall of 1939 , after nearly a decade of dirt and dust , the drought ended when regular rainfall finally returned to the region . The government still encouraged continuing the use of conservation methods to protect the soil and ecology of the Plains . At the end of the drought , the programs which were implemented during these tough times helped to sustain a positive relationship between America 's farmers and the federal government . The President 's Drought Committee issued a report in 1935 covering the government 's assistance to agriculture during 1934 through mid-1935 : it discussed conditions , measures of relief , organization , finances , operations , and results of the government 's assistance . Numerous exhibits are included in this report . Long - term economic Impact In many regions , more than 75 % of the topsoil was blown away by the end of the 1930s . Land degradation varied widely . Aside from the short - term economic consequences caused by erosion , there were severe long - term economic consequences caused by the Dust Bowl . By 1940 , counties that had experienced the most significant levels of erosion had a greater decline in agricultural land values . The per - acre value of farmland declined by 28 % in high - erosion counties and 17 % in medium - erosion counties , relative to land value changes in low - erosion counties . Even over the long - term , the agricultural value of the land often failed to recover to pre-Dust Bowl levels . In highly eroded areas , less than 25 % of the original agricultural losses were recovered . The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more - eroded counties , both during the 1930s and through the 1950s . The economic effects persisted , in part , because of farmers ' failure to switch to more appropriate crops for highly eroded areas . Because the amount of topsoil had been reduced , it would have been more productive to shift from crops and wheat to animals and hay . During the Depression and through at least the 1950s , there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became less productive in more - eroded counties . Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of changing land use . A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit , caused by the high rate of failure of banks in the Plains states . Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region at a higher rate than elsewhere , farmers could not get the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop production . In addition , profit margins in either animals or hay were still minimal , and farmers had little incentive in the beginning to change their crops . Patrick Allitt recounts how fellow historian Donald Worster responded to his return visit to the Dust Bowl in the mid-1970s when he revisited some of the worst afflicted counties : Capital - intensive agribusiness had transformed the scene ; deep wells into the aquifer , intensive irrigation , the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers , and giant harvesters were creating immense crops year after year whether it rained or not . According to the farmers he interviewed , technology had provided the perfect answer to old troubles , such of the bad days would not return . In Worster 's view , by contrast , the scene demonstrated that America 's capitalist high - tech farmers had learned nothing . They were continuing to work in an unsustainable way , devoting far cheaper subsidized energy to growing food than the energy could give back to its ultimate consumers . In contrast with Worster 's pessimism , historian Mathew Bonnifield argued that the long - term significance of the Dust Bowl was `` the triumph of the human spirit in its capacity to endure and overcome hardships and reverses . '' Influence on the arts and culture Florence Owens Thompson seen in the photo Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children . by Dorothea Lange The crisis was documented by photographers , musicians , and authors , many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government . For instance , the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis . Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression . She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families . Among her most well - known photographs is Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children , which depicted a gaunt - looking woman , Florence Owens Thompson , holding three of her children . This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost . Decades later , Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast . Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl `` Okie . '' The work of independent artists was also influenced by the crises of the Dust Bowl and the Depression . Author John Steinbeck , borrowing closely from field notes taken by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb , wrote The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) about migrant workers and farm families displaced by the Dust Bowl . Babb 's own novel about the lives of the migrant workers , Whose Names Are Unknown , was written in 1939 but was eclipsed and shelved in response to the success of the Steinbeck 's work , and was finally published in 2004 . Many of the songs of folk singer Woody Guthrie , such as those on his 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads , are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression when he traveled with displaced farmers from Oklahoma to California and learned their traditional folk and blues songs , earning him the nickname the `` Dust Bowl Troubadour '' . Migrants also influenced musical culture wherever they went . Oklahoma migrants , in particular , were rural Southwesterners who carried their traditional country music to California . Today , the `` Bakersfield Sound '' describes this blend , which developed after the migrants brought country music to the city . Their new music inspired a proliferation of country dance halls as far south as Los Angeles . The 2014 science fiction film Interstellar features a ravaged 21st - century America which is again scoured by dust storms ( caused by a worldwide pathogen affecting all crops ) . Along with inspiration from the 1930s crisis , director Christopher Nolan features interviews from the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl to draw further parallels . In 2017 , Americana recording artist Grant Maloy Smith released the album Dust Bowl -- American Stories , which was inspired by the history of the Dust Bowl . In a review , the music magazine No Depression wrote that the album 's lyrics and music are `` as potent as Woody Guthrie , as intense as John Trudell and dusted with the trials and tribulations of Tom Joad -- Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath . '' Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains The change in the total value of agricultural land and revenue was quite similar over the twentieth century . Agricultural land and revenue boomed during World War I , but fell during the Great Depression and the 1930s . The land and revenue began increasing again in 1940 , and has been increasing since then . From 1910 to the 1940s , total farmland increased and remained constant until 1970 when it slightly declined . During this time , total population increased steadily , but there was a slight dip in trend from 1930 to 1960 . See also U.S. Route 66 ( notable Dust Bowl migration route to California ) 1936 North American heat wave Great Plains Shelterbelt Ogallala Aquifer Notable documentaries The Dust Bowl ( 2012 documentary by Ken Burns ) The Plow That Broke the Plains ( 1936 documentary ) International Palliser 's Triangle ( semiarid area of Canada ) Goyder 's Line ( semiarid area of Australia ) General Desertification Monoculture Semi-arid climate Global warming References ^ Jump up to : `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- 20th Century Drought '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . PBS . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Black Sunday Dust Storm of 14 April 1935 '' . National Weather Service : Norman , Oklahoma . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mencken , H.L. ( 1979 ) . Raven I. McDavid , Jr. , ed . The American Language ( One - Volume Abridged ed . ) . New York : Alfred A Knopf . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40075 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . A History of Us : War , Peace and all that Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Drought in Colorado : lessons learned and what lies ahead '' ( PDF ) . Colorado Water Resources Research Institute . February 2000 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Report of the Great Plains Area Drought Committee '' . Hopkins Papers , Franklin D. Roosevelt Library . August 27 , 1936 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Plains : from dust to dust '' . Planning Magazine . December 1987 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Regions at Risk : a comparison of threatened environments . United Nations University Press . 1995 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drought in the Dust Bowl Years . US : National Drought Mitigation Center . 2006 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Average Temperature -- October to March '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Precipitation , 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Precipitation 1895 to 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Climate Division 1 ( High Plains ) : Precipitation 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WEATHER OF 1941 IN THE UNITED STATES '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Francis D ; Beers , Howard W ( January 1937 ) . `` Areas of Intense Drought Distress , 1930 -- 1936 '' ( PDF ) . Research Bulletin . U.S. Works Progress Administration / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . pp. 1 -- 23 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Philip G. ( July 15 , 1935 ) . `` The Drought of 1934 '' ( PDF ) . A Report of The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture . U.S. Drought Coordinating Committee / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surviving the Dust Bowl '' . 1998 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stock , Catherine McNicol ( 1992 ) . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains , p. 24 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4689 - 9 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bill ( March 21 , 1935 ) . `` Nearly week seige of dust storm in county '' . Spearman Reporter . Spearman , Texas . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( December 2009 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short and Long - run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . US : National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McLeman , Robert A ; Dupre , Juliette ; Berrang Ford , Lea ; Ford , James ; Gajewski , Konrad ; Marchildon , Gregory ( June 2014 ) . `` What we learned from the Dust Bowl : lessons in science , policy , and adaptation '' . Population and Environment. 35 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 440 . doi : 10.1007 / s11111 - 013 - 0190 - z . Jump up ^ A Cultural History of the United States -- The 1930s . San Diego , California : Lucent Books , Inc. , 1999 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Measured Century : Interview : James Gregory '' . PBS . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babb , Sanora , Dorothy Babb , and Douglas Wixson . On the Dirty Plate Trail . Edited by Douglas Wixson . Autin , Texas : University of Texas Press , 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Worster , Donald ( 1979 ) . Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Worster , Donald . Dust Bowl -- The Southern Plains in the 1930s , New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Worster ( 2004 ) , Dust Bowl , p. 45 , Jump up ^ Gregory , N. James . ( 1991 ) American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Babb , et al. ( 2007 ) , On the Dirty Plate Trail , p. 13 Jump up ^ Steiner , Frederick ( 2008 ) . The Living Landscape , Second Edition : An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning , p. 188 . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 59726 - 396 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rau , Allan . Agricultural Policy and Trade Liberalization in the United States , 1934 -- 1956 ; a Study of Conflicting Policies . Genève : E. Droz , 1957 . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience / Surviving the Dust Bowl / Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Monthly Catalog , United States Public Documents , By United States Superintendent of Documents , United States Government Printing Office , Published by the G.P.O. , 1938 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project . Texas . Writers ' Program ( Tex . ) : Writers ' Program Texas . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , James Shannon . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Oklahoma Historical Society . p. 224 . Jump up ^ PBS Timeline of Dust Bowl Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ United States . Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Murphy , Philip G. , ( 1935 ) , Drought of 1934 : The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture `` . Accessed October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( June 2012 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short - and Long - Run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 102 ( 4 ) . pp. 1477 -- 1507 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 102.4. 1477 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 -- via Harvard University , Department of Economics . Jump up ^ Landon - Lane , John ; Rockoff , Hugh ; Steckel , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Droughts , Floods , and Financial Distress in the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . p. 6 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt , A Climate of Crisis : America in the Age of Environmentalism ( 2014 ) p 203 Jump up ^ Allitt p 211 , paraphrasing William Cronin 's evaluation of Mathew Paul Bonnifield , Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Destitute Pea Pickers in California : Mother of Seven Children , Age Thirty - two , Nipomo , California . Migrant Mother '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Ellen Carol ; Dumenil , Lynn ( 2012 ) . Through Women 's Eyes ( Third ed . ) . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67603 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Names Are Unknown : Sanora Babb '' . Harry Ransom Center . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dayton Duncan , preface by Ken Burns ( 2012 ) . `` Biographies : Sanora Babb '' . The Dust Bowl : An Illustrated History . PBS . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alarik , Scott . Robert Burns unplugged . The Boston Globe , August 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` How Ken Burns ' surprise role in ' Interstellar ' explains the movie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Hubble ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Kingman gets a mention on Dust Bowl album '' . Kingman Daily Miner . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apice , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Expressive Original Songs Steeped In the Dirt & Reality of the Dust Bowl - Depression Era '' . No Depression . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Bibliography Bonnifield , Mathew Paul . ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression Gregory , James Noble . American exodus : The dust bowl migration and Okie culture in California ( Oxford University Press , 1989 ) Lassieur , Allison. ( 2009 ) The Dust Bowl : An Interactive History Adventure Capstone Press , ISBN 1 - 4296 - 3455 - 3 Reis , Ronald A. ( 2008 ) The Dust Bowl Chelsea House ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9737 - 3 Sylvester , Kenneth M. , and Eric S.A. Rupley , `` Revising the Dust Bowl : High above the Kansas Grassland '' , Environmental History , 17 ( July 2012 ) , 603 -- 33 . Worster , Donald 2004 ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s ( 25 . anniversary ed ) Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517489 - 5 Woody Guthrie , ( 1963 ) The ( Nearly ) Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Folk Songs , Ludlow Music , New York . Alan Lomax , Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger , ( 1967 ) Hard - Hitting Songs for Hard - Hit People , Oak Publications , New York . Timothy Egan ( 2006 ) The Worst Hard Time , Houghton Mifflin Company , New York , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34697 - X . Katelan Janke , ( 1935 ) Survival in the Storm : The Dust Bowl Diary of Grace Edwards , Dalhart , Texas , Scholastic ( September 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 439 - 21599 - 4 . Karen Hesse ( paperback January 1999 ) Out of the Dust , Scholastic Signature . New York First Edition , 1997 , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 590 - 37125 - 8 . Sanora Babb ( 2004 ) Whose Names Are Unknown , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3579 - 3 . Sweeney , Kevin Z . Prelude to the Dust Bowl : Drought in the Nineteenth - Century Southern Plains ( U of Oklahoma Press , 2016 ) xv , 283 pp . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dust Bowl . NASA Explains `` Dust Bowl '' Drought The Dust Bowl photo collection `` The Dust Bowl '' , a PBS television series by filmmaker Ken Burns The Dust Bowl ( EH.Net Encyclopedia ) Black Sunday , April 14 , 1935 , Dodge City , KS The Bibliography of Aeolian Research Surviving the Dust Bowl , Black Sunday ( April 14 , 1935 ) Voices from the Dust Bowl : The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection , 1940 -- 1941 Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Online collection of archival sound recordings , photographs , and manuscripts YouTube Video : `` The Great Depression , Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park , and the Civilian Conservation Corps ( C.C.C. ) '' Farming in the 1930s ( Wessels Living History Farm ) Out of the Dust ( The Modesto Bee ) Africa Data Dissemination Service , part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network , U.S. Geological Service Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Dust Bowl Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Dust Bowl Migration Archive at Sonoma State University Library Dust , Drought , and Dreams Gone Dry : Oklahoma Women in the Dust Bowl Oral History Project , Oklahoma Oral History Research Program Voices of Oklahoma interview with Frosty Troy . First person interview conducted on November 30 , 2011 with Frosty Troy talking about the Oklahoma Dust Bowl . Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project . Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons History of Oklahoma Prior to 19th century Cooper Bison Kill ( 11th millennium BCE ) Spiro Mounds ( 9th -- 15th century CE ) 19th century Louisiana Purchase Arkansas Territory ( 1819 − 1824 ) Comanche -- Mexico Wars ( 1821 -- 1870s ) Cutthroat Gap Massacre ( 1833 ) Indian Removal Indian Territory ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Antelope Hills Expedition ( 1858 ) Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Washita Massacre ( 1868 ) Oklahoma Territory ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Land runs ( 1890s ) 20th century State of Sequoyah ( 1905 ) State of Oklahoma ( 1907 ) Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Green Corn Rebellion ( 1917 ) Osage Indian murders ( 1920s ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Dust Bowl ( 1930s ) Red River Bridge War ( 1931 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 21st century OU Bombing ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_Bowl&oldid=800720193 '' Categories : Dust Bowl Great Plains Great Depression in the United States 1930s in the United States 1930 in the United States Internal migrations in the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of the American West Environmental disasters in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Soil in the United States Droughts in the United States Agriculture in the United States Agriculture in Oklahoma Agriculture in Texas Agriculture in Canada 20th - century droughts 1930 natural disasters in the United States Natural disasters in Oklahoma 1930s natural disasters 1930s droughts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 07 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the dust bowl in the great depression	[ "The Dust Bowl, also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes) caused the phenomenon. The drought came in three waves, 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years.[1] With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains, farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade; this had displaced the native, deep-rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds. The rapid mechanization of farm equipment, especially small gasoline tractors, and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers' decisions to convert arid grassland (much of which received no more than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.[2]" ]	[ "a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s" ]
2908977508511110663	Theme from The Greatest American Hero (Believe It or Not)	Theme from the Greatest American Hero ( Believe It or Not ) - wikipedia Theme from the Greatest American Hero ( Believe It or Not ) `` Theme from The Greatest American Hero ( Believe It or Not ) '' Single by Joey Scarbury from the album America 's Greatest Hero B - side `` Little Bit of Us '' Released May 1981 Format 7 '' Length 3 : 11 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Mike Post , Stephen Geyer Producer ( s ) Mike Post Joey Scarbury singles chronology `` Theme from The Greatest American Hero ( Believe It or Not ) '' ( 1981 ) `` When She Dances '' ( 1981 ) `` Believe It or Not '' ( 1981 ) `` When She Dances '' ( 1981 ) `` Theme from The Greatest American Hero ( Believe It or Not ) '' is a song composed by Mike Post with lyrics by Stephen Geyer , and sung by American singer Joey Scarbury . It serves as the theme song for the 1980s television series The Greatest American Hero . The track was later included on Scarbury 's 1981 debut album America 's Greatest Hero . The theme song became a popular hit during the run of The Greatest American Hero . `` Believe It or Not '' debuted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 on June 13 , 1981 , eventually peaking at number 2 during the weeks ending August 15 -- 22 , 1981 , kept off the top spot by `` Endless Love '' by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie , and spending a total of 18 weeks in the Top 40 . On the Adult Contemporary Chart , `` Believe It or Not '' went to number 3 . It also peaked at the number 1 position on the Record World chart . Contents 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 In popular culture 3 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Ireland ( IRMA ) 19 New Zealand U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 9 Canada 47 New Zealand 21 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 11 U.S. Cash Box 8 In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) George uses a modified version of this song for his answering machine greeting in the Seinfeld episode The Susie . The following is sung by George to the tune of the refrain : `` Believe it or not , George is n't at home , please leave a message at the beep . I must be out , or I 'd pick up the phone , where could I be ? Believe it or not , I 'm not home . '' In 1982 Glen Campbell covered the song . The Family Guy episode `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' is a play on the song 's name . It is also sung by Peter in `` The Man with Two Brians . '' The song appears in a 2017 TV commercial for State Farm , starring Aaron Rodgers and Clay Matthews . The song was used as the theme to The Cinema Snob from 2008 to 2013 . The song was used in the 2009 movie Super Capers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 216 . Jump up ^ IMDB Trivia for The Greatest American Hero ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1981 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Believe It or Not ( Theme from `` The Greatest American Hero '' `` . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1981 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , August 8 , 1981 Jump up ^ The 1981 Top 100 Singles chart is identified by the RPM Year - End article `` Top 100 Singles ( 1981 ) '' . RPM . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1981 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` State Farm TV Commercial , ' Together ' Featuring Aaron Rodgers , Clay Matthews '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Greatest_American_Hero_(Believe_It_or_Not)&oldid=854478304 '' Categories : 1981 singles Television theme songs Debut singles Glen Campbell songs The Greatest American Hero 1981 songs Song recordings produced by Mike Post Number - one singles in New Zealand Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Articles with trivia sections from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings believe it or not it's just me	[ "\"Theme from The Greatest American Hero (Believe It or Not)\" is a song composed by Mike Post with lyrics by Stephen Geyer, and sung by American singer Joey Scarbury. It serves as the theme song for the 1980s television series The Greatest American Hero. The track was later included on Scarbury's 1981 debut album America's Greatest Hero.\n" ]	[ "American singer Joey Scarbury" ]
-7473978131584086969	Conformity	Conformity - wikipedia Conformity Jump to : navigation , search Conformity is the act of matching attitudes , beliefs , and behaviors to group norms . Norms are implicit , specific rules , shared by a group of individuals , that guide their interactions with others . This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and / or society as a whole , and may result from subtle unconscious influences , or direct and overt social pressure . Conformity can occur in the presence of others , or when an individual is alone . For example , people tend to follow social norms when eating or watching television , even when alone . People often conform from a desire for security within a group -- typically a group of a similar age , culture , religion , or educational status . This is often referred to as groupthink : a pattern of thought characterized by self - deception , forced manufacture of consent , and conformity to group values and ethics , which ignores realistic appraisal of other courses of action . Unwillingness to conform carries the risk of social rejection . Conformity is often associated with adolescence and youth culture , but strongly affects humans of all ages . Although peer pressure may manifest negatively , conformity can be regarded as either good or bad . Driving on the correct side of the road could be seen as beneficial conformity . With the right environmental influence , conforming , in early childhood years , allows one to learn and thus , adopt the appropriate behaviours necessary to interact and develop correctly within one 's society . Conformity influences formation and maintenance of social norms , and helps societies function smoothly and predictably via the self - elimination of behaviors seen as contrary to unwritten rules . In this sense it can be perceived as a positive force that prevents acts that are perceptually disruptive or dangerous . As conformity is a group phenomenon , factors such as group size , unanimity , cohesion , status , prior commitment and public opinion help determine the level of conformity an individual displays . Contents ( hide ) 1 Peer 2 Social responses 3 Main experiments 3.1 Sherif 's experiment ( 1936 ) 3.2 Asch 's experiment ( 1951 ) 4 Varieties 4.1 Informational influence 4.2 Normative influence 5 Minority influence 6 Specific predictors 6.1 Culture 6.2 Gender 6.3 Age 6.4 Size of the group 6.5 Different stimuli 6.6 Neural correlates 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Peer ( edit ) Some adolescents gain acceptance and recognition from their peers by conformity . This peer moderated conformity increases from the transition of childhood to adolescence . Social responses ( edit ) According to Donelson Forsyth , after submitting to group pressures , individuals may find themselves facing one of several responses to conformity . These types of responses to conformity vary in their degree of public agreement versus private agreement . When an individual finds themselves in a position where they publicly agree with the group 's decision yet privately disagrees with the group 's consensus , they are experiencing compliance or acquiescence . In turn , conversion , otherwise known as private acceptance , involves both publicly and privately agreeing with the group 's decision . Thus , this represents a true change of opinion to match the majority . Another type of social response , which does not involve conformity with the majority of the group , is called convergence . In this type of social response , the group member agrees with the group 's decision from the outset and thus does not need to shift their opinion on the matter at hand . In addition , Forsyth shows that nonconformity can also fall into one of two response categories . Firstly , an individual who does not conform to the majority can display independence . Independence , or dissent , can be defined as the unwillingness to bend to group pressures . Thus , this individual stays true to his or her personal standards instead of the swaying toward group standards . Secondly , a nonconformist could be displaying anticonformity or counterconformity which involves the taking of opinions that are opposite to what the group believes . This type of nonconformity can be motivated by a need to rebel against the status quo instead of the need to be accurate in one 's opinion . To conclude , social responses to conformity can be seen to vary along a continuum from conversion to anticonformity . For example , a popular experiment in conformity research , known as the Asch situation or Asch conformity experiments , primarily includes compliance and independence . Also , other responses to conformity can be identified in groups such as juries , sports teams and work teams . Main experiments ( edit ) Sherif 's experiment ( 1936 ) ( edit ) Muzafer Sherif was interested in knowing how many people would change their opinions to bring them in line with the opinion of a group . In his experiment , participants were placed in a dark room and asked to stare at a small dot of light 15 feet away . They were then asked to estimate the amount it moved . The trick was there was no movement , it was caused by a visual illusion known as the autokinetic effect . On the first day , each person perceived different amounts of movement , but from the second to the fourth day , the same estimate was agreed on and others conformed to it . Sherif suggested this was a simulation for how social norms develop in a society , providing a common frame of reference for people . Subsequent experiments were based on more realistic situations . In an eyewitness identification task , participants were shown a suspect individually and then in a lineup of other suspects . They were given one second to identify him , making it a difficult task . One group was told that their input was very important and would be used by the legal community . To the other it was simply a trial . Being more motivated to get the right answer increased the tendency to conform . Those who wanted to be more accurate conformed 51 % of the time as opposed to 35 % in the other group . Asch 's experiment ( 1951 ) ( edit ) Main article : Asch conformity experiments Which line matches the first line , A , B , or C ? In the Asch conformity experiments , people frequently followed the majority judgment , even when the majority was wrong . Solomon E. Asch conducted a modification of Sherif 's study , assuming that when the situation was very clear , conformity would be drastically reduced . He exposed people in a group to a series of lines , and the participants were asked to match one line with a standard line . All participants except one were accomplices and gave the wrong answer in 12 of the 18 trials . The results showed a surprisingly high degree of conformity : 74 % of the participants conformed on at least one trial . On average people conformed one third of the time . A question is how the group would affect individuals in a situation where the correct answer is less obvious . After his first test , Asch wanted to investigate whether the size or unanimity of the majority had greater influence on test subjects . `` Which aspect of the influence of a majority is more important -- the size of the majority or its unanimity ? The experiment was modified to examine this question . In one series the size of the opposition was varied from one to 15 persons . '' The results clearly showed that as more people opposed the subject , the subject became more likely to conform . However , the increasing majority was only influential up to a point : from three or more opponents , there is more than 30 % of conformity . Varieties ( edit ) Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity . Compliance is public conformity , while possibly keeping one 's own original beliefs for yourself . Compliance is motivated by the need for approval and the fear of being rejected . Identification is conforming to someone who is liked and respected , such as a celebrity or a favorite uncle . This can be motivated by the attractiveness of the source , and this is a deeper type of conformism than compliance . Internalization is accepting the belief or behavior and conforming both publicly and privately , if the source is credible . It is the deepest influence on people and it will affect them for a long time . Although Kelman 's distinction has been influential , research in social psychology has focused primarily on two varieties of conformity . These are informational conformity , or informational social influence , and normative conformity , also called normative social influence . In Kelman 's terminology , these correspond to internalization and compliance , respectively . There are naturally more than two or three variables in society influential on human psychology and conformity ; the notion of `` varieties '' of conformity based upon `` social influence '' is ambiguous and indefinable in this context . For Deutsch and Gérard ( 1955 ) , conformity results from a motivational conflict ( between the fear of being socially rejected and the wish to say what we think is correct ) that leads to the normative influence , and a cognitive conflict ( others create doubts in what we think ) which leads to the informational influence . Informational influence ( edit ) Main article : Informational social influence Informational social influence occurs when one turns to the members of one 's group to obtain and accept accurate information about reality . A person is most likely to use informational social influence in certain situations : when a situation is ambiguous , people become uncertain about what to do and they are more likely to depend on others for the answer ; and during a crisis when immediate action is necessary , in spite of panic . Looking to other people can help ease fears , but unfortunately they are not always right . The more knowledgeable a person is , the more valuable they are as a resource . Thus people often turn to experts for help . But once again people must be careful , as experts can make mistakes too . Informational social influence often results in internalization or private acceptance , where a person genuinely believes that the information is right . Normative influence ( edit ) Main article : Normative social influence Normative social influence occurs when one conforms to be liked or accepted by the members of the group . This need of social approval and acceptance is part of our state of humans . In addition to this , we know that when people do not conform with their group and therefore are deviants , they are less liked and even punished by the group . Normative influence usually results in public compliance , doing or saying something without believing in it . The experiment of Asch in 1951 is one example of normative influence In a reinterpretation of the original data from these experiments Hodges and Geyer ( 2006 ) found that Asch 's subjects were not so conformist after all : The experiments provide powerful evidence for people 's tendency to tell the truth even when others do not . They also provide compelling evidence of people 's concern for others and their views . By closely examining the situation in which Asch 's subjects find themselves they find that the situation places multiple demands on participants : They include truth ( i.e. , expressing one 's own view accurately ) , trust ( i.e. , taking seriously the value of others ' claims ) , and social solidarity ( i.e. , a commitment to integrate the views of self and others without deprecating either ) . In addition to these epistemic values , there are multiple moral claims as well : These include the need for participants to care for the integrity and well - being of other participants , the experimenter , themselves , and the worth of scientific research . Deutsch & Gérard ( 1955 ) designed different situations that variated from Asch ' experiment and found that when participants were writing their answer privately , they were giving the correct one Normative influence , a function of social impact theory , has three components . The number of people in the group has a surprising effect . As the number increases , each person has less of an impact . A group 's strength is how important the group is to a person . Groups we value generally have more social influence . Immediacy is how close the group is in time and space when the influence is taking place . Psychologists have constructed a mathematical model using these three factors and are able to predict the amount of conformity that occurs with some degree of accuracy . Baron and his colleagues conducted a second eyewitness study that focused on normative influence . In this version , the task was easier . Each participant had five seconds to look at a slide instead of just one second . Once again , there were both high and low motives to be accurate , but the results were the reverse of the first study . The low motivation group conformed 33 % of the time ( similar to Asch 's findings ) . The high motivation group conformed less at 16 % . These results show that when accuracy is not very important , it is better to get the wrong answer than to risk social disapproval . An experiment using procedures similar to Asch 's found that there was significantly less conformity in six - person groups of friends as compared to six - person groups of strangers . Because friends already know and accept each other , there may be less normative pressure to conform in some situations . Field studies on cigarette and alcohol abuse , however , generally demonstrate evidence of friends exerting normative social influence on each other . Minority influence ( edit ) Main article : Minority influence Although conformity generally leads individuals to think and act more like groups , individuals are occasionally able to reverse this tendency and change the people around them . This is known as minority influence , a special case of informational influence . Minority influence is most likely when people can make a clear and consistent case for their point of view . If the minority fluctuates and shows uncertainty , the chance of influence is small . However , a minority that makes a strong , convincing case increases the probability of changing the majority 's beliefs and behaviors . Minority members who are perceived as experts , are high in status , or have benefited the group in the past are also more likely to succeed . Another form of minority influence can sometimes override conformity effects and lead to unhealthy group dynamics . A 2007 review of two dozen studies by the University of Washington found that a single `` bad apple '' ( an inconsiderate or negligent group member ) can substantially increase conflicts and reduce performance in work groups . Bad apples often create a negative emotional climate that interferes with healthy group functioning . They can be avoided by careful selection procedures and managed by reassigning them to positions that require less social interaction . Specific predictors ( edit ) Culture ( edit ) Stanley Milgram found that individuals in Norway ( from a collectivistic culture ) exhibited a higher degree of conformity than individuals in France ( from an individualistic culture ) . Similarly , Berry studied two different populations : the Temne ( collectivists ) and the Inuit ( individualists ) and found that the Temne conformed more than the Inuit when exposed to a conformity task . Bond and Smith compared 134 studies in a meta - analysis and found that Japan and Brazil were two nations that conformed a lot whereas Europe and the United States of America did not as much . Bond and Smith also reported that conformity has declined in the United States over time . Gender ( edit ) Societal norms often establish gender differences and researchers have reported differences in the way men and women conform to social influence . For example , Alice Eagly and Linda Carli performed a meta - analysis of 148 studies of influenceability . They found that women are more persuadable and more conforming than men in group pressure situations that involve surveillance . Eagly has proposed that this sex difference may be due to different sex roles in society . Women are generally taught to be more agreeable whereas men are taught to be more independent . The composition of the group plays a role in conformity as well . In a study by Reitan and Shaw , it was found that men and women conformed more when there were participants of both sexes involved versus participants of the same sex . Subjects in the groups with both sexes were more apprehensive when there was a discrepancy amongst group members , and thus the subjects reported that they doubted their own judgments . Sistrunk and McDavid made the argument that women conformed more because of a methodological bias . They argued that because stereotypes used in studies are generally male ones ( sports , cars ... ) more than female ones ( cooking , fashion ... ) , women are feeling uncertain and conformed more , which was confirmed by their results . Age ( edit ) Research has noted age differences in conformity . For example , research with Australian children and adolescents ages 3 to 17 discovered that conformity decreases with age . Another study examined individuals that were ranged from ages 18 to 91 . The results revealed a similar trend -- older participants displayed less conformity when compared to younger participants . In the same way that gender has been viewed as corresponding to status , age has also been argued to have status implications . Berger , Rosenholtz and Zelditch suggest that age as a status role can be observed among college students . Younger students , such as those in their first year in college , are treated as lower - status individuals and older college students are treated as higher - status individuals . Therefore , given these status roles , it would be expected that younger individuals ( low status ) conform to the majority whereas older individuals ( high status ) would be expected not to conform Researchers have also reported an interaction of gender and age on conformity . Eagly and Chrvala examined the role of age ( under 19 years vs. 19 years and older ) , gender and surveillance ( anticipating responses to be shared with group members vs. not anticipating responses being shared ) on conformity to group opinions . They discovered that among participants that were 19 years or older , females conformed to group opinions more so than males when under surveillance ( i.e. , anticipated that their responses would be shared with group members ) . However , there were no gender differences in conformity among participants who were under 19 years of age and in surveillance conditions . There were also no gender differences when participants were not under surveillance . In a subsequent research article , Eagly suggests that women are more likely to conform than men because of lower status roles of women in society . She suggests that more submissive roles ( i.e. , conforming ) are expected of individuals that hold low status roles . Still , Eagly and Chrvala 's results do conflict with previous research which have found higher conformity levels among younger rather than older individuals . Size of the group ( edit ) Although conformity pressures generally increase as the size of the majority increases , a meta - analysis suggests that conformity pressures in Asch 's experiment peak once the majority reaches about four or five in number . Moreover , a study suggests that the effects of group size depend on the type of social influence operating . This means that in situations where the group is clearly wrong , conformity will be motivated by normative influence ; the participants will conform in order to be accepted by the group . A participant may not feel much pressure to conform when the first person gives an incorrect response . However , conformity pressure will increase as each additional group member also gives the same incorrect response . Different stimuli ( edit ) In 1961 Stanley Milgram published a study in which he utilized Asch 's conformity paradigm using audio tones instead of lines ; he conducted his study in Norway and France . He found substantially higher levels of conformity than Asch , with participants conforming 50 % of the time in France and 62 % of the time in Norway during critical trials . Milgram also conducted the same experiment once more , but told participants that the results of the study would be applied to the design of aircraft safety signals . His conformity estimates were 56 % in Norway and 46 % in France , suggesting that individuals conformed slightly less when the task was linked to an important issue . Stanley Milgram 's study demonstrated that Asch 's study could be replicated with other stimuli , and that in the case of tones , there was a high degree of conformity . Neural correlates ( edit ) Evidence has been found for the involvement of the posterior medial frontal cortex ( pMFC ) in conformity , an area associated with memory and decision - making . For example , Klucharev et al. revealed in their study that by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the pMFC , participants reduced their tendency to conform to the group , suggesting a causal role for the brain region in social conformity . In another study , the mPFC was linked to normative social influence , whilst the activity in the caudate was regarded as an index of informational influence . The amygdala and hippocampus have also been found to be recruited when individuals participated in a social manipulation experiment involving long - term memory . Several other areas have further been suggested to play a role in conformity , including the insula , the temporoparietal junction , the ventral striatum , and the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices . More recent work stresses the role of orbitofrontal cortex ( OFC ) in conformity not only at the time of social influence , but also later on , when participants are given an opportunity to conform by selecting an action . In particular , Charpentier et al. found that the OFC mirrors the exposure to social influence at a subsequent time point , when a decision is being made without the social influence being present . The tendency to conform has also been observed in the structure of the OFC , with a greater grey matter volume in high conformers . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does conformity to peers tend to peak	[ "Although conformity pressures generally increase as the size of the majority increases, a meta-analysis suggests that conformity pressures in Asch's experiment peak once the majority reaches about four or five in number.[40] Moreover, a study suggests that the effects of group size depend on the type of social influence operating.[41] This means that in situations where the group is clearly wrong, conformity will be motivated by normative influence; the participants will conform in order to be accepted by the group. A participant may not feel much pressure to conform when the first person gives an incorrect response. However, conformity pressure will increase as each additional group member also gives the same incorrect response.[41]" ]	[ "once the majority reaches about four or five in number" ]
4084005824322310530	Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (cycle 9)	Britain & Ireland 's next Top model ( cycle 9 ) - Wikipedia Britain & Ireland 's next Top model ( cycle 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model ( cycle 9 ) Cycle 9 Cast Country of origin United Kingdom Ireland Release Original network Sky Living Original release 20 June ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) -- 5 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 8 Next → Cycle 10 Series summary Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model , Cycle 9 is the ninth cycle of Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model . It began to air on 20 June 2013 . This cycle once again featured fashion model Elle Macpherson as executive producer and host of the show alongside a judging panel consisting of Tyson Beckford and Dannii Minogue . Former judges Whitney Port and Julien Macdonald did not come back for the new series . A new format was introduced at panel this season . Guest judges were no longer a deciding factor during eliminations , and the power lied solely in the main judges ' hands . The cycle featured fourteen contestants in its final cast . Additionally , a new elimination process was implemented . At panel , the judges went straight into deliberation without having evaluated each contestant individually . Furthermore , there were multiple contestants in danger of elimination each week as opposed to the usual two in seasons past . The prizes for this cycle were : A modelling contract with Models 1 . A fashion editorial , along with an appearance on the cover of fashion magazine Company . A contract with Revlon cosmetics and TRESemmé . And an all - expenses paid shopping spree to New York City . The winner of the competition was 23 - year - old Lauren Lambert from Wallington , Surrey , England . Lambert is the first winner of the series to have received a total of four first call - outs during the competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Judges 1.2 Casting 1.3 International destination 2 Contestants 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 3.2 Episode 2 3.3 Episode 3 3.4 Episode 4 3.5 Episode 5 3.6 Episode 6 3.7 Episode 7 3.8 Episode 8 3.9 Episode 9 3.10 Episode 10 3.11 Episode 11 3.12 Episode 12 3.13 Episode 13 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Photo shoot guide 4.3 Makeovers 5 Post Top Model Agencies 6 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Cycle 9 auditions began on November 2012 . The show saw a record number of auditions held in over 17 cities ranging from Plymouth to Glasgow . Thousands of applicants were narrowed to twenty - eight semi-finalists . For unknown reasons , the number was lowered to twenty - seven . Fourteen contestants were selected to take part in the final cast . Filming of the series began on 21 January 2013 The first airing on 20 June contained two episodes . Judges ( edit ) Two judges from the previous cycle did not retain their positions . Elle Macpherson continued as head judge and executive producer along with model Tyson Beckford , but fashion designer Julien Macdonald and Whitney Port decided to leave the show . Australian singer and talent show judge Dannii Minogue joined Macpherson and Beckford . This leaves the show with a panel of only three judges , the first time since cycle 5 . Casting ( edit ) The cycle once again featured a boot - camp stage . Initially , 28 hopefuls were selected to join the semi-finals . However , only 27 of them were revealed to the public . 14 girls ultimately proceeded onto the main competition as finalists . International destination ( edit ) This cycle 's international destination was Barbados . This was the first season since cycle 4 to have featured only one international destination . Contestants ( edit ) ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Hometown Finish Place Christina Chalk 19 Dunblane Episode 2 14 Danielle Sandhu 20 Retford Episode 3 13 Jess Patterson 19 Knocklyon Episode 4 12 Abigail Johns 18 London Episode 5 11 Laura Young 19 Malvern Episode 6 10 Emily Garner 18 Chelmsford Episode 7 9 Saffron Williams 19 Batley Episode 8 8 Holly Carpenter 21 Raheny , Dublin Episode 9 7 Angel Mbonu 18 Middlesex Episode 10 6 Naomi Pelkiewicz 22 Bristol Episode 11 5 Sophie Ellson 19 Bournemouth Episode 12 Sarah Kennedy 22 Portnoo , Donegal Episode 13 3 - 2 Emma Ward 20 Leeds Lauren Lambert 23 Wallington , Surrey Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 20 June 2013 The final 28 semi-finalists selected to take part in Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model attend the casting of their lives . The girls get a chance to meet one another before meeting Elle , Tyson , and Dannii in person . As the crowd of models watches on , each contestant must walk in front of the judges before being asked questions in order for them to get to know her better . Immediately after the interviews , the girls are dismissed from the room . The judges deliberate on which eight girls should be eliminated . After they make their decision , they reveal to the models that in the room downstairs there is a board with the 20 photographs of the girls that will be moving forward in the competition . Ayoola , Ella , Dominique , Janay , Lucy , Lydia , and Stephanie fail to find their photographs on the board , and are thus eliminated from the competition . The remaining twenty girls move on to the second day of casting . First eliminated semi-finalists : Ayoola Sundari Smart , Ella , Dominique Binns , Janay Saddler , Lucy Bell , Lydia Lyn & Stephanie Taylor The following day , the remaining models take part in their first photo shoot challenge . They must pose together in groups of four while wearing absolutely no make - up . Group Models One Angel M. , Emma , Hannah , Laura Two Claire , Jess , Lauren , Saffron Three Christina , Elizabeth , Emily , Holly Four Abigail , Angel O. , Danielle , Naomi Five Aleksandra , Carly , Sarah , Sophie After the shoot , Elle , Dannii , and Tyson discuss the photographs that the girls had taken earlier that day . As nightfall looms in , each group of models is called individually to face their verdict and find out whether or not they have made the top 14 . The judges eliminate one or two girls from each group as they see fit , until only fourteen finalists remain . Danielle Sandhu , a model who had failed to make the final cut in cycle seven , successfully makes it into the final cast . The episode ends as the final fourteen models move into their new home . Second eliminated semi-finalists : Aleksandra Kozielska , Angel Ojera , Carly Gordon , Claire Bodie , Elizabeth Hamilton & Hannah Gardner Featured photographer : Alex James Episode 2 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 20 June 2013 The final fourteen settle into their new home . They receive their very first Elle Mail , which tells them to be prepared for the upcoming challenge the following day . The following morning , the models arrive at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham for their very first bridal runway show . They meet model Jade Parfitt and designer Ian Stuart , who ask each one of the girls to show them their runway walk . Each girl is divided into a team of either brides or bridesmaids . Angel , Christina , Emily , Holly , Laura , Lauren , Naomi , Saffron , and Sophie are chosen to be brides . Abigail , Emma , Danielle , Jess , and Sarah are chosen to be bridesmaids . Immediately before fittings start , Jade and Ian decide to switch Naomi and Emma 's roles in the show , which leaves Naomi in distress . Brief Models Bride Angel , Christina , Emily , Emma , Holly , Laura , Lauren , Saffron , Sophie Bridesmaid Abigail , Danielle , Jess , Naomi , Sarah After the show ends , Angel and Naomi are revealed to be the winners of the bridal runway challenge . They find various products and other prizes sponsored by the show waiting for them back at home . The next day , the models are taken to a warehouse for their photo shoot . There they find their mentor and judge Dannii as well as Victoria White , editor of Company Magazine . They are asked to create the perfect cover shot for the magazine . The majority of the girls receive mostly positive feedback , with Saffron and Danielle impressing the least . For judging , a new system is implemented . The models wait backstage with a board containing copies of their best photos from the shoot . While they wait , the judges discuss their photographs and deliberate on each model 's overall performance . Clear standouts include Emma , Lauren , and Naomi , among others . Abigail , Christina , Danielle , Saffron , and Sarah are critiqued most . The girls enter the judging room for the first time , and Emma is awarded picture of the week . In increments of three , nine other girls are dismissed from the room declared safe . The last four girls , Christina , Danielle , Saffron , and Sarah remain in the room to be critiqued further . Saffron and Sarah are judged about their lack of confidence , while Danielle is critiqued for her lack of presence . Despite having a great personality , Christina comes under fire for not being able to deliver in pictures . The four models in danger are asked to leave while a decision is made . Once the judges have made up their mind , the girls are called back in . Sarah , Saffron , and Danielle continue in the running . Christina is handed a portfolio containing all of her pictures from the show , thus being eliminated from the competition . First call - out : Emma Ward Bottom four : Christina Chalk , Danielle Sandhu , Saffron Williams & Sarah Kennedy Eliminated : Christina Chalk Featured photographer : Tim James Special guests : Jade Parfitt , Ian Stuart , Victoria White Episode 3 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 27 June 2013 The episode begins on the same night of Christina 's elimination after the remaining thirteen models have arrived back at the house . The girls receive an Elle Mail informing them that makeovers will take place the following day . Saffron begins to worry that the judges will want to cut off her hair . The next morning , the models are taken to the salon where hair stylist Matthew Curtis will be in charge of their new looks . To encourage the girls to embrace their new looks , Elle also receives a makeover . Most girls are content with the changes they are given , with Abigail , Saffron , and Emily being the most unhappy . Abigail and Saffron refuse to have their hair cut at all , becoming the first contestants in the entire series to have ever refused a makeover . For the shoot , the girls get taken to a manor house in the countryside where they meet their judge Tyson and gymnast Louis Smith . They are to pose on a pommel horse while at the same time retaining their connection with Louis , who is their partner for the shoot . Some of the girls struggle to maintain their balance , but generally everyone does a good job . Sarah and Lauren receive the best feedback during their sessions , while Emma struggles with her confidence . After the photo shoot , the girls are treated for a meal at a top London restaurant . Lauren begins to talk about her life before coming onto the show , and confesses that she was kicked out of her house at the age of fifteen . During elimination day , the girls get to take a look at their best pictures while the judges deliberate . Sophie , Holly , Naomi , Sarah , and Lauren receive some of the best comments from the judges . They also comment on Sarah 's marked improvement from the week before . Jess and Danielle are judged on not standing out enough , while Abigail and Saffron are criticised for not having cut their hair during makeovers , and possibly not being equipped to be a model . The models are called back into the room , and Lauren is awarded best picture . Eight other girls are dismissed and declared safe , leaving Abigail , Danielle , Laura , and Saffron as the bottom four contestants . Each girl goes up for an individual critique , and are then asked to leave while a final decision is made . When the judges are done , all four are asked to come back . Laura and Saffron are declared safe . Abigail narrowly avoids being eliminated over Danielle , who is handed her portfolio and becomes the second model to be eliminated from the competition . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom four : Abigail Johns , Danielle Sandhu , Laura Young & Saffron Williams Eliminated : Danielle Sandhu Featured photographer : Dan Kennedy Special guests : Matthew Curtis , Louis Smith Episode 4 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 4 July 2013 The episode picks up on the night of the previous elimination . Sophie and Holly begin to talk about Angel 's inability to clean up after herself in the house . The girls receive a new Elle Mail telling them that a few appointments for go - sees have been arranged for them the following day . They all prepare themselves by having a good night 's rest in preparation for the challenge . The next day the models arrive at the offices of Models 1 , which is the prize agency for the contestant who wins the competition . There they meet model bookers Joe and Hannah , who will be in charge of watching the girls at work while they try to impress designers Ben de Lisi and Daniel Lismore . The contestants are divided into two groups of six , with each group meeting one designer at a time . At the end of the challenge , the designer must each choose one girl from the twelve girls they have seen as their challenge winner . Group 1st Designer 2nd Designer Emily , Laura , Lauren , Naomi , Sarah , Sophie Ben de Lisi Daniel Lismore Abigail , Angel , Emma , Holly , Jess , Saffron Daniel Lismore Ben de Lisi Ben compliments Naomi 's unusual beauty , and calls the girls from her group out for wearing wedge booties for a casting . Meanwhile , the other group meets Daniel Lismore . Daniel calls Angel a ' walking piece of art ' but later calls her and Abigail out for talking while he is trying to do a fitting . He compliments Emma 's great face and body , but criticises Abigail for having worn a blue bra to a casting . Abigail also fails to walk in his dress without tripping over it . He admits that Saffron was his favourite , and tells Jess that her walk needs a lot of work . The groups later switch designers for the second part of the challenge . Ben dislikes Saffron and Abigail 's walks , but swoons over Angel 's . Naomi stumbles in one of Daniel 's dresses , and Sophie receives critique for bobbing her head while she walks . Lauren and Sarah receive the best feedback from him . At the end of the challenge , all the girls receive feedback from Joe and Hannah about how the castings went . Angel and Sarah are revealed to be the challenge winners . They are allowed to pick two friends , Abigail and Emma , to accompany them for a night out from the house . While Angel , Abigail , Emma , and Sarah are out , the girls back at home begin talking behind Angel 's back . For the shoot , the girls are taken to a beach . They meet Dannii , their photographer Joseph Sinclair , and British model Jourdan Dunn . They are asked to pose topless in jeans with a male model . Sarah , Laura , Naomi , Lauren , and Angel impress the most . In contrast , Jess and Holly impress the least . During elimination day , the judges praise Naomi and Laura as the clear standouts for the shoot . Although Abigail 's photograph is good , Tyson does not believe she is a model . The judges are also disappointed by her performance at the castings . After some other comments on the pictures , the girls are into the elimination room and Naomi receives picture of the week . Seven other girls are dismissed , leaving Abigail , Holly , Jess , and Sophie as the bottom four . Holly is reprimanded for still being too made up for panel and wearing too much make - up . Sophie receives critique for not showing what the judges believe to be her full potential . After they have been dismissed and a final decision is made , the four models in danger are called back . Sophie and Holly are put through to the next week . Abigail survives her second time in the bottom two , and Jess is eliminated . First call - out : Naomi Pelkiewicz Bottom four : Abigail Johns , Holly Carpenter , Jess Patterson & Sophie Ellson Eliminated : Jess Patterson Featured photographer : Joseph Sinclair Special guests : Daniel Lismore , Ben de Lisi , Jourdan Dunn Episode 5 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 11 July 2013 The episode begins with the weekly challenge . The models head to a studio , where they meet Elle and Nicky Johnston . They are photographed by Nicky , and are asked to find their best light in front of the lens . Most of the girls receive feedback from Elle on how to improve . Sarah is declared the challenge winner , and as her prize she is treated for a night out . She chooses Emma , Saffron , and Abigail to accompany her . While they head to the club , the rest of the girls stays at home . The models receive an Elle Mail telling them to ' take a deep breath ' and prepare for the next photo shoot . Tension at home rises when the girls confront Angel , and Naomi calls her out on her ' attention seeking ways ' . The next day , the girls meet Tyson , their client Laura Maddox , and photographer Zena Holloway for an underwater photo shoot . Naomi begins her session first , with the rest of the girls watching her perform . Angel and Holly begin to argue while they wait for their turn . Emily , Saffron , Sophie , and Lauren receive positive comments from Tyson and Lauren . In contrast , Angel , Laura , and Abigail are given negative feedback . Sarah initially struggles , but manages to conquer her fear and impress both Tyson and the photographer . During elimination day , Sarah receives the most praise for her photo . In general , the judges also express having liked Naomi , Sophie , and Holly 's photographs . Emma , Laura , and Angel stand out as having some of the worst pictures . Meanwhile , Emily , Lauren , Saffron , and Abigail receive mixed comments for theirs . The models are called into the elimination room and Sarah receives picture of the week . Sophie , Naomi , Holly , Lauren , Emily and Saffron are declared safe and are put through to the next round . Abigail , Angel , Emma , and Laura find themselves in the bottom four . The judges tell Emma that her own negativity got in the way of her shoot , and that she needs to begin believing in herself . Elle believes that Abigail and Laura have made progress , but that there are still things for them to work on . Angel is told that she needs to practice more . After the judges have finish deliberating , the girls are called back in one last time . Angel and Emma are saved due to their strong past performances , leaving Laura and Abigail as the last two models vying for a place in the top ten . After having made her third consecutive appearance in the bottom two , Abigail is eliminated . First call - out : Sarah Kennedy Bottom four : Abigail Johns , Angel Mbonu , Emma Ward & Laura Young Eliminated : Abigail Johns Featured photographer : Zena Holloway Special guests : Nicky Johnston , Lauren Maddox Episode 6 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 18 July 2013 The models meet former Britain 's Next Top Model judge Louis Mariette for the weekly challenge . He tells the girls that they will have perform a live runway walk with odd and outlandish accessories . Each contestant picks a box with the object they will have to walk with . Model Accessory Angel Chunky Knitwear Emily Birdcage Emma Metal Jewelry Holly Platform Boots Laura Dress Lauren Angel Wings Naomi Poodle Saffron Pig Sarah Roller Boots Sophie Baby Holly , Sophie , Lauren and Angel all receive good critiques . Naomi and Sarah also receive encouraging comments . Saffron , Emily , Laura , and Emma struggle the most with the challenge . Lauren is chosen as the challenge winner , and as her prize , she is treated to a night out at the disco . She chooses Sarah and Angel to accompany her . Later that night , the girls receive an Elle Mail . Based on the content of the message , the models correctly guess that they will have to perform in a nude shoot . At the photo shoot the girls meet Dannii and their photographer for the day , Catherine . Laura confesses that her goal is to receive picture of the week , but Dannii believes that her performance does n't fully translate in pictures . Holly , Sophie , Emma , Lauren , and Sarah manage to impress the duo . Emily fails to feel confident about being nude , but Dannii assures her that the end results are good . During elimination day , the girls get to have a look at their pictures from the shoot while the judges discuss the photographs in the elimination room . Holly , Angel , Sarah , Emma , Sophie , and Lauren all receive praise for their photographs . Elle believes Laura has the right ingredients for the makings of a good model , but notes that having to photograph her is hard work . She also believes that while Naomi 's photograph is good , it 's not a standout from the other pictures . All three of the judges cackle at Saffron 's walk from the challenge , and frown at yet another bad performance at the shoot . Emily stands out due to her lack of confidence and her awkwardness . At elimination , Lauren receives picture of the week , and is dismissed from the judging room . She is quickly followed by Sophie , Sarah , Holly , Angel , and Emma . Emily , Laura , Naomi , and Saffron remain behind as the bottom four , with Saffron and Laura both being there for the third time during their stay in the competition . Each model is called up for an individual evaluation . Laura is chastised for failing to live up to the potential that the judges believe she has , while Naomi is critiqued for being inconsistent in her trajectory throughout the competition . Saffron is called out on producing another mediocre picture yet again , and Emily is judged for making excuses every week . The judges deliberate alone one last time , and the girls are called back after their decision has been made . Naomi and Saffron are put through to the next round , while Emily and Laura are asked to remain in the room . Emily is given another chance , and Laura is sent home due to her inability to produce good photographs . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom four : Emily Garner , Laura Young , Naomi Pelkiewicz & Saffron Williams Eliminated : Laura Young Featured photographer : Catherine Harbour Special guests : Louis Mariette Episode 7 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 25 July 2013 Emily explains that while she is happy for having made it through the previous elimination , she feels sorry that Laura had to be eliminated . Holly and Saffron discuss what they perceive is the judges favouritism of Lauren and Sarah . Later that night , the girls receive an Elle Mail telling them to prepare for an early start the next day . The following morning , the models are taken to a farm . There they meet casting director Paul de Frades and Tyson , who informs them that they will have to shoot a milk advert for make mine Milk with Daisy , their cow partner for the commercial . Afterwards , the girls are given some time off to memorise their lines . Naomi , Saffron , Angel , and Sophie manage to do a decent job . Emma and Sarah evidently struggle to remember their lines . Other girls struggle to maintain control over the cow . Lauren allows her nerves to get the better of her , and she begins to forget her lines . As sunset begins to loom closer , the girls are gathered together so that Paul can deliver the news . Sophie is revealed to be the winner of the challenge . As her prize , she receives £ 1,000 worth of Danilo Gabrielli vouchers . When the girls arrive home , they find a new Elle Mail informing them that the hair and makeup team will arrive early the next morning to prepare them for a fairy tale photo shoot . After the girls have been styled and prepared , they are taken the studio where the shoot will take place . Elle meets the contestants there and she assigns a different fairy tale character for each model to portray . Model Fairy Tale Angel Snow White Emily Rapunzel Emma Goldilocks Holly Maleficent Lauren Beauty and the Beast Naomi Sleeping Beauty Saffron Little Red Riding Hood Sarah Hansel and Gretel Sophie Cinderella Naomi is chosen to go first . Both Elle and the photographer like that she tried hard to get into character . Sarah impresses Elle and Uli with her beauty . As they are getting prepared , Holly and Angel begin to argue . Angel states that Holly has made both herself and Sarah uncomfortable . Holly begins to cry , explaining that she thinks it 's cruel for Angel to bring those issues up immediately before a shoot . Sophie , Lauren , and Emma do well . Saffron is asked to portray fear . After Holly finishes her session , she begins to cry once more . Elle asks her to explain what happened , and when she does , Elle reassures her that her anguish did n't show in the pictures . Emily and Angel Struggle . Immediately after the shoot wraps up Elle speaks to the girls about professionalism , telling them that they should never bring any problems onto set . Dannii arrives at the house for a pajama party to cheer the models up . On the morning of elimination day , the tensions reach boiling point as Sarah confronts Holly for her behaviour in the house . During the elimination ceremony , Lauren once again receives picture of the week . Angel , Emily , Holly and Naomi stay in the elimination room as the bottom four . After the judges deliberate , Holly and Angel are declared safe . Naomi is spared from being sent home and Emily is axed from the competition due to her increasingly declining performance . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom four : Angel Mbonu , Emily Garner , Holly Carpenter & Naomi Pelkiewicz Eliminated : Emily Garner Featured photographer : Uli Webber Special guests : Paul de Frades Episode 8 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 1 August 2013 The girls arrive home from the previous elimination . Sarah finds a birthday cake with her name on it , along with letters from her family back at home . She attempts to clear the air with Holly , but ultimately ends up getting into a new argument with her instead . Holly believes that Sarah is n't as innocent as she portrays herself to be . The following day , the models meet journalist and stylist Hillary Alexander for their challenge . Hillary tells them that will be tested on their fashion knowledge during a fashion quiz , and she divides the girls into four teams of two . The team with the most points at the end of the quiz wins the challenge . For having had the most right answers , Naomi and Sophie are chosen as the challenge winners . As their prize for winning the challenge , they are treated for a night out on a party bus with former Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model contestants . Team Finish Naomi & Sophie 1st Emma & Holly 2nd Angel & Lauren 3rd Saffron & Sarah Naomi and Sophie choose Emma and Holly to accompany them . During their time out , Holly realises that she is lucky to be in the competition . She also states not wanting to make Sarah 's time in the competition uncomfortable . The next morning , Holly apologises to Sarah for her behaviour . Sarah expresses that she is glad they can finally move forward again . For the shoot , the models meet Dannii in an elegant building . She explains that the theme for the shoot is ' empowering women ' , and that they will have to pose with snakes . Dannii and the photographer comment on Emma 's lack of facial symmetry . Naomi talks about how determined she is not to be placed in the bottom two again . She receives encouraging comments from both the photographer and Dannii . Lauren has no problems with the snake , but is told to try to make her hands appear smaller . Sophie and Angel both receive unanimous praise . Sarah struggles with her supposed phobia of snakes , but still manages to do a great job on set . Holly struggles with finding a position she 's comfortable in . Back at home , Saffron explains that she is nervous about the upcoming elimination despite feeling pleased about her performance during the shoot . Sophie receives admiration for her photograph . Lauren , Emma , Angel , and Naomi also receive positive feedback for their pictures . Elle argues that Saffron is n't as strong as the other remaining models , and that Sarah failed to grab her attention . Holly comes under fire for her awkwardness on set . At elimination , there is a twist ; only three contestants will be in danger of elimination , as opposed to the usual four . Angel receives picture of the week for the first time during her stay in the competition , while Holly , Saffron , and Sarah land in the bottom three . The panel discusses both their pictures , and their portfolio 's as a whole . After deliberation , Sarah and Holly are given one more chance . Saffron is eliminated for having failed to keep up with the other models throughout the shoots . First call - out : Angel Mbonu Bottom three : Holly Carpenter , Saffron Williams & Sarah Kennedy Eliminated : Saffron Williams Featured photographer : Alex James Special guests : Hillary Alexander , Anita Kaushik , Annaliese Dayes , Catherine Thomas , Charlotte Holmes , Imogen Leaver , Jade Thompson , Letitia Herod , Chris Brown , Mark Amey ( Snake Trainers ) Episode 9 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 8 August 2013 The models receive an Elle Mail telling them to watch their steps and that ' all eyes ' will be on them the following day . The next morning , the girls meet Elle at the Garden Museum . She explains that the models will have to walk in a dining table runway show for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer , and that she will be watching them at the end of the catwalk . Elle also reveals that the six girls who remain at the end of the week will be boarding a flight to Barbados for the remainder of the competition . The models are fitted for their heels and begin to practice their walks . Angel begins to tear up when she is told she has the weakest walk out of the girls there . Afterwards the models are taken into hair and makeup . Most of the girls quickly begin to realise the importance of the show , and the impact it will have on whether or not they will receive a ticket for the trip overseas . After the show Elle congratulates the models for their outstanding performances . For the photo shoot the contestants are taken to a ballroom . In it they meet Tyson and their client for the shoot , Carly O'Connor . The models get their beauty shots taken for Revlon 's super lustrous lipstick campaign . Lauren , Emma , Naomi , and Sophie do well on set . Angel comes across as looking tired . She also receives some comments on not looking as beautiful as she could look in her photographs . Sarah is asked to relax and watch her posture . Holly receives praise from both Tyson and Carly during her shoot . After Holly has left , Tyson points out that while close - ups and beauty shots are her forte , she is n't a very strong editorial or runway model . Carly states that Holly 's photos during the day were very still elegant and glamorous . After having had a look at their pictures for the first time during the day of the elimination , some of the girls begin to worry . Meanwhile , Elle , Dannii , and Tyson discuss the pictures in the elimination room . Elle believes that Sarah 's pictures are n't very inspiring , but that her walk is still good . She also believes that Naomi 's days in the competition are numbered . Angel receives positive feedback from Tyson and Elle , but not from Dannii . Tyson and Dannii like Holly 's picture , but Elle comments on how ' old ' she looks . All three of them agree that her walk is n't impressive . Sophie is critiqued for never fully reaching the judges expectations , but is still complimented on her collective work in the competition . Emma and Lauren receive praise for looking sophisticated and elegant . During the elimination ceremony , Lauren is awarded her fourth picture of the week . Sophie , Emma , and Angel follow suit as the girls who will be travelling to Barbados with her . Holly , Naomi , and Sarah remain in the room as the contestants in danger of being eliminated . During the individual critiques , Elle commends Sarah on the progress she has made from the first week of the competition . Naomi is told that her walk needs improvement , and that she needs to stop comparing herself with the other girls . Holly is told that she has a niche in the industry , but that it is n't enough to be Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model . After the final deliberation , Naomi is allowed to move on . Sarah is chosen as the final girl who will travel abroad , and Holly is handed her portfolio , making her the eighth contestant to leave the show . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom three : Holly Carpenter , Naomi Pelkiewicz & Sarah Kennedy Eliminated : Holly Carpenter Featured photographer : Seb Winter Special guests : Natalie Legg , Iggy Azalea Episode 10 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 15 August 2013 The girls arrive to Barbados , where they will spend the rest of the competition . They arrive at their new home and quickly get settled in for the night . The following day , the girls are taken to a beach and are introduced to the vice-president of sales and marketing for tourism in Barbados . She explains that the models will have to surf the waves and deliver lines for a commercial that promotes the beauty of the island . After a brief lesson on surfing , the contestants take on their first challenge overseas . None of the girls are able to stay afloat on the surfboard for long , but all of them manage to deliver their line coherently . Immediately afterward , Sophie is revealed to be the challenge winner . She is treated to a spa session at one of the nearby hotels and gets to choose Naomi to accompany her . After their therapeutic session , Naomi and Sophie receive an Elle Mail telling them to prepare to get their ' hair off the shore ' . The contestants meet Dannii and Annabel Granger , who is their client for the photo shoot and a brand manager for TRESemmé . The goal for the shoot is to create a lively and realistic hair campaign for the brand 's new 24 Hour hair product . Angel becomes displeased with her styling for the shoot , as she feels that the afro she is forced to wear wo n't work for a hair campaign . Several of the other girls suggest that she needs to gets over her displeasure and focus on her performance for the shoot instead . Lauren seemingly does well on set , but Dannii comments on her overconfidence . Angel struggles to relax . Once she has left , Dannii , Anabel , and the photographer comment of her inability to pose naturally . Emma finds it hard to smile because of her braces . Sophie manages to fit the brief , but is critiqued for having had more misses rather than hits during her session with the photographer . Sarah and Naomi impress the most with their performances . After seeing their pictures for the first time the models head off to panel . For the remainder of the series the judging format goes back to the style seen in cycles past , where each girl goes up for an individual critique before the judges decide privately about who should be eliminated . The judges review the girls ' adverts and their photographs from the shoot . The judges like Lauren 's end result , but Elle states that Lauren is too relaxed . She explains that Lauren looks as if she ' already has it made ' . Angel is criticised for trying to be someone else in her pictures . Although Emma is congratulated for having achieved the desired results , she is told that her overall film was mediocre . For the most part , Sophie and Naomi receive positive feedback . During deliberation Sophie is critiqued by Elle and Dannii for not having the ' wow factor ' , while Tyson interrupts the conversation to say that Lauren does . The judges talk about Angel 's over-posing , and about Emma 's limitations as a model . Sarah and Naomi receive universal praise for their photos . At elimination , Sarah is awarded picture of the week . Angel and Emma remain as the bottom two , and an emotional teary - eyed Angel is eliminated from the competition . First call - out : Sarah Kennedy Bottom two : Angel Mbonu & Emma Ward Eliminated : Angel Mbonu Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Special guests : Joanna Roterberg , Annabel Granger Episode 11 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 22 August 2013 Shortly after having arrived back to their home from the prior elimination , the five remaining models find a brand new Elle Mail that tells them to prepare to follow in the footsteps of working top models for a dancing challenge . Some of the girls reckon that the challenge will have something to do with shooting a music video . The next morning the girls head over to the beach , and upon arriving there , they meet the members of Cover Drive . Lead singer Amanda Reifer explains that the contestants will have to participate as backup dancers for their new music video All My Love that will later be uploaded onto their website . After being taught the dance routine , the models head over to the streets of Barbados to shoot the music video . Sarah impresses the other girls with her skills , while Emma and Sophie struggle with their rigidity . Emma comments on Lauren 's overconfidence , explaining that she seems to think she already has the challenge in the bag . After having finished recording the video , Amanda reveals that Sarah has been chosen as the winner of the challenge due to her natural and outstanding performance . She is allowed to take Lauren with her for a swimming trip with sea turtles . Later that night the models receive a second Elle Mail just in time for the weekly shoot . On the day of the photo shoot , the girls are taken to Harrison 's Cave . Following in the footsteps of season eight winner Letitia , the contestants model pieces of Jerboa Jewellery inside of the caverns . Elle then introduces them to Victoria Barker , the creator of the brand . Naomi struggles with being overly sexy as well as relaxing her face . Despite having done well , Sophie is critiqued on her over-posing after she has left the set . Lauren and Emma both receive positive comments from Elle during their sessions , while Sarah is given mixed feedback . As the sun sets , the models prepare for their second elimination in Barbados . Backstage , the girls have a look at their pictures from the photo shoot . With the exception of Emma , all of them appear unsure about what the judges will think of their photos . The models get to see the video they shot previously that week during panel . Naomi is then called forward for her individual critique . She is shown some of her alternative pictures from the shoot , and is criticized for never fully reaching the judges ' expectations of her . Sophie is also shown some of her alternate pictures , and is told that her overall film was very poor . Lauren is complimented on knowing what to do on set without having to be told . Emma receives praise for her photograph , and is commended for maintaining a positive attitude after having been in the bottom two the previous elimination . Sarah is congratulated on her outstanding learning curve and stellar performance . After deliberation , Emma is awarded picture of the week . Sarah and Lauren join her in safety , while Sophie and Naomi find themselves in the bottom two . Elle reveals that the portfolio she is holding in her hands belongs to Naomi , and that Sophie will be allowed to continue on in the competition . First call - out : Emma Ward Bottom two : Naomi Pelkiewicz & Sophie Ellson Eliminated : Naomi Pelkiewicz Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Special guests : Amanda Reifer , T - Ray Armstrong , Barry ' Bar - Man ' Hill , Jamar Harding ( Cover Drive ) , Victoria Barker ( Jerboa Jewellery ) Episode 12 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 29 August 2013 The final four models rejoice in the fact that they have made it so far in the competition . They receive an Elle Mail which alludes that they will be taking part in a styling challenge the following day . Sophie begins to cry when she makes phone - call to her mother , explaining that the judges are beginning to tear her apart during elimination and that she misses her family greatly . The next morning the models arrive at Lime Grove , a shopping destination in Barbados . There they meet fashion guru Kingsley Throne , who tells the girls that they will be given one hour to find clothes around the stores that they will later use to style themselves in a shoot for the cover of LG Magazine . Lauren comes into trouble in one of the shoe stores , when she is unable to find heels that will fit her huge man feet . After the hour is up , all four of the models meet Kingsley once again . He requests that each one of them explains why they have chosen the outfit that they have . Sophie chooses a monochrome dress , explaining that the look is in at the moment , and a red purse with lips to match to add a splash of color . Kinglsley greatly compliments Sophie 's sense of fashion and her overall look . He proceeds to rag on Emma 's choice of androgynous clothes , while she argues that she wanted to choose something unique . Sarah receives a positive critique for her choice of a summer look . Lauren explains that she chose bright colours n order to capture the spirit of the Caribbean . Immediately afterwards , the girls begin their test cover shoot for the magazine . Emma takes some time aside to cry , as she feels upset about Kingsley 's hurtful comments . The girls encourage her to prove everyone wrong on set . Sophie is chosen to begin her session first . She is followed by Emma , Sarah , and Lauren . Lauren complains that the photographer was giving her too much direction , telling him that he should have let her ' do her own thing ' . After close inspection , Sarah is chosen as the winner of the cover challenge . She is given a free shopping spree at Lime Grove with Lauren as her reward . As the two are out shopping together , Emma and Sophie begin to talk about Lauren 's failure to take direction . They also compare Sarah and Lauren to one another . Later that night they receive an Elle Mail that talks about the upcoming photo shoot . The following day they are all driven St Nicholas Abbey , a sugar plantation in Barbados . There they meet Tyson Beckford , who explains the brief for the shoot is posing among the sugar canes in couture designs by Kesia Estwick . Sarah is the first of the girls to shoot , and she receives overwhelmingly positive feedback from everyone on set . Lauren is chosen to go next . She too , is given positive critique . Emma is commended for delivering one of her best performances in the competition . Sophie is initially told she lacks energy , but manages to impress near the end of her session . Tyson comments that deciding who will be eliminated is going to be extremely difficult . At panel , Sarah is the first model to receive her individual evaluation . Elle and Dannii rave about her photo , while Tyson states that all her frames were usable . While the judges like Lauren 's picture , they had been expecting more from her . Emma is praised for her excellence during the photo shoot , but Elle stresses that she must learn to be more commercial in addition to being editorial . Meanwhile , Sophie is given universal praise for her photograph . During elimination , Emma becomes the first finalist by snatching the last picture of the week in the series . Sarah follows suit as the second model through to the final , leaving Lauren and Sophie in danger of elimination . Elle proceeds to tell Sophie that she is no longer in the running towards becoming Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model , and Lauren becomes the third and last finalist . First call - out : Emma Ward Bottom two : Lauren Lambert & Sophie Ellson Eliminated : Sophie Ellson Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Special guests : Kingsley Throne , Kesia Estwick Episode 13 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 5 September 2013 Final three : Emma Ward , Lauren Lambert & Sarah Kennedy Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model : Lauren Lambert Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Summaries ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Emma Lauren Naomi Sarah Lauren Lauren Angel Lauren Sarah Emma Emma Lauren Naomi Sophie Laura Sophie Sophie Sophie Emma Sophie Naomi Sarah Sarah Emma Sarah Lauren Sarah Emma Naomi Sarah Sarah Sophie Emma Lauren Lauren Lauren Sophie Holly Lauren Holly Holly Emma Naomi Angel Sophie Sophie Sophie 5 Angel Angel Angel Lauren Angel Saffron Lauren Naomi Emma Naomi 6 Holly Emily Sarah Emily Emma Holly Sarah Sarah Angel 7 Emily Emma Emily Saffron Naomi Angel Holly Holly 8 Jess Naomi Saffron Angel Saffron Naomi Saffron 9 Abigail Jess Sophie Emma Emily Emily 10 Laura Laura Holly Laura Laura 11 Sarah Saffron Abigail Abigail 12 Saffron Abigail Jess 13 Danielle Danielle 14 Christina The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the groups for the first photo shoot met individually with the judges , and the semi-finalists who had failed to impress them were eliminated . In episodes 2 through 7 , the bottom four contestants were in danger of elimination . In episodes 8 and 9 , this was reduced to the bottom three , and from episode 10 and onward , only the bottom two contestants were in danger of elimination . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Natural beauty in groups ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Company Magazine cover tries Episode 3 photo shoot : Gymnasts on a pommel horse with Louis Smith Episode 4 photo shoot : Topless jeans dd on a beach with a male model Episode 5 photo shoot : Underwater beauty in gowns Episode 6 photo shoot : Nude editorial in B&W Episode 7 photo shoot : Portraying fairy tales Episode 8 photo shoot : Posing with snakes in an antique library Episode 9 photo shoot : Revlon beauty shots Episode 10 photo shoot : Hair campaign for TRESemmé Episode 11 photo shoot : Jerboa Jewellery in a limestone cavern Episode 12 photo shoots : Couture dresses in a sugar plantation Episode 13 photo shoot : Posing in swimwear for St. Tropez spray tan Makeovers ( edit ) Abigail : No change ( refused makeover ) Angel : New weave and fringes added Danielle : Treated for damage Emily : Cut shorter and dyed darker Emma : Bleached eyebrows and hair Holly : Fringes added Jess : Scruffier and dyed two tones Laura : Fuller hair and dyed darker Lauren : Tidied up and highlights added Naomi : Dyed lighter Saffron : No change ( refused makeover ) Sarah : Extensions added with a few red highlights Sophie : Cut to the collarbone , dyed darker , and highlights added Post Top model agencies ( edit ) Lauren Lambert has been signed with Models 1 as part of her prize package . Sarah Kennedy has been signed with Distinct Model Management in Dublin . Angel Mbonu has been signed with Elite Model Management in London . She was previously signed with Models 1 . Holly Carpenter has been signed with Andrea Roche Agency in Dublin . Saffron Williams has been signed with BOSS Models in London . Jess Patterson has been signed with Assets Model Agency in Dublin . Ratings ( edit ) Episode Viewing figures from BARB Episode Date Total Viewers Sky Living Weekly Ranking 20 June 2013 ( 20 : 00 ) 309,000 5 20 June 2013 ( 21 : 00 ) 348,000 27 June 2013 430,000 4 July 2013 367,000 5 5 11 July 2013 432,000 6 18 July 2013 393,000 7 25 July 2013 471,000 8 1 August 2013 395,000 9 8 August 2013 408,000 10 15 August 2013 306,000 11 22 August 2013 317,000 12 29 August 2013 366,000 13 5 September 2013 334,000 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` First look at Top Model judges : Elle Macpherson brands Dannii Minogue a fashion `` powerhouse '' `` . Mirror Online . ^ Jump up to : `` BINTM Series 9 : What To Expect '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?feature=m-ch-fea&v=11prKiL7Q0E Jump up ^ `` Size eight wannabe model told she 's TOO FAT '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ `` Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model : The Auditions '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` The Models '' . Sky Living . ^ Jump up to : `` BINTM Week 1 : The Story So Far ... '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` Janay Saddler '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BINTM Ep 3 : The Story So Far ... '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` BINTM Episode 4 : Recap '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` BARB '' . BARB. 19 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model at Sky Living Jerboa Jewellery now known as Victoria Barker - London Britain 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Contestants Winners Lucy Emily Ratcliffe Lianna Fowler Lauren McAvoy Alex Evans Mecia Simson Tiffany Pisani Jade Thompson Letitia Herod Lauren Lambert Chloe Keenan Olivia Wardell Other alumni Abbey Clancy Jasmia Robinson Rachael Cairns Sophie Sumner Jade McSorley Charlotte Holmes Susan Loughnane Juste Juozapaityte Lisa Madden Holly Carpenter Related America 's Next Top Model : British Invasion Dannii Minogue Studio albums Dannii / Party Jam / Love and Kisses Get into You Girl Neon Nights Club Disco Singles `` Love and Kisses '' `` Success '' `` Jump to the Beat '' `` Baby Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Take This Pain '' `` Show You the Way to Go '' `` Love 's on Every Corner '' `` This Is It '' `` This is the Way '' `` Get into You '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Boogie Woogie '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Everything I Wanted '' `` Disremembrance '' `` Coconut '' `` Everlasting Night '' `` Who Do You Love Now ? '' `` Put the Needle on It '' `` I Begin to Wonder '' `` Do n't Wanna Lose This Feeling '' `` Come and Get It '' `` You Wo n't Forget About Me '' `` Perfection '' `` So Under Pressure '' `` I Ca n't Sleep at Night '' `` He 's the Greatest Dancer '' `` Touch Me Like That '' `` Summer of Love '' `` 100 Degrees '' Compilations U.K. Remixes The Singles The Remixes The Hits & Beyond Unleashed The Early Years The 1995 Sessions This Is It : The Very Best Of Video albums Love and Kisses : Video Collection Get into You : Video Collection The Videos Dannii Minogue : The Video Collection Books My Story My Style Related articles Discography Kylie Minogue ( sister ) Terry Ronald Ian Masterson Julian McMahon ( ex-husband ) Project D Style Queen Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_9)&oldid=801220980 '' Categories : Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model 2013 British television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2016 All articles needing style editing Use Australian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from August 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wins britain's next top model season 9	[ "The winner of the competition was 23-year-old Lauren Lambert from Wallington, Surrey, England. Lambert is the first winner of the series to have received a total of four first call-outs during the competition." ]	[ "Lauren Lambert" ]
7711263417960507759	87th Academy Awards	87th Academy Awards - wikipedia 87th Academy Awards Jump to : navigation , search 87th Academy Awards Official poster Date February 22 , 2015 Site Dolby Theatre Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Hosted by Neil Patrick Harris Preshow hosts Jess Cagle Robin Roberts Lara Spencer Michael Strahan Joe Zee Directed by Hamish Hamilton Highlights Best Picture Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Most awards Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) and The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 4 ) Most nominations Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) and The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 9 ) TV in the United States Network ABC Duration 3 hours , 43 minutes Ratings 37.26 million 20.6 % ( Nielsen ratings ) ← 86th Academy Awards 88th → The 87th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2014 and took place on February 22 , 2015 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5 : 30 p.m. PST / 8 : 30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actor Neil Patrick Harris hosted the ceremony for the first time . In related events , the Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 8 , 2014 . On February 7 , 2015 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Margot Robbie and Miles Teller . Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) and The Grand Budapest Hotel each won four awards , with the former film earning the Best Picture honor . Other winners include Whiplash with three and American Sniper , Big Hero 6 , Boyhood , Citizenfour , Crisis Hotline : Veterans Press 1 , Feast , Ida , The Imitation Game , Interstellar , The Phone Call , Selma , Still Alice , and The Theory of Everything with one . The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 Awards 1.2 Governors Awards 1.3 Films with multiple nominations and awards 2 Presenters and performers 2.1 Presenters 2.2 Performers 3 Ceremony information 3.1 Box office performance of nominated films 3.2 Criticism regarding lack of diversity 3.3 Critical reception 3.4 Ratings and reception 4 In Memoriam 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Winners and nominees ( edit ) Actor Chris Pine and Academy President Cheryl Boone Isaacs ( left ) and directors J.J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón ( right ) at the 87th Academy Awards nominations announcement The nominees for the 87th Academy Awards were announced on January 15 , 2015 , at 5 : 30 a.m. PST ( 13 : 30 UTC ) , at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills , California , by directors J.J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón , Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs and actor Chris Pine . For the first time , nominations for all 24 competitive categories were announced . Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) and The Grand Budapest Hotel tied for the most nominations with nine each . The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22 , 2015 . For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010 , every Best Picture nominee won at least one award . Birdman was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since Ordinary People ( 1980 ) . Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Directing after Cuarón who won for helming Gravity . At age 84 , Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history . Having won for his work on Gravity the year before , Emmanuel Lubezki became the fourth person to win two consecutive Best Cinematography awards . John Toll was the last one who accomplished this feat for his work on 1994 's Legends of the Fall and 1995 's Braveheart . Awards ( edit ) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Best Director winner and Best Original Screenplay co-winner Eddie Redmayne , Best Actor winner Julianne Moore , Best Actress winner J.K. Simmons , Best Supporting Actor winner Patricia Arquette , Best Supporting Actress winner Graham Moore , Best Adapted Screenplay winner Paweł Pawlikowski , Best Foreign Language Film winner Laura Poitras , Best Documentary Feature co-winner Alexandre Desplat , Best Original Score winner Common , Best Original Song co-winner John Legend , Best Original Song co-winner Milena Canonero , Best Costume Design winner Winners are listed first , highlighted in boldface , and indicated with a double dagger ( ) . Best Picture Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) -- Alejandro G. Iñárritu , John Lesher , and James W. Skotchdopole American Sniper -- Clint Eastwood , Robert Lorenz , Andrew Lazar , Bradley Cooper , and Peter Morgan Boyhood -- Richard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland The Grand Budapest Hotel -- Wes Anderson , Scott Rudin , Steven Rales and Jeremy Dawson The Imitation Game -- Nora Grossman , Ido Ostrowsky , and Teddy Schwarzman Selma -- Christian Colson , Oprah Winfrey , Dede Gardner , and Jeremy Kleiner The Theory of Everything -- Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , and Anthony McCarten Whiplash -- Jason Blum , Helen Estabrook , and David Lancaster Best Director Alejandro G. Iñárritu -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Richard Linklater -- Boyhood Bennett Miller -- Foxcatcher Wes Anderson -- The Grand Budapest Hotel Morten Tyldum -- The Imitation Game Best Actor Eddie Redmayne -- The Theory of Everything as Stephen Hawking Steve Carell -- Foxcatcher as John Eleuthère du Pont Bradley Cooper -- American Sniper as Chris Kyle Benedict Cumberbatch -- The Imitation Game as Alan Turing Michael Keaton -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) as Riggan Thomson Best Actress Julianne Moore -- Still Alice as Alice Howland Marion Cotillard -- Two Days , One Night as Sandra Bya Felicity Jones -- The Theory of Everything as Jane Wilde Hawking Rosamund Pike -- Gone Girl as Amy Elliott - Dunne Reese Witherspoon -- Wild as Cheryl Strayed Best Supporting Actor J.K. Simmons -- Whiplash as Terence Fletcher Robert Duvall -- The Judge as Judge Joseph Palmer Ethan Hawke -- Boyhood as Mason Evans , Sr . Edward Norton -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) as Mike Shiner Mark Ruffalo -- Foxcatcher as Dave Schultz Best Supporting Actress Patricia Arquette -- Boyhood as Olivia Evans Laura Dern -- Wild as Bobbi Grey Keira Knightley -- The Imitation Game as Joan Clarke Emma Stone -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) as Sam Thomson Meryl Streep -- Into the Woods as The Witch Best Original Screenplay Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) -- Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo Boyhood -- Richard Linklater Foxcatcher -- E. Max Frye and Dan Futterman The Grand Budapest Hotel -- Wes Anderson and Hugo Guinness Nightcrawler -- Dan Gilroy Best Adapted Screenplay The Imitation Game -- Graham Moore based on the book Alan Turing : The Enigma by Andrew Hodges American Sniper -- Jason Hall based on the book by Chris Kyle with Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice Inherent Vice -- Paul Thomas Anderson based on the novel by Thomas Pynchon The Theory of Everything -- Anthony McCarten based on the book Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen by Jane Wilde Hawking Whiplash -- Damien Chazelle based on his short film Best Animated Feature Film Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli The Boxtrolls -- Anthony Stacchi , Graham Annable , and Travis Knight How to Train Your Dragon 2 -- Dean DeBlois and Bonnie Arnold Song of the Sea -- Tomm Moore and Paul Young The Tale of the Princess Kaguya -- Isao Takahata and Yoshiaki Nishimura Best Foreign Language Film Ida ( Poland ) in Polish -- Directed by Paweł Pawlikowski Leviathan ( Russia ) in Russian -- Directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev Tangerines ( Estonia ) in Estonian and Russian -- Directed by Zaza Urushadze Timbuktu ( Mauritania ) in French -- Directed by Abderrahmane Sissako Wild Tales ( Argentina ) in Spanish -- Directed by Damián Szifron Best Documentary -- Feature Citizenfour -- Laura Poitras , Mathilde Bonnefoy , and Dirk Wilutzky Finding Vivian Maier -- John Maloof and Charlie Siskel Last Days in Vietnam -- Rory Kennedy and Keven McAlester The Salt of the Earth -- Wim Wenders , Lélia Wanick Salgado and David Rosier Virunga -- Orlando von Einsiedel and Joanna Natasegara Best Documentary -- Short Subject Crisis Hotline : Veterans Press 1 -- Ellen Goosenberg Kent and Dana Perry Joanna -- Aneta Kopacz Our Curse -- Tomasz Śliwiński and Maciej Ślesicki The Reaper -- Gabriel Serra Arguello White Earth -- J. Christian Jensen Best Live Action Short Film The Phone Call -- Mat Kirkby and James Lucas Aya -- Oded Binnun and Mihal Brezis Boogaloo and Graham -- Michael Lennox and Ronan Blaney Butter Lamp -- Hu Wei and Julien Féret Parvaneh -- Talkhon Hamzavi and Stefan Eichenberger Best Animated Short Film Feast -- Patrick Osborne and Kristina Reed The Bigger Picture -- Daisy Jacobs and Christopher Hees The Dam Keeper -- Robert Kondo and Daisuke Tsutsumi Me and My Moulton -- Torill Kove A Single Life -- Joris Oprins Best Original Score The Grand Budapest Hotel by Alexandre Desplat The Imitation Game by Alexandre Desplat Interstellar by Hans Zimmer Mr. Turner by Gary Yershon The Theory of Everything by Jóhann Jóhannsson Best Original Song `` Glory '' from Selma -- Music and Lyrics by John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn `` Everything Is Awesome '' from The Lego Movie -- Music and Lyrics by Shawn Patterson `` Grateful '' from Beyond the Lights -- Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren `` I 'm Not Gonna Miss You '' from Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me -- Music and Lyrics by Glen Campbell and Julian Raymond `` Lost Stars '' from Begin Again -- Music and Lyrics by Gregg Alexander and Danielle Brisebois Best Sound Editing American Sniper -- Alan Robert Murray and Bub Asman Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) -- Martin Hernández and Aaron Glascock The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies -- Brent Burge and Jason Canovas Interstellar -- Richard King Unbroken -- Becky Sullivan and Andrew DeCristofaro Best Sound Mixing Whiplash -- Craig Mann , Ben Wilkins , and Thomas Curley American Sniper -- John Reitz , Gregg Rudloff , and Walt Martin ( posthumous nomination ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) -- Jon Taylor , Frank A. Montaño , and Thomas Varga Interstellar -- Gary A. Rizzo , Gregg Landaker , and Mark Weingarten Unbroken -- Jon Taylor , Frank A. Montaño , and David Lee Best Production Design The Grand Budapest Hotel -- Production Design : Adam Stockhausen ; Set Decoration : Anna Pinnock The Imitation Game -- Production Design : Maria Djurkovic ; Set Decoration : Tatiana Macdonald Interstellar -- Production Design : Nathan Crowley ; Set Decoration : Gary Fettis Into the Woods -- Production Design : Dennis Gassner ; Set Decoration : Anna Pinnock Mr. Turner -- Production Design : Suzie Davies ; Set Decoration : Charlotte Watts Best Cinematography Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) -- Emmanuel Lubezki The Grand Budapest Hotel -- Robert Yeoman Ida -- Łukasz Żal and Ryszard Lenczewski Mr. Turner -- Dick Pope Unbroken -- Roger Deakins Best Makeup and Hairstyling The Grand Budapest Hotel -- Frances Hannon and Mark Coulier Foxcatcher -- Bill Corso and Dennis Liddiard Guardians of the Galaxy -- Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Best Costume Design The Grand Budapest Hotel -- Milena Canonero Inherent Vice -- Mark Bridges Into the Woods -- Colleen Atwood Maleficent -- Anna B. Sheppard Mr. Turner -- Jacqueline Durran Best Film Editing Whiplash -- Tom Cross American Sniper -- Joel Cox and Gary D. Roach Boyhood -- Sandra Adair The Grand Budapest Hotel -- Barney Pilling The Imitation Game -- William Goldenberg Best Visual Effects Interstellar -- Paul Franklin , Andrew Lockley , Ian Hunter , and Scott Fisher Captain America : The Winter Soldier -- Dan DeLeeuw , Russell Earl , Bryan Grill , and Dan Sudick Dawn of the Planet of the Apes -- Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , Daniel Barrett , and Erik Winquist Guardians of the Galaxy -- Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner , and Paul Corbould X-Men : Days of Future Past -- Richard Stammers , Lou Pecora , Tim Crosbie , and Cameron Waldbauer Governors Awards ( edit ) The Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 8 , 2014 , during which the following awards were presented : Honorary Academy Awards Jean - Claude Carrière -- Whose elegantly crafted screenplays elevate the art of screenwriting to the level of literature . Hayao Miyazaki -- A master storyteller whose animated artistry has inspired filmmakers and audiences around the world . Maureen O'Hara -- One of Hollywood 's brightest stars , whose inspiring performances glowed with passion , warmth and strength . Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Harry Belafonte -- For a lifetime of demonstrating how art is ennobled by ceaseless courage and conscience . Films with multiple nominations and awards ( edit ) Films that received multiple nominations Nominations Film 9 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) The Grand Budapest Hotel 8 The Imitation Game 6 American Sniper Boyhood 5 Foxcatcher Interstellar The Theory of Everything Whiplash Mr. Turner Into the Woods Unbroken Guardians of the Galaxy Ida Inherent Vice Selma Wild Films that received multiple awards Awards Film Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) The Grand Budapest Hotel Whiplash Presenters and performers ( edit ) The following individuals , listed in order of appearance , presented awards or performed musical numbers . Presenters ( edit ) Name ( s ) Role Fox , Cedering Cedering Fox Announcer for the 87th annual Academy Awards Nyong'o , Lupita Lupita Nyong'o Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor Neeson , Liam Liam Neeson Presenter of the films The Grand Budapest Hotel and American Sniper on the Best Picture segment Johnson , Dakota Dakota Johnson Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee `` Lost Stars '' Lopez , Jennifer Jennifer Lopez and Chris Pine Presenter of the award for Best Costume ! Presenters of the award for Best Costume Design Witherspoon , Reese Reese Witherspoon Presenter of the award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling Tatum , Channing Channing Tatum Introducer of the six winners of the Team Oscar contest Ejiofor , Chiwetel Chiwetel Ejiofor and Nicole Kidman Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film ! Presenters of the award for Best Foreign Language Film MacLaine , Shirley Shirley MacLaine Presenter of the films Boyhood , The Theory of Everything and Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) on the Best Picture segment Cotillard , Marion Marion Cotillard Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee `` Everything is Awesome '' Bateman , Jason Jason Bateman and Kerry Washington Presenter of the award for Best Live Action ! Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) Davis , Viola Viola Davis Presenter of the segment of the Honorary Academy Awards and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Paltrow , Gwyneth Gwyneth Paltrow Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee `` I 'm Not Gonna Miss You '' Robbie , Margot Margot Robbie and Miles Teller Presenter of the segment of the Academy Award for Technical Achievement ! Presenters of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award Chris Evans Chris Evans and Sienna Miller Presenter of the award for Best Sound ! Presenters of the awards for Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing Leto , Jared Jared Leto Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress Hutcherson , Josh Josh Hutcherson Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee `` Grateful '' Elgort , Ansel Ansel Elgort and Chloë Grace Moretz Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects ! Presenters of the award for Best Visual Effects Hart , Kevin Kevin Hart and Anna Kendrick Presenter of the award for Best Animated Short ! Presenters of the award for Best Animated Short Film Johnson , Dwayne Dwayne Johnson and Zoe Saldana Presenter of the award for Best Animated Feature ! Presenters of the award for Best Animated Feature Film Isaacs , Cheryl Boone Cheryl Boone Isaacs ( AMPAS president ) Special presentation highlighting the benefits of film and creativity Pratt , Chris Chris Pratt and Felicity Jones Presenter of the award for Best Production Design ! Presenters of the award for Best Production Design Chastain , Jessica Jessica Chastain and Idris Elba Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography ! Presenters of the award for Best Cinematography Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute Cumberbatch , Benedict Benedict Cumberbatch and Naomi Watts Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing ! Presenters of the award for Best Film Editing Howard , Terrence Terrence Howard Presenter of the films Whiplash , The Imitation Game , and Selma on the Best Picture segment Aniston , Jennifer Jennifer Aniston and David Oyelowo Presenter of the award for Best Documentary Feature ! Presenters of the award for Best Documentary Feature Spencer , Octavia Octavia Spencer Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee `` Glory '' Menzel , Idina Idina Menzel John Travolta Presenter of the award for Best Original Song ! Presenters of the award for Best Original Song Johansson , Scarlett Scarlett Johansson Introducer of The Sound of Music 50th anniversary tribute and the performance of `` The Sound of Music '' , `` My Favorite Things '' , `` Edelweiss '' and `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' Andrews , Julie Julie Andrews Presenter of the award for Best Original Score Murphy , Eddie Eddie Murphy Presenter of the award for Best Original Screenplay Winfrey , Oprah Oprah Winfrey Presenter of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay Affleck , Ben Ben Affleck Presenter of the award for Best Director Blanchett , Cate Cate Blanchett Presenter of the award for Best Actor McConaughey , Matthew Matthew McConaughey Presenter of the award for Best Actress Penn , Sean Sean Penn Presenter of the award for Best Picture Jump up ^ Introduced as `` Glom Gazingo '' in this segment Performers ( edit ) Name ( s ) Role Performed Oremus , Stephen Stephen Oremus Musical arranger and Conductor Orchestral Harris , Neil Patrick Neil Patrick Harris , Kendrick , Anna Anna Kendrick and Black , Jack Jack Black Performers `` Moving Pictures '' during the opening segment Maroon 5 , Maroon 5 Performers `` Lost Stars '' from Begin Again Tegan and Sara , The Lonely Island , Arnett , Will Will Arnett , ? uestlove , and Mark Mothersbaugh Performers `` Everything Is Awesome '' from The Lego Movie McGraw , Tim Tim McGraw Performer `` I 'm Not Gonna Miss You '' from Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me Ora , Rita Rita Ora Performer `` Grateful '' from Beyond the Lights Hudson , Jennifer Jennifer Hudson Performer `` I Ca n't Let Go '' during the annual In Memoriam tribute Common Common and John Legend Performers `` Glory '' from Selma Gaga , Lady Lady Gaga Performer `` The Sound of Music '' , `` My Favorite Things '' , `` Edelweiss '' , and `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' from The Sound of Music Ceremony information ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards . Riding on the success of the previous year 's ceremony which garnered its highest viewership figures in over a decade , the Academy rehired producers Neil Meron and Craig Zadan for the third consecutive year . `` Their showmanship has elevated the show to new heights and we are excited to keep the momentum going with this creative partnership , '' said AMPAS president Cheryl Boone Isaacs in a press release announcing the selection . In October 2014 , actor Neil Patrick Harris , who previously hosted four Tony Awards ceremonies between 2009 and 2013 and two Primetime Emmy Awards telecasts in 2009 and 2013 , was chosen as host of the 2015 gala . Meron and Zadan explained their decision to hire the television and theatre star saying , `` We are thrilled to have Neil host the Oscars . We have known him his entire adult life , and we have watched him explode as a great performer in feature films , television and stage . To work with him on the Oscars is the perfect storm , all of his resources and talent coming together on a global stage . '' Harris expressed that it was truly an honor and a thrill to be asked to host Academy Awards commenting , `` I grew up watching the Oscars and was always in such awe of some of the greats who hosted the show . To be asked to follow in the footsteps of Johnny Carson , Billy Crystal , Ellen DeGeneres , and everyone else who had the great fortune of hosting is a bucket list dream come true . '' Shortly after his selection , several reports were released indicating that DeGeneres and other comedians such as 2005 ceremony host Chris Rock and actress Julia Louis - Dreyfus declined the offer to host the program , and Harris was a last - minute choice as emcee . Nevertheless , both Meron and Zadan denied such allegations and insisted that Harris was their only choice saying , `` After every Oscar show there is always a discussion as to who will host the next one . Many names are discussed and sometimes even floated without there being any formal offers . At times , these casual discussions take on a life of their own , and some are eager to break a story without knowing the facts . Neil Patrick Harris received the Academy 's formal offer . '' Several other people were also involved with the production of the ceremony . Stephen Oremus served as musical director and conductor for the event . Derek McLane returned to design a new set and stage design for the show . During the ceremony , actor Channing Tatum introduced a group called `` Team Oscar '' , which consisted of six young film students from colleges across the country selected by AMPAS whose role was to deliver Oscar statuettes to the presenters during the gala . Oscar - winning husband - and - wife songwriters Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson - Lopez composed Harris 's opening number entitled `` Moving Pictures '' . Musicians Questlove and Mark Mothersbaugh and actor Will Arnett made cameos during the performance of Best Original Song nominee `` Everything Is Awesome '' . Box office performance of nominated films ( edit ) North American box office gross for Best Picture nominees Film Pre-nomination ( Before Jan. 16 ) Post-nomination ( Jan. 16 - Feb. 22 ) Post-awards ( After Feb. 22 ) Total American Sniper $3.4 million $316 million $30.1 million $350 million Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) $26.6 million $11.2 million $4.6 million $42.3 million Boyhood $24.4 million $942,668 $36,767 $25.3 million The Grand Budapest Hotel $59.1 million N / A N / A $59.1 million The Imitation Game $42.8 million $41.1 million $7.2 million $91.2 million Selma $16.6 million $33.0 million $2.5 million $52.1 million The Theory of Everything $26.2 million $7.9 million $1.8 million $35.9 million Whiplash $6.2 million $5.1 million $1.8 million $13.1 million For the first time since 2007 , none of the Best Picture nominees had grossed $100 million before the nominations were announced ( compared with three from the previous year ) . The combined gross of the eight Best Picture nominees at the American and Canadian box offices was $205 million , with an average of $25.6 million per film . None of the eight Best Picture nominees was among the top fifty release in box office during nominations . When the nominations were announced on January 15 , 2015 , The Grand Budapest Hotel was the highest - grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $59.1 million in domestic box office receipts . The Imitation Game was the second - highest - grossing film with $42.7 million ; this was followed by Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( $26.6 million ) , The Theory of Everything ( $26.2 million ) , Boyhood ( $24.3 million ) , Selma ( $16.5 million ) , Whiplash ( $6.2 million ) , and finally American Sniper ( $3.3 million ) . Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year , 23 nominations went to 13 films on the list . Only Big Hero 6 ( 9th ) , How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 16th ) , Gone Girl ( 17th ) , and Into the Woods ( 25th ) were nominated for Best Picture , Best Animated Feature or any of the directing , acting or screenwriting awards . The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1st ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 3rd ) , The Lego Movie ( 4th ) , Maleficent ( 6th ) , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 7th ) , X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 8th ) , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 10th ) , Interstellar ( 15th ) , and Unbroken ( 27th ) . Criticism regarding lack of diversity ( edit ) Shortly after the nominations were announced , many media outlets observed that there was a lack of racial diversity amongst the nominees in major categories . According to Tatiana Segel of The Hollywood Reporter , this was the second time since 1998 that all 20 acting nominees were of Caucasian descent . The New York Times columnist David Carr pointed out the omission of Ava DuVernay and David Oyelowo in directing and lead acting categories . He also noted that these nominations were in contrast to last year 's ceremony which included Best Picture winner 12 Years a Slave and Best Supporting Actress winner Lupita Nyong'o . As a result , the Academy was ridiculed over social media with hashtags such as # OscarsSoWhite and # WhiteOscars . In addition , U.S. Congressman Tony Cárdenas wrote a letter voicing his concern regarding AMPAS and diversity stating , `` While the issue of diversity in the entertainment industry is a much deeper problem , without an easy solution , it is unfortunate to see such a revered American institution fail to fully reflect our nation . '' He went on to say that he was willing to work with Academy officials in better making the entertainment industry more representative of different ethnicities . In response to criticism about lack of diversity , AMPAS president Isaacs told reporter Sandy Cohen of Associated Press that the Academy was `` committed to seeking out diversity of voice and opinion . '' Despite refraining from commenting whether the organization was embarrassed by the lack of diversity , she stated that she was proud of all the nominees and praised Selma as a `` fantastic motion picture . '' Several days before the awards gala , the National Action Network led by civil rights activist Al Sharpton and several other organization planned to demonstrate near the ceremony at the Dolby Theatre before and during the telecast . However , the protest was canceled in light of DuVernay pleading with civil rights leaders to instead pursue a direct dialogue with Academy leadership . Critical reception ( edit ) The show received a mixed reception from media publications . Some media outlets were more critical of the show . HitFix television columnist Alan Sepinwall commented , `` It ran on and on and on and on so much that when host Neil Patrick Harris finally got around to paying off a running gag about his Oscar predictions being locked in a box on stage left , he had to stop to explain the bit to us all over again . '' In addition , he observed , `` Either the production consumed Harris , the writing failed him , or he picked a very strange night to go off - brand . '' Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel wrote , `` Harris headlined a blah production number to start the show . His running shtick about Oscar predictions grew tiresome . '' He concluded his review saying , `` The music saved this Oscar telecast , but it was still a long , tedious show . The highlight reel will make it look better than it was . '' Television critic Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times said , `` Oscar nights almost always drag on too long , but this one was a slog almost from the very beginning . '' She also quipped , `` The political speeches were somber , but they turned out to be more lively and bracing than any of Harris ' skits . '' Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively . Television critic Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe commented , `` Neil Patrick Harris was very Neil Patrick Harrisy Sunday night in his first round as Oscars host . He was calm and cheerful and vanilla as usual , always ready with a lightly snarky joke and always eager to jump into a big production number involving old - timey choreography . He 's a pro at hosting , after his Tony and Emmy gigs , and it showed during the ABC telecast in his endlessly relaxed and open energy . '' He also wrote despite several production gaffes and an uneven pace , the show moved along `` with a minimum of pain . '' The Times - Picayune columnist Dave Walker wrote , `` Harris played it like he was basically born to do it -- light on his feet working the crowd or at center stage without his pants , winkingly self - deprecating , moving - right - along when his prepared material did n't land ( which was too often ) -- and he now may have a job for life if he wants it . '' Furthermore , praised the cast and several musical numbers from the show . David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter quipped , `` Harris displayed winning charm and appealing insouciance , sprinkling the gags with moments of self - deprecation . '' In addition , he remarked that several of the acceptance speeches and musical numbers provided a mix of humor , fun , and sincerity . Ratings and reception ( edit ) The American telecast on ABC drew in an average 37.26 million people over it length , which was a 15 % decrease from the previous year 's ceremony . An estimated 63 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards . The show also earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 20.6 % of households watching over a 33 share . In addition , the program scored a lower 18 -- 49 demo rating with an 11.0 ratings over a 26 share . It was the lowest viewership for an Academy Awards telecast since the 81st ceremony held in 2009 . In July 2015 , the ceremony presentation received eight nominations for the 67th Primetime Emmys . The following month , the ceremony won one of those nominations for Outstanding Technical Direction , Camera Work , and Video Control for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special ( Technical Directors : Eric Becker , Rick Edwards , John Pritchett , and Rod Wardell ; Cameras : Rob Balton , Danny Bonilla , Robert Del Russo , David Eastwood , Suzanne Ebner , Pat Gleason , Ed Horton , Marc Hunter , Jay Kulick , Brian Lataille , Tore Livia , Steve Martyniuk , Lyn Noland , Rob Palmer , David Plakos , Camera , Jofre Romero , Danny Webb , Mark Whitman , and Easter Xua ; Video Control : Terrance Ho , Guy Jones , and Keith Winikoff ) . In Memoriam ( edit ) The annual In Memoriam segment was presented by actress Meryl Streep . The montage featured an excerpt of the `` Love Theme '' from Sophie 's Choice by Marvin Hamlisch . At the conclusion of the tribute , singer Jennifer Hudson performed the song `` I Ca n't Let Go '' from the television series Smash . Mickey Rooney Paul Mazursky Geoffrey Holder Nadia Bronson James Garner Elizabeth Peña Alan Hirschfield Edward Herrmann Maya Angelou Lorenzo Semple , Jr . George L. Little James Rebhorn Menahem Golan James Shigeta Anita Ekberg Paul Apted H.R. Giger Sanford E. Reisenbach Malik Bendjelloul Virna Lisi Louis Jourdan Gordon Willis Richard Attenborough Oswald Morris Tom Rolf L.M. Kit Carson Ruby Dee Samuel Goldwyn , Jr . Martha Hyer Andrew V. McLaglen Jimmy T. Murakami Robin Williams William Greaves Joseph Viskocil Rod Taylor Stewart Stern Luise Rainer Dick Smith Lauren Bacall Walt Martin Charles Champlin Pennie Dupont Herb Jeffries Misty Upham Eli Wallach Gabriel García Márquez Frank Yablans Alain Resnais Bob Hoskins Mike Nichols See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards 35th Golden Raspberry Awards 57th Grammy Awards 67th Primetime Emmy Awards 68th British Academy Film Awards 69th Tony Awards 72nd Golden Globe Awards List of submissions to the 87th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Notes ( edit ) A ^ : American Sniper opened in wide release on January 16 , where it became the number - one film at the American box office for three consecutive weekends . The film eventually became the highest grossing film at the American and Canadian box office released in 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harris seems to be working on EGOT '' . Orlando Sentinel . Nancy Meyer . October 16 , 2014 . p . A2 . 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Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Tegan & Sara , Mark Mothersbaugh , Questlove and More Perform `` Everything Is Awesome '' `` . The Washington Post . Fred Ryan . February 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brett ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar Best Picture Nominees Are Box Office Lightweights '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar Box Office : ' American Sniper , ' ' Imitation Game , ' ' Selma ' Poised for Bump '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . 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Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars : Best , worst moments '' . Orlando Sentinel . Nancy Meyer . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2015 : Passionate Speeches , but Few Surprises '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . February 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Harris turns on the charm , takes off his pants '' . The Boston Globe . John W. Henry Company . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dacve ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris , handed tough Oscars -- hosting task , opened strong '' . The Times - Picayune . Advance Publications . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` The 87th Annual Academy Awards : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars : ' Birdman ' flies ratings do n't '' . Orlando Sentinel . Nancy Meyer . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Final Oscar Ratings : Demo Stays Lowest Since 2008 , Viewership Worst Since 2009 '' . Deadline.com ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Shine is off Oscar as ratings drop for big trophy shows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Oscars Broadcast Picks Up Eight Emmy Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Creative Arts Emmys 2015 : Full Winners List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . September 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars : Joan Rivers Left Out of In Memoriam Tribute '' . Variety . Penske Media Group . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars 2015 : In memoriam honors Robin Williams , Lauren Bacall '' . CBS News ( CBS Corporation ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Hudson In Memoriam performed Smash 's `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Sniper ' Breaks Miley Cyrus ' Super Bowl Record at Box Office '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` American Sniper becomes highest grossing 2014 release '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 87th Academy Awards . Official websites Academy Awards Official website The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website Oscar 's Channel at YouTube ( run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) News resources Oscars 2015 BBC News Oscars 2015 The Guardian Analysis 2014 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite Academy Awards , USA : 2015 Internet Movie Database Other resources The Oscars ( 2015 ) on IMDb ( hide ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. 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For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=87th_Academy_Awards&oldid=799982524 '' Categories : Academy Awards ceremonies 2014 film awards 2015 in Los Angeles 2015 controversies in the United States Media - related controversies in the United States 2015 in American cinema 2015 awards in the United States February 2015 events in the United States Hidden categories : Featured lists Use mdy dates from February 2015 Pages using infobox film awards with the preshow parameter Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 23 : 50 . 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About Wikipedia	which film won the best picture award in 87th academy award ceremony	[ "\n\n87th Academy Awards\n\n\n\nOfficial poster\n\n\n\nDate\nFebruary 22, 2015\n\n\nSite\nDolby Theatre\nHollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.\n\n\nHosted by\nNeil Patrick Harris[1]\n\n\nPreshow hosts\n\n\n\nJess Cagle\nRobin Roberts\nLara Spencer\nMichael Strahan\nJoe Zee[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nHamish Hamilton[3]\n\n\nHighlights\n\n\nBest Picture\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\n\n\nMost awards\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) and The Grand Budapest Hotel (4)\n\n\nMost nominations\nBirdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) and The Grand Budapest Hotel (9)\n\n\nTV in the United States\n\n\nNetwork\nABC\n\n\nDuration\n3 hours, 43 minutes[4]\n\n\nRatings\n37.26 million[5]\n20.6% (Nielsen ratings)[6]\n\n\n\n\n← 86th\nAcademy Awards\n88th →\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" ]
-3227797693029426283	It Wasn't Me	It Was n't Me - wikipedia It Was n't Me This article is about the song by Shaggy . For the song by George Thorogood & the Destroyers , see Move It On Over ( album ) . `` It Was n't Me '' Single by Shaggy from the album Hot Shot B - side `` Dance & Shout '' Released September 11 , 2000 Format 7 '' 12 '' cassette CD Recorded 2000 Genre Reggae fusion Length 3 : 47 Label Big Yard DreamWorks Songwriter ( s ) Shaggy Producer ( s ) Shaun `` Sting '' Pizzonia Shaggy singles chronology `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2000 ) `` It Was n't Me '' is the first single from Jamaican - American reggae artist Shaggy 's multi-Platinum studio album Hot Shot ( 2000 ) . The song features vocals from Shaggy , and RikRok . The lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do , after his girlfriend caught him having sex with another woman . His friend 's advice is to deny everything , despite clear evidence to the contrary , with the phrase `` It was n't me . '' `` It Was n't Me '' has been regarded as Shaggy 's breakthrough in the pop market , and is his highest charting song to date , topping the charts in Australia , Austria , France , Ireland , the United States , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . It was the best selling single of 2001 in the United Kingdom , selling over 1.15 million copies that year and over 1.42 million as of 2017 . Contents 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Legacy 5 Track listings 6 Charts and sales 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Decade - end charts 6.4 Certifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having sex with another woman . His friend 's advice is to deny everything , despite clear evidence to the contrary , with the phrase `` It was n't me . '' Ultimately , the narrator says that the advice `` makes no sense at all '' . The song was inspired by a bit called `` No Loyal Men , '' performed by Eddie Murphy in his comedy special Raw ( 1987 ) . In an interview in February 2016 , Shaggy acknowledged similarities with the War song `` Smile Happy '' . The connection is further supported by Liam Payne 's debut single of 2017 , `` Strip That Down '' , itself based on `` It Was n't Me '' , which credited both Shaggy ( as Orville Burrell ) and members of War as co songwriters . The clean version of the song replaces the lyric `` Picture this : we were both butt - naked banging on the bathroom floor '' with `` Picture this : we were both caught making love on the bathroom floor '' and `` Saw me banging on the sofa '' with `` Saw me kissing on the sofa '' . `` It Was n't Me '' was originally never intended to be released as a single . Before the original version of Hot Shot was released in August 2000 , Hawaiian DJ Pablo Sato downloaded the album from `` a Napster like MP3 site he wo n't name '' and discovered that `` It Was n't Me '' was `` the album 's standout cut . '' He played the song on American radio the next day , and in an interview , claimed , `` The phone lines lit up right away . Within a couple of days , it was our number - one requested song . '' The song was then released as the album 's first single in September 2000 , following its radio success . The song is written in the key of C , in the Mixolydian mode . The song was spoofed by Bob Rivers , as Shaggy One Handed , making a reference to the Scooby - Doo character , Shaggy Rogers . The video focused on him being caught masturbating ( about the girl next door ) by his mother . The song was also spoofed on Svengoolie . On The Chris Moyles Show , the song was used as a prank call with Shaggy trying to book a taxi , with the final line being `` Can you drop me off at The Chris Moyles Show on BBC Radio 1 ? , 97 to 99 FM '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` It Was n't Me '' was Shaggy 's first number - one hit in the United States . The song peaked at number two for two weeks from December 16 , 2000 to December 23 , 2000 . On December 30 , 2000 , it was bumped down one position to number three . It moved back up to the number two spot on January 4 , 2001 . The song also reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on March 4 , 2001 , selling 345,000 copies , making the song a transatlantic chart topper . It also reached number one in Australia on April 1 , 2001 . It is also the 11th biggest selling single of the 21st century in the United Kingdom , with sales of over 1.42 million as of September 2017 . As of August 2014 , it is the 49th best selling single of the 21st century in France , with 399,500 units sold . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Stephen Scott . It starts out with Rikrok running to Shaggy 's mansion to explain to him what has just happened . Rikrok tells him that he cheated on his girlfriend and got caught . Shaggy tells him to tell her that `` It was n't me . '' The video then cuts into a flashback to earlier that day . Rikrok has been caught sleeping with another woman , and his girlfriend is outside the apartment in her convertible when two women pull up next to her on their motorcycles ( sport bikes ) . Then , the three women go into the building . He then sneaks out the window , takes the motorcycle of one of his girlfriends accomplices and leaves . The women come out and the girlfriend and one of the accomplices get in the convertible and the other gets on her motorcycle and they chase after him . From his mansion , Shaggy , using his futuristic technology , tracks down where Rikrok is going and prepares an escape for him . Rikrok then gets on a bridge over the highway when the accomplice rode on the bridge in front of him . He then hits the brakes to stop while she stops her motorcycle . Rikrok then hears a noise behind him and it 's the other accomplices and the girlfriend driving the convertible on the other side of the bridge with the highway down below . An eighteen wheeler drives by , and Shaggy leaves Rikrok a text message telling him to look behind and he notices the truck and jumps off the side of overhead and lands on the truck . He is then dropped off at Shaggy 's mansion , showing the same scene from the start of the video . Legacy ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' inspired Slate writer Josh Levin to coin the term the `` Shaggy defense '' to describe R. Kelly 's defense at his child pornography trial stemming from the production of a sex tape : `` I predict that in the decades to come , law schools will teach this as the ' Shaggy defense ' . You allege that I was caught on camera , butt naked , banging on the log cabin floor ? It was n't me . '' Levin repeated the term on NPR . The term describes a strategy of flatly denying guilt and refusing to engage with the evidence against the defendant , no matter how overwhelming . R. Kelly was ultimately found not guilty on all charges . The song was referenced by Trevor Noah on an episode of The Daily Show with Trevor Noah in October 2016 , when he covered the vice presidential debate between Mike Pence and Tim Kaine , as Pence vehemently kept denying his running mate Donald Trump 's claims , despite the fact that the claims have been proved to be said by Trump on camera or through his Twitter account . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD Single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Cassette single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 U.S. `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Squeaky Remix ) -- 4 : 25 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Sports Remix ) -- 3 : 27 Australia `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Dancehall Version ) -- 3 : 46 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 18 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 25 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 6 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 6 Dutch Top 40 7 French Singles Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 17 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 62 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 81 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,428,204 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2001 List of best - selling singles and albums of 2001 in Ireland List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( century ) in the United Kingdom List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of 2000s UK Singles Chart number ones Shaggy defense References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 - Top 100 Greatest Songs of 2000 's '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaggy 's single is UK 's best - seller '' . BBC News . 27 December 2001 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How I Wrote That Song : Shaggy `` It Was n't Me '' `` . YouTube . April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mench , Chris ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Payne Interpolates A Shaggy Classic On His New Single `` Strip That Down '' Featuring Quavo `` . Genius . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rainbird , Ashleigh ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Payne insists he did not ' rip off ' Shaggy song for new track as he gave singer credit '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paiva , Derek ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` Isle deejay takes credit for Shaggy hit '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Gannett Co. , Inc . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2001 . Retrieved February 22 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Caught Me One - Handed '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy - Taxi '' . April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 16 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 23 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Paoletta , Michael ( 2000 - 12 - 30 ) . 2000 : The Year In Music . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Independent ' Stays On Top '' . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHAGGY RETURNS IN STYLE '' . NME. 4 March 2000 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du millénaire en France , épisode 6 ( 50 - 41 ) '' . Chartsinfrance. 16 August 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Josh Levin . May 21 , 2008 . `` Dispatches From the R. Kelly Trial '' . Jump up ^ NPR . May 23 , 2008 . `` Trapped in a Courtroom : The R. Kelly Trial '' . Jump up ^ R. Kelly Found Not Guilty ! Jump up ^ Trevor Noah , October 4 , 2016 . Vice Presidential Debate Wrap - Up Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Canadian Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 ( IFPI / Nielsen Marketing Research ) 04 / 07 / 01 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 113 ( 14 ) : 73 . April 7 , 2001 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy feat . Rikrok : It Was n't Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- It Was n't Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 8 , 2001 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2001 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived August 1 , 2012 , at WebCite ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 2001 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 2001 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2012 - 04 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Irish Singles Chart Irma.ie ( Retrieved December 11 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived 2012 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 2001 '' . Longbored Surfer . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2000sDecadeChartssingles. pdf '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . ARIA . p . PDF . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Noughties ' Official UK Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Music Week . London , England : United Business Media : 17 . 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Decade End Charts '' . Billboard . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Shaggy in the field Interpret . Enter It Was n't Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Enter It Was n't Me in the `` Artiest of titel '' box . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter It Was n't Me in the search field and then press Enter . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits , fifth edition External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Everything Is A Remix Shaggy is inspired by Eddie Murphy Shaggy Discography Studio albums Pure Pleasure Original Doberman Boombastic Midnite Lover Hot Shot Lucky Day Clothes Drop Intoxication Shaggy & Friends Summer in Kingston Rise 44 / 876 Compilation albums Hot Shot Ultramix Mr. Lover Lover : The Best of Shaggy ... part 1 Boombastic Hits The Best of Shaggy Best of Shaggy : The Boombastic Collection Singles `` Oh Carolina '' `` Nice and Lovely '' `` Soon Be Done '' `` Big Up '' `` In the Summertime '' `` Boombastic '' `` It Was n't Me '' `` Angel '' `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' `` Dance & Shout '' / `` Hope '' `` Me Julie '' `` Hey Sexy Lady '' `` Wild 2nite '' `` Church Heathen '' `` Bonafide Girl '' `` What 's Love '' `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' `` Remain in Our Hearts '' `` Habibi ( I Need Your Love ) '' `` Only Love '' Featured singles `` I Got You Babe '' `` Christmas in Jamaica '' `` I Wanna '' `` Do n't You Need Somebody '' `` Let Me Love You '' Related articles Shaggy defense Major Lazer Sean Paul Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` ( Is This the Way to ) Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Wasn%27t_Me&oldid=856860110 '' Categories : 2000 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Songs about sexuality Number - one singles in Australia Reggae fusion songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Shaggy ( musician ) songs Songs about infidelity 2000 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did shaggy it wasn me come out	[ "\"It Wasn't Me\"\nSingle by Shaggyfrom the album Hot ShotB-side\n\"Dance & Shout\"Released\nSeptember 11, 2000[1]Format\n7\"12\"cassetteCDRecorded\n2000Genre\nReggae fusionLength\n3:47Label\nBig YardDreamWorksSongwriter(s)\nShaggyProducer(s)\nShaun \"Sting\" PizzoniaShaggy singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Luv Me, Luv Me\" (1998)\n\n\"It Wasn't Me\" (2000)\n\n\"Angel\" (2000)\n" ]	[ "September 11, 2000" ]
-2944181898742578894	Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)	Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 film ) - wikipedia Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 film ) Pride & Prejudice UK theatrical release poster Directed by Joe Wright Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Paul Webster Screenplay by Deborah Moggach Based on Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Starring Keira Knightley Matthew Macfadyen Brenda Blethyn Donald Sutherland Tom Hollander Rosamund Pike Jena Malone Talulah Riley Carey Mulligan Judi Dench Music by Dario Marianelli Cinematography Roman Osin Edited by Paul Tothill Production company StudioCanal Working Title Films Distributed by Focus Features Release date 11 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) 16 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 16 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 127 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget £ 22 million ( $ 39 million ) Box office $121.1 million Pride & Prejudice is a 2005 romantic drama film directed by Joe Wright and based on Jane Austen 's 1813 novel of the same name . The film depicts five sisters from an English family of landed gentry as they deal with issues of marriage , morality and misconceptions . Keira Knightley stars in the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet , while Matthew Macfadyen plays her romantic interest Mr Darcy . Produced by Working Title Films in association with StudioCanal , the film was released on 16 September 2005 in the United Kingdom and Ireland and on 11 November in the United States . Screenwriter Deborah Moggach initially attempted to make her script as faithful to the novel as possible , writing from Elizabeth 's perspective while preserving much of the original dialogue . Wright , who was directing his first feature film , encouraged greater deviation from the text , including changing the dynamics within the Bennet family . Wright and Moggach set the film in an earlier period and avoided depicting a `` perfectly clean Regency world '' , presenting instead a `` muddy hem version '' of the time . It was shot entirely on location in England on a 15 - week schedule . Wright found casting difficult due to past performances of particular characters . The filmmakers had to balance who they thought was best for each role with the studio 's desire for stars . Knightley was well - known in part from her work in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , while Macfadyen had no international name recognition . The film 's themes emphasise realism , romanticism and family . It was marketed to a younger , mainstream audience ; promotional items noted that it came from the producers of 2001 's romantic comedy Bridget Jones 's Diary before acknowledging its provenance as an Austen novel . Pride & Prejudice earned a worldwide gross of approximately $121 million , which was considered a commercial success . Pride & Prejudice earned a rating of 82 % from review aggregator Metacritic , labeling it universally acclaimed . It earned four nominations at the 78th Academy Awards , including a Best Actress nomination for Knightley . Austen scholars have opined that Wright 's work created a new hybrid genre by blending traditional traits of the heritage film with `` youth - oriented filmmaking techniques '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Conception and adaptation 3.2 Casting 3.3 Costume design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Editing 4 Major themes and analysis 4.1 Romanticism and realism 4.2 Family 4.3 Depiction of Elizabeth Bennet 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Box office 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 Impact and legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 10.1. 1 Books 10.1. 2 Essays and journals 10.1. 3 Interviews 10.1. 4 Newspaper and magazine articles 10.1. 5 Online 10.1. 6 Press releases 10.1. 7 Visual media 11 External links Plot ( edit ) During the 19th century , the Bennet family , consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their five daughters -- Jane , Elizabeth , Mary , Kitty and Lydia -- live in comparative financial independence as gentry at Longbourn , a working farm in rural England . As the Bennets have no sons , Longbourn is destined to be inherited by Mr. Bennet 's cousin , Mr. Collins , and so Mrs. Bennet is anxious to marry off her five daughters before Mr. Bennet dies , to secure herself in her widowhood . Wealthy bachelor Charles Bingley has recently moved into Netherfield , a nearby estate . He is introduced to local society at an assembly ball , along with his haughty sister Caroline and reserved friend , Mr. Darcy , who `` owns half of Derbyshire '' . Bingley is enchanted with the gentle and beautiful Jane , while Elizabeth takes an instant dislike to Darcy after he coldly rebuffs her attempts at conversation and after she later overhears him insulting her . When Jane becomes sick on a visit to Netherfield , Elizabeth goes to stay with her , verbally sparring with both Caroline and Darcy . Later the Bennets are visited by Mr. Collins , a pompous clergyman who talks of little but his patroness , Lady Catherine de Bourgh . After learning from Mrs. Bennet that Jane is expected to become engaged soon , Collins decides to pursue Elizabeth , utterly oblivious to her lack of interest in him . Meanwhile , the easy - going and charming Lieutenant Wickham of the newly - arrived militia captures the girls ' attention ; he wins Elizabeth 's sympathy by telling her that Darcy had cheated him of his inheritance . At a ball at Netherfield , Elizabeth , startled by Darcy 's abrupt appearance and request , accepts a dance with him before realizing it , but vows to her best friend Charlotte Lucas that she has `` sworn to loathe him for all eternity '' . During the dance , she attacks him with witty sarcasm and Darcy responds in kind . At the same ball , Charlotte expresses concern to Elizabeth that Jane 's behaviour towards Mr. Bingley is too reserved and that Bingley may not realise that she loves him . The next day at Longbourn , Collins proposes to Elizabeth but she strongly declines . When Bingley unexpectedly returns to London , Elizabeth dispatches a heartbroken Jane to the city to stay with their aunt and uncle , the Gardiners , in hopes of re-establishing contact between Jane and Bingley . Later , Elizabeth is appalled to learn that her friend Charlotte will marry Collins to gain financial security and avoid remaining a spinster . Months later , Elizabeth visits the newly - wed Mr. and Mrs. Collins at Rosings , Lady Catherine 's manor estate ; they are invited to dine there and meet Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam , Lady Catherine 's nephews . Here Darcy shows greater interest in Elizabeth . The next day , not realizing that Jane is Elizabeth 's sister , Colonel Fitzwilliam lets slip to Elizabeth that Darcy had separated Bingley from Jane . Distraught , she flees outside , but Darcy chooses that moment to track her down and propose marriage . He says he loves her `` most ardently '' despite her `` lower rank . '' Elizabeth refuses him , citing his treatment of Jane , Bingley , and Wickham ; they argue fiercely , with Darcy explaining that he had been convinced that Jane did not return Bingley 's love . Darcy leaves angry and heartbroken . He finds Elizabeth later and presents her with a letter , which explains that Wickham is a gambler who demanded and received £ 3,000 in cash in - lieu of the clergy position intended for him by Darcy 's father ; upon being refused more money , after having squandered it all a few years later , Wickham attempted to seduce and elope with Darcy 's 15 - year - old sister , Georgiana , to obtain her £ 30,000 inheritance but abandoned her upon learning that he would never receive the money . A couple of months later , the Gardiners take Elizabeth on a trip to the Peak District ; their visit also includes Darcy 's estate , Pemberley ; Elizabeth agrees to go with them , believing he is in London . Elizabeth is impresssed by its wealth and beauty and hears nothing but good things about Darcy from his housekeeper . There , she accidentally runs into Darcy who has arrived home early . He invites her and the Gardiners to meet his sister . His manners have softened considerably , and Georgiana takes an instant liking to Elizabeth . When Elizabeth learns that her immature and flirtatious youngest sister Lydia has run away with Wickham , she tearfully blurts out the news to Darcy and the Gardiners before returning home . Her family expects social ruin for having a disgraced daughter , but over a week later they are relieved to hear that Mr. Gardiner had discovered the pair in London and that they had married . Lydia later slips to Elizabeth that Darcy was the one who found them and paid for the marriage . When Bingley and Darcy suddenly return to Netherfield , Jane accepts Bingley 's proposal . The same evening , Lady Catherine unexpectedly visits Elizabeth , insisting she renounce Darcy as he is supposedly to marry her own daughter , Anne . Elizabeth refuses and , unable to sleep , walks on the moor at dawn . There , she meets Darcy , also unable to sleep after hearing of his aunt 's behaviour . He admits his continued love and Elizabeth accepts his proposal . Mr. Bennet gives his consent after Elizabeth assures him of her love for Darcy . In the U.S. release of the film , an additional last scene shows the newlyweds outside at Pemberley , happy together . Cast ( edit ) Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Bennet Matthew Macfadyen as Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy Brenda Blethyn as Mrs Bennet Donald Sutherland as Mr Bennet Tom Hollander as Mr William Collins Rosamund Pike as Jane Bennet Carey Mulligan as Catherine ' Kitty ' Bennet Jena Malone as Lydia Bennet Talulah Riley as Mary Bennet Judi Dench as Lady Catherine de Bourgh Simon Woods as Mr Charles Bingley Tamzin Merchant as Georgiana Darcy Claudie Blakley as Charlotte Lucas Kelly Reilly as Caroline Bingley Rupert Friend as Mr George Wickham Rosamund Stephen as Anne de Bourgh Cornelius Booth as Colonel Fitzwilliam Penelope Wilton as Mrs Gardiner Peter Wight as Mr Gardiner Meg Wynn Owen as Mrs Reynolds Sinead Matthews as Betsy Production ( edit ) Conception and adaptation ( edit ) As with several recent Jane Austen adaptations , Pride & Prejudice was an Anglo - American collaboration , between British studio Working Title Films ( in association with French company StudioCanal ) and its American parent company Universal Studios . Working Title at the time was known for mainstream productions like Bridget Jones 's Diary and Love Actually that drew international audiences , rather than films in the historical drama genre . Its co-chairman Tim Bevan explained that the studio wanted to `` bring Austen 's original story , concentrating on Lizzie , back in all its glory to the big screen for audiences everywhere to enjoy '' . Given a `` relatively inexpensive '' budget of £ 22 million ( $28 million ) , the film was expected to excel at the box office , particularly based on the commercial successes of Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) and Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) as well as the resurgence of interest in Austen 's works . Screenwriter Deborah Moggach changed the film 's period setting to the late 18th century partly out of concern that it would be overshadowed by the 1995 BBC adaptation . Given little instruction from the studio , screenwriter Deborah Moggach spent over two years adapting Pride and Prejudice for film . She had sole discretion with the early script , and eventually wrote approximately ten drafts . Realising it held `` a perfect three - act structure '' , Moggach attempted to be as faithful to the original novel as possible , calling it `` so beautifully shaped as a story -- the ultimate romance about two people who think they hate each other but who are really passionately in love . I felt , ' If it 's not broken , do n't fix it . ' '' While she could not reproduce the novel 's `` fiercely wonderful dialogue in its entirety '' , she attempted to keep much of it . Moggach 's first script was closest to Austen 's book , but later versions trimmed extraneous storylines and characters . Moggach initially wrote all scenes from Elizabeth 's point of view in keeping with the novel ; she later set a few scenes from the male perspective , such as when Bingley practices his marriage proposal , in order to `` show Darcy and Bingley being close '' and to indicate Darcy was a `` human being instead of being stuck up '' . Small details were inserted that acknowledged wider events outside of the characters ' circle , such as those then occurring in France . While Moggach is the only screenwriter credited for the film , playwright Lee Hall also made early additions to the script . Television director Joe Wright was hired in early 2004 , making Pride & Prejudice his feature film directorial debut . He was considered a surprising choice for a film in the romance drama genre due to his past work with social realism . Wright 's body of work had impressed the producers , who were looking for a fresh perspective ; they sent him a script despite the fact that Wright had not read the novel . He commented that at the time , `` I did n't know if I was really all that interested ; I thought I was a little bit more mainstream than this , a bit more edgy . But then I read the script and I was surprised I was very moved by it '' . He next read the novel , which he called `` an amazing piece of character observation and it really seemed like the first piece of British Realism . It felt like it was a true story ; had a lot of truth in it about understanding how to love other people , understanding how to overcome prejudices , understanding the things that separate us from other people ... things like that . '' `` I wanted to make something that is about young people , about young people experiencing these emotions for the first time and not understanding the feelings they are having . If you have a 40 - year - old man as your star not understanding the feeling he 's having then it becomes a bit unbelievable and suspect , rather like The 40 - Year - Old Virgin or something instead of Pride & Prejudice '' . -- Director Joe Wright commenting on the ages of the actors in the 1940 adaptation The only adaptation of Pride and Prejudice Wright had seen was the 1940 production , which was the last time the novel had been adapted into a feature film . The director purposely did not watch the other productions , both out of fear he would inadvertently steal ideas and because he wanted to be as original as possible . He did , however , watch other period films , including Ang Lee 's Sense and Sensibility , Roger Michell 's Persuasion , and John Schlesinger 's Far from the Madding Crowd ; Wright cited this last film as the greatest influence on his own adaptation , calling it `` very real and very honest -- and it is quite romantic as well '' . In trying to create an atmosphere of charged flirtation , the director also gained inspiration from teen romance films such as Sixteen Candles and The Breakfast Club . Wright 's hire occurred while Moggach was on her third draft . Despite her desire to work closely with Austen 's dialogue , Wright made an effort to not `` be too reverential to ( it ) . I do n't believe people spoke like that then ; it 's not natural . '' While a few scenes , such as the discussion over accomplished women , aligned closely with the author 's original dialogue , many others `` substituted instead a mixture of modern idiom and archaic - sounding sentence structure '' . One alteration concerned politeness ; Wright noted that while Austen 's work had characters waiting before speaking , he believed that `` particularly in big families of girls , everyone tends to speak over each other , finishing each other 's sentences , etc . So I felt that the Bennet family 's conversations would be overlapping like that . '' Sense and Sensibility actress and screenwriter Emma Thompson aided in script development , though she opted to be uncredited . She advised the nervous director about adapting Austen for the screen and made dialogue recommendations , such as with parts of the Collins - Charlotte storyline . Citing the year Austen first wrote a draft of the novel , Wright and Moggach changed the period setting from 1813 ( the novel 's publication date ) to the late eighteenth century ; this decision was partly because Wright wanted to highlight the differences within an England influenced by the French Revolution , as he was fascinated that it had `` caused an atmosphere among the British aristocracy of fear '' . Additionally , Wright chose the earlier period because he hated dresses with an empire silhouette , which were popular in the later period . The decision helped make the film visually distinct from other recent Austen adaptations . In comparison to the popular 1995 BBC version , which featured Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle , producer Paul Webster desired to make an adaptation that `` does n't conform to the television drama stereotypes of a perfect clean Regency world '' . Wright and Moggach opted for a `` muddy hem version '' of Longbourn , presenting a more rural setting than in previous adaptations out of a desire to depict the Bennets in `` very close proximity to their rural life '' and to emphasise their relative poverty . While the degree of poverty was criticised by some critics , Wright felt that the `` mess adds to the drama of the predicament that the family were in '' , and helps contrast the Bennets , Darcys , and Bingleys . Casting ( edit ) See also : Main characters of Pride and Prejudice Wright found casting of the film to be difficult because he was very particular about `` the types of people ( he ) wanted to work with '' . While interviewing to direct , he insisted that the actors match the ages of the characters in the novel . Wright specifically cast actors that had rapport on and off screen , and insisted that they partake in three weeks of rehearsal in improvisation workshops . Wright also had to balance who he thought was best for each role with what the producers wanted -- mainly a big name attraction . Though Wright had not initially pictured someone as attractive as English actress Keira Knightley for the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet , he cast her after realising that the actress `` is really a tomboy ( and ) has a lively mind and a great sense of humour '' . Knightley at the time was known for Bend It Like Beckham and the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . She had been an Austen fan since age 7 , but initially feared taking the role out of apprehension that she would be doing `` an absolute copy of Jennifer Ehle 's performance '' , which she deeply admired . Knightley believed Elizabeth is `` what you aspire to be : she 's funny , she 's witty and intelligent . She 's a fully rounded and very much loved character . '' For the period , the actress studied etiquette , history and dancing but ran into trouble when she acquired a short haircut while preparing for her role in the bounty hunter film Domino . Keira Knightley 's name recognition allowed the casting of actor Matthew Macfadyen , who was little known internationally . Webster found the casting of Darcy especially hard due to the character 's iconic status and because `` Colin Firth cast a very long shadow '' as the 1995 Darcy . Wright later commented that his choice of Knightley allowed him to cast comparative unknown Matthew Macfadyen , something that would have been impossible had he chosen a less well - known actress for Elizabeth Bennet . Macfadyen at the time was known for his role in the British television spy series Spooks , but had no recognition internationally . A fan of the actor 's television work , Wright called Macfadyen `` a proper manly man ... I did n't want a pretty boy kind of actor . His properties were the ones I felt I needed ( for Darcy ) . Matthew 's a great big hunk of a guy . '' Macfadyen did not read the novel before filming , preferring to rely solely on the script . According to Wright , Rosamund Pike was cast as the eldest sister `` because ( he ) knew she was n't going to play her as a nice , simple person . Jane has a real interior world , she has her heart broken . '' Despite being Pike 's ex-boyfriend , Simon Woods was cast as her romantic interest Mr Bingley . The other three Bennet sisters were played by Talulah Riley , Carey Mulligan , and Jena Malone , the only American actress among them . Wright believed Malone to have a `` pretty faultless English accent '' . Mulligan heard about the casting call at a dinner hosted by Julian Fellowes , to whom she had written a letter after failing to get into drama school ; she won the part after three auditions . Tamzin Merchant appears as Georgiana Darcy ; she was hired despite having no previous acting experience after she wrote a letter to the casting director . In addition to Merchant , Pride & Prejudice was the feature film debut of both Mulligan and Riley . Donald Sutherland reminded Wright of his own father and was cast as the Bennet patriarch ; Wright thought the actor possessed the `` strength to handle those six women '' . Brenda Blethyn was hired to play Mrs Bennet , whom Moggach believed to be the unsung heroine of the film ; Wright explained that it was `` a tricky part ( to fill ) , as she can be very annoying ; you want to stop her chattering and shrieking . But Brenda has the humour and the heart to show the amount of love and care Mrs Bennet has for her daughters . '' Wright convinced veteran actress Judi Dench to join the cast as Lady Catherine de Bourgh by writing her a letter that read `` I love it when you play a bitch . Please come and be a bitch for me . '' Dench had only one week available to shoot her scenes , forcing Wright to make them his first days of filming . Costume design ( edit ) Jacqueline Durran designed the Bennet sisters ' costumes based on their characters ' specific characteristics . From left : Mary , Elizabeth , Jane , Mrs Bennet , Kitty and Lydia . Known for her BAFTA award - winning work on the 2004 film Vera Drake , Jacqueline Durran was hired as the costume designer . She and Wright approached his film `` as a difficult thing to tackle '' because of their desire to distinguish it from the television adaptation . Due to Wright 's dislike of the high waistline , Durran focused on later eighteenth century fashions that often included a corseted , natural waistline rather than an empire silhouette ( which became popular after the 1790s ) . A generational divide was established : the older characters dress in mid-eighteenth century fashions while the young wear `` a sort of proto - Regency style of hair and dress '' . Mrs Bennet was of the older generation , and her dresses appeared to have been mended . Durran 's costumes also helped emphasise social rank among the different characters ; Caroline Bingley for instance is introduced in an empire silhouetted dress , clothing that would have then been at the height of fashion . During her interview , Durran opined that all the women wear white at the Netherfield Ball due to its contemporary popularity , an idea that Wright credits as his reason for hiring her . All of the costumes were handmade , as clothing was at the time . However , costumes and hairstyles were adjusted to appeal to contemporary audiences , sacrificing historical accuracy . To help differentiate the Bennet sisters , Durran viewed Elizabeth as the `` tomboy '' , clothing her in earthy colours because of her love of the countryside . For the other sisters , Durran remarked , `` Jane was the most refined and yet it 's still all a bit slapdash and homemade , because the Bennets have no money . One of the main things Joe wanted was for the whole thing to have a provincial feel . Mary is the bluestocking : serious and practical . And then Lydia and Kitty are a bit Tweedledum and Tweedledee in a kind of teenage way . I tried to make it so that they 'd be sort of mirror images . If one 's wearing a green dress , the other will wear a green jacket ; so you always have a visual asymmetry between the two . '' In contrast to the 1940 film , the 2005 production displayed the Bennet sisters in worn - down but comfortable dresses that allowed the actors better moveability . Mr Darcy 's costume went through a series of phases . Durran noted : `` The first time we see him he 's at Meriton ( sic ) , where he has a very stiffly tailored jacket on and he 's quite contained and rigid . He stays in that rigid form for the first part of the film . By the time we get to the proposal that goes wrong in the rain , we move to a similar cut , but a much softer fabric . And then later he 's got a completely different cut of coat , not interlined and he wears it undone . The nth degree is him walking through the mist in the morning , completely undressed by 18th - century standards . It 's absolutely unlikely , but then Lizzie 's in her nightie , so what can you say ? '' Filming ( edit ) Stamford , Lincolnshire represented the fictional village of Meryton . ( Filming of the militia pictured ) Moggach believed the novel was very filmable , `` despite it containing no description and being a very unvisual book '' . To Wright , many other period films had relied on paintings for inspiration rather than photographs , causing them to appear unreal . He thus used `` Austen 's prose ( to give him ) many visual references for the people in the story '' , including using close - up shots of various characters . The filmmakers also changed several scenes to more romantic locales than those in the book . For instance , in the film , Darcy first proposes outdoors in a rainstorm at a building with neoclassical architecture ; in the book , this scene takes place inside a parsonage . In the film , his second proposal occurs on the misty moors as dawn breaks ; in the book , he and Elizabeth are walking down a country lane in broad daylight . Wright has acknowledged that `` there are a lot of period film clichés ; some of them are in the film and some are not , but for me it was important to question them '' . Filming of Pemberly partly occurred at Chatsworth House , often believed to have been Austen 's inspiration for the Darcy residence . Basildon Park During script development , the crew spent four to five months scouting locations , creating a `` constant going back and forth between script and location '' . The film was shot entirely on location within England on an 11 - week schedule during the 2004 summer . Co-producer Paul Webster noted that `` it is quite unusual for a movie this size to be shot entirely on location . Part of Joe ( Wright ) 's idea was to try to create a reality which allows the actors to relax and feel at one with their environment . '' Working under production designer Sarah Greenwood and set decorator Katie Spencer , the crew filmed on seven estates in six different counties . Because `` nothing exists in the United Kingdom that is untouched by the twenty - first century '' , many of the sites required substantial work to make them suitable for filming . Visual effects company Double Negative digitally restored several locations to make them contemporaneous ; they eradicated weeds , enhanced gold plating on window frames , and removed anachronisms such as gravel driveways and electricity pylons . Double Negative also developed the typeface used for the film 's title sequence . Production staff selected particularly grand - looking residences to better convey the wealth and power of certain characters . Locations included Chatsworth House in Derbyshire , the largest privately held country house in England . Chatsworth and Wilton House in Salisbury stood in for Pemberley . After a search of various sites in England , the moated manor house Groombridge Place in Kent was chosen for Longbourn . Location manager Adam Richards believed Groombridge had an `` immense charm '' that was `` untouched by post-17th Century development '' . Reflecting Wright 's choice of realism , Groombridge 's interior was designed to be `` shabby chic '' . Representing Netherfield Park was the late - 18th century site Basildon Park in Berkshire , leading it to close for seven weeks to allow time for filming . Burghley House in Cambridgeshire stood in for Rosings , while the adjacent town of Stamford served as Meryton . Other locations included Haddon Hall ( for The Inn at Lambton ) , the Temple of Apollo and Palladian Bridge of Stourhead ( for the Gardens of Rosings ) , Hunsford ( for Collins ' parsonage and church ) and Peak District ( for Elizabeth and the Gardiners ' tour ) . The first dance scenes were shot on a set in a potato warehouse in Lincolnshire with the employment of local townspeople as extras ; this was the only set the crew built that was not already in existence . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Film locations of Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) . Music ( edit ) Further information : Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Italian composer Dario Marianelli wrote the film score , the first of his four collaborations with Wright . Their relationship began when Paul Webster , who had worked with Marianelli on the 2001 film The Warrior , introduced him to Wright . In their first conversation , Marianelli and Wright discussed the early piano sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven , which `` became a point of reference '' and `` starting point '' for the original score . In addition to Beethoven , pieces such as `` Meryton Townhall '' and `` The Militia Marches In '' ( featuring the flute ) were inspired by the film 's period , with the intention that they could conceivably have been heard during that time . `` Meryton Townhall '' and `` Another Dance '' contained actual dance cues that were fitting for the late eighteenth century . According to music critic William Ruhlmann , Marianelli 's score had a `` strong Romantic flavour to accompany the familiar romantic plot '' . Multiple scenes feature actors playing pianos , forcing Marianelli to complete several of the pieces before filming began . According to him , `` Those pieces already contained the seeds of what I developed later on into the score , when I abandoned historical correctness for a more intimate and emotional treatment of the story '' . Marianelli was not present when the actors played his music due to the birth of his second daughter . The soundtrack featured French pianist Jean - Yves Thibaudet , whom Wright considered one of the greatest piano players in the world . Thibaudet was accompanied by the English Chamber Orchestra . The soundtrack ultimately contained seventeen instrumental tracks of music organised in a different way from the film . Editing ( edit ) `` You have to be true to the integrity of the book and to Jane Austen , but then you also have to be quite ruthless . What you do n't see , you do n't miss ... By focusing on Elizabeth Bennett and what 's happening to her , and her gruelling and difficult journey , certain things slough off as you go along . '' -- Deborah Moggach on editing the film In contrast to the five - hour BBC adaptation , Wright compressed his film into two hours and nine minutes of screen time . He remarked that the film is `` obviously about Elizabeth and Darcy , following them and anything that detracts or diverts you from that story is what you have to cut '' . Some of the most notable changes from the original book include time compression of several major sequences , including the departure of Wickham and the militia , Elizabeth 's visit to Rosings Park and Hunsford Parsonage , Elizabeth 's visit to Pemberley , Lydia 's elopement and subsequent crisis ; the elimination of several supporting characters , including Mr and Mrs Hurst , Mr and Mrs Phillips , Lady and Maria Lucas , Mrs Younge , several of Lydia 's friends ( including Colonel and Mrs Forster ) and various military officers and townspeople ; and the elimination of several sections in which characters reflect or converse on events that have recently occurred -- for example , Elizabeth 's chapter - long change of mind after reading Darcy 's letter . Moggach and Wright debated how to end the film , but knew they did not want to have a wedding scene `` because we did n't want Elizabeth to come off as the girl who became a queen at this lavish wedding , or for it to be corny '' . Shortly before the North American release , the film was modified to include a final scene ( not in the novel ) of the married Darcys enjoying a romantic evening and passionate kiss at Pemberley in an attempt to attract sentimental viewers ; this became a source of complaint for the Jane Austen Society of North America ( JASNA ) . After watching a preview of the film before its wide release , former JASNA president Elsa Solender commented , `` It has nothing at all of Jane Austen in it , is inconsistent with the first two - thirds of the film , insults the audience with its banality and ought to be cut before release '' . It had been removed from the British version after preview audiences found it unintentionally humorous ; however , later audiences complained that they were excluded from viewing this version , causing the film to be re-released in the UK and Ireland 10 weeks after the original UK premiere date . The original British version ended with Mr Bennet 's blessing upon Elizabeth and Darcy 's union , thus circumventing the last chapter in the novel , which summarises the lives of the Darcys and the other main characters over the next several years . Major themes and analysis ( edit ) Romanticism and realism ( edit ) Film , literary , and Austen scholars noted the appearance of romance and romanticism within Pride & Prejudice , especially in comparison to previous adaptations . Sarah Ailwood marked the film as `` an essentially Romantic interpretation of Austen 's novel '' , citing as evidence Wright 's attention to nature as a means to `` position Elizabeth and Darcy as Romantic figures ... Wright 's Pride & Prejudice takes as its central focus Austen 's concern with exploring the nature of the Romantic self and the possibilities for women and men to achieve individual self - fulfillment within an oppressive patriarchal social and economic order . '' Likewise , Catherine Stewart - Beer of Oxford Brookes University called Elizabeth 's presence on the Derbyshire cliff a `` stunning , magical evocation of Wright 's strong stylistic brand of Postmodern Romanticism '' , but found this less like Austen and more reminiscent of Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights . In her analysis , University of Provence scholar Lydia Martin concluded that the `` Romantic bias of the film is shown through the shifts in the characters ' relationships , the soundtrack and the treatment of landscape '' . Realism is a prominent aspect of the film , a theme confirmed by Wright in interviews as well as the DVD audio commentary . In a 2007 article , Ursinus College film studies professor Carole Dole argued that Pride & Prejudice is `` a hybrid that embraces both an irreverent realism to which younger audiences are accustomed ( and which reflects the director 's realist aesthetic ) and the classic heritage film 's reverence for country houses , attractive landscapes and authentic period detail '' . Such `` irreverent realism '' included the depiction of Longbourn as a working farm complete with chickens , cattle and pigs ; as Dole explains , `` The agricultural realities of 1790s England are equally evident in the enclosed yard with barn and hay where Lizzie twirls barefoot over the mud on a rope swing '' . Referring to recent adaptations such as 1999 's gritty Mansfield Park , Dole cited Pride & Prejudice as evidence that the heritage film is still around but has `` been transformed into a more flexible genre '' . Jessica Durgan agreed with this assessment , writing that the film `` simultaneously reject ( s ) and embrac ( es ) heritage to attract a larger audience '' . Family ( edit ) Raised with three sisters , Moggach was particularly interested in the story 's family dynamics . Brock University professor Barbara K. Seeber believed that in contrast to the novel , the 2005 adaptation emphasises the familial over the romantic . Evidence of this can be seen in how Pride & Prejudice `` significantly recast the Bennet family , in particular its patriarch , presenting Mr Bennet as a sensitive and kind father whose role in the family 's misfortunes is continually downplayed . '' Seeber further observed that the film is `` the first to present Mrs Bennet in a sympathetic light '' , with Mr Bennet displayed as `` an attentive husband as well as a loving father . '' Stewart - Beer and Austen scholar Sally B. Palmer noted alterations within the depiction of the Bennet family ; Stewart - Beer remarked that while their family home `` might be chaotic , in this version it is , at heart , a happy home -- much happier and much less dysfunctional , than Austen 's original version of Longbourn ... For one , Mr and Mrs Bennet actually seem to like each other , even love each other , a characterisation which is a far cry from the source text . '' Producer Paul Webster acknowledged the familial theme in the DVD featurette `` A Bennet Family Portrait '' , remarking `` Yes , it 's a great love story between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy , but underpinning it all is the kind of love that runs this family . '' Depiction of Elizabeth Bennet ( edit ) Wright intended for the film to be `` as subjective as possible '' in being from Elizabeth 's perspective ; the audience first glimpses Darcy when she does . This focus on Elizabeth features some dramatic changes from the novel . Knightley 's Elizabeth has an `` increasingly aloof and emotionally distant '' relationship with her family . Evidence of this can be seen with Elizabeth 's gradual alienation from Jane as the film progresses ; this is in contrast to the book , where Elizabeth confides more of her feelings to Jane after difficult events . Wright wanted to create a `` real '' relationship between the two sisters and have them grow apart , as he thought the book depicted them as too `` syrupy . '' Moggach 's intent was for Elizabeth to `` keep secrets to herself . They are a great burden to her ... As she keeps all this to herself , we feel for her more and more . The truest comedy , I believe , is born from pain . '' In her `` feisty , impassioned '' interactions with Darcy and `` rebellious refusal to ' perform ' '' for Lady Catherine , Stewart - Beer sees Knightley 's depiction as `` far removed from Austen 's original Elizabeth , who has a greater sense of grounded maturity , even though both Elizabeths have an occasional inclination to fluster , fun and giggles . '' According to George Washington University professor Laurie Kaplan , while Wright 's focus on Elizabeth is consistent with the novel , the screenplay removed her line of self - recognition : `` Till this moment , I never knew myself '' . Kaplan characterises the sentence as Elizabeth 's `` most important '' , and believes its deletion `` violates not only the spirit and the essence of Austen 's story but the viewer 's expectations as well . '' Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) After a string of Jane Austen semi-adaptions in the late 1990s and early 2000s , Pride & Prejudice was positioned to take audiences `` back into the world of period drama and what many saw as a more authentic version of Austen . '' While the novel was known to audiences , the large number of related productions required the film to distinguish itself . It was marketed to attract mainstream , young viewers , with one observer referring to it as `` the ultimate chick - flick romance '' and `` more commercial than previous big - screen Austen adaptations . '' Another wrote that it brings `` millennial girlhood to the megaplex ... If Ehle 's Lizzie is every forty - , or fifty - something 's favorite independent , even ' mature , ' Austen heroine , Knightley is every twenty - something 's sexpot good girl . '' An ampersand replaced the word `` and '' in the film title , similar to the 1996 postmodern film Romeo + Juliet . Already a star at the time of release , Knightley 's appearance in the film was emphasised by featuring her in all promotional materials ( similar to Colin Firth 's prominent appearance in the 1995 adaptation ) . Several commentators likened the main poster of Pride & Prejudice to that of 1995 's Sense and Sensibility , which was seen as an attempt to attract the same demographic . Advertising noted that the film came `` from the producers of Bridget Jones 's Diary '' , a 2001 romantic comedy film , before mentioning Austen . Leading up to the release , fans were allowed to download pictures and screensavers online , which emphasised the differences between Pride & Prejudice and previous adaptations . Lydia Martin wrote that in contrast to past Pride and Prejudice productions , marketing materials downplayed the `` suggested antagonism between the heroes '' in favour of highlighting a `` romantic relationship '' , as can be seen with the positioning of the characters as well as with the tagline , `` Sometimes the last person on earth you want to be with is the one you ca n't be without . '' Box Office ( edit ) On 11 September 2005 , Pride & Prejudice premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival as a special Gala Presentation . The film was released in cinemas on 16 September in the United Kingdom and Ireland . It achieved the number one spot in its first week , earning £ 2.5 million ( $4.6 million ) while playing on 397 screens . The film stayed at the top for two more weeks , earning by then a total of over £ 9 million at the UK box office . It was featured on 412 screens at its widest domestic release . On 11 November 2005 , the film debuted in the United States with an opening weekend of $2.9 million on 215 screens . Two weeks later , it played on 1,299 screens and box office returns increased to $7.2 million ; the film left cinemas the week of 24 February 2006 with a total US gross of $38,405,088 . Jack Foley , the president of distribution of Focus Features , the film 's US distributor , attributed Pride & Prejudice 's success in America to Austen 's appeal to `` the boomer market '' and its status as a known `` brand '' . Pride & Prejudice was released in an additional fifty - nine countries between September 2005 and May 2006 by United International Pictures . With a worldwide gross of $121,147,947 , it was the 72nd highest grossing film of 2005 in the US and was the 41st highest internationally . Home media ( edit ) In the US and UK , Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the standard VHS and DVD in February 2006 for both widescreen and fullframe ; attached bonus features included audio commentary by director Joe Wright , a look into Austen 's life and the ending scene of Elizabeth and Darcy kissing . On 13 November 2007 , Universal released the deluxe edition DVD to coincide with the theatrical arrival of Wright 's 2007 film Atonement . The deluxe edition included both widescreen and fullscreen features , the original soundtrack CD , a collectible book and booklet , as well as a number of special features not included in the original DVD . In the US , a Blu - ray version of the film was released by Universal on 26 January 2010 , which also contained bonus features . Reception ( edit ) Pride & Prejudice was only the second film version after `` the famed , but oddly flawed , black - and - white 1940 adaptation , starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier '' , and until 2005 , The Times considered the 1995 television adaptation `` so dominant , so universally adored , ( that ) it has lingered in the public consciousness as a cinematic standard . '' Wright 's film consequently met with some scepticism from admirers of Austen , especially in relation to plot changes and casting choices. `` Any resemblance to scenes and characters created by Miss Austen is , of course , entirely coincidental , '' mocked The New Yorker 's film critic . Given Austen 's characters were landed gentry , especially criticised was the re-imagining of the Bennetts as country bumpkins , lacking even the basics of table manners , and their home `` a barnyard '' . Comparing six major adaptations of Pride and Prejudice in 2005 , The Daily Mirror gave the only top marks of 9 out of 10 to the 1995 serial and the 2005 film , leaving the other adaptations behind with six or fewer points . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a `` certified fresh '' approval rating of 86 % based on reviews from 173 critics , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads : `` Sure , it 's another adaptation of cinema 's fave Jane Austen novel , but key performances and a modern filmmaking sensibility make this familiar period piece fresh and enjoyable . '' Metacritic reported an average score of 82 out of 100 , based on 37 reviews and classified the film as `` universally acclaimed '' . Critics claimed the film 's time constraints did not capture the depth and complexity of the television serials and called Wright 's adaptation `` obviously ( not as ) daring or revisionist '' as the serial . JASNA president Joan Klingel Ray preferred the young age of Knightley and Macfadyen , saying that Jennifer Ehle had formerly been `` a little too ' heavy ' for the role . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian , while praising Knightley for an outstanding performance `` which lifts the whole movie '' , considered the casting of the leads `` arguably a little more callow than Firth and Ehle . '' He does add that `` Only a snob , a curmudgeon , or someone with necrophiliac loyalty to the 1995 BBC version with Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle could fail to enjoy ( Knightley 's ) performance . '' At the time , BBC film critic Stella Papamichael considered it Knightley 's `` best performance yet . '' However , The Daily Telegraph critic thought Knightley 's acting skills slight , in her view , `` Someone who radiates little more than good - mannered perkiness '' , and that between her and Macfadyen there was `` little spark '' . Critics were divided about Macfadyen 's portrayal of Darcy , expressing pleasant surprise , dislike for his lack of gradual emotional shift as in the novel , and praise for his matching the insecure and sensitive personality of the book character better than Firth . Critics also drew attention to other aspects of the film . Writing for The Sydney Morning Herald , Sandra Hall criticised Wright 's attention to realism for being `` careless with the customs and conventions that were part of the fabric of Austen 's world . '' In another review , Time Out magazine lamented the absence of Austen 's `` brilliant sense of irony '' , remarking that the film 's `` romantic melodrama 's played up at the expense of her razor - sharp wit . '' More positively , Derek Elley of Variety magazine praised Wright and Moggach for `` extracting the youthful essence '' of the novel while also `` providing a richly detailed setting '' under Greenwood and Durran 's supervision . Equally pleased with the film was the San Francisco Chronicle 's Ruthe Stein , who wrote that Wright made a `` spectacular feature film debut '' that is `` creatively reimagined and sublimely entertaining '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today called it `` a stellar adaptation , bewitching the viewer completely and incandescently with an exquisite blend of emotion and wit . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Best Original Score Dario Marianelli Nominated Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood , Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Paul Tothill Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Best New Filmmaker Joe Wright Won British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Pride & Prejudice Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Brenda Blethyn Nominated Most Promising Newcomer Joe Wright Won Best Adapted Screenplay Deborah Moggach Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Makeup & Hair Fae Hammond Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Best Cinematography Roman Osin Nominated Best Supporting Actor Donald Sutherland Nominated Most Promising Filmmaker Joe Wright Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Keira Knightley Nominated Best British Film Pride & Prejudice Won Best Director Joe Wright Nominated Best Newcomer Kelly Reilly Won European Film Awards Best Cinematographer Roman Osin Nominated Best Composer Dario Marianelli Nominated Best Film Joe Wright Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Keira Knightley Nominated Best Film -- Musical or Comedy Pride & Prejudice Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle British Actress of the Year Keira Knightley Nominated British Director of the Year Joe Wright Won British Film of the Year Pride & Prejudice Nominated British Newcomer of the Year Matthew Macfadyen Nominated British Newcomer of the Year Joe Wright Nominated British Supporting Actor of the Year Tom Hollander Won British Supporting Actress of the Year Brenda Blethyn Nominated British Supporting Actress of the Year Rosamund Pike Nominated Impact and legacy ( edit ) Wright 's adaptation failed to have the same cultural impact as the 1995 serial and has since attracted sharply - divided opinions . However , even three years after the release , Knightley was still associated with Elizabeth Bennet among a generation of young viewers who had not seen the 1995 production . Given the varied opinions about the film , JASNA published an edited special issue of its online journal Persuasions On - Line in 2007 with the collaboration of nineteen Austen scholars from six countries ; the intent was to foster discussion and stimulate scholarly analysis . JASNA had done this only once before , for the 1996 film Emma . Pride & Prejudice impacted later productions in the costume drama and heritage film genres . Literary critics protested that Wright 's adaptation effectively `` popularized Austen 's celebrated romance and brought her novel to the screen as an easy visual read for an undemanding mainstream audience . '' Carole Dole noted that the film 's success `` only made it more likely that future adaptations of Austen will feature , if not necessarily mud , then at least youthful and market - tested performers and youth - oriented filmmaking techniques balanced with the visual pleasures of the heritage film . '' She cited Anne Hathaway in the 2007 film Becoming Jane as an example . Jessica Durgan added that Pride & Prejudice conceived a new hybrid genre by rejecting the visual cues of the heritage film , which attracted `` youth and mainstream audiences without alienating the majority of heritage fans . '' Production of Pride & Prejudice began Wright 's relationship with Working Title Films , the first of four collaborations . Many members of the film 's cast and crew joined Wright in his later directorial efforts . For his adaptation of Atonement , which he viewed as `` a direct reaction to Pride & Prejudice '' , Wright hired Knightley , Blethyn , Marianelli , Thibaudet , Greenwood , and Durran . Atonement employed themes similar to Austen 's , including the notion of a young writer living in `` an isolated English country house '' who `` mixes up desires and fantasies , truths and fiction . '' Wright 's 2009 film The Soloist included Hollander , Malone , and Marianelli , while Hollander was also featured in Hanna ( 2011 ) . Wright 's 2012 adaptation of Anna Karenina features Knightley , Macfadyen , Marianelli , Durran , and Greenwood and is produced by Bevan , Eric Fellner , and Webster . On 11 December 2017 , Netflix announced that a person from Chile watched the film 278 times during the entire year . It was later reported that the person is a 51 - year old woman , who declared herself as `` obssesed '' to the film and sees Elizabeth Bennet as `` a feminist icon '' . See also ( edit ) Film portal Jane Austen portal Jane Austen in popular culture Janeite List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Austen wrote a draft of First Impressions ( later renamed Pride and Prejudice ) between October 1796 and August 1797 . Jump up ^ Recent Austen adaptations included Mansfield Park ( 1999 ) , Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) , and Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pride & Prejudice ( U ) '' . United International Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . 25 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : British Film Institute . ^ Jump up to : The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Mojo Profile . ^ Jump up to : Dole 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Elley 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Higson 2011 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Durgan 2007 . Jump up ^ Troost 2007 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Focus Features Production 2005 . Jump up ^ Andrew 2011 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Cartmell 2010 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Spunberg 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Wells 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dawtrey 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Holden 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Hoggard 2005 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : DeGennaro 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Fetters . ^ Jump up to : Haun 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Austen 2008 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 10 : 00 -- 10 : 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt 2005 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 55 : 30 -- 55 : 44 . Jump up ^ Silvers & Olsen 2011 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2010 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Cartmell 2010 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Woodworth 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rojas Weiss 2005 . Jump up ^ Lee 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Alberge 2004 . ^ Jump up to : The Daily Mail 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2005 , 4 : 10 -- 4 : 35 . Jump up ^ Hall 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Challand & Graham 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2005 , 3 : 10 -- 3 : 20 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2010 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 1 : 00 : 05 -- 1 : 00 : 15 . ^ Jump up to : Robey 2006 . Jump up ^ Tandy 2007 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 23 : 40 -- 24 : 00 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 7 : 30 -- 7 : 40 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 35 : 10 -- 35 : 30 . Jump up ^ Demory 2010 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Focus Features Locations 2005 . Jump up ^ Chan 2007 . Jump up ^ Gymnich , Ruhl & Scheunemann 2010 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Austen 2006 , pp. 392 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Cartmell 2010 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Knightley 2005 , 1 : 25 -- 1 : 30 . Jump up ^ Whitlock 2010 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Desowitz 2005 . Jump up ^ Silvers & Olsen 2011 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 4 : 50 -- 4 : 55 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2004 . Jump up ^ Whitlock 2010 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ McGhie 2005 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 5 : 00 -- 5 : 14 , 11 : 00 -- 11 : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Goldwasser 2006 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 1 : 00 -- 1 : 20 . ^ Jump up to : Gilligan 2011 . ^ Jump up to : PRNewswire 2006 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Hudelet & Wiltshire 2009 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Gymnich , Ruhl & Scheunemann 2010 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , pp. 172 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Brownstein 2011 , pp. 53 . Jump up ^ Dawson Edwards 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005d . Jump up ^ Austen 2006 , pp. 403 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Demory 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Ailwood 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart - Beer 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Martin 2007 . Jump up ^ Paquet - Deyris 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Seeber 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer 2007 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 6 : 40 -- 6 : 55 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 14 : 00 -- 14 : 30 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2007 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , pp. 161 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Dawson Edwards 2008 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Troost 2007 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Higson 2011 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Sadoff 2010 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Camden 2007 . Jump up ^ MTV 2005 . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005a . ^ Jump up to : Papamichael 2005 . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005b . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2005c . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Mojo International Box Office . ^ Jump up to : UK Film Council . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times 2005 . Jump up ^ Gray 2005 . Jump up ^ Carrier 2006 . Jump up ^ PRNewswire 2007 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Briscoe 2005 . Jump up ^ Demory 2010 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony `` Parent Traps '' , The New Yorker , 14 November 2005 Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony `` Parent Traps '' , The New Yorker , 14 November 2005 Jump up ^ Edwards 2005 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : Bradshaw 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings 2005 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev `` A jolly romp to nowhere '' , The Daily Telegraph ( London ) , 16 September 2005 Jump up ^ Gleiberman 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Time Out 2005 . Jump up ^ Hall 2005 . Jump up ^ Stein 2005 . Jump up ^ Puig 2005 . Jump up ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ Soares 2006a . Jump up ^ Kimmel 2005 . Jump up ^ British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Jump up ^ Working Title Films 2006 . Jump up ^ Broadcast Film Critics Awards 2006 . Jump up ^ Soares 2006b . Jump up ^ Empire Awards 2006 . Jump up ^ Soares 2006c . Jump up ^ Hollywood Foreign Press Association 2005 . Jump up ^ Barraclough 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Camden & Ford 2007 . Jump up ^ Wightman 2011 . Jump up ^ Wells 2008 , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Copeland & McMaster 2011 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Sabine 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Working Title Films 2011 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna 2007 . Jump up ^ Wells 2008 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Monger . Jump up ^ Bradshaw 2009 . Jump up ^ Pham 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2011 . Jump up ^ Villa 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutiérrez 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Andrew , Dudley ( 2011 ) . `` The Economies of Adaptation '' . True to the Spirit : Film Adaptation and the Question of Fidelity . Colin MacCabe , Rick Warner , Kathleen Murray ( editors ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 27 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 537467 - 3 . Austen , Jane ( 2006 ) . Jane Austen : Complete and Unabridged . Sarah S.G. Frantz ( editor ) . Barnes & Noble Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7401 - 3 . Austen , Jane ( 2008 ) . Pride and Prejudice : A Penguin Enhanced e-Book Classic . Vivian Jones , Tony Tanner , Juliette Wells ( editors ) . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 143951 - 3 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Brownstein , Rachel M. ( 2011 ) . Why Jane Austen ? . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 15390 - 2 . Cartmell , Deborah ( 2010 ) . Screen Adaptations : Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice : A Close Study of the Relationship between Text and Film . A&C Black Publishers Ltd . ISBN 1 - 4081 - 0593 - 4 . Copeland , Edward ; McMaster , Juliet ( 2011 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 74650 - 7 . Dawson Edwards , Kyle ( 2008 ) . Corporate Fictions : Film Adaptation and Authorship in the Classical Hollywood Era . ProQuest Information and Learning Company . ISBN 0 - 549 - 38632 - 7 . Demory , Pamela ( 2010 ) . `` Jane Austen and the Chick Flick in the Twenty - first Century '' . Adaptation Studies : New Approaches . Christa Albrecht - Crane , Dennis Cutchins ( editors ) . Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp. pp. 121 -- 149 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 4262 - 4 . Gymnich , Marion ; Ruhl , Kathrin ; Scheunemann , Klaus ( 2010 ) . `` Revisiting the Classical Romance : Pride and Prejudice , Bridget Jones 's Diary and Bride and Prejudice '' . Gendered ( Re ) Visions : Constructions of Gender in Audiovisual Media . Bonn University Press . pp. 23 -- 44 . ISBN 3 - 89971 - 662 - 0 . Higson , Andrew ( 2011 ) . Film England : Culturally English Filmmaking Since the 1990s . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84885 - 454 - 4 . Monaghan , David ; Hudelet , Ariane ; Wiltshire , John ( 2009 ) . The Cinematic Jane Austen : Essays on the Filmic Sensibility of the Novels . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3506 - 2 . Silvers , Josh ; Olsen , Toby D. ( 2011 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice : Establishing Historical Connections Among the Arts '' . Conjuring the Real : The Role of Architecture in Eighteenth - And Nineteenth - Century Fiction . Rumiko Handa , James Potter ( editors ) , Iain Borden ( foreword ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 191 -- 214 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1743 - 9 . Troost , Linda V. ( 2007 ) . `` The Nineteenth - Century Novel on Film : Jane Austen '' . The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen . Deborah Cartmell , Imelda Whelehan ( editors ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 75 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61486 - 4 . Whitlock , Cathy ( 2010 ) . Designs on Film : A Century of Hollywood Art Direction . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088122 - 4 . Essays and journals ( edit ) Ailwood , Sarah ( Summer 2007 ) . `` What Are Men to Rocks and Mountains ? ' Romanticism in Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice ' '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Camden , Jen ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Sex and the Scullery : The New Pride & Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Camden , Jen ; Ford , Susan Allen ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Something new to be observed ... for ever '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Chan , Mary ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Location , Location , Location : The Spaces of Pride & Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Dole , Carole ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Jane Austen and Mud : Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) , British Realism and the Heritage Film '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Durgan , Jessica ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Framing Heritage : The Role of Cinematography in Pride & Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Gilligan , Kathleen E. ( 2011 ) . `` Jane Austen 's Unnamed Character : Exploring Nature in Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . Student Pulse. 3 ( 12 ) . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Kaplan , Laurie ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Inside Out / Outside In : Pride & Prejudice on Film 2005 '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Martin , Lydia ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice : From Classicism to Romanticism '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Palmer , Sally B. ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Little Women at Longbourn : The Re-Wrighting of Pride and Prejudice '' . Persuasions On - Line . Jane Austen Society of North America . 27 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Paquet - Deyris , Anne - Marie ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Staging intimacy and interiority in Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . 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Dawtrey , Adam ( 19 January 2004 ) . `` London Eye '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . ( subscription required ) Edwards , David ( 9 September 2005 ) . `` Pride and Passion '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Elley , Derek ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` Pride & Prejudice ( U.K. -- U.S. ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Gleiberman , Owen ( 9 November 2005 ) . `` Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Hall , Sandra ( 20 October 2005 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Hastings , Chris ( 8 August 2005 ) . `` Colin Firth was born to play Mr Darcy . So can anyone else shine in the lead role ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Haun , Harry ( 1 November 2005 ) . `` Austentatious Debut '' . 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Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . `` 63rd Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . 13 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Hall , Katy ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` Carey Mulligan Gets An Education In Movie Stardom '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . `` Weekend box office '' . Los Angeles Times . 15 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . McCarthy , Todd ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Hanna : Movie Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . McCutcheon , David ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Pride Finds Prejudice '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 film ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . 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Gutiérrez , Catalina ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` '' Me gusta Orgullo y Prejuicio porque es feminista `` '' ( `` I like Pride & Prejudice because is a feminist film '' ) ( in Spanish ) . Women Talk . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Press releases ( edit ) `` Pride & Prejudice : The Locations '' ( Press release ) . Focus Features . 1 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice : The Production '' ( Press release ) . Focus Features . 1 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . `` Nominated for Four Academy Awards ( R ) * Including Best Actress Keira Knightley Universal Studios Home Entertainment Is Proud to Announce the DVD Release of Jane Austen 's Ultimate Romance Pride & Prejudice '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. 31 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . `` From Universal Studios Home Entertainment : Pride & Prejudice 2 Disc Deluxe Gift Set '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. 20 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice gala screening in Toronto '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 29 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice released this weekend '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 15 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice is a number 1 hit '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 19 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice -- US ending now on release in UK '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 25 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . `` Pride & Prejudice wins six Bafta nominations '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 19 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . `` Production Commences on Anna Karenina '' ( Press release ) . Working Title Films. 3 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Visual media ( edit ) Knightley , Keira ( 2005 ) . Pride & Prejudice : HBO First Look ( DVD ) . Joe Wright , Tim Bevan , Deborah Moggach , Brenda Blethyn , Donald Sutherland . Bonus Features : Universal Studios . Sutherland , Donald ( 2005 ) . Behind - the - Scenes at the Ball ( DVD ) . Brenda Blethyn , Tom Hollander , Keira Knightley , Matthew Macfadyen , Talulah Riley , Carey Mulligan , Jena Malone , Rosamund Pike . Bonus Features : Universal Studios . Wright , Joe ( 2005 ) . Audio commentary for Pride & Prejudice ( DVD ) . Bonus Features : Universal Studios . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 film ) Official website Pride & Prejudice on IMDb Pride & Prejudice at Rotten Tomatoes Pride & Prejudice at Metacritic Pride & Prejudice at Box Office Mojo Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Will be Somewhere ( 2004 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Longbourn ( 2013 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) Beyond a Joke ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Joe Wright Films Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) The Soloist ( 2009 ) Hanna ( 2011 ) Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) Pan ( 2015 ) Darkest Hour ( 2017 ) The Woman in the Window ( 2019 ) Television Charles II : The Power and the Passion ( 2003 ) Black Mirror ( `` Nosedive '' ( 2016 ) ) Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) God 's Own Country ( 2018 ) BNE : XX5018874 BNF : cb15099859r ( data ) GND : 7643135 - 6 SUDOC : 110142225 VIAF : 212908763 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_%26_Prejudice_(2005_film)&oldid=856706306 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s historical films 2000s romantic drama films American films American historical films American romantic drama films Best British Film Empire Award winners British films British historical films British romantic drama films Directorial debut films Feminist films Films based on Pride and Prejudice Films directed by Joe Wright Films produced by Tim Bevan Films produced by Eric Fellner Films scored by Dario Marianelli Films set in country houses Films shot in Berkshire Films shot in Kent Films shot in Wiltshire French films French historical films French romantic drama films Historical romance films Romantic period films StudioCanal films Universal Pictures films Working Title Films films Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 01 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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2069974059535285569	Saint Patrick's Day	Saint Patrick 's Day - wikipedia Saint Patrick 's Day This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` St. Patrick 's Day '' redirects here . For the Bing Crosby album , see St. Patrick 's Day ( album ) . `` Patrick 's Day '' redirects here . For the 2014 film , see Patrick 's Day ( film ) . Saint Patrick 's Day Saint Patrick depicted in a stained glass window at Saint Benin 's Church , Ireland Official name Saint Patrick 's Day Also called Feast of Saint Patrick Patrick 's Day Lá Fheile Pádraig ( St ) Paddy 's Day ( St ) Patty 's Day Observed by Irish people and people of Irish descent Catholic Church ( see calendar ) Anglican Communion ( see calendars ) Eastern Orthodox Church ( see calendar ) Lutheran Church ( see calendar ) Type Ethnic , national , Christian Significance Feast day of Saint Patrick , commemoration of the arrival of Christianity in Ireland Celebrations Attending parades attending céilithe wearing shamrocks wearing green drinking Irish beer drinking Irish whiskey Observances Attending mass or service Date 17 March Next time 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) Frequency Annual Saint Patrick 's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , `` the Day of the Festival of Patrick '' ) , is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March , the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c . AD 385 -- 461 ) , the foremost patron saint of Ireland . Saint Patrick 's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion ( especially the Church of Ireland ) , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general . Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals , cèilidhs , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day , which has encouraged and propagated the holiday 's tradition of alcohol consumption . Saint Patrick 's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , Northern Ireland , the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador ( for provincial government employees ) , and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world , especially in Great Britain , Canada , the United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia , and New Zealand . Saint Patrick 's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora , particularly those that developed in North America . In recent years , there has been criticism of Saint Patrick 's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Saint Patrick 2 Celebration and traditions 2.1 Wearing green 3 Celebrations by region 3.1 Ireland 3.2 Elsewhere in Europe 3.2. 1 Great Britain 3.2. 2 Russia 3.2. 3 Scotland 3.2. 4 Switzerland 3.3 Asia 3.3. 1 Japan 3.3. 2 Korea 3.3. 3 Malaysia 3.4 Caribbean 3.4. 1 Montserrat 3.5 International Space Station 3.6 North America 3.6. 1 Canada 3.6. 2 United States 3.7 South America 3.7. 1 Argentina 4 Criticism 5 Sports events 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Saint Patrick ( edit ) Main article : Saint Patrick Patrick was a 5th - century Romano - British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland . Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself . It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century , into a wealthy Romano - British family . His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church . According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen , he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he `` found God '' . The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast , where a ship would be waiting to take him home . After making his way home , Patrick went on to become a priest . According to tradition , Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity . The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted `` thousands '' . Patrick 's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove `` snakes '' out of Ireland ( Ireland never had any snakes ) . Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick . Over the following centuries , many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland 's foremost saint . Celebration and traditions ( edit ) According to legend , Saint Patrick used the three - leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans . Traditional St Patrick 's Day badges from the early 20th century , at the Museum of Country Life in County Mayo St. Patrick 's Day greetings card from the early C20 Today 's St Patrick 's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora , especially in North America . Until the late 20th century , St Patrick 's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland . Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals , Irish traditional music sessions ( céilithe ) , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances , although these were more common in the past . St Patrick 's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century . The participants generally include marching bands , the military , fire brigades , cultural organisations , charitable organisations , voluntary associations , youth groups , fraternities , and so on . However , over time , many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival . More effort is made to use the Irish language , especially in Ireland , where the week of St Patrick 's Day is `` Irish language week '' . Recently , famous landmarks have been lit up in green on St Patrick 's Day . Christians may also attend church services , and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day . Perhaps because of this , drinking alcohol -- particularly Irish whiskey , beer , or cider -- has become an integral part of the celebrations . The St Patrick 's Day custom of `` drowning the shamrock '' or `` wetting the shamrock '' was historically popular , especially in Ireland . At the end of the celebrations , a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup , which is then filled with whiskey , beer , or cider . It is then drunk as a toast to St Patrick , Ireland , or those present . The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck . Wearing green ( edit ) On St Patrick 's Day , it is customary to wear shamrocks , green clothing or green accessories ( the `` wearing of the green '' ) , the colour associated with Catholics in Ireland ( orange is the colour associated with Protestant Christians ) . St Patrick is said to have used the shamrock , a three - leaved plant , to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish . This story first appears in writing in 1726 , though it may be older . In pagan Ireland , three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities , a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts . Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence that the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish . However , Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature , and was recast in a Christian context‍ -- ‌ icons of St Patrick often depict the saint `` with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other '' . Roger Homan writes , `` We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity '' . The colour green has been associated with Ireland since at least the 1640s , when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation . Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick 's Day since at least the 1680s . The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick , an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750 , adopted green as its colour . However , when the Order of St. Patrick -- an Anglo - Irish chivalric order -- was founded in 1783 it adopted blue as its colour , which led to blue being associated with St Patrick . During the 1790s , green would become associated with Irish nationalism , due to its use by the United Irishmen . This was a republican organisation -- led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members -- who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule . The phrase `` wearing of the green '' comes from a song of the same name , which laments United Irishmen supporters being persecuted for wearing green . Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries , the colour green and its association with St Patrick 's Day grew . The wearing of the ' St Patrick 's Day Cross ' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century . These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was `` covered with silk or ribbon of different colours , and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre '' . Celebrations by region ( edit ) Ireland ( edit ) A St Patrick 's Day parade in Dublin A St Patrick 's Day religious procession in Downpatrick , where Saint Patrick is said to be buried Saint Patrick 's feast day , as a kind of national day , was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries . In later times , he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland . Saint Patrick 's feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford - born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding in the early 1600s . Saint Patrick 's Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland . It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland , which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The church calendar avoids the observance of saints ' feasts during certain solemnities , moving the saint 's day to a time outside those periods . St Patrick 's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement , when 17 March falls during Holy Week . This happened in 1940 , when Saint Patrick 's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday , and again in 2008 , where it was officially observed on 15 March . St Patrick 's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160 . However , the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day . In 1903 , St Patrick 's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland . This was thanks to the Bank Holiday ( Ireland ) Act 1903 , an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara . O'Mara later introduced the law which required that public houses be shut on 17 March after drinking got out of hand , a provision that was repealed in the 1970s . The first St Patrick 's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903 . The week of St Patrick 's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March . The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation , the Trades Hall , the various trade unions and bands who included the ' Barrack St Band ' and the ' Thomas Francis Meagher Band ' . The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George 's St and finished in the Peoples Park , where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries . On Tuesday 17 March , most Waterford businesses -- including public houses -- were closed and marching bands paraded like they had two days previously . The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed . On St Patrick 's Day 1916 , the Irish Volunteers -- an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation -- held parades throughout Ireland . The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick 's Day parades , involving 6,000 marchers , almost half of whom were said to be armed . The following month , the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule . This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War . During this time , St Patrick 's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted , although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies . The celebrations remained low - key after the creation of the Irish Free State ; the only state - organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours , and an Irish - language mass attended by government ministers . In 1927 , the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick 's Day , although it remained legal in Northern Ireland . The ban was not repealed until 1961 . The first official , state - sponsored St Patrick 's Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931 . In Northern Ireland , the celebration of St Patrick 's Day was affected by sectarian divisions . A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British , while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish . Although it was a public holiday , Northern Ireland 's unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick 's Day . During the conflict known as the Troubles ( late 1960s -- late 1990s ) , public St Patrick 's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community . In 1976 , loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick 's Day in Dungannon ; four civilians were killed and many injured . However , some Protestant unionists attempted to ' re-claim ' the festival , and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick 's Day parade . Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick 's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland , which have attracted thousands of spectators . In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick 's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture . The government set up a group called St Patrick 's Festival , with the aims : To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebration in the world To create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation , creativity , grassroots involvement , and marketing activity To provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent ( and those who sometimes wish they were Irish ) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations To project , internationally , an accurate image of Ireland as a creative , professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal . The first St Patrick 's Festival was held on 17 March 1996 . In 1997 , it became a three - day event , and by 2000 it was a four - day event . By 2006 , the festival was five days long ; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade . Overall 2009 's five - day festival saw almost 1 million visitors , who took part in festivities that included concerts , outdoor theatre performances , and fireworks . Skyfest forms the centrepiece of the festival . The topic of the 2004 St Patrick 's Symposium was `` Talking Irish '' , during which the nature of Irish identity , economic success , and the future were discussed . Since 1996 , there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of `` Irishness '' rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance . The week around St Patrick 's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ( `` Irish Language Week '' ) . Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick 's Day . In The Word magazine 's March 2007 issue , Fr Vincent Twomey wrote , `` It is time to reclaim St Patrick 's Day as a church festival '' . He questioned the need for `` mindless alcohol - fuelled revelry '' and concluded that `` it is time to bring the piety and the fun together '' . As well as Dublin , many other cities , towns , and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals , including Cork , Belfast , Derry , Galway , Kilkenny , Limerick , and Waterford . The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick , County Down , where Saint Patrick is said to be buried . The shortest St. Patrick 's Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey , County Cork . The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village 's two pubs . The annual event began in 1999 , but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed . Elsewhere in Europe ( edit ) Great Britain ( edit ) St Patrick 's Day parade in London usually takes place at Trafalgar Square . St. Patrick 's Day festival Coatbridge is celebrated in the Irish descent majority town of Coatbridge in Scotland . In Great Britain , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother used to present bowls of shamrock flown over from Ireland to members of the Irish Guards , a regiment in the British Army consisting mostly of soldiers from Ireland . The Irish Guards still wear shamrock on this day , flown in from Ireland . Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church . Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people , both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland , and usually coincides with St Patrick 's Day . Birmingham holds the largest St Patrick 's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade over a two - mile ( 3 km ) route through the city centre . The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York . London , since 2002 , has had an annual St Patrick 's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th , usually in Trafalgar Square . In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green . Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city . This has led to a long - standing celebration on St Patrick 's Day in terms of music , cultural events and the parade . Manchester hosts a two - week Irish festival in the weeks prior to St Patrick 's Day . The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city 's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag , a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two - week period . Russia ( edit ) Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick 's Day festival . The first St Patrick 's Day parade took place in Russia in 1992 . Since 1999 , there has been a yearly `` Saint Patrick 's Day '' festival in Moscow and other Russian cities . The official part of the Moscow parade is a military - style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow . The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival . In 2014 , Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March , which includes St Patrick 's Day on 17 March . Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow , St Petersburg , Yekaterinburg , Voronezh , and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy , the Moscow City Government , and other organisations . In 2017 , the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar , to be celebrated on 30 March ( O.S. 17 March ) . Scotland ( edit ) The Scottish town of Coatbridge , where the majority of the town 's population are of Irish descent , also has a Saint Patrick 's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre . Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population ; due , for the most part , to the Irish immigration during the 19th century . This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people . Due to this large Irish population , there are many Irish - themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on St Patrick 's day in Glasgow . Glasgow has held a yearly St Patrick 's Day parade and festival since 2007 . Switzerland ( edit ) While Saint Patrick 's Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries , it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on St Patrick 's Eve . Most popular are usually those in Zurich 's Kreis 4 . Traditionally , guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green . Asia ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) St Patrick 's Parades are now held in many locations across Japan . The first parade , in Tokyo , was organised by The Irish Network Japan ( INJ ) in 1992 . Korea ( edit ) The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick 's Day since 1976 in Seoul , the capital city of South Korea . The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , the St Patrick 's Society of Selangor , founded in 1925 , organises a yearly St Patrick 's Ball , described as the biggest St Patrick 's Day celebration in Asia . Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley , Penang , Johor Bahru , Malacca , Ipoh , Kuantan , Kota Kinabalu , Miri and Kuching . Caribbean ( edit ) Montserrat ( edit ) The tiny island of Montserrat is known as the `` Emerald Island of the Caribbean '' because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis . Montserrat is one of three places where St Patrick 's Day is a public holiday , along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland & Labrador . The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768 . International space station ( edit ) Chris Hadfield wearing green in the International Space Station on St Patrick 's Day , 2013 Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways . Irish - American Catherine Coleman played a hundred - year - old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney , both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains , while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick 's Day in 2011 . Her performance was later included in a track called `` The Chieftains in Orbit '' on the group 's album , Voice of Ages . Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from earth orbit , and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station , and posted them online on Saint Patrick 's Day in 2013 . He also posted online a recording of himself singing `` Danny Boy '' in space . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Montreal hosts one of the longest - running and largest St Patrick 's Day parades in North America . One of the longest - running and largest St Patrick 's Day parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal , whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower - right quadrant . The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929 . The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824 . St Patrick 's Day itself , however , has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France . In Manitoba , the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three - day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick 's Day . In 2004 , the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures . This event , which includes a parade , occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick 's Day . In Quebec City , there was a parade from 1837 to 1926 . The Quebec City St - Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years . For the occasion , a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests . There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863 . The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927 , and wore green jerseys . In 1999 , when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick 's Day , they wore green St Patrick 's retro uniforms . There is a large parade in the city 's downtown on the Sunday before 17 March which attracts over 100,000 spectators . Some groups , notably Guinness , have lobbied to make Saint Patrick 's Day a national holiday . In March 2009 , the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick 's Day . Part of an environmental non-profit organisation 's campaign ( Project Porchlight ) , the green represented environmental concerns . Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick 's Day , and resembled a Leprechaun 's hat . After a week , white CFLs took their place . The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes . United States ( edit ) Main article : Saint Patrick 's Day in the United States Chicago St Patrick 's Day , while not a legal holiday in the United States , is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish - American culture . Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green , religious observances , numerous parades , and copious consumption of alcohol . The holiday has been celebrated in North America since the late 18th century . South America ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Celebrations in Buenos Aires centre on Reconquista street . In Buenos Aires , a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista , where there are several Irish pubs ; in 2006 , there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby . Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community , the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland , take part in the organisation of the parties . Criticism ( edit ) In recent decades , St Patrick 's Day celebrations have been criticised , particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorder . Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky , and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage . Journalist Niall O'Dowd has criticised recent attempts to recast St Patrick 's Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness . St Patrick 's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people . An example is the wearing of ' leprechaun outfits ' , which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish . In the run up to St Patrick 's Day 2014 , the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes . Some have described St Patrick 's Day celebrations outside Ireland as displays of `` Plastic Paddyness '' ; where foreigners appropriate and misrepresent Irish culture , claim Irish identity , and enact Irish stereotypes . LGBT groups in the US were banned from marching in St. Patrick 's Day parades in New York City and Boston , resulting in the landmark Supreme Court decision of Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston . In New York City , the ban was lifted in 2014 , but LGBT groups still find that barriers to participation exist . In Boston , the ban on LGBT group participation was lifted in 2015 . Sports events ( edit ) Traditionally the All - Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All - Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship are held on Saint Patrick 's Day in Croke Park , Dublin . The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn . The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup , Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick 's Day . The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick 's Day . The Saint Patrick 's Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland . The competition was first started in 1995 with Ireland winning the first two tests with the US winning the last 4 in 2000 , 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick 's Day . The major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada that play during March often wear special third jerseys to acknowledge the holiday . Examples include the Buffalo Sabres ( who have worn special Irish - themed practice jerseys ) , Toronto Maple Leafs ( who wear Toronto St. Patricks throwbacks ) , New York Knicks , Toronto Raptors , and most Major League Baseball teams . The New Jersey Devils have worn their green - and - red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick 's Day in recent years . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Ireland portal Christianity portal Gaelic calendar also known as Irish calendar It 's a Great Day for the Irish Order of St. Patrick Saint Patrick 's Breastplate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. Patty 's Day celebration packs extra emotion '' . CBS Evening News . 16 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100,000 at St. Patrick 's Day Block Party in St. Paul '' . ABC 5 Eyewitness News . 16 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Meethan ; Alison Anderson ; Steven Miles . Tourism , Consumption & Representation . CAB International . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` '' St Patrick 's Day celebrations `` . Church of Ireland Notes from ' ' The Irish Times ' ' . Official Church of Ireland website . '' . Ireland.anglican.org. 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Circles of Tradition : Folk Arts in Minnesota . Minnesota Historical Society Press . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . In nineteenth - century America it became a celebration of Irishness more than a religious occasion , though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day . ^ Jump up to : Circles of Tradition : Folk Arts in Minnesota . Minnesota Historical Society Press . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks , an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity , and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking . ^ Jump up to : Edna Barth . Shamrocks , Harps , and Shillelaghs : The Story of the St. Patrick 's Day Symbols . Sandpiper . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . For most Irish - Americans , this holiday is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive . For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all . St. Patrick 's Day church services are followed by parades and parties , the latter being the best attended . The festivities are marked by Irish music , songs , and dances . ^ Jump up to : John Nagle . Multiculturalism 's Double - Bind . Ashgate Publishing . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Like many other forms of carnival , St. Patrick 's Day is a feast day , a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging in the forbidden . Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick 's day . ^ Jump up to : James Terence Fisher . Communion of Immigrants : A History of Catholics in America . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The 40 - day period ( not counting Sundays ) prior to Easter is known as Lent , a time of prayer and fasting . Pastors of Irish - American parishes often supplied `` dispensations '' for St. Patrick s Day , enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint . Jump up ^ `` Public holidays in Ireland '' . Citizens Information Board . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays '' . NI Direct . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Cronin , Daryl Adair ( 2002 ) . The Wearing of the Green : A History of St. Patrick 's Day . Routledge . p. 242 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Confession of St. Patrick '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair , p. xxiii Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair , p. 26 Jump up ^ Santino , Jack ( 1995 ) . All Around the Year : Holidays and Celebrations in American Life . University of Illinois Press . p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` The facts about shamrock '' . Irish Examiner. 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Day : Fact vs. Fiction '' . National Geographic News . p. 2 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Newell , Jill ( 16 March 2000 ) . `` Holiday has history '' . Daily Forty - Niner . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Monaghan , Patricia ( 1 January 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438110370 . There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel ( both of which are called shamrocks ) were sacred to the Celts in any way . However , the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity , with many of their divinities appearing in three . Thus when St. Patrick , attempting to convert the Druids on Beltane , held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity , the three - in - one god , he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept . He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm , a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number 's meaning . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Neil ( 24 April 2012 ) . Story of Ireland . Ebury Publishing . ISBN 9781448140398 . In some ways , though , the Christian mission resonated : pre-Christian devotion was characterized by , for example , the worship of gods in groups of three , by sayings collected in threes ( triads ) , and so on -- from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed . Against this backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three - leafed shamrock fits quite neatly . Jump up ^ Santino , Jack ( 1995 ) . All Around the Year : Holidays and Celebrations in American Life . University of Illinois Press . p. 80 . ISBN 9780252065163 . Jump up ^ Homan , Roger ( 2006 ) . The Art of the Sublime : Principles of Christian Art and Architecture . Ashgate Publishing . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Mike Cronin , Daryl Adair ( 2002 ) . The Wearing of the Green : A History of St. Patrick 's Day . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 18004 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kelly , James . That Damn 'd Thing Called Honour : Duelling in Ireland , 1570 -- 1860 . Cork University Press , 1995 . p. 65 Jump up ^ The Fundamental Laws , Statutes and Constitutions of the Ancient Order of the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick . 1751 . Jump up ^ St. Patrick : Why Green ? -- video . History.com . Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Mike ; Adair , Daryl ( 23 November 2004 ) . The Wearing of the Green : A History of St Patrick 's Day . Routledge . p. 22 . ISBN 9781134242313 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . In 1681 , the English traveller , Thomas Dineley noted a series of St Patrick 's Day practices which in one form or another , became standard markers for those celebrating the day . Dineley observed that the Irish wore Celtic crosses , had green ribbon in their hats , pinned shamrock to their clothes , and , after demanding St Patrick 's groat from their masters , drank so that ' very few of the zealous are found sober at night ' . The crosses , which were predominantly made and worn by children , consisted of a paper or card backing and featuring couloured ribbons as decoration , all of which were centered around a Celtic cross . In 1805 , the ' little girl 's St Patrick 's Day Cross ' was described as a cross of paper ' wrapped or covered with silk or ribbon of different colours , and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre ' . Jump up ^ Liam de Paor : St. Patrick 's World , The Christian Culture of Ireland 's Apostolic Age . Four Courts Press , Dublin , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Catholic Encyclopedia : Luke Wadding '' . Retrieved 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Irish bishops move St. Patrick 's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week '' , Catholic News Jump up ^ MacDonald , G. Jeffrey ( 6 March 2008 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day , Catholic Church march to different drummers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Nevans - Pederson , Mary ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` No St. Pat 's Day Mass allowed in Holy Week '' . Dubuque Telegraph Herald . Woodward Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Evelyn ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` Crowds gather for St. Patrick 's Day celebrations downtown '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Large crowds gathered for Saturday 's St. Patrick 's Day festivities downtown . Although St. Patrick 's Day is actually on a Thursday this year , Chicago will be marking the day all weekend long . Some started the day at Mass at Old St. Patrick 's Church in the city 's West Loop neighborhood . Spectators gathered along the riverfront in the Loop for the annual dyeing of the Chicago River , which began at 9 am Jump up ^ `` James O'Mara '' . HumphrysFamilyTree.com . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Munster Express , 14 March 1903 ^ Jump up to : Munster Express , 21 March 1903 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Waterford Chronicle , 18 March 1903 Jump up ^ Waterford News , 20 March 1903 Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair , p. 105 Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair , p. 108 Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair , p. 134 Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Armao , Frederic . `` The Color Green in Ireland : Ecological Mythology and the Recycling of Identity '' . Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland . Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2013 . p. 184 ^ Jump up to : Cronin & Adair , pp. 175 -- 177 Jump up ^ `` The History of the Holiday '' . Historychannel.com . Archived from the original on 7 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Festival was established by the Government of Ireland in November 1995 '' . St. Patrick 's Festival . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Day Facts Video -- '' . History.com . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More piety , fewer pints ' best way to celebrate ' '' , The Irish Independent , 12 March 2007 Jump up ^ `` From Here to Here '' . Dripsey.com . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : St Patrick 's Day around the world '' . 1st Battalion Irish Guards marching in a St Patrick 's Day parade held at the Victoria Barracks in Windsor . BBC . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Mcbrien , Richard P. Lives of the Saints : From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa . HarperOne . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The most famous church in the United States is dedicated to him , St. Patrick 's in New York City . St. Patrick 's Day is celebrated by people of all ethnic backgrounds by the wearing of green and parades . His feast , which is on the General Roman Calendar , has been given as March 17 in liturgical calendars and martyrologies . The Church of England , the Episcopal Church in the USA , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America observe his feast on this day , and he is also commemorated on the Russian Orthodox calendar . Jump up ^ `` The day the world turns green '' . BBC News . 17 March 1998 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St Patrick 's Day Parade '' . Connecting Histories. 12 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Parade 2009 '' . BBC News . 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Immigration in Liverpool '' . Mersey Reporter . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Irish Festival '' . Manchester Irish Festival . 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Москва . День Св . Патрика ( in Russian ) . stpatrick.ru. 1999 -- 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Erin ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` St. Patty 's Day : Not just green beer -- but some of that , too '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuddihy , Grace ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Muscovites Turn Green For Irish Week '' . The Moscow Times . Jump up ^ `` В месяцеслов Русской Православной Церкви включены имена древних святых , подвизавшихся в западных странах '' . Patriarchia.ru ( in Russian ) . 9 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish emigration to Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries -- Settlement of the Irish '' . Education Scotland . Government of Scotland . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Coatbridge Irish '' . St Patrick 's Day Festival Coatbridge . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St Patrick 's Day in Coatbridge , Scotland '' . Coming to Scotland . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial Revolution : 1770s to 1830s '' . TheGlasgowStory . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glasgow St Patricks Festival '' . Glasgow St Patricks Festival . St. Patrick 's Festival Committee . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Patrick 's Eve in Switzerland Event Page '' . Zurich Student Association . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 St Patricks Day Parades in Japan '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Patrick 's Day in Korea Event Page '' . Irish Association of Korea . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Fergus , Howard A. ( 1996 ) . Gallery Montserrat : some prominent people in our history . Canoe Press University of West Indies . p. 83 . ISBN 976 - 8125 - 25 - X . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ St. Patrick 's Day Greeting From Space NASA TV video , 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Molloy 's flute to help Irish music breach the final frontier '' Irish Times , 15 December 2010 -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Irish Astronaut in Space Gives St. Patrick 's Day Musical Flair Space.com , 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chieftains ' call - up to an army of indie admirers '' Irish Times , 10 March 2012 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Out of this world rendition of Danny Boy marks St Patrick 's Day in space The Irish Times , 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Astronaut Chris Hadfield singing `` Danny Boy '' on the International Space Station Soundcloud , 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal celebrates 191st St. Patrick 's Day parade Sunday -- Montreal -- CBC News '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Association of Manitoba '' . irishassociation.ca . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CelticFest Vancouver '' . Celticfestvancouver.com. 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cottrell , Michael ( May 1992 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day Parades in Nineteenth - Century Toronto : A Study of Immigrant Adjustment and Elite Control '' . Histoire sociale -- Social History . XXV ( 49 ) : 57 -- 73 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness '' . Proposition 3 -- 17 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Alexis ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Calgary Tower gets full green bulb treatment '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ John Nagle . Multiculturalism 's Double - Bind . Ashgate Publishing . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick 's day . Jump up ^ `` Saint Patrick 's Day in Argentina '' . Sanpatricio2009.com.ar. 17 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Saint Patrick 's Day in Argentina on YouTube . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Patricio convocó a una multitud '' . Clarin.com. 18 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nally , Pat ( 1992 ) . `` Los Irlandeses en la Argentina '' . Familia , journal of the Ulster Historical Foundation . 2 ( 8 ) . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin & Adair , p. 240 Jump up ^ `` Time to banish perpetually offended elements in society '' . Belfast Telegraph . 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St Patrick 's Day celebrates the role of all US migrants '' . The Irish Times . 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Irish - American Catholics negotiate St. Patrick 's Day and Holy Week conflict '' . Catholic News Agency . 7 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` lease , let 's keep political correctness out of Saint Patrick 's Day '' . IrishCentral. 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` St Patrick 's Day -- when everyone 's proud to be a stereotype '' . Irish Independent . 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Venable , Shannon ( 2011 ) . Gold : A Cultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` O'Done with It : Irish Americans protest ' negative stereotyping ' as bawdy drunks '' . The Washington Times . 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Massie , Alex . `` Erin Go ARGH ! -- The case against St. Patrick 's Day '' . National Review Online . 17 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Santora , Mark ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Gay Groups to March in St. Patrick 's Day Parade as Ban Falls '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Jim ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` Gays Scoff at NY St. Patrick 's Day Parade Decision '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Worland , Justin ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Boston Sees Historic St. Patrick 's Day Parade '' . Time . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Brian ( 2010 ) . `` Tomahawks To Host Ireland '' . We Are Rugby . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Chere , Rich ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` How do the Devils feel about wearing the green and red retro jerseys ? '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day . Saint Patrick 's Day History -- slideshow by The Huffington Post Saint Patrick 's Day on The History Channel Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland New Year 's Day Saint Patrick 's Day Easter Monday May Day June Holiday August Holiday October Holiday Christmas Day Saint Stephen 's Day Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in the United Kingdom All regions New Year 's Day May Bank Holiday Summer Bank Holiday Christmas Day Boxing Day England and Wales Good Friday Easter Monday Spring Bank Holiday Northern Ireland Saint Patrick 's Day Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Spring Bank Holiday Battle of the Boyne ( Orangemen 's Day ) Scotland 2nd January Good Friday St Andrew 's Day ( optional ) GND : 4688508 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&oldid=803135701 '' Categories : Saint Patrick 1783 establishments in Ireland 1903 establishments in Ireland Festivals in Ireland Irish culture Irish folklore Irish - American culture Irish - Australian culture Irish - Canadian culture Irish - New Zealand culture March observances National days Observances in Australia Parades Public holidays in Canada Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland Saints days Public holidays in the United States Saint Patrick 's Day Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Articles containing Irish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кырык мары Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 17 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did st patrick's day become a holiday	[ "Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),[4] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland,[3] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.[5] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, cèilidhs, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[6] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services[5][7] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption.[5][6][8][9]" ]	[ "in the early 17th century" ]
4539246633115157022	I Lived It	I Lived It - wikipedia I Lived It `` I Lived It '' Single by Blake Shelton from the album Texoma Shore Released January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) Format Music download Genre Country Length 3 : 39 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Rhett Akins Ashley Gorley Ben Hayslip Ross Copperman Producer ( s ) Scott Hendricks Blake Shelton singles chronology `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' ( 2017 ) `` I Lived It '' ( 2018 ) `` Turnin ' Me On '' ( 2018 ) `` I Lived It '' is a song written by Rhett Akins , Ashley Gorley , Ben Hayslip , and Ross Copperman and recorded by American country music singer Blake Shelton . It was released in January 2018 as the second single from Shelton 's 2017 album Texoma Shore . Contents 1 Content 2 Commercial performance 3 Music video 4 Charts 5 References Content ( edit ) `` I Lived It '' features a nostalgic look at the narrator 's childhood . Shelton told The Boot that the song `` really stands out to everybody as maybe the best song on the album '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) The song peaked at No. 3 on the Country Airplay chart for chart dated June 30 , 2018 . The song has sold 153,000 copies in the United States as of June 2018 . Music Video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for this song features photographs from Shelton 's childhood and teenage years , interspersed with flashbacks and footage of Blake performing . It was filmed north of Los Angeles , CA , and directed by Adam Rothlein . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 63 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hear Blake Shelton 's New Single , ' I Lived It ' '' . The Boot . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : July 3 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Looks at Former Versions of Himself in Music Video for ' I Lived It ' '' . Billboard . March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Reflects on Life in ' I Lived It ' Music Video '' . Sounds Like Nashville . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Blake Shelton singles Discography Blake Shelton `` Austin '' `` All Over Me '' `` Ol ' Red '' The Dreamer `` The Baby '' `` Heavy Liftin ' '' `` Playboys of the Southwestern World '' Blake Shelton 's Barn & Grill `` Some Beach '' `` Goodbye Time '' `` Nobody but Me '' Pure BS `` Do n't Make Me '' `` The More I Drink '' `` Home '' Startin ' Fires `` She Would n't Be Gone '' `` I 'll Just Hold On '' Red River Blue `` Honey Bee '' `` God Gave Me You '' `` Drink on It '' `` Over '' Based on a True Story ... `` Sure Be Cool If You Did '' `` Boys ' Round Here '' `` Mine Would Be You '' `` Doin ' What She Likes '' `` My Eyes '' Bringing Back the Sunshine `` Neon Light '' `` Lonely Tonight '' `` Sangria '' `` Gonna '' If I 'm Honest `` Straight Outta Cold Beer '' `` She 's Got a Way with Words '' `` Came Here to Forget '' `` A Guy with a Girl '' `` Go Ahead and Break My Heart '' `` Friends '' `` Savior 's Shadow '' `` Every Time I Hear That Song '' Texoma Shore `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' `` I Lived It '' Collaborations `` The Truth About Men '' `` Just a Fool '' `` Medicine '' `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' Other songs `` Hillbilly Bone '' `` All About Tonight '' `` Who Are You When I 'm Not Looking '' `` Footloose '' `` Over You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Lived_It&oldid=850621782 '' Categories : 2018 singles Blake Shelton songs Songs written by Rhett Akins Songs written by Ashley Gorley Songs written by Ben Hayslip Songs written by Ross Copperman Warner Bros. Records singles Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks 2017 songs Country ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who wrote blake shelton's song i lived it	[ "\"I Lived It\" is a song written by Rhett Akins, Ashley Gorley, Ben Hayslip, and Ross Copperman and recorded by American country music singer Blake Shelton. It was released in January 2018 as the second single from Shelton's 2017 album Texoma Shore.\n", "\"I Lived It\" is a song written by Rhett Akins, Ashley Gorley, Ben Hayslip, and Ross Copperman and recorded by American country music singer Blake Shelton. It was released in January 2018 as the second single from Shelton's 2017 album Texoma Shore.\n", "\"I Lived It\" is a song written by Rhett Akins, Ashley Gorley, Ben Hayslip, and Ross Copperman and recorded by American country music singer Blake Shelton. It was released in January 2018 as the second single from Shelton's 2017 album Texoma Shore.\n", "\"I Lived It\" is a song written by Rhett Akins, Ashley Gorley, Ben Hayslip, and Ross Copperman and recorded by American country music singer Blake Shelton. It was released in January 2018 as the second single from Shelton's 2017 album Texoma Shore.\n" ]	[ "Rhett Akins", "Ashley Gorley", "Ben Hayslip", "Ross Copperman" ]
1014182684421222478	Visa requirements for United States citizens	Visa requirements for United States Citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for United States Citizens Jump to : navigation , search A United States passport with biometric chip . Visa requirements for United States citizens and non-citizen nationals are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on nationals of the United States . As of 1 January 2017 , holders of a United States passport could travel to 174 countries and territories visa - free or with visa on arrival , and the United States passport was ranked 3rd ( tied with the Danish , Finnish , Italian and Spanish passports ) in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index . This article may overuse or misuse colour , making it hard to understand for colour - blind users . Please remove or fix instances of distracting or hard - to - read colours . See the category page and WP : COLOUR for guidelines . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 2.1 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 3 Non-visa restrictions 3.1 Passport validity length 3.2 Blank passport pages 3.3 Vaccination 3.4 Israeli stamps 3.5 Armenian ethnicity 4 Passport card 5 APEC Travel Business Card 6 Consular protection of US citizens abroad 7 Foreign travel statistics 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for holders of regular United States passports United States Visa free access Visa issued upon arrival Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa Both visa on arrival and eVisa available Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) General visa requirements of sovereign countries towards United States citizens : Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Afghanistan Visa required Visitors born in Afghanistan do not require a visa . Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline . All visitors are fingerprinted . Albania Visa not required 1 year Algeria Visa required Visas must be issued at the Embassy of Algeria in Washington , D.C. Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by Israel . Andorra Visa not required 3 months Angola Visa required Diplomatic , official and courtesy visas may be obtained online International Certificate of Vaccination required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . Departure tax ( ~ US $27 ) applies . Argentina Visa not required 90 days Visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry . Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia Electronic Travel Authority 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period if granted May enter using SmartGate . Austria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days , the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan . Applicants of Armenian ancestry or with Armenian visas in their passport may not obtain a visa . Can obtain a 30 days visa on arrival only if arriving on a direct flight of Azerbaijan Airlines from New York City . Bahamas Visa not required 8 months Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Visa also obtainable online Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport . Visa is not required by Bangladeshi Americans . Departure tax applies . Barbados Visa not required 28 days , extendable up to 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive via Minsk International Airport . Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 7 days is mandatory . Visa - free visits to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park for up to 3 days . Visa - free visits to the Grodno and Augustow Canal visa - free zone for up to 5 days . No transit without a visa under any circumstance . Belgium Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required 1 month , extendable up to 6 months Departure tax ( ~ $40 US ) applies . Benin Visa required Single or multiple entry ( ~ $40 US ) can be applied International Certificate of Vaccination recommended Bhutan Visa required US $250 per day is a non-negotiable minimum daily tariff paid by all visitors to Bhutan . Visas are issued only to tourists booked with a local licensed tour operator . Bolivia Visa on arrival 90 days $160 reciprocal fee must be paid in cash if applying for either a pre-approved visa or a visa on arrival . Visas are issued with 10 year validity . Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Botswana Visa not required 90 days within any year period Brazil Visa required Tourist visa ( Cost : $160 USD required ) . Brunei Visa not required 90 days Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month International Certificate of Vaccination required . Burundi Visa required Visitors are fingerprinted Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . Cameroon Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination and current immunization records required . Canada Visa not required 180 days Anyone with a criminal record ( including misdemeanors or alcohol - related driving offenses in the US ) may not be able to enter Canada without first obtaining an approval for rehabilitation or a Temporary Resident Permit ( TRP ) . Passport Card , NEXUS card , or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel Cape Verde Visa on arrival Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . Passengers arriving via Africa must hold an International Certificate of Vaccination . Central African Republic Visa not required 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Chad Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Registration within 72 hours is mandatory prior to arrival . Registration is good for the life of the passport . Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required Registration mandatory within 24 hours of arrival ; All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure between the ages of 14 and 70 . 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Shenyang , Tianjin , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Hangzhou , Nanjing and Shanghai 's Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port . Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under this policy . Visas for US citizens are valid for up to 10 years . Colombia Visa not required 90 days , extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Comoros Visa on arrival Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Airport exit fee ( $50 ) must be paid in cash . Registration required . Visas must be issued at the DR Congo embassy in Washington , D.C. Exception : Visa approval may be prearranged along with booking by Virunga National Park ( visitvirunga.org ) for those entering via the Grand Barriere border crossing with Rwanda . Republic of the Congo Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . A letter of invitation or written proof of a hotel reservation required . Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Departure tax of US $29 applies . Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire eVisa eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport International Certificate of Vaccination required Croatia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Cuba Visa required Tourist travel was historically prohibited under U.S. law for U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and others subject to U.S. jurisdiction . Under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations , all persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are not permitted to travel to Cuba , and must be licensed in order to engage in any travel - related transactions pursuant to travel to , from , and within Cuba . In July 2015 , the United States resumed diplomatic relations with Cuba . Discussions on lifting the travel ban have initiated . On June 16 , 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump announced new travel restrictions . Cyprus Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Citizens of the United States can freely enter and stay in Denmark for up to 90 days every six months , regardless of whether they have stayed in another Schengen area ( except the other Nordic countries ) country prior to entry into Denmark . Djibouti Visa on arrival Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . Dominica Visa not required 6 months Departure tax of US $22 applies . Dominican Republic Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 30 days , extendable up to 90 days Tourist Card ( Cost : US $10 ) must be purchased upon arrival . Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel Ecuador Visa not required 90 days , extendable for another 90 days , per year Egypt Visa on arrival 30 days when arriving by air ; Visa on arrival is issued for $25 . Tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheikh , Saint Catherine or Taba airports and remaining in the Sinai resorts do not require a visa up to 15 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa not required 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required if you are traveling from a country with risk of yellow fever . Eritrea Visa required Airport departure tax ( US $20 ) applies . Estonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Obtainable at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Visitors are fingerprinted Fiji Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) Gabon e-Visa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Gambia Visa on arrival 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Greece Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months , extensions possible Guatemala Visa not required 90 days An exit tax must be paid when departing by air . Guinea Visa required Single entry valid for 3 months . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Visitors must apply for a visa on arrival in advance or online . Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Departing airport tax must be paid in cash . Hungary Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days $60 fee e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . Confirmation has to be shown at the border where a visa on arrival is issued . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Visitors are fingerprinted . American citizens are eligible for a ten - year , multiple - entry tourist visa . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Otherwise Iranian visas must be obtained from the Special Interests section of the Embassy of Pakistan , Washington , D.C. US visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry and are ineligible for visa on arrival available to other tourists . Independent travelers from the USA applying on American , British , or Canadian passports must be accompanied by an authorized guide at all times , regardless of previous nationality , ethnic background , or religion . Iraq Visa required Some U.S. citizens must obtain an exit stamp at a Residency Office before departing the country . Some visitors who plan to stay for more than 10 days must also obtain a residency stamp . Visitors who come as part of a government - sponsored tour , upon presentation of proper paperwork from the government , may receive a visa on arrival at Baghdad International Airport for US $80 + 1250 Iraqi dinar . Visitors are not required to obtain any other permits , including for Iraqi Kurdistan , or submit blood tests . Ireland Visa not required 3 months Strict application of immigration rules regarding providing proof of the trip purpose , sufficient funds , return ticket and accommodation . Israel Visa not required 3 months Dual nationals ( of Israel and the United States ) who do n't have an Israeli passport , including infants , may be required to obtain an Israeli passport in order to leave Israel . Italy Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 6 months There is a departure tax for travelers , which is regularly included in airfare . Japan Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted Jordan Visa on arrival 30 days ; conditions apply Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . Visa on arrival is generally issued free of charge . Iris scan is taken on arrival and departure Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days As part of the no - visa pilot program in period 15 July 2014 -- 15 July 2015 . In June 2015 this program was extended until December 31 , 2017 . Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Also visa on arrival until 1 September 2015 . International Certificate of Vaccination is recommended . All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure Kiribati Visa not required 30 days Airport Embarkation Tax of AU $20 is levied on all passengers leaving Kiribati . North Korea Travel restricted ( Starting from September 2017 ) US passports holders must obtain a special passport validation from the US Government before travel . Travel ban last for a year South Korea Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted . Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days , conditions apply , extendable up to 60 days Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . Latvia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month extendable for 2 additional months Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket Lesotho Visa not required 14 days , extendable up to 180 days Liberia Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Libya Visa required Visitors travelling to Libya for touristic purposes are required to convert USD 1,000 or equivalent on arrival . Holders of passports bearing an Israeli visa or entry / exit stamps from Israel are not allowed to enter Libya . Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Mandatory medical insurance . Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Available at all airports servicing international flights . Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Visas for 60 or 90 days available for a fee . Malawi Visa on arrival From 1 October 2015 visitors are generally advised to obtain a visa in advance . Malaysia Visa not required 3 months All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure . Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days , extendable up to 90 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Mali Visa required Letter of invitation required . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa not required unlimited Departure fee of $20 applies . U.S. citizens may live and work freely in the Marshall Islands under the Compact of Free Association . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days All visitors entering by land and traveling farther than 20 kilometers into Mexico or staying longer than 72 hours should obtain a document Forma Migratoria Multiple . Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel Micronesia Visa not required unlimited All states except Yap have a departure fee . The fees are $10 for Kosrae and $20 for Pohnpei and Chuuk . U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Micronesia under the Compact of Free Association . There is no limit to the length of time U.S. citizens can remain in the FSM . Moldova Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Registration upon arrival is mandatory . Monaco Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Mongolia Visa not required 90 days Registration required after 30 days . Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory . Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days . eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or from three land border crossings : Tachileik , Myawaddy , and Kawthaung Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Visas are issued with validity of 30 days . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders . Total of no more than 150 aggregate days in any given calendar year . Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 90 days May enter using SmartGate . Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days A tourist card must be purchased for $10 upon arrival . Niger Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Nigeria Visa required Visa can be obtained online . Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days , extendable for 30 days Holders of a visa or entrance stamp of the Emirate of Dubai that is valid for at least 21 days are visa exempt . Holders of a visa for Qatar that is valid for travel to Oman and valid for at least one month are visa exempt when arriving directly from Qatar . Iris scan is taken on arrival Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa not required 1 year U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Palau under the Compact of Free Association . Panama Visa not required 180 days Denial of entry or transit to any person who has a criminal conviction . Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days , extendable for 30 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days A passport is required to enter Paraguay . U.S. Citizens arriving by air may obtain a `` visa en arribo '' ( visa on arrival ) at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asuncion . This is a multiple entry visa with a validity of up to 10 ( ten ) years . The current fee is $160 , payable in U.S. Currency ( credit cards are not accepted ) . If not arriving at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport , prior to traveling to Paraguay , you must apply for a visa in person or by secure messenger at the Paraguayan Embassy in Washington D.C. or the nearest Paraguayan consulate , and pay the fee . Minors must provide a notarized authorization from parent / guardian with their visa application . Peru Visa not required up to 183 days ; determined on arrival Philippines Visa not required 30 days Visa on arrival valid for 59 days is available for $50 . Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Polish Americans must use Polish passport Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available only at Hamad International Airport , for other ports of entry a visa should be obtained either online or in advance For a fee of about $28 ( must have a credit card to pay the visa fee ) and can be extended for 1 month . Holders of a valid common visa issued by Oman are exempt from a visa if arriving from Oman directly . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required 72 - hour visa - free for international cruise ship / ferry passengers only if travelling with an organized tour and accompanied at all times by a tour operator . Registration required after 7 business days . American citizens may receive multiple entry visas valid for three years . Rwanda Visa on arrival 30 days Visitors are fingerprinted International Certificate of Vaccination required . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Departure tax of $30.00 USD applies . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Saudi Arabia Visa required Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . Advance visa is required . No tourist visas available . All visitors are fingerprinted Senegal Visa not required 90 days International Certificate of Vaccination required . Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months , extendable up to a year Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Singapore Visa not required 90 days All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure Immigration offenses , such as visa overstaying , are punishable by caning . Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Medical insurance required . Sufficient funds of $50 per person per day required . Registration within 3 working days required . Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory . Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months within 12 months Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter issued by the sponsor has been submitted to the Airport Immigration Department at least 2 days before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days Holders of passports without 2 blank pages may be refused entry . South Sudan Visa required Two blank passport pages required . Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Holders of passports that contain visas or entry / exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry . Exit visa required . Registration within 3 days mandatory . Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Obtainable at Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport . Swaziland Visa not required 30 days , extendable up to 60 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Registration required within 15 days . Departure tax applies at all borders . Persons with passports bearing Israeli visas or entry / exit stamps are not allowed to enter . Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days Visa on arrival available only at Dushanbe International Airport . If arriving from a country that has a Tajik diplomatic mission a visa should be obtained in advance . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival 3 months Ordinary visa available on arrival for $100 Thailand Visa not required 30 days ( maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air ) Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days for arrivals by air only Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 90 days An exit fee of 30 Tunisian Dinars is required for non-residents exiting Tunisia . Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Departure fee of $25 applies . 10 - day visa on arrival if holding letter of invitation issued by a company registered in Turkmenistan with a prior approval from the Foreign Ministry . Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month , extendable up to 3 months Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . Must apply online at least 2 business days or more prior to travel . As of March 2017 , airlines were refusing passengers permission to board flights to Uganda if they did not have a print - out of the document showing that they had successfully applied for an eVisa . Ugandan immigration authorities also may require additional documentation , including proof of a return plane ticket and detailed tour itinerary in Uganda . International Certificate of Vaccination required . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is issued free of charge . Iris scan taken on arrival United Kingdom Visa not required 6 months Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Registration within 3 days mandatory . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days , extendable up to 120 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa required All visa applications must be made in person , and all applicants will be interviewed at the Venezuelan embassy or consulate . Vietnam eVisa 30 days A single entry eVisa is available . Phú Quốc visa exemption for up to 30 days . Yemen Visa required Registration mandatory . Exit visa required for stays over 30 days . Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days ( exact period determined on arrival , later extendable free of charge ) All visitors are fingerprinted . Two blank pages required International Certificate of Vaccination required . Electronic visa also available . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Tourism purposes only . Electronic visa also available . Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for United States citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above , and restricted zones : Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Mayotte Visa Not Required 90 days Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa required Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . Reunion Visa Not Required 90 days Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Sudan Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . Hainan Visa required Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 2 or more people ) Hong Kong Visa not required 3 months India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Baikonur & Priozersk Special permission required Special permission required for the city of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Priozersk near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macau Visa not required 30 days Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives outside Malé Permission required Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives . Mecca and Medina Special access required Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry . North Sentinel Island Restricted zone North Korea outside Pyongyang Travel restricted ( Starting from September 2017 ) People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Closed cities of Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Anguilla Visa not required 3 months Aruba Visa not required 90 days within any year period * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months , decided on arrival . ( Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba ) Visa not required 90 days within any year period * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days , extensions possible Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curacao Visa not required 90 days within any year period * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined French West Indies Visa not required 3 months ( French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ) Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa required All visitors are fingerprinted . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months Puerto Rico Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Puerto Rico No Passport is required , but a driver 's permit / license is required for entry if flying . Sint Maarten Visa not required 90 days in 1 year * 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the U.S. Virgin Islands No Passport is required , but it may be necessary when departing and re-entering . Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . ATO zone Special permission required Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Visa not required 3 days Visitors must first obtain an electronic pass . Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . Donetsk People 's Republic Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Gibraltar Visa not required Guernsey Visa not required Isle of Man Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required 24 hours Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey Visa not required Kosovo Visa not required 90 days Lugansk People 's Republic Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Closed cities of Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . Principality of Sealand Visa required South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Svalbard Visa not required Unlimited ( Svalbard Treaty ) Transnistria Visa not required 24 hours Registration required after 24h . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Visa not required Unlimited must have a valid six month passport , a return ticket , or an onward ticket , for entry U.S. citizens may live and work freely in American Samoa . Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Guam Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Guam . Proof of citizenship is required for entry . Niue Visa on arrival 30 days Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required Unlimited U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the Northern Mariana Islands . Proof of citizenship is required for entry . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Tokelau Entry permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . French Guiana Visa not required 3 months South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Falkland Islands Visa not required Visa is not required . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica Special permits required Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Iran , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Passport Card ( edit ) The United States Passport Card can be used as an alternative to the booklet passport when travelling to and from Canada , Mexico , Bermuda and many Caribbean islands at sea ports - of - entry or land border crossings . APEC travel Business Card ( edit ) The APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) is meant to facilitate travel for U.S. citizens engaged in verified business in the APEC region . The U.S. ABTC will enable access to a dedicated fast - track lane for expedited immigration processing at participating foreign some APEC member airports . U.S. APEC Business Travel Card holders may also use the Global Entry kiosks at participating airports upon their U.S. return . But the U.S. APEC Business Travel Card ca n't be used in lieu of a visa to enter an APEC member country . Other countries ' APEC cards can be used in lieu of visas . But the U.S. has decided not to participate in the visa reciprocity part of the program because the government is unwilling to waive visa interviews . Legislation authorizes the Department of Homeland Security to issue U.S. APEC Business Travel Cards only through Sept. 30 , 2018 , unless the law is amended to extend that date . Consular Protection of U.S. Citizens abroad ( edit ) American diplomatic missions ( in the year 2007 ) , including embassies ( blue ) , interests sections , and other representations ( light blue ) The United States has the most diplomatic missions out of any country in the world . See also List of diplomatic missions of the United States . The Department of State regularly publishes travel warnings or travel alerts . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from United States passport . ( edit history ) These are the numbers of visits by U.S. nationals to various countries in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Destination Number of visitors American Samoa 17,053 Angola 8,842 Anguilla 105,189 Antarctica 13,660 Antigua and Barbuda 108,652 Aruba 576,793 Australia 711,400 Austria 702,900 Azerbaijan 13,208 Bahamas 1,146,272 Barbados 148,067 Belgium 299,907 Belize 730,542 Bermuda 182,896 Bhutan 7,292 Bolivia 53,021 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,985 Botswana 49,451 Brazil 570,350 British Virgin Islands 442,434 Bulgaria 82,465 Burkina Faso 5,984 Cambodia 238,658 Cameroon 13,280 Canada 23,895,385 Cape Verde 4,282 Cayman Islands 300,571 Chile 208,623 China 2,085,800 Colombia 428,927 Congo 5,352 Cook Islands 6,192 Costa Rica 1,233,277 Croatia 317,414 Cuba 91,254 Curacao 59,714 Cyprus 16,949 Czech Republic 511,629 Dominica 17,773 Dominican Republic 2,085,186 Dutch Caribbean : Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius 5,900 2,000 2,700 1,200 Ecuador 259,406 El Salvador 447,628 Estonia 37,865 Fiji 69,628 Finland 107,745 France 3,622,362 French Polynesia 61,831 Gambia 4,058 Georgia 34,238 Germany 2,558,495 Greece 750,250 Greenland 2,372 Grenada 20,038 Guam 77,701 Guatemala 447,140 Guyana 82,966 Haiti 266,793 Hong Kong 1,211,539 Hungary 275,314 Iceland 415,287 Indonesia 296,183 India 1,296,939 Ireland 1,323,000 Israel 672,100 Italy 3,567,000 Jamaica 1,406,058 Japan 1,242,700 Jordan 161,013 Kazakhstan 29,124 Kiribati 100 Kyrgyzstan 19,200 Laos 58,094 Latvia 41,517 Lebanon 103,483 Lesotho 2,679 Lithuania 35,300 Luxembourg 33,542 Macau 190,885 Macedonia 11,495 Madagascar 4,165 Malaysia 217,075 Maldives 32,589 Malta 26,454 Malawi 36,386 Mali 4,479 Martinique 6,463 Mauritius 8,524 Mexico 9,417,539 Micronesia 6,671 Moldova 18,263 Mongolia 14,420 Montenegro 16,560 Montserrat 1,665 Myanmar 69,815 Namibia 26,339 Nepal 42,687 Netherlands 1,195,000 New Zealand 291,392 Niue 157 Nicaragua 288,538 Oman 53,165 Pakistan 117,500 Panama 338,590 Papua New Guinea 12,181 Paraguay 19,479 Peru 545,212 Philippines 779,217 Poland 474,100 Qatar 102,774 Romania 137,586 Russia 238,633 São Tomé and Príncipe 154 Saint Lucia 152,738 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 22,324 Samoa 10,591 Serbia 27,170 Seychelles 6,038 Singapore 516,276 Sint Maarten 236,379 Slovakia 45,670 Slovenia 81,167 Solomon Islands 1,413 South Africa 297,226 South Korea 866,186 Spain 2,001,214 Sri Lanka 54,254 Suriname 7,543 Swaziland 18,014 Taiwan 523,888 Tanzania 69,671 Thailand 974,632 Timor - Leste 1,666 Tonga 6,718 Trinidad and Tobago 161,539 Tunisia 13,896 Turkey 459,493 Turks and Caicos 315,247 Tuvalu 85 Uganda 56,766 Ukraine 138,006 United Arab Emirates 743,657 United Kingdom 2,949,000 Venezuela 70,457 Vietnam 552,644 Zambia 38,496 Zimbabwe 66,577 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Excluding an one - day visits ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2007 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for 2005 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . See also ( edit ) United States portal Visa policy of the United States United States passport Bureau of Consular Affairs United States Passport Card List of nationalities forbidden at border References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Afghanistan '' . ^ `` Afghanistan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Albania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Algeria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Andorra Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Turisme d'Andorra . Useful information on the Principality . '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Angola '' . ^ `` ICAESC ONLINE '' . vistos.icaesc.org . ^ `` Angola Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visa Entry Requirements for Antigua and Barbuda '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . ^ `` Antigua and Barbuda Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ `` U.S. visa to be issued for 10 year - period '' . ^ `` Australia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Australia opens biometric ' SmartGate ' programme to US citizens - Planet Biometrics News '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Electronic Travel Authority ( Subclass 601 ) '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . ^ `` Austria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . line feed character in title = at position 12 ( help ) ^ `` Important Notice to Foreign Visitors '' . Embassy of Azerbaijan , Washington , D.C. Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ `` Azerbaijan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Embassy of Azerbaijan '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Bahamas , The Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Bahrain Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Instruction and Requirement for Visa '' . Embassy of Bangladesh in Washington , D.C. Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ `` Bangladesh Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Visa Information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados ^ `` Barbados Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . ^ `` Regulations on visiting Belovezhskaya Pushcha by foreign tourists approved in Belarus '' . 20 May 2015 . ^ `` Belarus allows visiting Augustow Canal without visas '' . ^ `` Belarus Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Belgium Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Belize Visa Requirements '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Belize Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Information for Travelers Belmopan , Belize - Embassy of the United States '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Benin Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Bhutan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Countries that obtain a visa on arrival to Bolivia '' . ^ `` Bolivia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Bolivia '' . ^ `` Visas '' . www.boliviawdc.org . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visas for Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . ^ `` Bosnia - Herzegovina Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` COUNTRIES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE VISA TO ENTER BOTSWANA '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 27 . ^ `` Botswana Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Brazil Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade of Brunei Visa Information '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . ^ `` Brunei Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Visa for Bulgaria '' . ^ `` Bulgaria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Burkina Faso Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Kingdom of Cambodia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation '' . ^ `` Cambodia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Cameroon Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Branch , Government of Canada , Citizenship and Immigration Canada , Communications . `` Entry requirements by country '' . ^ `` Canada Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Do I Need a Temporary Resident Permit ? '' . AllCleared . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Cabo Verde Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ^ `` Central African Republic Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Chad Travel Warning '' . ^ `` Chad Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` The Police Station in N'Djamena : Chad , Republic of Chad , Places in N'Djamena , Chad Location , Travel Guide '' . Chad Now . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Chile Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` US Citizens No Longer Required to Pay Chilean Reciprocity for Travel to Chile '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` China Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` China 's 72 - Hour Visa Waiver Program ( Updated ) - U.S. & China Visa Law Blog '' . Chodorow Law Offices . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Nelson , Katie . `` China issues first group of 10 - year visas to US citizens '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES COORDINACION DE VISAS E INMIGRACION Visas entre Colombia y los demás países '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Colombia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Comoros Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Democratic Republic of the Congo Travel Warning '' . ^ `` Congo , Democratic Republic of the Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Congo , Republic of '' . ^ `` Congo , Republic of the Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Costa Rica Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Email : [email protected] , BESSIN Effi Marcel . `` : : : SNEDAI : : : '' . ^ `` Cote d'Ivoire Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` MVEP Visa requirements overview '' . ^ `` Croatia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Cuba '' . ^ `` A Rundown of Obama 's New Loosened Travel Restrictions to Cuba '' . Newsmax . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ Davis , Julie Hirschfeld ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) . `` U.S. Eases Some Limits on Cuban Travel and Commerce '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Travel Information for Foreign Visitors to Cyprus '' . ^ `` Cyprus Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` General visa information for Czech Republic '' . ^ `` Czech Republic Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ UM . `` Danish visa rules '' . ^ Citizens of certain countries are entitled to stay in Denmark for 90 days , regardless of stays in other Schengen countries , The Danish Immigration Service ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Djibouti Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ ENTRY REQUIREMENTS , Discover Dominica Authority ^ `` Dominica Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Portal de Servicios Consulares de la República Dominicana '' . ^ `` Dominican Republic Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ecuador Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Egypt Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` El Salvador Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Equatorial Guinea Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Eritrea Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Visiting Estonia ^ `` Estonia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ethiopia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Fiji Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland : Entering Finland and travelling abroad : Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland '' . ^ `` Finland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ affairs , The French Ministry of Foreign . `` Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements '' . ^ `` France Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . ^ `` Gabon Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Gambia , The Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Germany Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ghana '' . ^ `` Ghana Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visas - Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . www.mfa.gr . ^ `` Greece Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Grenada Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Guatemala Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Guinea Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Guinea - Bissau Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Republic of Guinea - Bissau Electronic Visa Application Form '' . Republic of Guinea - Bissau . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Guyana Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Haiti Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Honduras Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Consular Services '' . ^ `` Hungary Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` UTL '' . ^ `` Iceland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ `` India Now Offering US Citizens 10 Year Visas '' . The Points Guy . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ `` Embassy of Republic of Indonesia in Washington , DC '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Iran '' . travel.state.gov . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Embassy of Pakistan . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ `` Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Iraq Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ `` Hinterland Travel . - Iraq , Middle East forum - Lonely Planet '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ [email protected] . `` Visas '' . ^ `` Ireland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. * Arab - Americans may be subject to questioning or denied entry . Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visa for Italy '' . ^ `` Italy Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Jamaica Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Japan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Jordan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Kazakhstan '' . ^ Kazakhstan Dropping Visa Requirements For Citizens Of 10 Countries ç ^ eCitizen . `` eCitizen - Gateway to All Government Services '' . ^ `` Kenya Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Kiribati Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Korea , Democratic People 's Republic of Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` U.S. to ban travel to North Korea from September 1 , says Americans should leave '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Korea , Republic of Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Kuwait e-Visa '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Kyrgyzstan Country Specific Information - Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Laos Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Consular information '' . ^ `` Latvia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Lesotho Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Liberia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Libya Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Liechtenstein Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Consular information for Lithuania '' . ^ `` Lithuania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` VISAS & Immigration for Luxembourg '' . ^ `` Luxembourg Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Macedonia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Madagascar Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ^ `` Malawi introduces visas for European , Asian visitors - News by Country - Reuters '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Maldives Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Mali '' . ^ `` Mali Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Travelling to Malta '' . ^ `` Malta Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Marshall Islands Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Mauritania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Mauritius Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Instituto Nacional de Migración - Gobierno - gob.mx '' . ^ `` Mexico Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Manual of Tourist Entry '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ `` Micronesia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Moldova Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Monaco Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Monaco - FAQ / About Monaco / Site officiel de Monaco '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Mongolia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Montenegro Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Morocco Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Mozambique Government Announces 30 - day Tourist Visas now Available at Borders for all Visitors - Mozambican Hotels '' . www.mozambicanhotels.com . ^ `` Myanmar eVisa ( Official Government Website ) '' . ^ `` Myanmar eVisa ( Official Government Website ) '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Namibia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Nauru Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Nepal Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Zaken , Ministerie van Buitenlandse . `` Visas - Topic - Government.nl '' . ^ `` Netherlands , The Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` New Zealand Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Nicaragua Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Niger Travel Warning '' . ^ `` Niger Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Nigeria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Skal søke : Besøk og ferie '' . ^ `` Norway Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Oman Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Pakistan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan '' . ^ `` Group Tourism through Designated Tour Operators '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Palau Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Panama Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Papua New Guinea Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Paraguay Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Philippines Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Poland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visa '' . ^ `` Visa Information for Portugal '' . ^ `` Portugal Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Qatar Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` V. Do I need a visa ? - Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . ^ `` Romania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` 3 Year Russian Visas for US Citizens - Way to Russia Guide '' . Way to Russia . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Rwanda Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Saint Kitts and Nevis Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Saint Lucia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Samoa Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Border formalities - Ufficio di Stato per il Turismo '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . ^ `` Sao Tome and Principe Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Saudi Arabia '' . ^ `` Saudi Arabia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Senegal Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Serbia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Seychelles Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Sierra Leone Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Singapore Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ hermesauto ( 27 May 2016 ) . `` Fingerprint - scanning system at Singapore 's checkpoints identifies immigration offenders '' . ^ `` TABLE OF OFFENCES FOR WHICH JUDICIAL CANING IS AVAILABLE IN SINGAPORE '' . ^ https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/69792/68827/F-58652119/SGP69792.pdf ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Consular information and travel visa for Slovakia '' . ^ `` Slovakia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Entry into the Republic of Slovenia and the Schengen Area - Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . ^ `` Slovenia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Solomon Islands Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` South Africa Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` South Sudan '' . ^ `` Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Information for Foreigners '' . ^ `` Spain Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Sri Lanka Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Sudan '' . ^ `` Sudan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Suriname Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Swaziland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Visiting Sweden - Swedish Migration Agency '' . ^ `` Sweden Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ EJPD . `` Do I require a visa ? '' . ^ `` Switzerland Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Syria '' . ^ `` Syria Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Tajikistan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Tajikistan e-Visa '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Tanzania Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` List of Countries and Specific Visa Eligibility '' . The United Republic of Tanzania - Ministry of Home Affairs - Immigration Services Department . Archived from the original on 30 September 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Timor - Leste Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Togo Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Tonga Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Trinidad and Tobago Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Tunisia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Tunisia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Turkey Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Turkmenistan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ ( 4 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Tuvalu Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Visa Requirements '' . washington.mofa.go.ug . ^ `` Uganda e-Visa '' . ^ `` Uganda Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Ukraine Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` United Arab Emirates Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` UK Visas and Immigration - GOV.UK '' . ^ `` United Kingdom Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Uruguay Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Uzbekistan Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Vanuatu Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Venezuela Implements New Visa Requirements - Region III : South America - NBAA - National Business Aviation Association '' . National Business Aviation Association . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ `` E-visa '' . ^ `` No visa required for tourists to Phu Quoc on short stay - Vietsea Tourist - Travel to Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia and Thailand - Vietnam Travel Tours '' . ^ `` Phu Quoc Visa - Exemptions - Requirements - Vietnam '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Yemen '' . ^ `` Yemen Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Zambia Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Company , Alfa XP Software . `` e-Visa '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Zimbabwe Country Specific Information -- Entry / Exit Requirements for U.S. Citizens '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . 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Euromaidan Press . ^ `` Visa - free trips to Belovezhskaya Pushcha as from 12 June '' . 11 June 2015 . ^ `` VISA - FREE TRAVEL THROUGH THE CHECKPOINT `` PEREROV - BIALOWIEZA '' FOR FOREIGN CITIZENS `` . ^ `` Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea '' . ^ `` Kiev declares passport control on border with rebel - held regions '' . ^ `` Ukraine imposes passport control on rebel - held regions '' . 6 November 2014 . ^ Cyprus , Korinia Estate Agency , North . `` Northern Cyprus , Living in North Cyprus , Postal System , Passports and Visa '' . ^ `` How to get to North Cyprus ? - Passport , Visa & Entry Requirements '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Do I require an entry clearance / VISA '' . 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Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ ( 49 ) ^ Tourist arrivals by country of nationality ^ ( 50 ) ^ Table 1 : Tourist arrivals and overnight stays by countries , Slovenia , 2016 -- final data ^ statistics / visitor - arrivals ^ ( 51 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on tourism - Tourism Statistics '' . ^ Entradas de turistas según País de Residencia ^ Tourist Arrivals by Country of Residence 2016 ^ Tourist Arrivals By Country Of Residence 2015 ^ Swaziland Tourism Statistics - Arrivals by country ^ Visitor Arrivals by Residence ^ ( 52 ) ^ International Tourist Arrivals to Thailand By Nationality 2016 ^ ( 53 ) ^ ( 54 ) ^ T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD ^ ( 55 ) ^ ( 56 ) ^ ( 57 ) ^ Migration - Visitors by nationalities ^ Ministry of Tourism , Wildlife and Antiquities Sector Statistical Abstract , 2014 ^ `` Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2016 year , by countries '' . ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai ^ Abu Dhabi Statistics ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ Overseas Residents Visits to the UK 2016 ^ ( 58 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2016 ^ Tourism Statistical Digests ^ Tourism Trends and Statistics Annual Report 2015 External links ( edit ) Official U.S. Government database , Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghan Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_United_States_citizens&oldid=803818458 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with colour accessibility problems Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many countries i can visit with us passport	[ "As of 1 January 2017, holders of a United States passport could travel to 174 countries and territories visa-free or with visa on arrival, and the United States passport was ranked 3rd (tied with the Danish, Finnish, Italian and Spanish passports) in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index.[1]" ]	[ "174 countries and territories" ]
2854520468063798650	Tum Mere Ho	Tum Mere Ho - Wikipedia Tum Mere Ho Tum Mere Ho Directed by Tahir Hussain Produced by Tahir Hussain Screenplay by Tahir Hussain M. Kaleem Rahi Story by Tahir Hussain Surinder Singh Starring Aamir Khan Juhi Chawla Music by Anand - Milind Cinematography N.V. Srinivas Noor Mohammad Production company Tahir Hussain Enterprises Release date 25 May 1990 Running time 129 minutes Country India Language Hindi Box office ₹ 38 million ( equivalent to ₹ 270 million or US $4.0 million in 2017 ) Tum Mere Ho ( English : You Are Mine ) is a 1990 Indian romantic drama film starring Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla and directed by Tahir Hussain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 References Plot summary ( edit ) Shiva ( Aamir Khan ) is blessed with magical snake - charming powers . When he meets Paro ( Juhi Chawla ) from a nearby village , he falls head - over-heels in love with her . She is also attracted to him . But Paro 's father , Choudhry Charanjit Singh , is not pleased with this match , and he hires men to subdue and kill Shiva , all in vain . Little to Shiva 's knowledge , during his childhood , his father attacked and killed a shape - shifting snake in order to fulfill his greed , earning the wrath of the snake 's powerful mother who promises to exact revenge . Shiva was bitten , and thought deceased , his family lovingly sent his body afloat a river to which was discovered by Shiva 's adoptive Father and revived . Cast ( edit ) Aamir Khan as Shiva Juhi Chawla as Paro Ishrat Ali Ajit Vachani as Choudhry Charanjit Singh Sudhir Pandey as Thakur Choudhary Kalpana Iyer as Mother Snake Menka Patel as Poonam Anirudh Agarwal Soundtrack ( edit ) Anand - Milind composed the music while Majrooh Sultanpuri wrote the lyrics . # Title Singer ( s ) `` Maine Daba Li Thi '' Anuradha Paudwal `` Sheesha Chahe Toot Bhi Jaaye '' Udit Narayan `` Jatan Chahe Jo Karle '' Udit Narayan , Sadhana Sargam `` Tum Mere Ho '' Udit Narayan , Anupama Deshpande `` Tum Mere Ho 2 '' Udit Narayan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aamir Khan Box Office Collections Analysis '' . Indicine . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood actor , Amir Khan turns 43 '' . Gulf News . 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aamir 's brother to direct '' . Rediff.com. 4 April 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Chaudhuri , Shantanu Ray ; Prashanto Kumar Nayak ( 2005 ) . Icons from Bollywood . Puffin Books . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 333491 - 0 . This article about a Hindi film of the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tum_Mere_Ho&oldid=845367852 '' Categories : 1990 films Indian films Directorial debut films 1990s Hindi - language films Films scored by Anand -- Milind 1990s Hindi - language film stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 09 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the singer of tum mere ho	[ "\n\n#\nTitle\nSinger(s)\n\n\n1\n\"Maine Daba Li Thi\"\nAnuradha Paudwal\n\n\n2\n\"Sheesha Chahe Toot Bhi Jaaye\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n\n3\n\"Jatan Chahe Jo Karle\"\nUdit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam\n\n\n4\n\"Tum Mere Ho\"\nUdit Narayan, Anupama Deshpande\n\n\n5\n\"Tum Mere Ho 2\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n", "\n\n#\nTitle\nSinger(s)\n\n\n1\n\"Maine Daba Li Thi\"\nAnuradha Paudwal\n\n\n2\n\"Sheesha Chahe Toot Bhi Jaaye\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n\n3\n\"Jatan Chahe Jo Karle\"\nUdit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam\n\n\n4\n\"Tum Mere Ho\"\nUdit Narayan, Anupama Deshpande\n\n\n5\n\"Tum Mere Ho 2\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n", "\n\n#\nTitle\nSinger(s)\n\n\n1\n\"Maine Daba Li Thi\"\nAnuradha Paudwal\n\n\n2\n\"Sheesha Chahe Toot Bhi Jaaye\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n\n3\n\"Jatan Chahe Jo Karle\"\nUdit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam\n\n\n4\n\"Tum Mere Ho\"\nUdit Narayan, Anupama Deshpande\n\n\n5\n\"Tum Mere Ho 2\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n", "\n\n#\nTitle\nSinger(s)\n\n\n1\n\"Maine Daba Li Thi\"\nAnuradha Paudwal\n\n\n2\n\"Sheesha Chahe Toot Bhi Jaaye\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n\n3\n\"Jatan Chahe Jo Karle\"\nUdit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam\n\n\n4\n\"Tum Mere Ho\"\nUdit Narayan, Anupama Deshpande\n\n\n5\n\"Tum Mere Ho 2\"\nUdit Narayan\n\n" ]	[ "Anuradha Paudwal", "Udit Narayan", "Sadhana Sargam", "Anupama Deshpande" ]
813328721969120583	United States presidential election, 1824	United states presidential election , 1824 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1824 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1824 ← 1820 October 26 -- December 2 , 1824 1828 → All 261 electoral votes of the Electoral College 131 electoral votes needed to win Nominee John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Party Democratic - Republican Democratic - Republican Home state Massachusetts Tennessee Running mate John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun Electoral vote 84 99 States carried 7 ( in EC ) 13 ( in HR ) 12 ( in EC ) 7 ( in HR ) Popular vote 113,122 151,271 Percentage 30.9 % 41.4 % Nominee William H. Crawford Henry Clay Party Democratic - Republican Democratic - Republican Home state Georgia Kentucky Running mate Nathaniel Macon ( replacing Albert Gallatin ) Nathan Sanford Electoral vote 41 37 States carried 2 ( in EC ) 4 ( in HR ) 3 ( in EC ) Popular vote 40,856 47,531 Percentage 11.2 % 13.0 % Presidential election results map . Blue denotes states won by Jackson , orange denotes those won by Crawford , green denotes those won by Adams , light yellow denotes those won by Clay . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election James Monroe Democratic - Republican Elected President John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election , held from Tuesday , October 26 , to Thursday , December 2 , 1824 . In an election contested by four members of the Democratic - Republican Party , no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote , necessitating a contingent election in the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution . On February 9 , 1825 , the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams as president . The 1824 presidential election was the first election in which the winner of the election lost the popular vote , and it remains the only election in which the candidate with the most electoral votes was not elected president . Prior to the election , the Democratic - Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections , and by 1824 the opposition Federalist Party had collapsed as a national party . Secretary of State Adams , General Andrew Jackson , Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford , and Speaker of the House Henry Clay all sought the presidency as members of the Democratic - Republican Party . A fifth candidate , John C. Calhoun , also sought the presidency before dropping out to successfully run for vice president . The 1824 Democratic - Republican congressional nominating caucus nominated Crawford for president , but the other candidates disregarded this nomination and continued to seek the presidency . In the election , Adams won New England , Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states , Jackson and Clay split the Western states , and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states . Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular vote , while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the electoral and popular vote . As no one had won a majority of the electoral vote , the 1824 election became the first ( and , so far , only ) election to be decided in the House of Representatives under the terms of the 12th Amendment . The 12th Amendment specified that only the three top finishers in the electoral vote were eligible to be selected by the House , thus eliminating Clay , who was influential within that chamber . In the contingent election , Clay threw his support behind Adams , who shared many of his positions on the major issues . With Clay 's backing , Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot . After Adams took office , he appointed Clay as Secretary of State , and supporters of Jackson accused Clay and Adams of having agreed to a `` corrupt bargain '' in which Clay supported Adams in return for his appointment to the most prestigious Cabinet position . Later , the faction led by Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party , while supporters of Adams and Henry Clay would form the National Republican Party and then the Whig Party . Adams 's 1824 election victory thus represents the last of seven straight wins by the Democratic - Republican Party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 General election 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Candidates 2.3 Candidates who withdrew before election 3 Nomination process 3.1 Results 4 Results by state 4.1 Breakdown by ticket 5 1825 contingent election 5.1 Results by state in House of Representatives 6 Electoral College selection 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) The Era of Good Feelings , closely associated with the administration of President James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) , was characterized by the dissolution of national political identities . With the discredited Federalists in decline nationally , the `` amalgamated '' or hybridized Republicans adopted key Federalist economic programs and institutions , further erasing party identities and consolidating their victory . The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended an abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the constitution , limited central government and commitments to the primacy of Southern agrarian interests . The end of opposition parties also meant the end of party discipline and the means to suppress internecine factional animosities . Rather than produce political harmony , as President James Monroe had hoped , amalgamation had led to intense rivalries among Republicans . Bereft of any party apparatus to contain these outbursts , Monroe attempted to enlist the leading statesmen of his day into his cabinet so as to commit them to advancing his policies . Of the five politicians who would run for president in 1824 , three were in Monroe 's cabinet : Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts , Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia , and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina . General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee , a commander in the regular US Army , was tapped for high - profile military assignments . Only Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of the Monroe administration . Monroe 's efforts to bring Clay into his cabinet failed , and the Speaker remained a persistent critic of the Monroe administration . Amid these reconfigured political landscapes arose two pivotal events : the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820 . Both the alarming economic disaster , which fell heavily upon both agrarian and industrial workers , and the distressing sectional disputes over slavery expansion , produced widespread social unrest and calls for increased democratic control over the future of the American republic . From these disaffected social groups would be assembled the popular base on which political parties would be revived , though these were only beginning to take shape at the time of the 1824 presidential election . General election ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic - Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists ' popular appeal , and U.S. President James Monroe of the Democratic - Republican Party was able to run without opposition in the election of 1820 . Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms , James Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term . Monroe 's vice president , Daniel D. Tompkins , was considered unelectable due to his overwhelming unpopularity and major health problems ( Tompkins died in June 1825 , a little over three months after he left office ) . The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic - Republican Party , the only major national political entity remaining in the United States . Candidates ( edit ) Secretary of State John Quincy Adams House Speaker Henry Clay from Kentucky Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee . Jackson did not seek the task of running for president . Instead , he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage . However , Andrew Jackson was not one to decline such request . Candidates who withdrew before election ( edit ) Secretary of War John C. Calhoun Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson Nomination process ( edit ) Congressional caucus balloting Presidential candidate Ballot Vice Presidential candidate Ballot William H. Crawford 64 Albert Gallatin 57 Henry Clay Erastus Root John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson William Eustis William Rufus King William Lowndes Richard Rush Samuel Smith John Tod The traditional Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice-president , but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic . With the breakdown of the congressional nominating caucus , legislatures convened state caucuses to nominate candidates . Gallatin later withdrew from the contest for the vice presidency , after quickly becoming disillusioned by repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates . He was replaced by North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon . A serious impediment to Crawford 's candidacy was created by the effects of a stroke he suffered in 1823 . Among other candidates , John Quincy Adams had more support than Henry Clay because of his huge popularity among the old Federalist voters in New England . By this time , even the traditionally Federalist Adams family had come to terms with the Democratic - Republican Party . The election was as much a contest of favorite sons as it was a conflict over policy , although positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create some significant disagreements . In general , the candidates were favored by different sections of the country : Adams was strong in the Northeast ; Jackson in the South , West and mid-Atlantic ; Clay in parts of the West ; and Crawford in parts of the South . Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , who was a fifth candidate in the early stages of consideration , declined to run for president , but did decide to seek the vice presidency . For president , he backed Jackson , whose political beliefs he considered more compatible with those of most voters in the southern states . Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Calhoun 's candidacy as vice president ; thus , he easily secured the majority of electoral votes he needed to secure that office . In reality , Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams 's policies , but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president . Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county . Shades of blue are for Jackson ( Democratic - Republican ) , shades of red are for Adams ( Democratic - Republican ) , shades of yellow are for Clay ( Democratic - Republican ) , and shades of green are for Crawford ( Democratic - Republican ) . The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms . Contrafacta , or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered , were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates . Below can be found a sound clip featuring `` Hunters of Kentucky '' , a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title `` The Unfortunate Miss Bailey '' . Contrafacta such as this one , which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero , have been a long - standing tradition in presidential elections . Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint . Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers . Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff . This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign . In contrast , most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns . Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf . Hunters of Kentucky Jackson supporters used this Battle of New Orleans anthem as their campaign song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Results ( edit ) The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican - Federalist political framework . Considering the large numbers of candidates and strong regional preferences , it is not surprising that the results of the election of 1824 were inconclusive . The electoral map confirmed the candidates ' sectional support , with Adams winning outright in the New England states , Jackson gleaning success in states throughout the nation , Clay attracting votes from the West , and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South . Andrew Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than any other candidate , but not the majority of 131 electoral votes needed to win the election . Since no candidate received the required majority of electoral votes , the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives ( see `` Contingent election '' below ) . Meanwhile , John C. Calhoun easily defeated his rivals in the race for the vice presidency , as the support of both the Adams and Jackson camps quickly gave him an unassailable lead over the other candidates . This means that 1824 marks the only election in U.S. history where only the vice presidential candidate had been successfully elected to an executive office by Electoral College . Despite Clay himself finishing last in the electoral college , his running - mate , Nathan Sanford actually finished second behind Calhoun in the vice presidential vote , mostly because nearly half of the electors pledged to Crawford voted for candidates other than his designated running - mate , Nathaniel Macon , with New York senator Martin Van Buren being the main beneficiary . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Count Percentage Andrew Jackson Democratic - Republican Tennessee 151,271 41.4 % 99 John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican Massachusetts 113,122 30.9 % 84 William Harris Crawford Democratic - Republican Georgia 40,856 11.2 % 41 Henry Clay Democratic - Republican Kentucky 47,531 13.0 % 37 ( Massachusetts unpledged electors ) None Massachusetts 6,616 1.8 % 0 Other 6,437 1.8 % 0 Total 365,833 100.0 % 261 Needed to win 131 Vice Presidential candidate Party State Electoral vote John C. Calhoun Democratic - Republican South Carolina 182 Nathan Sanford Democratic - Republican New York 30 Nathaniel Macon Democratic - Republican North Carolina 24 Andrew Jackson Democratic - Republican Tennessee 13 Martin Van Buren Democratic - Republican New York 9 Henry Clay Democratic - Republican Kentucky Total 260 Needed to win 131 Results by state ( edit ) Andrew Jackson Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican Henry Clay Democratic - Republican William Crawford Democratic - Republican State total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # Alabama 5 00013618 9,429 69.32 5 00013618 2,422 17.80 - 00048669 96 0.71 - 00048669 1,656 12.17 - 13,603 AL Connecticut 8 no ballots 7,494 70.39 8 no ballots 1,965 18.46 - 10,647 CT Delaware no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote - DE Georgia 9 no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote 9 - GA Illinois 1,272 27.23 1,516 32.46 1,036 22.18 - 847 18.13 - 4,671 IL Indiana 5 7,343 46.61 5 3,095 19.65 - 5,315 33.74 - no ballots 15,753 IN Kentucky 14 6,356 27.23 - no ballots 16,982 72.77 14 no ballots 23,338 KY Louisiana 5 no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote - LA Maine 9 no ballots 10,289 81.50 9 no ballots 2,336 18.50 - 12,625 ME Maryland 11 14,523 43.73 7 14,632 44.05 695 2.09 - 3,364 10.13 33,214 MD Massachusetts 15 no ballots 30,687 72.97 15 no ballots no ballots 42,056 MA Mississippi 3,121 63.77 1,654 33.80 - no ballots 119 2.43 - 4,894 MS Missouri 1,166 33.97 - 159 4.63 - 2,042 59.50 32 0.93 - 3,432 MO New Hampshire 8 no ballots 9,389 93.59 8 no ballots 643 6.41 - 10,032 NH New Jersey 8 10,332 52.08 8 8,309 41.89 - no ballots 1,196 6.03 - 19,837 NJ New York 36 no popular vote no popular vote 26 no popular vote no popular vote 5 - NY North Carolina 15 20,231 56.03 15 no ballots no ballots 15,622 43.26 - 36,109 NC Ohio 16 18,489 36.96 - 12,280 24.55 - 19,255 38.49 16 no ballots 50,024 OH Pennsylvania 28 35,929 76.04 28 5,436 11.50 - 1,705 3.61 - 4,182 8.85 - 47,252 PA Rhode Island no ballots 2,145 91.47 no ballots 200 8.53 - 2,345 RI South Carolina 11 no popular vote 11 no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote - SC Tennessee 11 20,197 97.45 11 216 1.04 - no ballots 312 1.51 - 20,725 TN Vermont 7 no popular vote no popular vote 7 no popular vote no popular vote 35,031 VT Virginia 24 2,975 19.35 - 3,419 22.24 - 419 2.73 - 8,558 55.68 24 15,371 VA TOTALS : 261 151,363 41.36 99 113,142 30.92 84 47,545 12.99 37 41,032 11.21 41 365,928 US TO WIN : 131 Breakdown by ticket ( edit ) Total Andrew Jackson John Q . Adams William H . Crawford Henry Clay Electoral votes for President : 261 99 84 40 38 For Vice President , John C. Calhoun 182 99 74 7 For Vice President , Nathan Sanford 30 28 For Vice President , Nathaniel Macon 24 24 For Vice President , Andrew Jackson 13 9 For Vice President , Martin Van Buren 9 9 For Vice President , Henry Clay ( No vote for Vice President ) 1825 contingent election ( edit ) The voting by state in the House of Representatives . States in orange voted for Adams , states in green for Crawford , and states in blue for Jackson . Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes , the presidential election was thrown into a contingent election in the U.S. House of Representatives . Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment , only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in the House : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and William Harris Crawford . Henry Clay , who happened to be Speaker of the House at the time , was left out . Clay detested Jackson and had said of him , `` I can not believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various , difficult , and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy . '' Moreover , Clay 's American System was far closer to Adams ' position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson 's or Crawford 's , so Clay threw his support to Adams . Thus Adams was elected President on February 9 , 1825 , on the first ballot , with 13 states , followed by Jackson with 7 , and Crawford with 4 . Adams ' victory shocked Jackson , who , as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes , expected to be elected president . Not long before the results of the House election , an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper , called the Columbian Observer . The statement , said to be from a member of Congress , essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State . No formal investigation was conducted , so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied . When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious , he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for , knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him . By appointing Clay his Secretary of State , President Adams essentially declared him heir to the Presidency , as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State . Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a `` corrupt bargain '' . The Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years , ultimately attaining Jackson 's victory in the Adams - Jackson rematch in 1828 . Results by state in House of Representatives ( edit ) Delegation winner Adams vote Jackson vote Crawford vote Maine Adams 7 0 0 New Hampshire Adams 6 0 0 Vermont Adams 5 0 0 Massachusetts Adams 12 0 Rhode Island Adams 0 0 Connecticut Adams 6 0 0 New York Adams 18 14 New Jersey Jackson 5 0 Pennsylvania Jackson 25 0 Delaware Crawford 0 0 Maryland Adams 5 Virginia Crawford 19 North Carolina Crawford 10 South Carolina Jackson 0 9 0 Georgia Crawford 0 0 7 Alabama Jackson 0 0 Mississippi Jackson 0 0 Louisiana Adams 0 Kentucky Adams 8 0 Tennessee Jackson 0 9 0 Missouri Adams 0 0 Ohio Adams 10 Indiana Jackson 0 0 Illinois Adams 0 0 Total votes Adams 87 ( 41 % ) 71 ( 33 % ) 54 ( 25 % ) Votes by state Adams 13 ( 54 % ) 7 ( 29 % ) 4 ( 17 % ) Electoral College selection ( edit ) Caucus curs in full yell , by James Akin , 1824 ( critique of `` the press 's treatment of Andrew Jackson , and on the practice of nominating candidates by caucus '' ) . Method of choosing electors State ( s ) Each Elector chosen by voters statewide Alabama Connecticut Indiana Massachusetts Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Virginia Each Elector appointed by state legislature Delaware Georgia Louisiana New York South Carolina Vermont State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district Illinois Kentucky Maryland Missouri Tennessee Two Electors chosen by voters statewide One Elector chosen per Congressional district by the voters of that district Maine See also ( edit ) Corrupt bargain Electoral college History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Inauguration of John Quincy Adams Realigning election Second Party System Smoke - filled room United States House elections , 1824 United States Senate elections , 1824 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The popular vote figures exclude Delaware , Georgia , Louisiana , New York , South Carolina , and Vermont . In all of these states , the Electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote . Jump up ^ Jackson was nominated by the Tennessee state legislature and by the Democratic Party of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Adams was nominated by the Massachusetts state legislature . Jump up ^ Crawford was nominated by a caucus of 66 congressmen that called itself the `` Democratic members of Congress '' . Jump up ^ Clay was nominated by the Kentucky state legislature . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 4 : `` The phrase ' Era of Good Feelings '' , so inextricably associated with the administration of James Monroe ... '' Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 5 : `` Most Republicans like former President ( James ) Madison readily acknowledged the shift that had taken place within the Republican party towards Federalist principles and viewed the process without qualms . '' And p. 4 : `` The Republicans had taken over ( as they saw it ) that which was of permanent value in the Federal program . '' And p. 10 : `` Federalists had vanished '' from national politics . Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 23 : `` a new theory of party amalgamation preached the doctrine that party division was bad and that a one - party system best served the national interest '' and `` After 1815 , stirred by the nationalism of the post-war era , and with the Federalists in decline , the Republicans took up the Federalist positions on a number of the great public issues of the day , sweeping all before them as they did . The Federalists gave up the ghost . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 23 : The amalgamated Republicans , `` as a party of the whole nation ... ceased to be responsive to any particular elements in its constituency . It ceased to be responsive to the South . '' And `` The insistence that slavery was uniquely a Southern concern , not to be touched by outsiders , had been from the outset a sine qua non for Southern participation in national politics . It underlay the Constitution and its creation of a government of limited powers ... '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 24 : `` Not only did the Missouri crisis make these matters clear ( the need to revive strict constructionist principles and quiet anti-slavery agitation ) , but ' it gave marked impetus to a reaction against nationalism and amalgamation of postwar Republicanism ' '' and the rise of the Old Republicans . Jump up ^ Ammon , 1971 ( James Monroe bio ) p. 463 : `` The problems presented by the ( consequences of promoting Federalist economic nationalism ) gave an opportunity to the older , more conservative ( Old ) Republicans to reassert themselves by attributing the economic dislocation to a departure from the principles of the Jeffersonian era . '' Jump up ^ Parsons , 2009 , p. 56 : `` Animosity between Federalists and Republicans had been replaced by animosity between Republicans themselves , often over the same issues that had once separated them from the Federalists . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 251 -- 252 : `` The panic ... was pivotal ... the hard times of 1819 and early 1820s revive ( d ) ... fundamental questions about the nationalist economic policies of the new - style Republicans under Madison and Monroe , and focused inchoate popular resentments on the banks , especially the Second BUS . '' p. 252 : `` The Missouri controversy ... proved for more important than the ( incidental ) outbursts . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 252 : `` Both the panic and the Missouri debates underscored in different ways the overriding question of democracy as Americans perceived it . In economic matters , the questions arose primarily as a matter of privilege . Should unelected private interests , well connected to government , be permitted to control , to their own benefit , the economic destiny of the entire nation ? '' Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1947 , p. 51 : The `` general mass of the disaffection to the Government was not sufficiently concentrated to prevent re-election , unopposed , of President Monroe in 1820 in the absence of a national opposition party ; but it soon transformed politics in many states . Debtors rushed into politics to defend themselves , and secured moratoriums and relief laws from the legislatures of several Western states ... A popular demand arose for laws to prevent imprisonment for debt , for a national bankruptcy law , and for a new tariff and public land policies . For the first time Americans thought of politics as having an intimate relation to their welfare . '' Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Donald ( 2015 ) . The One - Party Presidential Contest : Adams , Jackson , and 1824 's Five - Horse Race . Jump up ^ Bradley , Harold . `` Andrew Jackson '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Encyclopaedia Britannica , inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Liane ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Songs Along The Campaign Trail '' . Election 2008 : On The Campaign Trail ( Radio series episode ) . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ Hay , Thomas R. ( October 1934 ) . `` John C. Calhoun and the Presidential Campaign of 1824 , Some Unpublished Calhoun Letters '' . The American Historical Review . 40 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1086 / ahr / 40.1. 82 . JSTOR 1838676 . Jump up ^ McNamara , R. ( September 2007 ) . `` The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives '' . About.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schimler , Stuart ( February 12 , 2002 ) . `` Singing to the Oval Office : A Written History of the Political Campaign Song '' . President Elect Articles . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` 1824 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Henry Clay to Francis Preston Blair , January 29 , 1825 . Jump up ^ Adams , John Quincy ; Adams , Charles Francis ( 1874 ) . Memoirs of John Quincy Adams : Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 . J.B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 501 -- 505 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5021 - 6 . Retrieved August 2 , 2006 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1825 ) . House Journal . 18th Congress , 2nd Session , February 9 . pp. 219 -- 222 . Retrieved August 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Meier ; Israel , Fred L. ( 1971 ) . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 1968 , Volume I , 1789 -- 1844 . New York : Chelsea House . pp. 379 -- 381 . ISBN 0070797862 . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ McMaster , J.B. ( 1900 ) . History of the People of the United States ... vol . V. New York : D. Appleton and Company . p. 81 . Reprinted in Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 1965 ) . John Quincy Adams and the Union . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Akin ( 1824 ) . `` Caucus curs in full yell , or a war whoop , to saddle on the people , a pappoose president / J ( ames ) Akin , Aquafortis '' . Library of Congress , Prints and Photographs Division . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Ammons , Harry . 1959 . `` James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , LXVI , No. 4 ( October 1958 ) , pp. 387 -- 398 , in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . Brown , Richard H. 1966 . `` The Missouri Crisis , Slavery , and the Politics of Jacksonianism '' . South Atlantic Quarterly , pp. 55 -- 72 , in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . Dangerfield , George . 1965 . The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 - 1828 . New York : Harper & Row . Wilentz , Sean . 2008 . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . New York : Horton . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Everett S. ( 1925 ) . `` The Presidential Election of 1824 -- 1825 '' . Political Science Quarterly : 384 -- 403 . JSTOR 2142211 . Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency : A Journal of Capital Studies . 23 ( 2 ) . Nagel , Paul C. ( 1960 ) . `` The Election of 1824 : A Reconsideration Based on Newspaper Opinion '' . Journal of Southern History : 315 -- 329 . JSTOR 2204522 . Ratcliffe , Donald J. The One - Party Presidential Contest : Adams , Jackson , and 1824 's Five - Horse Race ( University Press of Kansas , 2015 ) xiv , 354 pp . Murphy , Sharon Ann . `` A Not - So - Corrupt Bargain '' . Review of The One - Party Presidential Contest : Adams , Jackson and 1824 's Five - Horse Race by Donald Ratcliffe . Common - place , Vol. 16 , No. 4 . External links ( edit ) `` A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved March 20 , 2005 . Presidential Election of 1824 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Election of 1824 in Counting the Votes John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . 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Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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Crawford Henry Clay General articles Election timeline Local results Alabama Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Vermont Virginia Other 1824 elections House Senate Gubernatorial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1824&oldid=821753369 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) United States presidential election , 1824 Presidency of John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay Elections not won by the popular vote winner Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the popular vote in the election of 1824 who was elected president	[ "In the election, Adams won New England, Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states, Jackson and Clay split the Western states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states. Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular vote, while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the electoral and popular vote. As no one had won a majority of the electoral vote, the 1824 election became the first (and, so far, only) election to be decided in the House of Representatives under the terms of the 12th Amendment. The 12th Amendment specified that only the three top finishers in the electoral vote were eligible to be selected by the House, thus eliminating Clay, who was influential within that chamber. In the contingent election, Clay threw his support behind Adams, who shared many of his positions on the major issues. With Clay's backing, Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot." ]	[ "Jackson" ]
-6408506481269253996	Rump Shaker (song)	Rump Shaker ( song ) - wikipedia Rump Shaker ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Rump Shaker '' Single by Wreckx - n - Effect featuring Teddy Riley from the album Hard or Smooth Released August 25 , 1992 Format Vinyl , CD , cassette Recorded April -- May 1992 Genre Hip hop Length 5 : 13 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Teddy Riley , Aqil Davidson , Pharrell Williams , David Wynn , Anton Hollins , Darren Curry , Markell Riley , Michael McEwan , Eldra DeBarge , Randy DeBarge , Etterlene DeBarge Producer ( s ) Teddy Riley , Ty Fyffe , Aqil Davidson , Markell Riley 1 , David Wynn Wreckx - n - Effect singles chronology `` New Jack Swing '' ( 1989 ) `` Rump Shaker '' ( 1992 ) `` Knock - N - Boots '' ( 1993 ) `` New Jack Swing '' ( 1989 ) `` Rump Shaker '' ( 1992 ) `` Knock - N - Boots '' ( 1993 ) `` Rump Shaker '' is a song by American hip - hop group Wreckx - N - Effect . It was released in August 1992 as the lead single from their second album Hard or Smooth . It features production and guest vocals from Teddy Riley , brother of Wreckx member Markell Riley . Due to the massive success of Whitney Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You , '' the song would advance to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and No. 2 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks . Nevertheless , it peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Rap Singles , and No. 9 on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play . The chorus of the 2008 single , `` Paper Planes '' by British musician M.I.A. was widely speculated to be based on the chorus , although the song 's writers are not credited . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Reception 3 Track listing 3.1 A-side 3.2 B - side 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Decade - end charts 5 References 6 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Rump Shaker '' is built on a saxophone sample from the 1972 song `` Darkest Light '' by Lafayette Afro Rock Band and a drum sample from `` Midnight Theme '' by Manzel . Other samples include `` Scratchin ' '' by the Magic Disco Machine and `` Blues and Pants '' by James Brown ( the vocal `` come on ! '' ) . Riley 's `` Rump Shaker ( Teddy 2 ) '' remix adds a bass and piano sample from `` Blind Alley '' by The Emotions as well as a vocal sample from `` Stop , Look , Listen '' by MC Lyte . Additionally , Teddy Riley 's verse includes an allusion to the 1982 song `` I Like It '' by DeBarge , with the lines , `` I like the way you comb you hair , I like the stylish clothes you wear , it 's just the little things you do ... '' . The song opens with Teddy Riley chanting the chorus `` All I wan na do is zooma - zoom - zoom - zoom in a poom - poom . '' Subsequent verses are rapped by Aqil Davidson , Teddy Riley , and Markell Riley . Teddy Riley 's verse is notable for being written by his young protégé Pharrell Williams , later to achieve fame as a member of The Neptunes and a solo artist . It was rumored that Pharrell , along with fellow future - Neptune Chad Hugo , contributed additional production work , but producer Ty Fyffe stated in a 2011 interview that he and Teddy Riley alone produced the song and that Pharrell 's only contribution was lyrical . Reception ( edit ) The accompanying music video , depicting Wreckx - N - Effect and Riley hosting a party at Virginia Beach , received criticism for its alleged exploitation of women in bikinis , with the New York Daily News referring to the group as `` Horny Little Rap Kids . '' The video was banned from MTV . Track listing ( edit ) A-side ( edit ) `` Rump Shaker '' ( Radio Remix ) - 4 : 34 `` Rump Shaker '' ( Bonus Beat ) - 5 : 55 `` Rump Shaker '' ( Percapella ) - 3 : 19 B - side ( edit ) `` Rump Shaker '' ( Radio Mix ) - 3 : 56 `` Rump Shaker '' ( Teddy 2 ) - 6 : 00 `` Rump Shaker '' ( Dub ) - 6 : 00 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Canada Dance ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 70 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play Singles 9 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks US Billboard Hot Rap Singles US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 92 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eric Grandy ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` M.I.A. 's radical rump shaking '' . The Stranger . Index Newspapers . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Andy . `` Kala review '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ Keefe , Jonathan ( August 20 , 2007 ) . `` Kala review '' . Slant Magazine . Jump up ^ 1 Jump up ^ TEDDY RILEY and WRECKX - N - EFFECT : Shakin ' Their Moneymakers LA Times Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Wreckx - N - Effect -- Rump Shaker '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Canadian dance peak Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Wreckx - N - Effect -- Rump Shaker '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Wreckx - N - Effect -- Rump Shaker '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Wreckx - N - Effect : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Wreckx - N - Effect '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1993 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) On the Continuing Resonance of `` Rump Shaker '' ( Blog from `` The Village Voice '' ) ( hide ) Wreckx - n - Effect Markell Riley Aqil `` A-Plus '' Davidson Brandon Mitchell Studio albums Wrecks - n - Effect ( 1989 ) Hard or Smooth ( 1992 ) Raps New Generation ( 1996 ) Singles `` New Jack Swing '' `` Rump Shaker '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rump_Shaker_(song)&oldid=818081586 '' Categories : 1992 singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Songs written by Pharrell Williams Song recordings produced by Teddy Riley Dirty rap songs New jack swing songs 1992 songs MCA Records singles Songs written by El DeBarge Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 12 : 28 . About Wikipedia	who sings zoom zoom zoom and a boom boom	[ "The song opens with Teddy Riley chanting the chorus \"All I wanna do is zooma-zoom-zoom-zoom in a poom-poom.\" Subsequent verses are rapped by Aqil Davidson, Teddy Riley, and Markell Riley. Teddy Riley's verse is notable for being written by his young protégé Pharrell Williams, later to achieve fame as a member of The Neptunes and a solo artist. It was rumored that Pharrell, along with fellow future-Neptune Chad Hugo, contributed additional production work, but producer Ty Fyffe stated in a 2011 interview that he and Teddy Riley alone produced the song and that Pharrell's only contribution was lyrical.[4]" ]	[ "Teddy Riley" ]
-706961831365607394	Dwight Schrute	Dwight Schrute - wikipedia Dwight Schrute Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dwight Schrute The Office character Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` The Death of A Salesman '' Portrayed by Rainn Wilson Information Gender Male Occupation Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Salesman , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Assistant to the Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Head of Sales , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Co-Head of Party Planning Committee , Scranton , PA Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Assistant Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Sabre Vice President of Special Projects , Tallahassee FL Lackawanna County part - time Volunteer Sheriff 's Deputy , Scranton PA Special Projects Development Team Leader , Sabre , Tallahassee FL Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Salesman , Staples Inc . Scranton PA Acting Manager , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Beet Farmer Agro-Tourism Inn Owner Family Dwide Schrude ( Great - grandfather ) Dwight Schrute I ( Grandfather ) Dwight Schrute II ( Father ) Hette Manheim Schrute ( Mother ) Manheim ( Grandfather ) Honk ( Great - uncle ) Helmuth ( Great - uncle ) Harvey Schrute ( Uncle ) Girt ( Uncle ) Gunther ( Uncle ) Eldred ( Uncle ) Shirley ( Aunt ) Mose ( Cousin ) Jeb ( Brother ) Fannie ( Sister ) Cammy ( Nephew ) Amel ( Cousin ) Herschel ( Cousin ) Johann ( Cousin ) Helga ( Cousin ) Heindl ( Cousin ) Arash ( Cousin ) `` Mose '' ( Cousin ) Significant other ( s ) Angela Martin ( wife , m . 2008 , 2014 - ) Esther Bruegger ( girlfriend , season 9 ep 18 - 22 ) Children Philip Schrute ( son ) Nationality American Based on Gareth Keenan Dwight Kurt Schrute III / ˈdwaɪtˈkərtˈʃrut / is a fictional character on the American TV comedy series The Office , portrayed by Rainn Wilson , and based on Gareth Keenan from the original UK version of The Office . His character is one of the highest - ranking salesmen as well as assistant to the regional manager at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , although the series expands on his character as bed - and - breakfast proprietor at Schrute Farms , a beet plantation , and as the owner of the business park enclosing Dunder Mifflin . He is notorious for his lack of social skills and common sense , his love for martial arts and the justice system , and his office rivalry with fellow salesman Jim Halpert . He has at times risen to the position of acting Branch Manager of the Scranton branch , but often serves as a second or third in command as Assistant ( to the ) Regional Manager . In the final season , Dwight is finally offered the position of permanent Regional Manager . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character information 2.1 Family and childhood 3 Interests 4 Relationships 4.1 Angela Martin 4.2 Michael Scott 4.3 Jim Halpert 4.4 Pam Halpert 4.5 Andy Bernard 4.6 Ryan Howard 4.7 Romantic relationships 5 Character reception 6 Outside of The Office 6.1 Bobblehead doll 6.2 Résumé 6.3 Schrute Farms 6.4 Vice presidential bid joke 6.5 Dwight in academic research 6.6 Possible spin - off series and departure from The Office 7 References 8 External links Casting ( edit ) Further information : Rainn Wilson Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute Dwight Schrute is portrayed by American actor Rainn Wilson . In a Rolling Stone interview , Seth Rogen said he auditioned for the role . The character is loosely based on Gareth Keenan of the original British version of the show , who was played by actor Mackenzie Crook . All original series characters were adapted for the U.S. version . Unlike Steve Carell , Wilson watched every episode of the original British series , and was a fan before he auditioned for the U.S. version . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael Scott , a performance he described as a `` terrible Gervais impersonation '' ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more , and hired him for the role . Wilson based Dwight 's hairstyle on his own style he had when he was sixteen . In an interview , he said that he went to a barber to get `` the worst haircut possible . '' Character information ( edit ) When the series begins , Dwight Schrute is a competent salesman , despite lacking general knowledge , at the Scranton branch of the paper distribution company , Dunder Mifflin . Dwight formally held the title of `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , but constantly refers to himself as `` Assistant Regional Manager '' , attempting to elevate himself to second - in - command to branch Manager , Michael Scott . ( Michael privately makes him Assistant Manager in `` The Fight '' , tells him that no record / mention will be kept of the `` title change only '' , then never acknowledges it again . ) Dwight craves authority over his co-workers , and relishes any minor task that Michael or anyone else will give him . Although Dwight acts superior to many individuals and is often resourceful in crises , he is shown to actually be quite gullible , ignorant , and naïve . For this reason , he is easily tricked and pranked by his desk - mate and fellow salesman , Jim Halpert . Dwight often speaks in a halting , intense manner , even in casual conversations . At the office , his most recurring formal wear is a mustard - colored , short - sleeved collar shirt , with a dark necktie and , usually , a brown suit jacket . He often uses one - upmanship to better himself over his peers , such as boasting about how he trains specific parts of his body . Dwight will sometimes engage in jokes and games in attempts to appease Michael , but often fails to do so , because of Michael 's perception of himself as the jokester of the workplace . After Dwight temporarily leaves Dunder Mifflin , it is shown that he had long been watering the office plant and arranging the toys on Michael 's desk in a manner that made Michael happy , unbeknownst to Michael . Dwight is a former volunteer sheriff deputy , but has to step down after breaking his pledge by helping his boss pass his drug test in the episode ' Drug Testing ' . He is also a notary public ; this creates difficulties when Angela desires to send him a notarized letter regarding their break - up . He resides on his family 's beet farm , alongside his cousin , Mose ( played by producer / writer Michael Schur ) . Dwight has affinities for paintball , Battlestar Galactica , ping pong , survivalism , Goju Ryu karate and weapons . He also has a preference to ride in the back seat of cars behind the driver , because it is the safest location in a car . In `` Whistleblower '' , encouraged to invest in real estate by former CEO and owner of Dunder Mifflin , Jo Bennett , Dwight decides to purchase the industrial park building . He has shown entrepreneurial traits , like converting the building lobby into a coffee shop in `` Nepotism '' , converting an empty room in the office building into a state - of - the - art gym in `` Mrs. California '' , and organizing a barn maze before Halloween , where kids can pay admission to play , in `` WUPHF.com '' . In an episode commentary on the season one DVD , Wilson refers to Dwight as a `` fascist nerd '' . In a feature on the season three DVD , Wilson describes Dwight as `` someone who does not hate the system , but has a deep and abiding love for it '' . Family and childhood ( edit ) In `` Lecture Circuit '' , Dwight claims to remember his own birth , including his father , Dwight Schrute II , delivering him from the womb , and his mother biting off the umbilical cord . In `` Grief Counseling '' , Dwight states that he was a twin , but he `` resorbed '' his twin while still in his mother 's womb ( this occurrence is called twin embolisation syndrome ) , causing him to believe that he now has `` the strength of a grown man and a little baby '' . He also claims to have been born weighing 13 lb 5 oz ( 6.0 kg ) , rendering his mother incapable of walking for three months and two days , and in `` Baby Shower '' , he claims to have performed his own circumcision . In `` Viewing Party '' , he informs Jim and Pam Halpert that , in the Schrute family , the youngest child raises the other children . Little is known about Dwight 's parents , except that his father used to take him hunting , cheated in games , made he and his siblings biscuits for breakfast every morning , and that he battled obesity , high blood pressure , and high cholesterol . Dwight 's maternal grandfather , whose surname is Manheim ( according to Dwight 's web log on NBC.com ) fought in the Second World War . He killed twenty men before being imprisoned in an Allied prison camp ( revealed in `` The Fight '' ) , implying that he was a soldier in the German army . In `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Dwight tells the documentary film crew that his grandfather is ( at the time of the episode ) 103 years old , and is still `` puttering around down in Argentina '' , implying that his grandfather was one of the members of the SS who fled into South America . Dwight attempted to visit him once , but his travel visa was protested by the Shoah Foundation . In `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' , Michael refers to Dwight 's grandmother as a `` Nazi war criminal '' . Dwight 's father and grandfather are also named Dwight Schrute ; however , his Amish great - grandfather was named Dwide Schrude . In `` Casino Night '' , Dwight reveals that the tuxedo he is wearing is the one that his grandfather was buried in . In a deleted scene from `` The Surplus '' , Dwight tells Angela that his family came to the United States on a U-boat . It is revealed in `` Money '' that the Schrute family has a tradition , where when a male has intercourse with a woman , he is rewarded with a bag of wild oats that are left on his doorstep by his parents . Dwight also speaks German , but his knowledge of it is `` pre-industrial and mostly religious '' , as might be expected if the language was learned exclusively in a Mennonite or Amish church or context . Dwight was shunned by his family from the age of four until his sixth birthday , for forgetting to save the excess oil from a can of tuna . He lost a grade school spelling bee to Raj Patel by misspelling the word `` failure '' , in front of the entire school . In seventh grade , Dwight played the invented role of `` Mutey the Mailman '' in a production of Oklahoma ! He explains that there were not enough roles for all of the children , so they made up roles . Dwight lives in a nine - bedroom , one - bathroom ( which is located under the porch , as revealed in `` Office Olympics '' ) , farmhouse on his family 's 60 - acre ( 240,000 m ) beet farm , alongside Mose , selling beets to local stores , restaurants and roadside beet stands . Dwight uses part of his farm to grow hemp . Dwight and Mose have also turned Schrute Farms into a ramshackle bed and breakfast , that was visited by Jim and Pam , during `` Money '' . The bed and breakfast had three theme rooms : America , Irrigation , and Nighttime . Schrute Farms was also to be the site of Andy and Angela 's wedding before the two broke off their engagement . In `` Garden Party '' , Andy throws a garden party at Schrute Farms in order to impress new CEO Robert California , and at the end of the episode , Robert also discusses the possibility of holding his birthday party at the farm . According to one of Dwight 's web logs on NBC. com 's `` Schrute - Space '' , he had an uncle , named Gunther , a goat farmer , who fled the Allied invasion of Germany and married a Finnish woman , with whom he had 17 children . He also had an Uncle Girt , who revealed that the Schrute family has an ongoing hatred of Harry S. Truman , because they were staunch supporters of Thomas Dewey . In another blog , he mentions a cousin named Heindl , who received numerous injuries and infections from an attack by a small dog . Interests ( edit ) Dwight is trained in the art of surveillance , and is a former Lackawanna County volunteer sheriff 's deputy . He has a purple belt in Goju - Ryu karate , and is the senpai at his dojo . Dwight is a pop culture and sci - fi enthusiast , who has expressed fanship of many sci - fi movies and popular television series . In the episode `` The Fire '' , he mentioned the movie The Crow as being his favorite film . He hints at belief in fictional creatures such as androids , zombies and vampires ( though curiously , despite having claimed in `` Business School '' , to have shot a werewolf ( that was actually his neighbor 's dog ) , he says in one of his blog entries that he does not believe in them ; however , he may have simply been denying claims of werewolves at Schrute Farms in order to prevent potential visitors from being frightened away ) . He enjoys , and is shown to be skilled at , playing table tennis , and states that many of his heroes are table tennis players . His musical tastes vary , but heavy metal and classic rock seem to be a recurring theme . His personal musical talents are not lacking , as he plays guitar and recorder , and sings , as well . He has a fascination with cars ; he usually checks a car 's suspension , especially muscle cars . He drives a 1987 Pontiac Trans Am though in the Finale ( The Office ) he 's driving a 2013 Dodge Challenger . His technological talents are limited , but he shows a passion for the online role playing game Second Life , in which the only differences between himself and his avatar is that his avatar has the last name ' Shelford ' and the ability to fly . He also shows an interest in trains , as he is restoring a turn - of - the - century steam engine in his slaughterhouse , during `` The Meeting '' , which has him bonding with Toby Flenderson , as they share the same interest . In `` Todd Packer '' , it is revealed that Dwight does not know who Justin Bieber is , asking Jim `` Who is Justice Beaver ? '' , leaving Jim to answer `` A crime - fighting beaver . '' Dwight owns an impressive array of weaponry . In addition to Laser Tag and paintball equipment , he has a crossbow range at his farm ( `` Office Olympics '' ) and , when he was named official Security Supervisor of the Scranton branch , hinted that he might bring a bo staff to work . He maintained a hidden arsenal of weapons around the office , including pepper spray , nunchucks , throwing stars , a stun gun , a boomerang , handcuffs , a nightstick , a pair of brass knuckles and a Chinese sword , all of which were confiscated by Toby . Dwight also claimed to have sat at his desk for an entire day with a spud gun , without any difficulty from Security . Dwight also uses a real gun , a Colt Anaconda , fired within city limits , to start off the race in `` Fun Run '' . In `` Branch Wars '' , he produces a disturbing number of Molotov cocktails for a panty raid on Utica . In `` Survivor Man '' , it is revealed that Dwight still has numerous knives ( and other weapons ) hidden on himself ( as in `` Stress Relief '' , there is a knife strapped to his leg ) or strategically positioned throughout the office ( such as `` Mr. A Knife '' in a filing cabinet , twin sais behind a water cooler , a sword in a ceiling tile , a blow dart in a bathroom stall , and a compound bow under a couch ) , and that he owns a . 22 rifle with scope . Also , in this episode , it is shown that Dwight has extensive knowledge of how to survive in the wilderness , being able to provide himself with food , and , by observing Michael , from a distance , through the scope of his center - fire rifle , he stops Michael from poisoning himself , although it is not clear whether the mushrooms Michael started to ingest were actually poisonous . Dwight is vocal about his views on justice , which is reflected in his television viewing habits , as he enjoys watching and has great admiration for Judge Judy , as well as Vic Mackey on The Shield . In `` The Negotiation '' , Roy Anderson attacks Jim , because he kissed Roy 's fiancee , Pam , but Dwight intercepts the attack with pepper spray . Throughout the episode , Jim attempts to show his appreciation , but Dwight refuses to accept his gifts , simply stating `` Citizens do not accept prizes for being citizens '' . In `` Drug Testing '' , Dwight finds half of a joint in the parking lot , which incites him to carry out a severe , and thorough , investigation . When he discovers that Michael might have been exposed to illegal drugs at a concert , he substitutes his own urine during the mandatory drug test . Dwight then resigns from his volunteer position at the Sheriff 's Department , because he feels that he is no longer worthy of working there . In `` Frame Toby '' , Dwight states that he is skilled at framing people , as well as animals , revealing that he once framed a raccoon for opening a Christmas gift , and a bear for eating out of the garbage , although , he had made it obvious to the police that he wanted Toby to be imprisoned . In the episode `` Women 's Appreciation '' , he is quoted as saying `` Better a thousand innocent men are locked up , than one guilty man roam free . '' In `` Conflict Resolution '' , Dwight states that he does not like to smile , as showing one 's teeth is a submission signal in primates , and that whenever someone smiles at him , `` all ( he ) sees is a chimpanzee , begging for its life '' . Dwight owns many exotic pets including piranhas , frogs , an arctic wolf , a raccoon , a porcupine named Henrietta , and an opossum , although the wolf escaped due to poor restraints and he flushed his piranhas down the toilet . He also has an interest in bears , and is ready to debate the habits and characteristics of different species of bears . In `` Costume Contest '' , Dwight claims to be able to sit on a fence , and that he is even able to sleep on one , stating that `` The trick is to do it face down , with the post in your mouth '' . It is revealed in the `` Suit Warehouse '' episode that as a child Dwight collected cat feces . In `` Death of A Salesmen '' Dwight 's family made the decision to have him buried in a Battlestar Galactica outfit , showing that he dies on earth , but lives forever in the galaxy . Relationships ( edit ) In `` Drug Testing '' , Dwight states that he likes his co-workers , `` with four exceptions '' , leaving it up to the audience to make educated guesses about whom these four exceptions are . The four are most likely Jim Halpert , Ryan Howard , Meredith Palmer and Toby Flenderson , due to Michael 's hatred of him . However , it is also probable that Phyllis Lapin - Vance could be one of the exceptions , as , on many occasions , she and Dwight are shown to have a strained relationship . Kelly Kapoor is likewise a viable choice as her ditsy nature contrasts Dwight 's overly serious character , as we see later in the same episode during Dwight 's interrogation of Kelly . This theory is also reinforced by Angela 's hatred of Kelly and the influence Angela may hold as Dwight 's girlfriend at the time . Pam Halpert is also a possible exception as she is often an accomplice to Jim 's pranks against Dwight . Angela Martin ( edit ) Towards the middle of season 2 , Dwight develops a secret relationship with Angela Martin . Pam begins to suspect a relationship between the two , in `` E-mail Surveillance '' , by observing their interactions , suspicions which are strengthened in `` The Injury '' and `` Conflict Resolution '' , and confirmed by `` Traveling Salesmen '' , where Angela confides in Pam about her relationship , using code names . In `` Michael 's Birthday '' , Ryan discovers the relationship between the two when he overhears a coded conversation between them in the kitchen , while in `` The Negotiation '' Jim discovers the relationship while coming out of the office bathroom after quitting time , to find Dwight and Angela kissing ( he then tells the documentary crew that , with his silence , the debt he feels to Dwight is repaid ) . In the episode `` Fun Run '' , Angela asks Dwight to care for her sick cat , Sprinkles . Instead of caring for the feline , Dwight feels he should kill it as a waste of resources , and then tells Angela Sprinkles was dead when he arrived . When he lets the truth slip out shortly after , Angela terminates their relationship . Jim , on a visit to Dwight 's beet farm , finds Dwight sitting alone at night , contemplating Angela 's cherub figurine and moaning in anguish . In the fourth season finale `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Dwight is obviously hurt when Angela 's boyfriend , Andy , proposes to her . However , in the final scene of the episode , Phyllis catches Dwight having sex with Angela in the office . In the fifth season premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Dwight and Angela have resumed a covert relationship , using a storage room in the warehouse to have sex . In `` Crime Aid '' , Andy and Angela set a date for their wedding . After some advice from Phyllis , Dwight gives Angela an ultimatum : call off the engagement , or he will no longer be with her . She chooses to marry Andy . When Andy learns about Angela 's affair with Dwight , a duel between Dwight and Andy takes place , but both realize that Angela has been lying to them , and break up with her . For quite some time afterwards , Dwight and Angela avoid each other . In the season 6 episode `` The Delivery '' , Dwight , witnessing Jim and Pam talk to customers about their unborn child , decides that he wants a child , and asks Angela to be the mother . They sign an elaborate contract , including eating guidelines for Angela to follow when she is pregnant , and how the baby will be raised . While Angela is excited by the reconciliation , Dwight does n't share her romantic feelings . When Dwight develops an interest in Pam 's friend Isabel , he tells Angela to forget about the contract ; this infuriates Angela and she sues him in small - claims court . When an arbitrator tells them that the contract is valid and would involve a $30,000 settlement ( because it would be illegal to force Dwight and Angela to procreate ) , Dwight cuts a deal with Angela for five sessions of sex . He then proceeds to abuse his genitals in an effort to sterilize himself , and fends off Angela 's efforts to be romantic . In Season 7 , after Angela meets a state senator who she finds much more personable than Dwight , she voids the pact in WUPHF.com . In `` Jury Duty '' , it is revealed that , a month before her wedding to the state senator , Robert Lipton , Dwight and Angela had sex , as Robert was not fulfilling Angela 's sexual needs , so Dwight believes that he is the baby 's biological father . In `` New Guys '' , it is revealed that he is not the father . In season 9 , they become close again first when Dwight finds out that Robert is cheating on Angela with Oscar , and later in `` Moving On '' when Angela helps him take care of his elderly aunt . They share a kiss , but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband . After inheriting his aunt 's beet farm , Dwight starts a relationship with neighboring brusselsprout farmer Esther Bruegger ( Nora Kirkpatrick ) . When Dwight seems to be getting serious with Esther and the Senator has publicly dumped Angela , Angela breaks down and admits to Oscar Martinez that she still loves Dwight . On the day that he intends to ask Esther to marry him , Dwight instead proposes to Angela . She says yes , finally admitting that he is the father of her son Phillip . ( `` A.A.R.M. '' ) Michael Scott ( edit ) Dwight holds a high level of respect for Michael , viewing him as a model for success , and often participating with Michael 's ill - conceived schemes . However , he betrays Michael numerous times , such as when he goes over Michael 's head to vie for the manager 's job in `` The Coup '' . Despite this , Michael frequently dismisses Dwight and often appears embarrassed by his antics ; for much of the series , he also refuses to promote Dwight from `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' to `` Assistant Regional Manager '' . In later seasons , Dwight was shown to return the favor , such as Dwight telling Michael that he would have a better career if he 'd taken a job at Home Depot . Several times throughout the series , however , it is revealed that Michael does care about Dwight 's feelings , and the two sometimes share bonding moments . In `` Training Day '' , Dwight is unhappy when the open branch manager position goes to Deangelo Vickers , and when he learns that Michael did not recommend him for the job , as he led him to believe , he snubs Michael and goes to a meeting Vickers has called , leaving Michael standing outside , by himself . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Dwight is still frustrated with Michael , but his hostility turns into heartfelt appreciation as Michael hands him the recommendation letter . At first , the letter does not seem to impress him , but , as he reads through , he realizes that Michael really does respect him . They are later seen engaging in a friendly paintball fight , and Dwight 's loyalty to Michael is once again restored . Also , after Michael left , Dwight did not have the same respect for Deangelo and Andy that Dwight previously had for Michael , implying that Dwight truly respects and values Michael . In a deleted scene from `` Finale '' , Dwight stated that Michael sent him his `` World 's Best Boss '' mug when he became Regional Manager . In the episode `` Finale '' , as Jim explains that the `` Bestest Mench '' ( best man ) in Dwight 's wedding must be older than him , Dwight is disappointed . However , the camera reveals that Michael returned , and the two continue to engage in a friendly conversation . During the wedding , Michael is present behind Angela and Dwight getting married , eventually attending the reception . He watches as his `` family '' is sitting together , and is last seen dancing with Dwight . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Dwight is frequently the victim of practical jokes by co-workers Jim Halpert and Pam Beesly , including putting his desk supplies in the snack machine , putting his stapler into jello , and moving his desk into the men 's restroom , although it appears that he remains oblivious to Pam 's involvement ; these pranks tend to exploit his stubborn and gullible nature . Dwight 's frustration with Jim 's pranks reaches a crisis point in `` Conflict Resolution '' , when Dwight threatens to quit unless Jim is transferred . Dwight occasionally pulls successful pranks on Jim in turn , most prominently in `` Classy Christmas '' where he subjects Jim to a barrage of pranks revolving around snowballs . Professionally , Dwight wins the 2005 Salesman of the Year Award , although , this is likely due to , at least in part , his theft of Jim 's largest client . During `` Initiation '' , Dwight tells Ryan he regrets that he and Jim never got along . In `` Traveling Salesmen '' , Jim is irritated when Andy replaces Dwight after Dwight quits . In addition , as shown in `` Traveling Salesmen '' , Jim and Dwight make an incredibly efficient sales team , functioning well as a duo and thinking similarly in their tactics . The two were paired together when they began as traveling salesmen at the company . Dwight plans to demote Jim from the Assistant Regional Manager spot , and make him miserable , during `` The Job '' . Dwight 's relationship with Jim mellows somewhat in later seasons , and they , at times , cooperate effectively on sales calls or running the office in Michael 's absence , sometimes even socializing together . Jim often supports Dwight when he is genuinely hurt or in danger ( such as in `` Money '' and `` Last Day in Florida '' ) and occasionally compliments his successes ( such as in `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' ) . However , when Jim is promoted to co-manager , Dwight 's enmity returns to full force , and he conducts an ongoing campaign to depose Jim , who eventually resumes his old job as sales representative in `` Manager and Salesman '' . Jim and Dwight team up in `` Todd Packer '' to remove Todd Packer after he returns to the Dunder Mifflin offices and takes Dwight 's desk . The two at first can not agree on a plan , but eventually trick Packer into thinking he has got a job offer in Tallahassee . During `` After Hours '' , Jim enlists Dwight into trying to get Kathy , an unwanted female suitor , out of his room by tricking Dwight into thinking that he has bedbugs . This prompts Dwight to overreact , first by stripping down to ward off bugs and then spraying Jim 's bed with cleaning chemicals . However , the ploy works when Kathy exits the room . Jim and Dwight are then shown sharing ice cream and a friendly smile in Dwight 's room , while watching TV on his bed , where it is implied Jim will have to stay the night due to the chemicals in his own room , as earlier Dwight suggested Jim stay with Kathy . In `` Last Day in Florida '' , Robert California confides to Jim that he 's going to terminate Dwight 's plans to launch the Sabre store , effectively terminating Dwight 's job altogether . Jim tries to let Dwight know , who dismisses his warnings as nothing more than just another prank and insults Jim throughout the day , including in front of the other Sabre staff . At Pam 's insistence , Jim tries to tell Dwight one more time before he 's dismissed , just as Dwight is about to accept what he thinks is his promotion in the board room . However , Jim physically attacks Dwight just before he goes in , and the two had a wrestling match to which Jim finally concedes . When Dwight steps in , he sees that Packer , who has stolen Dwight 's promotion in the meantime , takes the fall and is promptly fired by Robert in the meeting . Defeated , Dwight walks out of the boardroom and lends Jim a hand up and returns to Scranton . When Kelly sees Dwight , she mentions that she thought Dwight was staying in Florida , prompting Jim to distract her with a compliment . During season 9 's `` Dwight Christmas '' , Dwight is convinced by Jim to hold a traditional Christmas party in the style of his family . Jim must leave before the party is over and Dwight is noticeably emotionally upset when Jim must leave . Later , when Jim returns , Dwight embraces him in a hug . Soon after , in `` Suit Warehouse '' , Dwight absent - mindedly says `` love you '' at the end of a phone conversation with Jim , much to his embarrassment and the bemusement of his coworkers . In `` Livin ' the Dream '' , the 3rd - to - last episode of the series , Jim suggests to David Wallace that Dwight deserves to replace Andy Bernard as Regional Manager because Dwight loves paper more than anyone else . David agrees and Dwight is promoted to Regional Manager at the end of the episode as a result ; Dwight subsequently appoints Jim to fill his old position , Assistant to the Regional Manager . In the final episode of the series `` Finale '' , Dwight asks Jim to be the best man at his wedding . Jim throws Dwight a commendable bachelor party rife with surprises ( which Jim refers to as `` pranks '' ) . Before the wedding Jim informs Dwight that , under Schrute tradition , he is not allowed to be best man as he is younger than him . Jim surprises him with the arrival of Michael Scott . The wedding proceeds in Schrute tradition with Michael as Dwight 's new best man . Later in the episode Jim and Pam tell Dwight they are quitting so Jim can pursue a sports marketing career in Austin , but Dwight fires them instead so he can give them severance packages . Pam Halpert ( edit ) Although she is often involved in Jim 's pranks on Dwight , Dwight has , at certain times , displayed a curious sense of protectiveness towards her . In `` Back from Vacation '' and `` Diwali '' , he comforts a tearful Pam , and in `` China '' , he secretly allows Pam to save face when she feels vulnerable about her job abilities . In `` The Job '' , Dwight offers Pam the position of `` Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , and following Jim 's advice concerning any offers from Dwight to be involved in something secret , she accepts . Though Jim presumably meant this as the opening move of a prank , Pam instead uses it as a bonding opportunity between her and Dwight . The two briefly become best friends while he suffers a concussion in `` The Injury '' . In the season 6 episode `` The Delivery '' , Dwight shows more signs of his begrudging friendship with Jim and Pam during Pam 's pregnancy . In the episode , he is sent to the Halperts ' house to retrieve Pam 's iPod , while they are at the hospital . Instead of finding the iPod and bringing it back to her , Dwight completely rebuilds and repaints their kitchen , after discovering mold . He also advises Pam on how to keep her daughter , Cece , from crying , during `` Viewing Party '' , by relating his child rearing experiences . Dwight 's odd friendship with Pam is explored again in `` Doomsday '' . At this point , Pam is the only one in the office who is able to understand Dwight 's inner feelings , as she successfully convinces him to deactivate his doomsday machine . It is implied at the end of the episode that Dwight , despite his outward contempt for his coworkers , feels a sense of responsibility ( and possibly even affection ) towards them . In a talking - head interview , in the episode `` Tallahassee '' , Dwight talks about how first impressions last forever . He recalls that , when he first met Pam , she said something to him that `` slightly rubbed ( him ) the wrong way '' , and while he has since loved working with her , even stating that she is wonderful , due to that first impression , he hates her . In the episode `` The Whale '' , Dwight openly tells Pam that he considers her his friend . In the final episode of the series , Dwight refers to Pam as his best friend and ensures that she and Jim get a nice severance as they leave Dunder Mifflin . Andy Bernard ( edit ) As a result of the Scranton - Stamford merger , Dwight loses his number two position to Jim and engages in an ongoing battle with new salesman Andy Bernard , to gain Michael 's favor for `` third - in - command '' . The struggle comes to a climax in `` Traveling Salesmen '' . In Season 4 , Andy and Dwight are shown to work well together as a sales team , but Andy 's successful pursuit of Angela , after she broke up with Dwight , was irritating to him . When Andy gets engaged to Angela , Dwight is greatly upset by this , and embarks on an affair with her . This affair culminates in a short - lived fight between Andy and Dwight , when they discover Angela has lied to both of them , about having sex with another . In `` Michael Scott Paper Company , '' they once again find themselves courting the same woman - Erin Hannon . However , by the end of the fifth season , Andy and Dwight become friends , and discover they both share a mutual interest in music and hunting . Ryan Howard ( edit ) In the beginning of the series , Dwight feels threatened by Ryan Howard , to whom Michael often assigns personal tasks . He continues to resent Ryan , throughout the second season , often addressing him as `` Temp '' , even after Ryan took over Jim 's position . In the beginning of season 2 , Dwight 's friendship with Michael was slightly torn during `` The Fire '' , when Michael seems to be viewing Ryan more favorably than Dwight , and in `` Performance Review '' , in which Michael must evaluate Ryan . In `` Initiation '' , Dwight decides to assist Ryan , during his first sales call , although the two get off to a rough start when Dwight hazes him in a series of bizarre initiation rituals . Soon afterwards , Dwight takes Ryan on his first meeting , which ends in disaster . Ryan then eggs the potential customer 's building out of spite , and Dwight develops some respect for him . During season 4 , Dwight , along with Michael , comes to Ryan 's rescue when they visit him in New York City , when he gets into a scuffle . Ryan and Dwight later team up again in season 6 , when Dwight plans to sabotage Jim 's occupation , as branch co-manager . Romantic relationships ( edit ) A subtle running joke throughout the series is Dwight 's surprising success with attractive women , with Michael often failing to `` hook up '' at the same time . Despite Dwight 's unusual appearance and mannerisms , he manages to attract women , who usually develop stronger feelings for him than vice versa . Michael has even pointed out how socially weird Dwight is acting , only for the woman to brush it off . In `` Night Out '' , Dwight hooks up with a women 's basketball player , while Michael fails in his attempts with other women . As Michael and Dwight leave the club , the woman calls out for Dwight to call her , which he says to Michael that he will not do . In `` Niagara '' , Michael and Dwight compete for the attention of Pam 's best friend , Isabel . When Dwight starts talking about his farm , Michael tries to explain that no one can connect with his experiences as farmer , only for Isabel to become interested in Dwight 's horses . Dwight ultimately manages to have sex with her , and she begins to develop deeper feelings for him which he does not return , although it is finally hinted in `` The Delivery '' that Dwight might have more intimate feelings for her than he originally let on . They meet again at the bar in `` Happy Hour '' , and bond further , kissing at the end of the episode . In a chat at OfficeTally.com , Mindy Kaling noted that Dwight is not a typical `` nerd '' character , that he is a `` farmer and kind of strapping and tall '' , and it generally makes sense that he does well with the opposite sex . In season 9 , he begins to date an attractive neighboring farmer named Esther ( Nora Kirkpatrick ) . He ultimately ends his relationship with her in `` A.A.R.M. '' . In the Season Nine episode , `` The Death of a Salesman '' Dwight tragically dies of cancer surrounded by his loving co-workers . Character reception ( edit ) The Dwight Schrute character has had a very positive reception , and is often cited as one of the most popular characters on the show . According to Entertainment Weekly he is one of the `` greatest sidekicks . '' In TV Guide 's list of the top 100 characters in television history , Dwight was ranked 85th . In an ABC News interview with Rainn Wilson , the interviewer commented that `` Words barely describe Dwight Schrute , the suck - up salesman and assistant to the regional manager of the Scranton branch for the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company ... '' and `` Dwight , as played by the 41 - year - old Wilson , has become one of the breakout characters in television comedy . Dwight is a survivalist geek , a student of karate who likes to shoot a crossbow and watch `` Battlestar Galactica '' on television . And he takes himself very , very seriously ... '' E ! News commented that Rainn Wilson should be nominated for an Emmy Award for his performance of Dwight , commenting : `` ... Who 's laughing now ? Who 's laughing now , Dwight Schrute ? Oh , only the ten million - plus people who watched as you pepper sprayed the living daylights out of Roy for trying to pop Jim in the face last night . My God , have I missed you , man . Mr. Schrute , you are the reason I love my job , my friend . It is the selflessly heroic actions of a man such as you that make television a nice place to be on a Thursday night . You may just be an everyday citizen who does not accept prizes for being a citizen , but you 'd best be accepting a supporting actor Emmy nod this year , because , hot damn if you do n't deserve it . '' Another positive review of the character was given by PopMatters , an online entertainment news site . The review stated : `` One of the show 's ironies is that Michael and Dwight , hapless though they might be within the office or in most social settings , are actually top salesmen ... Undeterred , or unaware of any of this , Dwight carries on with his dreams of grandeur , even instituting a reward system called `` Schrute Bucks '' for employees who please him during a brief but tyrannical reign as branch manager ... Dwight approaches sales with the same militaristic fervor as everything else in his life , and it pays off for him ( maybe that 's one of the reasons why , when Jim gives Dwight one of Benito Mussolini 's speeches to deliver when he accepts a sales award in Season Two , Dwight delivers it so enthusiastically that he gets a standing ovation ) ... '' Metalcore band The Devil Wears Prada named a song `` Assistant to the Regional Manager , '' alluding to Dwight 's position . In addition , the band created a T - shirt design that indirectly associates itself with Dwight by strongly resembling him . It is named `` Guy Wearing Tie . '' Outside of the Office ( edit ) Bobblehead doll ( edit ) In the episode `` Valentine 's Day '' , Dwight is given a bobblehead doll as a Valentine 's gift , from Angela . Following the episode , fans of the show petitioned NBC to make the bobblehead doll available for purchase on their online store . NBC responded by creating an initial run of 4,000 bobblehead dolls , which sold out almost immediately . The creator of the show , Greg Daniels , joked about the bobbleheads , saying `` Yes , they are fun , but they also serve a business purpose . People who want to manage by consensus can buy six and keep them nodding all the time to whatever they say . '' In 2010 Hallmark released a smaller talking version of the doll as part of their 2010 Christmas Keepsake Ornament selection . Résumé ( edit ) In `` Halloween '' , Jim and Pam uploaded Dwight 's resume to `` Monster.com , Craigslist , and Google . '' A producer actually did create a Monster account for Dwight and uploaded his résumé a month before the episode aired . It can be found by employers with resume database access who search for salesmen in Scranton , Pennsylvania . The résumé stated that he was willing to relocate to another state , wanted a salary close to $30,000 ( USD ) , desired the job title of Regional Manager , was currently `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , and had a Bachelor 's Degree . The posted résumé also stated : `` My time spent at Dunder Mifflin was very enjoying . I had the opportunity to learn from an experienced and talented boss . My branch consistently was one of the top sellers of the company ... '' Schrute Farms ( edit ) In `` Money '' , Pam refers to a TripAdvisor page for Dwight 's bed and breakfast . This can be found by searching for Schrute Farms . Jim and Pam discover that Dwight is running the Schrute Farm as an `` agritourism '' bed and breakfast . They spend the night there , taking part in table - making demonstrations , beet wine - making , and distributing manure . That night , however , Jim hears an unnerving moaning sound throughout the night , later shown to be Dwight in his room crying over his breakup with Angela . The TripAdvisor page said : `` Schrute Farms is the number one beet - related agritourism destination in Northeastern Pennsylvania . We offer the finest accommodations for the casual traveler and / or radish enthusiast . Come join us and experience majestic Schrute Farms . '' Jim and Pam ( `` JandP2 '' ) also posted a review , which can be seen on the reviews page . It read : `` The architecture reminds one of a quaint Tuscan beet farm , and the natural aroma of the beets drifts into the bedrooms and makes you dream of simpler times . You will never want to leave your room . The informative lecture will satisfy all your beet curiosity , and the dawn goose walk will tug at your heart strings . Table making never seemed so possible . Great story to tell your friends . Plenty of parking ! The staff 's attention to detail and devotion to cleanliness was limitless . From their enthusiastic welcome to the last wave good - bye , Schrute Farms delivers . '' An angry Angela also put a review up , and mentioned the death of her cat as a main cause for the review . It said : `` I have to warn people about the proprietor of Schrute Farms -- he may portray himself as a gentleman farmer , but he is not what he seems ! He killed my cat , Sprinkles ! Who knows what he might do to you or your loved ones ... '' According to Dwight , during the Civil War , while the Battle of Gettysburg was known for having the most deaths , the battle of Schrute Farms was known for having the highest DPA ( deaths per acre ) . He also claimed it was the northernmost battle during the Civil War . However , in reality , it was actually a safe haven for men who wanted relief from the war to focus on artistic lifestyles . It is insinuated that this was a camp for homosexual soldiers . Melvin Fifer Garris is the only known soldier to write home from Schrute Farms during the Civil War . Vice presidential bid joke ( edit ) External video Rainn Wilson on The Tonight Show discussing the `` nomination '' On the May 7 , 2008 , episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , US Senator and Republican Party presidential nominee John McCain joked that Dwight Schrute would be his vice presidential candidate choice . Rainn Wilson appeared on The Tonight Show on May 14 , 2008 , and read to Jay Leno a list of demands from Dwight in exchange for being vice president . Included in this list was being able to pilot Air Force One at any time , and only to be addressed as `` Iceman '' while piloting . He also demanded that Jack Bauer be immediately promoted to United States Secretary of Defense , his bunker to include a foosball table and be zombie - proof , and that the Secret Service members be armed with nunchakus , throwing stars , and flamethrowers . Finally , he demanded a flamethrower , an Iron Man suit , and that fellow character Michael Scott be an `` ambassador to Hawaii . '' Dwight in academic research ( edit ) Researchers at Brigham Young University , Stanford and Northwestern University demonstrated that social outsiders , similar to Dwight 's character , lead to better group decision making . Media accounts of their published study reported that having a Dwight Schrute around is good for business . Dwight was included in articles about the research by Time magazine , Toronto Globe and Mail , The Salt Lake Tribune and Brigham Young University . Possible spin - off series and departure from the Office ( edit ) On January 25 , 2012 , news broke that NBC was planning a spin - off series , starring Wilson as Dwight , that would be set at Schrute Farms , Dwight 's bed - and - breakfast and beet farm . The spin - off was to have been created by Wilson and executive producer Paul Lieberstein , but Office developer Greg Daniels would not have been involved . The series was in the works for a premiere in early 2013 , and would have caused Wilson to leave The Office during the ninth season . The spin - off was scheduled to have been introduced as a backdoor pilot in a later episode of the ninth season . Despite the news report , Wilson tweeted `` Do n't believe everything you read in the press , OK ? '' . In October 2012 , NBC announced that it was not accepting the spin - off series . Sadly , this plan was never followed through due to the illness of Rainn , which , although it got better , left NBC To have to kill off Dwight . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Traveling Salesman '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Rainn ( Actor ) . 2005 . `` Pilot '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season One ( U.S. / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Holloway , Diane ( 2006 - 01 - 20 ) . `` The Dwight stuff '' . Cox News Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' because of his admiration for his boss , Michael Scott , The Office Season One ( US / NBC Version ) , 2005 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Wolgemuth , Liz ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Jim Halpert and the First - Job Trap '' . U.S. News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drug Testing '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fight '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Office season three '' , ( DVD ) ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Lecture Circuit '' , The Office Season Five ( US / NBC Version ) , 2009 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Grief Counseling '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Schrute 's `` Schrute - Space '' - `` HOW TO WORK WELL WITH OTHERS '' `` . NBC.com . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Safety Training '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwight 's Speech '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Client '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Product Recall '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Launch Party '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Money '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` '' Dwight Schrute 's Schrute Space `` - `` THE FALL IS HERE AND SO ARE WE '' `` . NBC.com . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwight Schrute 's Schrute Space - '' I Do Not Believe in Lycanthropes `` '' . NBC.com . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Deposition '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` The Negotiation '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Fun Run '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Survivor Man '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) He also keeps a refle , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye , Toby '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Jury Duty '' Jump up ^ `` Conflict Resolution '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Job '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Todd Packer '' Jump up ^ `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' Jump up ^ `` Performance Review '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Initiation '' Jump up ^ `` Scott 's Tots '' Jump up ^ Ben Schott , Schott 's Miscellany Calendar 2009 ( New York : Workman Publishing , 2008 ) , March 21 . ^ Jump up to : Rooney , Bryan ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Man Behind The Offices ' Favorite Suck - Up , Dwight Schrute '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ghorsh , Korbi ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Fri. , 4 / 6 : Dwight Schrute Saves My Thursday '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gilstrap , Andrew . `` The Office : Season Three '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Wearing Tie '' . MerchDirect . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Universal store sells 150,000 Dwight Schrute bobbleheads '' . NBC Press release . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Resume search : Dwight Schrute '' . Monster.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schrute Farms Bed and Breakfast '' . TripAdvisor . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reston , Maeve ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Sneak Peek : Jon Stewart actually presses John McCain on a topic '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John McCain Pt. 2 '' . Comedy Central . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Office : Dwight Schrute for VP '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kluger , Jeffrey ( 2009 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Why the Office Oddball Is Good for Business '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Why every office needs a Dwight Schrute '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Study : Outsiders facilitate better decisions '' . Jump up ^ `` Hire a Dwight Schrute for a better - performing team , says study co-authored by BYU biz prof '' . ^ Jump up to : HitFix Staff ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Schrute ' Office ' spin - off starring Rainn Wilson in the works at NBC '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is NBC developing an ' Office ' spinoff for Rainn Wilson ? '' . CNN . 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Is Not Moving Ahead With ' Office ' Spinoff ' The Farm ' '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dwight Schrute Schrute - Space -- Dwight Schrute 's `` blog '' ( NBC official website ) Schrute Farms B&B -- Listing on TripAdvisor ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwight_Schrute&oldid=804848590 '' Categories : Fictional American people of German descent Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional farmers Fictional hoteliers Fictional salespeople The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does dwight end up with on the office	[ "In season 9, they become close again first when Dwight finds out that Robert is cheating on Angela with Oscar, and later in \"Moving On\" when Angela helps him take care of his elderly aunt. They share a kiss, but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband. After inheriting his aunt's beet farm, Dwight starts a relationship with neighboring brusselsprout farmer Esther Bruegger (Nora Kirkpatrick). When Dwight seems to be getting serious with Esther and the Senator has publicly dumped Angela, Angela breaks down and admits to Oscar Martinez that she still loves Dwight. On the day that he intends to ask Esther to marry him, Dwight instead proposes to Angela. She says yes, finally admitting that he is the father of her son Phillip. (\"A.A.R.M.\")" ]	[ "Angela" ]
-7814557214388303516	FIFA World Cup awards	FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia FIFA World Cup awards This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 August 2018 . This article is about the men 's senior tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup awards . At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament , several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game . Contents 1 Awards 2 Golden Ball 3 Golden Boot 4 Golden Glove 5 Best Young Player Award 6 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 7 Man of the Match 8 Most Entertaining Team 9 All - Star Team 10 Goal of the Tournament 11 References 12 External links Awards ( edit ) There are currently five post-tournament awards , and one given during the tournament : the Golden Ball ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Ball '' ) for best player , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Boot ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Boot '' , previously known as the `` adidas Golden Shoe '' from 1982 to 2006 ) for top goal scorer , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ; the Best Young Player ( currently commercially termed as `` Hyundai Best Young Player '' ) award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year , first awarded in 2006 ; the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play , first awarded in 1970 ; the Man of the Match Award ( currently commercially termed as `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' ) for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament , first awarded in 2002 . Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006 : The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most , during the World Cup final tournament , as determined by a poll of the general public ; An All - Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen by the technical study group . Golden Ball ( edit ) The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals , with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media . Those who finish as runners - up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively . The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , sponsored by Adidas and France Football , though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as `` golden ball winners '' Kempes , Cruyff , Pelé , Bobby Charlton , Garrincha and Didi for 1978 , 1974 , 1970 , 1966 , 1962 and 1958 respectively . Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times ( Johan Cruyff in 1974 , Romário in 1994 , Lionel Messi in 2014 ) . Golden Ball World Cup Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 1930 Uruguay José Nasazzi Guillermo Stábile José Leandro Andrade 1934 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France Leônidas Silvio Piola György Sárosi 1950 Brazil Zizinho Juan Alberto Schiaffino Ademir 1954 Switzerland Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis Fritz Walter 1958 Sweden Didi Pelé Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Garrincha Josef Masopust Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Bobby Charlton Bobby Moore Eusébio 1970 Mexico Pelé Gérson Gerd Müller 1974 West Germany Johan Cruyff Franz Beckenbauer Kazimierz Deyna 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Dirceu 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi Falcão Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Diego Maradona Harald Schumacher Preben Elkjær Larsen 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Lothar Matthäus Diego Maradona 1994 United States Romario Roberto Baggio Hristo Stoichkov 1998 France Ronaldo Davor Šuker Lilian Thuram 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn Ronaldo Hong Myung - bo 2006 Germany Zinedine Zidane Fabio Cannavaro Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Wesley Sneijder David Villa 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben 2018 Russia Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot ( edit ) The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup . While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers , the first time an award was given was in 1982 , under the name Golden Shoe . It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010 . FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners . If there is more than one player with the same number of goals , since 1994 the tie - breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal , if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such . If there is still more than one player , the tie - breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time , which translates to a higher goal average . Top Goalscorer World Cup Top goalscorer Goals Runners - up Goals Third place Goals 1930 Uruguay Guillermo Stábile 8 Pedro Cea 5 Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Oldřich Nejedlý 5 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio None -- 1938 France Leônidas 7 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola 5 1950 Brazil Ademir 8 Óscar Míguez Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra 1954 Switzerland Sándor Kocsis 11 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst 6 None -- 1958 Sweden Just Fontaine 13 Pelé Helmut Rahn 1962 Chile Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez None -- 1966 England Eusébio 9 Helmut Haller 6 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer 1970 Mexico Gerd Müller 10 Jairzinho 7 Teófilo Cubillas 5 1974 West Germany Grzegorz Lato 7 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens 5 None 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes 6 Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink 5 Golden Shoe World Cup Golden Shoe Goals Silver Shoe Goals Bronze Shoe Goals 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 5 Zico 1986 Mexico Gary Lineker Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona None 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Tomáš Skuhravý Roger Milla Gary Lineker 1994 United States Oleg Salenko Hristo Stoichkov None -- Kennet Andersson Romário 5 1998 France Davor Šuker Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri 5 None 2002 South Korea / Japan Ronaldo 8 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo 2006 Germany Miroslav Klose 5 Hernán Crespo Ronaldo Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez 6 Thomas Müller 5 Neymar 2018 Russia Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Romelu Lukaku Notes Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals , which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , making Nejedlý the outright top scorer . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals . However , in November 2006 , FIFA confirmed that in the quarter - final tie against Czechoslovakia , he had scored once , not twice as FIFA had originally recorded , meaning he had scored only seven goals in total . Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950 , as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain ( 6 -- 1 ) . The 5 -- 0 goal had been credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages . His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored . Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker , Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each , and both received the Golden Shoe . Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals ( Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio ) by having three assists each . Jump up ^ Both runners - up had the same number of assists , and each received the Silver Shoe . Jump up ^ During the tournament , after the group stage match against Costa Rica , Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal , and FIFA granted him the change . ^ Jump up to : Eight players had scored three goals . Ronaldo , Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist , and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime ( 308 minutes for Crespo , 411 for Ronaldo , 559 for Zidane ) . ^ Jump up to : Müller , Villa , Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals . Müller won by virtue of having more assists ( 3 ) than the rest ( each had one ) . Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder , and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán . Jump up ^ Neymar , Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament . Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors ( 480 ; Messi played 693 minutes , and Van Persie , 548 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griezmann , Lukaku , Denis Cheryshev , Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals . Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists ( 2 ) than the rest ( Lukaku had one , the rest had zero ) . Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists ( one ) than Cheryshev , Ronaldo or Mbappé ( zero ) . Golden Glove ( edit ) The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament . The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994 , in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper . The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player 's performance throughout the final competition . Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position , they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well , as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002 . Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994 , every All - Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper . In the event of a tie , the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition . The next tiebreakers are saves made , then minutes played . World Cup Golden Glove 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora 1938 France František Plánička 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf 1966 England Gordon Banks 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol 1982 Spain Dino Zoff 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff 1990 Italy Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme 1998 France Fabien Barthez 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Best Young player award ( edit ) The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany 's Lukas Podolski . The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old . For the 2018 World Cup , this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997 . The election took place on FIFA 's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group . FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the `` best young player '' of the World Cup , between 1958 and 2002 , named the best young player of each tournament . With 61 % of the overall vote , the winner was Pelé , who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas , the best young player at Mexico 1970 , and England 's Michael Owen , who reached similar heights at France 98 . YPA World Cup Best Young Player Age 1958 Sweden Pelé 17 1962 Chile Flórián Albert 20 1966 England Franz Beckenbauer 20 1970 Mexico Teófilo Cubillas 21 1974 West Germany Władysław Żmuda 20 1978 Argentina Antonio Cabrini 1982 Spain Manuel Amoros 21 1986 Mexico Enzo Scifo 20 1990 Italy Robert Prosinečki 21 1994 United States Marc Overmars 1998 France Michael Owen 18 2002 Korea / Japan Landon Donovan 20 2006 Germany Lukas Podolski 21 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 20 2014 Brazil Paul Pogba 21 2018 Russia Kylian Mbappé 19 FIFA Fair play trophy ( edit ) The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970 . Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered . The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy , a diploma , a fair play medal for each player and official , and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development . The appearance of the award was originally a certificate . From 1982 to 1990 , it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy , a football - playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play . Ever since 1994 , it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure . Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico . Peru 's FIFA Fair Play trophy award . Peru won the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the tournament . World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Russia Spain Man of the Match ( edit ) The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002 . While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group , the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA 's website . World Cup Most Man of the Match wins Wins 2002 South Korea / Japan Rivaldo 2006 Germany Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Wesley Sneijder 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi 2018 Russia Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić Total awards As of 15 July 2018 Rank Player Country MoM WC with awards Arjen Robben Netherlands 6 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Lionel Messi Argentina 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Luis Suárez Uruguay 5 2010 , 2014 , 2018 5 Eden Hazard Belgium 2014 , 2018 Keisuke Honda Japan 2010 , 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 2014 , 2018 Miroslav Klose Germany 2002 , 2006 Park Ji - sung South Korea 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 2010 , 2014 Wesley Sneijder Netherlands By Country As of 15 July 2018 Rank Country MoM Players Brazil 22 14 Germany 12 France 17 11 Spain 16 10 5 Argentina 15 8 6 England 14 12 7 Mexico 12 10 Netherlands 9 South Korea 11 7 Portugal 6 United States 7 Most Entertaining Team ( edit ) The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game , organised through public participation in a poll starting in 1994 . World Cup Most Entertaining Team Award 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France France 2002 Korea / Japan South Korea 2006 Germany Portugal 2010 South Africa Germany 2014 Brazil Colombia All - Star Team ( edit ) The All - Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals . The ways in which the FIFA All - Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year . A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team . However , in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad , chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All - Star Team . For 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23 - player squads . The All - Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally , three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa . All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero José Nasazzi Milutin Ivković Luis Monti Álvaro Gestido José Leandro Andrade Pedro Cea Héctor Castro Héctor Scarone Guillermo Stábile Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora Jacinto Quincoces Eraldo Monzeglio Luis Monti Attilio Ferraris Leonardo Cilaurren Giuseppe Meazza Raimundo Orsi Enrique Guaita Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France František Plánička Pietro Rava Alfredo Foni Domingos da Guia Michele Andreolo Ugo Locatelli Silvio Piola Gino Colaussi György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Leônidas 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli Erik Nilsson José Parra Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Obdulio Varela Bauer Alcides Ghiggia Jair Zizinho Ademir Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics Ernst Ocwirk Djalma Santos José Santamaría Fritz Walter József Bozsik Nándor Hidegkuti Zoltán Czibor Helmut Rahn Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg Djalma Santos Bellini Nílton Santos Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier Ruud Krol Paul Breitner Elias Figueroa Franz Beckenbauer Berti Vogts Wolfgang Overath Kazimierz Deyna Johan Neeskens Rob Rensenbrink Johan Cruyff Grzegorz Lato 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol Berti Vogts Ruud Krol Daniel Passarella Alberto Tarantini Dirceu Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink Roberto Bettega Paolo Rossi Mario Kempes 1982 Spain Dino Zoff Luizinho Júnior Claudio Gentile Fulvio Collovati Zbigniew Boniek Falcão Michel Platini Zico Paolo Rossi Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff Josimar Manuel Amoros Júlio César Jan Ceulemans Jean Tigana Michel Platini Diego Maradona Preben Elkjær Larsen Emilio Butragueño Gary Lineker 1990 Italy Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann MasterCard All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme Jorginho Márcio Santos Paolo Maldini Dunga Krasimir Balakov Gheorghe Hagi Tomas Brolin Romário Hristo Stoichkov Roberto Baggio 1998 France ( 1 ) Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2002 Korea / Japan ( 2 ) Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Roberto Carlos Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Rivaldo Ronaldinho Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Yoo Sang - chul Ronaldo Miroslav Klose El Hadji Diouf Hasan Şaş 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti In addition to the 16 of the All - Star Team , 6 reserves were listed : Edwin van der Sar , Juan Sebastián Verón , Thierry Henry , Jay - Jay Okocha , Michael Owen , and Christian Vieri . Again there were seven reserves : Iker Casillas , Cafu , Dietmar Hamann , Joaquín , Hidetoshi Nakata , Landon Donovan , and Marc Wilmots . In 2010 , an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named `` Dream Team '' , sponsored by Yingli . The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi , and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense . Dream Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Carles Puyol Maicon Xavi Bastian Schweinsteiger Wesley Sneijder Andrés Iniesta David Villa Diego Forlán Vicente del Bosque 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcelo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva David Luiz Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar Joachim Löw 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Diego Godín Marcelo Luka Modrić Philippe Coutinho Kevin De Bruyne Kylian Mbappé Harry Kane Cristiano Ronaldo While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014 , official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates players ' performances through statistical data . Castrol Index Top 11 World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez Arjen Robben Thomas Müller Fantasy McDonald 's Overall XI World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Only two players have been named in three separate All - Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven : Djalma Santos in 1954 , 1958 and 1962 , Franz Beckenbauer in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . However , the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All - Star team listed . Lahm 's name has only been in one of these . 21 players have been named in two separate All - Star teams : Luis Monti ( 1930 and 1934 ; representing Argentina and Italy respectively ) ; Garrincha ( 1958 and 1962 ) ; Pelé ( 1958 and 1970 ) ; Bobby Charlton ( 1966 and 1970 ) ; Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Berti Vogts ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Paolo Rossi ( 1978 and 1982 ) ; Michel Platini ( 1982 and 1986 ) ; Diego Maradona ( 1986 and 1990 ) ; Paolo Maldini ( 1990 and 1994 ) ; Dunga ( 1994 and 1998 ) ; Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , and Ronaldo ( 1998 and 2002 ) ; Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 and 2006 ) ; Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose ( 2002 and 2006 ) ; Marcelo and Thiago Silva ( 2014 and 2018 ) . Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All - Star teams by 12 years apart ( 1958 and 1970 ) . Uruguay in 1930 and 1950 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All - Star Team . Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006 , however , the 2006 edition listed 23 players . Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All - Star Team with 7 players each . However , the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall , while the 2006 selection had 23 . 37 different Brazilian players have been named in All - Star teams , Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper . Only two Asian players have been named in All - Star teams , Hong Myung - bo and Yoo Sang - chul of South Korea . Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves . All three players were selected in 2002 . Similarly , only two African players have been named in All - Star teams , Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002 . Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team , Diego Maradona , was selected in that year 's All - Star team . Uniquely , brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998 . Similarly , Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy , in 1962 and 1990 , 1994 respectively . Uniquely , Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona ( 1979 and 1986 ) and Lionel Messi ( 2005 and 2014 ) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship . Goal of the Tournament ( edit ) World Cup Player Scored against Source 2006 Germany Maxi Rodríguez Mexico 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Germany 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez Uruguay 2018 Russia Benjamin Pavard Argentina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team '' . USA Today . 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report , page 222 : Paolo Rossi wins both adidas / France Football World Cup Trophies Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball winners in World Cup history '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cups : Awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions at a Glance '' . FIFA . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Golden Shoe - FIFA World Cup TM Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romario is voted the top player of World Cup ' 94 and winner of the FIFA / adidas Golden Ball award ; Salenko and Stoichkov tie as leading scorers for World Cup USA ' 94 '' . Business Wire. 17 July 1994 . ( FIFA ) has announced Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) and Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) as ( ... ) winners of the prestigious adidas Golden Shoe award ( ... ) who made six goals and one assist each . Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) with 5 goals and 3 assists , will receive a Bronze replica of the Predator ( ... ) Throughout World Cup ' 94 , three points were awarded for each goal scored and one point for each assist leading to a goal , with a maximum of two assists per goal . Assists are only taken into account if two or more players scored the same number of goals . Jump up ^ Bryan , Rebecca ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` Football by the numbers '' . Los Angeles : Agence France Presse . the assist has gained enough ground to earn a place in the calculations for the Golden Boot award , which in every previous World Cup has been awarded solely on the basis of goals scored . Under the formula , players get three points for a goal , and one point for an assist . `` We made a two - point difference because we do not want someone who did not score winning the award , '' a FIFA official said . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Awards -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2014 . p. 177 . TOP GOALSCORERS 1930 - 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report ; Brazil -- Spain 6 : 1 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most World Cup goals '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico : Awards '' . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1994 . p. 82 . In Kenneth Andersson they had one of the most prolific scorers in their ranks - he was jointly awarded the `` Bronze Shoe '' for the third best goal - scorer , together with Brazil 's Romário . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted Best Player at France 98 '' . FIFA.com. 27 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An unforgettable football festival with several winners '' . FIFA.com. 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo handed fourth goal '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards : Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Statistics - Players - Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com . `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award '' . footballdatabase.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pele , Best Young Player Ever '' . newagebd.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/every-winner-world-cups-best-12351397 Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Hyundai Young player award : Paul Pogba '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXI . Special awards and protocol '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 52 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt and Jean Will . A History of the World Cup in 24 Objects ( PDF ) . De Montfort University , Leicester . p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1982 Technical Report , page 222 : `` Sport Billy - the FIFA Fair Play Trophy '' Jump up ^ `` FIFA Award Trophies '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` España campeón , del fair play , en Sudáfrica 2010 '' . Peru.com. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 44 : `` Marketing and Partners '' and p. 49 : `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( Yahoo ! ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match Rules '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Republic win Most Entertaining Team Award '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Users declare Portugal most entertaining team '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/news/newsid=31888/ title = Germany win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brasil2014/news/newsid=31888/ title = Colombia win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All - Star Team -- Football world Cup All Star Team '' . Football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Romario and Baggio Among First All - Star Cast '' . The New York Times . 16 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Elias FIGUEROA - Player Profile - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Technical Study Group designates MasterCard All - Star Team '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 106 : `` MasterCard All - Star Team '' Jump up ^ `` The FIFA TSG nominates 23 players for the MasterCard All - Star squad '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Spaniards dominate Dream Team '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 23 July 2018 ) . `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Bibliography `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1982 . `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2002 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Awards on FIFA website FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 3rd Best Player 1930 : Andrade 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Sárosi 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Walter 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Sánchez 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : Müller 1974 : Deyna 1978 : Dirceu Bronze Ball 1982 : Rummenigge 1986 : Elkjær 1990 : Maradona 1994 : Stoichkov 1998 : Thuram 2002 : Hong Myung - bo 2006 : Pirlo 2010 : Villa 2014 : Robben 2018 : Griezmann Bronze Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove All - Star Team Goalkeeper 1930 : Ballestrero 1934 : Zamora 1938 : Plánička 1950 : Máspoli 1954 : Grosics 1958 : Gregg 1962 : Schrojf 1966 : Banks 1970 : Mazurkiewicz 1974 : Maier 1978 : Fillol 1982 : Zoff 1986 : Pfaff 1990 : Goycochea Yashin Award 1994 : Preud'homme 1998 : Barthez 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Buffon Golden Glove 2010 : Casillas 2014 : Neuer 2018 : Courtois Golden Glove was first awarded in 1994 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_awards&oldid=856428456 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA awards Top sports lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 03 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wins the golden boot in the world cup	[ "The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers, the first time an award was given was in 1982,[6] under the name Golden Shoe.[3] It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010.[7] FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners.[8]\n" ]	[ "the top goalscorer" ]
8459026186367780999	Captain Marvel (film)	Captain Marvel ( film ) - wikipedia Captain Marvel ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film based on the Marvel Comics character . For the film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , see Shazam ! ( film ) . upcoming 2019 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Captain Marvel Directed by Anna Boden Ryan Fleck Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Meg LeFauve Nicole Perlman Geneva Robertson - Dworet Liz Flahive Carly Mensch Anna Boden Ryan Fleck Based on Carol Danvers by Roy Thomas Gene Colan Starring Brie Larson Samuel L. Jackson Ben Mendelsohn Djimon Hounsou Lee Pace Lashana Lynch Gemma Chan Algenis Perez Soto Rune Temte Mckenna Grace Clark Gregg Jude Law Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Elliot Graham Debbie Berman Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Budget $118.6 million ( gross ) $97.8 million ( net ) Captain Marvel is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is intended to be the twenty - first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is written and directed by Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck , with Meg LeFauve , Nicole Perlman , Geneva Robertson - Dworet , Liz Flahive , and Carly Mensch also contributing to the screenplay . Brie Larson stars in the title role , alongside Samuel L. Jackson , Ben Mendelsohn , Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , Lashana Lynch , Gemma Chan , Algenis Perez Soto , Rune Temte , Mckenna Grace , Clark Gregg , and Jude Law . Set in the 1990s , the story follows Danvers as she becomes Captain Marvel after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds . A film based on Carol Danvers has been in development at Marvel Studios since as early as May 2013 . A release date was first set in October 2014 , and Perlman and LeFauve were hired as a writing team the following April after submitting separate takes on the character . Larson 's casting was announced at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International , making it Marvel Studios ' first female - led solo film . Boden and Fleck were brought on board to direct in April 2017 , and Robertson - Dworet soon took over scripting duties , the story of which borrows elements from the 1971 `` Kree -- Skrull War '' comic book storyline . Location filming began in January 2018 , with principal photography beginning that March , taking place in California and Louisiana . By the start of filming , the remainder of the cast was filled out as were the additional screenwriters . Captain Marvel is scheduled to be released in the United States on March 8 , 2019 , in IMAX and 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 References 7 External links Premise Set in the 1990s , Captain Marvel follows Carol Danvers as she turns into one of the galaxy 's mightiest heroes after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds . Cast Brie Larson as Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel : A U.S. Air Force pilot whose DNA is fused with that of an alien during an accident , which imbues her with the powers of superhuman strength , energy projection , and flight . Larson described Danvers as a `` believer in truth and justice '' and a `` bridge between Earth and space . She 's fighting between the flaws that are within her and all this good that she wants to try and spread and make the world a better place . '' Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige stated that Larson was cast because she has the ability to balance the character 's vast powers with her humanity and relatable flaws . Larson was initially hesitant to accept the role , but `` could n't deny the fact that this movie is everything I care about , everything that 's progressive and important and meaningful , and a symbol I wished I would 've had growing up . '' Regarding concern that Larson was too young to portray Danvers , an accomplished airman , initial screenwriter Nicole Perlman consulted with the Air Force , who said it was not out of the realm of possibility for someone `` to go very far '' between the ages of 28 and 34 . Larson visited Nellis Air Force Base and met with active duty airmen , including Brigadier General Jeannie Leavitt and Thunderbirds pilot Major Stephen Del Bagno , to prepare for the role . Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : The head agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury appears without his signature eye patch as the film is set in the 1990s before he loses his eye . Feige stated that the film explores a period of Fury 's life when he has no idea about superheroes and that Carol Danvers is the first superhero that he comes across , elaborating that Fury `` has reached a point in his career where he thought the Cold War is over and the best days are behind him . And when he encounters certain things in this movie , it sets him on a path that leads us to where we are 19 films later . '' Ben Mendelsohn Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree mercenary who works for Ronan . Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree fanatic . Lashana Lynch Gemma Chan as Minn - Erva : A Kree geneticist . Algenis Perez Soto Rune Temte Mckenna Grace Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson : An agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. who works closely with Fury . Gregg stated that Coulson would be younger in the film and `` a bit of a new guy in S.H.I.E.L.D. ... It 's the earliest we will have seen him ( in the MCU ) , so when he says , ' Mr. Stark , this is n't my first rodeo ' in Iron Man , this is maybe the rodeo he 's talking about . '' Jude Law as Mar - Vell / Walter Lawson : Danvers ' mentor , who trains her to use her new powers . Additionally , Robert Kazinsky , Annette Bening , Vik Sahay , and Colin Ford have been cast in undisclosed roles . Production Development By May 2013 , a script for Ms. Marvel , the moniker Carol Danvers used in the comics before she took the mantle Captain Marvel , had been written for Marvel Studios . Producer Louis D'Esposito stated later that year that the studio was interested in a female - driven superhero film , saying that they have plenty of `` strong female characters '' from which to choose and suggested Captain Marvel , Black Widow , Pepper Potts , or Peggy Carter as possible candidates . Kevin Feige , President of Production at Marvel Studios , said that if Marvel was to make a female - led film , he would prefer it to be a new character to the Marvel Cinematic Universe like Captain Marvel , who could receive an origin story . In August 2014 , Feige stated that Black Panther and Captain Marvel were `` both characters that we like , that development work has been done on and is continuing to be done on '' and that the studio is often asked about it by the public , `` more than Iron Man 4 , more than Avengers 3 ... I think that 's something that we have to pay attention to . '' We 've been talking a lot about archetypes and what we want this movie to be about and just how to write a strong female superhero without making it Superman with boobs ... we 'll catch ourselves and say , ' Wait a minute , what are we saying ( here ) about women in power ? ' Then we have to say , ' Why are we getting so hung up on that ? We should just tell the best story and build the best character . ' And then we have this constant back - and - forth about how to tell a story that is compelling , entertaining , moving , kick - ass , and fun , and also be aware of what those larger implications might be . -- Co-screenwriter Nicole Perlman In October 2014 , Feige announced that Captain Marvel would be released on July 6 , 2018 , as part of the studio 's Phase Three slate of films , making it Marvel 's first female - led film . He said the film would be based on the Carol Danvers version of the character and that the film `` has been in the works almost as long as Doctor Strange or Guardians of the Galaxy before it came out , and one of the key things was figuring out what we wanted to do with it . Her adventures are very earthbound , but her powers are based in the cosmic realm . '' Feige added that a writer and director would be announced `` quite soon '' , and female filmmakers were being considered , though he could not promise that Marvel would `` hire from any one demographic '' . In February 2015 , Marvel pushed back the release date to November 2 , 2018 . In early April , Feige revealed that Captain Marvel appeared in an early draft of the Avengers : Age of Ultron screenplay , but was removed as `` it did n't feel like the time . We did n't want to introduce her fully formed flying in a costume before you knew who she was or how she came to be . '' He also said that Marvel would be ready to announce writers for the film `` hopefully in the next week or two '' , and by mid-April , Guardians of the Galaxy co-screenwriter Nicole Perlman and Inside Out co-screenwriter Meg LeFauve were announced to be writing the screenplay . The duo were put together as a writing team after impressing Feige with separate takes on the character , and began work on the film within a month . LeFauve found the character being a female superhero to be both `` wonderful '' and a challenge , particularly because of how powerful the character is which could lead to the `` Superman curse . ' What 's her vulnerability ? ' is what we have to figure out . '' By May , Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay about directing Captain Marvel or Black Panther , which Feige confirmed a month later , saying that he had met with DuVernay amongst a number of other directors and expected a decision to be made by mid - to late 2015 . That September , Feige said that the casting process would not begin until 2016 , as `` we 're scripting the film , figuring out who we want Carol Danvers to be , and really what the structure of the movie will be and what her part will be in some of our other Phase 3 films . '' Producer Jeremy Latcham elaborated that `` getting the character right first is going to lead the charge . We want to make sure we know who it is before we can start figuring out who should play it . '' In October 2015 , Marvel changed the release date once again , moving it back to March 8 , 2019 . Brie Larson promoting Captain Marvel at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International Feige stated in April 2016 that a director would be announced `` in the next month or two '' and that the first cast members would be announced in mid-2016 . He also mentioned that the film would be about Carol Danvers ' journey to become Captain Marvel . The next month , indie filmmaker Emily Carmichael 's name surfaced as a possible contender to direct the film , and by June , Brie Larson emerged as the frontrunner to play Captain Marvel . Larson was confirmed for the role at San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 . Also at Comic - Con , Feige said the search for a director had been narrowed down to `` a short list of 10 '' , and was hoping to be able to announce the choice `` by the end of the summer '' . Perlman revealed in August that the character 's origin story had been changed for the film due to similarities with Green Lantern 's , with Feige expanding by saying , `` I think we have a very cool and unique way of telling '' her story , centered on Danvers finding her limitations and vulnerabilities ; he added that the character would be `` by far the most powerful character '' in the MCU films , and would be a `` very important character in our universe '' . Producer Nate Moore later explained that they sought to break away from the traditional structure of many MCU origin stories , `` which is you meet the character , they have a problem , they get powers at the end of the first act , and the end of the second act they learn about the powers , the third act they probably fight a villain who has a function of the same powers , '' in order to give audiences a new experience . In October 2016 , Feige admitted that the announcement for a director was taking longer than he previously expected , and explained that the studio was now waiting for `` a little more of the story ( to be ) set '' so they could talk to potential directors about it . Once again talking about hiring a female filmmaker to direct the film , Feige said that he did not think it would be a requirement `` to make a great version of Captain Marvel , but it 's something we think is important , '' even if that female filmmaker does not know a lot about the comics , as `` they just have to fall in love with it once they are presented with it . It 's amazing to see all of the filmmakers read through ( the source material ) and know , ' Oh , a female 's writing it now ' '' , speaking in particular to Kelly Sue DeConnick 's run in the comics . Feige expected a director to be announced by the end of 2016 ; however , Perlman and LeFauve turned in a script treatment around December , pushing additional meetings with director candidates into early 2017 . In February 2017 , Perlman stated that despite her and LeFauve being hired almost a year previously , the duo had only recently gotten their `` marching orders '' for the script , stating one of the reasons for the delay was figuring out where the film would fit within the MCU . Perlman also discussed the character 's femininity , feeling that it was important to make sure she is not `` somebody who is a hero in spite of her femininity ... being a woman is part of ( her ) strength . '' The writers were also considerate of tropes that could be diminishing to a female character but not for male characters , `` things you would n't think twice about for Iron Man but you would think twice about for Captain Marvel . '' Pre-production Marvel hired Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck to direct Captain Marvel in April 2017 , after the duo impressed Marvel `` time and time again '' over numerous meetings with their vision for the character , and because of their experience working in both television and film . Feige noted that he and Marvel were impressed with Boden and Fleck 's ability to create character - driven stories in all of their works . He added , `` The stories they 've told have been so diverse , but regardless of the subject matter , they can dive into it and hone in on that character 's journey . '' Ultimately , Feige felt the film `` needs to be about the three - dimensional , multilayered Carol Danvers character . You have to be able to track her and follow her and relate to her at all points of the movie , regardless of how many visual effects and spaceships and bad guys are filling the frame . '' Filming was scheduled to begin in January 2018 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , but Feige was expecting it to not begin until February 2018 . By July 2017 , Samuel L. Jackson was set to appear in the film , reprising his role as Nick Fury . At the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , Feige revealed that the film would take place in the 1990s and the Skrulls would act as the film 's villains , allowing elements from the `` Kree -- Skrull War '' storyline to appear . By setting the film in the 1990s , Feige noted it would allow Danvers to `` be the singular hero , but place it within timing of the MCU . '' In response to this announcement , Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger and the DC Extended Universe film Wonder Woman , as they were also set decades before present day . By setting the film in the 1990s , McMillan felt it would create the question of `` what happened to Captain Marvel to take her off the playing field ahead of the Marvel movies that we 've seen to date ? '' , and noted Danvers ' story might echo the `` Captain America narrative '' , where `` a hero from the past ... disappears from the world before re-emerging '' . Also in July , the California Film Commission awarded a $20.7 million tax credit to the production , going towards the first $100 million spent on qualified in - state expenditures , making California the main filming location for Captain Marvel . D'Esposito called this `` very exciting '' given Marvel Studios ' headquarters and post-production facilities are also in the state , allowing them to streamline the production process for this film and others . Awarding of the tax credit was dependent on filming beginning within 180 days . Geneva Robertson - Dworet was hired by Marvel by mid-August to take over the scripting duties for Captain Marvel after LeFauve left the project to co-direct Gigantic for Disney Animation . Perlman confirmed her departure from the project as well , and said that the story she and LeFauve worked on in earlier drafts would be retained in the final screenplay . Robertson - Dworet described the film as an action - comedy , and likened her script to an initial one she wrote for Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) before that film took a more dramatic tone . She added that it was important to the entire creative team to keep the comedic elements of the film and the `` very funny voice '' of the character , since Danvers `` is one of the funniest comic book characters . She 's so sassy , she 's such a smartass , she wo n't take shit from anyone '' . Robertson - Dworet also credited Boden for helping to shape Danvers ' voice in the film and the desire `` to carve our own path and make sure we were n't retreading the same territory ( after the release of Wonder Woman ) , and showing all facets of what women are capable of . '' Feige added that Captain Marvel would have `` homages to our favorite ' 90s action films '' , such as the action from Terminator 2 , `` cool street level fights , street level car chases , and fun stuff like that '' , since the 1990s action genre was one Marvel Studios had yet to explore . He also stated much of the film would take place in outer space . By October , filming was slated to begin in March 2018 . Feige described the film then as `` a big part of heading towards '' the then untitled Avengers film , set for release after Captain Marvel , and concluding the story being told across the first three phases of the MCU . Ben Mendelsohn entered negotiations to join the film as the main villain , having previously worked with Boden and Fleck on their film Mississippi Grind . They had him in mind for the Captain Marvel villain when they first began working on this film 's story , and once they had met with him about the role , Mendelsohn `` quickly agreed to pursue '' it . By November , Jude Law was in negotiations for the role of Walter Lawson / Mar - Vell in the film . In January 2018 , DeWanda Wise was cast in an undisclosed role , and Mendelsohn and Law were confirmed to have been cast . Filming Location shooting occurred at the end of January 2018 . Set photos taken at that time showed Larson in a green and black uniform instead of the character 's familiar red and blue suit . Feige responded by saying that Marvel accepts the risk of set photos being leaked as a consequence of location shooting , and felt that `` most people are savvy enough to know they 're looking at a behind - the - scenes photo , completely out of context . '' He added that a large amount of scenes in the film would be shot on location . A month later , Gemma Chan joined the cast as Minn - Erva . In mid-March , Wise withdrew from the film due to a scheduling conflict with her television series She 's Gotta Have It . The following day , Lashana Lynch entered into negotiations to replace Wise . By the end of the month , Lynch was confirmed while Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , and Clark Gregg were set to reprise their roles as Korath , Ronan the Accuser , and Phil Coulson , respectively , from earlier MCU films . Algenis Perez Soto , Rune Temte , and Mckenna Grace were also set to star . At the same time , Marvel credited Boden and Fleck and the writing team of Liz Flahive and Carly Mensch with writing the screenplay along with LeFauve , Perlman and Robertson - Dworet . With the inclusion of Korath , Ronan , and Coulson ( characters established and killed in earlier films ) , Richard Newby of The Hollywood Reporter felt the film `` provide ( d ) the MCU with another unique opportunity to strengthen the presence of some characters who may not have lived up to their potential and to give great actors , particularly those who portrayed ill - fated villains , a chance to bring more to their roles than their initial opportunities allowed ... Captain Marvel allows these characters to become more prominent , and while their fates are sealed for now , their pasts and the stories that reside there can entirely change our perception of them . '' Principal photography began on March 19 , 2018 in Los Angeles , under the working title Warbird , with Ben Davis serving as director of photography , marking his fourth time working as cinematographer in the MCU , following Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron and Doctor Strange . A carnival scene , set in 1986 and featuring Danvers and Fury , was filmed later that week at the Jim Hall Racing Club in Oxnard , California . Filming of Captain Marvel in Los Angeles , along with other big - budget films that took advantage of California 's improved tax credit program , helped raise on - location feature film production in the area by 11.7 % in the first quarter of 2018 , compared to the same period in 2017 ; it was the first two - figure increase in production since the fourth quarter of 2015 . Filming at Shaver Lake outside Fresno , California was set to take place in April under the working title Open World , but was pushed back to mid-May . In late April , Feige stated that filming was a little less than halfway completed . The following month , Annette Bening joined the cast in an undisclosed role . Additional filming is scheduled to take place in Baton Rouge , Louisiana and New Orleans . Music In May 2018 , Clark Gregg indicated the film 's soundtrack would include songs from the 1990s . Release Captain Marvel is scheduled to be released in the United States on March 8 , 2019 , in IMAX and 3D . It was originally scheduled for release on July 6 , 2018 , before moving in February 2015 to November 2 , 2018 , to accommodate Spider - Man : Homecoming . In October 2015 , it moved again to accommodate Ant - Man and the Wasp . Marketing In April 2017 , NBC Olympics released a photo of American skier Mikaela Shiffrin wearing a Captain Marvel inspired ski suit in cross-promotion for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Concept art from the film was shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's playing captain marvel in the mcu	[ "Captain Marvel is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the twenty-first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is written and directed by Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck, with Meg LeFauve, Nicole Perlman, Geneva Robertson-Dworet, Liz Flahive, and Carly Mensch also contributing to the screenplay. Brie Larson stars in the title role, alongside Samuel L. Jackson, Ben Mendelsohn, Djimon Hounsou, Lee Pace, Lashana Lynch, Gemma Chan, Algenis Perez Soto, Rune Temte, Mckenna Grace, Clark Gregg, and Jude Law. Set in the 1990s, the story follows Danvers as she becomes Captain Marvel after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds." ]	[ "Brie Larson" ]
-398959475868213042	Central Bank of Nigeria	Central Bank of Nigeria - wikipedia Central Bank of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Central Bank of Nigeria Headquarters Abuja , FCT , Nigeria Established 1958 Governor Godwin Emefiele Central bank of Nigeria Currency Nigerian naira NGN 566 ( ISO 4217 ) Website www.cbn.gov.ng CBN headquarters The Central Bank of Nigeria ( CBN ) was established by the CBN Act of 1958 and commenced operations on July 1 , 1959 . The major regulatory objectives of the bank as stated in the CBN Act are to : maintain the external reserves of the country , promote monetary stability and a sound financial environment , and to act as a banker of last resort and financial adviser to the federal government . The central bank 's role as lender of last resort and adviser to the federal government has sometimes pushed it into murky regulatory waters . After the end of imperial rule the desire of the government to become pro-active in the development of the economy became visible especially after the end of the Nigerian civil war , the bank followed the government 's desire and took a determined effort to supplement any short falls in credit allocations to the real sector . The bank soon became involved in lending directly to consumers , contravening its original intention to work through commercial banks in activities involving consumer lending . However , the policy was an offspring of the indigenisation policy at the time . Nevertheless , the government through the central bank has been actively involved in building the nation 's money and equity centers , forming securities regulatory board and introducing treasury instruments into the capital market . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the CBN 1.1 Authorizing legislation 1.2 Policy implementation and criticism 1.3 Governors 2 Under Charles Chukwuma Soludo 3 Today 4 Advance Fees Fraud ( 419 ) 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of the CBN ( edit ) Authorizing legislation ( edit ) In 1948 , an inquiry under the leadership of G.D Paton was established by the colonial administration to investigate banking practices in Nigeria . Prior to the inquiry , the banking industry was largely uncontrolled . The G.D Paton report , an offshoot of the inquiry became the cornerstone of the first banking legislation in the country : the banking ordinance of 1952 . The ordinance was designed to prevent non viable banks from mushrooming , and to ensure orderly commercial banking . The banking ordinance triggered a rapid growth in the industry , with growth also came disappointment . By 1958 , a few number of banks had failed . To curtail further failures and to prepare for indigenous control , in 1958 , a bill for the establishment of Central Bank of Nigeria was presented to the House of Representatives of Nigeria . The Act was fully implemented on July 1 , 1959 , when the Central Bank of Nigeria came into full operation . In April 1960 , the Bank issued its first treasury bills . In May 1961 the Bank launched the Lagos Bankers Clearing House , which provided licensed banks a framework in which to exchange and clear checks rapidly . By July 1 , 1961 the Bank had completed issuing all denominations of new Nigerian notes and coins and redeemed all of the West African Currency Board 's previous money . Policy implementation and criticism ( edit ) The CBN 's early functions were mainly to act as the government 's agency for the control and supervision of the banking sector , to monitor the balance of payments according to the demands of the federal government and to tailor monetary policy along the demands of the federal budget . The central bank 's initial lack of financial competence over the finance ministry led to deferment of major economic decisions to the finance ministry . A key instrument of the bank was to initiate credit limit legislation for bank lending . The initiative was geared to make credit available to neglected national areas such as agriculture and manufacturing . By the end of 1979 , most of the banks did not adhere to their credit limits and favored a loose interpretation of CBN 's guidelines . The central bank did not effectively curtail the prevalence of short term loan maturities . Most loans given out by commercial banks were usually set within a year . The major policy to balance this distortion in the credit market was to create a new Bank of Commerce and industry , a universal bank . However , the new bank did not fulfill its mission . Another policy of the bank in concert with the intentions of the government was direct involvement in the affairs of the three major expatriate commercial banks in order to forestall any bias against indigenous borrowers and consumers . By 1976 , the federal government had acquired 40 % of equity in the three largest commercial banks . The bank 's slow reaction to curtail inflation by financing huge deficits of the federal government has been one of the sore points in the history of the central bank . Coupled with its failure to control the burgeoning trade arrears in 1983 , the country was left with huge trade debts totaling $6 billion . Governors ( edit ) Governors of the Central Bank since independence : Governor Previous position Term start Term end Roy Pentelow Fenton 24 July 1958 24 July 1963 Aliyu Mai - Bornu Deputy Governor , CBN 25 July 1963 22 June 1967 Clement Nyong Isong Advisor International Monetary Fund 15 August 1967 22 September 1975 Adamu Ciroma 24 September 1975 28 June 1977 Ola Vincent Deputy Governor , CBN 28 June 1977 28 June 1982 Abdulkadir Ahmed Deputy Governor , CBN 28 June 1982 30 September 1993 Paul Agbai Ogwuma CEO , Union Bank of Nigeria 1 October 1993 29 May 1999 Joseph Oladele Sanusi CEO First Bank of Nigeria 29 May 1999 29 May 2004 Charles Chukwuma Soludo Chief Executive , National Planning Commission 29 May 2004 29 May 2009 Sanusi Lamido Aminu Sanusi CEO , First Bank of Nigeria 3 June 2009 20 February 2014 Sarah Alade Deputy Governor , Central Bank of Nigeria 20 February 2014 3 June 2014 Godwin Emefiele Chief Executive Officer , Zenith Bank 3 June 2014 to date Under charles chukwuma soludo ( edit ) The central bank was instrumental in the growth and financial credibility of Nigerian commercial banks by making sure that all the financial banks operating in the country had a capital base ( required reserves ) . This helped to make sure that bank customers just did not bear losses alone , in the event of bank failures . However , this policy led to the failure of some Nigerian commercial banks ; some banks could not meet up with the new capital base requirements , which was 25,000,000,000.00 Naira at the time . Those banks that could not meet the new capital base requirements had to fold up , while some that could not come up with the money on their own , had to merge with other banks in order to raise the money . This policy helped solidify the commercial banks of Nigeria , and made it impossible for individuals or organizations without financial stability to operate a bank in the country . Today Nigeria has one of the most advanced financial sectors in Africa , with most of its commercial banks having branches in other countries . The Central Bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion . It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico . The CBN has ensured all Banks in Nigeria to have a uniform year end . The various commercial bank includes Access Bank Plc , Citibank Nigeria Plc , Diamond Bank Plc , First Bank of Nigeria Plc , Guaranty Trust Bank Plc , Zenith Bank plc , Wema Bank , StanbicIbtc Bank , Fidelity Bank , United Bank for Africa etc . Today ( edit ) Mr. Godwin Emefiele , the former Zenith Bank Plc Chief Executive assumed the mantle as the 11th CBN chief as well as its 10th indigenous governor . Emefiele , who replaced Mallam Sanusi Lamido Sanusi , whose tenure elapsed on June 1 brings to the job over 20 years of banking experience . He has held several strategic positions in his 18 years in the banking industry . Before becoming the Managing Director of Zenith Bank Plc , he had worked in corporate banking , treasury and financial controls . Before that , he was a lecturer in Finance and Insurance at the University of Port Harcourt , as well as his alma mater , University of Nigeria , Nsukka , where he obtained both BSc and MBA degrees in Finance . He is also an alumnus of Executive Education at Stanford University , Harvard University and Wharton Graduate Schools of Business . Emefiele in his maiden press briefing two days after his resumption of office gave a presentation titled `` ENTRENCHING MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND ENGENDERING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA '' . He acknowledged the excellent work that the Bank had done to achieve financial system stability , low inflation , exchange rate stability , an efficient payment system , and a consistent monetary policy in the last couple of years . He maintained that the vision of the Central Bank of Nigeria is to create a people - centered Central Bank by `` delivering price and financial system stability and promoting sustainable economic development '' . Advance fees fraud ( 419 ) ( edit ) See also : Advance - fee scam The name of the Central Bank of Nigeria has been used in a series of so - called ' Nigerian 419 Scams ' . The fraudster sends an e-mail that appears to come from a Central Bank employee to millions of people saying the Bank has found an excess of money , or a debt owing to , a person or persons who have since died , and they wish to export it . The victim submits his own bank account so that the money may be placed therein , however this information is only used to add credibility to the scam , in order to lure the victim in further . Bank details and other personal information is used to create fake certificate or document that are allegedly from the Bank . Contrary to popular belief , the victim 's bank account can not be emptied in this fashion . And , if money was taken from an account , it could be reimbursed as it can be traced Instead , the fraudster will ask the victim to send money via wire transfer services such as Western Union or MoneyGram . A wire transfer sent abroad is untraceable and not reversible . The bank is in no way associated with such scams . See also ( edit ) Central banks and currencies of Africa Nigerian naira Payment system Real - time gross settlement Bank Verification Number Treasury single account Cashless Policy ( Nigeria ) Banking in Nigeria Zero COT Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : History of CBN , retrieved 8 September 2006 from http://www.cenbank.org/AboutCBN Jump up ^ Nigeria Year Book 1962 . Daily Times of Nigeria. 1962 . p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Past And Present Governors '' . Central Bank of Nigeria . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-26270561 Jump up ^ Inclusion , Alliance for Financial . `` Maya Declaration Urges Financial Inclusion for World 's Unbanked Populations '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sanusi 's CBN in Emefiele clothing '' . Punch Newspapers Nigeria . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` My agenda as Nigeria 's Central Bank Governor , By Godwin Emefiele '' . Premium Times Nigeria . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . References ( edit ) E.O. Oloyede , The Bank Customer and Banking Law in Nigeria , Journal of African Law , Vol. 19 , No. 1 / 2 , Spring , 1975 G.O. Nwankwo , Bank Lending in a Developing Economy : The Nigerian Experience , Journal of African Law , Vol. 19 , Spring , 1975 `` Foreign reserves down , bank lending up as economy falters '' , Financial Times , November 29 , 1982 Ugo A. Okoroafor `` Currency Restructuring in the CBN '' , cenbank.org , September 20 , 2012 External links ( edit ) Official site : Central Bank of Nigeria Governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria Roy Pentelow Fenton Aliyu Mai - Bornu Clement Nyong Isong Adamu Ciroma Ola Vincent Abdulkadir Ahmed Paul Agbai Ogwuma Joseph Oladele Sanusi Charles Chukwuma Soludo Sanusi Lamido Sanusi Sarah Alade ( acting from February - June 2014 ) Godwin Emefiele Abuja Districts Central District Garki District Wuse District Maitama District Asokoro District Gwarimpa DIstrict Phase 1 : Central Garki I Wuse I Wuse II Garki II Asokoro Maitama Guzape Phase 2 : Kukwuaba Gudu Durumi Wuye Jabi Utako Mabuchi Jahi Kado Dakibiyu Kaura Duboyi Gaduwa Dutse Katampe Phase 3 : Institution and Research Karmo Gwarimpa Dape Kafe Nbora Galadimawa Dakwo Lokogoma Wumba Idu Industrial Suburban districts : Nyanya Karu Gwagwalada Kubwa Jukwoyi Landmarks Aso Rock Presidential Complex National Assembly Supreme Court Abuja National Mosque Nigerian National Christian Centre Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Zuma Rock Millennium Tower CBN headquarters , NNPC towers Abuja International Conference Centre Nigerian Communications Commission building National Library of Nigeria Castle of Law National Ecumenical Centre of Nigeria Abuja Stadium Ecowas Secretariat Ladi Kwali Pottery Centre National Arbotetum I.B.B. Golf Club Pedam Dam The World Trade Centre Schools University of Abuja Nigerian Turkish Nile University Baze University The African University of Science and Technology Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Central banks Global Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4 Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woods system International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia - Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Nigeria&oldid=801120573 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Companies of Nigeria Central banks Economy of Nigeria Government agencies established in 1958 1958 establishments in Nigeria Banks established in 1958 Banks of Nigeria Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 19 : 55 . About Wikipedia	who is the current government of the central bank of nigeria	[ "Mr. Godwin Emefiele, the former Zenith Bank Plc Chief Executive assumed the mantle as the 11th CBN chief as well as its 10th indigenous governor. Emefiele, who replaced Mallam Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, whose tenure elapsed on June 1 brings to the job over 20 years of banking experience. He has held several strategic positions in his 18 years in the banking industry. Before becoming the Managing Director of Zenith Bank Plc, he had worked in corporate banking, treasury and financial controls. Before that, he was a lecturer in Finance and Insurance at the University of Port Harcourt, as well as his alma mater, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, where he obtained both BSc and MBA degrees in Finance. He is also an alumnus of Executive Education at Stanford University, Harvard University and Wharton Graduate Schools of Business.[6] Emefiele in his maiden press briefing two days after his resumption of office gave a presentation titled “ENTRENCHING MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND ENGENDERING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA”. He acknowledged the excellent work that the Bank had done to achieve financial system stability, low inflation, exchange rate stability, an efficient payment system, and a consistent monetary policy in the last couple of years. He maintained that the vision of the Central Bank of Nigeria is to create a people-centered Central Bank by \"delivering price and financial system stability and promoting sustainable economic development”.[7]" ]	[ "Mr. Godwin Emefiele" ]
-1758792244668780006	Economy of Sri Lanka	Economy of Sri Lanka - Wikipedia Economy of Sri Lanka This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Economy of Sri Lanka Colombo , the financial centre of Sri Lanka Currency Sri Lankan rupee ( LKR ) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organisations SAFTA , WTO , IOR - ARC , BIMSTEC , AIIB Statistics GDP $93.45 Billion / $298.310 billion PPP ( 2018 est . ) GDP growth 3.1 % ( 2017 actual ( 3.2 % in 1Q2018 ) ) GDP per capita US $ 4,310 / US $ 13,847 PPP GDP by sector agriculture : 7.8 % ; industry : 30.5 % ; services : 61.7 % ( 2017 ) Inflation ( CPI ) 7.3 % ( 2017 dec . ) Population below poverty line 6.7 % ( 2012 ) Gini coefficient 36.4 ( 2013 ) Labour force 8.937 million ( 2017 ) Labour force by occupation agriculture : 28.4 % ; industry : 25.7 % ; services : 45.9 % ( December 2016 est . ) Unemployment 4.6 % ( 2017 ) Main industries processing of rubber , tea , coconuts , tobacco and other agricultural commodities ; telecommunications , insurance , banking ; tourism , shipping ; clothing , textiles ; cement , petroleum refining , information technology services , construction Ease - of - doing - business rank 110th ( 2017 ) External Exports $15 billion ( 2018 est . ) Export goods textiles and apparel , tea and spices , rubber manufactures , pharmaceuticals , precious stones , coconut products , fish Main export partners United States 27.3 % United Kingdom 10.2 % Germany 5 % India 5 % Italy 4 % ( 2016 ) Imports $21.14 billion ( 2017 est . ) Import goods petroleum , machinery and transportation equipment , textile fabrics , building materials , mineral products , foodstuffs Main import partners China 22 % India 20 % UAE 6.1 % Singapore 5.9 % Japan 5.4 % ( 2016 ) FDI stock US $1.63 Billion ( 2017 ) Gross external debt ~ $35 billion ( 2016 est . ) or 76 % of GDP ( 2015 est . ) Public finances Revenues $12.64 billion ( 2017 est . ) Expenses $16.66 billion ( 2017 est . ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BB - ( Domestic ) B+ ( Foreign ) B+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : B1 Outlook : Stable Fitch : B+ Outlook : Positive Foreign reserves $8 billion ( 2018 . ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . With an economy worth $93.45 billion $298.310 billion PPP and a per capita GDP of about $4,310 , $13,480 PPP as of 2018 Sri Lanka has mostly had strong growth rates in recent years . The Sri Lankan economy has seen robust annual growth at 6.4 percent over the course of the 2003 - 2012 period , well above its regional peers . In GDP per capita terms , it is ahead of other countries in the South Asian region . Since the end of the three - decade civil war , Sri Lanka has begun focusing on long - term strategic and structural development challenges as it strives to transition to an upper middle income country . The main economic sectors of the country are tourism , tea export , apparel , textile , rice production and other agricultural products . In addition to these economic sectors , overseas employment contributes highly in foreign exchange : 90 % of expatriate Sri Lankans reside in the Middle East . Sri Lanka has met the Millennium Development Goal ( MDG ) target of halving extreme poverty and is on track to meet most of the other MDGs , outperforming other South Asian countries . Sri Lanka experienced a major decline in poverty between 2002 and 2009 -- from 23 percent to 9 percent of the population . Despite this pockets of poverty continue to exist . An estimated 9 percent of Sri Lankans who are no longer classified as poor live within 20 percent of the poverty line and are , thus , vulnerable to shocks which could cause them to fall back into poverty . Sri Lanka has one of the lowest tax - to - GDP ratios in the world , and creating jobs for the bottom 40 % has become a challenge . Sri Lanka also faces a challenges in social inclusion , governance and sustainability . According to government policies and economic reforms stated by Prime Minister and Minister of National Policy and economic affairs Ranil Wickremesinghe , Sri Lanka plans to create a knowledge - based social market economy and an export - oriented economy as well as the Western Region Megapolis a Megapolis in the western province to promote economic growth . The creation of several business and technology development areas island - wide specialised in various sectors , as well as tourism zones are also being planned . Contents 1 Economic history 2 Macro-economic trend 3 Economy 3.1 GDP growth for 2018 and 2019 calendar years 3.2 Inflation by June 2019 3.3 Interest rates - 1 year T bill market rate by June 2019 3.4 Exchange Rate ( ER ) June 2019 4 External sector 4.1 Trade account issues 4.2 Capital account 4.3 Overall balance ( BOP ) 5 Financial institutions 6 Economic infrastructure and resources 6.1 Transportation and roads 6.2 Energy 6.3 Skilled Labor 7 Economic sectors 7.1 Tourism 7.2 Tea industry 7.3 Apparel and textile industry 7.4 Agriculture 7.5 IT industry 7.6 Mining 8 Major companies 9 Global economic relations 9.1 Credit rating and commercial borrowing 9.2 Foreign assistance 9.3 Debt and IMF assistance 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Economic history ( Edit ) Since becoming independent from Britain in February 1948 , the economy of the country has been affected by natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and a number of insurrections , such as the 1971 , the 1987 -- 89 and the 1983 -- 2009 civil war . Between 1977 and 1994 the country came under UNP rule in which under President J.R Jayawardana Sri Lanka began to shift away from a socialist orientation in 1977 . Since then , the government has been deregulating , privatizing , and opening the economy to international competition . In 2001 , Sri Lanka faced bankruptcy , with debt reaching 101 % of GDP . The impending currency crisis was averted after the country reached a hasty ceasefire agreement with the LTTE and brokered substantial foreign loans . After 2004 the UPFA government has concentrated on mass production of goods for domestic consumption such as rice , grain and other agricultural products . however twenty five years of civil war slowed economic growth , diversification and liberalisation , and the political group Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ( JVP ) uprisings , especially the second in the early 1980s , also caused extensive upheavals . Following the quelling of the JVP insurrection , increased privatization , economic reform , and a stress on export - oriented growth helped improve the economic performance , increasing GDP growth to 7 % in 1993 . Economic growth has been uneven in the ensuing years as the economy faced a multitude of global and domestic economic and political challenges . Overall , average annual GDP growth was 5.2 % over 1991 -- 2000 . In 2001 , however , GDP growth was negative 1.4 % -- the first contraction since independence . The economy was hit by a series of global and domestic economic problems and affected by terrorist attacks in Sri Lanka and the United States . The crises also exposed the fundamental policy failures and structural imbalances in the economy and the need for reforms . The year ended in parliamentary elections in December , which saw the election of United National Party to Parliament , while Sri Lanka Freedom Party retained the Presidency . During the short lived peace process from 2002 to 2004 , the economy benefited from lower interest rates , a recovery in domestic demand , increased tourist arrivals , a revival of the stock exchange , and increased foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . In 2002 , the economy experienced a gradual recovery . During this period Sri Lanka has been able to reduce defense expenditures and begin to focus on getting its large , public sector debt under control . In 2002 , economic growth reached 4 % , aided by strong service sector growth . The agricultural sector of the economy staged a partial recovery . Total FDI inflows during 2002 were about $246 million The Mahinda Rajapakse government halted the privatization process and launched several new companies as well as re-nationalising previous state owned enterprises , one of which the courts declared that privatizationis null and void . Some state - owned corporations became overstaffed and less efficient , making huge losses with series of frauds being uncovered in them and neopotism rising . During this time EU revoked GSP plus preferential tariffs from Sri Lanka due to alleged human rights violations , which cost about USD 500 million a year . The resumption of the civil - war in 2005 led to a steep increase defense expenditures . The increased violence and lawlessness also prompted some donor countries to cut back on aid to the country. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . A sharp rise in world petroleum prices combined with economic fallout from the civil war led to inflation that peaked 20 % . However , as the civil war ended in May 2009 the economy started to grow at a higher rate of 8.0 % in the year 2010 and reached 9.1 % in 2012 mostly due to the boom in non-tradable sectors . However the boom did n't last and the GDP growth for 2013 fell to 3.4 % in 2013 and only slightly recovered to 4.5 % in 2014 . In 2016 the government succeeded in lifting an EU ban on Sri Lankan fish products which resulted in fish exports to EU rising by 200 % and in 2017 improving human rights conditions resulted in the European Commission proposing to restore GSP plus facility to Sri Lanka . Sri Lanka 's tax revenues per GDP also increased from 10 % in 2014 which was the lowest in nearly two decades to 12.3 % in 2015 Despite reforms , Sri Lanka was listed among countries with the highest risk for investors by Bloomberg . Macro-economic trend ( Edit ) The chart below summarizes the trend of Sri Lanka 's gross domestic product at market prices . by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Sri Lankan Rupees . Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange 1980 66,167 16.53 Sri Lankan Rupees 1985 162,375 27.20 Sri Lankan Rupees 321,784 40.06 Sri Lankan Rupees 1995 667,772 51.25 Sri Lankan Rupees 2000 1,257,637 77.00 Sri Lankan Rupees 2005 2,363,669 100.52 Sri Lankan Rupees 2016 6,718,000 145.00 Sri Lankan Rupees For purchasing power parity comparisons , the US Dollar is exchanged at 113.4 Sri Lankan Rupees only . In 1977 , Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for market - oriented policies and export - oriented trade . Sri Lanka 's most dynamic industries now are food processing , textiles and apparel , food and beverages , telecommunications , and insurance and banking . By 1996 plantation crops made up only 20 % of exports ( compared with 93 % in 1970 ) , while textiles and garments accounted for 63 % . GDP grew at an annual average rate of 5.5 % throughout the 1990s until a drought and a deteriorating security situation lowered growth to 3.8 % in 1996 . The economy rebounded in 1997 -- 98 with growth of 6.4 % and 4.7 % -- but slowed to 3.7 % in 1999 . For the next round of reforms , the central bank of Sri Lanka recommends that Colombo expand market mechanisms in nonplantation agriculture , dismantle the government 's monopoly on wheat imports , and promote more competition in the financial sector . Pre 2009 there was a continuing cloud over the economy the civil war and fighting between the Government of Sri Lanka and LTTE . However the war ended with a resounding victory for the Sri Lankan Government on 19 May 2009 with the total elimination of LTTE . Economy ( Edit ) Last Updated on 24 June 2018 GDP growth for 2018 and 2019 calendar years ( Edit ) 2018E : 4.5 % , 2019E : 4.8 % Following a real GDP expansion of 3.1 % in 2017 , the economy is however anticipated to be in the `` negative output gap '' territory in 2018E and 2019E ( i.e. below its potential output of 5.25 % - estimated by the IMF ) Global Environment not likely to assist in reducing the Negative Output Gap of Sri Lanka Even though the CBSL tried to adopt a soft monetary policy by early April 2018 to reduce the output gap of the Sri Lankan economy , the chances of the Regulator opting for further policy interest rate cuts seem to be limited at this juncture , given hawkish approach of the FED in the near term ( as there could be a potential capital flight from domestic markets as already seen with the domestic fixed income market 's foreign holding ) . The expected FED rate ( at least more than a couple in 2H2018E ) hikes are anticipated to continue to reduce foreign participation in the domestic fixed income markets as seen during previous rate hikes of the FED . Climatic Change Impact on South Asia to Hinder Agri allied output in the Short to Medium Term Another reason why the Sri Lankan ( real GDP ) output is likely to be low in the near to medium term is low absolute output expected from Agriculture and Agri - allied manufacturing processes . There was a flood in May 2018 ( followed by floods in May 2016 and May 2017 ) , and based on the World Bank 's recent Annual Reports , world climatic change related impact may likely result in annual floods and / or droughts for the South Asian region in the near to medium term ( that includes Sri Lanka ) . Investment Environment and Sustainable Revenue allied Limitations Sri Lanka 's investment to GDP ratio ( average for past five years ) hovers ~ 31 % which is made up of 24 % Private Sector Investment , 5 % Public Investment ( or Government Capex ) and 2 % via Foreign Direct Investment ( FDIs ) . For an economy to reach a sustainable productive capacity ( or real GDP growth rate ) equivalent to 6 % - 7 % , the investment to GDP ratio has to at least increase to the level of ~ 34 % - 35 % , which requires an increase in the said investments level . Given Sri Lanka 's natural savings rate of ~ 23 % - 24 % , private sector investment may continue to remain at 24 % levels at least in the near term . Given Government of Sri Lanka 's ( GoSL ) commitment to contain fiscal deficits in the near term , Public investment in GoSL ' s best case will be at ~ 5 % level in the short to medium term . This leaves room only for one area of focus in the near term , if Sri Lanka needs to increase its potential output level , which is FDIs . For this to improve , few indices like the `` doing business index ( Sri Lanka stood at 111 for 2018 which deteriorated its rank from 85th position during 2014 ) '' , the overall tariff structure & allied reforms and infrastructure project execution pace ( to increase economic efficiency ) play a key role . However , increasing FDI level to 5 % - 6 % in the medium term may require fast pacing the matters mentioned above . From a sustainable revenue point of view , Sri Lanka has continued to perform low , given its declining Export to GDP ratio , which was at 33 % in 2000 , that deteriorated to 15 % in 2014 which has now ( by end of 2017 ) further deteriorated to 12 % , emphasizing the fact that policies by the successive Governments during past few decades have not helped in increasing the country 's sustainable revenue . A classic example for this is , during 1992 , Sri Lanka 's absolute Export Value was on par with countries like Vietnam and Bangladesh ( at US $2 bn ) , which has only grown to a shade below US $12 bn by end of 2017 ( compared to Vietnam 's US $214 bn and Bangladesh 's US $36 bn for 2017 ) Inflation by June 2019 ( Edit ) Head line CCPI and NCPI will hover at 6 % by 30 June 2019 Even though the Government did not adopt the fuel pricing formula , the Government took action to increase domestically controlled Petrol and Diesel prices , that will eventually increase non-financial SOE gains ( which were in the red zone up to 2015 ) in the near term . This reform ( even though , it is a spot action ) and the anticipated adoption of the electricity pricing reform or a similar adjustment to electricity prices by end of September 2018 ( as agreed with IMF 's reform agenda for Sri Lanka ) , may transfer Ceylon Petroleum Corporation - CPC and the Ceylon Electricity Board - CEB ( two of the top three loss making SOEs -- other being Sri Lankan air lines ) in to the green zone ( profits ) , in SOE financials . These changes may however , result in upward inflationary pressures in the short to medium term which will also be further slightly stimulated by supply side shocks anticipated via adverse weather related mishaps in the near term . However , given the tighter monetary approach in the world economy , commodity prices may likely ease at least commencing 2019 , which will eventually help sustain imported inflation to the country . As a result inflation in Sri Lanka could be possibly contained at around 6 % by mid-2019 . Interest rates - 1 year T bill market rate by June 2019 ( Edit ) 12 Month T bill to be at 10 % by 30 June 2019 The CBSL has reduced its T bill holding significantly from April 2017 to date reversing any monetary stimulated inflationary actions . Thus the resultant liquidity levels in the money market broadly reflects natural market conditions compared to the market that was there an year ago , which reflected more realistic banking sector interest rates as of June 2018 . Private sector credit growth declined from high levels of 29 % YoY in July 2016 to 15 % YoY levels in 1Q2018 . One of the main features of this decline includes a significant reduction in the uptake of credit from the Corporates , which is depicted by the declining Prime - Net Interest Margins ( Prime - NIMs ) since September 2016 . Prime - NIMs declined from 5.2 % in Sep 2016 to 2.2 % in May 2018 , which is a 300bps reduction in corporate lending business for the local banking system . However , retail margins in the economy declined only 30bps to 5 % during the same period , which confirms the tilt of credit towards less credit worthy from high credit rated corporates ( pausing possible NPA threats for the banking system in the near term ) . Given the changes taking place in the private credit space ( i.e the retail tilt ) , and provided the CBSL 's recent policy rate cut in April 2018 , credit growth may still continue to move either horizontally ( i.e. at 15 % level ) or continue to reduce slightly given anticipated near term inflationary pressures , as the consumption led borrowings may also tend to decline on account of anticipated reduction in near term disposable income . This will however not add any excessive upward pressures on interest rates ( including 12 month T bill yields ) especially during 2H2018E . As a result 12 month Treasury bill yields may in fact slightly decline from its June 2018 -- > 9.4 % to 9 % levels by end of 2018E . However , given the International Sovereign Bond ( ISB ) bullet payments > US $3 bn p.a. commencing from 2019E may likely add some upward pressure on interest rates , resulting in the 12 month T bill yields rising to at least 10 % by 30 June 2019 . Exchange rate ( ER ) June 2019 ( Edit ) US $ / LKR spot mid-rate anticipated at Rs. 166.1 as at end June 2019 The CBSL became a net purchaser from the Forex market since March 2017 , and thus managed to increase its Gross Official Foreign Reserve to ~ US $10 bn as at mid June 2018 , as a result of its market driven ER strategy . However , given the relatively high elasticity1 of Sri Lanka 's exports ( e.g. Tea , Textile etc . ) and relative high inelasticity1 of Sri Lanka 's imports ( such as crude oil etc . ) , and given near term ISB bullet payment requirements , The LKR is anticipated to depreciate - 4.1 % YoY to Rs. 166.1 / US $ as at end June 2019 1 : Marshall -- Lerner condition applicable to Sri Lanka The author of this segment ( Sanjeewa Fernando ) is a Lecturer at the University of Colombo for Master of Financial Economics External sector ( Edit ) Trade account issues ( Edit ) In the recent past , the Sri Lankan Government has identified some key focal areas to address the external imbalances of the economy , especially with regard to reducing its high trade deficit ( ~ 15 % of GDP for 2012 ) in order to make the economy comply with the Marshall -- Lerner condition . Sri Lanka 's oil import bill accounts for an estimated 27 % of total imports while its pro-growth policies have resulted in an investment goods import component of 24 % of total imports . These inelastic import components have led to Sri Lanka 's Export goods price elasticity + Import goods price elasticity totalling less than 1 , resulting in the country not complying with the Marshall -- Lerner condition . Some of the suggested proposals include : Import substitution of investment goods and consumer goods Tax concessions towards value added exports Negotiating longer credit periods for oil imports Allowing the external value of the currency to be determined by market forces ( with minimal central bank intervention ) . Capital account ( Edit ) Within the capital account , borrowings still account for a significant proportion as opposed to Foreign direct investments . FDIs were estimated at ~ US $800 mn for FY2012 Overall balance ( BOP ) ( edit ) The economy ended with an overall positive balance of US $151 mn for 2012 ( vs. a US $1,061 mn deficit in FY2011 ) ( 3 ) Financial institutions ( Edit ) Central Bank of Sri Lanka Building The Central Bank of Sri Lanka is the monetary authority of Sri Lanka and was established in 1950 . The Central Bank is responsible for the conduct of monetary policy in the country and also has supervisory powers over the financial system . The Colombo Stock Exchange ( CSE ) is the main stock exchange in Sri Lanka . It is one of the most modern exchanges in South Asia , providing a fully automated trading platform . The vision of the CSE is to contribute to the wealth of the nation by creating value through securities . The headquarters of the CSE have been located at the World Trade Center Towers ( 4 ) in Colombo since 1995 and it also has branches across the country in Kandy , Matara , Kurunegala , Negombo and Jaffna . In 2009 , after the 30 years long civil war came to an end , the CSE was the best performing stock exchange in the world . See also : Central Bank of Sri Lanka and Colombo Stock Exchange Economic infrastructure and Resources ( Edit ) Transportation and roads ( Edit ) Main article : Transport in Sri Lanka E03 expressway Most Sri Lankan cities and towns are connected by the Sri Lanka Railways , the state - run railway operator . The Sri Lanka Transport Board is the state - run agency responsible for operating public bus services across the island . The government has launched several highway projects to bolster the economy and national transport system , including the Colombo - Katunayake Expressway , the Colombo - Kandy ( Kadugannawa ) Expressway , the Colombo - Padeniya Expressway and the Outer Circular Highway to ease Colombo 's traffic congestion . The government sponsored Road Development Authority ( RDA ) has been involved in several large - scale projects all over the island in an attempt to improve the road network in Sri Lanka . Sri Lanka 's commercial and economic centres , primarily the capitals of the nine provinces are connected by the `` A-Grade '' roads which are categorically organised and marked . Furthermore , `` B - Grade '' roads , also paved and marked , connect district capitals within provinces . The grand total of A , B and E grade roads are estimated at 12,379.49 km . Energy ( Edit ) Main article : Energy in Sri Lanka A wind farm in Sri Lanka The energy policy is governed by the Ministry of Power and Energy , while the production and retailing of electricity is carried out by the Ceylon Electricity Board . Policy recommendations and planning comes under the oversight of the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka . Energy in Sri Lanka is mostly generated by hydroelectric power stations in the Central Province . Skilled labor ( Edit ) Sri Lanka has a well established education system which has successfully created vast supply of skilled labor . The Sri Lanka 's population has a literacy rate of 92 % , higher than that expected for a third world country ; it has the highest literacy rate in South Asia and overall , one of the highest literacy rates in Asia . Information technology literacy of the urban sector population is also satisfactory at 39.9 percent and people around the country use web based job boards to find skilled employment together with other sources such as news papers and government gazette . In Sri Lanka all persons above age limit 15 years and above of either gender are identified as working age population . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Sri Lanka had an unemployment rate of 4.2 percent and is shown to reduce gradually over the years . Economic sectors ( Edit ) Tourism ( Edit ) Unawatuna Beach Main article : Tourism in Sri Lanka Tourism is one of the main industries in Sri Lanka . Major tourist attractions are focused around the islands famous beaches located in the southern and the eastern parts of the country and ancient heritage sites located in the interior of the country and resorts located in the mountainous regions of the country . Also , due to precious stones such as rubies and sapphires being frequently found and mined in Ratnapura and its surrounding areas , they are a major tourist attraction . The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the past civil war have reduced the tourist arrivals , however the number of tourists visiting have been recently increasing , beginning in early 2008 . March 2008 by 8.6 % and Sri Lanka attracted 1,003,000 tourists in 2012 according to the Central Bank of Sri Lanka 's 2013 roadmap . Tea industry ( Edit ) Ceylon Tea logo Tea estate in the central highlands Main article : Tea industry of Sri Lanka The tea industry , operating under the Ministry of Public Estate Management and Development , is one of the main industries in Sri Lanka . It became the world 's leading exporter in 1995 with a 23 % share of global tea export , higher than Kenya 's 22 % share . The central highlands of the country have a low temperature climate throughout the year and annual rainfall and the humidity levels that are suitable for growing tea . The industry was introduced to the country in 1867 by James Taylor , a British planter who arrived in 1852 . Recently , Sri Lanka has become one of the countries exporting fair trade tea to the UK and other countries . It is believed that such projects could reduce rural poverty . Apparel and textile industry ( Edit ) Main article : Apparel industry of Sri Lanka The apparel industry of the Sri Lanka mainly exports to the United States and Europe . Europe increasingly relies on Sri Lankan textiles due to the high cost of labour in Europe . There are about 900 factories throughout country serving companies such as Victoria 's Secret , Liz Claiborne and Tommy Hilfiger . Agriculture ( Edit ) Main articles : Agriculture in Sri Lanka and Livestock in Sri Lanka The agricultural sector of the country produces mainly rice , coconut and grain , largely for domestic consumption and occasionally for export . The tea industry which has existed since 1867 is not usually regarded as part of the agricultural sector , which is mainly focused on export rather than domestic use in the country . It industry ( Edit ) Main article : Information Technology in Sri Lanka Export revenue of Sri Lankan IT sector is estimated to be USD 720 million in 2013 . Mining ( Edit ) Main article : Gems of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is known for producing a variety of gemstones , including chrysoberyl , corundum , garnet , ruby , spinel , and tourmaline , and is a leading producer of the Ceylon Blue sapphire . The best known areas for gemstone mining in Sri Lanka were Balangoda , Elahera , Kamburupitiya , Moneragala , Okkampitiya , and Ratnapura . In addition Sri Lanka has a variety of industrial minerals , which include ball clay , kaolin , and other clays , calcite , dolomite , feldspar , graphite , limestone , Ilmenite , mica , rutile mineral sands , phosphate rock , quartz , zircon , dolomite and silica sand . Pulmoddai beach sand deposit is the most important non-ferrous mineral reserve in Sri Lanka as well as one of the world 's most richest mineral sand deposits with heavy mineral concentrates of 50 % to 60 % and contain manyminerals including titanium . Sri Lanka is specially for its highly valued and high - purity vein graphite . As of 2014 , graphite was produced at the two largest graphite mines in Sri Lanka , the Bogala and the Kahatagaha Mines . Major investors in graphite mining are Graphite Lanka Ltd. , Bogala Graphite Lanka Plc , Bora Bora Resources Ltd . ( BBR ) of Australia , MRL Corp. Ltd. of Australia , and Saint Jean Carbon Inc. of Canada . Major companies ( Edit ) Sri Lanka has developed several multi-national companies and international brands . The most notable companies include : Apparel MAS Holdings Energy LAUGFS Holdings Hospitality Aitken Spence Tea Dilmah Global economic relations ( Edit ) Exports to the United States , Sri Lanka 's most important market , were valued at $1.8 billion in 2002 , or 38 % of total exports . For many years , the United States has been Sri Lanka 's largest market for garments , receiving more than 63 % of the country 's total garment exports . India is Sri Lanka 's largest supplier , with imports worth $835 million in 2002 . Japan , traditionally Sri Lanka 's largest supplier , was its fourth - largest in 2002 with exports of $355 million . Other important suppliers include Hong Kong , Singapore , Taiwan , and South Korea . The United States is the 10th - largest supplier to Sri Lanka ; US imports amounted to $218 million in 2002 , according to Central Bank trade data . A new port is being built in Hambantota in Southern Sri Lanka , funded by the Chinese government as a part of the Chinese aid to Sri Lanka . This will ease the congestion in Sri Lankan ports , particularly in Colombo . In 2009 , 4456 ships visited Sri Lankan ports . Credit rating and commercial borrowing ( Edit ) Sri Lanka had applied for credit ratings from international agencies in its efforts to apply for loans from international markets in 2005 after the election of Mahinda Rajapakse as president . Standard and Poor 's has rated Sri Lanka a `` B + '' speculative rating , four grades below investment grade . Fitch has rated Sri Lanka with `` BB - '' which is three grades below investment grade . Standard and Poor 's maintains Sri Lanka is constrained by providing widespread subsidies , a bloated public sector , transfers to loss - making state enterprises , and high interest local and international burdens ( 5 ) . Standard and Poor 's estimates public sector debt has reached 95 % of GDP ( 6 ) , in comparison to CIA estimates of 89 % of GDP ( 7 ) . Sri Lanka in mid-2007 sought to borrow $500 million from international markets to shore up the deteriorating exchange rate and reduce pressure on repayment of the domestic debt market ( 8 ) . The head of the opposition UNP , Ranil Wickremasinghe has warned that such intense borrowing is unsustainable and will not repay these loans if elected to power ( 9 ) . Foreign assistance ( Edit ) Sri Lanka is highly dependent on foreign assistance , and several high - profile assistance projects were launched in 2003 . The most significant of these resulted from an aid conference in Tokyo in June 2003 ; pledges at the summit , which included representatives from the International Monetary Fund , World Bank , Asian Development Bank , Japan , the European Union and the United States , totalled $4.5 billion . Debt and IMF assistance ( Edit ) During the past few years , the country 's debt has soared as it was developing its infrastructure to the point of near bankruptcy which required a bailout from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . `` Without an IMF loan , Sri Lanka would have been in a precarious position , '' in May 2016 according to Krystal Tan , an Asia economist at Capital Economics who added , `` foreign exchange reserves only covered around 80 percent of short - term external debt . '' The IMF had agreed to provide a $1.5 billion bailout loan in April 2016 after Sri Lanka provided a set of criteria intended to improve its economy . By the fourth quarter of 2016 the debt was estimated to be $64.9 billion . Additional debt had been incurred in the past by state - owned organizations and this was said to be at least $9.5 billion . Since early 2015 , domestic debt increased by 12 percent and external debt by 25 percent . In late 2016 the World Bank provided US $100 million in financing and the Japan International Cooperation Agency provided a US $100 M loan , both intended to `` provide budget financing and to support reforms in competitiveness , transparency , public sector and fiscal management '' , according to the World Bank . The bank also reported that the country 's government had agreed that there was a need for reforms `` in the areas of fiscal operations , competitiveness and governance '' and if fully implemented , `` these could help the country reach Upper Middle Income status in the medium term '' according to the bank . In November 2016 , the International Monetary Fund reported that it would disburse a higher amount than the US $150 million originally planned , a full US $162.6 million ( SDR 119.894 million ) , to Sri Lanka . The agency 's evaluation was cautiously optimistic about the future : `` While inflation has abated , credit growth remains strong . The central bank indicates its readiness to tighten the monetary policy stance further if inflationary pressures resurge or credit growth persists . The authorities intend to continue building up reserves through outright purchases while allowing for greater exchange rate flexibility . The banking sector is currently well capitalized . Steps are being taken to find a resolution mechanism for the distressed financial institutions . Going forward , there is a need to strengthen the supervisory and regulatory framework , and identify and mitigate vulnerabilities in the financial sector , particularly with regard to non-banks and state - owned banks . '' As part of the debt management program the Sri lankan government carried out several reforms which including the implementation of a new Inland Revenue Act as well as an automatic fuel pricing formula . Tax reforms also increased VAT rates and narrowed exemptions and the third review by the IMF noted that performance was on track regarding fiscal consolidation , revenue mobilization , monetary policy management , and reserves accumulation . In the fourth review in June 2018 the IMF claimed that `` Sri Lanka has made important progress under its Fund - supported program . '' but stressed the need of further progress with revenue - based fiscal consolidation and a prudent monetary policy with sustained efforts to build up international reserves . In 2018 China extended a loan of $1.25 Billion consisting of a below market rate syndicated loan and smaller Panda bond to bailout Sri Lanka . See also ( edit ) List of companies of Sri Lanka Central Bank of Sri Lanka Colombo Stock Exchange References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` IMF economies data - GDP '' . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database , October 2016 '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP growth ( annual % ) '' . Jump up ^ `` IMF economies data - GDP per capita '' . Jump up ^ `` IMF economies data - GDP per capita '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka inflation dips to 7.3 - pct in December 2017 '' . Lanka Business Online . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html Jump up ^ https://www.statista.com/statistics/728520/unemployment-rate-in-sri-lanka/ Jump up ^ `` Ease of Doing Business in Sri Lanka '' . Doingbusiness.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka Export Development Board '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Overview of Education in Sri Lanka '' . Ministry of Higher Education . Jump up ^ `` Explanatory Notes : Sri Lanka Labor Force Survey '' ( PDF ) . Department of Census and Statistics . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka Economy Snapshot '' . Central Bank of Sri Lanka . Jump up ^ Sri Lanka tourism revives slowly , International Herald Tribune Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour guide '' . BBC Sports . 21 November 2003 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gem Mining '' . National Geographic Society . 16 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami region seeks tourism boost '' . CNN . 6 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Aneez , Shihar ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Sri Lanka Jan tourist arrivals up 0.6 pct vs yr ago '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Sirilal , Ranga ( 16 April 2008 ) . `` Sri Lanka March tourist arrivals up 8.6 pct yr / yr '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` TED Case Studies -- Ceylon Tea '' . Washington , D.C. : American University . Jump up ^ `` Steenbergs Organic Fairtrade Pepper and Spice '' . steenbergs.co.uk . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka seeks US free trade '' . BBC News . 8 April 2002 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka -- Agriculture '' . CountryStudies.com . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan IT / BPM Industry -- 2014 Review '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICT / BPO Industry In Sri Lanka '' ( PDF ) . Sri Lanka Business . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Minerals Yearbook - Sri Lanka '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Minerals Yearbook - Sri Lanka '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Industrial Mineral Resources in Sri Lanka Manufacturing of Industrial Minerals '' . Sri Lanka Business . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Minerals Yearbook - Sri Lanka '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Leslie ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Why Sri Lanka 's economic outlook is looking less rosy '' . CNBC . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . While the government is aiming to raise its low revenue collection , partly through an increase in the value - added tax rate ... the country has a spotty record on tax collection . Jump up ^ Shepard , Wade ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` Sri Lanka 's Debt Crisis Is So Bad The Government Does n't Even Know How Much Money It Owes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ' We still do n't know the exact total debt number , ' Sri Lanka 's prime minister admitted to parliament earlier this month . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka Development Update '' . The World Bank . 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . The report emphasizes the importance of adhering to the revenue - led fiscal consolidation path to create fiscal space for increased investment in human and physical capital and the provision of other public goods to sustain growth in the medium term . It also highlights the need for structural reforms to improve competitiveness and governance . Jump up ^ `` IMF Completes First Review of the Extended Arrangement Under the EFF with Sri Lanka and Approves US $162.6 Million Disbursement '' . IMF . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ( IMF ) completed the first review of Sri Lanka 's economic performance under the program supported by a three - year extended arrangement under theExtended Fund Facility ( EFF ) arrangement . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka : Third Review under the Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criterion - Press Release ; Staff Report ; and Statement by the Executive Director for Sri Lanka '' . IMF . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Executive Board Concludes 2018 Article IV Consultation and Completes Fourth Review under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility with Sri Lanka , Approving US $ 252 Million Disbursement '' . IMF . 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External links ( Edit ) The Ignored B.R Shenoy Report Of 1966 Global Economic Prospects : Growth Prospects for South Asia The World Bank , 13 December 2006 World Bank Trade Summary Statistics Sri Lanka 2012 CSE ALL - SHARE CIA Factbook Economy of Sri Lanka at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Company registration in Sri Lanka Information and News South Asian Free Trade Area ( SAFTA ) Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Economy of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=854137478 '' Categories : Economy of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Español Français Galego Ido Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский සිංහල தமிழ் Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 06 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what are the main imports of sri lanka	[ "Economy of Sri Lanka\nColombo, the financial centre of Sri LankaCurrency\nSri Lankan rupee (LKR)Fiscal year\nCalendar yearTrade organisations\nSAFTA, WTO, IOR-ARC, BIMSTEC, AIIBStatisticsGDP\n$93.45 Billion[1] / $298.310 billion PPP (2018 est.)[2]GDP growth\n3.1% (2017 actual [3.2% in 1Q2018])[3]GDP per capita\nUS$ 4,310[4] / US$ 13,847 PPP[5]GDP by sector\nagriculture: 7.8%; industry: 30.5%; services: 61.7% (2017)[6]Inflation (CPI)\n7.3% (2017 dec.)[7]Population below poverty line\n6.7% (2012)[8]Gini coefficient\n36.4 (2013)Labour force\n8.937 million (2017)[6]Labour force by occupation\nagriculture: 28.4%; industry: 25.7%; services: 45.9% (December 2016 est.)[6]Unemployment\n4.6% (2017)[9]Main industries\nprocessing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, constructionEase-of-doing-business rank\n110th (2017)[10]ExternalExports\n$15 billion (2018 est.)[11]Export goods\ntextiles and apparel, tea and spices, rubber manufactures, pharmaceuticals, precious stones, coconut products, fishMain export partners\n United States 27.3% United Kingdom 10.2% Germany 5% India 5% Italy 4% (2016)[12]Imports\n$21.14 billion (2017 est.)[6]Import goods\npetroleum, machinery and transportation equipment, textile fabrics, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffsMain import partners\n China 22% India 20% UAE 6.1% Singapore 5.9% Japan 5.4% (2016)[13]FDI stock\nUS$1.63 Billion (2017)[14]Gross external debt\n~$35 billion (2016 est.) or 76% of GDP (2015 est.)Public financesRevenues\n$12.64 billion (2017 est.)Expenses\n$16.66 billion (2017 est.)Credit rating\nStandard & Poor's:[15]BB- (Domestic)B+ (Foreign)B+ (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable[16]Moody's:[16]B1Outlook: StableFitch:[16]B+Outlook: PositiveForeign reserves\n$8 billion (2018.)[17]\n Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. ", "Economy of Sri Lanka\nColombo, the financial centre of Sri LankaCurrency\nSri Lankan rupee (LKR)Fiscal year\nCalendar yearTrade organisations\nSAFTA, WTO, IOR-ARC, BIMSTEC, AIIBStatisticsGDP\n$93.45 Billion[1] / $298.310 billion PPP (2018 est.)[2]GDP growth\n3.1% (2017 actual [3.2% in 1Q2018])[3]GDP per capita\nUS$ 4,310[4] / US$ 13,847 PPP[5]GDP by sector\nagriculture: 7.8%; industry: 30.5%; services: 61.7% (2017)[6]Inflation (CPI)\n7.3% (2017 dec.)[7]Population below poverty line\n6.7% (2012)[8]Gini coefficient\n36.4 (2013)Labour force\n8.937 million (2017)[6]Labour force by occupation\nagriculture: 28.4%; industry: 25.7%; services: 45.9% (December 2016 est.)[6]Unemployment\n4.6% (2017)[9]Main industries\nprocessing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, constructionEase-of-doing-business rank\n110th (2017)[10]ExternalExports\n$15 billion (2018 est.)[11]Export goods\ntextiles and apparel, tea and spices, rubber manufactures, pharmaceuticals, precious stones, coconut products, fishMain export partners\n United States 27.3% United Kingdom 10.2% Germany 5% India 5% Italy 4% (2016)[12]Imports\n$21.14 billion (2017 est.)[6]Import goods\npetroleum, machinery and transportation equipment, textile fabrics, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffsMain import partners\n China 22% India 20% UAE 6.1% Singapore 5.9% Japan 5.4% (2016)[13]FDI stock\nUS$1.63 Billion (2017)[14]Gross external debt\n~$35 billion (2016 est.) or 76% of GDP (2015 est.)Public financesRevenues\n$12.64 billion (2017 est.)Expenses\n$16.66 billion (2017 est.)Credit rating\nStandard & Poor's:[15]BB- (Domestic)B+ (Foreign)B+ (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable[16]Moody's:[16]B1Outlook: StableFitch:[16]B+Outlook: PositiveForeign reserves\n$8 billion (2018.)[17]\n Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. ", "Economy of Sri Lanka\nColombo, the financial centre of Sri LankaCurrency\nSri Lankan rupee (LKR)Fiscal year\nCalendar yearTrade organisations\nSAFTA, WTO, IOR-ARC, BIMSTEC, AIIBStatisticsGDP\n$93.45 Billion[1] / $298.310 billion PPP (2018 est.)[2]GDP growth\n3.1% (2017 actual [3.2% in 1Q2018])[3]GDP per capita\nUS$ 4,310[4] / US$ 13,847 PPP[5]GDP by sector\nagriculture: 7.8%; industry: 30.5%; services: 61.7% (2017)[6]Inflation (CPI)\n7.3% (2017 dec.)[7]Population below poverty line\n6.7% (2012)[8]Gini coefficient\n36.4 (2013)Labour force\n8.937 million (2017)[6]Labour force by occupation\nagriculture: 28.4%; industry: 25.7%; services: 45.9% (December 2016 est.)[6]Unemployment\n4.6% (2017)[9]Main industries\nprocessing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, constructionEase-of-doing-business rank\n110th (2017)[10]ExternalExports\n$15 billion (2018 est.)[11]Export goods\ntextiles and apparel, tea and spices, rubber manufactures, pharmaceuticals, precious stones, coconut products, fishMain export partners\n United States 27.3% United Kingdom 10.2% Germany 5% India 5% Italy 4% (2016)[12]Imports\n$21.14 billion (2017 est.)[6]Import goods\npetroleum, machinery and transportation equipment, textile fabrics, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffsMain import partners\n China 22% India 20% UAE 6.1% Singapore 5.9% Japan 5.4% (2016)[13]FDI stock\nUS$1.63 Billion (2017)[14]Gross external debt\n~$35 billion (2016 est.) or 76% of GDP (2015 est.)Public financesRevenues\n$12.64 billion (2017 est.)Expenses\n$16.66 billion (2017 est.)Credit rating\nStandard & Poor's:[15]BB- (Domestic)B+ (Foreign)B+ (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable[16]Moody's:[16]B1Outlook: StableFitch:[16]B+Outlook: PositiveForeign reserves\n$8 billion (2018.)[17]\n Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. ", "Economy of Sri Lanka\nColombo, the financial centre of Sri LankaCurrency\nSri Lankan rupee (LKR)Fiscal year\nCalendar yearTrade organisations\nSAFTA, WTO, IOR-ARC, BIMSTEC, AIIBStatisticsGDP\n$93.45 Billion[1] / $298.310 billion PPP (2018 est.)[2]GDP growth\n3.1% (2017 actual [3.2% in 1Q2018])[3]GDP per capita\nUS$ 4,310[4] / US$ 13,847 PPP[5]GDP by sector\nagriculture: 7.8%; industry: 30.5%; services: 61.7% (2017)[6]Inflation (CPI)\n7.3% (2017 dec.)[7]Population below poverty line\n6.7% (2012)[8]Gini coefficient\n36.4 (2013)Labour force\n8.937 million (2017)[6]Labour force by occupation\nagriculture: 28.4%; industry: 25.7%; services: 45.9% (December 2016 est.)[6]Unemployment\n4.6% (2017)[9]Main industries\nprocessing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, constructionEase-of-doing-business rank\n110th (2017)[10]ExternalExports\n$15 billion (2018 est.)[11]Export goods\ntextiles and apparel, tea and spices, rubber manufactures, pharmaceuticals, precious stones, coconut products, fishMain export partners\n United States 27.3% United Kingdom 10.2% Germany 5% India 5% Italy 4% (2016)[12]Imports\n$21.14 billion (2017 est.)[6]Import goods\npetroleum, machinery and transportation equipment, textile fabrics, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffsMain import partners\n China 22% India 20% UAE 6.1% Singapore 5.9% Japan 5.4% (2016)[13]FDI stock\nUS$1.63 Billion (2017)[14]Gross external debt\n~$35 billion (2016 est.) or 76% of GDP (2015 est.)Public financesRevenues\n$12.64 billion (2017 est.)Expenses\n$16.66 billion (2017 est.)Credit rating\nStandard & Poor's:[15]BB- (Domestic)B+ (Foreign)B+ (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable[16]Moody's:[16]B1Outlook: StableFitch:[16]B+Outlook: PositiveForeign reserves\n$8 billion (2018.)[17]\n Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. ", "Economy of Sri Lanka\nColombo, the financial centre of Sri LankaCurrency\nSri Lankan rupee (LKR)Fiscal year\nCalendar yearTrade organisations\nSAFTA, WTO, IOR-ARC, BIMSTEC, AIIBStatisticsGDP\n$93.45 Billion[1] / $298.310 billion PPP (2018 est.)[2]GDP growth\n3.1% (2017 actual [3.2% in 1Q2018])[3]GDP per capita\nUS$ 4,310[4] / US$ 13,847 PPP[5]GDP by sector\nagriculture: 7.8%; industry: 30.5%; services: 61.7% (2017)[6]Inflation (CPI)\n7.3% (2017 dec.)[7]Population below poverty line\n6.7% (2012)[8]Gini coefficient\n36.4 (2013)Labour force\n8.937 million (2017)[6]Labour force by occupation\nagriculture: 28.4%; industry: 25.7%; services: 45.9% (December 2016 est.)[6]Unemployment\n4.6% (2017)[9]Main industries\nprocessing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, constructionEase-of-doing-business rank\n110th (2017)[10]ExternalExports\n$15 billion (2018 est.)[11]Export goods\ntextiles and apparel, tea and spices, rubber manufactures, pharmaceuticals, precious stones, coconut products, fishMain export partners\n United States 27.3% United Kingdom 10.2% Germany 5% India 5% Italy 4% (2016)[12]Imports\n$21.14 billion (2017 est.)[6]Import goods\npetroleum, machinery and transportation equipment, textile fabrics, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffsMain import partners\n China 22% India 20% UAE 6.1% Singapore 5.9% Japan 5.4% (2016)[13]FDI stock\nUS$1.63 Billion (2017)[14]Gross external debt\n~$35 billion (2016 est.) or 76% of GDP (2015 est.)Public financesRevenues\n$12.64 billion (2017 est.)Expenses\n$16.66 billion (2017 est.)Credit rating\nStandard & Poor's:[15]BB- (Domestic)B+ (Foreign)B+ (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable[16]Moody's:[16]B1Outlook: StableFitch:[16]B+Outlook: PositiveForeign reserves\n$8 billion (2018.)[17]\n Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. ", "Economy of Sri Lanka\nColombo, the financial centre of Sri LankaCurrency\nSri Lankan rupee (LKR)Fiscal year\nCalendar yearTrade organisations\nSAFTA, WTO, IOR-ARC, BIMSTEC, AIIBStatisticsGDP\n$93.45 Billion[1] / $298.310 billion PPP (2018 est.)[2]GDP growth\n3.1% (2017 actual [3.2% in 1Q2018])[3]GDP per capita\nUS$ 4,310[4] / US$ 13,847 PPP[5]GDP by sector\nagriculture: 7.8%; industry: 30.5%; services: 61.7% (2017)[6]Inflation (CPI)\n7.3% (2017 dec.)[7]Population below poverty line\n6.7% (2012)[8]Gini coefficient\n36.4 (2013)Labour force\n8.937 million (2017)[6]Labour force by occupation\nagriculture: 28.4%; industry: 25.7%; services: 45.9% (December 2016 est.)[6]Unemployment\n4.6% (2017)[9]Main industries\nprocessing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, constructionEase-of-doing-business rank\n110th (2017)[10]ExternalExports\n$15 billion (2018 est.)[11]Export goods\ntextiles and apparel, tea and spices, rubber manufactures, pharmaceuticals, precious stones, coconut products, fishMain export partners\n United States 27.3% United Kingdom 10.2% Germany 5% India 5% Italy 4% (2016)[12]Imports\n$21.14 billion (2017 est.)[6]Import goods\npetroleum, machinery and transportation equipment, textile fabrics, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffsMain import partners\n China 22% India 20% UAE 6.1% Singapore 5.9% Japan 5.4% (2016)[13]FDI stock\nUS$1.63 Billion (2017)[14]Gross external debt\n~$35 billion (2016 est.) or 76% of GDP (2015 est.)Public financesRevenues\n$12.64 billion (2017 est.)Expenses\n$16.66 billion (2017 est.)Credit rating\nStandard & Poor's:[15]BB- (Domestic)B+ (Foreign)B+ (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable[16]Moody's:[16]B1Outlook: StableFitch:[16]B+Outlook: PositiveForeign reserves\n$8 billion (2018.)[17]\n Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. " ]	[ "petroleum", "machinery and transportation equipment", "textile fabrics", "building materials", "mineral products", "foodstuffs" ]
1156649820323746862	Commemoration Day	Commemoration Day - Wikipedia Commemoration Day Jump to : navigation , search Martyrs ' Day Observed by United Arab Emirates Type National holiday Significance Marked annually from 2015 , remembering fallen soldiers Date 30 November Next time 30 November 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 30 ) Frequency annual Commemoration Day or Martyrs ' Day ( Arabic : يوم الشهيد yawm ash - shahiid ) is marked annually on November 30 in the United Arab Emirates , recognising the sacrifices and dedication of Emirati martyrs who have given their life in the UAE and abroad in the field of civil , military and humanitarian service . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Martyrs timeline 2.1 `` Operation Restoring Hope '' in Yemen 3 Observance 4 Tributes dedicating the Martyrs 5 References History ( edit ) The first Emirati soldier to die in the line of duty was Salem Suhail bin Khamis , on November 30 , 1971 , during the `` battle of the Greater Tunb '' against Iranian forces shortly before the UAE 's formation . Bin Khamis led a six - member police force on Greater Tunb , invaded by Iran on the eve of Federation . He refused to lower the flag of Ras Al Khaimah , and the invaders killed him for his defiance . On August 19 , 2015 , it was announced that 30 November would be observed as Martyrs Day . Martyrs timeline ( edit ) The soldiers who fell during the First Gulf War ( 1990 - 1991 ) while liberating Kuwait will also be remembered along with martyrs such as Saif Ghubash , the government minister who was assassinated in 1977 , and Khalifa Al Mubarak , an Emirati ambassador who was assassinated in 1984 . Others who have died in the line of duty will always be honoured . `` Operation Restoring Hope '' in Yemen ( edit ) UAE armed forces joined `` Operation Restoring Hope '' under the Saudi Arabia - led Arab alliance in 2015 to support the Aden - based government recognized by the Gulf states . The number of UAE soldiers martyred in Yemen rose to 45 . The UAE government announced a three - day mourning period from September 5 , 2015 , with flags to be flown at half - mast . Observance ( edit ) Commemorative and national ceremonies and events will be organised nationwide on November 30 . All state institutions , nationals and non-nationals will be engaged to promote , mark and remember the values of sacrifice , dedication and loyalty , of the UAE citizens who sacrificed their lives in battles of heroism , dedication and national duty . The holiday will honour the heroes with nationwide remembrance to those who gave their souls for their homeland . Tributes dedicating the Martyrs ( edit ) Commemorating the UAE 's fallen heroes on November 30 every year from 2015 will be a tribute to UAE 's heroes . Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi , the Ruler of Sharjah , ordered that a square be dedicated in honour of the servicemen . Building of a monument is proposed to honour those who died in the line of duty is to be inaugurated on Martyrs ' Day . Sharjah will be installing a martyrs ' monument on Maliha Road , near the Sharjah Centre for Space and Astronomy , and a road in Sharjah University City will be renamed Martyr 's Road . A martyrs ' square and memorial will be built in Al Alam Park in Ajman . The road linking the emirates of Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah , has been renamed as ' Martyrs Street ' or ' Shuhada Street ' in Arabic , in memory of the martyrs as a tribute . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Martyrs ' Day holiday announced in UAE '' . GulfNews. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martyrs ' Day a source of pride for mothers UAE 's of fallen soldiers '' . thenational.ae. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UAE announces Martyr 's day , but why November 30 ? '' . Al Arabiya News Middle East english.alarabiya.net. 20 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martyrs ' Day a fitting tribute to UAE 's heroes '' . thenational.ae. 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3 days of mourning declared in UAE for martyrs in Yemen '' . GulfNews.com. 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Khalifa declares Martyr 's Day ; November 30 to be public holiday '' . emirates247.ae. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Square in Sharjah to be dedicated to the UAE 's fallen soldiers '' . thenational.ae. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Martyrs Street ' launched between Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah '' . emirates247.com. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . United Arab Emirates articles History Prehistory Umm an - Nar Culture Advent of Islam Portuguese control Trucial Sheikhs British era Pearling industry The beginning of the oil era Border disputes Sheikh Zayed and the Union Independence Federation of Emirates Post-independence Trucial States Death of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Geography Border disputes Cities Climate Environmental concerns Resources and land use Towns and villages Politics Elections 2006 parliamentary Emirates rulers Federal National Council Federal Supreme Council Foreign aid Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Legal system Military President Prime Minister Economy Central Bank Dirham ( currency ) Taxation Tourism attractions hotels resorts Dubai Stock exchange Telecommunications companies regulation Internet domain Transport airlines airports water - based Society Crime Demographics Education Emiratis Diaspora list Expatriates Health Language Women Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Literature and poetry writers Media Dubai radio and TV channels Music Religion Sunni Muslim Shi'a Muslim Sport camel racing Thawb ( garment ) Symbols Animal Anthem Bird Coat of arms Flag Flower Garment Sport Tree Outline Index Portal This United Arab Emirates - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . martyrs day signifies the sacrifies importance acourage and patriotism of the emarati soldiers of the UAE . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commemoration_Day&oldid=825473033 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United Arab Emirates November observances Recurring events established in 2015 Events in the United Arab Emirates Emirati nationalism 2015 establishments in the United Arab Emirates Autumn events in the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates stubs Hidden categories : Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 16 : 23 . About Wikipedia	what is the importance of november 30 in uae	[ "Commemoration Day or Martyrs' Day (Arabic: يوم الشهيد yawm ash-shahiid) is marked annually on November 30 in the United Arab Emirates, recognising the sacrifices and dedication of Emirati martyrs who have given their life in the UAE and abroad in the field of civil, military and humanitarian service.[1]" ]	[ "recognising the sacrifices and dedication of Emirati martyrs who have given their life in the UAE and abroad in the field of civil, military and humanitarian service" ]
-3225324984946009452	Old Course Hotel	Old Course hotel - Wikipedia Old Course hotel Jump to : navigation , search The Old Course Hotel The Old Course Hotel is a five - star hotel in St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . The hotel borders the Road Hole of the Old Course , and has 144 rooms , including 35 suites . It was built in 1968 . It is operated by Destination Kohler , a subsidiary of the American Kohler Company . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trend , Nick . `` Old Course Hotel , St Andrew 's : hotel review '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Graham Metcalfe , Malcolm Laurie . `` The Old Course Hotel in St Andrews '' . Luxury Scotland . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Leading Hotels of the World in Europe Austria Thurnher 's Alpenhof Hotel Sacher Salzburg Grand Hotel Wien Hotel Sacher Wien Kempinski Hotel Das Tirol Belgium Rocco Forte Hotel Amigo Bulgaria Kempinski Hotel Grand Arena Croatia Falkensteiner Hotel & Spa Iadera Cyprus Amathus Beach Hotel Limassol Amathus Beach Hotel Paphos Czech Republic Hotel Le Palais Prague Carlsbad Plaza Hotel Rocco Forte Augustine Hotel Estonia Schlössle Hotel France Byblos Saint - Tropez Château Hôtel de la Messardière Grand Hotel Barriere Grand Hotel de Bordeaux & Spa Grand - Hôtel du Cap - Ferrat Hôtel de Charme Les Airelles Hôtel de Crillon Hotel du Palais Hôtel Fouquet 's Barrière Hotel Lancaster Hotel Le Bristol Hôtel Majestic Barrière Hôtel Martinez Hotel Negresco Hotel Raphael Paris Hôtel Ritz Paris Hotel Royal La Mirande La Réserve de Beaulieu & Spa La Résidence de la Pinède Le Maquis Royal Barrière Deauville Royal Riviera Germany Alma Berlin - Schlosshotel im Grunewald Althoff Hotel am Schlossgarten Brenners Park -- Hotel & Spa Colombi Hotel Excelsior Hotel Ernst Grand Hotel Heiligendamm Grandhotel Schloss Bensberg Hotel Adlon Kempinski Hotel Hessischer Hof Hotel Königshof Hotel Louis C. Jacob , Hamburg Hotel Nassauer Hof Hotel Palace Berlin Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten ( Hamburg ) Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten ( Munich ) Kameha Grand Bonn Park Hotel Bremen Rocco Forte Hotel de Rome Rocco Forte The Charles Hotel Rocco Forte Villa Kennedy Schloss Elmau - Luxury Spa & Cultural Hideaway Schlosshotel Hugenpoet Seehotel Überfahrt Villa Rothschild Kempinski Greece Amphitryon Hotel Danai Beach Resort & Villas Divani Apollon Palace & Spa Divani Caravel Hotel Elounda Bay Palace Elounda Beach Hotel & Villas Grand Resort Lagonissi Katikies Hotel King George Palace Mandola Rosa Suites & Villas Myconian Imperial Thalasso & Spa Royal Myconian Thalasso & Spa Hungary Kempinski Corvinus Budapest Ireland Adare Manor Hotel & Golf Resort Ashford Castle Killarney Park Hotel The Merrion The Westbury Hotel Italy Aldrovandi Villa Borghese Alpenroyal Grand Hotel - Gourmet & Spa Bagni di Pisa Palace & Spa Bauer Il Palazzo Bauer L'Hotel Bauer Palladio Hotel & Spa Borgo Egnazia Hotel & Villas Byblos Art Hotel Villa Amista Capri Palace Hotel & Spa Carlton Hotel Baglioni Milan Castel Monastero Castello del Nero Hotel & Spa Cristallo Hotel Spa & Golf Fonteverde Tuscan Resort & Spa Grand Hotel Continental Grand Hotel et de Milan Grand Hotel Excelsior Vittoria Grand Hotel Majestic - 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Luxembourg Monaco Hôtel de Paris Monte - Carlo Hôtel Hermitage Hotel Metropole , Monte Carlo Netherlands De L'Europe Amsterdam Hotel Okura Amsterdam Norway Hotel Continental Portugal The Albatroz Seafront Hotel Bairro Alto Hotel Grande Real Villa Italia Hotel & Spa Hotel Quinta do Lago Olissippo Lapa Palace Pestana Palace Porto Palacio Congress Hotel & Spa Reid 's Palace Vidago Palace Vila Vita Parc Resort & Spa Russia Barvikha Hotel & Spa Grand Hotel Europe Hotel Baltschug Kempinski Moscow Lotte Hotel Moscow Rocco Forte Hotel Astoria The Taleon Imperial Hotel Serbia Square Nine Hotel Belgrade Slovakia Arcadia Hotel Bratislava Spain Alva Park Costa Brava Barcelo La Bobadilla El Palace Barcelona Gran Hotel Bahía del Duque Resort Gran Hotel La Florida Gran Meliá Fénix Hostal de la Gavina Hotel Botánico & The Oriental Spa Garden Hotel Casa Fuster Hotel Hesperia Madrid Hotel La Perla Hotel Las Arenas Balneario Resort Hotel Puente Romano Ritz Hotel , Madrid Hotel Villa Magna Kempinski Hotel Bahía Estepona Belmond La Residencia Marbella Club Hotel , Golf Resort & Spa Seaside Grand Hotel Residencia Silken Gran Hotel Domine Bilbao Sweden Grand Hôtel Stockholm Switzerland Badrutt 's Palace Hotel Baur au Lac Beau Rivage , Geneve Beau - Rivage Palace Bellevue Palace Carlton Hotel St. Moritz Chalet RoyAlp Hotel & Spa The Dolder Grand Montreux Palace Hotel Les Trois Rois Grand Hotel Park Grand Resort Bad Ragaz Gstaad Palace Hotel d'Angleterre , Geneva Hotel des Trois Couronnes & Puressens Destination SPA Hotel Eden Roc Hotel Guarda Golf Hotel Splendide Royal Kulm Hotel St. Moritz La Réserve Genève Hotel & Spa Lausanne Palace LeCrans Hotel & Spa Le Mirador Kempinski Lake Geneva Mont Cervin Palace Palace Hotel Luzern Riffelalp Resort 2222m Suvretta House Tschuggen Grand Hotel Victoria - Jungfrau Grand Hotel & Spa Waldhaus Grand Resort & Spa Widder Hotel Turkey Ciragan Palace Kempinski Istanbul Swissôtel The Bosphorus , Istanbul Ukraine Donbass Palace Hotel Opera Hotel United Kingdom England Baglioni Hotel The Grove Landmark London The Langham , London The Milestone Hotel One Aldwych The Ritz , London Rocco Forte Brown 's Hotel Rocco Forte Lowry Hotel Scotland The Gleneagles Hotel Old Course Hotel , Golf Resort & Spa Rocco Forte Balmoral Hotel The Scotsman Hotel Kohler Company Divisions Kohler Company Kohler Kitchen & Bath Kohler Interiors Kohler Engines Kohler Mira Ltd Residential Review Committee Destination Kohler American Club Whistling Straits Blackwolf Run Riverbend Kohler Design Center Old Course Hotel Waelderhaus Kohler Stables Related Village Realty & Development John Michael Kohler Arts Center Kohler Foundation Village of Kohler Noble Flaire Events PGA Championship 2015 U.S. Women 's Open 2012 1998 U.S. Senior Open 2007 Kohler strikes 1934 1954 2015 People David Kohler ( President & CEO ) Herbert Kohler Jr. ( Chairman ) John Michael Kohler ( Founder ) Kohler Family Walter J. Kohler Sr. ( son ) Marie Christine Kohler ( daughter ) Walter J. Kohler Jr. ( grandson ) Terry Kohler ( great - grandson ) Marie Kohler ( great - granddaughter ) Coordinates : 56 ° 20 ′ 40 '' N 2 ° 48 ′ 42 '' W / 56.34444 ° N 2.81167 ° W / 56.34444 ; - 2.81167 This article about a Scottish building or structure is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a hotel or resort is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Course_Hotel&oldid=800134142 '' Categories : Residential buildings completed in 1968 Hotels in Scotland Kohler Company St Andrews Scottish building and structure stubs Hotel stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 18 : 08 . 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-800949418318988151	Like Toy Soldiers	Like Toy Soldiers - wikipedia Like Toy Soldiers Jump to : navigation , search `` Like Toy Soldiers '' Single by Eminem from the album Encore Released January 24 , 2005 Format CD digital download Recorded Genre Conscious hip hop Length 4 : 56 Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eminem Luis Resto M. Dawson M.J. Margules Producer ( s ) Eminem Luis Resto ( add . ) Eminem singles chronology `` Encore / Curtains Down '' ( 2004 ) `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( 2005 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 2005 ) `` Encore / Curtains Down '' ( 2004 ) `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( 2005 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 2005 ) Music video `` Like Toy Soldiers '' on YouTube `` Like Toy Soldiers '' is a song by American rapper Eminem , from his fifth album Encore ( 2004 ) . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' received positive reviews from music critics , and peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Outside the United States , `` Like Toy Soldiers '' topped the charts in the United Kingdom and peaked within the top 10 of the charts in 12 countries , including Australia and New Zealand . The song samples `` Toy Soldiers '' by Martika . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) `` Like Toy Soldiers '' tells the story of Eminem 's attempts to calm a violent community of rappers . Eminem speaks openly about problems with The Source magazine and its editor Benzino , as well as the situation between 50 Cent and Ja Rule and his label Murder Inc. , which Eminem felt went far beyond the Jay Z vs. Nas feud . The song finishes as Eminem offers a truce to his enemies . In addition , this song also reveals that Eminem had tried to stop Ja Rule & 50 Cent 's feud , but lost it when he heard Ja Rule making fun of his daughter on a track called `` Loose Change '' - ( `` The Ja Shit , I tried to squash it , It was too late to stop it , There 's a certain line you just do n't cross and he crossed it , I heard him say Hailie 's name on a song and I just lost it '' ) . In the song `` Loose Change '' , Ja Rule says Eminem claims his then ex-wife is `` a known slut '' and his mother `` a crackhead '' , and then asks him `` so what 's Hailie gon na be when she grows up ? '' . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' was later included on Eminem 's compilation album Curtain Call : The Hits in 2005 . Throughout his career , Eminem , at most , only alludes to Suge Knight , completing a line in this song , `` my intentions were good , I went through my whole career without ever mentioning - . '' Styles P used the instrumental version in his song `` Soldiers Song '' , in 2005 . As a result of this song , Eminem refused to get himself involved in some of 50 Cent 's later feuds , including Jadakiss , Fat Joe ( both of whom he collaborated with in 2004 ) , and The Game . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic highlighted the song . A positive overview came from J - 23 : `` '' Like Toy Soldiers '' is among his best work here , from his production ( complete with Martika sample ) , to his gripping recount , assessment and conclusion of the Benzino and Murder Inc beefs . '' Pitchfork was also positive , calling it : a public hand - wringing over the feuds that Em and 50 Cent have been drawn into , the consequences of these battles , and -- most importantly -- the toll they 've taken , both physically and emotionally . The martial beat is a bit heavy - handed , but it 's counterbalanced by the pleasantly surprising chorus ' sample of Martika 's `` Toy Soldiers '' , perhaps a nod to either Kanye 's helium - vocaled samples or the 00s trend toward trance - pop covers of 80s hits . NME wrote a favorable review : ' Like Toy Soldiers ' is a case in point . The best track of this album , and probably any album this year , it should be appalling . It interpolates ( by which we mean ' steals ' ) the chorus to a long - forgotten ' 80s power ballad by Martika , which would be a surefire route to disaster in anyone else 's hands . Instead , with its martial drumbeat , unashamedly vast - scale soft rock dynamics and that similarly monolithic chorus , it is perhaps hip - hop 's first genuine lighters - in - the - air stadium anthem . And yet it 's probably the most personal track on the album ... as Em tries to draw a line under the various beefs he and his cohorts have been embroiled in . `` Even though the battle was won / I feel like we lost it / I spent ( so much energy ) on it / Honestly I 'm exhausted '' , he admits . If the sheer volume and widescreen sweep of ' Like Toy Soldiers ' is a cover for this exhaustion , then it sure works . Rolling Stone Magazine described : `` it 's really mature , as when the Martika - sampling `` Like Toy Soldiers '' renounces battle rhyming and its deadly consequences . '' USA Today noted : `` A military drumbeat drives Like Toy Soldiers , in which Eminem offers an explanation for his beef with the Murder Inc. rap clique , The Source magazine and its rapper / owner Benzino , and his part in a dispute between 50 Cent and Ja Rule . He seems to wish none of it had ever happened , and he 's ready to move on . '' RapReviews was less positive : `` Continuing to wring out sympathy from his tear - soaked towel of a life , Eminem doubles - up with `` Like Toy Soldiers , '' another self - produced , self - sorry introspection on the Slim Shady saga . '' The Guardian was happy of sampling : `` Like Toy Soldiers , about Ja Rule and Benzino , is similarly brilliant . Set to the album 's one genuinely fantastic backing track , involving a military drumbeat and a sample from Martika 's forgotten 1980s hit Toy Soldiers , its lyrics switch from truce - calling to belligerent indignation and back again , often in the space of one line . '' The New York Times described : `` ( Like ) Toy Soldiers , '' scheduled to be the next single , recycles the 1980s pop hit by Martika so that Eminem can rehash his beefs with Ja Rule and the Source . But the vitriol is mainly gone , and he sounds sad and clear - eyed , ending the rhyme by proposing a truce : `` It 's not a plea that I 'm coppin ' / I 'm just willing to be the bigger man / If y'all can ( quiet ) poppin ' / Off at the jaws ( with the knockin ' ) , / ' Cause frankly I 'm sick of talkin ' / I 'm not gon na let someone else 's coffin / Rest on my conscience . '' Stylus Magazine , however , is a bit negative : `` perhaps you do n't mind that Em ruins maybe the best musical moment on the record , the Martika interpolation of `` Like Toy Soldiers '' , just so he can recapitulate ad nauseum ( sic ) the details of his pitiful n - word controversy ( and somehow indirectly blame Afrocentrism for his youthful idiocy ) . '' Entertainment Weekly was very critical of the song : `` Instead of addressing other matters that extend beyond his immediate universe , he wastes time attacking his sworn enemies at The Source ( in both ' Like Toy Soldiers ' and ' Yellow Brick Road ' ) . '' The Boston Phoenix called it a `` self - knowing anti-anthem '' . SPIN , however , seemed to put the song in a different light : `` On ' Like Toy Soldiers , ' over a stirring , ' Jesus Walks ' - style loop of Martika 's doleful ' 80s hit , Eminem brings light , not heat , to a couple years ' worth of beefs , from 50 Cent 's feud with the Murder Inc. crew to Em 's conflict with rapper Benzino and The Source 's edit staff , stating his case while resisting the urge to pour gas on any fires . '' Music video ( edit ) Released on December 3 , 2004 , the song 's video starts with two young boys , one who is white and one who is black , reading a book called `` Toy Soldiers , '' which contains the lyrics of this song . It begins at the hospital where Eminem and other rappers are watching , in despair , the doctors trying to save D12 member Bugz ( played by fellow D12 member Proof ) , who was killed in 1999 . Eminem is then seen in a series of scenes rapping the song in a deserted alleyway , before the video goes through a series of scenes showing the various feuds mentioned in the song . They include seeing the news , rappers battling in studios , and street encounters . Near the end , Eminem stands shocked seeing the shooting of Bugz . It switches back to the hospital , where Bugz dies , and finishes at his funeral , which has a choir in which the black child and the white child from when Martika starts to sing . Cameo appearances in the video include 50 Cent , Luis Resto , Dr. Dre , Obie Trice , and D12 . Dead rappers include Tupac Shakur , The Notorious B.I.G. , Big L , and Bugz are also shown in animation form at the end of the music video to show the fatal consequences of rap wars . In a case of life imitating art , Proof himself was shot and killed on April 11 , 2006 after an altercation broke out at a nightclub in Detroit , Michigan . `` In the year after he ( Proof ) died , I would stare at the ceiling and think about that video ( Like Toy Soldiers ) . Did karma cause that to happen in real life ? Did I ? You always want to point the finger at somebody else when something like that happens , you know ? '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Just Lose It '' ( DJ Green Lantern Remix ) 3 : 30 Total length : 8 : 26 Digital EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Rabbit Run '' ( Soundtrack Version ) 3 : 10 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 43 Total length : 12 : 09 UK CD1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Rabbit Run '' ( Soundtrack Version ) 3 : 10 Total length : 8 : 06 UK CD2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Rabbit Run '' ( Soundtrack Version ) 3 : 10 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 43 4 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Music Video ) 4 : 56 Total length : 17 : 05 UK DVD No . Title Length 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Music Video ) 4 : 56 4 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Making of the Video ) 3 : 00 Total length : 7 : 56 German CD Single No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Just Lose It '' ( DJ Green Lantern Remix ) 3 : 10 3 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 43 4 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' ( Music Video ) 4 : 56 Total length : 17 : 25 UK CD2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Like Toy Soldiers '' 4 : 56 2 . `` Just Lose It '' ( DJ Green Lantern Remix ) 3 : 30 Total length : 8 : 26 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 18 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Eurochart Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 8 Hungary ( Mahasz ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 34 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 24 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 64 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 24 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of European number - one hits of 2005 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Like Toy Soldiers by Eminem Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( 2003 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Ja Rule Calls 50 ' Loose Change , ' Disses ' Feminem ' And Dr. Dre '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Encore - Eminem Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ J - 23 ( 2004 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Eminem - Encore '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Scott Plagenhoef ( 2004 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Eminem : Encore Album Reviews '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pete Cashmore ( 2005 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Eminem : Encore '' . NME . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Robert Christgau ( 2004 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Encore Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 2004 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Eminem 's edgy ' Encore ' deserves an ovation '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Corne , James ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Eminem : : Encore : : Shady / Aftermath / Interscope '' . RapReviews . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Alexis Petridis ( November 12 , 2004 ) . `` CD : Eminem , Encore Music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sanneh , Kelefa ( 2004 - 11 - 15 ) . `` All the Time in the World , Slim Shady ? That 's Scary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Love , Josh ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Eminem - Encore - Review '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Encore '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 793 ) : 80 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Soults , Franklin ( November 26 , 2004 ) . `` Eminem : Encore '' . The Boston Phoenix . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pappademas , Alex ( January 2005 ) . `` Good - bye , Yellow Brick Road '' . SPIN : 95 -- 96 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mathers , Marshall . The way I am . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Like Toy Soldiers - Single by Eminem '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2005 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Like Toy Soldiers - EP by Eminem '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2005 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( CD 2 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( CD 1 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Eminem : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Like Toy Soldiers ( Pock It ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in French ) . ultratop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : European Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in French ) . lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Eminem / Single '' ( in German ) . musicline.de . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ -- Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége '' ( in Hungarian ) . mahasz.hu . Mahasz . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Eminem '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . italiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 6 , 2005 '' . top40.nl . Dutch Top 40 . Archived from the original ( in Dutch ) on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Lose Yourself '' . norwegiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers '' ( in German ) . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2005 - 02 - 06 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Album & Song Chart History : R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Macrovision . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eminem -- Like Toy Soldiers '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Like Toy Soldiers in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eminem -- Like Toy Soldiers '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Official song video Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 singles discography Bad Meets Evil discography Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' SHADYXV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` The Hills '' ( Remix ) `` No Favors '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_Toy_Soldiers&oldid=799787307 '' Categories : Eminem songs Martika songs 2005 singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Eminem Songs written by Eminem Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Luis Resto ( musician ) 2004 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was eminem rapping about in like toy soldiers	[ "\"Like Toy Soldiers\" tells the story of Eminem's attempts to calm a violent community of rappers. Eminem speaks openly about problems with The Source magazine and its editor Benzino, as well as the situation between 50 Cent and Ja Rule and his label Murder Inc., which Eminem felt went far beyond the Jay Z vs. Nas feud.[1] The song finishes as Eminem offers a truce to his enemies. In addition, this song also reveals that Eminem had tried to stop Ja Rule & 50 Cent's feud, but lost it when he heard Ja Rule making fun of his daughter on a track called \"Loose Change\" - (\"The Ja Shit, I tried to squash it, It was too late to stop it, There's a certain line you just don't cross and he crossed it, I heard him say Hailie's name on a song and I just lost it\"). In the song \"Loose Change\", Ja Rule says Eminem claims his then ex-wife is \"a known slut\" and his mother \"a crackhead\", and then asks him \"so what's Hailie gonna be when she grows up?\".[2] \"Like Toy Soldiers\" was later included on Eminem's compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits in 2005. Throughout his career, Eminem, at most, only alludes to Suge Knight, completing a line in this song, \"my intentions were good, I went through my whole career without ever mentioning -.\" Styles P used the instrumental version in his song \"Soldiers Song\", in 2005.[1]" ]	[ "The Source magazine and its editor Benzino, as well as the situation between 50 Cent and Ja Rule and his label Murder Inc." ]
-3441133747393267271	Luke Cage (season 2)	Luke Cage ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Luke Cage ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Luke Cage ( season 2 ) Starring Mike Colter Simone Missick Rosario Dawson Alfre Woodard Theo Rossi Mustafa Shakir Gabrielle Dennis Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Luke Cage episodes The second season of the American web television series Luke Cage , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , sees Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name , only to face a new threat . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner . Mike Colter stars as Cage , alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick , Rosario Dawson , Alfre Woodard , and Theo Rossi . They are joined by Mustafa Shakir and Gabrielle Dennis . The second season was ordered in December 2016 , and filmed in New York City from June to November , 2017 . The season is set to premiere June 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` Soul Brother # 1 '' Lucy Liu Cheo Hodari Coker June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 `` Straighten It Out '' Steph Green Akela Cooper June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 16 `` Wig Out '' Marc Jobst Matt Owens June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Salli Richardson - Whitfield , Kasi Lemmons , Millicent Shelton and Neema Barnette are all directing episodes . Jump up ^ Each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Luke Cage characters Main ( edit ) Mike Colter as Luke Cage Simone Missick as Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez Mustafa Shakir as John McIver Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson Notable guests ( edit ) Thomas Q. Jones as Comanche Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist Reg E. Cathey as James Lucas Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2015 , Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was `` eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure '' and Netflix would look at `` how well ( they ) are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase '' in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate . In July 2015 , Sarandos said some of the Defenders series would `` selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate . '' Regarding a second season , showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker stated he had `` a few ideas '' , including possibly exploring the `` Hero for Hire '' aspect of Luke Cage , though noted he was not taking `` any of this for granted '' in terms of feeling a second season renewal from Netflix was guaranteed . Actor Mike Colter also felt `` Heroes for Hire '' could be explored in future seasons , as well as further exploring Cage 's lifestyle change regarding his relationship with Jessica Jones and introducing the couple 's daughter . In December 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season , of 13 episodes . Coker compared the season to A Tribe Called Quest 's second album The Low End Theory saying , their first album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm `` was great , but then Low End Theory was the record that everyone says ... when they think of A Tribe Called Quest taking it to the next level . That 's my hope for season 2 , is that we have some of the similar sounds , but we go in a deeper direction . '' Coker also noted that music would continue to be an important element for the season and that Harlem would still be `` at the heart and its center '' for the series . Writing ( edit ) In July 2017 , Colter said the writing for the season was different from the first , because `` we know the show now . We know the world that we 're in and we know sort of what works and what does n't work and we 're just gon na double down on that stuff , so look forward to a very exciting and very relevant and pop culture - heavy show . '' He added that after the first season and the crossover miniseries The Defenders , Cage would have `` a whole new outlook on life '' and would not be dealing with the judicial system anymore . Coker explained that the storyline for the season did not come from any particular iteration of the comics , and instead was based on the characters that appear : `` who is Luke Cage and getting much deeper into that , but also finding out different things about Mariah Dillard , also finding out things about Misty Knight , '' including getting her mechanical arm `` and what that entails from an emotional standpoint . '' In particular , the new villains introduced for the season and their abilities impacted the story in terms of `` what that represents against Luke '' . Each episode of the season is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song , just as Coker named each episode of the first season after a Gang Starr song . Casting ( edit ) Colter returns to star as Cage , along with Simone Missick as Misty Knight , Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple , Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard , and Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez . In July 2017 , Marvel announced the casting of Mustafa Shakir as John McIver , and Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson . Thomas Q. Jones also reprises his role as Comanche in the season . In October 2017 , it was revealed that Finn Jones would be reprising his role as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in the season . Colter explained that there had been interest from fans to see more of the previously established relationship between Cage and Jessica Jones , but for this season they `` went out on a limb '' and decided to give to the fans of the `` Heroes for Hire '' instead by having Cage and Rand team up for part of the season . He added that Finn Jones `` will bring some fresh blood in the new season '' . Following the death of Reg E. Cathey in February 2018 , Marvel revealed that his final performance was as Luke Cage 's father James Lucas in this season . The character appeared briefly in the first season portrayed by an unnamed actor . In March 2018 , Annabella Sciorra was announced to have been cast in the `` key role '' of Rosalie Carbone . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began by June 10 , 2017 , under the series ' working title Tiara . Production wrapped that November . Music ( edit ) Coker wanted to have live musical performances in the season again after the first , and hoped that some musicians who had turned him down for the first season would be happy to join the second after getting to see the series . In July 2017 , Colter said that the second season would have `` another feel to it '' in terms of the music , praising the season 's musical guests and explaining that he and Coker had chosen a `` certain type '' of music for the season after listening to it at a birthday party and agreeing that there had `` not been one bad song '' played . Coker later explained that the season would explore the roots of hip - hop with blues and reggae , after the first season introduced hip - hop to the MCU . He added that the season would explore `` the entire diaspora of black music '' along with different cultures . Release ( edit ) The second season of Luke Cage is set to be released on June 22 , 2018 , on the streaming service Netflix worldwide , in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Bianca ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Episodes Are Named After Pete Rock & CL Smooth Songs '' . Complex . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brockington , Ariana ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 Gets Premiere Date , Teaser Trailer ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` '' Soul Brother # 1 '' Written by Cheo Hodari Coker . Directed by @ LucyLiu . 13 weeks out from Season Two dropping , so every coming week I 'll reveal the Pete Rock & CL Smooth song title , the writer , and the director . We good ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 2 : `` Straighten It Out '' Written by @ AkelaCooper . Directed by Steph Green '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 3 : `` Wig Out '' Written by Matt Owens . Directed by Marc Jobst '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rivera , Brittany ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Adds More Female Directors '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Mustafa Shakir & Gabrielle Dennis Join Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Thomas Q. Jones To Reprise Comanche Role In Luke Cage Season 2 '' . Black Film . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage first look : Iron Fist joins Luke in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Mourns the Loss of Reg E. Cathey '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix announces ' Daredevil , ' ' Bloodline , ' ' Kimmy Schmidt ' premiere dates '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix On Marvel Series Release Plan And If Punisher Could Get A Spinoff '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Meghan ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker On Mike Colter , `` Heroes For Hire , '' And Making An `` Inclusively Black '' Superhero Show `` . Decider . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Luke Cage Talks Future Marvel Netflix Storylines '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stedman , Alex ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV - Netflix New York Projects Will Count 135 Episodes By Year 's End ; Record Production Commitment In State 's History '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 aims for ' bulletproof dopeness , ' says showrunner '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Jasmine ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Will Be Exciting , Relevant & Pop Culture - Heavy '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Dallas ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Colter Excited For Luke Cage Season 2 Soundtrack , Storyline '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker Talks Season Two , Villains , and Music '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : Marvel & Netflix 's LUKE CAGE Panel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Starts Production In June , Wraps In March '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erao , Matthew ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage & Claire Temple Share A Moment in Season 2 Set Photos '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coley , Sam ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy 's Theo Rossi on New Movie , Lowriders : ' Roles Like This Make Me a Better Father ' '' . Parade . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morales , Wilson ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Mike Colter Talks Girls Trip Blu - ray & Luke Cage Season 2 '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mino ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` James Leonard Lucas '' . Comicbook Movies : Who 's Who . WordPress . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel casts Annabella Sciorra as Luke Cage season 2 villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jason ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duff , Seamus ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Luke Cage show creator says : ' We are the best music show on television ' '' . Metro.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Luke Cage Archie Goodwin John Romita Sr . Supporting characters Big Ben Donovan Noah Burstein David Griffith Iron Fist Jessica Jones Misty Knight Claire Temple Colleen Wing Enemies Black Mariah Bushmaster Chemistro Cheshire Cat Comanche Cottonmouth Diamondback Discus Dontrell Hamilton El Aguila Gideon Mace Goldbug Maggia Mr. Fish Nightshade Purple Man Señor Muerte / Señor Suerte Shades Spear Steeplejack Stiletto Teams Defenders Heroes for Hire Mighty Avengers New Avengers Thunderbolts Publications Power Man and Iron Fist In other media Luke Cage season 1 characters soundtrack Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Team Thor Book Category Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Cage_(season_2)&oldid=835639889 '' Categories : Luke Cage ( TV series ) Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is season 2 of luke cage coming to netflix	[ "The season is set to premiere June 22, 2018." ]	[ "June 22, 2018" ]
-3030145168166273996	Deadlift	Deadlift - wikipedia Deadlift This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The deadlift is a weight training exercise in which a loaded barbell or bar is lifted off the ground to the level of the hips , then lowered to the ground . It is one of the three powerlifting exercises , along with the squat and bench press . Deadlift Phases Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Contents 1 Overview 2 Performing 2.1 Form 2.2 Common Errors 2.3 Weights 2.4 Grips 3 Muscles involved 4 Deadlift variations 5 Deadlift suit 6 World records 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Deadlift refers to the lifting of dead ( without momentum ) weight , such as weights lying on the ground . It is one of the few standard weight training exercises in which all repetitions begin with dead weight . There are several positions one can approach when performing the deadlift , which include the conventional deadlift , squat and sumo - deadlift . In most other lifts there is an eccentric ( lowering of the weight ) phase followed by the concentric ( lifting of the weight ) phase . During these exercises , a small amount of energy is stored in the stretched muscles and tendons in the eccentric phase , if the lifter is not flexible beyond the range of motion . Although this exercise uses the hips and legs as the primary movers , it can just as easily be considered a back exercise . Performing ( edit ) Form ( edit ) Conventional deadlift : The deadlift can be broken down into three parts : The setup , the initial pull or drive , and the lockout . Setup : When performing a deadlift , a lifter will set up in a position that eccentrically loads the gluteus maximus , minimus , biceps femoris , semitendinosus , and semimembranosus while the muscles of the lumbar contract isometrically in an effort to stabilize the spine . Set up behind the bar with it touching or nearly touching the legs . Begin by hinging at the hips and knees , setting one 's weight predominantly in the heels while maintaining flat feet . Spine stays long and straight as hips hinge back , taking care not to allow knees to track forward over one 's toes . Gripping the bar either between the legs or on the outside , a lifter will depress their shoulders away from their ears in an effort to load the lats and generate force throughout their erectors . Drive : The next section of the deadlift produces the highest amount of force . By pushing down through their heels while simultaneously pushing up and forward with their hips and maintaining depressed scapula and a long tense spine an individual can remain safe during this motion . This is considered the most difficult part of the entire movement due to the amount of work required to drive the bar off the ground initially . Keep the muscles of the back contracted tightly in order to maintain a safe posture throughout the motion . Drive up and forward with the hips and legs to stand erect and lift the bar . Take a deep diaphragmatic breath and hold it in during the movement , thus creating an outward pressure on the core to further stabilize the lumbopelvic hip complex and core throughout the motion . Lockout : The finish is the most critical aspect of the motion . This requires being totally erect with a neutral spine and forceful hip extension to engage the muscles of the lumbar spine and abdomen in unison with the glutes . Finish by driving the hips completely into the bar and getting as tall as possible . Contract the glutes while shortening the rectus abdominus to finish the movement with the pelvis in a neutral position . Contracting the glutes as well as the abdominal muscles is critical for low back health and safety . Lowering the weight : Finishing a deadlift is simply performing these same steps in reverse order . As the muscles of the back and core must remain tight throughout the motion , one should simply hinge at the hips and knees to bring the weight down . Lowering their chest towards their knees while keeping the bar close is the safest way to ultimately complete the motion . Common errors ( edit ) Common error when performing a deadlift are : Arching the Back : Arching the back shifts the load to the lower back . Shoulders Protracted : Allowing the shoulders to come forward disengages the back muscle which stabilize the spine . Jerking the Bar : The slack should be taken from the bar by squeezing the back muscles first . The bar should then be lifted in a smooth motion without jerking . Squatting : The objective of a deadlift is to hinge the hips , knees will be slightly bent in the setup phase , but should not bend so deeply as to be a squat . Too Far from the Bar : If the load is too far forward , the only way to grab it is by distorting the correct posture . Poor lowering of the weight : Bending the knees too soon when lowering the weight can put pressure on the lower back , only bend the knees once the bar has passed them on the way down . Weights ( edit ) Deadlifts can be performed using dumbbells , barbells , or kettlebells with one hand or two hands & with one leg or two legs . Other variations are the side deadlift or suitcase deadlift , rack pulls , deadlift lockouts , deficit deadlift or deadlift from a box ( pulling from the floor while standing on a built or improvised low platform ) . Each of these variations is called for to address specific weaknesses in a lifter 's overall deadlift . For instance if the athlete has difficulty breaking contact at max . weight , deficit deadlifts are performed to strengthen the gluteus maximus and hamstrings due to the greater range of motion required by standing on the low platform or low box . On the other hand , if the lifter has no problem with breaking contact with the floor but has difficulty locking out , they should perform rack pulls to strengthen their upper back , posterior deltoids , and trapezius muscles while de-emphasizing the gluteus and hamstrings . The archaic `` dead weight lift '' , or `` dead weight lift with lifting bar '' involved a T - bar with weight loaded on it while the lifter stood on sturdy chairs or other such platforms . A remarkably heavy amount of weight could be lifted in this manner due to its short range of motion ; the main limitations are in the grip . This lift is similar to the modern day rack pulls , where a heavy amount of weight is lifted deadlift style a short distance in a power cage or squat rack . Grips ( edit ) Typically , there are two grips used : overhand ( pronated ) or a mixed overhand - underhand ( supinated ) ( sometimes called `` offset , '' `` staggered , '' `` alternating '' , or `` mixed '' ) grip . Depending on forearm strength , the overhand grip may result in the bar potentially rolling about . Mixed grip is capable of neutralizing this through the `` physics of reverse torsion . '' The mixed grip allows more weight to be held for this reason . In order to prevent the bar from rolling out of the hands , some lifters have been known to use an Olympic weightlifting technique known as the hook grip . This is similar to an overhand grip , but the thumbs are inside , allowing the lifter to `` hook '' onto them with the fingers . The hook grip can make it easier to hold heavier weights using less grip strength , and keeps both shoulders and elbows in a symmetrical position . While it theoretically takes much of the stress off of the joints which might be created by the twisting of a mixed grip it has the disadvantage of being extremely uncomfortable for the thumbs , something which those who advocate it says will pass once a lifter becomes accustomed to it . Another , but rarely used method is a combination of the mixed overhand - underhand grip and the hook grip , preferred by people who lift heavier weights than their grip can handle , but who do n't want to rely on lifting straps or other supportive gear . Many powerlifters adopt the overhand grip for their lower weight sets and move to the mixed grip to lift larger weights so they can achieve their one rep max . A neutral grip can be achieved by the use of a trap bar ; which is a hexagonal shaped bar which the lifter stands inside whilst holding the two side handles . Muscles involved ( edit ) The deadlift is a compound movement that works a variety of muscles groups : The grip strength ( finger flexors ) and the lower back ( erector spinae ) work isometrically to keep the bar held in the hands and to keep the spine from rounding . The gluteus maximus and hamstrings work to extend the hip joint . The quadriceps work to extend the knee joint . The adductor magnus works to stabilize the legs . Core musculature remains braced to stabilize the spine . The deadlift activates a large number of individual muscles : Torso Front Abdomen Rectus abdominis ( under aponeurosis ) Abdominal external oblique muscle Abdominal internal oblique muscle Back Iliocostalis Intertransversarii laterales lumborum Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae Longissimus Quadratus lumborum Rhomboideus major Serratus posterior superior Serratus posterior inferior Splenius cervicis Teres Major Trapezius muscle Legs Quadriceps Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Hamstrings Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps Femoris Arms Biceps brachii muscle long head short head Hips Gluteal muscles Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus Piriformis Superior gemellus Forearms Flexor digitorum profundus Deadlift variations ( edit ) A loaded trap bar . Usually used for deadlifts and shrugs , it may also be used for trap bar jumps . There are numerous variations of the deadlift . Stiff - legged deadlift : The stiff - legged deadlift is a variation whereby the knees are only slightly bent and not moved during the exercise . Romanian deadlift : The Romanian deadlift is a variation on the stiff - legged named for Nicu Vlad . As it begins at the top and does not begin the concentric from a dead stop , it is alternatively called an undead lift . Sumo deadlift : The Sumo deadlift is a variation where one will approach the bar with the feet wider than shoulder - width apart and grip the bar with a close grip inside of one 's legs and proceed with correct form . Compared to conventional deadlifts , the Sumo deadlift puts more emphasis on the glutes , hamstrings , hips , quads , and traps with less of an impact on spinal erectors and the posterior chain . Weightlifters with a history of back injuries may find that sumo deadlifts are a viable alternative . If allowed in competition , many lifters favor the Sumo deadlift due to shorter bar travel from floor to lockout . Trap bar deadlift : The trap bar deadlift is a variation of the deadlift using a special hexagonal bar ( a trap bar ) . This allows more clearance for the knees to pass `` through '' the bar . To perform the trapbar deadlift , one loads the bar , steps inside the hollow portion of the bar , bends down , grasps the handles , stands erect , then lowers the bar to the ground in the exact opposite path . This is very helpful for both the handgrip and the lifter 's hips . The trap bar deadlift allows for greater amounts of peak force production meaning it can be performed more powerfully . This allows for a greater amount of weight to be lifted than in a traditional barbell deadlift . It also reduces the potential for injury by avoiding excessive strain on the lower back . This is especially advantageous for beginners . Deadlift suit ( edit ) A deadlift suit is a special piece of power lifting assistance clothing . The suits are made from very tight material . The material tightens on the squat on the way down , storing energy , that gives an extra boost with the stored tension to lift up . Thus , records are recorded with and without the suit . The starting position with a suit is slightly different to maximize use , so training with a suit is different . Wrist wraps are sometimes used to provide support , not necessarily to increase lift , like a suit . World records ( edit ) The world record deadlift is 500 kg ( 1,102.3 lb ) by Eddie Hall . Eddie Hall also owns the partial deadlift world record at 536 kg ( 1,181.7 lb ) . The world record deadlift for women is 305 kg ( 672.4 lb ) by Becca Swanson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Free Dictionary : Deadlift '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ DeWitt , Eric . `` Fix the 10 Most Common Deadlift Technique Mistakes '' . STACK . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kavadlo , Al ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Squats and Deadlifts '' . Jump up ^ `` Comparing Sumo And Conventional Deadlifts - Muscle and Brawn '' . Muscle and Brawn . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Trap Bar Deadlift Benefits Jump up ^ breakingmuscle.com , Suits , Shirts , Wraps , and Sleeves : A Quick Tutorial on Powerlifting Gear Devin Harper Jump up ^ Wild Strength ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) , Eddie Hall Deadlift World Record 500kg ( 1102lbs ) - Includes Full Aftermath ! ! , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 Jump up ^ Nick English ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eddie Hall Breaks the Partial Deadlift World Record With 536 Kilograms '' . Jump up ^ `` Is Becca Swanson 's 672 lb Deadlift the Heaviest Ever by a Woman ? - BarBend '' . BarBend. 2016 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Further reading ( edit ) Mark Rippetoe with Lon Kilgore , Starting Strength , The Aasgaard Company Publishers , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 9768054 - 0 - 5 Frédéric Delavier , Strength Training Anatomy , Human Kinetics , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7360 - 4185 - 0 External links ( edit ) Deadlift Technique Reference Photos Strength - training exercises Quadriceps ( front of thighs ) Deadlift ( c ) Leg extension ( i ) Leg press ( c ) Lunge ( c ) Squat ( c ) Hamstrings ( back of thighs ) Deadlift ( c ) Good - morning ( c ) Leg curl ( i ) Squat ( c ) Calves Calf raise ( i ) Pectorals ( chest ) Bench press ( c ) Chest fly ( i ) Dips Machine fly ( i ) Push - up ( c ) Lats and trapezius ( back ) Bent - over row ( c ) Chin - up ( c ) Pulldown ( c ) Pullup ( c ) Muscle - up ( c ) Seated row ( c ) Shoulder shrug ( i ) Supine row ( c ) Deltoids ( shoulders ) Front raise ( i ) Head stand into handstand push - up ( c ) Lateral raise ( i ) Military press ( c ) Rear delt raise ( i ) Shoulder press ( c ) Upright row ( c ) Biceps ( front of arms ) Biceps curl ( i ) Chin - up ( c ) Triceps ( back of arms ) Close - grip bench press ( c ) Dip ( c ) Pushdown ( i ) Triceps extension ( i ) Forearms Wrist curl ( i ) Abdomen and obliques ( belly ) Crunch ( i ) Leg raise ( c ) Russian twist ( c ) Sit - up ( c ) Lower back Deadlift ( c ) Good - morning ( c ) Hyperextension ( c ) Pelvic lift ( c ) Hips and buttocks Deadlift ( c ) Dirty dog exercise ( c ) Squat ( c ) See also Bodybuilding Bodyweight exercise Calisthenics Weightlifting Plyometrics Weight training ( List of exercises ) Gym Legend ( c ) - compound exercise , ( i ) - isolated exercise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deadlift&oldid=854544711 '' Categories : Powerlifting Weight training exercises Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 03 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who holds the record for the heaviest deadlift	[ "The world record deadlift is 500 kg (1,102.3 lb) by Eddie Hall. [7]Eddie Hall also owns the partial deadlift world record at 536 kg (1,181.7 lb).[8]" ]	[ "Eddie Hall" ]
-5047550800392346775	You've Got a Friend in Me	You 've Got a Friend in Me - wikipedia You 've Got a Friend in Me This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Single by Randy Newman and Lyle Lovett from the album Toy Story Released April 12 , 1996 Format Cassette , CD single , digital download Genre Country , pop , soundtrack Length 2 : 39 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Randy Newman Producer ( s ) Randy Newman Randy Newman singles chronology `` It 's Money That Matters '' / `` Falling in Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2010 ) `` It 's Money That Matters '' / `` Falling in Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2010 ) Lyle Lovett singles chronology `` Do n't Touch My Hat '' ( 1996 ) Do n't Touch My Hat 1996 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) You 've Got a Friend in Me1996 `` Private Conversation '' ( 1997 ) Private Conversation1997 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' is a song by Randy Newman . Used as the theme song for the 1995 Disney / Pixar animated film Toy Story , it has since become a major musical component for its sequels , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise . The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , but lost both to `` Colors of the Wind '' from Disney 's Pocahontas . Like many other Disney theme songs , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' has been covered numerous times . Cover versions featured in the three Toy Story films include a duet with Newman and Lyle Lovett in Toy Story ; a diegetic instance by Tom Hanks , a version by Robert Goulet and an instrumental by Tom Scott in Toy Story 2 , and a Spanish language version by the Gipsy Kings in Toy Story 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Toy Story 2 Release history 3 Cover versions 4 References 5 External links In Toy Story ( edit ) The song is played during the opening credits for Toy Story and Toy Story 3 , establishing the importance of Woody and Andy in the first film and the importance of all his toys in the third . Toy Story 3 also uses it for irony and dramatic effect , as the opening credits harken back to the first film and the song abruptly fades out with `` As the years go by / Our friendship will never die '' , before showing that Andy 's remaining toys in the present day are boxed up and unused . When they were unused , Andy was 17 years old . In the two sequels , the song is listened to by the characters as part of the story . Two of these are cover versions done at the end of the film for thematic reasons : at the end of Toy Story 2 , the character Wheezy starts to sing it to the other toys ; during the end credits of Toy Story 3 , Buzz Lightyear and Jessie ( now a couple ) perform a pasodoble to a Spanish version of the song , deliberately played by Jessie to get Buzz to dance . The most significant use of the song was in the third act of Toy Story 2 , where an episode of Woody 's Roundup ( the 1950s puppet show he was based on ) shows the puppet Woody singing the song , directed at the young audience and featuring a small child hugging the puppet . Woody sees this and has an epiphany , realizing that his mission as a toy is to be there for a child . ( In - universe , the song was presumably written for Woody 's Roundup . ) The Woody 's Roundup version was performed by Tom Hanks , with acoustic guitar backing ; Wheezy 's version was sung by Robert Goulet ( though the character was voiced by Joe Ranft ) ; and the Spanish version , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me ( Para el Buzz Español ) '' , was performed by the Gipsy Kings . Release history ( edit ) Format Release date Catalog Demo Unreleased none Cassette April 12 , 1996 # 60367 CD Cover versions ( edit ) Michael Bublé covered `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' on his 2013 album , To Be Loved . The track became a U.S. Adult Contemporary chart hit , spending 14 weeks on the chart and peaking at number 10 . On May 31st , 2018 , Rex Orange County released a cover of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , performing along with Randy Newman , the creator of the song . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` You 've Got a Friend in Me > Overview '' . Allmusic . Macrovision . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Best Song Academy Award Nominations - Newman Toy Story 10th Anniversary Edition at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 7 , 2005 ) , Pixar press release , May 2 , 2005 . ( Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 ) Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman 12 Songs Sail Away Good Old Boys Little Criminals Born Again Trouble in Paradise Land of Dreams Bad Love Harps and Angels Dark Matter Live albums Randy Newman Live Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust Soundtracks Toy Story James and the Giant Peach Avalon Meet the Parents Cars The Princess and the Frog Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Nilsson Sings Newman Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Pixar music Albums Toy Story The Incredibles Cars WALL - E Up Brave Songs `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` If I Did n't Have You '' `` Real Gone '' `` Life Is a Highway '' `` Our Town '' `` Down to Earth '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Ride '' `` Remember Me '' Other albums Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Monsters , Inc . Scream Factory Favorites Gipsy Kings Nicolas Reyes Paul Reyes Canut Reyes Patchai Reyes Andre Reyes Diego Baliardo Paco Baliardo Tonino Baliardo Chico Bouchikhi Jorge Trasante Studio albums Allegria Luna de Fuego Gipsy Kings Mosaïque Este Mundo Love and Liberté Estrellas Compas Somos Gitanos Roots Pasajero Savor Flamenco Live albums Live Compilation albums Allegria Greatest Hits The Best of the Gipsy Kings Love Songs ¡ Volaré ! The Very Best of the Gipsy Kings Songs `` Djobi Djoba '' `` Bamboléo '' `` Volare '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` Un Amor '' `` Tú Quieres Volver '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_a_Friend_in_Me&oldid=843808899 '' Categories : Songs about friendship 1995 songs Pixar songs 1996 singles Toy Story Randy Newman songs Lyle Lovett songs Songs written by Randy Newman Walt Disney Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά 日本語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song you've got a friend in me	[ "\"You've Got a Friend in Me\" is a song by Randy Newman. Used as the theme song for the 1995 Disney/Pixar animated film Toy Story, it has since become a major musical component for its sequels, Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise. The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but lost both to \"Colors of the Wind\" from Disney's Pocahontas." ]	[ "Randy Newman" ]
-2925858265529138342	Grand Theft Auto V	Grand Theft Auto V - wikipedia Grand Theft Auto V Jump to : navigation , search Grand Theft Auto V Developer ( s ) Rockstar North Publisher ( s ) Rockstar Games Producer ( s ) Leslie Benzies Imran Sarwar Designer ( s ) Leslie Benzies Imran Sarwar Programmer ( s ) Adam Fowler Artist ( s ) Aaron Garbut Writer ( s ) Dan Houser Rupert Humphries Composer ( s ) Tangerine Dream Woody Jackson The Alchemist Oh No Series Grand Theft Auto Engine RAGE Platform ( s ) PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 PlayStation 4 Xbox One Microsoft Windows Release PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 WW : 17 September 2013 PlayStation 4 , Xbox One WW : 18 November 2014 Microsoft Windows WW : 14 April 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Grand Theft Auto V is an action - adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . It was released on 17 September 2013 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , on 18 November 2014 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , and on 14 April 2015 for Microsoft Windows . It is the first main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series since 2008 's Grand Theft Auto IV . Set within the fictional state of San Andreas , based on Southern California , the single - player story follows three criminals and their efforts to commit heists while under pressure from a government agency . The open world design lets players freely roam San Andreas ' open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos , based on Los Angeles . The game is played from either a third - person or first - person perspective and its world is navigated on foot or by vehicle . Players control the three lead protagonists throughout single - player and switch between them both during and outside missions . The story is centred on the heist sequences , and many missions involve shooting and driving gameplay . A `` wanted '' system governs the aggression of law enforcement response to players who commit crimes . Grand Theft Auto Online , the online multiplayer mode , lets up to 30 players explore the open world and engage in cooperative or competitive game matches . Development began soon after Grand Theft Auto IV 's release and was shared between many of Rockstar 's studios worldwide . The development team drew influence from many of their previous projects such as Red Dead Redemption and Max Payne 3 , and designed the game around three lead protagonists to innovate on the core structure of its predecessors . Much of the development work constituted the open world 's creation , and several team members conducted field research around California to capture footage for the design team . The game 's soundtrack features an original score composed by a team of producers who collaborated over several years . Extensively marketed and widely anticipated , the game broke industry sales records and became the fastest - selling entertainment product in history , earning US $ 800 million in its first day and US $1 billion in its first three days . It received widespread critical acclaim , with praise directed at its multiple protagonist design , open world , presentation and gameplay . However , it caused controversies related to its depiction of women and a mission featuring torture during a hostage interrogation . Considered one of seventh generation console gaming 's most significant titles and among the best games ever made , it won year - end accolades including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications . It has shipped over 85 million copies and is one of the best - selling video games of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Critical reception 4.1 Initial release 4.2 Re-release 4.3 Accolades 5 Commercial performance 6 Grand Theft Auto Online 7 Controversies 8 Legacy 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Gameplay Grand Theft Auto V is an action - adventure game played from either a first - person or third - person perspective . Players complete missions -- linear scenarios with set objectives -- to progress through the story . Outside the missions , players may freely roam the open world . Composed of the San Andreas open countryside area and the fictional city of Los Santos , the world is much larger in area than earlier entries in the series . It may be fully explored after the game 's beginning without restriction , although story progress unlocks more gameplay content . Players may take cover behind objects during firefights to avoid taking damage from enemies . Players use melee attacks , firearms and explosives to fight enemies , and may run , jump , swim or use vehicles to navigate the world . To accommodate the map 's size , the game introduces vehicle types absent in its predecessor Grand Theft Auto IV , such as fixed - wing aircraft . In combat , auto - aim and a cover system may be used as assistance against enemies . Should players take damage , their health meter will gradually regenerate to its halfway point . Players respawn at hospitals when their health depletes . If players commit crimes , law enforcement agencies may respond as indicated by a `` wanted '' meter in the head - up display ( HUD ) . Stars displayed on the meter indicate the current wanted level ( for example , at the maximum five - star level , police helicopters and SWAT teams swarm to lethally dispatch players ) . Law enforcement officers will search for players who leave the wanted vicinity . The meter enters a cooldown mode and eventually recedes when players are hidden from the officers ' line of sight that displays on the mini-map . The single - player mode lets players control three characters : Michael De Santa , Trevor Philips and Franklin Clinton -- criminals whose stories interconnect as they complete missions . Some missions are completed with only one character and others feature two or three . Outside the missions , players may switch between characters at will by means of a directional compass on the HUD . The game may switch characters automatically during missions to complete certain objectives . A character 's compass avatar will flash red if he is in danger and needs help , and flash white if he has a strategic advantage . Though players complete missions as any of the three protagonists , the more difficult heist missions require aid from AI - controlled accomplices with unique skill sets like computer hacking and driving . If an accomplice survives a successful heist , they take a cut from the cash reward and may be available for later missions with improvements to their unique skills . There are multiple options for completing heists ; in a holdup mission , players may either stealthily subdue civilians with an incapacitating agent or conspicuously storm the venue with guns drawn . Each character has a set of eight skills that represent their ability in certain areas such as shooting and driving . Though skills improve through play , each character has a skill with expertise by default ( i.e. Trevor 's flying skill ) . The eighth `` special '' skill determines the effectiveness in performing an ability that is unique to each respective character . Michael enters bullet time in combat , Franklin slows down time while driving , and Trevor deals twice as much damage to enemies while taking half as much in combat . A meter on each character 's HUD depletes when an ability is being used and regenerates when players perform skilful actions ( for example , drifting in vehicles as Franklin or performing headshots as Michael ) . While free roaming the game world , players may engage in context - specific activities such as scuba diving underwater or BASE jumping via parachute . Each character has a smartphone for contacting friends , starting activities and accessing an in - game Internet . The Internet lets players trade in stocks via a stock market . Players may purchase properties such as garages and businesses , upgrade the weapons and vehicles in each character 's arsenal , and customise their appearance by purchasing outfits , haircuts and tattoos . Plot See also : List of Grand Theft Auto V characters Michael Townley , Trevor Philips , and Brad Snider partake in a botched robbery in Ludendorff , North Yankton . Nine years later , Michael is living under witness protection with his family in Los Santos , under the alias Michael De Santa . Across town , gangbanger Franklin Clinton is working for a corrupt Armenian car salesman and meets Michael while attempting to fraudulently repossess his son 's car ; the two later become friends . When Michael finds his wife Amanda sleeping with her tennis coach , he and Franklin chase the coach to a mansion , which Michael destroys in anger . The owner turns out to be the girlfriend of Martin Madrazo , a Mexican drug lord who demands compensation to avoid further violence . Michael returns to a life of crime to obtain the money , enlisting Franklin as an accomplice . With the help of Michael 's old friend Lester , a crippled hacker , they perform a jewellery shop heist to pay off the debt . Trevor , who now lives in a trailer park on the outskirts of Los Santos and believes Michael was killed in their failed robbery , hears of the heist and realises that it was Michael 's handiwork ; Trevor surprises Michael and reunites with him after tracking down his home . The personal lives of the protagonists begin to spiral out of control . Michael 's increasingly erratic behaviour prompts his family to leave him , and when he becomes a movie producer at film studio Richards Majestic , he comes into conflict with Devin Weston , a self - made billionaire venture capitalist and corporate raider who vows revenge after his attempts to shut down the studio are thwarted by Michael and his lawyer dies in an accident . Franklin rescues his friend Lamar Davis from gangster and former friend Harold `` Stretch '' Joseph , who repeatedly attempts to kill Lamar to prove himself to his new brethren . Trevor 's reckless efforts to consolidate his control over various black markets in Blaine County see him waging war against The Lost outlaw motorcycle club , several Latin American street gangs , rival meth dealers , hillbillies , private security firm Merryweather , and Triad kingpin Wei Cheng . Federal Investigation Bureau ( FIB ) agents Dave Norton and Steve Haines contact Michael and demand that he perform a series of operations to undermine a rival agency , the International Affairs Agency ( IAA ) . Under Steve 's direction and with Lester 's help , they attack an armoured convoy carrying funds intended for the IAA and steal an experimental chemical weapon from an IAA - controlled lab . As Steve comes under increasing scrutiny , he forces Michael and Franklin to erase any evidence being used against him from the FIB servers . Michael takes the opportunity to wipe the data on his own activities , destroying Steve 's leverage over him . Michael , Trevor , Franklin , and Lester start planning their most daring feat ever : raiding the Union Depository 's gold bullion reserve . Michael reconciles with his family . However , Trevor discovers that Brad was not imprisoned as led to believe , but killed during the heist and buried in the grave marked for Michael . Trevor 's feelings of betrayal cause friction within the group and threaten to undermine their Union Depository plans . When Michael and Dave are betrayed by Steve and become caught in a Mexican standoff between the FIB , IAA , and Merryweather , Trevor , feeling that he is the only one that has the right to kill Michael , comes to their aid . Despite not forgiving Michael , Trevor agrees to perform the Union Depository heist and part ways with him afterwards . The heist is completed successfully , but Franklin is then approached separately by Steve and Dave , who contend that Trevor is a liability , and Devin , who wants retribution for Michael 's betrayal . Franklin has three choices : kill Trevor , kill Michael , or attempt to save both in a suicide mission . Should Franklin choose to kill either Michael or Trevor , he ceases contact with the survivor and returns to his old life . Otherwise , the trio withstand an onslaught from the FIB and Merryweather before going on to kill Steve , Stretch , Wei , and Devin . Michael and Trevor reconcile , and the three cease working together but remain friends . Development Main article : Development of Grand Theft Auto V Rockstar North began to develop Grand Theft Auto V in 2009 , following Grand Theft Auto IV 's release . Development was conducted by a team of more than 1,000 people , including Rockstar North 's core team and staff from parent company Rockstar Games ' studios around the world . The proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine ( RAGE ) was overhauled for the game to improve its draw distance rendering capabilities . The Euphoria and Bullet software handle additional animation and rendering tasks . Having become familiar with the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 hardware over time , Rockstar found they were able to push the consoles ' graphical capabilities further than in previous games . Analyst estimations place the game 's combined development and marketing budget at more than GB £ 170 million ( US $265 million ) , which would make it the most expensive game ever made at that time . The open world was modelled on Southern California and Los Angeles , and its design and in - game render constituted much of the game 's early work . Key members of the game world production team took field research trips throughout the region and documented their research with photo and video footage . Google Maps projections of Los Angeles were used by the team to help design Los Santos ' road networks . To reflect and reproduce Los Angeles ' demographic spread , the developers studied census data and watched documentaries about the city . The team considered creating the open world the most technically demanding aspect of the game 's production . A fundamental design goal from the outset was to innovate on the series core structure by giving players control of three lead protagonists instead of one . The idea was first raised during Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ' development , but contemporaneous hardware restrictions made it infeasible . Having developed two Grand Theft Auto IV episodic expansion packs featuring new protagonists in 2009 , the team wanted to base Grand Theft Auto V around three simultaneously controlled protagonists . The team viewed it as a spiritual successor to many of their previous games ( such as Grand Theft Auto IV , Red Dead Redemption and Max Payne 3 ) , and designed it to improve upon their gameplay mechanics . They sought to improve the action gameplay by refining the shooting mechanics and cover system , and reworked the driving mechanics to correct Grand Theft Auto IV 's difficult vehicle controls . After an audition process , Ned Luke , Shawn Fonteno and Steven Ogg were selected to portray Michael , Franklin and Trevor , respectively . Their performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology , but dialogue for scenes with characters seated in vehicles was recorded in studios instead . The game is the first in its series to feature an original score , composed by a team of producers collaborating with each other over several years . Licensed music provided by an in - game radio is also used . The team licensed more than 241 tracks shared between fifteen radio stations , with an additional two stations providing talk radio . Some of the tracks were written specifically for the game , such as rapper and producer Flying Lotus ' original work composed for the FlyLo FM radio station he hosts . The game was first announced by Rockstar Games on 25 October 2011 . They released its debut trailer one week later , with an official press release acknowledging its setting . Journalists noted that the announcement ignited widespread anticipation within the gaming industry , which they owed to the cultural significance of the series . The game missed its original projected Q2 2013 release date , pushed back to 17 September to allow for further polishing . To spur pre-order game sales , Rockstar collaborated with several retail outlets to make a special edition with extra in - game features . They ran a viral marketing strategy with a website for a fictional religious cult , `` The Epsilon Program '' , that offered users the chance to feature in the game as members of the cult . A comparison of the PlayStation 4 ( left ) and PlayStation 3 ( right ) versions of the game . The enhanced re-release features greater draw distances and higher - resolution textures than the original versions . A re-release of the game was announced for Microsoft Windows ( PC ) , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One at E3 2014 . This enhanced version features an increased draw distance , finer texture details , denser traffic , upgraded weather effects , and new wildlife and vegetation . It includes a new on - foot first - person view option , which required the development team to overhaul the animation system to accommodate first - person gameplay . The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on 18 November 2014 . The PC version , initially scheduled for simultaneous release with the console versions , was delayed until 14 April 2015 . According to Rockstar , it required extra development time for `` polish '' . The PC version is capable of 60 frames per second gameplay at 4K resolution , and the Rockstar Editor lets players capture and edit gameplay videos . Design director Imran Sarwar announced in October 2017 that the game would not receive single - player downloadable content , despite Rockstar 's original plan for a 2014 release , citing the continued growth of Grand Theft Auto Online and the upcoming Red Dead Redemption 2 as reasons for the cancellation . Critical reception Initial release PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 97 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Edge 10 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 40 / 40 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 10 / 10 Joystiq Play 97 / 100 The Escapist Grand Theft Auto V was released to critical acclaim . Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating in the 0 -- 100 range , calculated an average score of 97 out of 100 based on 50 reviews for the PlayStation 3 version and 58 reviews for the Xbox 360 version . The game is Metacritic 's fifth - highest rated , tied with a number of others . Reviewers liked the multiple lead character formula , heist mission design and presentation , but some did not agree on the quality of the story and characters . IGN 's Keza MacDonald called Grand Theft Auto V `` one of the very best video games ever made '' , and Play considered it `` generation - defining '' and `` exceptional '' . Edge wrote that it is a `` remarkable achievement '' in open world design and storytelling , while The Daily Telegraph 's Tom Hoggins declared it a `` colossal feat of technical engineering '' . It became only the second ever western developed game to be awarded a perfect score from the Japanese video game magazine , Famitsu . CNET 's Jeff Bakalar felt that the game encouraged players to engage with all three characters . Edge found that switching players was helpful for avoiding long travel times to mission start points . Because of the switching mechanic , Game Informer 's Matt Bertz noted that players are kept `` in the thick of the action '' during shootouts . Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell wrote that switching added a tactical element to shootouts as characters set up in strategic outposts would cause fewer `` shooting gallery '' situations than previous instalments . IGN 's MacDonald felt the switching feature gave players more choice in their approach and made missions less predictable . Giant Bomb 's Jeff Gerstmann considered the heist missions a welcome deviation from series typical mission structure . Eurogamer 's Bramwell likened them to `` blockbuster set - pieces '' and GameSpot 's Carolyn Petit cited the 1995 film Heat as a stylistic influence on their design . Joystiq 's Xav de Matos felt creativity and methodical approaches were encouraged . Polygon 's Chris Plante likened rapid character switching during heist missions to `` film editing , with the player serving as editor , switching rapidly to the most interesting perspective for any moment '' . Computer and Video Games ' Andy Kelly felt that overall mission design was more diverse than and lacked the escort errands of its predecessors . Los Santos , the city featured in the game 's open world . Reviewers praised its design and similarity to Los Angeles . The departure from Grand Theft Auto IV 's Liberty City was also well received . Edge praised the game 's graphical fidelity and absence of load screens . Play complimented the draw distances and weather and lighting systems . Eurogamer 's Bramwell considered the lighting system to be the game 's biggest advancement . Official Xbox Magazine ( OXM ) 's Mikel Reparaz thought that the game was `` probably the Xbox 360 's greatest technical achievement '' , and was surprised that the open world could render on the console . Reviewers lauded the open world 's design , some further complimenting the game for streamlining Los Angeles ' geography into a well - designed city space . GameTrailers ' Brandon Jones considered the Los Angeles emulation authentic and the open world `` full of voice and personality '' . IGN and PlayStation Official Magazine ( OPM ) made favourable comparisons between Los Santos and Grand Theft Auto IV 's Liberty City . OXM 's Reparez felt Los Santos surpassed the `` grey and gritty '' Liberty City . Reviewers praised the world 's satire of contemporary American culture -- OPM 's Joel Gregory opined that `` the scathing social commentary is , of course , present and correct '' . Destructoid 's Jim Sterling called the sound design `` impeccable '' and praised the actors ' performances , original soundtrack and licensed music use . IGN and Giant Bomb commended the music selection and felt that the original score enhanced dramatic tension during missions . GameSpot 's Petit wrote that the score `` lends missions more cinematic flavour '' . Edge said that the licensed music enhanced the city 's `` already remarkable sense of space '' and that the original score improved the atmosphere of the gameplay . They summarised the game as `` a compendium of everything Rockstar has learnt about the power of game music in the past decade '' . Many reviewers found the land - based vehicles more responsive and easier to control than in previous games . Game Informer 's Bertz explained that `` cars have a proper sense of weight , while retaining the agility necessary for navigating through traffic at high speeds '' . In addition to the vehicle handling , most reviewers noted the shooting mechanics were tighter than they had been in previous games , but Destructoid 's Sterling felt that in spite of the improvements , auto - aim was `` twitchy and unreliable '' and cover mechanics `` still come off as dated and unwieldy '' . Some reviewers felt the game solved a continual problem by adding mid-mission checkpoints . The story and characters -- particularly Trevor -- polarised reviewers . Some felt that the narrative was not as well written as previous Rockstar games and cited Grand Theft Auto IV and Red Dead Redemption 's plot strengths . Others felt that the protagonists ' contrasting personalities gave the narrative tighter pacing . GamesRadar 's Hollander Cooper thought the game negated inconsistencies in the story of previous entries , whose single lead protagonists had muddled morality . GameSpot 's Petit considered Trevor in particular a `` truly horrible , terrifying , psychotic human being -- and a terrific character '' . Eurogamer 's Bramwell found Trevor `` shallow and unconvincing '' , and felt that his eccentricities hurt the narrative and overshadowed Michael and Franklin 's character development . Joystiq 's de Matos faulted the protagonists ' lack of likability for him , and found the ambivalence between Michael and Trevor a tired plot device as their conflict grew into a `` seemingly endless cycle '' . The Escapist 's Greg Tito had difficulty connecting with the characters ' emotions since they acted out of greed with no sense of morality and thus gave players little reason to support them . Re-release Re-release reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 96 / 100 ( PS4 ) 97 / 100 ( XONE ) 97 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Game Informer 9.75 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 IGN 10 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 92 % VideoGamer.com 10 / 10 Grand Theft Auto V 's re-release , similarly , received critical acclaim . Metacritic calculated an average score of 97 out of 100 based on 66 reviews for the PlayStation 4 version and 14 reviews for the Xbox One version , and 96 out of 100 based on 48 reviews for the PC version . Game Informer 's Andrew Reiner considered the addition of first - person `` another significant breakthrough for the series '' in the vein of Grand Theft Auto III 's shift to third - person from Grand Theft Auto 's bird 's - eye view . GameSpot 's Mark Walton found that playing in first - person heightened the impact of Grand Theft Auto V 's violence , which made him reflect on morality and character motivation more than before . VideoGamer.com opined that players feel like inhabitants of the world , rather than `` guns attached to a floating camera '' . IGN 's Dan Stapleton found the game more immersive in first - person , creating a `` surprisingly different experience '' . VideoGamer.com praised the `` finer details '' in first - person animations like camera lean when players take corners on motorcycles , or the navigational instruments in plane cockpits . Reviewers found playing the game more difficult in first - person , but Game Informer 's Reiner preferred the challenge . GameSpot 's Walton thought the graphics improvements made the open world `` even more spectacular '' , especially because of improved spatial anti-aliasing . Of the first - person view , he said that `` at ground level everything looks bigger and more imposing '' because of the improved graphics . IGN 's Stapleton favoured the PlayStation 4 version 's graphics over the Xbox One , but thought both consoles rendered the game well and maintained mostly consistent frame rates . He praised the increased frame rate and graphics options offered in the PC version . VideoGamer.com called the console version 's frame rate so consistent it was `` scarcely believable '' , although GameSpot 's Walton cited occasional frame rate dips . GameSpot 's Peter Brown opined that the PC version let players `` witness the full extent of Rockstar 's admirable handiwork '' , but noted that it `` retains evidence of its last - gen roots ... with simple geometry '' . VideoGamer.com praised the Rockstar Editor 's accessibility on PC but criticised some of its limitations , such as camera angle restrictions . IGN 's Stapleton appreciated the PC version 's customisable controls , and GameSpot 's Brown felt that constant switching between the mouse and keyboard and a gamepad was necessary for `` the best experience '' . PC Gamer 's Chris Thursten called the game `` the most beautiful , expansive and generous '' of the series . On the game 's multiplayer , IGN 's Stapleton reported low player counts in matches , long wait times in lobbies , server disconnection and occasional crashes . `` Because of that , '' he wrote , `` I ca n't strongly recommend ... the multiplayer experience alone '' . VideoGamer.com found online character progression streamlined by comparison with the original version . According to them , the `` grind of just doing PvP until co-op Jobs arrive with regularity '' was lost , and newcomers would likely find multiplayer enjoyable and balanced . However , they wrote of frequent server disconnection , especially during load screens . GameSpot 's Walton thought that Grand Theft Auto Online `` still suffers from a lack of direction '' for its open - ended and frenetic gameplay , but still is fun . Game Informer 's Reiner reported `` minimal lag or issues in the expanded firefights and races '' . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Grand Theft Auto V Grand Theft Auto V received multiple nominations and awards from gaming publications . Prior to its release , it received Most Anticipated Game at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards . The game was review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings ' highest rated for the year 2013 . The game appeared on several year - end lists of 2013 's best games , receiving wins from independent journalist Tom Chick , CNET , Edge , the 31st Golden Joystick Awards , the 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards the Spike VGX 2013 Awards , Slant Magazine and Time . It was named the Best Xbox Game by Canada.com , GameSpot , and IGN , and the Best Multiplatform Game by Destructoid . Rockstar Games and Rockstar North won Best Studio and Best Developer from Edge , and the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award at the 10th British Academy Video Games Awards . Various in - game elements were recognised with awards . Two characters , Trevor Philips and Lamar Davis , received numerous nominations for Best Character , and Lamar won the award from Giant Bomb . The music received awards from Spike VGX , Hardcore Gamer and The Daily Telegraph . Grand Theft Auto Online won Best Multiplayer from GameTrailers and BAFTA , and Best Xbox 360 Multiplayer from IGN . Online was also nominated for Biggest Disappointment by Game Revolution and Hardcore Gamer . Grand Theft Auto V won Best Technical Achievement in the Telegraph Video Game Awards , and Best Technology at the 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards . The graphical and artistic design received awards from IGN , The Daily Telegraph and BAFTA , and a nomination at the Game Developers Choice Awards . The game received numerous other awards . It was awarded the title of Most Immersive Game at the Inside Gaming Awards . The general public voted for the game to receive the User Choice Award at the PlayStation Awards 2013 and the Community Choice award from Destructoid . The game received the Platinum Award at the PlayStation Awards , and was named the Best British Game from BAFTA . At IGN 's Best of 2013 Awards , it received multiple wins , including Best Xbox 360 Graphics , Best Xbox 360 Sound , and Best Action Game on Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and overall . Commercial performance Within 24 hours of its release , Grand Theft Auto V generated more than US $800 million in worldwide revenue , equating to approximately 11.21 million copies sold for Take - Two Interactive . The numbers nearly doubled analysts ' expectations for the title . Three days after release , the game had surpassed one billion dollars in sales , making it the fastest selling entertainment product in history . Six weeks after its release , Rockstar had shipped nearly 29 million copies of the game to retailers , exceeding the lifetime figures of Grand Theft Auto IV . On 7 October 2013 , the game became the best - selling digital release on PlayStation Store for PlayStation 3 , breaking the previous record set by The Last of Us , though numerical sales figures were not disclosed . It broke seven Guinness World Records on 8 October : best - selling video game in 24 hours , best - selling action - adventure video game in 24 hours , highest grossing video game in 24 hours , fastest entertainment property to gross US $1 billion , fastest video game to gross US $1 billion , highest revenue generated by an entertainment product in 24 hours , and most viewed trailer for an action - adventure video game . A digital version was released on 18 October for the Xbox 360 , which went on to become the highest grossing day - one and week - one release on Xbox Live . As of May 2014 , the game has generated over US $1.98 billion in revenue . As of August 2014 , the game has sold - in over 34 million units to retailers for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . As of December 2014 , the game has shipped 45 million copies to retailers , including 10 million copies of the re-released version for eighth - generation consoles . As of November 2017 , the game has shipped over 85 million copies across all platforms . In the United Kingdom , the game became the all time fastest - selling , selling more than 2.25 million copies in five days . This broke the record set by Call of Duty : Black Ops at two million copies over the same period . It broke the day one record by selling 1.57 million copies and generating £ 65 million . In two weeks , the game sold more than 2.6 million copies and generated £ 90 million , which accounted for 52 % of games sold September 2013 . After three weeks on sale , it beat Grand Theft Auto IV 's lifetime sales in the United Kingdom . In its fourth week , it became the fastest - selling title to break the three million barrier in the UK , thus overtaking Black Ops II 's lifetime sales . In November 2014 , the game became the best - selling game of all time in the UK , overtaking Black Ops . The game was similarly successful in North America : it was the best selling game in September , representing over 50 % of software sales and boosting overall software sales by 52 % compared to September 2012 . Grand Theft Auto Online Main article : Grand Theft Auto Online Developed in tandem with the single - player mode , the online multiplayer mode Grand Theft Auto Online was conceived as a separate experience to be played in a continually evolving world . Up to 30 players freely roam across the game world and enter lobbies to complete jobs ( story - driven competitive and cooperative modes ) . The Content Creator toolset lets players create their own parameters for custom jobs , like racetracks and deathmatch weapon spawn points . Players may band together in organised player teams called crews to complete jobs together . Rockstar Games Social Club extends crews formed in Max Payne 3 's multiplayer mode to those of Grand Theft Auto Online . Players may create their own crews and join up to five total . Crews win multiplayer matches to earn experience points and climb online leaderboards . Grand Theft Auto Online launched on 1 October 2013 , two weeks after Grand Theft Auto V 's release . Many players reported connection difficulties and game freezes during load screens . Rockstar released a technical patch on 5 October in an effort to resolve the issues , but problems persisted the second week following launch as some players reported their character progress as having disappeared . Another technical patch was released on 10 October combating the issues and Rockstar offered a GTA $500,000 ( in - game currency ) stimulus to the accounts of all players connected to Online since launch as recompense . Because of the widespread technical issues present at launch , many reviewers bemoaned their Grand Theft Auto Online experience , but generally recognised its open - ended exploration and dynamic content as strengths . Post-release content is continually added to Grand Theft Auto Online through free title updates . Some updates add new game modes and features , and others feature themed gameplay content , such as the Independence Day Special update that added patriotic - themed content on 1 July 2014 . The widely anticipated Online Heists update launched on 10 March 2015 and suffered some initial technical difficulties due to the increased user load . Shortly after the game 's PC release , some players reported being banned from Grand Theft Auto Online for using field of view and cosmetic mods in single - player . Rockstar stated in their official blog that nobody had been banned from Online for using single - players mods , but that recent updates to the PC version had the `` unintentional effect '' of making such mods unplayable . They stated that mods are unauthorised and may cause unforeseen technical problems and instabilities . Controversies Main article : Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto V The game has generated several controversies related to its violence and depiction of women . A mission that requires players to use torture equipment in a hostage interrogation polarised reviewers , who noted its political commentary but felt that the torture sequence was in poor taste . The mission also received criticism from politicians and anti-torture charity groups . The game became subject to widespread online debate over its portrayal of women , particularly in the wake of backlash against GameSpot journalist Carolyn Petit when she claimed the game was misogynistic in her review . After Petit 's review webpage received more than 20,000 largely negative comments , many journalists defended her right to an opinion and lamented the gaming community 's defensiveness towards criticism . Television personality Karen Gravano and actress Lindsay Lohan both filed lawsuits against Rockstar in allegation that characters in the game were based on their likenesses . Their lawsuits were later dismissed . Australian department store Target pulled the game from their 300 stores following a Change.org petition against depictions of violence towards women in the game . Legacy Critics concurred that Grand Theft Auto V was among seventh generation console gaming 's best and a great closing title before the eighth generation 's emergence . Polygon 's Plante observed that the game would `` bridge between games ' present and the future '' , and declared it `` the closure of this generation , and the benchmark for the next '' . VideoGamer. com 's Simon Miller considered it `` the ultimate swansong for this console cycle '' that would `` cast a long shadow over the next '' . Three days after its release , the game ranked second on IGN 's `` Top 25 Xbox 360 Games '' list . Editor Ryan McCaffrey considered that the open world 's scale and detail succeeded the majority of other Xbox 360 games . He called the game `` a triumph both for gamers and for the medium itself , and it deserves its runaway success '' . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer placed the game third on their `` Top 100 Games of the Generation '' list . They cited its improved shooting and driving mechanics over its predecessors , and considered the multiple protagonist design `` a welcome change of pace '' that could become an eighth generation gaming benchmark . In December , The Daily Telegraph listed the game among their `` 50 best games of the console generation '' . They called it a `` cultural behemoth '' that `` will be Rockstar 's lasting legacy '' . In January 2014 , Computer and Video Games ranked the game fourth on their `` Games of the Generation 20 -- 1 '' list . Editor Rob Crossley said that for the first time , Rockstar created an `` utterly beautiful '' open world . He found that the game did away with Grand Theft Auto IV 's repetitive mission design and focused instead on fun gameplay . In May , IGN ranked it eighth on their `` Top 100 Games of a Generation '' list and called it a `` huge , raucous , and wildly ambitious bridge towards the ( eighth ) generation of console gaming '' . The next month , it placed third on IGN 's `` Games of a Generation : Your Top 100 '' list as voted by the site 's readers . In August , Game Informer ranked it third on their `` Top 10 Action Games Of The Generation '' list . They compared the game 's quality to that of its predecessor , but thought that its ensemble character set - up , varied missions and multiplayer superseded Grand Theft Auto IV 's placement on the list . They wrote of the story 's absurd drama and the open world 's vastness , and did not `` regret a single second '' spent playing the game . In November , Edge named it the fifth best game of its generation and commented that `` no other game studio is even daring to attempt an open world game in its tradition because there is simply no possibility of measuring up to ( its ) standards . '' In 2015 , the publication rated it the second greatest video game of all time . The game ranked high on several best game lists determined by the public ; it featured eighth on Empire 's `` 100 Greatest Video Games Of All Time '' list , and fifth on Good Game 's `` Top 100 Games '' list , as voted by the magazine and programme 's respective audiences . It was the most tweeted game of 2015 , despite being released over a year earlier . Notes Jump up ^ Additional work by Rockstar San Diego , Rockstar Leeds , Rockstar Toronto , Rockstar New England , and Rockstar London . Jump up ^ The first - person view is only available in the Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of the game . Jump up ^ Art director Aaron Garbut estimated that it is large enough to fit the game worlds of Red Dead Redemption , Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto IV inside of it . Jump up ^ Accessed via a pop - up `` weapon wheel '' that features eight slots corresponding to different weapon types . Jump up ^ Players may alternatively hail taxicabs that drive to specific destinations . Jump up ^ Health is fully replenished by using first aid kits or consuming food and drink . Jump up ^ Players arrested or killed by officers during missions may restart from the last checkpoint . Jump up ^ Players may take alternative evasive measures like respraying their vehicle at chop shops , which instantly erases the wanted level . Jump up ^ In Grand Theft Auto V , the FIB and IAA are fictionalised parodies of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , respectively . Jump up ^ Media analyst Arvind Bhatia estimated that the development budget exceeded US US $137 million . The Scotsman reporter Marty McLaughlin estimated that the combined budget of the development and marketing efforts exceeded GB £ 170 million ( US $265 million ) . Jump up ^ The Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions add another 162 tracks to the in - game radio . Jump up ^ Grand Theft Auto V shares its status as fifth - highest rated game on Metacritic with Super Mario Galaxy , Super Mario Galaxy 2 , Super Mario Odyssey , The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild , Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 3 , Perfect Dark , Metroid Prime , Grand Theft Auto III , Halo : Combat Evolved and NFL 2K1 . The games that are rated higher than Grand Theft Auto V are The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time , Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 2 , Soulcalibur and Grand Theft Auto IV . Jump up ^ The game 's first - day sales record beat the previous record of US $500 million set by Call of Duty : Black Ops II . Jump up ^ The game 's US $1 billion revenue broke the previous record set by Call of Duty : Black Ops II , which took 15 days to surpass US $1 billion in sales . Jump up ^ The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Grand Theft Auto Online allow up to 16 concurrent players , while the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions allow up to 30 concurrent players . 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External links Official website Grand Theft Auto series Video games Main series Grand Theft Auto London 1969 Grand Theft Auto 2 Grand Theft Auto III Vice City San Andreas Grand Theft Auto IV The Lost and Damned The Ballad of Gay Tony Grand Theft Auto V Online Handheld games Advance Liberty City Stories Vice City Stories Chinatown Wars Characters Individual Claude Tommy Vercetti Carl `` CJ '' Johnson Niko Bellic Trevor Philips By game Grand Theft Auto III Vice City San Andreas Liberty City Stories Vice City Stories Grand Theft Auto IV Grand Theft Auto V Music San Andreas Grand Theft Auto V Development Grand Theft Auto IV marketing Grand Theft Auto V development Related media Jacked : The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto The Gamechangers Related articles Grand Theft Auto clone Grand Theft Auto IV controversies Grand Theft Auto V accolades Grand Theft Auto V controversies Modding in Grand Theft Auto Hot Coffee mod Multi Theft Auto Book Video games using the Euphoria game animation engine Rockstar Games Grand Theft Auto IV The Lost and Damned The Ballad of Gay Tony Red Dead Redemption Undead Nightmare Max Payne 3 Grand Theft Auto V Online LucasArts Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II NaturalMotion Backbreaker Golden Joystick Award for Ultimate Game of the Year Jetpac ( 1983 ) Knight Lore ( 1984 ) The Way of the Exploding Fist ( 1985 ) Gauntlet ( 1986 ) Out Run ( 1987 / 88 ) Operation Wolf † / Speedball ‡ ( 1988 / 89 ) The Untouchables † / Kick Off ‡ ( 1989 / 90 ) Rick Dangerous 2 † / Kick Off 2 ‡ ( 1990 / 91 ) Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1991 / 92 ) Street Fighter II : The World Warrior ( 1992 / 93 ) Super Mario 64 ( 1996 / 97 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2002 ) Grand Theft Auto : Vice City ( 2003 ) Doom 3 ( 2004 ) Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2005 ) The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion ( 2006 ) Gears of War ( 2007 ) Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ( 2008 ) Fallout 3 ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) Portal 2 ( 2011 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2012 ) Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) Dark Souls II ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Dark Souls III ( 2016 ) The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild ( 2017 ) † denotes 8 - bit ; ‡ denotes 16 - bit Metacritic 's game of the year 1996 : Super Mario 64 1997 : GoldenEye 007 1998 : The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time 1999 : Soulcalibur 2000 : Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 2 2001 : Grand Theft Auto III 2002 : Metroid Prime 2003 : The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker 2004 : Half - Life 2 2005 : Resident Evil 4 2006 : The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess 2007 : Super Mario Galaxy 2008 : Grand Theft Auto IV 2009 : Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves 2010 : Super Mario Galaxy 2 2011 : Batman : Arkham City 2012 : The Walking Dead 2013 : Grand Theft Auto V 2014 : Super Smash Bros. for Wii U 2015 : Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain 2016 : Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End 2017 : Super Mario Odyssey 2010s portal Greater Los Angeles portal Sony PlayStation portal United Kingdom portal Video games portal Xbox portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Theft_Auto_V&oldid=810803571 '' Categories : 2013 video games Action - adventure games Grand Theft Auto Grand Theft Auto V Interactive Achievement Award winners Multiplayer and single - player video games Obscenity controversies in video gaming Open world video games Organized crime video games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Rockstar Advanced Game Engine games Rockstar Games Stealth video games Take - Two Interactive games Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games set in 2004 Video games set in 2013 Video games set in Los Angeles Video games with alternate endings Video games with downloadable content Video games with user - generated gameplay content Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from November 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much money did rockstar make from gta v	[ "Extensively marketed and widely anticipated, the game broke industry sales records and became the fastest-selling entertainment product in history, earning US$800 million in its first day and US$1 billion in its first three days. It received widespread critical acclaim, with praise directed at its multiple protagonist design, open world, presentation and gameplay. However, it caused controversies related to its depiction of women and a mission featuring torture during a hostage interrogation. Considered one of seventh generation console gaming's most significant titles and among the best games ever made, it won year-end accolades including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. It has shipped over 85 million copies and is one of the best-selling video games of all time." ]	[ "US$1 billion in its first three days" ]
-3822457246598047747	Fair Credit Reporting Act	Fair credit reporting Act - wikipedia Fair credit reporting Act Jump to : navigation , search Fair Credit Reporting Act Other short titles Consumer Credit Protection Act Amendment Consumer Credit Reporting Credit Reporting Agencies Long title An Act to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to require insured banks to maintain certain records , to require that certain transactions in U.S. currency be reported to the Department of the Treasury , and for other purposes . Nicknames Federal Deposit Insurance Act Amendments Enacted by the 91st United States Congress Effective October 26 , 1970 Citations Public law 91 - 508 Statutes at Large 84 Stat. 1114 - 2 aka 84 Stat. 1127 Codification Titles amended 12 U.S.C. : Banks and Banking 15 U.S.C. : Commerce and Trade U.S.C. sections amended 12 U.S.C. ch. 16 § § 1830 - 1831 15 U.S.C. ch. 41 § 1681 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 15073 Passed the House on May 25 , 1970 ( 302 -- 0 ) Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 26 , 1970 Major amendments Credit CARD Act of 2009 The Fair Credit Reporting Act , 15 U.S.C. § 1681 ( `` FCRA '' ) is U.S. Federal Government legislation enacted to promote the accuracy , fairness , and privacy of consumer information contained in the files of consumer reporting agencies . It was intended to protect consumers from the willful and / or negligent inclusion of inaccurate information in their credit reports . To that end , the FCRA regulates the collection , dissemination , and use of consumer information , including consumer credit information . Together with the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ( `` FDCPA '' ) , the FCRA forms the foundation of consumer rights law in the United States . It was originally passed in 1970 , and is enforced by the US Federal Trade Commission , the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and private litigants . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Consumer reports 3 Inaccuracies in consumer reports 4 Civil liability 5 Users of consumer reports 6 Employment background checks 7 Furnishers of information 8 Consumer reporting agencies ( `` CRAs '' ) 8.1 Nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The Fair Credit Reporting Act , as originally enacted , was title VI of Pub. L. 91 -- 508 , 84 Stat. 1114 , enacted October 26 , 1970 , entitled An Act to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to require insured banks to maintain certain records , to require that certain transactions in United States currency be reported to the Department of the Treasury , and for other purposes . It was written as an amendment to add a title VI to the Consumer Credit Protection Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 321 , 82 Stat. 146 , enacted June 29 , 1968 . The Fair Credit Reporting Act was one of the first instances of data protection law passed in the computer age . The findings of the U.S. Congress that led to the Act , and the Act 's key regulatory innovations , set the direction of information privacy in the U.S. and the world for the next fifty years . Key among these innovations was the determination that there should be no secret databases that are used to make decisions about a person 's life , that individuals should have a right to see and challenge the information held in such databases , and that information in such a database should expire after a reasonable amount of time . Consumer reports ( edit ) Commonly referred to as credit reports , a consumer report `` contains information about your credit - and some bill repayment history - and the status of your credit accounts . This information includes how often you make your payments on time , how much credit you have , how much credit you have available , how much credit you are using , and whether a debt or bill collector is collecting on money you owe . Credit reports also can contain rental repayment information if you are a property renter . It also can contain public records such as liens , judgments , and bankruptcies that provide insight into your financial status and obligations . '' Inaccuracies in consumer reports ( edit ) A 2015 study released by the Federal Trade Commission found that 23 % of consumers identified inaccurate information in their credit reports . Under the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act ( FACTA ) , an amendment to the FCRA passed in 2003 , consumers are able to receive a free copy of their consumer report from each credit reporting agency once a year . The free report can be requested by telephone , mail , or through the government - authorized website : annualcreditreport.com . Consumer reports obtained through annualcreditreport.com make it easy to identify and dispute inaccurate information . Civil liability ( edit ) The FCRA regulates : Consumer reporting agencies ; Users of consumer reports ; and , Furnishers of consumer information . If a consumer 's rights under the FCRA are violated , they can recover : Actual or statutory damages ; Attorney 's fees ; Court costs ; and , Punitive damages if the violation was willful . '' The threat of punitive damages under 1681n of the FCRA is the primary factor deterring erroneous reporting by the reporting industry . '' The statute of limitations requires consumers to file suit prior to the earlier of : two years after the violation is discovered ; or , five years after the violation occurred . Consumer attorneys often take these cases on a contingency fee basis because the statute allows a consumer to recover attorney 's fees from the offending party . Users of consumer reports ( edit ) Users of the information for credit , insurance , or employment purposes ( including background checks ) have the following responsibilities under the FCRA : Users can only obtain consumer reports for permissible purposes under the FCRA ; Users must notify the consumer when an adverse action is taken on the basis of such reports ; and , Users must identify the company that provided the report , so that the accuracy and completeness of the report may be verified or contested by the consumer . Employment Background checks ( edit ) Employers using consumer reports to screen job applicants or employees must follow specific procedures : Get your written permission ; Tell you how they want to use your credit report ; Not misuse your information ; Give you a copy of your credit report if the employer decides not to hire or fires you ; and , Give you an opportunity to dispute the information contained within your credit report before making a final adverse decision . Furnishers of information ( edit ) A creditor , as defined by the FCRA , is a company that furnishes information to consumer reporting agencies . Typically , these are creditors , with which a consumer has some sort of credit agreement ( such as credit card companies , auto finance companies and mortgage banking institutions ) . Other examples of information furnishers are collection agencies ( third - party collectors ) , state or municipal courts reporting a judgment of some kind , past and present employers and bonders . Lenders have an important role to play in ensuring credit reports are accurate . Under the FCRA , creditors who furnish information about consumers to consumer reporting agencies must : Provide complete and accurate information to the credit reporting agencies ; Investigate consumer disputes received from credit reporting agencies ; Correct , delete , or verify information within 30 days of receipt of a dispute ; and , Inform consumers about negative information which is in the process of or has already been placed on a consumer 's credit report within one month . ( This notice does n't have to be sent as a separate notice , but may be placed on a consumer 's monthly statement . If sent as part as the monthly statement , it needs to be conspicuous , but need not be in bold type . Required wording ( developed by the US Federal Treasury Department ) : Notice before negative information is reported : We may report information about your account to credit bureaus . Late payments , missed payments , or other defaults on your account may be reflected in your credit report . Notice after negative information is reported : We have told a credit bureau about a late payment , missed payment or other default on your account . This information may be reflected in your credit report . Consumer reporting agencies ( `` CRAs '' ) ( edit ) Consumer reporting agencies ( CRAs ) are entities that collect and disseminate information about consumers to be used for credit evaluation and certain other purposes , including employment . Credit bureaus , a type of consumer reporting agency , hold a consumer 's credit report in their databases . CRAs have a number of responsibilities under FCRA , including the following : CRAs must maintain reasonable procedures to ensure the maximum possible accuracy of the information contained within a consumer 's report ; Provide a consumer with information about him or her in the agency 's files and take steps to verify the accuracy of information disputed by a consumer ; If negative information is removed as a result of a consumer 's dispute , it may not be reinserted without notifying the consumer in writing within five days ; and , Remove negative information seven years after the date of first delinquency ( except for bankruptcies ( 10 years ) and tax liens ( seven years from the time they are paid ) . The three big CRAs -- Experian , TransUnion , and Equifax -- do not interact with information furnishers directly as a result of consumer disputes . They use a system called E-Oscar . In some areas of the country , however , there are other credit bureaus . Nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies ( edit ) In addition to the three big CRAs , the FCRA also classifies dozens of other information technology companies as `` nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies '' that produce individual consumer reports used to make credit determinations . Under Section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act , the term `` nationwide specialty consumer reporting agency '' means a consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis relating to : Medical records or payments ; Residential or tenant history ; Check writing history ; Employment history ; or , Insurance claims . Because these nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies sell consumer credit report files , they are required to provide annual disclosures of their report files to any consumer who requests disclosure . A partial list of companies classified as nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies under FCRA includes : Telecheck , ChoicePoint , Acxiom , Integrated Screening Partners , Innovis , the Insurance Services Office , Tenant Data Services , LexisNexis , Retail Equation , Central Credit , Teletrack , the MIB Group , United Health Group ( Ingenix Division ) , and Milliman . Although the major CRAs Experian , Equifax , and TransUnion are required by law to provide a central source website for consumers to request their reports , the nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies are not required to provide a centralized online source for disclosure . The FCRA Section 612 merely requires nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies to establish a streamlined process for consumers to request consumer reports , which shall include , at a minimum , the establishment by each such agency of a toll - free telephone number for such consumer disclosure requests . See also ( edit ) annualcreditreport.com Adverse Credit History Background check Credit card Credit history Credit rating agency Credit score Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Fair Credit Billing Act Identity theft Identity Theft Resource Center Tenant Screening References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dlabay , Les R. ; Burrow , James L. ; Brad , Brad ( 2009 ) . Intro to Business . Mason , Ohio : South - Western Cengage Learning . p. 471 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 44561 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Budgeting Tools '' . Money Management . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is a credit report ? '' . Consumerfinance.gov . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress Under Section 319 of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . www.ftc.gov . Federal Trade Commission . December 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of New Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Will Help Reduce Identity Theft and Help Victims Recover : FTC '' . Ftc.gov. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0155-free-credit-reports ^ Jump up to : `` The Fair Credit Reporting Act '' ( PDF ) . www.consumer.ftc.gov . Federal Trade Commission . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brim V. Midland Credit Mgmt. Inc. , 795 F. Supp. 2d 1255 ( N.D. Ala . 2011 ) '' . Casetext.com . United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama . 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Background Checks '' . Consumer.ftc.gov . Federal Trade Commission . November 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WILLIAMS : Credit agencies are the messengers '' . Washington Times . 2009 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . E-Oscar . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Text of the Fair Credit Reporting Act , 15 U.S.C. 1681 '' ( PDF ) . Ftc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Do a Total Background Check on Yourself - Annual Consumer Reporting Agencies '' . AnnualMedicalReport.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Text of the law from the Federal Trade Commission FTC Opinions on the Fair Credit Reporting Act Consumer attorney 's testimony testifying as to how credit report disputes are actually normally handled , in violation the Act . Mymoney.gov , U.S. Financial Literacy and Education Commission The Fair Credit Reporting Act ( FCRA ) and the Privacy of Your Credit Report Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC ) Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) list of consumer reporting companies current as of January 2016 Bank regulation in the United States Federal authorities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Reserve Board of Governors Financial Stability Oversight Council National Credit Union Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Major federal legislation Independent Treasury Act National Bank Act Federal Reserve Act McFadden Act 1933 Banking Act Glass -- Steagall Act Federal Credit Union Act Bank Holding Company Act Interest Rate Control Act of 1966 Truth in Lending Act Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Community Reinvestment Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978 Monetary Control Act Depository Institutions Act Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 FIRREA FDICIA Truth in Savings Act Riegle - Neal IBBEA Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Credit CARD Act Dodd - Frank Federal Reserve Board regulations Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks ( Reg A ) Equal Credit Opportunity ( Reg B) Home Mortgage Disclosure ( Reg C ) Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions ( Reg D ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( Reg E ) Limitations on Interbank Liabilities ( Reg F ) International Banking Operations ( Reg K ) Consumer Leasing ( Reg M ) Loans to Insiders ( Reg O ) Privacy of Consumer Financial Information ( Reg P ) Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits ( Reg Q ) Credit by Brokers and Dealers ( Reg T ) Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock ( Reg U ) Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates ( Reg W ) Borrowers of Securities Credit ( Reg X ) Truth in Lending ( Reg Z ) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices ( Reg AA ) Community Reinvestment ( Reg BB ) Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks ( Reg CC ) Truth in Savings ( Reg DD ) Types of bank charter Credit union Federal savings association Federal savings bank National bank State bank State authorities California Colorado Florida Illinois Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Terms Call report CAEL Rating CAMELS rating system Thrift Financial Report Other topics Banking in the United States Fair debt collection History of central banking in the United States Wildcat banking Portal Patriot Act Titles I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ( History ) Acts modified Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act People George W. Bush John Ashcroft Alberto Gonzales Patrick Leahy Orrin Hatch Jon Kyl Dianne Feinstein Viet D. Dinh Joe Biden Michael Chertoff Barack Obama Eric Holder Chuck Schumer Lamar Smith Bob Graham Jay Rockefeller Arlen Specter Mike Oxley Dick Armey Paul Sarbanes Trent Lott Tom Daschle Russ Feingold Ellen Huvelle Ron Paul Lisa Murkowski Ron Wyden Dennis Kucinich Larry Craig John E. Sununu Richard Durbin Bernie Sanders Jerrold Nadler John Conyers , Jr . Butch Otter Government organizations Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Justice Select Committee on Intelligence Department of the Treasury FinCEN Department of State National Institute of Standards and Technology Customs Service U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Non-government organizations American Civil Liberties Union American Library Association Center for Democracy and Technology Center for Public Integrity Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Privacy Information Center Humanitarian Law Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act&oldid=829551698 '' Categories : United States federal banking legislation Credit Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 09 : 50 . About Wikipedia	when was the fair credit reporting act passed	[ "\nFair Credit Reporting Act\n\n\n\n\nOther short titles\n\n\n\nConsumer Credit Protection Act Amendment\nConsumer Credit Reporting\nCredit Reporting Agencies\n\n\n\n\n\nLong title\nAn Act to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to require insured banks to maintain certain records, to require that certain transactions in U.S. currency be reported to the Department of the Treasury, and for other purposes.\n\n\nNicknames\nFederal Deposit Insurance Act Amendments\n\n\nEnacted by\nthe 91st United States Congress\n\n\nEffective\nOctober 26, 1970\n\n\nCitations\n\n\nPublic law\n91-508\n\n\nStatutes at Large\n84 Stat. 1114-2 aka 84 Stat. 1127\n\n\nCodification\n\n\nTitles amended\n\n\n\n12 U.S.C.: Banks and Banking\n15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade\n\n\n\n\n\nU.S.C. sections amended\n\n\n\n12 U.S.C. ch. 16 §§ 1830-1831\n15 U.S.C. ch. 41 § 1681 et seq.\n\n\n\n\n\nLegislative history\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroduced in the House as H.R. 15073\nPassed the House on May 25, 1970 (302–0)\nSigned into law by President Richard Nixon on October 26, 1970\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor amendments\n\n\nCredit CARD Act of 2009\n\n" ]	[ "May 25, 1970" ]
6249402439545540989	Wet 'n Wild (Las Vegas)	Wet ' n Wild ( Las Vegas ) - Wikipedia Wet ' n Wild ( Las Vegas ) This article is about the defunct water park on the Las Vegas Strip . For the like named park in the Las Vegas Valley , see Wet'n'Wild Las Vegas . For other uses , see Wet ' n Wild . Wet ' n Wild Las Vegas Location 2601 South Las Vegas Boulevard , Winchester , Nevada , United States Coordinates 36 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 115 ° 09 ′ 30 '' W / 36.140361 ° N 115.158450 ° W / 36.140361 ; - 115.158450 Coordinates : 36 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 115 ° 09 ′ 30 '' W / 36.140361 ° N 115.158450 ° W / 36.140361 ; - 115.158450 Owner Palace Entertainment Operated by Palace Entertainment Opened May 18 , 1985 ( May 18 , 1985 ) Closed 2004 ( 2004 ) Area 27 acres ( 11 ha ) Pools 2 pools Water slides 10 water slides Children 's areas A single children 's area Website Official website ( archived ) Wet ' n Wild was a 27 - acre ( 11 ha ) water park located at 2601 South Las Vegas Boulevard on the Las Vegas Strip in Winchester , Nevada . The park opened in 1985 and operated until 2004 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Redevelopment plans 2 Notes 3 External links History ( edit ) Construction was underway as of October 1984 , with plans to open the 27 - acre park on May 1 , 1985 . The $12 million project was a joint venture between Howard Hughes Development Corporation -- part of Summa Corporation -- and San Diego - based Wet ' n ' Wild . Howard Hughes Development Corporation conceived the project because of the potential to expand the local tourism market through family entertainment , and the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority believed that the water park would appeal to families visiting Las Vegas . Howard Hughes Development Corporation chose a water park theme as the company did not want to compete against southern California 's Disneyland and Knott 's Berry Farm theme parks , as many Las Vegas tourists were residents of southern California . The concept of a water park in Las Vegas was also considered ideal because of the city 's dry and hot weather . The water park was located on the Las Vegas Strip , between the Sahara and El Rancho hotel - casinos . Wet ' n Wild opened on May 18 , 1985 , after $14 million was spent on construction . The park included three turbine engines capable of creating rolling four - foot waves in a 170 - foot pool . The park also featured a 17,000 - square - foot surf lagoon containing 500,000 gallons of water , ranging in depth from eight feet to two inches . The surf lagoon was a main attraction , as well as a 76 - foot - high water slide known as the Der Stuka , located along Las Vegas Boulevard on the property 's west end , south of the Sahara . Approximately 500,000 people were expected to visit the water park during its first year . By June 1986 , park attendance had increased 19.7 percent from the previous year . A capsule known as the Bomb Bay was eventually added atop the Der Stuka . The Bomb Bay required people to push a button , which opened the floor beneath them , plummeting riders to the slide approximately 20 feet below . In 1993 , the park was sued by Russell Beatty , a man who suffered temporary paralysis after his neck was broken in three areas . Beatty had been waiting for his son at the bottom of the Hydro Blaster water slide and was struck by a 275 - pound man . Beatty alleged that lifeguards allowed the man to go down the slide too soon , resulting in the injury . The park was acquired by Universal Studios in October 1998 , Ogden Corp in March 1999 , Alfa SmartParks in March 2000 , and Palace Entertainment on July 10 , 2002 . The park closed in 2004 . Redevelopment plans ( edit ) In March 2007 , Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and Christopher Milam announced plans to purchase the site for $1.2 billion . They intended to replace it with a mixed - use tower called the Crown Las Vegas . The cost of the project was estimated to be $5 billion , and its original completion date was set for 2014 . In March 2008 , the project 's cancellation was announced and the site was put up for sale . The idea of turning the abandoned site into a stadium began in 2010 , when Milam revealed plans for the Silver State Arena . Milam 's company International Development Management would get the 27 - acre land from Sue Lowden and her husband Paul , and atop build a 20,000 - seat stadium at the cost of $750 million , using about $9 million a year in redevelopment district taxes . The project stalled after Clark County rejected a proposal to fund 15 % of the venue with public money and nearby residents opposed construction . In 2013 , businessman Jackie Robinson , a former UNLV student and NBA player , announced that he was planning on using the same site of the proposed Silver State Arena to build the All Net Resort and Arena , a $1.4 billion privately funded complex encompassing an arena , hotel and shopping project that could attract an NBA franchise to Las Vegas . The arena itself would cost $670 million . The project is delayed until 2018 or 2019 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Park Information '' . Wet ' n Wild . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property history '' . Clark County Assessor 's Office . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno , Richard ( October 14 , 1984 ) . `` Aquatic amusement park hopes to attract families '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Barbara ( May 16 , 1985 ) . `` Vegas water park opens Saturday '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Velotta , Richard N. ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Wet ' n ' Wild water park coming to Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism boom expected '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . June 30 , 1986 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Man sues Vegas water park '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . September 3 , 1993 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Robison ( July 10 , 2002 ) . `` Wet ' n Wild sold for fourth time in four years '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caroline Bleakley ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` New Water Park to be Named Wet ' n ' Wild Las Vegas '' . KLAS - TV . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Guillermo ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Vegas water park resurrects ' Wet ' n ' Wild ' name '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ReviewJournal.com - Business - Australian magnate to invest in LV casino Jump up ^ Haynes , Rhys ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Packer 's high Vegas punt '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Michael West ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` Packer dealt a dead hand in Vegas '' ( PDF ) . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Developer touts 20,000 - seat arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Case Keefer . `` Las Vegas ' history filled with failed stadium , arena projects '' . LasVegasSun.com . Jump up ^ Richard N. Velotta . `` Another arena proposed for the Las Vegas Strip '' . LasVegasSun.com . Jump up ^ Alan Snel . `` Ground breaking near for $1.4 billion Strip arena complex '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Karp , Hannah . `` Las Vegas Betting New Venue Hits Jackpot '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( archived ) This article about an amusement park is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet_%27n_Wild_(Las_Vegas)&oldid=834043635 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in the Las Vegas Valley Water parks in Nevada Winchester , Nevada 1985 establishments in Nevada 2004 disestablishments in Nevada Amusement park stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 17 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is wet n wild las vegas located	[ "Wet 'n Wild Las VegasLocation\n2601 South Las Vegas Boulevard, Winchester, Nevada, United StatesCoordinates\n36°08′25″N 115°09′30″W / 36.140361°N 115.158450°W / 36.140361; -115.158450Coordinates: 36°08′25″N 115°09′30″W / 36.140361°N 115.158450°W / 36.140361; -115.158450Owner\nPalace EntertainmentOperated by\nPalace EntertainmentOpened\nMay 18, 1985 (May 18, 1985)Closed\n2004 (2004)Area\n27 acres (11 ha)Pools\n2 poolsWater slides\n10 water slidesChildren's areas\nA single children's areaWebsite\nOfficial website (archived)" ]	[ "2601 South Las Vegas Boulevard, Winchester, Nevada" ]
-8483657726604884505	List of Madagascar (franchise) characters	List of Madagascar ( franchise ) characters - wikipedia List of Madagascar ( franchise ) characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters that have appeared in the Madagascar films , the television series The Penguins of Madagascar , and the Netflix series All Hail King Julien . Contents 1 Concept and creation 2 Main characters 2.1 Alex 2.2 Marty 2.3 Melman Mankiewicz 2.4 Gloria 2.5 The Penguins 2.5. 1 Skipper 2.5. 2 Kowalski 2.5. 3 Rico 2.5. 4 Private 2.6 The Lemurs 2.6. 1 King Julien XIII 2.6. 2 Maurice 2.6. 3 Mort 2.7 Mason and Phil 2.8 Circus Zaragoza Animals 2.8. 1 Vitaly 2.8. 2 Gia 2.8. 3 Stefano 2.8. 4 Sonya 2.8. 5 The Andalusian Triplets 2.8. 6 The Dancing Dogs 2.8. 7 Manu and Maya 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Ted 3.2 Zuba 3.3 Florrie 3.4 Moto Moto 3.5 Okapi Girl 3.6 North Wind 3.6. 1 Classified 3.6. 2 Short Fuse 3.6. 3 Eva 3.6. 4 Corporal 4 Antagonists 4.1 Nana 4.1. 1 Mr. Chew 4.2 The Fossa 4.3 Makunga 4.3. 1 Teetsi 4.4 Captain Chantel DuBois 4.4. 1 DuBois ' Men 4.5 Dave / Dr. Octavius Brine 4.5. 1 Dave 's Henchmen 5 Characters in The Penguins of Madagascar TV series 5.1 Marlene 5.2 Alice 5.3 Pervis McSlade 5.4 Zoo Doctor 5.5 Chuck Charles 5.6 Rat King 5.6. 1 Sewer Rats 5.7 Officer X 5.8 Joey 5.9 Leonard 5.10 Hans 5.11 Dr. Blowhole 5.12 Rhonda 5.13 Bada and Bing 5.14 Burt 5.15 Roger 5.16 Max 5.17 Duck Family 5.17. 1 Mother Duck 5.17. 2 Eggy 5.17. 3 Ramona , Bradley and Samuel 5.18 Fred 5.19 Roy 5.20 Pinky 5.21 Darla 5.21. 1 Carol and Jillian 5.22 Shelly 5.23 Becky and Stacy 5.24 Randy 5.25 Muffy , Buffy , and Fluffy 5.26 Clemson 5.27 Lulu 5.28 Doris 5.29 Savio 5.30 The Vesuvius Twins 5.31 Cecil and Brick 5.32 Archie 5.33 Amarillo Kid 5.34 Miss Perky 5.35 Granny Squirrel 5.36 Barry 5.37 Frankie 5.38 The Red Squirrel 5.39 The Broches 5.39. 1 Mike 5.39. 2 Duane 5.39. 3 Eddie 5.40 Frances Alberta 5.41 Kitka 5.42 Nurse Shawna W. Smith 5.43 Special Agent Buck Rockgut 5.44 Hunter 5.45 Uncle Nigel 5.46 Blue Hen 5.47 Manfredi and Johnson 6 Characters in All Hail King Julien 6.1 Clover 6.2 Masikura 6.3 Maggie the Unwashed 6.4 Prince Barty 6.5 Princess Julienne 6.6 King Julien XII 6.7 Ted 6.8 Willie 6.9 Xixi 6.10 Hector 6.11 Horst 6.12 Dorothy 6.13 Pancho 6.14 Sage Moondancer 6.15 Tammy 6.16 Todd 6.17 Timo 6.18 Mom - Bot 6.19 King Joey 6.20 Becca 6.21 Abner 6.22 Karl 6.22. 1 Chauncey 6.23 Crimson 6.24 Rob McTodd ( Nurse Phantom ) 6.25 Vigman Wildebeests 6.26 Dr. S 6.27 Fred the Giant Scorpion 6.28 Pam Simonsworthington 6.29 Jarsh - Jarsh 6.30 Koto 6.31 Grandpa Mort 6.32 Captain Ethan 6.33 Andy Fairfax 7 Merry Madagascar characters 7.1 Donner 7.2 Cupid 8 Reception 9 References Concept and creation ( edit ) Tom McGrath explained in an interview that the intention of Madagascar was not to take a political stance on whether `` zoos are bad and the wild is better , or that the wild is bad , '' but to show `` the most extreme ' fish out of water ' story that ( they ) could do '' . McGrath stated `` the basic irony to the story is that , you think animals do belong in the wild , but if they 're so accustomed to civility , they would n't know where food even came from , '' and the animals were meant to `` love the zoo and to love where they are because they 've got '' 5,000 square feet ( 460 m ) `` right off Fifth Avenue '' . McGrath also described , during the research of Madagascar , they `` found these crazy , weird animals that were already cartoons in their own right . '' Main characters ( edit ) Alex ( edit ) Alex Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Ben Stiller ( films and TV specials ) Wally Wingert ( first video game and spin - offs ) Quinn Dempsey Stiller ( cub ) Declan Swift ( cub ) Crispin Freeman ( second and third video games , All Hail King Julien ) Information Species African lion Alex ( born Alakay ) is a male African lion . Alex is headstrong , protective and self - proclaimed leader of his friends . He is best friends with Marty the zebra ( Chris Rock ) . He is used to the life of comfort in the zoo , but learns to adapt to the wild . He 's smart , quick thinking and fast on his feet . He is a dancer by nature , often impressing others with his aerobatic feats . He does tend to be a little self - absorbed , often not seeing the problems of others above his own . Alex enjoys his life at the zoo and has plenty of friends and is surprised when hearing Marty 's wish to leave and live in the wild ( or run free in Connecticut as stated in the movie ) . As a cub , Alex was born on an African wildlife reserve and named Alakay . He has brown and yellow fur , whiskers , a black nose , a big mane , and a long tufted tail . He was the son of the alpha lion , Zuba ( Bernie Mac ) , and was constantly given lessons on hunting , though he displayed no interest in the activity . During one of the sessions , Alex was captured by poachers , but the crate he was contained in fell into a river and eventually floated to New York . He is found by humans who renamed him Alex and took to the Central Park Zoo . In Madagascar , after Marty , Alex 's best friend , leaves in an effort to take a train to the wild , Alex , Gloria the hippopotamus ( Jada Pinkett Smith ) , and Melman the giraffe ( David Schwimmer ) pursue him and are shot with tranquilizer darts by humans . The animal - rights activists pressure the zoo into releasing them back into the wild , but on the ship to the preserve , Alex and his friends fall into the ocean . They wash ashore on Madagascar , and , while Marty is excited to be free , Alex wishes to go home . He grows very hungry after days of being unable to eat , not realizing that steak is animal flesh . Hunger drives Alex into a crazed state , and after almost killing Marty in hunger ( by biting him on the butt when he thought it was a piece of steak ) , in a moment of lucidity , he goes into self - imposed exile , barricading himself in the fossa territory of the island . Marty pursues him , unwilling to leave his friend , but is attacked by the fossa , the native predators of Madagascar . Alex works to defend Marty , and is later given sushi by the penguins to satiate his hunger . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Alex encounters his parents , Zuba and Florrie ( Sherri Shepherd ) , who are overjoyed to see their son and he becomes co-alpha lion alongside his father . Zuba assumes Alex is strong after hearing he is the `` King '' of New York and arranges a rite of passage into the pride . Makunga ( Alec Baldwin ) , Zuba 's rival , persuades Alex to challenge Teetsi during the Alex 's rite of passage . Teetsi was revealed to be a bulky , strong lion and Alex is quickly defeated by him . To keep from banishing Alex , Zuba transfers his control to Makunga , and in turn , he , Florrie , and Alex are banished . Zuba soon grows unaccepting of Alex after realizing he is not a fierce warrior . The next day , the watering hole is shown to be dried up and Alex leaves with Marty to find out the cause . They leave the safety of the reserve , prompting Zuba to follow Alex and bring him back . Alex discovers that the stranded New Yorkers had created a dam , and through the use of dancing , he is recognized by the attacking New Yorkers . With the help of others , the dam is destroyed and they return to the preserve . His father learns to respect his habits , and they remain in Africa instead of flying home with the penguins . In The Penguins of Madagascar in a Christmas Caper , a stuffed animal Alex is seen briefly and its head is quickly dismembered by Nana 's toy poodle , Mr. Chew . Alex has small cameos with his friends celebrating Christmas and singing a version of `` Jingle Bells '' . The fact that Alex loses the challenge to Teetsi and is spanked by Nana in Madagascar gives him the impression he is a horrible fighter , but this is not true , because ( in the Nana case ) , she only gets Alex by surprise , but was more visible when in Madagascar 2 , he has a short , but equilibrated fight against Nana . Alex is shown to have a superhuman level of interior physical strength , seeing that he broke the zoo 's public telephone , and lifts Melman , Marty and Gloria with relative ease . Alex made another appearance in `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole . '' Wally Wingert reprises his role from the video games . In the show , he appeared as a hallucination `` spirit guide '' to help Skipper , whose memories had been stolen by the evil Dr. Blowhole . At first , Skipper thought he was very talkative and annoying , but soon he accepted his guidance , especially when he had to face Blowhole when he got back to New York City . A running gag in the episode is that Skipper 's friends are confused and convinced he 's crazy when they see him talk to Alex , since only Skipper can see him . After Dr. Blowhole was defeated , Alex 's spirit guide form disappeared . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , it opens on Alex 's birthday and after a present from his friends of a mud New York he is determined to get the penguins from Monte Carlo . Alex creates four phases and after a fight with his friends they are exposed and are pursued by Captain Chantel DuBois . After cutting the DuBois ' snare they fly back to New York until they crash in a trainyard . Alex is determined to get back home and tries to fix the plane but fails . Then he persuades Gia a jaguar to let them on the train , with whom he is smitten upon first sight . After being let on the train Alex , Marty , Melman and Gloria realized that this was a ticket home . After a failing performance in Rome he gives a pep talk and has the circus spiced up to get the circus promoter for a tour in America . Stefano told Alex why Vitaly the Siberian tiger was grouchy . Alex teaches Gia trapeze , and they begin to fall deeply in love . The London performance was better and they go to America . DuBois came to `` take home '' Alex but gets shot out of a cannon . Alex tells them why they had to join the circus . Alex gives another pep talk to his friends and Julien that they were wrong and they decide to go back until DuBois comes . Awakening , Alex realizes they are back in the zoo with iron cage links between them . Luckily the circus came and rescued him . But DuBois is still determined to get Alex 's head and is taking Stefano . But Alex saves the day ( with Gia 's help ) by saving Stefano , a sea lion , and defeating DuBois . Marty ( edit ) Marty Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Chris Rock ( films and TV specials ) Phil LaMarr ( video games ) Thomas Stanley ( foal ) Information Species Plains zebra Marty is a male plains zebra who used to live at the Central Park Zoo , and is a good friend of Alex the lion . He once had an iPod before Alex accidentally broke it . Marty likes seaweed on a stick . Marty is a hopeless optimist ; he usually sees the brighter side of many things , taking every situation in stride . He has black and white stripes , a furry coat , a mane , and a tufted tail . He strives to be unique , which proves difficult when he meets his own kind in Africa , who look and act almost exactly the same . Marty is best friends with Alex and the two are rarely at odds . His carefree lifestyle tends to get on the nerves of his friends , but mostly serves to impress them ; he is the one who helps hold the group together when things seem to get down . Marty lived a life of comfort in the zoo . After his tenth birthday had come and gone , meaning that his life was already half over , Marty decided that never having seen the wild , he must travel to the wild , for at least a short time . In the movie , Alex says he 's black with white stripes , as he has 30 black , and only 29 white , but this was partly because Alex had to give an explanation as to why he was licking Marty , as he thought he was the steak in his dream . The film begins on Marty 's 10th birthday ( middle - aged for a zebra ) . His friends try to give him a great birthday , but somehow , Marty wants more . He escapes the Central Park Zoo , where he had lived for the past ten years , and makes a dash for the wild . His friends , Alex , Melman the giraffe , and Gloria the hippopotamus , flag him down , but as they are about to take him back to the zoo , police officers and animal control officers appear in all directions , tranquilize the animals , and send them on a ship to a wildlife preserve in Kenya . The penguins take over the ship and the four friends are washed up on the shores of Madagascar . Once on the island , Marty had his dream fulfilled . Marty sets up a `` bar '' on the island , known as Casa del Wild ( in English Home of the Wild ) . Alex is mad at Marty for getting them shipped to the wild , but he later apologises to Marty and actually begins to enjoy himself on the island . Unfortunately , his enjoyment brings on his killer instincts , causing him to attack the resident lemurs and his friends , including Marty . Alex does not `` go savage '' for long , and after regaining his senses , he runs away from his friends out of regret . Soon after that , Marty learns the hard way that the wild is not what it seems to be , and how hard it really is for many animals to live there with so many predators and other dangers . Realising the consequences brought upon by his impulsive actions , such as sacrificing his and the other 's lives at the Zoo ( the one safe place they called home ) and the misfortune he caused his best friend , Marty comes to truly regret his birthday wish . However , after learning of the penguins having hijacked a boat and are offering the zoo animals a trip back home , Marty immediately runs after Alex in hopes to save his friend . Alex is later able to rejoin his friends as they head back to the zoo . Marty , along with his friends , has only a few small cameos in The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper . He , Alex , and Gloria are seen at the beginning decorating Melman 's neck with Christmas lights . At the end , he , his friends , and almost all the other zoo animals are seen singing their own version of `` Jingle Bells '' . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Marty ( along with Alex , Melman , Gloria , the lemurs , and the penguins ) finds himself stranded in Africa after a failed attempt at flying to New York . There , he joins a herd of zebra that all look and sound exactly like him . While he enjoys this new lifestyle at first , he quickly becomes depressed when it becomes evident he has no individuality in a herd . Marty also becomes upset when Alex is unable to tell him apart from the other zebras . Ultimately , Alex is able to make amends by picking Marty out of the herd ( later revealed to be due to the bite mark left on his backside from the previous film , and the fact that he is black with white stripes , while the other zebras are all white with black stripes . ) Marty accompanies his friend to unblock a dam set by stranded New Yorkers in the jungle ( which causes the watering hole to dry up ) . When Alex is caught , Marty gets the other animals to help rescue him . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , Marty joins the circus along with the others . His circus act is cannon along with Stefano the sea lion . In the middle of the film , you can tell he loves the afro . At the end of the film , it is shown that Marty is dancing in his afro ( along with the others ) to the tune Afro Circus / I like to Move it . Melman Mankiewicz ( edit ) Melman Mankiewicz Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by David Schwimmer ( films and TV specials ) Stephen Stanton ( video games ) Zachary Gordon ( calf ) Information Species Reticulated giraffe Melman Mankiewicz ( Giacomo Manica ) is a male reticulated giraffe . He has a furry coat , whiskers , a snout , a long neck , brown spots , horns , and a tufted tail . He is somewhat of a hypochondriac , having doses of medicine for meals and doctor 's appointments frequently . He even complains about having brown spots on his neck ( the spots , in real life , are natural ) . He is skittish most of the time , but often has moments of profound clarity . His experience being medicated has given him insight regarding how to treat sick or injured animals who might otherwise give up hope and dig a hole , waiting to die in it . His love for Gloria is deep , and is always a gentleman to her ; to Marty and Alex , he 's just another one of the `` awkward '' guys . Melman had a residence at the Central Park Zoo , where he received constant medical treatment for problems that were all psychosomatic . He would undergo MRIs , CAT scans , injections , flu shots , and be put into braces and crutches for no particular purpose at all . In the Central Park Zoo , Melman was used to his cushy life taking pills and undergoing treatments . One night , Marty the Zebra escaped and Melman immediately informed Alex of this . In a flashback in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , there is a hint that he had a crush on Gloria as a child ( as he seems uncomfortable when she comments that Alex is cute ) . When the animals nearly die trying to fly back to New York in a salvaged air plane , he screams he is in love with Gloria ; she is asleep and does not hear . In Africa , Melman is horrified to learn that once a giraffe becomes sick , it has no way to survive and therefore must simply wait in a hole to die . He takes the position of Witch Doctor to cure sick animals , introducing them to Western medicine and giving them longer and better lives . While he proves to be a very good witch doctor , he is informed by another giraffe that Melman has a brown spot on his shoulder , one which the previous Witch Doctor seemed to have gotten and `` was gone '' two days later . Thinking he only has two days to live , Melman initially waits in a hole , but then takes King Julien 's advice and goes to declare his love to Gloria . He finds her on a date and simply tells her date what a wonderful girl Gloria is and to treat her right . When the watering hole dries up and King Julien decides to sacrifice an animal for the water gods , Melman offers himself . He is saved at the last moment , when Gloria tells him that she loves him back , and the two become a couple ; it becomes apparent the `` brown spot '' was not fatal ( the previous Witch Doctor is found alive and well , the brown spot in fact being a natural giraffe spot ) ; however , there is not a scene where Melman is told of this . It is assumed that he figured it out when his `` time '' came and went and he was fine . He was last seen dancing off into the sunset with Gloria , Alex and Marty . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , Melman and Gloria are still together . They and the other animals go to Monte Carlo to find the penguins . Once inside the hotel , Melman , Alex and Marty argue over who should be the leader of the group . They are crushed by Gloria 's weight and they fall into the casino . Whilst escaping the hotel with the other animals , they are pursued by DuBois . On the way they lose DuBois and manage to reach the Hotel Ambassador . While boarding the plane , Melman is grabbed by the neck when DuBois appears . Alex with a little help from Mort , cuts the rope and saves Melman . Above the skies of France , the plane 's engine fails and it crash lands into a suburban rail yard . Whilst running from the authorities who are closing in on them , Melman gives Alex the idea of boarding the train containing the circus . Upon arrival in Rome , Melman and the group realize how terrible the circus was . En route to London , Melman and the others are discussing how terrible the circus was before Alex tells them about his newfound inspiration . Melman and Gloria create a dancing tightrope act that is performed in London . When Melman and his friends are pursued by DuBois , the circus discover their true identities . Gloria ( edit ) Gloria Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jada Pinkett Smith ( films and TV specials ) Bettina Bush ( video games ) Willow Smith ( calf ) Information Species Hippopotamus Gloria is a female hippopotamus who resided in the Central Park Zoo as an attraction , all the while being good friends with Alex and Marty , and Melman 's girlfriend ( as of Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ) . She has gray skin , a snout , short arms and legs , black fingernails , an enormously fat belly , and a short stubby tail . Gloria also has a triangular belly button . She acts as the older sister to the gang , often putting her foot down when the boys start to lose control . As she is a hippo , Gloria 's weight and her large belly caused some problems , such as in the second film when she tripped and caused the volcano ledge to break under Melman , though she saved him . In the third film , Gloria got stuck in a vent when the group was entering the casino and then she fell through a glass window . As a hippopotamus , Gloria is another animal in the Central Park Zoo and was one of the many attractions , drawing crowds that enjoyed seeing her swim about in her water tank . She would also receive the star treatment as one of the zoo 's main attractions and attend Marty 's birthday party . At this party , Marty announced his wish upon blowing out the candles on his cake : to go to the wild . Gloria , Alex and Melman tried to have Marty come to his senses by telling him life out in the wilds was savage and difficult , whereas life in the zoos was adequate . Marty was unhappy at hearing this , and Gloria told Alex to go to console Marty . Later that night , Marty acted out his wish and headed straight for the Terminal Station to take a train and go to Connecticut , where Marty heard wide open spaces were found . Gloria urged both Alex and Melman to come with her to find Marty and bring him back before any people would notice . They were found , regardless , along with Mason and Phil , the two chimps , and a troupe of secretive penguins , all ending up tranquilized with darts . When they all came to , they found themselves in crates bound for Africa . When the penguins hijack the ship , the crates fall into the ocean and wash up on the island of Madagascar . After some confusion , they start to set up their own society and attract the attention of a lemur colony . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Gloria expresses a desire to join in the zoo breeding program , in the hopes of finding a boyfriend . When the animals crash land in Africa , she attracts the attention of a hippo named Moto Moto . Though she thinks he is the ideal boyfriend at first , she realizes that he only loves her for her belly , where as Melman loves her for who she is . Realizing that she loves Melman back , she convinces him not to sacrifice himself into the volcano and Gloria grabs him by the horn and says , `` It 's crazy to think that I had to go half way around the world to find the perfect guy was right next door ... '' and then joins the other animals in rescuing Alex from Nana . Gloria returns in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted with Melman , the couple find their way as they contribute to the circus ' success with a spectacular tightrope act . The penguins ( edit ) A group of the NYC adélie penguin spies . Skipper is a major character in the first film , but Kowalski , Rico , and Private are supporting characters and do n't talk much until The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper . All four penguins have major roles in the first sequel and supporting roles in the second sequel . Skipper ( edit ) Skipper Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Tom McGrath Information Species Adélie penguin Skipper is the leader of the Adélie penguins ( despite their color - schemes not matching the real species ) and is the main character in the TV show . He has dark , sapphire - blue eyes and his body is wider than those of the other three penguins . Like the rest of the penguins , he has no idea what is expected of the penguin species , other than to `` smile and wave . '' At one point , Private used a bird biology book to tell the other penguins how to act , but since the penguins usually need the chimpanzees Phil and Mason to translate for them , it was unclear how either he or Private were able to read the biology book , which is presumably written in English . His sidekicks , Kowalski , Rico , and Private do n't talk much until The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper . In the first Madagascar movie , Skipper is the mastermind behind a plot to escape the confines of the zoo and leave for Antarctica . Kowalski , Rico , and Private are his accomplices in this plot . They dig under their enclosure until they reach Marty the zebra , thinking it to be the South Pole . Skipper explains to Marty that they are attempting to escape the zoo because penguins do not belong there in captivity . He then orders his accomplices to continue tunneling . Late that night , Skipper and the other penguins are caught by a SWAT team , as are six other animals found outside the zoo . The penguins are tranquilized and put into a crate to be transferred . When they awake , Skipper is confused at the lettering on the crate where they are being held and orders Mason to read it ; Mason 's companion Phil reads it . According to the box , they are all bound for a wildlife preserve in Africa , despite the cold climate penguins need . Skipper orders Rico to pick the lock on the crate where they are held , whereupon the four penguins knock out the crew and take command of the ship , commandeering it to reach Antarctica . Skipper and his mates finally reach Antarctica and are sorely disappointed by the barren , desolate terrain ( as evidenced by Private 's exclamation , `` Well , this sucks ... '' ) Skipper has the ship return quickly from the South Pole , where it crashes into the beaches of Madagascar and a much warmer climate . Upon arriving , he and the other three encounter Gloria and Melman , and see that Alex and Marty ( whom they refer to as their `` monochromatic friend '' ) are gone . Skipper decides to help rescue Marty from the grim fate of being eaten by the native foossa ( possibly as gratitude for Marty 's silence regarding the escape ) . It is Skipper who helps to distract the foossa while Marty is recovered , and also helps fight off a number of them . Skipper notices later on that Alex is still hungry , not having been able to eat steak , and has Rico prepare sushi for Alex . Skipper then relinquishes control of the ship to Alex , as he no longer needs it , and proceeds to sunbathe on the tropical beaches in comfort . Skipper is asked by Private if they should tell Alex and his friends that the ship is out of gas . Skipper declines , telling his troupe to `` Just smile and wave , boys . Smile and wave . '' In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Skipper and the penguins salvage a crashed airplane to fly back to New York . They fix the plane when it crashes in Africa with the help of `` more thumbs '' ( Mason and Phil ) . At the end of the movie , he marries a bobblehead doll . In The Penguins of Madagascar , the bobble head is nowhere to be seen . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , it is revealed that Skipper , Kowalski , Rico and Private , along with Mason and Phil , have been in Monte Carlo . With Phil dressed as the `` King of Versailles , '' they are able to amass a fortune of jewels , diamonds and gold and plan to buy an aircraft to pick up the `` hippies '' ( Alex , Marty , Gloria , and Melman ) in Africa and return to New York . Things change when Alex and the others rush to Monte Casino , believing that the penguins have abandoned them . Skipper later uses the fortune to help the gang become part of a traveling circus . Skipper is one of the four main characters of The Penguins of Madagascar . In the show , many things are revealed about him and it expands on his character from the movies . In multiple episodes it is shown that Skipper knows karate and is an exceptionally capable fighter . He 's also very strong , as seen in `` Launchtime . '' In `` Crown Fools , '' he states that he had taken down an angry walrus with `` a wing and a prayer and another wing '' . However , in `` Needle Point '' , it is revealed that he has a fear of needles , so in later episodes if he 's injured he 's treated with medical cream or the like . Generally , he is a straight man , displaying a very stereotypical general personality when not in battle : he 's been shown waking his men up early in the morning for training , has given them trials on being able to work without him a number of times , and has been shown to being very hard - boiled . He is , though , soft on his men at times , properly rewarding them and even showing fear and worry when he knows they 're in danger . He becomes especially upset when he believes one of them to be dead . He often tries to hide this part , as he once told Private that he ( Private ) is always bait because he `` is gullible and expendable , '' but later becomes upset when Private is eaten . Although Skipper 's plans and theories often serve as jokes , his most unorthodox theories are sometimes proven true ; the Blowhole existence is the most extreme example of this . Doctor Blowhole is first mentioned in `` Eclipsed '' , when Skipper brings up his plan to extinguish the sun ; this is because the sun was covered by a solar eclipse and , before Mason , Phil , and Kowalski mentioned it , Skipper believed he finally succeeded . Skipper being paranoid often comes up due to his theories , and whether or not he 's right depends on the episode . Often , those around him refuse to follow along , mostly Marlene because she believes Skipper overreacts . He often comes up with theories without basis on new arrivals , usually flying piranha or being a spy for Doctor Blowhole . According to him , there are actually 8 continents , since he counts Atlantis ( and appears to believe it is off the coast of Brazil ) . He once tells Maurice that if he had Skipper 's security clearance , he would believe it too . Skipper indicates that he believes that some new arrivals to the zoo could be flying piranha . In the episode `` Launchtime , '' when he asks Kowalski to search for a place where nearly no lemurs can be found , he states that he can not set foot in Denmark ; when Private questions him on this , he replies by saying `` Well , that 's private , Private , between me and the Danes . '' It is later revealed that the incident in question was caused by Hans the Puffin , revolving around a fish fight and top secret documents that made them both public enemy number one . Skipper has mentioned that there used to be two more penguins ( Manfredi and Johnson , named for two ill - fated characters in the World War II prisoner - of - war saga Stalag 17 ) in addition to himself and the other three ; this is unconfirmed , and these claims have never been adequately explained . When they 're brought up , it 's usually as a warning or an aside remark , as they died in the past during a mission . In `` The Hidden '' , he mentions that they died during a mission when they were attacked by `` flying piranhas '' and that they had to `` bury what was left of them with a tea spoon '' . In `` A Kipper for Skipper , '' when Skipper states that `` relatively few penguins get left behind '' , as the others point out that Manfredi , Johnson , and another penguin were . In `` Roger Dodger , '' he tells Rico that he would take him out if he had to and tells him `` just ask Manfredi and Johnson . '' In `` An Elephant Never Forgets , '' he tells them that while he was training Private that Manfredi and Johnson `` fell for the exploding elephant foot . '' They are also mentioned by Private , who claims that they mistook the hind end of a beluga whale for an escape tunnel . In `` Maurice at Peace , '' it is implied that they were accidentally smothered by the others due to a misinterpretation of a message which actually said to smother them with affection . In `` Smotherly Love , '' it is mentioned that they died a very relaxing death in a day spa . In The Penguins of Madagascar , he uses some Italian words such as `` Sempre all'erta '' ( in `` Haunted Habitat '' ) , `` Bravissimo '' ( in `` The Hidden '' ) , `` Attenzione '' ( in `` Crown Fools '' ) , `` Eccellente '' ( in `` Kingdom Come '' ) , `` Finito ! '' ( in `` Popcorn Panic '' ) and `` Perfetto '' ( in `` An Elephant Never Forgets '' ) . His Italian pronunciation is not perfect . In `` The Falcon and the Snow Job , '' Skipper falls for a female Peregrine falcon named Kitka and they date for a while . Skipper breaks up with her after it is revealed that she had swallowed Fred the squirrel , and in subsequent episodes she was n't heard from or mentioned . Skipper shares a very strong friendship with Marlene , a female Asian Otter who lives across from the penguins and is a main character in the series . Despite their conflicting differences and clashes of personality , the two still remain very close and are able to keep their bond of friendship strong . Marlene is also considered `` privileged '' by Skipper , due to the fact that he thinks of her as a smart , which is rather unusual , considering his otherwise generally scornful opinion of mammals . He sometimes allows her to tag along on missions . As the series The Penguins of Madagascar continues , Skipper starts to realize that Private is following in his footsteps in `` Private and the Winky - Factory . '' Skipper also becomes less sensitive to his enemies Dr. Blowhole and Hans the Puffin . Over the course of the series he likes and trusts them less and less . In the Dr. Blowhole Special `` Blowhole Strikes Back , '' Hans and Skipper are referred to as `` frenemies . '' At the beginning of the episode , Hans surprises Skipper by meeting him in China , and refers to him as such . Kowalski ( edit ) Kowalski Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Chris Miller ( films and other media ) Jeff Bennett ( The Penguins of Madagascar ) Information Species Adélie penguin Kowalski is second - in - command and the tallest of the penguins , forming plans for the group and usually taking notes for Skipper . When Skipper is absent , he takes charge and his rank is First Lieutenant . He has blue eyes and tends to over-analyze situations . Often formulating plans for the group , Kowalski is a loyal supporter of his leader , Skipper . Kowalski had escaped the zoo with the other penguins , but was promptly captured and put into a crate for transfer with his comrades . The crates were all placed on a ship bound for Africa , where all the creatures from the zoo would be kept in a wildlife preserve . While in the crate , Kowalski confessed that he could not read ( he said the words on the side of the box were an `` older code '' , in slight reference to Return of the Jedi ) and asked another transferee , a chimpanzee named Phil , to read the words on the crate . As soon as this was done , the four penguins headed to the ship 's bridge , knocked out the crew and captain , bound them up , and Kowalski plotted the ship 's course to Antarctica . He is the technician of the group and always has his notepad ( and an abacus in the animated series ) . While being able to formulate plans and invent things ( such as a rocket ship out of a trashcan and fireworks , a futuristic rotary saw blade made of energy and multiple random objects , or an intelligence sucking machine from just a cardboard box , a magnet , and a vacuum ) he is shown to have a bit of difficulty deducing simpler machines . At the end of `` Needle Point '' , it is revealed that he has an irrational fear of dentists , which is peculiar in that , as even Private soon states after Kowalski runs off , penguins do not have teeth . He seems to also spout nearly or completely nonsensical words , such as , `` The moo cow may have a chocolate marshmallow '' , or `` I 'll be a bicycle cream cone '' , whenever either hit incredibly hard ( as he did when body checked by a giant rat during a hockey game ) or when shocked severely ( as by Officer X 's stun gun ) . He screamed `` Galileo Galilei '' when he got his injection during `` Needle Point '' . He also loves candy . In the series he is shown to be intelligent but it is not as apparent in the films ( e.g. in Madagascar he does not know how to read , in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa he states that the paper plane would help them fly back to New York and he does not understand that the fuel indicator was indicating that fuel is finished , and in Penguins of Madagascar he wrongly calculated that they arrived in Dublin , Ireland , when in reality they arrived in Shanghai ) . He does most of his calculations on an abacus , although he was briefly in possession of a calculator that was destroyed . He is in love with a dolphin called Doris and recorded a poem for her on DVD which highlighted her apparent non-interest in him in the `` Hot Ice '' episode . ( She was first mentioned in `` Gone in a Flash '' with a photo being shown . ) It has been noted that his inventions have a habit of horribly backfiring regardless of his best intentions . Some of his most significant blunders include : a time machine ( or ' Chronotron ' ) that triggered a temporal rift that nearly destroyed reality and resulted in three of Kowalski appearing in one place ( noticeably , the first Kowalski from the future wanted to stop the ray and the second one wanted it to keep working ) ; a ray designed to return spoiled food to its fresher state that turned Skipper into a chick ; a mind - switching machine ( which backfired in its first use because he forgot to take the warm - blooded / cold - blooded conflict into account when switching Rico with Roger ) ; a device called the `` Chronocurbulator '' that stops time that left time seemingly permanently frozen when it broke down ; a helmet that granted the user the power of telekinesis ; an invisibility ray ( or ' Transparent Matter - Maker ' , called ' Transmatterer ' for short due to copyright issues ) that turned itself invisible before being set to randomly fire ; a mind - reading machine that quickly burnt out due to lack of processing power ; a cloning machine that relied on the Higgs Boson particle for power ; nanites that could reprogram other machines ( these were programmed to not harm a penguin , but this backfired when they locked the penguins in their habitat to ' protect ' them ) ; and the artificially engineered life - form ' Jiggles ' , who consumed the zoo 's fruit and nearly destroyed the zoo when it grew to monstrous size . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , an invention of his called a `` nucular '' reactor ( sic ) is used . As a result of his inventions , he comes off as unhinged , especially when he becomes overly defensive about what he does . Outright called a mad scientist by Skipper , Kowalski often creates things in order to `` show them '' and has , on few occasions , hidden his devices . In `` I Know Why The Caged Bird Goes Insane '' , he becomes increasingly derailed as the episode goes on after being temporarily bound to a wheelchair , mostly because the nursery he was being held in was right next door to the Science Expo , and he makes a few attempts to break out . Kowalski can play a banjo and sing as seen in the episode `` Concrete Jungle Survival '' . Rico ( edit ) Rico Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jeffrey Katzenberg ( Madagascar ) John DiMaggio ( most media ) Fred Tatasciore ( second video game ) Conrad Vernon ( The Penguins of Madagascar ) Information Species Adélie penguin Rico , third - in - command of the penguins , does not really talk too much . He is similar in physical features to the other penguins in the movies , but he has a tuft of feathers shaped like a Mohawk and a scar of unknown origin on his left cheek in the television series , which makes him easier to distinguish , particularly from Skipper . Rico is the greediest and fattest of the penguins - he will eat almost anything , and thinks constantly of food . Skipper describes him as `` clearly a world - class psychopath '' . Rico appears to be not merely particularly psychotic , but to some degree mentally deficient . In `` Friend in a Box '' Kowalski points a mind - reading device at him which , despite seeming to function perfectly for the other three penguins , picks up only the word ' Fish ' being thought by Rico . According to Skipper , it was a mystery how Rico passed the psych test . On the other hand , in `` Cat 's Cradle '' Skipper tells Rico to demonstrate shutting off all unnecessary brain functions to conserve oxygen , and Rico seems to ' deactivate ' by deflating his entire body . In the first and second film , what little speech Rico used suggested that his native language is Japanese , and his sushi - preparation skills added to this idea . However , in the TV series , he communicated with excitable garbled grunts , but could still manage short sentences in English , and his language further improved by the second season . He has also displayed a fondness for a plastic doll toy called Miss Perky . He 's the team 's weapons expert and his main function is to regurgitate any necessary tools that Skipper may need for a mission . His stomach operates as a hammer space , containing items as large or larger than himself , or that weigh much more than common sense would allow , with no ill effect on himself . He can swallow and regurgitate almost anything from paperclips and explosives , all the way to a running chainsaw and ground - to - air missile . As the show went on , characters could actually reach inside him and pull things out . His stomach even contains a spiral staircase and elevator , and he can swallow other characters and regurgitate them safely , as he has swallowed both Mort and Kowalski . He 's very fond of explosives , and his answer to problems would always be `` Kaboom ! '' , if Skipper did not keep him in line . Rico has little tolerance for `` mushy '' stuff , and often becomes nauseous when Private gets overly emotional and `` lovey - dovey '' about something . On the other hand he seems to be the second most emotional penguin next to Private and is deeply in love with a doll called Ms. Perky . Another characteristic of Rico is that he might be incredibly superstitious , as , after receiving a rather dismal sounding fortune in a fortune cookie , Rico was a victim of pranks by King Julien who was trying to prove it was right . Even after revealing that Julien was behind the accidents , Rico still needed to have him `` take away the curse . '' He is also insanely skilled with knives and bladed objects , able to make sashimi or carve a Christmas tree from ice in a matter of seconds and destroy bowling pin dummies with a chainsaw while blindfolded . Rico 's psychosis needs to be controlled at all times , by Skipper limiting his use of destructive solutions , often involving explosions . Giving him free rein to destroy to his heart 's desire , Rico builds up enough psychotic pressure that he becomes a vortex of destruction , spinning out of control and destroying everything in his path . Kowalski once estimated Rico was capable of destroying the entire zoo in this state . Rico appears to have an outstanding opera voice when excited ( as seen in episodes `` Go Fish '' , `` Herring Impaired '' , `` High Moltage '' , `` Hair Apparent '' , etc . ) . In the episode `` Herring Impaired '' , Rico shows that he can be responsible when his friends need help , and because the other penguins had `` Pisces Dementia '' , Rico had to keep watch over his friends to make sure they do n't have another fish for 24 hours . During the episode Maurice asked that `` Since when did we get four Ricos ? '' showing that Rico is actually known for his appetite for fish and insanity among the other animals . Private ( edit ) Private Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Christopher Knights ( films and video games ) James Patrick Stuart ( The Penguins of Madagascar ) Information Species Adélie penguin Private is the youngest and shortest of the penguins . He has light blue eyes and speaks with a British accent ( though the other penguins think his accent is fake ) . Private has been known to be a rather curious penguin and is much nicer and down - to - earth than the others . In a way , he 's much more childish , enjoying `` Lunacorns '' ( pony dolls based on a show that teaches good morals and friendship ) and often suggesting much nicer plans ( such as asking for something instead of breaking into a habitat or simply telling the truth to others . ) He is often called inexperienced by the others . He has an addiction to Peanut Butter Winkies , first displayed in `` Skorka '' and further elaborated on in later episodes . He was overprotective of the egg in the episode `` Paternal Egg - Stinct '' , though given how his team mates were treating it ( Skipper put it through a dangerous obstacle course , Kowalski tried shock treatments to increase its intelligence , and Rico was flying it with a hang glider ) , this was rational . Private is very good at deciphering code , communications and peace treaties , and in some degrees , common sense . Private has been known to give life lessons ( in `` Mort Unbound '' he tells Mort , `` There is a natural order of things '' and in `` Two Feet High and Rising '' he tells Mort that Julien 's feet `` are just feet ; not love '' ) . Private is emotionally sensitive , and is often portrayed as more observant or down to earth than the others ( noticing when Skipper 's ankle tag had not been taken off , indicating that he did not get a shot or suggesting that Maurice had stumbled back because of being blinded by a camera flash , which Skipper quickly labeled as preposterous though he nevertheless told Kowalski to run a scenario ) as well as having fighting skills on a par with or only slightly below those of Rico and Skipper ( in one episode he is able to block rapid strikes from Skipper and disarm him with his feet while spinning on his head , all while blindfolded ) . On the wall of the Penguin 's HQ is a stuffed fish with a sign `` Private 's First Prize '' ; hiding behind it ( as well as a bunch of electronic precautions ) is his most prized possession : a butterscotch lollipop . Like Kowalski , he loves candy , but eating too much of it causes him to hallucinate . He has an abnormal fear of badgers and cockroaches , as shown in the `` Badger Pride '' and `` Stop Bugging Me '' episodes respectively . When Private is the last available penguin to fix a situation ( such as when it 's revealed that the penguins had spied on the rest of the zoo occupants or during ' Untouchable ' ) , he is able to rise to the occasion and execute a solution that benefits everyone . In the episode `` Cute - Astrophe '' , Private ended up developing a `` hyper - cute '' ability , wherein he achieves a state of over 132 % adorability , that will make everyone around him pass out as they can not cope with how absolutely cute he is . At first , Skipper abused the hyper - cute , using it on everyone around them , so Private swore to never use it again after the misuse of the hyper - cute caused chaos around the zoo and nearly got them sent away . Despite his vow , the hyper - cute made appearances in other episodes . This ability was attempted in one episode when Private was moulting , but instead of knocking an observer out with adorability , it frightened and panicked anybody seeing him use the ability . In the `` Concrete Jungle Survival '' episode , Private received the rank of Private First Class after successfully passing a test in the city . He had been just a Private beforehand . In the Christmas special `` Merry Madagascar '' Private finds himself falling in love with Cupid , one of Santa 's reindeer . The relationship is short lived , as Cupid must return and work with Santa . Private reminded her that they would `` Always have Madagascar ! '' as she flew off . Private is the only penguin with known relatives , he has an uncle named Nigel ( though they may not be related ) , and in `` Operation Penguin , '' he mentions his father is named Sam Fishy , though Sam Fishy has yet to be shown onscreen . However , in Penguins of Madagascar , he appeared to have been abandoned as an egg , leading to the possibility that he is an orphan . The lemurs ( edit ) King Julien XIII ( edit ) King Julien XIII Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Sacha Baron Cohen ( films ) Danny Jacobs ( TV series and specials , video games , and Madagascar 3 soundtrack ) Keith Ferguson ( first video game ) Information Species Ring - tailed lemur King Julien XIII is an Indian - accented conceited , selfish , fun - loving ring - tailed lemur . As a self - proclaimed lord of the lemurs , Julien ruled over a great colony of lemurs in Madagascar using mostly his charisma and delegating , i.e. telling other people what they should do since he certainly had very little ability to lead . Nevertheless , he shows more intelligence and calmness compared to the other lemurs ( aside from Maurice ) , which is shown when the very word `` Fossa '' drives all of them , except himself and Maurice , into a state of panic . He had parties for his people on Madagascar with much frequency , the likes of which were interrupted constantly by the fossa , which trespassed onto the lemur territory , devouring all that they could catch . In Julien 's early life as seen in All Hail King Julien , he was depicted as the nephew of King Julien XII , who banned all noisy things to keep the fossa from attacking . After Julien XII abdicated to evade a prophecy from being eaten by the Fossa , Julien XIII became the new King of the Lemurs and did things that were opposite his uncle 's rules . He saves his people from the Fossa and got bitten on the butt by the Fossa and he survived . When he learns that his nephew is still alive and is still king , his devious uncle tries to get rid of him and reclaim the throne . When he returned , Uncle King Julien tricks Julien into going into the Fossa territory to find out what they 're planning with Maurice joining him . In the end , Julien discovered his uncle 's plot , glad that Clover chose him over his uncle , and gives his uncle a second chance , by putting him in the Fossa disguise , that is being cuddled by a Fossa girl , much to his uncle 's dismay . The day Alex and his friends came to Madagascar , King Julien and his subjects were enjoying one of their parties when it was invaded by the fossa . When the fossa were scared off by Alex , Julien and his people were hiding in the trees and saw this scene , thinking Alex and his friends were giants from some faraway land , with Julien coming forward and presenting himself as the king of the lemurs -- once he had ascertained they were not dangerous by tempting them with Mort . When asked where the people were , Julien pointed to a skeleton of a man caught in a parachute hanging from a tree . Later that night , Julien had a meeting of the lemurs and other creatures of the jungle in the plane . Julien insisted that if they could make friends with Alex and his friends , the foossa would be scared away for good . Maurice was skeptical about this plan , but Julien insisted that , being king , his ideas were the best . Julien 's plan failed when Alex started to get out of control and try to kill the lemurs and his friends . Although , Alex then turned back to normal and the foossa were scared away with only the actions of the four main characters and the penguins , Julien took the credits for its success . However , when it went wrong , he did not foist the idea back onto Maurice . When Alex and his friends were ready to go back to New York , Julien gave them his crown ; he had already made himself a bigger , better one using a leaf - tailed gecko named Stevie . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Julien , along with Maurice and Mort , accompany Alex , Marty , Gloria and Melman to New York on the plane built by the penguins while leaving Stevie in charge until the day he returns . He is in the first class , ordering constant refreshments , and amusing himself with plane crash videos . As the plane crashes down to Africa after running out of fuel and momentum , Julien takes utter pleasure in the feeling of weightlessness caused by the high speed descent . By being in first class , he escapes the crash with a parachute , but loses his crown . Upon arriving in Africa , Julien at first believes they are in New York , and makes himself a new crown . He manages to gain some power while in Africa , although very few characters actually pay attention to him , getting to ride a flock of flamingos with Maurice , then moving on to riding ostriches and finally an elephant . Later , when the reserve 's watering hole dries up , Julien suggests to the animals that they make a sacrifice to `` his good friends , the water gods '' at the volcano to replenish the water . To convince the masses , King Julien enacts his casual conversation with the Water Gods . Later , Julien persuades Melman to volunteer for the sacrifice , who believed he was going to die soon anyway . But when Melman realized he was going to live , he gave up on being a sacrifice , leaving Julien disappointed at his plan 's failure . Mort arrives soon after , followed by a persistent shark that had been attempting to eat him . This shark then falls into the volcano , thus completing the sacrifice , and as Julien comes out of the volcano , he sees the water coming back to the reserve ( due , in fact , to a dam constructed by Nana being destroyed by Alex and Zuba ) , and is convinced of his plan 's success . From this King Julien concludes that the Water Gods like sea food more . Julien appears in The Penguins of Madagascar regularly , often noisily and unintentionally annoying Skipper and pretty much everyone . He is the self - proclaimed `` King of the Zoo '' no doubt due to his former king status on Madagascar . Only Mort and Maurice truly believe and respect him as their king , the rest just show up to his `` proclamation of royal decrees . '' Julien is proven to be a worthy ally in most episodes , since it is he who sometimes saves the day for the penguins ( like in `` Dr. Blowhole 's Revenge '' ) . Julien hates having anyone touch his feet , such as passing a royal decree that anyone who touches his feet would be banished from his kingdom ( the zoo ) . When the sewer rats went to the zoo and tricked the Penguins out of their home , Julien decided to play for the Penguins in a game of Hockey to try and win their home back . They were losing until one of the rats touched his feet , after that he lost it and beat all of them on his own . In the episode `` Crown Fools '' , Julien panics when he loses his crown and obsessively longs for it until it is revealed that he had a spare crown all along ( prompting Marlene , who was trying to make him new crowns all day , to chase him with a crowbar ) . Despite his desire for everyone to listen and do what he wants , he dislikes and ignores Mort , his most loyal follower , who treats him like a god . Mort responds to everything Julien tells him to do as `` I like ... '' followed by whatever Julien said . In the episode `` Haunted Habitat '' he mentioned that he had a dream that he was `` The last mammal on Earth '' . Mort was just happy to be in the dream despite that he was `` road kill '' in it . A recurring gag in The Penguins of Madagascar series is that Julien believes in supernatural beings , which sometimes annoys the other animals . In the episode Misfortune Cookie , Rico gets a fortune cookie that reads `` You will soon meet a fowl end . '' The penguins deny that fortune cookies have any power , despite receiving three accurate fortunes , and dismiss it as superstition . Julien exclaims `` these stitions are super , '' and tries to get the penguins to believe in the supernatural . King Julien actively plots to make a `` foul end '' fortune come true - by his own doing . It is also known that his believing in spirits can be used against him , seeing that Mason and Phil tricks Julien into believing that the `` sky spirits '' are angry with the Julien self - centrism , thing that change Julien 's personality . But when Skipper notices that kind Julien is more annoying than the narcissist Julien , Skipper makes him come back to his original self . It is also shown that Julien gains a super-lemur level of strength if he gets mad . Visible when in `` Miracle on Ice '' , Julien spanked and humiliated the Rat King , after one of his henchmen touched Julien 's feet ; In Happy King Julien Day , Maurice claims that Julien violently used a cane to spank everyone who forgot his self - proclaimed holiday . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , he has a bigger role and falls in love with Sonya the Bear . Also , he saved the day by managing to get back to the circus . Maurice ( edit ) Maurice Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Cedric the Entertainer ( films and TV specials ) John Cothran , Jr. ( first video game ) Fred Tatasciore ( second and third video games ) Kevin Michael Richardson ( television ) Information Species Aye - aye Maurice is an overweight aye - aye , although he lacks the aye - aye 's distinctive middle finger . Maurice is King Julien 's advisor - although Julien seldom listens to him - and often shows skepticism of his ruler 's mad plans . He has a long squirrel - like bushy tail . He lived in a tribe of other lemurs and witnessed newcomers to their home : a quartet of zoo animals . Maurice was suspicious of Alex , a lion , thinking him to be potentially dangerous . Maurice expressed this concern during a meeting of the lemurs and jungle animals , but was ignored by Julien . The next day , Maurice took part in the festival honoring the newcomers , and shortly after explained the trouble with having a lion around . He knew that Alex would need to eat meat , and felt that Alex should leave and go to the carnivore side of the island . Shortly after , Maurice witnessed Gloria , Melman , and Marty working with a group of penguins to fight off the fossa that were attacking the lemur tribe . Maurice had to admit that King Julien 's plan had worked and that fossa would no longer be of any worry . Maurice saw the newcomers out when they decided to leave and was obligated to wave King Julien 's arm for him , as the king was tired of waving it . In the sequel Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Maurice does not have a prominent role , basically agreeing to whatever King Julien says . In the series , he often acts like a strict big brother to Mort and knows him so well that in `` The Penguin Stays in the Picture '' he is shocked to find that Mort only ate half of his popsicle , prompting Skipper to go find him because he suspected Mort went missing , which was correct . He is shown to have many hidden talents in several episodes such as painting and speaking chameleon in `` The Hidden '' and using a yo - yo in `` Friend - in - a-Box . '' In `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel , '' his desire to control an army of Julien manservants is revealed . Despite being overweight , he was still able to hold his own when he got into a physical fight with Kowalski and Rico in `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel . '' He has shown attraction to Darla the Baboon . Maurice returns in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Mort ( edit ) Mort Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Andy Richter ( films , TV series and specials , The Penguins of Madagascar ) Dee Bradley Baker ( first video game ) Matt Nolan ( second and third video games ) Information Species Goodman 's mouse lemur Mort is a small cute and cuddly Goodman 's mouse lemur ( in the French version , he is a Bushbaby ) . Though quite timid , Mort can also be shrill and vocal in confrontations . Julien finds Mort incredibly annoying , and does not hesitate in proclaiming so . Despite this , Mort does not show any lasting unhappiness , and his expression changes within the same scene . A running gag is that Mort commonly pukes . Mort has an obsession with Julien 's feet ever since he used them to kick some fossa as seen in the first episode of All Hail King Julien . Mort also has very good money skills as in the episode `` Gimme Gimme Gimme : The Game '' where he cleverly becomes the richest lemur in Madagascar ( all the other lemurs became broke including Julien after getting all their money and possessions but gives it all back after Julien , defeated , says that he had won showing that he believed that it was all a game ) . In the episode `` Oh Captain , Muy Captain ( Part 2 ) '' , is revealed that Mort was a fearsome pirate named Dread Pirate Mort at some point . In the every episode , Mort was able to develop different personalities such as Smart Mort and his Evil Grammy which resulted his personality disorder . During the events of `` Exiled '' , it is revealed that Mort is an immortal transdimentional being and all of his alternate personalities are dimensional counterparts who he defeated and absorbed their life essence . By the end of the season , he marries the mountain lemur Zora but later break up in Season 5 . In The Penguins of Madagascar episode `` Sting Operation '' when the penguins turn into idiots , they had the same obsession for feet just like him , which Julien despises . In his anger , Julien once banished Mort from their habitat at the zoo , forcing Mort to seek a `` cure '' from the Penguins . Mort makes his first appearance in Madagascar , wherein he has a minor role . He lives among the other native lemurs under Julien . Julien uses him as a test to see if Alex and the others eat lemurs , and Mort quickly decides that he likes them , as he is later shown to have a tendency to like everything . Later , Julien notes that if Alex does not like fish and still hungers for steak , Mort is `` Plan B '' . Mort is last seen in the film with the other lemurs wishing the zoo animals farewell , and Julien uses him as a makeshift foot - rest . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , Mort plays a much larger role . He attempts to follow Julien and Maurice on the penguins ' plane , but Julien goes to extremes to keep him out of the plane , declaring that Mort had `` scissors and hand cream '' ( he did in fact , have a pair of scissors , however he lacked any hand cream on the journey ) . Mort succeeds in attaching himself to the outside of the plane , where he is seen by Alex ( paroding a scene of The Twilight Zone episode Nightmare at 20.000 feet ) , before falling into the ocean shortly before it crashed . After reaching a shore at Africa , Mort is pursued by a persistent shark , which follows him onto the African preserve . Mort ( still followed by the shark ) finds Julien at a volcano where Melman had just decided that he would not sacrifice himself to return the preserve 's water . The shark accidentally falls into the volcano just as Alex and Zuba destroy the dam blocking the river , thus leading Julien to believe that his plan to give a sacrifice to bring back the water was successful . Mort makes appearances through The Penguins of Madagascar , along with Julien and Maurice . At one point , stuffed `` Mort '' dolls became very popular , and out of jealousy Julien throws them into the skunk habitat . Mort is accidentally shipped back to the factory with the dolls , and must be rescued . In the episode , King Julien also reveals that the only reason he allows Mort to stay with them is so he can express his dislike for Mort in front of him , and keep himself entertained . Mort is also shown to be unhappy with his past self after growing in size and muscle mass due to an invention from Kowalski . After being turned back into his regular self , Mort expresses that he is happy with who he is . In the television series , whenever an animal or object is falling it almost always lands on Mort . Despite the fact that Mort is often treated poorly by King Julien , the other characters show concern for him as Maurice tries to ( if with limited success ) save Mort when he may be in danger to be King Julien 's biggest concern , and Skipper , who refers to Mort as `` sad - eyes '' , dived in the way of the mutant rat overlord to save Mort . In the episode `` Otter Woman '' , all the boys are attracted to Marlene because her fur turned white . Mort tries the same thing in the end of the episode , without success . Mort returned in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Things he does in it involve vomiting on Alex 's birthday cake , helping Alex defeat Dubois early on in the film , being part of the flying Afro Circus with the other lemurs , and tranquilizing Dubois with knockout darts . Mason and Phil ( edit ) Mason and Phil Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Conrad Vernon ( Mason ) ( Phil is an unvoiced character ) Information Species Chimpanzees Mason and Phil are two sophisticated common chimpanzees at the Central Park Zoo , who prefer to drink cups of coffee and `` read '' the newspaper in the morning . Mason speaks with a stereotypical British accent ; Phil , by contrast , does n't speak at all and communicates entirely through American Sign Language , though whether he is actually deaf is unknown . While Mason is unable to read , Phil can and is used to decipher writing while Mason translates the ASL . Both escape the zoo after Gloria breaks through its outer wall ; Mason mentions Tom Wolfe giving a lecture , and they plan to attend to `` throw poo at him . '' Along with other characters , Phil and Mason are captured and sent to a wildlife reserve . However , their crates are not thrown off the boat , and they are not seen until a final scene , in which they are still in crates waving farewell to the Madagascar natives . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , the chimps call upon chimpanzees living in Africa to help rebuild the wrecked plane that was supposed to fly them back to New York . They later go on strike , asking for maternity leaves and breaks ( Skipper argues that they are all males ) ; eventually , they blackmail Skipper into agreeing . In The Penguins of Madagascar , Mason and Phil are supporting characters in the series , and are shown to be annoyed by Julien 's partying . They attempt to rid him of his ways by tricking Julien into thinking a solar eclipse was a sign that the `` sky spirits '' disapproved of his behavior . They also frequently mention throwing poo and are used to read the English language . Phil may be the most temperamental or `` potty mouthed '' of the two , as after being told there is no checkmate in checkers , he makes several signs which Mason responds with `` You groom your mother with those hands ? ! '' Phil and Mason may also sometimes lose things in the translation of what they are made to read . An instance of this is when the zoo occupants were ordered to make a cake for King Julien , and Mason mistakes `` booger '' for `` sugar '' . This does not mean that Phil is unable to communicate well , even though he is unable to truly speak , he was still able to win over the heart of Lulu , a female chimp visiting from the Hoboken Zoo in New Jersey for a weekend , While Lulu did appear in a later episode where the penguins ended up accidentally finding themselves in the Hoboken Zoo , it is unknown if she keeps in touch with Phil . McGrath explained that originally their `` first scene was just deciphering the code on the shipping label '' . The crew `` got this girl who knew American Sign Language '' to give them hand gestures . They wanted gestures to be `` really frenetic '' , and `` she signed out , ' Tell the tiny pea - brained birds that the sign reads : Ship to ... ' '' . Afterward , the crew returned to the scene where Mason notes Tom Wolfe 's lecture , and she signed `` Can we throw our poo at his stupid white suit ? '' Mason is named after legendary British actor James Mason , whose urbane , sophisticated vocal styling is mimicked by Vernon . In Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted Mason and Phil have smaller roles and are mostly seen posing as the King of Versailles . They make a cameo appearance on a newspaper in Turbo . Circus Zaragoza animals ( edit ) The animals of Circus Zaragoza are trained circus performers that Alex 's group had met while on the run from Chantel DuBois . Among the animals of Circus Zaragoza are : Vitaly ( edit ) Vitaly Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Bryan Cranston Information Species Siberian tiger Vitaly is a tiger with a Russian accent who leads a traveling circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . The tough Vitaly once jumped through flaming rings of fire to excite crowds , constantly pushing himself to the limit by jumping through smaller and smaller rings that seemed impossible for his size while lubricating himself with olive oil . But after losing his confidence and more than a few of his hairs on one fateful attempt which involved a flaming ring that would only fit on the smallest finger ( due to the olive oil being flammable ) , he also lost his passion and his act partially . When Alex and his friends plead with the circus to let them escape on their train , Vitaly is the most resistant , only to be overruled by Gia . When the zoo animals purchase the circus , Vitaly remains the most hostile to their changes to the business , even as the rest of the crew becomes inspired . In London , Vitaly decides to give up and prepares to leave just before the circus ' critical performance . Alex confronts Vitaly and reminds the tiger of his love of performing and while suggesting he uses hair conditioner as a safer lubricant before regaining his courage to jump through the tiny flaming hoop . As a result , Vitaly 's stunt is performed perfectly to open the successful show . With that , a profoundly heartened Vitaly becomes a fast friend of Alex . Even after the zoo animals are exposed and estranged from the circus , Vitaly is the first to support Gia 's proposal to rescue their new friends from the zoo and plays a key role in that operation . Gia ( edit ) Gia Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Jessica Chastain Information Species North American jaguar Gia is a jaguar with an Italian accent who is part of the traveling circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . She wears a blue woven floral necklace , has gold eyes and has heart - shaped palms . She is Alex 's love interest who is always on the lookout to discover something new and gets her chance when she convinces a reluctant Alex to teach her the trapeze -- `` Circus Americano '' style . Her only role in the circus before Alex , Marty , Melman and Gloria came around was doing normal cat tricks ( sitting , standing , rolling over ) , but when Alex teaches her trapeze , she performs with him and they move closer . Later on , she and the other circus animals save Alex and the gang from Dubois . Stefano ( edit ) Stefano Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Martin Short Information Species New Zealand sea lion Stefano is a sea lion with an Italian accent and curly whiskers . He is part of the traveling circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted and is a happy , fun - loving Italian sea lion who always looks on the brighter side of things . A true entertainer at heart , he is up for any challenge to save the circus , even convincing Alex that the show must go on . Sonya ( edit ) Sonya Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Frank Welker Information Species Eurasian brown bear Sonya is the traveling circus ' most ferocious bear who appears in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Her tricycle riding act is only topped by her ridiculous tutu . But her biggest trick of all will be casting a spell on King Julien , who is instantly smitten with her . She does not talk , but Julien can understand what she is saying when she growls ( the way she communicates instead ) . While they are in Rome , she and Julien travel to Vatican City where they steal the Pope 's ring after Julien pretends to kiss it and uses it to buy her a Ducati motorbike after they fall down a set of stairs and destroy her tricycle , which she uses in her performance in London . The Andalusian Triplets ( edit ) The Andalusian Triplets Esperanza , Esmeralda and Ernestina Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Paz Vega Information Species Andalusian horses Esperanza , Esmeralda , and Ernestina ( voiced by Paz Vega ) are three of the new characters in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . They are white Andalusian Mares who like Marty and are part of the circus . All their names start with `` E '' and end with `` A '' . When Alex 's group improved the Circus Zaragoza , the Andalusian Triplets bounced on the trampolines during their act while wearing butterfly wings on their outfits . They were listed as `` Horses '' in the credits . The dancing dogs ( edit ) The Dancing Dogs Frankie , Freddie , Jonesy and Shakey Madagascar character First appearance Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Voiced by Nick Fletcher ( Frankie ) Vinnie Jones ( Freddie ) Steve Jones ( Jonesy ) Jules de Jongh ( Shakey ) Information Species Entlebucher Mountain Dog ( Frankie ) Great Dane ( Freddie ) Bernese Mountain Dog ( Jonesy and Shakey ) The Dancing Dogs are a group of six performing dogs with British accents as members of the circus in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . They tend to fight and argue with each other and they hate being called cute and cuddly . The Dancing Dogs consist of Frankie the Entlebucher Mountain Dog ( voiced by Nick Fletcher ) , Freddie the Great Dane ( voiced by Vinnie Jones ) , Jonesy the Bernese Mountain Dog ( voiced by Steve Jones ) , Shakey the Brown Bernese Mountain Dog ( voiced by Jules de Jongh ) , and two unnamed dogs . Only the first three are credited . Manu and Maya ( edit ) Manu and Maya are two performing Indian elephants as members of Circus Zaragoza in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Their names are revealed in the DVD commentary as well as the fact that they are German . According to Tom McGrath , they are very nice and great to work with . They remain silent in the film due to the fact that their possible dialogue was cut from the film . Secondary characters ( edit ) Ted ( edit ) Ted ( voiced by Bill Fagerbakke ) is a polar bear who lives in the Central Park Zoo . He first appeared in `` The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper '' where he was sad due to be alone during Christmas . This caused Private to want to give him a present . When Skipper denied him his request , Private snuck out into the city to find Ted a gift only to be kidnapped by Nana . After getting Private back , the other penguins decided to invite Ted to their Christmas party where the polar bear had invited the rest of the Zoo as the animals present sing their rendition of `` Jingle Bells . '' He made a brief background cameo in the first movie . In the series , he mainly appears as a background zoo animal . He did play a small role in the episode `` P.E.L.T. '' when Skipper had to provoke and evade a polar predator . Zuba ( edit ) Zuba ( voiced by Bernie Mac in the film , Dan White in the video game ) is a lion who is Alex 's father and the alpha lion of the pride in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . He was first seen as the Alpha Lion of a pride in the reserve where Alex was born . At first he thinks that Alex has returned to take over , but his wife notices that they both have the same birth mark and realizes that Alex is their son . Zuba is a proud father , but he is somewhat confused as to why his son is interested in dancing . After many events in the movie including Alex failing the rite of passage and shaming his family , Zuba finally accepts Alex . The film was dedicated to Mac 's memory . Florrie ( edit ) Florrie ( voiced by Sherri Shepherd ) is Alex 's mother , Zuba 's mate , and the alpha lioness of the pride in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . Florrie , unlike Zuba , accepts Alex for what he is . She is not disturbed at all by the fact that Alex prefers to dance instead of fight . Due to this , she acts as the voice of reason and tries to encourage Zuba that it is better that Alex came back to them , dancer or not , as a king . Florrie is never addressed by her name in the film and in the movie 's end credits , she is credited as `` Mom '' . It is presumably in the novelization that her name is revealed . Moto Moto ( edit ) Moto Moto ( voiced by will.i.am in the film , Greg Eagles in the video game ) is a big - bellied , handsome , muscular hippopotamus with a deep voice , whose main hobby is flirting with anything of the female species . Moto Moto is kind , big , chunky and charming . He describes himself as being `` aggressive but friendly '' , and is the way the standard male hippo should look . In Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , he falls for Gloria as a major plot boost . When they 're dancing in a lake , Gloria realizes that Moto Moto only loves her because of her large body . Gloria breaks up with him as a result , though they remain friends . Moto Moto means `` Hot Hot '' in Swahili ( as mentioned by a Zebra believed to have been Marty in the film ) . Okapi girl ( edit ) An unnamed female Okapi ( voiced by Taraji P. Henson ) appears in Madly Madagascar , whom Marty finds himself in love with . She is not interested until he uses a love potion on himself , causing her and all the other female animals to begin pampering him . She and the other animals lose interest in him after he jumps into a lake to hide from them ( due to becoming overwhelmed by the pampering ) , causing the potion to wash off . North Wind ( edit ) North Wind is an Arctic elite undercover interspecies task force that is dedicated to helping animals that ca n't help themselves . They worked with the Penguins in order to thwart the plans of the villain Dave ( aka Dr. Octavius Brine ) . Among the members of North Wind are : Classified ( edit ) Classified ( voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch ) is a courageous yet slightly arrogant British gray wolf and the team leader of North Wind . He is at loggerheads with Skipper . Skipper calls him Classified , who states his name is n't really `` Classified '' . His name is classified ( as in `` top secret '' ) because he is the leader of the team . He is the North Wind 's counterpart of Skipper . Short Fuse ( edit ) Short Fuse ( voiced by Ken Jeong ) is a Belgian harp seal . He is the North Wind 's explosive and demolitions expert . He is the North Wind 's counterpart of Rico . Eva ( edit ) Eva ( voiced by Annet Mahendru ) is a Russian snowy owl and North Wind 's intelligence analyst . Kowalski has a crush on her . She is the North Wind 's counterpart of Kowalski . Corporal ( edit ) Corporal ( voiced by Peter Stormare ) is a Norwegian polar bear and the muscle of the North Wind team . He seems to like penguins and he freaks out when other penguins are taken . He is the North Wind 's counterpart of Private ( loosely , as he 's also able to fight well , but shows affection at a great level , like Private . ) Antagonists ( edit ) Nana ( edit ) Nana ( voiced by Elisa Gabrielli in the films , Marion Ross in the second video game ) is an elderly lady with a Yiddish accent and the archenemy of Alex the lion . Nana 's personality changes over her appearances . Initially , she appears as a very aggressive old lady with incredible martial arts skills . In The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper , she is shown to be aggressive with anyone , no matter how courteous people are with her . But in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , she appears to be kinder than before , even leading the New Yorkers when she notices that they are in panic , only being aggressive with wild animals ; which she sees as no different from domestic animals . She is also shown to be a soft and grandmotherly figure to the New Yorkers . For example , when a man helps her find her handbag , she says , `` Such a good boy . Nana ca n't survive without it . '' Nana seems to be incredibly resistant to injury , as she was able to have another fight with Alex right after being tugged out of the back of a speeding tour jeep as well as being thrown through the windshield a second time by the penguins , who reversed over her in the jeep after noticing that she did not die . Despite her martial arts skills , she is still portrayed as a `` little old lady '' ; she has a waddling gait , wears dentures , and is knocked onto her back when firing a gun . In the first movie , Nana crosses paths with Alex in Grand Central Station , then brutally assaults him . Throughout the series , she refers to Alex as `` the bad kitty . '' She also hits Melman with her hand bag , causing his head to get stuck in the Grand Central Station Clock . When the animals are surrounded by police , she somehow gets past and kicks Alex in `` the batteries '' ( or his groin ) . She was quickly taken away by police . As shown in the sequel , she was not arrested , she was interviewed as a witness , and states what she thought of Alex : `` He was a very bad kitty . '' Nana is featured in The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper , where she proves that there are times when she is shown to be not only aggressive with animals , but with also people , like when she destroys random merchandise at a kiosk while shopping for her dog , then demands to purchase Private in a very rude tone , when she refuses to pay the taxi driver her fare , when she assaults her doorman for no reason , and even when she does not hold the elevator for Skipper , Kowalski , and Rico . Nana returns in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa . She also becomes the leader of an army of tourists left stranded by the penguins ' schemes . She again crosses paths with Alex , then fights him , and wins again , although Alex puts up much more of a fight this time ( although Alex confesses to his friends that he actually only did it to distract her to get her bag , making Nana 's victory unofficial ) . She often hits Alex and loves her handbag . At the end of the film , Alex gives Makunga Nana 's handbag . When she sees Makunga holding it , she kicks him in the groin , steps on his foot , whacks his hand with a ruler , digs her hand into his ear , arm - burns him , and spanks him before dragging him off the reserve by his ear . According to the DVD commentary , she took Makunga back to New York with her in a kitty cage . Nana 's assault on Alex at Grand Central Station is mentioned by a taxi driver in The Penguins of Madagascar episode `` Zoo Tube '' . Nana does not appear in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . Mr. Chew ( edit ) Mr. Chew is a small , white poodle , fond of chewing and tearing various items apart ( as demonstrated on an Alex plush toy ) . Chew is owned by Nana , and lives in her apartment on the top floor in an apartment complex . Nana purchased Private , mistaking him for a squeaky toy , while he was attempting to find a gift for Ted , and reveals him to be a Christmas present for Mr. Chew . Chew nearly mauled Private , while Nana was watching a football game on TV , but was defeated by Skipper , Kowalski and Rico , who had set out to rescue Private . Nana does not hear the fight , but after she sees the damage ( following hearing Rico 's dynamite stick going off ) , she blames Mr. Chew for destroying her apartment and puts him on a big `` time out '' . Mr. Chew had a cameo appearance in Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted when an identical poodle was seen as a head trophy owned by Captain Chantel DuBois . The fossa ( edit ) The fossa ( voiced by Tom McGrath and Eric Darnell in the film , various voices in All Hail King Julien ) appear as medium - sized weasel - like creatures , closely related to mongoose , and rarely speak , instead usually growling and yelping . Throughout Madagascar , they are shown to terrorize the lemurs and attempt to eat them . According to Julien , `` they 're always annoying us ( the lemurs ) by trespassing , interrupting our parties , and ripping our limbs off . '' The fossa are fearful of Alex , and run away when they suspect an attack from him , as well as allow him to take their prey . The fossa are defeated by Alex , Marty , Gloria , Melman , and the penguins and driven into their territory . In `` The Penguins of Madagascar '' episode `` The Terror of Madagascar , '' a baby Fossa ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) was shipped to the Central Park Zoo as part of a zoo - to - zoo tour . Throughout the episode , the baby fossa kept biting King Julien . Because of this , he thought that the fossa was trying to eat him . Kowalski told him that this was the fossa 's way of showing love towards Julien , since he though of him as his father . But , Julien realized this too late , because in order to get rid of the fossa , he shipped in a boa constrictor named Savio to devour him . In order to keep the fossa safe , Julien wanted Savio to eat him instead , but the fossa attacked Savio to protect Julien , much to the penguins ' disappointment . The Fossa are recurring characters in All Hail King Julien . During his reign , King Julien 's uncle King Julien XII had kept the lemur kingdom quiet in order to keep the Fossa from attacking them . His uncle gives Julien the crown after learning that the king of the lemurs will be eaten by the Foosa . But Julien got bitten on the butt , while saving the lemurs and his scream sent boulders falling down and the Foosa run away . Throughout the first movie and the two TV series , there have been male Foosa . In the fifth episode of All Hail King Julien there is a Foosa girl who flirts with Julien and Maurice in a Foosa suit . She is seen in the end cuddling the suit with Julien 's uncle in it who is being punished and sparred by Julien , for sending his nephew to the territory and trying to reclaim the throne . Julien is , at one point , able to tame a Foosa girl named Mary Anne who later becomes a partial leader of the Foosa . Makunga ( edit ) Makunga ( voiced by Alec Baldwin in the film , John Cygan in the video game ) is a male lion with a large black mane styled in a pompadour and green eyes . He is Zuba 's rival and wants to take his place as alpha lion . He also calls Alex pathetic . When asked why he wants to become alpha lion , he replies `` I 'm better looking , I have better hair , I 'm deceivingly smart , and I want everyone else to do what I say '' Makunga usually acts like he thinks he is smart and has good leadership , but he only is trying to become alpha lion because he wants to be in charge . Makunga often looks at other characters while making an evil unnoticed face where he crosses his arms in front of his chest and makes a big smirk , usually when he is planning to do something that is not good ( in this manner , he is very similar to Scar from The Lion King `` ) . His name sounds a little to `` Wakunga '' , ( singular : `` Mkunga '' ) which means `` midwives '' in Swahili . Makunga often challenged Zuba to fights over the alpha lion position , but was easily beaten . One of those fights led to Zuba being distracted while Alex was captured by poachers . Years later , Makunga used Alex in a bid to finally reach the rank of alpha lion where he tricked Alex into challenging his henchman Teetsi . When Alex was defeated , Zuba reluctantly had to give up his alpha lion status and go into exile with his family . Makunga is not a very good leader saying the only solution to the fact that the local water hole was nearly dry was that they all would have to fight for it . This causes doubt about his role as alpha lion , and almost every animal on the reserve wants Zuba back . After the water was restored , he still refused to allow Zuba and Alex to return from banishment . He eventually meets his downfall when being tricked into angering Nana , who attacks Makunga and drags him off the reserve by his ear . The DVD commentary reveals that `` Nana brought Makunga to New York in a kitty cage '' . Teetsi ( edit ) Teetsi ( voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) is Makunga 's henchman and the strongest lion in his group . Makunga tricked Alex by suggesting that he goes up against Teetsi . Alex ended up defeated by Teetsi . Captain Chantel DuBois ( edit ) Captain Chantel DuBois ( voiced by Frances McDormand ) is a Monegasque animal control officer . She is the best animal control officer in Monte Carlo with a perfect success record . She is a big - game hunter and has extraordinary tracking skills , as well as superhuman strength and a habit of mounting the heads of every animal she has caught on her wall . Like Nana , she is incredibly resistant to injury . Throughout the third film , she pursues the Four in hopes of having their heads as trophies , especially Alex 's . The obstabcles DuBois avoid during her and her team 's chase behind the animals ' SUV in Monte Carlo are sliding past some omega - 3 fish being spilled on the road while carrying her scooter up high , driving from one building to the other ( in slow motion ) after jumping off her scooter ( where the animals are preparing to get on the plane ) , and doing some stunts in an office building . She finally captured Alex and the other animals at New York City , and the zoo staff thank her incorrectly believing that she tried to return Alex. She rips up the check they give her where she says that `` It was n't about the money . It was about the lion . '' Alex is caged and DuBois hides a poison filled dart in a foam finger and shoots it at him , but the circus animals , being alerted by King Julien , arrive and rescue him . After a long fight between the animals and DuBois and her henchmen , DuBois is tranquilized by Mort and her men are knocked out . She and her men are last seen shipped to Madagascar with her henchmen ( similar to the first movie ) thanks to the Penguins . DuBois ' men ( edit ) DuBois ' Men are four men of Captain DuBois ' animal control officers . They are prone to getting hurt , unlike their boss . However , even when they do get hurt , DuBois can heal them instantly simply by singing `` Non , je ne regrette rien , '' thereby appealing to their patriotism . One is short , one is tall and skinny with a mustache ( on an extra released on the DVD reveals his name is Gerard ) , one is overweight with a goatee and sideburns , and one is also overweight and has a mustache . Dave / Dr. Octavius Brine ( edit ) Dave ( voiced by John Malkovich ) is a villainous and disgruntled octopus who appears in Penguins of Madagascar as the main antagonist . He disguises himself as a human professor under the alias of Dr. Octavius Brine . Dave used to be one of the top attractions at the Central Park Zoo , in which time he entertained children with his clever and funny tricks . However , when Skipper , Kowalski , Rico and Private arrived , they unknowingly stole all his glory due to their cuteness and he was forcibly removed from his home . Afterwards , Dave was shipped to every major Zoo in the world , but the same thing happened again and again and again : penguins getting all the attention while Dave was shunned and ignored . Embittered , Dave now seeks revenge on the penguin species , becoming a mad scientist in the process . Inside his submarine lair , Dave creates the Medusa serum , a green substance that when fired in a ray will transform its target into a physically and mentally disfigured monster . He plans to use it on all the penguins that stole his fame and then unleash the now monstrous penguins on New York city , so that the humans will despise them instead of love them . However , a group of Arctic animals called the `` North Wind '' attempt to foil his plans . At the end of the film , Dave 's plan for revenge is foiled and the vengeful octopus is shrunk by his own ray ( the effects having been reversed by Private ) and gets trapped in a snow globe , where he is admired by a little girl . Dave 's henchmen ( edit ) Dave 's Henchmen are octopuses . They are evil minions who work for Dave and assist him in his plans to rid of all penguins . They do n't speak , but they make a bubbling sound that Dave understands . Each henchman share the first names of famous celebrities . Whenever Dave ordered them to do something , he would say the actor 's first name and an action word that spells out the actors ' full names ( Ex . `` Nicolas , cage them . '' `` Elijah , would you please take them away ? '' `` Halle , bury them . '' ) . About three of these underlings are named after the actors . Characters in the penguins of Madagascar TV series ( edit ) Marlene ( edit ) Marlene ( voiced by Nicole Sullivan in normal form , Dee Bradley Baker in wild form ) is the Central Park Zoo 's only resident Oriental small - clawed otter with primarily brown fur , with a white chest , face , and right foot . Marlene is shown to be both playful and kind towards others , which often conflicts with Skipper 's serious and safety - cautious attitude . Though this is true , the two still share a very strong friendship with one another and still have the ability to keep that certain bond exceedingly strong , making it rather difficult to break . She attempts to find and bring out the best in others through kindness , though is not immune to feeling anger towards Rhonda , a rude walrus apathetic to others , and works to have her transferred ( she regrets the decision after learning Rhonda would be sent to a polar bear reserve , and works doggedly to send her elsewhere ) . Despite having doubts on the penguins ' ways of dealing with issues , Marlene still believes that they can accomplish very difficult tasks . Marlene is known to snore very loudly while asleep , which invokes fear in an alligator named Roger residing in the sewer system beneath her enclosure . Like other residents at the zoo , Marlene is shown to love both popcorn and candy . In order to get candy , she is bribed by Maurice to celebrate King Julien Day and participate in several tasks to keep Julien content . Marlene has also revealed that she won the Internet popularity contest at her past zoo three years in a row ( though was unable to compete at the Central Park Zoo due to a scandal ) and that she considers Christmas in July `` the biggest holiday of the year '' . In `` Otter Gone Wild '' , it is revealed that she was born in captivity . When she sets foot in the outside world , she becomes wild . In her primal state , she briefly becomes infatuated with King Julien , and is capable of posing a significant threat even to the equally - psychotic Rico in a fight , later successfully defeating two enraged badgers who had just given the entire penguin team significant trouble . In `` Otter Things Have Happened '' , the penguins invented a machine that is able to locate anyone 's ideal match at a moment 's notice ; the birds misread the signal her saliva sample gave and present her with Fred the squirrel , upsetting Julien who kidnaps the little guy ( who Marlene has actually started to like ) . When she realizes Fred is not good for her , she dumps Fred and goes back to her single lifestyle . Kowalski , upset that his invention is faulty , throws it out . In the trash the machine begins to show the results of Marlene 's test again ; we see Fred in the area it was picking up , but then are treated to the introduction of a brand new character , Antonio or the `` Otter Bachelor of Central Park '' , a buff , Latino male otter who has a fancy to frequently playing his Spanish guitar . It is not finalized , but it seems that Antonio was the individual who Marlene 's test picked up , not Fred . It is not known yet if the penguins know of Antonio 's existence or if Marlene will get to meet him in future episodes but in `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel '' it is shown that Marlene dreams of being in a spacious room surrounded by many otters very similar ( if not exactly like ) Antonio all playing Spanish Guitars . In `` Dr. Blowhole 's Revenge '' , it is shown that she believes Dr. Blowhole is not real . In `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole , '' she saw that he was real , though made no comment concerning any prior disbelief . During `` The Otter Woman '' , an over-chlorinated pool resulted in Marlene 's fur being bleached white , causing her to be mistaken for an arctic mink called `` Arlene , '' resulting in Skipper and Julien becoming infatuated with her before Skipper became convinced that `` Arlene '' had done something horrible to the seemingly missing Marlene . Later , Marlene 's fur was dyed back to its original color by Alice when she noticed what happened to Marlene . In `` Littlefoot , '' Marlene was separated from her feral self thanks to Kowalski 's latest invention , but the separation resulted in her monstrous alter - ego going on the rampage while ' regular ' Marlene was now excessively paranoid and afraid of everything around her . Despite Officer X capturing Marlene 's feral self and taking her to animal control after feral Marlene went on a rampage that destroyed most of New York - earning the name ' Littlefoot ' in the process - , the penguins managed to recombine Marlene 's two selves , making Officer X lose his job again , and the experience of confronting her other self allowing Marlene to gain greater control over her feral side . In `` Badger Pride , '' Marlene had to put up with the attacks from Becky and Stacy Badger ( who are prone to having to put up with badger stereotypes ) and her wild side comes in handy when it came to subduing them . Alice ( edit ) Alice ( voiced by Mary Scheer ) is a zookeeper exclusive to The Penguins of Madagascar . She seems to dislike aspects of her job , and is happy to have a voice - automated robot guide give directions so she can avoid `` annoying tour group questions '' . She also does not understand what people enjoy about watching animals on their computer , saying that they do not do anything interesting . Alice is involved in several aspects of the animal 's well - being . It 's hinted that deep down Alice cares for the zoo animals and only wants what 's best for them as she hates it when people feed the animals popcorn , and posts several signs throughout the zoo after catching a child feeding Marlene a kernel . Though this could just be herself keeping her job safe . Alice is also in charge of gathering the penguins for visits to the veterinarian , and later remarks that they have a dentist appointment ( Private then confusedly states that they do not have teeth ) . Alice and the penguins have a mutual dislike for each other , and she believes that they are scheming ( though she is actually correct in this assumption ) . Though another zookeeper can be heard over her walkie - talkie , voiced by John DiMaggio , Alice is usually the only one ever seen on - screen but occasionally an unnamed zoo worker appears sporadically , though his face is always hidden . Unintentionally , Alice won the zoo 's internet popularity contest when a camera documenting the animals was accidentally pushed toward her dancing and slapping her butt in the kitchen . In `` Miss Understanding '' , she remarked to a know - it - all kid that the zoo had three male penguins and one female , which turned out to be false ( not that she knew or cared , either of which could be true ) . Pervis McSlade ( edit ) Pervis McSlade ( voiced by Gary Cole ) is the zoo commissioner of the Central Park Zoo . Pervis McSlade first appeared in `` In The Line of Doody . '' He is the commissioner for the Central Park Zoo . He was making an appearance to announce the opening of the Children 's Zoo . Skipper saved him from being hit by a pigeon named Frankie . He later appears in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' to make Frances Alberta the new zookeeper of Central Park . When he finds out Frances was building bio mechanical androids to replace the animals with , he fired her . Zoo Doctor ( edit ) This unnamed doctor ( voiced by Brian George in an Asian - Indian accent ) works as a veterinarian at the Central Park Zoo . He works in the `` animal care '' building . Unlike Alice , he seems to be quite fond of animals . He is bald and wears a white lab coat . Skipper often voices dislike of him because of his use of needles and when injured , he has been known to try and downplay the injury rather than visit the vet . Chuck Charles ( edit ) Chuck Charles ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a newsman who works at Channel - 1 . In `` The All Nighter Before Christmas , '' he mentions that he is so used to talking on television that he has forgotten how to talk normally . Due to an unknown reason in `` Goodnight and Good Chuck , '' he was fired and replaced with his rival anchor Pete Peters and he got a new job at the zoo as Alice 's assistant . But he was sat on by Burt , swung out of control by Bada and Bing , tried to get a chameleon off of his face , being dragged away by a vehicle that drove itself , almost got flushed down a toilet , jumped on by Mort , and got sprayed by the amnesia spray by the Penguins . He tried to get his old job back by exposing the Penguins ' operation to the world and he got past Rico , Private and Kowalski . The disc was taken by Pete Peters and Peters aired it . But when the world thought the Penguins ' operation was fake , Pete Peters was fired and Chuck Charles was reinstated . Rat King ( edit ) The Rat King ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) is a genetically enhanced , muscular lab rat who resides in the sewer . He constantly torments the penguins and never learns his lesson when he 's defeated each time . He even tries to take over their home in a hockey game , but he is defeated by King Julien after Rat King 's fellow rats skated over King Julien 's feet . Also he is matched power with Skipper . Sewer rats ( edit ) Several small sewer rats make appearances on the occasion as the servants of Rat King . They are voiced by Jeff Bennett and Kevin Michael Richardson . Officer X ( edit ) Officer X ( voiced by Cedric Yarbrough ) is a New York animal control officer who has a single - minded focus on removing stray animals from the streets . Officer X is shown to have a superhuman level of strength , crushing a small metal cage with his bare hands and defeating Joey , who even the penguins could not easily beat , head on , leading Skipper to say Officer X can not be human . He first tangles with the penguins when they interfere with his pursuit of a stray cat , the penguins ' friend Max , in the episode `` Cat 's Cradle '' . When asked by Alice what his real name was , X responds that his mother never told him his real name , instead telling him that it was `` classified . '' Officer X was defeated by a Red Rhodesian Slasher that was painted to look like Max . X returns in the episode `` What Goes Around '' when he tries to capture the penguins when they are found out of the zoo on the streets of New York , but the subsequent chase results in X losing his job due to the scale of the damage he had caused and the public 's lack of belief that penguins were responsible for his actions . He was arrested on vandalism charges creating the mess resulting from his and the penguins ' encounter . He returns as an exterminator in `` Stop Bugging Me , '' having been forced to work as an exterminator after his previous rampage . He fights with the penguins who are protecting three cockroaches that Rico befriended . X was ready to enact his revenge , only for Private to cause the cockroaches to crawl into his suit causing him to run off . He also lost his mustache in this episode . In `` The Officer X Factor , '' he replaces Alice for the weekend when she was sent on a vacation . As a zookeeper , he knew about every inch of the zoo to prevent the penguins ' escape into cooler water . He was also expecting that the penguins were going to fly to the East River , but he was defeated there . He landed on the taxi that Alice was returning in as it drives away . Officer X attempted to regain his position in `` Littlefoot '' by capturing the monster currently attacking New York ( the feral version of Marlene that had been separated from her normal self ) , but the penguins sabotaged this effort by recombining the two Marlenes , leaving Rico behind to give the impression that X 's penguin - related `` insanity '' had prompted him to steal a penguin from the zoo . X loses his job again , leaving him upset . His next appearance was in `` A Kipper for Skipper '' where he was working as a fishmonger . When Kowalski , Rico , and Private were arguing over the fish , X captured the three of them . Luckily , they were able to defeat him by dropping a bowling ball on him . He was briefly seen in `` Goodnight and Good Chuck '' in which a video revealing all of the penguins ' covert operations were broadcast worldwide . Officer X watched the news segment in Times Square and truimphantly told anyone who would listen that `` I told you ! '' and `` I 'm not crazy ! '' . He then calls his mother and tells her to turn on the TV to prove his sanity . Unfortunately , everyone else who watches it believes it to be a news hoax due to the sheer impossibility of the scenario and the amusing antics of the penguins in the video . Officer X drops to his knees and cries out in despair when still no one believes him . In `` Snowmageddon '' X is now stacking shelves . When Skipper and Marlene go out for a snack run and a snowstorm traps them in the same shop , X manages to capture Skipper , and ties him up with a licorice whip then cages him under a plastic crate , which he sits on while calling animal control . Marlene helps to free Skipper and thanks to the destruction it can be assumed that X has lost his job again . Joey ( edit ) Joey ( voiced by James Patrick Stuart ) is a bad tempered and hostile red kangaroo with an Australian accent that always refers to himself in the third person who loves beating up anyone who steps foot in his habitat , especially Skipper and Julien . He first appeared in the season one episode , `` Assault and Batteries '' and later on in `` Cat 's Cradle '' when he tried to beat up Officer X but was badly hurt instead . He also appeared to have a big role in `` Skorca ! '' In the season two , episode `` Kanga - Management '' , the Penguins accidentally destroy the Koala habitat , forcing Leonard to temporarily live with Joey until the pen is re-built , to both 's dismay . Eventually , the two settle their differences and become friends , agreeing on their hatred for the penguins . Even though Joey has a pouch that only female kangaroos have , it is assumed by many fans that Joey is a female kangaroo with a masculine voice . Leonard ( edit ) Leonard ( voiced by Dana Snyder ) is an extremely paranoid and nervous koala . He first appeared in `` Night and Dazed '' , where he was shown to be very afraid of the penguins . After being accidentally launched into the city due to Kowalski 's evacuation launcher , the penguins come save him and bring him back to the zoo . He appears again in `` Kanga Management '' in which the penguins accidentally destroy his enclosure , forcing him to temporarily live in Joey 's enclosure . He and Joey eventually become friends due to their hatred for the penguins . In `` Nighty Night Ninja '' , he watches a martial arts film with the penguins while he waits for his home to air out , due to a fish bomb . This causes him to start attacking the other animals in a sleep - walking state the next day . The penguins cure him by making him watch The Lunacorns , and save him from the sewer rats , whom he had attacked earlier . Hans ( edit ) Hans ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) is a puffin with a past history with Skipper that involves a mission in Denmark that somehow resulted in Skipper being declared Public Enemy Number One in the country in question . During `` Huffin & Puffin '' , he appeared in New York , initially apparently wanting to make peace with Skipper , before his true agenda was revealed to be his attempt to take control of the Penguins ' lair for revenge . With Skipper having infiltrated the lair and defeated Hans , he was then shipped to the Hoboken Zoo . He appeared in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' and helped the penguins defeat the animal androids who had taken over the Hoboken Zoo . He appeared in `` The Return of the Revenge of Doctor Blowhole '' , working with Doctor Blowhole as part of a plan to take Skipper 's memories away . Dr. Blowhole ( edit ) Dr. Blowhole ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) is an evil , mad dolphin scientist and supervillain , who plans to take revenge on the human race : In the past , Blowhole was known as `` Flippy '' , and was forced by humans to perform tricks at Coney Island for their own amusement . Dr. Blowhole is Skipper 's arch - nemesis . He only has one ( real ) eye ; his right eye is a robotic one , which hides a scar . He is described by Private and Skipper as being `` pure evil , with skin that 's surprisingly pleasant to the touch '' , which Blowhole claims is because he always moisturizes . He appears to love rubbing it in that he has far superior technology than the penguins do , which usually gets on Kowalski 's nerves . Since he is a dolphin , he gets around by the use of a Segway - type vehicle while on land , which also projects a glass dome around it and Blowhole to turn into an escape vehicle . He also has a habit of referring to the penguins as `` pen - gyoo - wins '' ( it is implied that he only does this to annoy them ) . Dr. Blowhole has a habit of having his deep - voiced computer announce the names of his creations in a dramatic voice ( provided by Jim Cummings ) instead of saying them himself ( i.e. Chrome Claw ) . Unlike most cartoon villains , instead of simply leaving his enemies to die in a deathtrap , he typically stays to oversee their destruction personally , well aware they will likely escape somehow ( telling Julien as much when asked ) , unless he 'd be killed as well if he stays ( such as locking them in his base as it self - destructs ) . In the special , he also proved able to hold his own with the combat - trained Skipper in a short physical fight . Dr. Blowhole is mentioned in the episode `` Eclipsed '' . Blowhole apparently had a plan to extinguish the Sun , as when Private told him that the sun went dark , Skipper believed that Dr. Blowhole had succeeded in his plan , but actually the sun went dark because of a solar eclipse . In `` Roomies '' , Blowhole sends a walrus spy , named Rhonda a.k.a. Agent 12 , to steal Kowalski 's `` plasma cutter '' invention , which acts as a chain saw . The villainous dolphin himself is never seen the episode . Dr. Blowhole kidnaps King Julien , believing him to be Skipper 's best friend , in an effort to lure the flightless force into a trap so that he can annihilate them once and for all . Julien and Blowhole join forces and captures the `` pen - gu - wins '' . After Blowhole reveals his plan to activate a `` Ring of Fire '' that he built in the North Pole to flood the world ( saying it was inspired by a ring of fire he was forced to jump through when he was in captivity ) , Mort appears from the lair 's skylight and frees the penguins after crashing into a control panel . Blowhole then activates the Ring of Fire after throwing Mort from the control panel . He then sends a giant mutated lobster he devised earlier in the episode called Chrome Claw after Skipper and the penguins ( which he 'd mentioned he was planning to create during their previous encounter ) but they manage to defeat it . After a short battle with Skipper , Blowhole is betrayed by Julien , who claims to have been a double agent the entire time , and the `` Ring of Fire '' ( which the media has dubbed the `` Hoop of Heat '' , much to Blowhole 's anger ) is deactivated . Blowhole escapes , promising revenge . Doctor Blowhole was referenced in `` Invention Intervention '' , where Skipper assumed that Kowalski 's out - of - control invisible invisibility ray was actually created by Blowhole , commenting that his arch - nemesis had become far more intelligent -- if harder to follow given the lack of motive behind such an attack -- since their last confrontation . In `` The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole '' , Dr. Blowhole helps Skipper 's rival , Hans the Puffin , escape the Hoboken Zoo so he can lure Skipper into a trap . Once he ambushed him , he uses his clown - shaped `` Mind Jacker '' to steal Skipper 's memories so he can use them to infiltrate the penguins ' lair so he can turn them into his monster slaves using his `` Diaboligizer '' . When he is about to blast the penguins with the Diaboligizer , he misfires , causing it to hit King Julien 's MP3 player infused with Kowalski 's experimental power cell ( which Julien foolishly thought was a battery ) . The mix of the three resulted in a giant MP3 monster , which made everyone near it sing uncontrollably . Blowhole soon decides to use the creature to his advantage by winning it over with his beautiful singing voice . Once he was in control , he started using it to destroy New York City . Fortunately , Skipper returned to New York with the help of a spirit guide in the form of Alex the lion as seen earlier in the movie . Skipper distracted Blowhole while the penguins took out the source of the monster 's power . With Blowhole foiled again and the monster back to normal , he tried to escape , but Skipper activated the Mind Jacker on Blowhole , wiping out his memories . He was soon returned to Coney Island under his old name of Flippy the Dolphin , where he was forced to jump through the Ring of Fire once again . He is also mentioned in `` The Big S.T.A.N.K '' , where he was the reason that S.T.A.N.K was created , to lure him to the toilet - shaped stink bomb , but the project was abandoned with the realization that dolphins do n't use toilets . He was mentioned again in `` Operation : Big Blue Marble '' when Skipper suggested Blowhole as a suspect for the recent environmental chaos and random weather conditions that they were experiencing , but Kowalski confirmed that Blowhole was still at Coney Island as Flippy . In `` The Penguin Who Loved Me '' , it is revealed that Doris the dolphin ( Kowalski 's love interest ) is his sister and his real name is Francis ( which Red One , one of his Lobster minions , laughed off ) . He only created the name Dr. Blowhole since it earned him more respect . Rhonda ( edit ) Rhonda ( voiced by Kathy Kinney ) is a very rude , unhygenic , lazy and obnoxious walrus ( though she is depicted with buck teeth instead of tusks ) . She appears in the episode `` Roomies '' where she is transferred into Marlene 's habitat . At first Marlene is excited to have another girl to hang out with , but gets annoyed by Rhonda very quickly due to her disgusting and obnoxious behavior . She asks the penguins to ship her out overnight , but stops the shipment after hearing she is getting taken to a polar bear reserve . Instead they send her to the Hoboken Zoo . At the end , we see that she is one of Dr. Blowhole 's agents and stole Kowalski 's plasma cutter . She appears again , as an ally this time , in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' where she Hans , Clemson , Lulu and Savio help the penguins fight off animal androids in the Hoboken Zoo . Bada and Bing ( edit ) Bada and Bing ( voiced by John DiMaggio and Kevin Michael Richardson in Brooklyn accents ) are giant eastern lowland gorillas . Bada is a gray gorilla and Bing is a brown gorilla . First shown in the `` Kingdom Come '' episode when they served as thuggish bodyguards for Maurice , they have been seen displaying softer sides upon other occasions , such as when they looked after Mort in `` The Penguin Stays in the Picture '' while a photographer was there as an unrequested favor to Private , who wanted to be on the cover of the zoo brochure . The two are attacked by a super-enlarged Mort in the episode `` Mort Unbound '' in order for him to get King Julien 's stolen mango back . In `` Truth Ache , '' it is revealed that Bing sleeps with a stuffed rabbit named Mr. Bunny . Burt ( edit ) Burt ( voiced by John DiMaggio in the TV series , Fred Tatasciore in the video games ) is an Indian elephant who was just an extra zoo animal during the beginning of the series , but then evolved into a character of greater focus as the series evolved . He was central to the episode `` An Elephant Never Forgets '' , in which he leaves the zoo to locate a man who had irritated him as a boy by playing his kazoo at the zoo . In the 2005 videogame version of Madagascar , Burt was called Darnell . Burt is shown to be obsessed with peanuts , and when he does not eat them , he goes insane as shown in `` Jungle Law '' . He nearly eats Julien when he mistakes him for a peanut . He played a vital role in the penguins ' defeat of the ruthless boa constrictor Savio due to his sheer size preventing Savio from attacking him , squeezing Savio so that the snake 's previously - swallowed victims were released . Roger ( edit ) Roger ( voiced by Richard Kind ) is the penguins ' American alligator friend who lives in the sewer . They meet him in the episode `` Haunted Habitat '' when Skipper and Marlene go to investigate in the sewer under Marlene 's habitat because of a strange sound . Roger tells the penguins that he is from Florida and that he was the pet of a young boy until he was flushed into the sewers by the boy 's parents . He appears again in `` Roger Dodger '' when the Sewer Rats terrorize him . Kowalski swapped his mind with Rico 's to drive away the Sewer Rats and then had to work to get their minds back into their respectful bodies . In `` Gator Watch , '' the overload of sewage causes problems for Roger at the time when the penguins were visiting him . The penguins had to work to find the right home for him since the `` zoo overlords '' would be surprised at the sudden appearance of Roger . First they tried a park with Roger disguised as a log . A woman recognized him . Then the penguins try to disguise Roger as an exhibit at the museum . Two boys ended up giving Roger away . Another idea was to have Roger pose as a gargoyle at the top of a building . Roger fell off the building and into a populated swimming pool . This caused the entire city to end up in a Gator Watch which ended with Roger getting captured by animal control at a theater . When the penguins worked to free Roger , the location Roger was taken to was the Central Park Zoo where an alligator habitat has been set up by the zoo staff . Since then , he has made background appearances . Max ( edit ) Max ( voiced by Wayne Knight ) is the penguins ' stray tabby cat friend who lives in an alley near Central Park . He first meets the four penguins in the episode `` Launchtime '' when the penguins end up on a rooftop across the street from the zoo instead of on the moon . At first , the penguins thought he was a `` mooncat '' , but at the end they figure out he was just a stray cat . Max is skinny and hopes to catch a bird in his life . He at first wanted to eat the penguins , but was so touched when he was given a can of fish by them that he became their friend instead . He has a very small cameo in `` The Helmet '' . In `` Cat 's Cradle '' , Max tried to escape Officer X . With help from the Penguins , Max and penguins managed to trick Officer X into getting attacked by a wildcat called the Red Rhodesian Slasher . He appears once more in `` Street Smarts '' where Max helps the Penguins retrieve Mort from Elmer by teaching them how to be a dog . In the end , Max and Elmer become close friends , but only because Elmer thinks that Max is a lemur . Duck family ( edit ) The Duck Family are a family of ducks that live in a pond in Central Park . Mother Duck ( edit ) Mother Duck ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is a white duck who is the mother of Bradley , Samuel , Ramona , and Eggy . Eggy ( edit ) Eggy ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is a duckling who is the son of Mother Duck and the brother of Ramona , Samuel and Bradley . In `` Paternal Egg - Stinct , '' Marlene found an abandoned egg in her habitat . She gave it to the penguins to look after . Julien wanted the egg for himself . He called it Julien Junior , or JJ for short . Private called the egg Eggy . At the end , Marlene brings Mother Duck to the penguins to get her duckling back . Unfortunately , the effects of the Penguins ' training goes to a point where Mother Duck asks the Penguins to do something to stop him as seen in `` Hard Boiled Eggy . '' Their attempts to show Eggy the dangerous portion of their missions fails , as the duckling goes on a rampage taking down all the animals in the zoo where Eggy inherits 5 traits . Ramona , Bradley and Samuel ( edit ) Ramona , Bradley and Samuel ( all three voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) are ducklings who are Eggy 's siblings and Mother Duck 's children . Like Eggy 's previous personas before becoming more like Julien in Hard Boiled Eggy , they crave action and mayhem . Fred ( edit ) Fred ( voiced by Fred Stoller ) is a dimwitted squirrel that lives in Central Park and takes everything said literally and has a slow , unemphatic speech pattern . Kowalski met Fred briefly in the `` Otter Gone Wild '' episode , while the full penguin group met him in `` Mask of the Raccoon '' where he is friends with Archie despite the fact that Archie is no good . He dated Marlene in `` Otter Things Have Happened '' , but she broke up with him because what she had thought was him being funny turned out to be just Fred 's ignorance . In `` Field Tripped , '' Julien recruited him to be the ' smart one ' of Julien 's all - mammal penguin - team - equivalent . Fred was part of a treasure hunt in the episode `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel '' . Roy ( edit ) Roy ( voiced by Danny Jacobs ) is a short - tempered white rhinoceros , appearing predominantly as an extra zoo animal for the majority of the series . When given more of a role , he often appears to have little - to - no patience for any animal that provokes him , usually responding with threats , such as when a truth - telling Private nearly revealed a secret about him in the `` Truth Ache '' episode involving a `` vacation '' in Tijuana . He plays a pivotal role in the `` April Fools '' episode when he threatens Julien with retaliation for drawing on his backside with a permanent marker . It is revealed that he was working with the penguins to teach Julien a lesson for his constant April Fools ' Day pranks on everyone in August . In `` Antics on Ice '' , it was revealed that he is a fan of the Lunacorns series due to their positive focus on a horned animal . Twice in the episode `` Action Reaction , '' he sat on Julien . Pinky ( edit ) Pinky ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a sassy American flamingo , who usually only appears as an extra zoo animal in the series . Her only main role , so far , has been in her debut episode `` Go Fish . '' In this episode she was used for aerial support when the penguins wanted to take fish from a fish delivery truck . Somehow she wound up getting all the fish for herself by the end of the episode . In the episode `` Operation : Good Deed '' the penguins need one of Pinky 's feathers so that Julien would let Maurice massage Mason . She agrees to give them one after they got her peanuts through a series of additional tasks . Darla ( edit ) Darla ( voiced by Grey DeLisle in a Western accent ) is a very tough , unfriendly , aggressive , tomboyish , determined but also kind - hearted , sweet and caring Guinea baboon . She appears mainly as a background zoo animal . She was first mentioned in `` Assault and Batteries '' , but made her first appearance in `` Out of the Groove '' . In this episode , she stole Julien 's groove after he skunk - bombed her . After several attempts by the Penguins to get the groove back , she finally gives it back when Skipper manages to make Julien apologize . She had her second major role in `` Hair Apparent '' . In this episode , she began pampering Maurice ( thinking he was a male baboon after he got most of his tail fur ripped off , got red paint on his bottom , and got Commissioner McSlade 's toupee stuck on his head making Julien jealous . The penguins later take the wig from Maurice to return it , making Darla angry to find out Maurice is a lemur . By the end of the episode , she decides to pamper Mort instead . Carol and Jillian ( edit ) Carol and Jillian ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) are Darla 's baboon friends who are often seen with her . Shelly ( edit ) Shelly ( voiced by Melissa McCarthy ) is an ostrich who lives in the Central Park Zoo . For most of the series , she only appears as a background zoo animal . Her first major role and her first speaking role so far is in the episode `` Love Takes Flightless '' . In this episode she falls for Rico after he gets her out of cement . She tries to get Rico 's attention by hiding his doll in the dumpster . After seeing how upset Rico was about it , she helps the penguins get it back from the garbage truck . At the end , Shelly gets herself a muscular male doll and becomes happy with it . Becky and Stacy ( edit ) Becky and Stacy ( voiced by Jennette McCurdy and Victoria Justice ) are two American badgers that are residents of the zoo . It has n't been revealed if they are either friends or sisters . They are prone to having to put up with badger stereotypes . Private was initially fearful of badgers , but Becky and Stacy won his heart by giving him Peanut Butter Winkies . After Private left , Becky and Stacy started badgering Marlene into doing wild and crazy things with them . Marlene , annoyed , tells them to stop badgering her . They ended up attacking Marlene due to the use of badger stereotypes . They were eventually defeated when Marlene fell outside the park and went into her wild state . After that incident , Becky and Stacy appear to respect and fear Marlene since they all have a picnic with the penguins in the park with the two of them being held in between wild Marlene 's arms . Becky and Stacy both make a reappearance in `` Tunnel of Love , '' where they fall in love with the beavers and romance interferes with the beavers ' work . Randy ( edit ) Randy ( voiced by Will Friedle ) is a sheep who lives at the Children 's Zoo at the Central Park Zoo . Children are constantly coming to pet him . Many of them have sticky hands due to eating too much candy . In his debut episode `` Ca n't Touch This , '' one kid in particular hits him and rips his fur until finally Randy can not stand the torture any longer resulting in Randy biting the kid . The kid screams , causing Alice to come and see what the problem is . The penguins hear the boy 's cry as well . When they get there and see the child lie to Alice . Alice apologizes , and puts Randy in a cage . Skipper then says they 're going to teach the sheep a lesson for biting a child . Once Randy tells them their story , the Penguins decide to help Randy with his predicament by using various defense methods including : `` Repelling '' Polymer , Static Electricity , and Hypnosis , all of which backfire . Eventually , Randy ends up back in the Petting Zoo , but as a consultation , Skipper and Rico teach him some self - defense combat techniques to prevent anymore accidents . Randy appears again in `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' where he welcomes the Lemurs into the petting zoo but once Julien gets comfortable , he too grows tired and annoyed of his constant bossing . He helps the penguins formulate a plan to get Julien back to his old habitat . Muffy , Buffy , and Fluffy ( edit ) Muffy , Buffy and Fluffy ( all three voiced by Kristen Schaal ) are three adorable , cute , and cuddly rabbits who reside in the Central Park Children 's Zoo . As shown in the show they appear to be cute and innocent but they happen to be very good fighters ( evident by how they managed to beat up the penguins with ease ) . They made their first appearance in `` Operation : Neighbor Swap , '' when the Lemurs were transferred to the Petting Zoo . When they met the lemurs , they became loyal to King Julien because they heard he was a king ( and because of his `` magnificent '' tail ) . Clemson ( edit ) Clemson ( voiced by Larry Miller ) is a very descriptive and exuberant bamboo lemur who made his first appearance in the episode `` Right Hand Man . '' . After being transferred to the Central Park Zoo , Clemson tried to replace Maurice as Julien 's right hand man by constantly pampering him . Mort ( who had suspected Clemson was evil since he arrived ) found out that Clemson was planning to ship Julien to the Hoboken Zoo so that he could take over as king . The Penguins later turn the tables on him by pushing Clemson into the crate to be sent off . Clemson appeared again in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' where he helped the Penguins fight off the android animals of the Hoboken Zoo . Clemson 's returns in `` King Me '' where he informs the lemurs that Julien ca n't inherite the crown and nearly wins a contest to see who would be king . He was thwarted when the Penguins switched Clemson 's brain with Julien 's . Julien in Clemson 's body then decrees `` Julien '' king right before they are switched back . Clemson is then chased back to Hoboken by Bada and Bing after Julien insulted them while still in Clemson 's body . Lulu ( edit ) Lulu ( voiced by Jane Leeves ) is a female chimpanzee . She first appears in `` Monkey Love '' , in which she was staying at the Central Park Zoo while her habitat in the Hoboken Zoo was being repaired . Once she showed up , Phil fell in love with her . When Mason tries to set the two up , she thinks Mason is asking her out . After several failed attempts by the penguins and King Julien to show off Phil 's skills , Phil explains the whole situation to her in American Sign Language and she agrees to go out with him before she has to leave . She appears again in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' , along with Hans , Savio , Clemson and Rhonda , where she helps the penguins fight off the android animals of the Hoboken Zoo . Doris ( edit ) Doris ( voiced by Calista Flockhart ) is a dolphin who Kowalski has a crush on her who is spoken of in several episodes . As shown in `` Hot Ice , '' Kowalski sees her as a love interest , though it appears to be unrequited ( since Doris wanted someone `` hipper '' ) . Doris makes her first appearance in `` The Penguin who Loved Me '' and is revealed to be the sister of Dr. Blowhole . She wishes for Kowalski to help her free her brother Francis from captivity along with a platypus named Parker . After the penguins and Parker follow Doris to Seaville , they get to Francis ' exhibit where it is revealed he is none other than Dr. Blowhole , who has forgotten who he really is and thinks he 's Flippy because of his memories being wiped out and is now happily performing tricks for people . Parker than betrays the Penguins and Doris when he reveals he works for Dr. Blowhole and takes him back to the base where all the Lobsters are . As they try to restore his memories , Doris and The Penguins storm in and the aforementioned characters get in a fight . Soon enough Doris accidentally finds Blowhole 's Mind Jacker and Parker uses it to restore his memories . Blowhole than captures the Penguins and Doris , and reveals his evil plan is to fire his new weapon `` Project Bad Tidings '' at the moon , flood the entire world and rule it . But after Kowalski tricks him and they foil his plan and manage to escape before the base explodes . As soon as they get back home , Doris tells Kolwaski that she likes him now and they kiss for the first time . Savio ( edit ) Savio ( voiced by Nestor Carbonell ) is an oversized boa constrictor that has attacked the animals on three occasions . When he was initially transferred to the zoo in `` The Big Squeeze '' , the penguins suspected him of being the cause of the disappearance of the lemurs and Marlene , but his cage appeared inescapable ; the only means of departure was a vent that Savio could have used when unfed but would have been unable to access when returning . Skipper realises that he was instead using the vent to access the keypad that controlled his cage locks with his tail , allowing him to open his cage . He was defeated on this occasion when the penguins lured him into Burt 's habitat , with Burt throwing Savio around and squeezing him through the bars to expel his previously - eaten victims . Alice later had Savio transferred to the Hoboken Zoo Savio returned as an enemy in `` All Tied Up With a Boa '' , intending to eat the penguins , the lemurs , and Marlene in revenge for their previous defeat - subsequently intending to regurgitate them and eat them in reverse order to his previous consumption - after immobilising Burt by sending a mouse to the zoo to trick him into running into a wall in panic , but Julien managed to escape by hiding in the popcorn machine and becoming covered in butter , his slippery form resulting in Savio becoming tied up in knots , covered in butter , and sent back to Hoboken . Savio appeared as an ally in `` The Hoboken Surprise '' where he assisted the penguins in defeating the android animals of the Hoboken Zoo . Savio returns again in `` The Terror of Madagascar '' when Julien has him transferred back to the zoo as he had hired him to eat a baby fossa that he believes is trying to eat him , but the fossa is revealed to see Julien as a father figure and defeats Savio by biting him and chases him back to Hoboken ( While annoying Skipper at the idea that the penguins have now not defeated Savio three times & yells in frustration seeing Savio defeated by the fossa instead of them ) . The Vesuvius Twins ( edit ) The Vesuvius Twins ( voiced by Atticus Shaffer ) are two schoolboys from a very wealthy family . They are disliked by all of the animals of the zoo because of how nasty they are . Even though they are repeatedly banned from going near the animals , they usually get around the ban because of their parent 's wealth , e.g. purchasing all of the tickets for an event at the zoo . Private often encourages others to show kindness to the boys , choosing to believe that they are secretly good . Cecil and Brick ( edit ) Cecil and Brick ( voiced by French Stewart and John DiMaggio ) are two criminals that have occasionally run afoul of the Penguins . Archie ( edit ) Archie ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is a raccoon with a Robin Hood - like motive and a friend of Fred . He first appears in `` Mask of the Raccoon '' where he has been going around stealing from the zoo and supposedly giving to the poor . His plot was exposed by the Penguins upon learning about him from Fred and ends up having to give to the poor . In `` The Big Move , '' Archie appears as a property agent where he tries to sell Rico a house . In this appearance , he is not in his Robin Hood costume and not using a French accent . Amarillo Kid ( edit ) The Amarillo Kid ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a nine - banded armadillo . A long time ago , the Amarillo Kid challenged Private to a game of mini golf , back when Private was one of the best mini golf players and was known as Mr. Tux . Private quit after the game , which ended in a tie , because he had to hit a little possum girl 's ice cream cone ( it was a double scoop ) to tie it up . Though Private admitted that the pressure made him quit after all . Several years later in `` Mr. Tux , '' he arrived at the Central Park Zoo to challenge Private to a game to prove he 's the best . At first , Private refuses to fight him . Enraged by this , the Kid locked down the entire zoo and threatened to blow it up with a thermonuclear reactor . Private battles him , and though the game is close , Private wins with the help of a cricket he had saved early . Ashamed , the Amarillo Kid leaves . The Amarillo Kid later returns in `` Showdown on Fairway 18 , '' but this time has a changed personality . This time , he comes to the Penguins for help when he has lost a mini-golf match against the Gopher Brothers Bo and Gomer and they want his shell ( which the Amarillo Kid used in a wager ) . The Amarillo Kid tells him of the Westchester Putter from Yabogeyhaha , a golden golf putting club which grants its wielder unbeatable power so that even the worst will become the greatest , and he desires to use it in a rematch against the Gophers to save himself . Private and the Amarillo Kid find the Westchester Putter . Through a series of comical foul - ups , they finally claim the Putter . Private hands the Westchester Putter over to the Amarillo Kid on the agreement that he will return it as soon as he has won his rematch . Touched by Private 's kindness , the Amarillo Kid confesses his intentions to steal the Putter for the Gophers in order to save his shell as Private 's emotions egged him & made him feel guilt for what he was preparing to do . He decides to turn over a new leaf , and voluntarily puts the Putter back , saying he 'd rather go shell-less than proving Skipper & Private right that he had n't changed . Just then , the other penguins and the Gophers show up . The Gophers trap the penguins under a chandelier , take the Westchester Putter for themselves , and escape the building , proving that the Amarillo Kid had been telling the truth and they had tricked Skipper and his team into helping them as Kowalski recapped the gophers ' clever ingenuity of their plan . As they make their getaway , the Amarillo Kid stays to free the penguins . The penguins and the Amarillo Kid pursue the Gophers in a mini golf cart chase . Just as it seems the Gophers are going to give the penguins the slip , the Amarillo Kid uses his golfing skills to sabotage their cart and save the Putter . With the Gophers successfully thwarted , the Amarillo Kid thanks Private for believing in him , and they part on good terms ... that is , only after Private reminds the Amarillo Kid remembers he is supposed to give the Westchester Putter back . Miss Perky ( edit ) Miss Perky ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Rico 's doll girlfriend . Granny Squirrel ( edit ) Granny Squirrel ( voiced by Debbie Reynolds ) first she appeared as a granny of Fred in `` The Lost Treasure of the Golden Squirrel , '' but then the gang believed she is a ghost . Barry ( edit ) Barry ( voiced by Kevin McDonald ) is a strawberry poison - dart frog who first appears in the episode `` Untouchable '' where he is a transfer from the Hoboken Zoo and begins terrorizing the animals by temporarily poisoning Skipper , Kowalski and Rico . Private manages to stop him by putting on a steel suit and hugging him , making Barry realize he only needed a friend . He appears mainly as a background zoo animal in more recent episodes . Frankie ( edit ) Frankie ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a homing pigeon who first appeared on `` Launchtime . '' The Red Squirrel ( edit ) The Red Squirrel ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an evil red squirrel who appears in the episodes `` The Red Squirrel , '' `` A Visit From Uncle Nigel , '' `` Our Man in Grrfurjiclestan , '' and `` Nuts to You . '' The Broches ( edit ) The Broches are the trio of cockroaches who appears in the episode `` Stop Bugging Me . '' Mike ( edit ) Mike ( voiced by Zand Broumand ) is a member of the Broches . Duane ( edit ) Duane ( voiced by Brian Posehn ) is a member of the Broches . Eddie ( edit ) Eddie ( voiced by Jerry Trainor ) is a member of the Broches . Frances Alberta ( edit ) Frances Alberta ( voiced by Megan Hilty ) is the presumptive head zookeeper at the Hoboken Zoo who appeared in the episode `` The Hoboken Surprise . '' Frances was first shown to be a cheerful zookeeper who had worked to clean up the zoo 's poor conditions , gaining the respect of resident animals Rhonda , Hans , Clemson , Savio , and Lulu . Frances also afforded the animals under her care many amenities , such as fine cuisine , massage chairs , and a fountain of cheese . It is later revealed that Frances never had the respect of her animals , whom she had simply sealed away under the ground and replaced with android look - alikes , all in an effort to meet her demanding standard for cleanliness and to get the attention of Parks Commissioner Pervis McSlade . At the end of the episode , Commissioner McSlade fires her and the Hoboken Police arrests her for making android look - alike animals and assault of a Bartender . Kitka ( edit ) Kitka ( voiced by Kari Wahlgren ) is a female peregrine falcon whom Skipper falls in love with . She only appears in `` The Falcon and the Snow Job '' . Nurse shawna W. Smith ( edit ) Shawna W. Smith ( voiced by Joanna Garcia ) is a zoo nurse who only appears in the episode `` Love Hurts '' . Special agent buck Rockgut ( edit ) Special Agent Buck Rockgut ( voiced by Clancy Brown ) is a rockhopper penguin who first appears in `` The Red Squirrel '' . Hunter ( edit ) Hunter ( voiced by Ciara Bravo ) is a young female leopard seal who does n't eat penguins . She only appears in the episode `` Operation : Antarctica '' . Uncle Nigel ( edit ) Uncle Nigel ( voiced by Peter Capaldi ) is Private 's uncle , who works as a spy for MI6 , and comes to New York to visit his nephew and to find The Red Squirrel . His first , and so far only , appearance is in `` A Visit From Uncle Nigel . '' When around the penguins ( minus Private ) , Nigel acted like a `` posh nancycat '' . This was all part of his cover story . When captured by The Red Squirrel , Nigel was forced to tell Skipper , Kowalski , and Rico that he actually was a spy . It is unknown if Nigel really is Private 's uncle in blood or not ( due to being a different species of penguin ) . Though it is possible that he is either an honorary uncle or perhaps one of Private 's parents was the same species of penguin Nigel is and he is their brother whilst the other parent was the same species as Private . Blue Hen ( edit ) Blue Hen ( voiced by Audrey Wasilewski ) is a chicken who is first introduced in `` Mental Hen '' as a mute animal with psychic powers . Kowalski , being a sceptic , records her and sends the video on internet , hoping someone will figure out that Blue Hen is faking her powers , only for her to gain popularity . She is then revealed to just be extremely intelligent rather than psychic , being able to figure out what 's going to happen with analytical thinking . She can also talk and becomes an enemy of penguins after they find out that she was waiting for someone like Kowalski to expose her so that she can gain popularity and power . Unable to defeat her rationally or by fighting , Kowalski sets up a plan to distract her by singing and dancing seductively , leading her to choose the wrong option . While she starts holding a grudge against Kowalski , she compliments his dancing ability and kisses him . She returns in P.E.L.T as an antagonist . Manfredi and Johnson ( edit ) Manfredi and Johnson ( voiced by James Patrick Stuart and Danny Jacobs ) are penguins who were former members of Skipper 's team . They are typically cited for the nature of their demise or a mistake they made as an example of what can happen if one lets their guard down or neglects their training . The exact method of their demise varies in each instance and in some cases are contradictory : killed by an exploding trap , killed by flying piranhas , losing vital internal organs , etc . They are finally seen in `` The Penguin Who Loved Me '' , in an enclosure in Seaville both with bruises and injuries , but very much alive . However , they have somehow injured their eyes . Manfredi ( the larger sized penguin ) has lost his left foot now replaced by a stick while Johnson ( the Kowalski - sized penguin ) broke his right flipper and seems to have a burn on his body . Johnson noticed the penguins and Doris `` flying out '' of Seaville and banged on the glass panel for help . Unfortunately for them , the penguins never noticed their desperate pleas and swam away saying they were never going to come back ever again . Strangely they do not appear in Penguins of Madagascar , implying that they may have met the four at a much later time . Characters in all Hail King Julien ( edit ) Clover ( edit ) Clover ( voiced by India de Beaufort ) is a green - eyed crowned lemur who is King Julien 's bodyguard . She is smart , cunning , ( mostly ) mature , but tends to be rather paranoid ( comes with the job ) , is brave to the point of recklessness and can be prone to sudden outbursts of violence , but can also be sweet , friendly and kind - hearted towards her friends . In general , she and Maurice tend to be the voice of reason to keep Julien 's crazy ideas in check . After the events of the first episode , Clover becomes his commander . She is the main protector King Julien ( since the other guards ran away ) Despite the fact that she thinks the new king is n't very bright she is fanatically loyal and faithful to him and is even willing to die for her king . Unlike his uncle , Julien treats her with a lot more respect ( for example at the end of episode one he points out that he noticed she was the only one of the guards who did n't run away and because of that his promoting her to commander ) . Her shocked response to the comment implies that uncle Julien never bothered to even compliment her . A running gag is that she acts like she is talking with someone through a radio earpiece . She did n't believe in having a fun life until she slid down the water slide going after Mort during Uncle King Julien XII 's return . In `` Eat Prey Shove '' , it is revealed she writes a rather fan fiction - y romantic novel as a hobby . It is also here she meets Sage Moondancer , with whom Clover has a rather complex romantic relationship - while she loves him , his stoic and peaceful nature often irritates her . It takes several seasons for both of them to realize they balance each other out as the perfect weapon . In `` Crimson and Clover , '' it is revealed that Clover has a twin sister named Crimson , with whom she has a long lasting rivalry . Despite their antagonistic behaviour , they still consider each other family and Crimson has helped Clover out on occasion . In the storyline of `` Exiled '' , Clover went on a quest with Sage to find the perfect weapon , only to realize through the teachings of Sage 's annoying mudskipper master that they need each other to be in perfect balance ( after spending a day body - swapped ) . Koto , Sage 's evil brother wanted to force Clover to marry him , and she was ready to make this sacrifice for the life of Julien , but in the end she was freed and was essential in defeating Koto and his army . In Season 5 , when King Julien puts security cameras all over the kingdom , Clover is overjoyed to finally be able to enforce all the long - forgotten ancient laws she never had the chance to . This overzealousness causes everyone in the kingdom to be arrested eventually , with Clover turning herself in too when she got up from the bed on the wrong foot . In episode 12 , she expects Sage to propose to her , but finds out he is marrying her sister , Crimson . Trying to suppress her anger , she stays to help the mountain lemur kingdom , and eventually causes Sage to realize she is his soulmate , hurrying after her and proposing to her . This causes some concern for King Julien , as Clover will leave the kingdom after the marriage , so he tries to train the kingdom into an army , leading to disaster when real foosas attack . In the last episode , the wedding eventually proceeds after some hiccups , such as Julien burying Sage and forgetting where he was , and creating a Frankenstein 's monster version to stand in for the wedding , while Clover reconciles with Crimson and says her goodbye to Julien . She leaves for the mountain lemur kingdom with Sage at the end of the episode after the wedding , explaining her absence in the Madagascar movies . Masikura ( edit ) Masikura ( voiced by Debra Wilson ) is a psychic chameleon who appears once you call her . She sticks her tongue on your head and analyzes you for predictions or reading thoughts . He told Julien 's uncle that the king of the lemurs would be eaten by the Foosa . With that , Uncle King Julien hands over the crown to his nephew and leaves . At the coronation , the Foosa interrupted and take some lemurs with them . Masikura told King Julien , Maurice , and Clover about what happened . King Julien goes to the Foosa territory to save the lemurs , he got bitten on the butt , he shouts and the boulders fall down , scaring the Foosa . Julien was relieved that Masikura was wrong about the Foosa eating him . Masikura appears and say she did n't say the Foosa would n't eat all of him completely and points at his butt . In `` Poll Position '' , King Julien calls Masikura to use her tongue on Xixi 's head to find out who 's the one hater . Masikura denined , but King Julien grabbed her and starts shooting her tongue at Xixi . Her tongue hits Maurice 's head and predicted grape jelly , a funnel , and a pair of woman shoes . Maurice said it was spring break . In `` He Blinded Me with Science , '' Masikura played a big role , where she helps King Julien dance for the sky god Kevin to make it rain . When King Julien meets Timo , a tenrec scientist , he automates everything in the kingdom and they got hooked up on science . Later , King Julien let Masikura go , much to her dismay . She meets Mort in his tree stump and insisted to stay with him . During her stay , Masikura gets creeped out with Mort , saying he `` sleep hugs '' and says that he is a girl . Then , a fire breaks out from the generator , King Julien apologizes to Masikura and he , Maurice , and Clover ask for her help . Masikura believes that if they combined science and the rain that would put out the fire and save the kingdom . Timo makes a makeshift hose and King Julien danced on it to get the water out , thus putting the fire out . Maggie the unwashed ( edit ) ( voiced by Andy Richter ) , Maggie is a poor replacement of Masikura , her predictions are shams and she constantly suffers from extreme flatulence . Maggie seems not to care about other people 's opinion or about anything in general . She is often hired by various villains to be their accessory . Physically , she is identical to Masikura but has a much more pale color and is constantly cross-eyed . Prince Barty ( edit ) Prince Barty ( voiced by John Michael Higgins ) is a ring - tailed lemur who is the father of King Julien XIII and the husband of Princess Julienne . He always acts in a posh and upper - class manner . Like his wife , he does not care much about his son , or the fate of the kingdom , and they are content to live on a remote island as long as the kingdom sends them their regular mango supply . Whenever they visit King Julien , they always live in extreme luxury , serviced by a horde of servants . Often they have `` parties '' for their relatives ( in actuality the relatives are killed by sharks ) . Princess Julienne ( edit ) Princess Julienne ( voiced by Anjelica Huston ) is a ring - tailed lemur who is the mother King Julien XIII and the wife of Prince Barty . She is also the sister of Uncle King Julien . Like her husband , she does not care about her son at all , only that her constant supply of mango is provided on time , so she only shows up whenever there is any emergency in the kingdom that would threaten their income used to support their extravagant lifestyle . King Julien desperately wants their parents approval and love at first , even going as far as to hire Karl to kidnap them - however this turns into a real life - or - death situation due to Karl 's betrayal . After his parents actually start to care about him , Julien gets annoyed by their constant doting and eventually gets them to leave . King Julien XII ( edit ) King Julien XII ( voiced by Henry Winkler ) is a ring - tailed lemur who is the uncle of King Julien XIII . As Julien XIII 's predecessor , Julien XII is a lazy , strict , paunchy , cowardly , and older lemur oozing smarminess where he had strict rules that kept the lemur kingdom quiet in order to keep the Fossa away . In the first episode , he gives the crown to his nephew and leaves when he learns from Masikura that the king of the lemurs will be eaten by the Foosa . When King Julien saves the captured lemurs , he got bitten on the butt and is still alive . When King Julien XIII thrives as king , his devious uncle will do any conniving thing to regain the throne . Uncle King Julien returned in the fifth episode , not happy that his nephew is still alive and set to reclaim the throne from him . When King Julien was sliding down the water slide , his uncle turns off the water , leaving his rear end on fire . King Julien then sees his uncle and has a hard time remembering him , much to his annoyance . Maurice helped Julien remember by placing his crown on his uncle 's head . He made up a story and tricked his nephew that he heard the Fossa were planning an attack and Julien volunteers to go to their territory and find out with Maurice in a Fossa disguise . During his absence , Uncle King Julien made changes to his throne room . Mort goes up to the throne room and sees Julien 's uncle . Uncle Julien takes a seriously hatred of Mort . Mort says that Julien , ( the other Julien ) , is the one and only king and is `` a billion times better than him '' , which makes him mad . Uncle Julien orders Clover to destroy Mort , but Mort says he 'd rather be destroyed by `` his King Julien '' and runs off crying . After seeing the changes his nephew made , he orders Clover to close down everything Julien put up . When Clover closed everything down , she chased Mort down the water slide when he was violating the rule against it and she actually enjoyed it . Clover tells Julien 's uncle what happened and says the kingdom is happy for the first time in a long time and vows to help improve when Julien comes back . When Julien 's uncle says that Julien is not coming back , Clover , discovering Julien 's uncle 's plot , angrily forces Uncle Julien to say it again and drags him to the Foosa territory . They see Julien and Maurice in the Fossa suit surrounded by the Fossa . Uncle Julien is unhappy that Clover wants his nephew as king . Before Uncle Julien can hit Clover , she hits Uncle Julien and uses him as bait to attract the Foosa and saves Julien and Maurice , while fighting the Fossa via suit . Julien knows his uncle 's plot to reclaim the throne and is glad that Clover chose him , even though she did n't think the kingdom should be fun 24 / 7 but knows living in fear is worst . While taunting the Fossa with Uncle King Julien still as bait , Maurice wondered about what will they do with him , as he is not to be trusted . Julien says that his uncle is still family and `` family always deserves a second chance . '' He suggests that they should give his uncle `` a chance at a new life . '' The episode ends with Uncle Julien in the Foosa suit that is being cuddled by a Fossa girl much to his dismay . In a later episode he creates his own kingdom , Feartopia , tricks his nephew into giving him all his subjects , and imprisons them there as `` citizens '' ; he is later imprisoned alone inside his own little dystopia . In season 5 , he decided to give up his throne for Zora and flee with her for his joyfullness in which his nephew gave his excuses . According to Masikura in `` Viva Mort , '' Julien 's uncle is the worst king because he did some things to other kingdoms and never apologized . Masikura told King Julien he does n't have to be his uncle , when she is trying to help him apologize to Maurice . In a later plot , Uncle King Julien lures the whole kingdom to another island by faking the end of the world , only to imprison them in a camp and locking his nephew in the `` Iron Booty '' . In the end , Julien frees everyone , and instead locks his uncle inside the camp . Uncle King Julien returns to participate in the Jungle Olympics , enlisting Crimson and Sage on his team , trying to win the games - and the crown . In Exiled , he is revealed to be running gladiatorial games and training foosa with Mary Ann . King Julien and Maurice go undercover in their bad foosa disguise , but Uncle King Julien easily sees through it , and tries to kill them . He joins their effort to save the kingdom when he learns it has been taken over by Koto , though . In the Season 5 episode `` Night Creatures '' , he visits alongside his sister , King Julien 's mother , to investigate the strange beast hauntings in the kingdom , hoping that he can get the crown back if King Julien is declared incompetent to rule . It is revealed though that he himself engineered the beast attacks by feeding gecko milk to King Julien , which causes an allergic transformation in the Julien bloodline . Captured in a cage , he is fed milk and forced to transform himself . He returns in a later episode , where he engineers a plot to cause King Julien to depopulate the kingdom due to the increased arrests thanks to the security cameras he supplied Julien with . However , while watching the events unfold on the cameras , he is smitten by Zora , and starts sending love letters to her . Eventually Maurice locates him in a cave , and King Julien confronts him after he stole the crown , but he admits he no longer wants it , only to live happily with Zora . After Julien introduces him to her , the two are instantly smitten , and they leave , Uncle King Julien promising not to try and kill his nephew anymore . The two show up again in the last episode , attending Clover and Sage 's wedding . Ted ( edit ) Ted , ( voiced by Conrad Vernon in Madagascar , Andy Richter in All Hail King Julien ) , is a Golden Bamboo lemur with a slight accent . Throughout all the series , Ted is shown to be nervous at many times . He says silly things like `` Flipper - doodles '' or `` Maraschino cherries . '' Ted also has a tendency to joy - or fear - tinkle a lot , something he feels the need to exclaim loudly . He has a wife named Dorothy . Their marriage is revealed in the episode ' Diapers are the New Black . ' Dorothy is more interested in the marriage than Ted , considering that he cried at their honeymoon . In the episode ' That Sinking Feeling , ' when everyone thought the island was sinking , Dorothy tackled Hector just because he threw Ted way behind him . Ted makes appearances in most episodes , and played large roles in `` Eat Prey Shove , '' and , `` Diapers are the New Black . '' He was named as Clover 's assistant captain of the Ringtail guard , but due to his cowardly nature ( and because Clover is always around ) he rarely if ever gets to do anything in this position . In `` Poll Position '' when people disliked King Julien , Ted would eat the kumquats off the pole , decreasing the popularity of people liking King Julien . He states it was his dream job and it has become a nightmare , when he ate too many kumquats because more people no longer like him . Maurice asks Julien why he has to eat the kumquats , and Julien answered it 's the `` only thing that brings him joy . '' In `` Eat Prey Shove , '' Ted once covered for Clover when she was sent on a vacation with Mort and Xixi and unknowingly caused the Fossa to take advantage of Clover 's vacation to attack King Julien 's kingdom . In Exiled , Ted stows away on the submarine with King Julien , Maurice and Pancho when they escape the kingdom after Koto 's takeover . On the island inhabited by sultry lady lemurs , Ted is the only one ( due to his devotion to Dorothy ) who does not succumb to their seduction , and consequently , eludes capture . The stress of being alone and hunted causes a split personality to take over Ted , who rescues Maurice and King Julien from the Tentacle . Calling himself Snake , this version of him wears an eyepatch , vest , and has a handlebar moustache . Snake is an extremely competent and fearless fighter , who acts like a 1990s action movie star and often says his name out loud for no reason . In season 5 , being bored with Ted 's indecisive nature , Dorothy convinces Ted to bring Snake out once again with Dr S ' experimental methods . However , she soon finds Snake to be boring due to his one - track mind and lack of curiosity . While shutting down Timo 's water pump , Snake is shocked back to Ted , and Dorothy apologizes to him , saying he is the lemur she married and loves , not Snake . Later , when cameras being placed everywhere in the kingdom lead to an increased number of arrests , Clover deputizes Ted to be the prison 's warden , a job he performs with great delight . In the end , only he ends up being the only not imprisoned lemur in the kingdom after Clover arrests herself . Willie ( edit ) Willie ( voiced by Cody Cameron in Madagascar , Jeff Bennett in All Hail King Julien ) is a lemur who first appears in the first episode as one of the captured lemurs . King Julien saves them from the Foosa . Willie has a tendency to see the worst in everything , and his catchphrase is screaming `` We are all gon na die ! '' whenever there is any crisis at hand . Consequently , King Julien tends to blame Willie for things he is not even responsible for . He goes so far as to often mention him by name whenever he has to make a public appearance to note whatever is troubling the country at the moment , adding `` ... and also , Willie '' and eliciting an enraged `` What the heck , man ? '' from him . Willie was briefly seen in the first film when he was called out during King Julien 's meeting about what to do with Alex , Marty , Melman , and Gloria . He states that he likes them . It is noticeable that he has a different voice and design compared to his appearance in `` All Hail King Julien . '' Xixi ( edit ) Xixi ( voiced by Betsy Sodaro ) is a very trustworthy toucan in news who informs the lemur kingdom on current events . According to King Julien , Xixi also a very trustworthy Toucan in friendship . She covered King Julien 's coronation party but fled when the party was raided by the Foosa in the first episode . She appears again in `` Poll Position '' in which she reports that 99 % of the kingdom thinks the new king ( Julien ) is doing a good job . This report sets both episode plots in motion namely King Julien attempting to locate and turn the hater while also allowing Clover to launch an investigation to find the hater and make sure he is n't trying to recruit more lemurs to his side to cause an uprising . She makes another appearance in `` Eat Pray Shove '' , when she happily accepts to go on a vacation with Clover and Mort . Xixi and Mort enjoy relaxing on the beach , while Clover does n't . Xixi and Mort have a fun time while Clover went off and meet a handsome and muscular lemur . Hector ( edit ) Hector , ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) , is an incredibly moody lemur . According to Maurice , Hector hates everybody and everything . He is also a bit odd . For example , when Clover asked if he did n't want to see King Julien to help him solve his problems , he replies to her that he likes his problems . According to Xixi , he has a very large family . Despite his bitterness , he does admit that King Julien is doing a better job than the previous kings . Hector also adds that he thinks that it is not a great accomplishment as he thinks the previous kings were much more incompetent than Julien was . In the episode ' Poll Position , ' Hector was basically the only one who did not love Julien . After Julien knocked down Hector 's masterpiece , his support went down by unhappiness of Hector 's big family . In another appearance , Hector joined Abner and Becca in using catapults to `` relocate '' everyone from the kingdom whom they did not like , this soon caused the kingdom to lose most of its populace . In Season 5 , he is revealed to be the Minister in charge of Mangoes , a post he fulfilled for a long time successfully protecting his charge from the fruit flies by a flyswatter he is really attached to . In the election battles between Maurice and Mort he is forced to abandon his post , leading to a crisis with the flies abducting everyone , but at the end he is restored to it again . Despite his grumpyness , Hector has a strong sense of logic and is often the only character to see how ridiculous a situation is . His catchphrase is declaring `` Bunch of ding - dongs '' whenever people do something stupid . Horst ( edit ) Horst ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a blue - eyed black lemur . As said by Clover in the episode My Fair Foosa , not much is known about him . Kind of a loner , fears change , and is always seen holding a beverage in a coconut shell . It was also revealed in the same episode that he was married to the fossa named Mary Ann but she mauled him twice because of his snoring . It is Revealed in ' King Julien Superstar ' that he is also known as DJ Glitter - Bunz . He usually interrupts whatever he is saying by taking a long sip from his beverage through a straw before finishing the sentence , annoying others . In Exiled , he and Mary Ann reconcile and get back together once again . In Season 5 , he is shown to be having a picnic with Mary Ann , still loving her despite her hard to suppress urges to eat him . When the other foosa rebel and tie the two to a tree , Horst reveales that due to the many scarring he received while romancing Mary Ann , he can contort and mangle his body to escape his bonds , impressing Mary Ann , who declares her love for him before leaving to restore order amongst the foosa . Dorothy ( edit ) Dorothy , ( voiced by Sarah Thyre ) , is a mongoose lemur who is the wife of Ted . She appears to be at about the same intelligence level of her husband . Dorothy is sweet , caring , and possibly good at cooking . She is a minor character throughout all the series . In the episode ' Diapers are the New Black , ' Dorothy and Ted start creating fraud diapers to make a profit . This leads to Julien getting upset that another brand is stealing customers , so he and Ted get in a competition of diaper - making . Dorothy and Ted 's relationship starts getting better and better in the fourth series . Their marriage is revealed in the third series . In season 5 , Dorothy is bored with Ted 's indecisive nature and ask Dr S ' help to bring out Ted 's more manly alter - ego , Snake . However , Snake is revealed to be rather simple - minded and crude , and at the end Dorothy is happy to get her husband back . Pancho ( edit ) Pancho ( voiced by Danny Jacobs ) is a crowned lemur . He is mentioned in `` Poll Position '' when Xixi mentions him in her report stating that he is looking cozy for he 's canoodling with a new lemur lady and questions if love is in the air . King Julien agrees that he hopes so and states that `` Pancho needs it . '' In Season 4 , it is revealed in ' The Panchurian Candidate ' that Uncle King Julien uses mind - washing to condition Pancho as the perfect assassin , for the scenario if he is ever deposed . Unaware of this , Pancho is activated when he hears the trigger word , to kill King Julien . Thanks to Clover and Maurice , the assassination is averted , but Pancho remains ill at ease and paranoid after this experience . In Exiled , when King Julien and Maurice have to flee the kingdom , they escape in a nuclear submarine piloted by Pancho , who was preparing for this scenario due to his paranoia . Later , he sabotages the blimp of the Russian chimps at King Julien 's orders , and is thrown out of the blimp as a result . He is revealed to have survived though . Pancho is known as a felon ( which according to him is written with a `` ph '' ) to other lemurs , who keep their distance from him . In Season 5 , Pancho 's skills with explosives are often used when destruction is needed , though he often tends to go overboard with violent solutions to problems . Sage Moondancer ( edit ) Sage Moondancer ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a buff and spiritualistic lemur . He tends to speak in spiritualist , hippie - like sentences nobody seems to understand . Despite his great strength and fighting skills , he is a devoted pacifist . He and Clover have a complicated romantic relationship - he is drawn to her but often feels threatened by her aggressiveness . Sage has made lifelong a bond with a great eagle , who comes to his aid or to carry him off when it 's needed ; he can call him via squawking at any time . It is revealed in `` Exiled '' that Sage is from the warlike kingdom of the Mountain Lemurs - he left because he disagrees with their conquering , oppressing ways and chose spiritual peace . Unfortunately , in his absence , his evil brother Koto took over the kingdom and conquered King Julien 's lemurs and all neighboring kingdoms . Sage goes on a quest with Clover to get help , asking for assistance from his mentor , an enigmatic but seemingly crazy mudskipper named Jarsh - Jarsh . In the end , Sage and Clover bond as they realize after a body - swapped experience that they are the perfect weapon , able to balance each other out . Sage defeats Koto in combat , but at Clover 's request spares his life ( though he is squashed under his own statue anyway when he tries to backstab Sage ) . In season 5 , Sage has to leave King Julien 's kingdom to lead his people as their new king , relocating them back to their ancient kingdom . In episode 12 , he engages to Crimson , but ends up realizing that Clover is the life - long mate he was always searching for . In episode 13 , Sage asks King Julien to bury him during his bachelor party so he can meditate . As the king forgets to mark the spot , they can not locate Sage the next day , leading to a fake Sage being made by Dr. S. , but the real Sage arrives at the wedding eventually and marries Clover . Tammy ( edit ) Tammy ( voiced by Debra Wilson ) is a common brown lemur who is the mother of Todd and the wife of Butterfish . While she loves her son , she tends to pressure him . She is domineering and in every competition tries to push Todd into the foreground , even cheating if it is necessary . Unlike most lemurs , she does not respect King Julien at all . Todd ( edit ) Todd ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a common brown lemur who is the son of Tammy and Butterfish . He is a child prodigy according to his mother , but being forced to perform in every competition seems to have taken a toll on him . Todd is often nervous and has a tic , and when he snaps he can be a terrifying force which can even frighten Mountain lemurs . He and Mort are often rivals because of their similar size , and because his mother often tries to make Todd replace Mort . Timo ( edit ) Timo ( voiced by Chris Miller in Madagascar , David Krumholtz in All Hail King Julien ) is a tenrec scientist who is an expert on technology . King Julien first encountered Timo in `` He Blinded Me with Science '' where he replaced the batteries in King Julien 's boom box after it ran out of power during King Julien 's dance to get the Sky God Kevin to bring rain to his kingdom . Upon introducing Timo to the lemurs , King Julien had them receive the technology that was salvaged from Timo 's area . The lemurs get hooked on the technology until a power surge happened that destroyed Timo 's generator and started a fire . With help from Masikura , King Julien , Maurice , Mort , Clover , and Timo were able to find ground water to help stop the fire . In `` Viva Mort , '' Timo invented a device that would help King Julien to make him embarrassed as a way to make it up to Maurice . Due to the device not being plugged in , Maurice was put through the device and embarrassed instead . In `` The Really Really Big Lie , '' King Julien asks Timo to build a giant mechanical gecko to make it believable to cover his lie . The robot gecko went on a rampage , leaving the kingdom in a panic . Timo says that the off switch is on the bunny ears because Todd loves bunnies . King Julien , Maurice , and Clover managed to shut down the mechanical gecko and escaped from a fall . In `` One More Cup , '' King Julien , Maurice , and Mort find a bag of coffee beans and take it to Timo , who made a coffee machine . King Julien drinks the coffee and feels the energy . King Julien and Timo sells the coffee to the lemurs that Julien calls `` Brown Julien '' . In King Julien Superstar , Timo helped King Julien and the gang become famous superstars by `` tuning '' their voices to sound good . In Exiled , Timo is absent during the takeover of the country by Koto 's army , because he is trapped in his home by the domineering Mom - Bot he has built . Extremely possessive of her `` son '' , Mom - Bot constantly berates Timo and wants to control all aspects of his life - it is only with Mort 's help that he is able to shut her down and reprogram her . Afterwards , Timo helps Mort bring out Smart Mort , and builds a gate to Morticus Khan 's dimension as per his plans . In Season 5 , Timo builds pipes to dump all the sewage into the watering hole as per King Julien 's orders - which he then blames him for , leading Clover to arrest him . Later , he builds a pump to funnel the sewage underground , with disastrous results . Mom - Bot ( edit ) Built by Timo , Mom - Bot ( voiced by David Krumholtz ) is a domineering mother figure robot who somewhat resembles an owl , and speaks with a Jewish accent and always offers to bake traditional Jewish cookies to people . She is also armed to the teeth with lasers , rockets and built - in weaponry . Timo built him to be a supporting mother figure to himself , but her programming was glitchy and she basically imprisoned Timo , doting on him constantly , belittling his achievements , and berating him for not having a girlfriend or having a good job . When Mort visits , he is also captured and forced to stay , but they eventually manage to disable Mom - Bot and Timo reprograms her to be less manic - though she still tends to be doting . She helps the two build the portal to Morticus Khan 's dimension , where the Khan attacks and dismembers Mom - Bot , reducing her to a head . In Season 5 , Mom - Bot is still just a head , though Timo carries her around when she has to go somewhere . King Joey ( edit ) King Joey ( voiced by Bill Fagerbakke ) is a jumping rat who is the ruler of Madagascar 's jumping rats . Like his kind , King Joey is not very bright . Clumsy Pete : Clumsy Pete appeared once , in the episode ' The Jungle Games . ' During spear throwing , he failed miserably , causing Xixi to state that King Joey should have put in Efficient Charlie . During harpoon shooting , Clover and Crimson get in a fight , causing them to get eliminated and give the round to Clumsy Pete and the rats by default . But while Clumsy Pete mumbled about which button it is to shoot , he hit his own leg . He was out for the Jungle Games and was never seen or mentioned again . Efficient Charlie : Efficient Charlie , unlike the rest of is kingdom , was surprisingly bright . He was said to always get jobs done . In the episode ' True Bromance , ' when Maurice left the lemur kingdom because he was mad at King Julien , he says that he wished Julien would disappear . Since King Joey was not bright , he thought that Maurice wanted Julien killed . Joey put Lazy Dougie on the job , but Efficient Charlie was put in after Dougie overslept . Charlie was seen preparing to throw Julien off a cliff when Maurice arrived and rescued him . Efficient Charlie was not seen again , but he was mentioned in the episode ' The Jungle Games ' when Xixi said that Charlie should have been in during spear throwing instead of Clumsy Pete . Lazy Dougie : Lazy Dougie was a member of the rat kingdom . He was shown to be very lazy . He only appears once in the episode ' True Bromance . ' He was supposed to have murdered King Julien , but he instead put Efficient Charlie on the job due to him oversleeping . Dougie was not seen or mentioned ever again . Becca ( edit ) Becca ( voiced by Sarah Thyre in a Southern accent ) is a red / orange - eyed black lemur who is Abner 's wife . Becca and Abner encountered King Julien in his alias of `` Banana Guy Mike '' where he had helped them fix their watering hole . She and her husband vowed to get King Julien off his throne to avenge the `` death '' of Banana Guy Mike . They remain strong opposers of King Julien and consider themselves a resistance movement , albeit they are very inept and know not much about the democracy they fight for . In `` Viva Mort , '' Becca and Abner have started the Lemur Alliance Liberation Army ( LALA ) to get revenge on King Julien . They duped Mort into helping them until their movement was discovered by Clover . Though Becca and Abner are thwarted , Clover had to leave to keep King Julien from getting stung by a scorpion that was placed in a package that they had Mort give to him . In a later episode , they and Hector decide to rid the kingdom of all `` unwanted elements '' , via catapulting them outside the walls they built . This eventually leads to only them staying in the kingdom . Abner ( edit ) Abner ( voiced by Jeffrey Katzenberg in Madagascar , Diedrich Bader in a Southern accent in All Hail King Julien ) is a blue - eyed lemur who is Becca 's husband and is not very bright . Abner and Becca encountered King Julien in his alias of `` Banana Guy Mike '' where he had helped them with their powers . He and his wife vowed to get King Julien off his throne to avenge the `` death '' of Banana Guy Mike . In Madagascar , he is only seen in the paradise scene , serving drinks and later watching Alex do his performance . In `` Viva Mort , '' Abner and Becca have started the Lemur Alliance Liberation Army ( LALA ) to get revenge on King Julien . They duped Mort into helping them until their movement was discovered by Clover . Though Abner and Becca are thwarted , Clover had to leave to keep King Julien from getting stung by a scorpion that was placed in a package that they had Mort give to him . Karl ( edit ) Karl ( voiced by Dwight Schultz ) is a devious fanaloka . He is a card - carrying villain ( literally ) who took it upon himself to become the arch - nemesis of King Julien . Known for his theatrics and love of over-complicated plans , Karl is the kind of villain who rather `` arches '' his nemesis than to actually kill him . It is revealed eventually that he blames Julien for the way he treated him in high school . He is always encountered with his pet hissing cockroach , Chauncey , who is actually his one true friend and companion as well . He tends to make dramatic getaways when thwarted , announcing `` This is not over - not yet , at least . '' After he did some attempts on King Julien 's life where Mort took a blow to every attempt , Karl makes himself known to King Julien and invites him to his lair with the directs on the brochure . After Clover and Maurice are captured , King Julien makes his way to Karl 's lair at a crashed zeppelin where Karl mentions his plans to raise the zeppelin and take over the world with King Julien as his partner . While Karl was ranting about his plans , King Julien manages to free Clover and Maurice . When King Julien , Clover , and Maurice exit the zeppelin , they are confronted by Karl who prepares to fire a laser at him until the balloon carrying the rocks with every wishes that the lemurs wrote on them for the Sky God member Frank falls from the sky and lands on Karl . Seeing his `` Surprise Me '' wish roll against him , King Julien took it as a sign that Frank had helped him defeat Karl . In `` One More Cup , '' it is revealed that Karl survived and returned where he hooked the whole kingdom on caffeine which was part of his plan . He states he watches King Julien fooling around in the Cove of Wonders instead of following his kingly duties . Karl threw a bag of coffee beans in the ocean and knew that Julien would find it because it has the word `` king '' on it . The hyper kingdom threw out King Julien , Maurice , and Clover . With the help of Mort ( who became intelligent from the coffee ) , they plan to destroy Karl 's coffee supply . They approach to Karl 's zeppelin while Smart Mort walks through the fields where he meets jumping rats working there . Karl returns , finding them , and tries to destroy them when the jumping rats break through the door demanding a raise from their boss , even the ones cornering Julien , Maurice , and Clover . Later , Karl surrounds the group and prepares to fire his incinerator at Julien until Smart Mort bites him on the foot . King Julien has the weapon and sees that Karl has Mort in his clutches and says that he has one shot , him or Mort . Julien , having no choice , aims the incinerator at the fields destroying the crops leaving Karl devastated worrying what will Bruce will say when he returns from his vacation . King Julien now aims the laser at Karl who states that it charges . Karl escapes in a hot balloon with Chauncey driving it . Karl vows that he will return and will never stop getting rid of King Julien . In `` Are You There Frank ? It 's Me , Julien , '' Karl creates a special armor that allows him to pose as Frank the Sky God in order to get the Lemurs to oppose Frank 's brother Larry the Volcano God by sacrificing King Julien . With help from Mort operating the Larry armor that Timo built , King Julien repels Karl. in `` revenge of the prom '' Karl reveals that he was in all of Julien 's old high school classes , but Julien never noticed him . In Exiled , Karl unexpectedly saves King Julien and offers to help him take back his kingdom - if only to destroy him later himself . However , King Julien accidentally destroys Karl 's super-weapon , the Karl - Star , and they are both captured by Koto . In Season 5 , it is revealed Karl 's older and domineering brother Bruce has a successful coffee business , and he wants to partner with King Julien - but he ends up buying out Julien and spreading his coffee shops everywhere . Clover and Maurice ally with Karl , who hates his brother for bullying him , and together they ruin his company . At the end it is revealed this was Karl 's plan all along , he knew King Julien would cause Bruce 's downfall . In `` Karlmaggedon '' , Karl decides to retire and announces to leave his role as King Julien 's arch - nemesis to whoever wins the contest - with Fairfax and Pancho , Tammy and Butterfish , Mort and his Grandpa , and King Julien and Clover contesting for the role ( the latter figuring he can be his own nemesis ) . This all turns out to be a ruse , to keep Julien busy while Karl prepares his ultimate weapon , the Karl - Star to destroy Madagascar with lasers . However , at King Julien 's signal , the lemurs use mirrors to make the Karl - Star blow itself up . Julien reveals he expected this from Karl as he always kept bragging about his penchant for using lasers . Defeated , Karl makes good on his promise to retire and travels to Florida with Chauncey on a hot air balloon , admitting that there are no `` not yet , at leasts '' this time . Chauncey ( edit ) Chauncey ( vocal effects provided by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Madagascar hissing cockroach who is Karl 's pet and henchman . Chauncey spies on King Julien and reports anything he hears to Karl . In the episode `` The Jungle Rooster '' , King Julien managed to convince Chauncey to join his side . Eventually , Karl tells Chauncey he would never choose Mary Ann over him and they become best friends again . Crimson ( edit ) Crimson ( voiced by India de Beaufort ) a red - furred crowned lemur who is the twin sister of Clover and is the opposite of her . Crimson leaves a trail of destruction everywhere she goes and she wants to marry and then murder King Julien , then move on to another lemur to do the same thing . She even seduces Sage at one point , though only briefly . Later , she allies with Uncle King Julien , aiding him in trying to win his throne back in return for later favors . While competing against Clover in the olympic games , she shows that she still has feelings for her sister when she helps her win . In Exiled , she seems to have abandoned her old boss and moved to an island inhabited with female lemurs , capturing travelers to sacrifice them to a tentacle beast . In Season 5 episode 12 , Clover is expecting Sage to propose to her , and is shocked to find that Sage is inviting her to his wedding - to Crimson ! Clover tries her best to still be supportive to her friend , and eventually Sage comes to the realization he wants to spend with life with Clover , not Crimson . In episode 13 , Crimson shows up during the wedding preparations at the insistence of her ghostly grandmother Rose . She admits to Clover that she was always jealous of her being more successful , and hence tried to prove herself by taking away the things Clover gained - like Sage . Clovers forgives her and the sisters reconcile , with Crimson leading Clover to the altar at the wedding . At the end it is shown she still has not given up on wooing King Julien , though he is not falling for her tricks anymore . Rob McTodd ( nurse Phantom ) ( edit ) Rob McTodd ( voiced by David Koechner ) is a lemur who was King Julien 's old friend . Maurice never liked Rob as he was a bad influence on Julien , and eventually Julien 's parents had him banished . Rob returns years later to reconcile , but secretly plans revenge - revealing that he has aged and lost his good looks , he plans to transplant Julien 's face to his own . Julien still likes Rob and reconciles with him , and while he has taken up odd habits , such as hibernating in a cave , he seems to have adjusted fine to the changes . Rob now calls himself Nurse Phantom and serves as the assistant to Dr S. - his now deformed face and mannerisms a hommage to the Phantom of the Opera . During Exiled , he works with Mort to organize the resistance against Koto . In Season 5 , Robb is seemingly restored to his original appearance , only to suddenly be crushed to death in a series of unlikely accidents after warning King Julien that something weird is going on . However it is revealed later that like everyone else , he was replaced with a robot duplicate by Karl . In the last episode , he plays Igor to Dr S. when they create a fake Sage for the wedding . Vigman Wildebeests ( edit ) Vigman Wildebeests ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a cocky blue wildebeest , he was a rival of Clover 's grandmother . In the episode ' Eye of Clover `` , he enters the tournament and defeats every player . However he is defeated by Clover when he falls into the Pit of Doom . He is often seen in scenes taking place in Heaven , where he has a rematch against Clover 's grandmother Rose . Dr. S ( edit ) Dr. S ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a cobra who works as a self - taught underworld doctor . Though it takes work to get a doctor 's license , Dr. S ' claim is that he ca n't get busted if he practices medicine in his own cave . He was brought to the kingdom by Rob who wanted to use him in his revenge plot , but after reconciling with Julien , the king let them stay . Dr S , while quite the mad scientist , has helped King Julien out in a lot of strange cases with his questionable `` science '' - even bringing the dead to life at one time . He also likes to experiment on willing ( and unwilling ) subjects , though without much maliciousness . His catchphrase is shouting `` Operating out of a CAAAVEEE ! '' which is always accompanied by lightning and thunder . Fred the giant scorpion ( edit ) Fred the Giant Scorpion ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) is a giant scorpion that lives in the desert parts of Madagascar . He apparently had a `` personal problem '' of eating babies , but has reformed . When Clover makes up a story that unfortunately features Fred as the villain ( not knowing that he actually exists ) , it riles him up enough to attack the kingdom . In Exiled , Fred is revealed to have become a guru for a self - help cult . As Clover and Sage are caught up in the cult 's mindwashing , they are approached by Fred , who wants out - it is revealed that he just wanted a quick scam but people believed his fake teachings so much , he could not leave . In the end Clover successfully breaks her indoctrination and makes the cult disband , but Pam and Fred quickly start another quick money - making scheme again . In Season 5 , Fred shows up for the wedding of Sage and Clover , though he has no dialogue . Pam Simonsworthington ( edit ) Pam Simonsworthington , voiced by Grey DeLisle , is a ridiculously fast lemur who wears goggles . She is a female Mongoose lemur . She first appeared in the episode ' The King and Mrs. Mort . ' Since King Julien was being hospitalized , Mort was temporarily the king . Pam arrived at the kingdom and told Mort , who pretended to be Julien , that she was a judge for a contest of which kingdom was the best . Mort showed her around the kingdom nervously . Near the end of the episode , Maurice and Clover do some investigating and find out the truth about Pam . She was a manipulator who ran from kingdom to kingdom marrying kings , robbing the kingdom , and running off . Clover attacks Pam , but she uses her speed to beat Clover up . At the very end , Maurice and Clover round up some kings of other kingdoms , and Clover screams out some of Pam 's nicknames like Stephanie Jeeves or Lilly Teeterwagon . The crocodile ambassador complains to Pam , to which she states that he could n't even give her a proper massage . King Joey just looks confused as usual , and Pam says that he was the easiest one . The shark king complains in shark language . Knowing that she has been caught , Pam uses her super speed to run away . But she is caught in a net trap that Clover made and temporarily captured . The next time she is seen is in the episode ' Cult Fiction , ' and she has changed quite a bit . She has apparently given up her job on manipulating kings and is now part of a fake cult that Fred the giant scorpion created . Clover and Sage , who are looking for a weapon that will save the kingdom from Koto and the mountain lemurs , watch a bit . Sage wants to leave , but Clover is sucked in because all of Fred 's fake wise words make so much sense to her . Clover 's enthusiasm lead to Pam putting her on a higher rank . One night , Fred tells Clover and Sage that everything is fake and he needs their help to escape . They agree , but Clover changes her mind and captures Fred and Sage . But she changes her mind again after a message from Jarsh - Jarsh in a dream and instead deprograms the cult - addicted minds of everyone . Pam however quickly suggests a get - rich scheme to Fred and they start another cult again . In Season 5 , Pam shows up disguised as King Julien 's popularity manager , Eloise . When King Julien starts `` Facewall '' ( a parody of Facebook ) , and gets obsessed who gets more `` Fleeks '' ( likes ) , Eloise steers him to change his views and entourage to be more liked by his people . This causes Julien to hire Todd to his `` posse '' , and fire Clover and Maurice to replace them by a puppet operated by Pancho . However , as the puppet becomes more popular than him , soon the people choose to elect it instead of him , with a disguised Pam planning to marry the puppet and become queen . Clover and Maurice find out though that her `` polls '' were based on asking oblivious children or heavily manipulated . Clover knocks out Eloise , revealing her to be Pam - the first time Clover actually beat her in combat . Pam admits she did not even want the crown anyway , considering the people were stupid enough to elect a puppet . She is locked in jail , and immediately hits on the also imprisoned Pancho . Pam 's personality is very cocky , and she has a loud laugh . Overall , she is not as evil as someone like Koto , but she is still not a very nice person due to her penchant for thievery and manipulation . Jarsh - Jarsh ( edit ) ( Voiced by JB Blanc ) , Jarsh - Jarsh is a mudskipper and Sage 's mentor . When first encountered by Clover , he seemed to be only able to say his name and spit mud at her and waddle on the ground . After testing Clover 's ( very tenuous ) patience this way , he revealed a map that would lead them to the ultimate weapon . In the end it was revealed to have been another of Jarsh - Jarsh 's tests itself . Jarsh - Jarsh then body - swapped Sage and Clover , which lead to Sage experiencing anger and rage , he beat up his mentor when Jarsh - Jarsh mocked him - until Clover , in Sage 's body , intervened . Jarsh - Jarsh then revealed that this was the final test all along - so each of them understands the other and their anger and calmness balance themselves out . In Season 5 , Jarsh - Jarsh shows up in the last episode , attending Sage and Clover 's wedding - Sage had to pick him up as he does not travel by hawk , causing him to be late to his wedding . Koto ( edit ) Koto ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) is a mountain lemur , and Sage 's brother . He is the antithesis of his sibling - cruel , domineering , aggressive and manipulative . First appearing at the end of Season 4 , Koto is rescued from a snake by King Julien , who shows him around the kingdom - little suspecting that Koto was simply scouting ahead for a kingdom to take over . At the end of the season , Koto arrives with his mountain lemur army and conquers King Julien 's kingdom , as well as the neighbouring ones like the rats or the crocodiles . He takes Julien 's crown and enslaves the people , forcing them to work on his statue . In Exiled , Koto has to deal with the underground rebellion started by Mort , who eventually escapes . Sage also gives one last try to reconcile with his brother by reminding them of their childhood bond , but Koto mocks his sentiments . When King Julien returns , having raised an army from the friends encountered during his voyage , they are initially successful , but Julien is forced to surrender to save his friends . Koto plans to force Clover into marriage , and execute King Julien at the wedding - however an attack led by Maurice and Mort saves them . Koto has a showdown with his brother Sage , who defeats him but spares his life at Clover 's request . Koto tries to backstab King Julien anyway , which causes his statue to collapse on top of him , ending his reign of terror . In Season 5 , Koto is shown in Frankri - La with the Pineapple and all the characters who died in the series . Grandpa Mort ( edit ) Grandpa Mort ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is a whizened old mouse lemur . Though Mort only has vague memories of him , he indeed seems to be his grandfather , but was imprisoned decades ago due to conspiring against one of King Julien 's ancestors . Grandpa Mort shows up in `` Karlmaggedon '' to offer one of the golden mangoes to Mort , so they can join the contest to become the new nemesis of King Julien . It is revealed at the end of the contest that he only wants to make Mort turn to evil , as is in his blood , and help him fulfill his destiny of destroying King Julien . When Mort refuses , Grandpa Mort reveales the Mort family line always absorbs the essence of the weaker ones , hence ensuring only the most evil remain , and attempts to do the same to Mort . While he succeeds , he then suddenly explodes , with Mort absorbing his essence instead . Captain Ethan ( edit ) Captain Ethan ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is a rat who is the leader of the pirates that operate in the waters of Madagascar . Lil ' Arms Magee : Lil ' Arms Magee , voiced by Rob Paulson , was a crocodile that worked for Captain Ethan . Magee , along with One - Eyed Simon and No Name Jack , worked for Ethan 's crew of pirates that operated the waters near Madagascar . Magee was first seen in the episode ' O ' Captain my Captain - Part 1 . ' His crew was sparring while King Julien , who had just gotten captured , watched . At the end , Jimmy was thrown overboard due to his lack of fighting skills . Throughout the three episodes that Magee appeared in , he was shown to have tiny arms just like the rest of his kind , and that resulted in stress . For example , when Julien tried to escape , he told Magee that there was a contest to see who could give Ethan the best hug . Magee is sad because he realizes that he would never win . But Julien offers to coach him only because he thinks he can grab the key to the jail cell . Out of all the pirates , Magee was shown to always have the most support for Julien . When Julien became captain and asked pirates questions about what they did , Magee and the other pirates sang him a song . Later , when Mort and Clover invaded to rescue Julien , Magee attacked them along with his mates . Magee was shown to have been knocked out by Clover along with Simon and jack . But later , the pirates woke up and chased down Julien , Mort , and Clover . Ethan was knocked out though , and Julien charmed the rest of the pirates with mangoes and got them to sail away . In the episode ' The Love Gauntlet , ' , when Karl and Chauncey 's plan to drown Julien and his parents in a volcano failed , Karl recruited the pirates to attack them . But Ethan missed Julien on a charge and drowned in the volcano , and Julien charmed the rest of the pirates with trophies to chase Karl and Chauncey away . Magee and his mates decided to give Julien 's parents a ride back to their island later , and Magee was never seen nor mentioned ever again . Horton : Horton is not a well - known character . He is a lemur of the kingdom . Horton appeared once , in the episode ' Diapers are the New Black . ' He is wearing a diaper , and he and other lemurs are making fun of diaper-less lemurs like Ted and Dorothy . Horton is laughing at them , but a few seconds later , his diaper has been stolen . Ted is accused , and a big fight breaks out . Horton 's name is revealed when Clover tells King Julien and Maurice that someone stole his diaper . He is never seen or mentioned again . Jeffrey : Jeffrey is a random lemur of the kingdom . He has no lines . He appeared in the episode ' Fast Food Lemur Nation . ' Jeffrey is not a well - known character . His name is revealed when King Julien says hi to him while he , along with the whole kingdom , was being magnetized by a gigantic magnet . Jeffrey is the same color as most of the kingdom , which is light gray . His status is unknown because he is never seen or mentioned again after that . Andy Fairfax ( edit ) Andy Fairfax ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) is a bat who is involved in trickery , particularly to sell things . In the episode `` Get Off My Lawn , '' he slyly sells all the lemurs in the kingdom protection scorpions , leaving Clover without a job . He is seen in many episodes selling things to unknowing people , like a comfort Mort in `` Julien 2.0 . '' He and Pancho are often seen together robbing houses , as seen in `` The All Hail King Julien Show . '' Often he uses his charming personality to fool others . Apparently he and Pancho met at a summer camp for grown - ups that lasted for 3 - 5 years . Merry Madagascar characters ( edit ) Donner ( edit ) Donner ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is the leader of Santa Claus ' reindeer . His name is revealed in `` Santa Claus is Coming To Madagascar '' . Cupid ( edit ) Cupid ( voiced by Nina Dobrev ) is one of Santa Claus ' reindeer who falls in love with Private . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2010 ) Sean Axmaker of Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised the characters , noting the `` marvelous character animation '' and `` the palpable camaraderie between animal buddies '' kept Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa `` rolling '' . Axmaker also commended the voice of Zuba , played by Bernie Mac , saying `` his vocal makeover is so complete that you may not recognize his voice , but you will appreciate the warmth and vivid personality of his creation . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Axmaker , Sean ( May 26 , 2005 ) . `` A moment with ... Tom McGrath , director of ' Madagascar ' '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Madagascar '' Jump up ^ `` Hard Boiled Eggy '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 2 . Episode 6 . June 19 , 2010 . 8 : 17 minutes in . Nickelodeon . Kowalski : He 's putting on an adorably phony British accent . Skipper : Just like the private . Private : Phony ? This is how I really talk . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Feet High and Rising '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 9 . April 7 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Operation : Plush and Cover '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 4 . March 30 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Mort Unbound '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 21 . June 26 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Madagascar ( DVD ) . DreamWorks . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . I heard Tom Wolfe is speaking at Lincoln Center . '' / `` Well of course we 're going to throw poo at him ! Jump up ^ `` Eclipsed '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 20 . June 6 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Madagascar ( DVD ) . DreamWorks . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . They 're always annoying us by trespassing , interrupting our parties , and ripping our limbs off . Jump up ^ `` Crown Fools '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 11 . April 9 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` The Hidden '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 12 . April 18 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Popcorn Panic '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 16 . May 9 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Haunted Habitat '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 3 . March 28 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy King Julien Day '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 5 . March 31 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Tangled in the Web '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 10 . April 8 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` All Choked Up '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 14 . April 24 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Needle Point '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 19 . June 6 , 2009 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Mort Unbound '' . The Penguins of Madagascar . Season 1 . Episode 21 . June 26 , 2009 . 4 : 18 minutes in . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Watching All Hail King Julien Jump up ^ Watching All Hail King Jullien ^ Jump up to : Axmaker , Sean ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Want to escape ? ' Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ' sequel is just the ticket '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Madagascar Films Madagascar Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted Penguins of Madagascar TV series The Penguins of Madagascar Episodes Season 1 All Hail King Julien Episodes Short films The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper Merry Madagascar Madly Madagascar Games Madagascar Madagascar : Operation Penguin Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa Madagascar Kartz DreamWorks Super Star Kartz The Penguins of Madagascar The Penguins of Madagascar : Dr. Blowhole Returns -- Again ! Madagascar 3 : The Video Game Penguins of Madagascar Other Characters Madagascar Madness Escape from Madagascar King Julien 's Theatre in the Wild MAD Jungle Jam Madagascar at Universal Studios Singapore King Julien 's Beach Party - Go - Round Madagascar : A Crate Adventure DreamWorks Theatre DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Ended Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Current Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( since 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) DreamWorks Theatre ( 2018 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of productions Other programs Unproduced projects Nickelodeon original programming Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) Star Falls ( since 2018 ) Double Dare ( since 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2018 ) Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 84 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... 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-2422721117554968671	List of SAARC summits	List of SAARC summits - wikipedia List of SAARC summits The information given is about the list of summits of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) . Although the SAARC Charter requires the heads of state or government to meet once a year , the summits have generally taken place approximately every eighteen months . Contents 1 Member Nations 2 Summits of SAARC 2.1 First summit 1st Bangladesh 2.2 Second summit 2nd India 2.3 Third summit 3rd Nepal 2.4 Fourth summit 4th Pakistan 2.5 Fifth summit 5th Maldives 2.6 Sixth summit 6th Sri Lanka 2.7 Seventh summit 7th Bangladesh 2.8 Eighth summit 8th India 2.9 Ninth summit 9th Maldives 2.10 Tenth summit 10th Sri Lanka 2.11 Eleventh summit 11th Nepal 2.12 Twelfth summit 12th Pakistan 2.13 Thirteenth summit 13th Bangladesh 2.14 Fourteenth summit 14th India 2.15 Fifteenth summit 15th Sri Lanka 2.15. 1 Food security 2.16 Sixteenth summit 16th Bhutan 2.17 Seventeenth summit 17th Maldives 2.18 Eighteenth summit 18th Nepal 2.19 Nineteenth summit 19th Pakistan 3 References 4 External links Member Nations ( edit ) Flag of Afghanistan Flag of Bangladesh Flag of Bhutan Flag of India Flag of Maldives Flag of Nepal Flag of Pakistan Flag of Sri Lanka Summits of SAARC ( edit ) First summit 1st Bangladesh ( edit ) The first summit was held in Dhaka , Bangladesh on 6 -- 8 December 1985 and was attended by the Government representative and president of Bangladesh , Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka , the kings of Bhutan and Nepal , and the prime minister of India . signed the SAARC Charter on 8 December 1985 , thereby establishing the regional association , and established study groups on the problems of terrorism and drug trafficking , as well as planning a ministerial - level meeting about GATT , and a ministerial - level conference on increasing the participation of women at the regional level . The summit also agreed to establish a SAARC secretariat and adopted an official SAARC emblem . Second summit 2nd India ( edit ) The second summit was held in November 16 -- 17 Bengaluru , India in 1986 . The Heads of State or Government welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of the SAARC Secretariat by the Council of Ministers and their decision to locate the Secretariat in Kathmandu and appoint Ambassador Abul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary - General of south Asian association of regional cooperation. Rajeev Gandhi prime minister that time. 1986 Third summit 3rd Nepal ( edit ) The third summit was held in Kathmandu , Nepal from 2 -- 4 November 1987 , and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh , the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of India and Pakistan , and the kings of Bhutan and Nepal . The foreign ministers of the member states signed the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism and an agreement to establish a South Asian Food Reserve . Fourth summit 4th Pakistan ( edit ) The fourth summit was held in Islamabad , Pakistan on 29 -- 31 December 1988 and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh , the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of India and Pakistan , and the kings of Bhutan and Nepal . The summit discussed the coup attempt on 3 November 1988 , declared 1989 to be the `` SAARC Year Against Drug Abuse '' , declared 1990 to be the `` SAARC Year of the Girl Child '' , set up a technical committee on education , and launched a regional plan called `` SAARC - 2000 - A Basic Needs Perspective '' to meet specific targets by the end of the twentieth century in areas such as food , shelter , education and environmental protection . It was also agreed to hold regular `` South Asian Festivals '' with the first being hosted by India . Fifth summit 5th Maldives ( edit ) The fifth summit was held in Malé , Maldives on 21 -- 23 November 1990 and was attended by the presidents of Bangladesh , the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the king of Bhutan . The leaders signed the SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances , launched the Special SAARC Travel Document ( providing visa - exemptions for national judges , parliamentarians and academics and their immediate families ) , launched a Scheme for the Promotion of Organised Tourism , authorized the SAARC secretariat to share information and exchange reports , studies and publications with the European Community and the Association of South East Asian Nations , declared various SAARC years ( 1991 - 2000 AD ) to be the `` SAARC Decade of the Girl Child '' , 1991 to be the `` SAARC Year of Shelter '' , 1992 to be the `` SAARC Year of the Environment '' , 1993 to be the `` SAARC Year of Disabled Persons '' , and decided to set up the SAARC Sixth summit 6th Sri Lanka ( edit ) The sixth summit was held in Colombo , Sri Lanka on 21 December 1991 and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India , Nepal and Pakistan , the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , and the king of Bhutan . Seventh summit 7th Bangladesh ( edit ) The seventh summit was held in Dhaka , on 10 -- 11 April 1993 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the king of Bhutan . Eighth summit 8th India ( edit ) The eighth summit was held in New Delhi , on 2 -- 4 May 1995 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India and Nepal , and the king of Bhutan . Ninth summit 9th Maldives ( edit ) The ninth summit was held in Male , on 12 -- 14 May 1997 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , the prime ministers of Bangladesh , India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the king of Bhutan . Tenth summit 10th Sri Lanka ( edit ) The tenth summit was held in Colombo , on 29 -- 31 July 1998 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal and Pakistan. SAARC countries stressed for eradicating poverty and promoting joint collaboration . Eleventh summit 11th Nepal ( edit ) The eleventh summit was held in Kathmandu , on 4 -- 6 January 2002 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India and Nepal . Twelfth summit 12th Pakistan ( edit ) The twelfth summit was held in Islamabad , on 4 -- 6 January 2004 , and was attended by the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal and Pakistan . Thirteenth summit 13th Bangladesh ( edit ) The thirteenth summit was held in Dhaka , on 12 -- 13 November 2005 , and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India and Pakistan , the presidents of the Maldives and Sri Lanka , and the king of Nepal and attended the summit peacefully Fourteenth summit 14th India ( edit ) The fourteenth summit of SAARC was held in New Delhi , India on 3rd - 4 April 2007 , and was attended by the presidents of Afghanistan , the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the prime ministers Bhutan , INDIA , Nepal and Pakistan and the chief adviser of the government of Bangladesh . Fifteenth summit 15th Sri Lanka ( edit ) The fifteenth summit of SAARC was held in Colombo , Sri Lanka on 1 -- 3 August 2008 . The issues discussed were regional cooperation , partnership for growth for the peoples of South Asia , connectivity , energy , the environment , water resources , poverty alleviation , the SAARC Development Fund , transport , information and communications technology development , science and technology , tourism , culture , the South Asian Free Trade Area , the SAARC Social Charter , women and children , education , combating terrorism , and the admission of Australia and Myanmar as observers . Food security ( edit ) At the summit , one of the major points of discussion was the global food crisis . The SAARC heads of government made a statement saying `` in view of the emerging global situation of reduced food availability and worldwide rise in food prices , we direct that an Extra-ordinary Meeting of the Agriculture Ministers of the SAARC Member States be convened in New Delhi , India in November 2008 , to evolve and implement people - centred short to medium term regional strategy and collaborative projects . '' They also acknowledged the need to forge greater cooperation with the international community to ensure the food availability and nutrition security . Sixteenth summit 16th Bhutan ( edit ) The sixteenth summit was held in Thimpu , Bhutan on 28 -- 29 April 2010 . Bhutan hosted the SAARC summit for the first time . This was marked the silver jubilee celebration of SAARC that was formed in Bangladesh in December 1985 . Climate change was the central issue of the summit with summit 's theme `` Towards a Green and Happy South Asia '' . Outcome of Thimpu Summit regarding climate change issue : SAARC leaders signed a SAARC Convention on Cooperation on Environment to tackle the problem of climate change . The SAARC nations also pledged to plant 10 million trees over the next 5 years . India proposed setting up of climate innovation centres in South Asia to develop sustainable energy technologies . India offered services of India 's mission on sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem to the SAARC member states saying that the initiative could serve as a nucleus for regional cooperation in this vital area . India announced `` India endowment for climate change '' in South Asia to help member states meet their urgent adaption and capacity building needs posed by the climate change . The seven - page ' Thimphu Silver Jubilee Declaration - Towards a Green and Happy South Asia ' emphasised the importance of reducing dependence on high - carbon technologies for economic growth and hoped promotion of climate resilience will promote both development and poverty eradication in a sustainable manner . Seventeenth summit 17th Maldives ( edit ) Main article : 17th SAARC summit Addu Convention Centre , venue of the 17th SAARC summit The Seventeenth Summit was held from 10 - 11 of November 2011 in Addu City , Maldives . The Meeting , which was held at the Equatorial Convention Centre , Addu City was opened by the outgoing Chair of SAARC , Prime Minister of the Royal Government of Bhutan , H.E. Lyonchhen Jigmi Yoezer Thinley . H.E. Mohamed Nasheed was elected as the Chairperson of the 17th SAARC Summit . In his inaugural address President Nasheed highlighted three areas of cooperation in which progress should be made ; trade , transport and economic integration ; security issues such piracy and climate change ; and good governance . The President also called on the Member States to establish a commission to address issues of gender inequalities in South Asia . The Head of States of all the SAARC Member States addressed the Meeting . The inaugural meeting was attended by Foreign / External Ministers of SAARC Member States , the Secretary General of SAARC , the Heads of Observer Delegation , Cabinet Ministers of the Maldives , Ministers in the visiting delegations and other state dignitaries . In her address Secretary General stated that the Summit being held under the theme of `` Building Bridges '' provides further impetus and momentum to build the many bridges that needs to be built : from bridging the gaps created by uneven economic development and income distribution , the gaps in recognizing and respecting the equality of men and women , the closing of space between intent and implementation . In this Meeting , the Foreign Ministers of the respective Member States signed four agreements : SAARC Agreement on Rapid Response to Natural Disasters SAARC Agreement on Multilateral Arrangement on Recognition of Conformity Assessment SAARC Agreement on Implementation of Regional Standards SAARC Seed Bank Agreement In addition , the Addu Declaration of the Seventeenth SAARC Summit was adopted . Eighteenth summit 18th Nepal ( edit ) Main article : 18th SAARC summit The 18th SAARC Summit was held at the Nepalese capital Kathmandu from November 26 to November 27 , 2014 and was attended by the prime ministers of Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal and Pakistan , and the presidents of the Afghanistan , Maldives and Sri Lanka . The motto was ' Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity ' . The legal permission on SAARC Satellite Scheme in this summit . The scheme will be developed in all member nations except Bangladesh and Pakistan . Nineteenth summit 19th Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : 19th SAARC summit Pakistan scheduled to host the 19th summit of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) in Islamabad on 15 to 16 November 2016 . India including Afghanistan , Bhutan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka and Maldives did not attend SAARC SUMMIT due to 2016 Uri attack . Pakistan postponed the SAARC summit and announced that new dates would be released soon , but it did not happen . Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in his address to the 19th SAARC summit being held in the Pakistan 's capital , said that the objective of this summit was to address the security issues between India and Pakistan . Hours after Indian PM Narendra Modi decided to boycott the SAARC Summit in Islamabad in the wake of Uri terror attack Bangladesh , Afghanistan , Bhutan , Maldives and Sri Lanka have pulled out of the summit . According to sources , Bangladesh believes that growing interference in internal affairs of Bangladesh by one country has created environment not conducive to successful hosting of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in November 2016 . Reportedly , Bangladesh said that it remains steadfast in its commitment to regional co-operation but believes these can only go forward in more congenial atmosphere . Afghanistan stated that `` Due to increased level of violence , fighting as a result of imposed terrorism on Afghanistan , President of Afghanistan with his responsibilities as Commander in Chief will be engaged and will not be able to attend the SAARC Summit . '' Also , Bhutan has expressed concern over recent escalation of terrorism in the region , which seriously compromises environment for successful holding of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in Nov 2016 , sources added . Bhutan has shared concerns of some of SAARC countries on deterioration of regional peace and security due to terrorism . Sri Lanka decided to pull out of SAARC Summit , becoming the fifth country to pull out , citing the non-conductive situation in Islamabad . The island nation on September 30 , 2016 , said in a statement , `` Sri Lanka condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations , and stresses in this regard , the need to deal with the issue of terrorism in the region in a decisive manner '' . Maldives on 1 October 2016 joined hands with other five nations and boycott the summit to become sixth nation to do so . India alleged Pakistan for terrorism . It is reported by Indian media that the SAARC summit in Pakistan is cancelled due to pulling out of six SAARC member states citing `` poor conducive atmosphere '' in the South Asian region . Nepal is only country that have not pulled out of SAARC Sumit 2016 . Nepal can not pull out of SAARC summit due to present chairperson is from Nepal . Nepal , the current chair of SAARC , urged that `` a conducive environment be created soon to ensure the participation of all member states in the 19th SAARC summit in line with the spirit of the SAARC charter '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dhaka Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kathmandu Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islamabad Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malé Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Colombo Declaration '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seventh SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eighth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ninth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eleventh SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twelfth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteenth SAARC Summit '' ( PDF ) . SAARC Secretariat . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.saarc-sec.org/data/summit15/colombostatementonfoodsecurity.htm Jump up ^ `` Area of Cooperation : Environment '' . SAARC . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Press Releases , 18th SAARC Summit Declaration , November 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Mishra , Sitakanta . `` FEATURED Will SAARC Reincarnate ? '' . IndraStra Global . doi : 10.6084 / m9. figshare. 4029486 . ISSN 2381 - 3652 . 10th SAARC International Psychiatric Conference 2017 SaarcPcycon2017 Visit : http://www.saarcpsycon.com/ External links ( edit ) Official website South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bangalore 1986 Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993 New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2008 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 Islamabad 2016 ( Cancelled ) Next Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_SAARC_summits&oldid=864874913 '' Categories : Foreign relations of Sri Lanka Diplomatic conferences in Nepal Diplomacy - related lists Asia - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 02 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who participated from nepal at the time saarc was first established	[ "The first summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 6–8 December 1985 and was attended by the Government representative and president of Bangladesh, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, the kings of Bhutan and Nepal, and the prime minister of India.[1] signed the SAARC Charter on 8 December 1985, thereby establishing the regional association, and established study groups on the problems of terrorism and drug trafficking, as well as planning a ministerial-level meeting about GATT, and a ministerial-level conference on increasing the participation of women at the regional level.[1] The summit also agreed to establish a SAARC secretariat and adopted an official SAARC emblem.[1]\n" ]	[ "president" ]
3622457690144593137	Politics of the United States during World War II	Politics of the United States during World War II - wikipedia Politics of the United States during World War II Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States maintained its Representative Democracy government structure throughout World War II . Certain expediencies were taken within the existing structure of the Federal government , such as conscription and other violations of civil liberties , and the internment and later dispersal of Japanese - Americans . Still , elections were held as scheduled in 1944 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 President of the United States 3 Cabinet 4 Executive Agencies 5 Joint Chiefs of Staff Overview ( edit ) The United States entered World War II with the same Administration that had been at the helm of the nation since 1932 , that of Franklin Delano Roosevelt . This Administration had been preparing for war for a while by the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor . President of the United States ( edit ) President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940 , and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II . Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944 , but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President . Roosevelt , who had been a victim of Polio early in life , died in April 1945 , and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war . Cabinet ( edit ) Secretary of State Cordell Hull pre-war to November 1944 Edward Stettinius to war 's end Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes throughout the war Secretary of Commerce Jesse H. Jones pre-war to June 1945 Henry A. Wallace to war 's end Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. pre-war to June 1945 Carl Vinson to war 's end Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins pre-war to June 1945 Schwellenback to war 's end Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson throughout the war Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox pre-war to May 1944 James V. Forrestal to war 's end Secretary of Agriculture Claude Wickard pre-war to June 1945 Anderson to war 's end Postmaster General Frank C. Walker pre-war to June 1945 Hannegan to war 's end Attorney General Francis Biddle pre-war to June 1945 Tom C. Clark to war 's end Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation J. Edgar Hoover throughout the war Executive agencies ( edit ) Foreign Economic Administration under Director Crowley , formed September 1943 from the Office of Economic Warfare , the Office of Lend Lease Administration , and the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations . Office of Price Administration under Administrators Henderson , Brown , and Bowles , formed April 1941 ( originally named the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply ) . Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion under Chairmen Byrnes and Vinson , formed in May 1943 as the Office of War Mobilization . War Production Board under Chairmen Nelson and King , formed in January 1942 from the Office of Production Management and the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board . Economic Stabilization Board under Chairmen Byrnes and Vinson , formed in October 1942 as the Office of Economic Stabilization . War Manpower Commission under Chairman McNuff , formed in April 1942 . United States Maritime Commission under Chairman Land . War Shipping Administration under Administrator Land , formed in February 1942 . Office of Defense Transportation under Chairman Eastman , formed in December 1941 . Petroleum Administration for War under Administrator Ickes , formed in December 1942 . War Food Administration formed in December 1942 . National War Labor Board under Chairman Davis , formed in January 1942 . Office of Scientific Research and Development under Chairman Bush , formed in July 1941 . Office of War Information under Chairman Davis , formed in June 1942 . Office of Civilian Defense under Chairmen LaGuardia and Landis , formed in May 1941 . Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) The Joint Chiefs were military officers , as opposed to the above , who were for the most part civilians . Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff William D. Leahy Army Commander - in - Chief and Chief of Staff George C. Marshall Navy Commander - in - Chief and Chief of Operations Ernest King Army Air Force Commander Henry Arnold Marine Corps Commandant Alexander Vandegrift Army Air Force Chief of Staff Giles Army Ground Forces Commander Lear Army Service Forces Commander Somervell In addition , the following offices reported to the Joint Chiefs of Staff : Operations Division , formerly the War Plans Division . Military Intelligence Division Office of Naval Intelligence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II&oldid=821106037 '' Categories : Politics of World War II United States home front during World War II Politics of the United States Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 12 : 15 . About Wikipedia	who was president in america during world war 2	[ "President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of Polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war.", "President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of Polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war." ]	[ "Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "Harry S. Truman" ]
412012336927277456	Carolina Reaper	Carolina Reaper - wikipedia Carolina Reaper Jump to : navigation , search Carolina Reaper Species Capsicum chinense Hybrid parentage Bhut jolokia × red habanero Breeder Ed Currie Origin Rock Hill , South Carolina , US Heat Exceptionally hot Scoville scale 1,569,300 on average SHU The Carolina Reaper , originally named the HP22B , is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant . The pepper is red and gnarled , with a small pointed tail . In 2013 , Guinness World Records dubbed it the hottest chili in the world , surpassing the previous record holder , the Trinidad Scorpion `` Butch T '' . Pungency ( edit ) The sensory heat or pungency detected when consuming a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of capsaicinoids , particularly capsaicin , which relates directly to intensity of chili pepper heat and Scoville scale . Bred in a Rock Hill , South Carolina greenhouse by `` Smokin '' Ed Currie , proprietor of the PuckerButt Pepper Company in Fort Mill , the Carolina Reaper was certified as the world 's hottest chili pepper by the Guinness World Records since August 7 , 2013 . The official Guinness World Record heat level was 1,569,300 Scoville Heat Units ( SHU ) in 2013 , according to tests conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina . The figure is an average for the tested batch ; the hottest individual pepper was measured at 2.2 million SHU . The original crossbreed was between a Bhut jolokia ( a former world record holder ) and a red habanero , and is named ' Reaper ' due to the shape of its tail . For growing , the pepper has been described as `` a good all - rounder to try at home '' by UK ethnobotanist James Wong , who said that they require temperatures of at least 18 -- 20 ° C ( 64 -- 68 ° F ) and suggested growing in 30 -- 40 cm ( 12 -- 16 in ) pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner . It has been described as having a fruity taste , with the initial bite being sweet and then immediately turning to `` molten lava '' . When fully ripe , two peppers occupy the palm of the hand . In May 2017 , Mike Smith of St Asaph working with Nottingham Trent University claimed to have surpassed the Carolina Reaper with his Dragon 's Breath pepper , reported to be 2.4 million SHUs , and applied to Guinness World Records for confirmation . As of September 2017 , the hottest chili pepper known was Pepper X , having a reported Scoville scale of 3.18 million units . 30 - day - old Carolina Reaper plant Mature plant Mature plant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . PuckerButt Pepper Co . Smokin ' Ed gained the pepper industry 's attention in November 2011 when an NPR Reporter stopped by to eat an HP22B pepper -- now known as Smokin ' Ed 's Carolina Reaper ® . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Smokin Ed 's Carolina Reaper sets new record for hottest chilli '' . Guinness world records . 2013 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Z ; Daood , H ; Ambrózy , Z ; Helyes , L ( 2015 ) . `` Determination of Polyphenols , Capsaicinoids , and Vitamin C in New Hybrids of Chili Peppers '' . Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry . 2015 : 102125 . doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 102125 . PMC 4606152 . PMID 26495153 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hottest chili '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hallock , Betty ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` World 's hottest pepper hits 2.2 million Scoville heat units '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Collins , Jeffrey ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` World 's hottest pepper is grown in South Carolina '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tu , Chau . `` Eating the ' Carolina Reaper ' pepper is ' like eating molten lava ' '' . pri . Jump up ^ Duffy , Jim ( Habanero ) . `` Carolina Reaper '' . Super hot chiles . Ed created this chile plant variety by crossing a Ghost pepper ( Bhut Jolokia ) with a Red Habanero type from St Vincents Island in the West Indies . Jump up ^ Wong , James ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Gardens : the hottest chilli ever grown '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smithers , Rebecca ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` UK shoppers to feel the heat as world 's strongest chilli hits the high street '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' World 's hottest ' chilli pepper grown in St Asaph '' . BBC News . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Licata ( 23 September 2017 ) . `` Pepper X is the new hottest pepper in the world '' . The Daily Meal . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carolina Reaper . Capsicum cultivars C. annuum var . annuum Aleppo Banana pepper Bell pepper Bird 's eye Cascabel Cayenne Cheongyang Chilaca Cubanelle De árbol Dundicut Espelette Facing heaven ' Fresno Chili ' Friggitello Guajillo Guntur Sannam Hungarian wax Jalapeño Medusa Mulato New Mexico ( a.k.a. Anaheim / Hatch ) Padrón Pasilla Peter Pimiento Poblano Santa Fe Grande Serrano Shishito C. annuum var . glabriusculum Piquín Wild chiltepin C. chinense Adjuma Ají dulce Bhut jolokia ' Carolina Reaper ' Datil ' Dragon 's Breath ' Fatalii Habanero Hainan yellow lantern ' Madame Jeanette ' ' Naga Morich ' ' Red Savina ' habanero Scotch bonnet Trinidad moruga scorpion Trinidad scorpion ' Butch T ' ' Pepper X ' C. frutescens African bird 's eye Kambuzi Malagueta Siling labuyo Tabasco C. baccatum Ají Bishop 's crown Lemon drop Peppadew C. pubescens Rocoto pepper Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolina_Reaper&oldid=833042184 '' Categories : Chili peppers Crops originating from the United States Capsicum cultivars Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 10 : 45 . About Wikipedia	what's hotter ghost pepper or carolina reaper	[ "The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B,[1] is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2013, Guinness World Records dubbed it the hottest chili in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion \"Butch T\".[2]" ]	[ "Carolina Reaper" ]
-7947034586409985715	Nebraska State Fair	Nebraska state fair - wikipedia Nebraska state fair Coordinates : 40 ° 50 ′ 08 '' N 96 ° 41 ′ 14 '' W / 40.8356 ° N 96.687176 ° W / 40.8356 ; - 96.687176 The Nebraska State Fair is a state fair held annually in Grand Island . It is an approximately eleven - day event ; since the early 1990s , the fair ends on Labor Day . Prior to 2010 , the fair was held in Lincoln , Nebraska . Nebraska State Fair , Lincoln , 1950 Contents 1 History 2 Popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The first state fair was a territorial fair held September 21 -- 23 in 1859 in Nebraska City . The next fair was held in Nebraska City on October 7 -- 9 , 1868 ; this was the first fair held after Nebraska became a state . Nebraska City also hosted the 1869 fair . In 1870 and 1871 , it was held in Brownville . From 1872 until 1901 the fair switched back and forth between Lincoln and Omaha . In Omaha it was held at the Omaha Driving Park in North Omaha . The Knights of Ak - Sar - Ben ( `` Nebraska '' spelled backwards ) was formed in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to keep the fair in Omaha . In 1901 , the Nebraska Legislature named the Lancaster County Fairgrounds in Lincoln as the official home . Struggling with lowered attendance , the Nebraska State Fair was thought by some to be threatened with termination in the early years of the new millennium . It was added as a voluntary donation recipient to the annual state income tax and attendance rose enough in subsequent years to give it a second wind . In 2008 the Nebraska state lawmakers decided ( LB1116 ) , with the help of the University of Nebraska , which wanted the land cleared for a new Nebraska Innovation Campus , to move the fair to Grand Island . Several citizens filed a legal challenge to the law , contending that it `` created a special benefit '' for some of the groups and people involved in the plan . However , in May 2010 the Nebraska Supreme Court rejected those arguments and upheld an earlier dismissal of the lawsuit . There was also an attempt to overturn the state law by referendum , but the petition drive failed to get enough signatures to qualify for the ballot . The state allocated $42 million to construct new facilities in Grand Island , building adjacent to the city 's existing county fairgrounds , arena , and horse track at Fonner Park and the Heartland Event Center . Popular culture ( edit ) In The Wizard of Oz , the hot air balloon that had transported the Wizard to the Land of Oz -- and which was to take him , Dorothy , and Toto to Kansas -- has `` State Fair Omaha '' prominently written on it , as Omaha was one of the rotating host cities of the Fair until 1901 . The movie is based on the 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum . See also ( edit ) Bob Devaney Sports Center Ice Box State Fair Park Arboretum North Omaha , Nebraska References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreas ' History of the State of Nebraska - State Societies Jump up ^ Official history of the fair Jump up ^ Journal - Star , January 31 , 2010 Jump up ^ The Independent , May 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ KMTV Action 3 News , May 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Board of Regents resolution , June 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Nebraska Pulse , Sept. 4 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Nebraska State Fair Knights of Ak - Sar - Ben Nebraska State Fair Ak - Sar - Ben Bridge Omaha Ak - Sar - Ben Knights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebraska_State_Fair&oldid=759209527 '' Categories : State fairs Nebraska culture History of Omaha , Nebraska History of Lincoln , Nebraska Tourist attractions in Hall County , Nebraska Festivals established in 1859 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2017 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did the nebraska state fair move to grand island	[ "Coordinates: 40°50′08″N 96°41′14″W / 40.8356°N 96.687176°W / 40.8356; -96.687176\nThe Nebraska State Fair is a state fair held annually in Grand Island. It is an approximately eleven-day event; since the early 1990s, the fair ends on Labor Day. Prior to 2010, the fair was held in Lincoln, Nebraska.\n" ]	[ "2010" ]
-6662319555387210814	Australian gold rushes	Australian gold rushes - Wikipedia Australian gold rushes Jump to : navigation , search Australian gold rushes Gold diggings , Ararat , Victoria , by Edwin Stocqueler , 1854 Date May 1851 Duration Australia Type Gold rush Theme Significant numbers of workers ( both from other areas within Australia and from overseas ) relocated to areas in which gold had been discovered Cause prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange Outcome Changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free emigrants During the Australian gold rushes , significant numbers of workers ( both from other areas within Australia and from overseas ) relocated to areas in which gold had been discovered . A number of gold finds occurred in Australia prior to 1851 , but only the gold found from 1851 onwards created gold rushes . This is mainly because , prior to 1851 , the colonial government of New South Wales ( Victoria did not become a separate colony until 1 July 1851 ) had suppressed news of gold finds which it believed would reduce the workforce and destabilise the economy . After the California gold rush began in 1848 , which caused many people to leave Australia for California to look for gold there , the New South Wales government rethought its position , and sought approval from the Colonial Office in England to allow the exploitation of the mineral resources and also offered rewards for the finding of payable gold . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discovery 2 Pre-rush gold finds 2.1 1788 : A hoax 2.2 1820 : Blue Mountains , New South Wales 2.3 1823 : Bathurst region , New South Wales 2.4 1834 : Monaro district , New South Wales 2.5 1837 : Segenhoe , New South Wales 2.6 1839 : Bathurst region , New South Wales 2.7 1840 : Lefroy , Tasmania 2.8 1841 -- 1842 : Bathurst and Goulburn regions , New South Wales 2.9 1841 : Pyrenees Ranges and Plenty Ranges , Victoria 2.10 From 1843 : Victoria 2.11 1844 : Bundalong , Victoria 2.12 1845 : Middle Districts , New South Wales 2.13 1846 : Castambul , South Australia 2.14 1847 : Victoria 2.15 1847 : Beaconsfield , Tasmania 2.16 1848 : Wellington , New South Wales 2.17 1848 : Bathurst , New South Wales 2.18 1848 -- 1884 : Pre-goldrush finds in Western Australia 2.19 1848 -- 1850 : Pyrenees Ranges , Victoria 2.20 1849 : Lefroy , Tasmania 2.21 1849 : Woady Yaloak River , Victoria 2.22 1850 : Clunes , Victoria 3 Notable gold finds which started rushes 3.1 February 1851 : Orange , New South Wales 3.2 April 1851 : Castlemaine district and Clunes , Victoria 3.3 June 1851 : Sofala , New South Wales 3.4 June 1851 : Warrandyte , Victoria 3.5 July 1851 : Clunes , Victoria 3.6 July 1851 : Bungonia and other finds , New South Wales 3.7 July 1851 : Castlemaine , Victoria 3.8 August 1851 : Buninyong , Victoria 3.9 August 1851 : Ballarat , Victoria 3.10 September 1851 : Bendigo , Victoria 3.11 Sep -- Dec 1851 : Other finds in New South Wales 3.12 1851 ( undated ) : Other finds in New South Wales 3.13 1851 ( undated ) : Other finds in Victoria 3.14 1851 -- 1886 : Managa and other finds in Tasmania 3.15 1852 and 1868 : Echunga , South Australia 3.16 1852 -- 1869 : Other finds in Victoria 3.17 1852 -- 1893 : Other finds in New South Wales 3.18 1857 / 8 : Canoona near Rockhampton , Queensland 3.19 1861 -- 1866 : Cape River and other finds in Queensland 3.20 1867 -- 1870 : Gympie and other finds in Queensland 3.21 1868 : Gawler region , South Australia 3.22 1870 -- 1893 : Teetulpa and other finds in South Australia 3.23 1871 -- 1904 : Charters Towers , Palmer River , and other finds in Queensland 3.24 1871 -- 1909 : Pine Creek and other finds in the Northern Territory 3.25 1880 : Mt McDonald , New South Wales 3.26 1885 : Halls Creek in the Kimberley , Western Australia 3.27 1887 -- 1891 : Southern Cross , the Pilbara , and other finds in Western Australia 3.27. 1 1887 The Yilgarn and 1888 Southern Cross 3.27. 2 1888 : The Pilbara 3.27. 3 1891 : Cue 3.28 1892 -- 1899 : Coolgardie , Kalgoorlie , and other finds in Western Australia 3.28. 1 1892 : Coolgardie 3.28. 2 1893 : Kalgoorlie 3.28. 3 1893 : Greenough River 3.28. 4 1893 -- 1899 : Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie 3.29 1906 : Tarnagulla , Victoria 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History of discovery The first gold rush in Australia began in May 1851 after prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange , at a site he called Ophir . Hargraves had been to the Californian goldfields and had learned new gold prospecting techniques such as panning and cradling . Hargraves was offered rewards by the Colony of New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria . Before the end of the year , the gold rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found , not just to the west , but also to the south and north of Sydney . The Australian gold rushes changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free immigrants . These hopefuls , termed diggers , brought new skills and professions , contributing to a burgeoning economy . The mateship that evolved between these diggers and their collective resistance to authority led to the emergence of a unique national identity . Although not all diggers found riches on the goldfields , many decided to stay and integrate into these communities . In July 1851 , Victoria 's first gold rush began on the Clunes goldfield . In August , the gold rush had spread to include the goldfield at Buninyong ( today a suburb of Ballarat ) 45 km ( 28 m ) away and , by early September 1851 , to the nearby goldfield at Ballarat ( then also known as Yuille 's Diggings ) , followed in early September to the goldfield at Castlemaine ( then known as Forest Creek and the Mount Alexander Goldfield ) and the goldfield at Bendigo ( then known as Bendigo Creek ) in November 1851 . Gold , just as in New South Wales , was also found in many other parts of the state . The Victorian Gold Discovery Committee wrote in 1854 : The discovery of the Victorian Goldfields has converted a remote dependency into a country of world wide fame ; it has attracted a population , extraordinary in number , with unprecedented rapidity ; it has enhanced the value of property to an enormous extent ; it has made this the richest country in the world ; and , in less than three years , it has done for this colony the work of an age , and made its impulses felt in the most distant regions of the earth . Australian gold diggings , by Edwin Stocqueler , c. 1855 When the rush began at Ballarat , diggers discovered it was a prosperous goldfield . Lieutenant - Governor , Charles La Trobe visited the site and watched five men uncover 136 ounces of gold in one day . Mount Alexander was even richer than Ballarat . With gold sitting just under the surface , the shallowness allowed diggers to easily unearth gold nuggets . In 7 months , 2.4 million pounds of gold was transported from Mount Alexander to nearby capital cities . The gold rushes caused a huge influx of people from overseas . Australia 's total population more than tripled from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871 . Australia first became a multicultural society during the gold rush period . Between 1852 and 1860 , 290,000 people migrated to Victoria from the British Isles , 15,000 came from other European countries , and 18,000 emigrated from the United States . Non-European immigrants , however , were unwelcome , especially the Chinese . The Chinese were particularly industrious , with techniques that differed widely from the Europeans . This and their physical appearance and fear of the unknown led to them to being persecuted in a racist way that would be regarded as untenable today . In 1855 , 11,493 Chinese arrived in Melbourne . Chinese travelling outside of New South Wales had to obtain special re-entry certificates . In 1855 , Victoria enacted the Chinese Immigration Act 1855 , severely limiting the number of Chinese passengers permitted on an arriving vessel . To evade the new law , many Chinese were landed in the south - east of South Australia and travelled more than 400 km across country to the Victorian goldfields , along tracks which are still evident today . In 1885 , following a call by the Western Australian government for a reward for the first find of payable gold , a discovery was made at Halls Creek , sparking a gold rush in that state . Pre-rush gold finds 1788 : a hoax In August 1788 , convict James Daley reported to several people that he had found gold , `` an inexhaustible source of wealth '' , `` some distance down the harbour ( Port Jackson , Sydney ) '' . On the pretense of showing an officer the position of his gold find , Daley absconded into the bush for a day . For this escapade , Daley was to receive 50 lashes . Still insisting that he had found gold , Daley next produced a specimen of gold ore . Governor Arthur Phillip then ordered Daley to again be taken down the harbour to point out where he had found the gold . Before being taken down the harbour , however , on being warned by an officer that he would be put to death if he attempted to deceive him , Daley confessed that his story about finding gold was `` a falsehood '' . He had manufactured the specimen of gold ore that he had exhibited from a gold guinea and a brass buckle and he produced the remains of the same as proof . For this deception , Daley received 100 lashes . Many convicts , however , continued to believe that Daley had indeed found gold , and that he had only changed his story to keep the place of the gold find to himself . James Daley 's fate was to hang in December that same year ( 1788 ) for breaking and entering and theft . Some convicts who were employed cutting a road over the Blue Mountains were rumoured to have found small pieces of gold in 1815 . 1820 : Blue Mountains , New South Wales F. Stein was a Russian naturalist with the 1819 -- 1821 Bellinhausen expedition to explore the Southern Ocean . Stein claimed to have sighted gold - bearing ore while he was on a 12 - day trip to the Blue Mountains in March 1820 . Many people were sceptical of his claim . 1823 : Bathurst region , New South Wales The first officially recognised gold find in Australia was on 15 February 1823 , by assistant surveyor James McBrien , at Fish River , between Rydal and Bathurst , New South Wales . McBrien noted the date in his field survey book along with , `` At E. ( End of the survey line ) 1 chain 50 links to river and marked a gum tree . At this place I found numerous particles of gold convenient to river . '' 1834 : Monaro District , New South Wales In 1834 with government help , John Lhotsky travelled to the Monaro district of New South Wales and explored its southern mountains . On returning to Sydney in that same year , he exhibited specimens that he had collected that contained gold . 1837 : Segenhoe , New South Wales In 1837 , gold and silver ore was found about 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Segenhoe near Aberdeen . The find was described in the newspapers as the discovery of a gold and silver mine about 30 miles from Thomas Potter Macqueen 's Segenhoe Estate , by a Russian stockman employed in the neighbourhood of the discovery , which was located on Crown land . 1839 : Bathurst region , New South Wales Paweł Edmund Strzelecki geologist and explorer , found small amounts of gold in silicate in 1839 at the Vale of Clwyd near Hartley , a location on the road to Bathurst . 1840 : Lefroy , Tasmania Gold is believed to have been found in Northern Tasmania at The Den ( formerly known as Lefroy or Nine Mile Springs ) near George Town in 1840 by a convict . In the 1880s , this became known as the Lefroy goldfields . 1841 -- 1842 : Bathurst and goulburn regions , New South Wales The Reverend William Branwhite Clarke found gold on the Coxs River , a location on the road to Bathurst , in 1841 . In 1842 he found gold on the Wollondilly River . In 1843 , Clarke spoke to many persons of the abundance of gold likely to be found in the colony of New South Wales . On 9 April 1844 , Clarke exhibited a sample of gold in quartz to Governor Sir George Gipps . In that same year , Clarke showed the sample and spoke of the probable abundance of gold to some members of the New South Wales Legislative Council including Justice Roger Therry , the member for Camden and Joseph Phelps Robinson , then member for the Town of Melbourne . In evidence that Clarke gave before a Select Committee of the NSW Legislative Council in September 1852 , he stated that the subject was not followed up as `` the matter was regarded as one of curiosity only , and considerations of the penal character of the colony kept the subject quiet , as much as the general ignorance of the value of such an indication . '' Towards the end of 1853 , Clarke was given a grant of £ 1000 by the New South Wales government for his services in connection with the discovery of gold . The same amount ( £ 1000 ) was voted by the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee in 1854 . 1841 : Pyrenees Ranges and Plenty Ranges , Victoria Gold was found in Pyrenees Ranges near Clunes and in the Plenty Ranges near Melbourne in 1841 and the gold was sent to Hobart where it was sold . From 1843 : Victoria Beginning in 1843 , gold samples were brought several times into the watchmaker 's shop of T.J. Thomas in Melbourne by `` bushmen '' . The specimens were looked upon as curiosities . 1844 : bundalong , Victoria A shepherd named Smith thought that he had found gold near the Ovens River in 1844 , and reported the matter to Charles La Trobe , who advised him to say nothing about it . 1845 : middle districts , New South Wales On 12 December 1845 , a shepherd walked into the George Street , Sydney shop of goldsmith E.D. Cohen carrying a specimen of gold embedded in quartz for sale , with the gold weighing about four ounces , with the shepherd saying he had been robbed of double as much on his way to town . The shepherd did not disclose where he had found the gold , just that if men were to take engagements with squatters they , in addition to receiving their wages , may also discover a gold mine . 1846 : Castambul , South Australia Gold was found in South Australia and Australia 's first goldmine was established . From the earliest days of the Colony of South Australia men , including Johannes Menge the geologist with the South Australian Company , had been seeking gold . `` Armed with miner 's pick , numberless explorers are to be found prying into the depths of the valleys or climbing the mountain tops . No place is too remote '' . Gold was found in January 1846 by Captain Thomas Terrell at the Victoria Mine near Castambul , in the Adelaide Hills , South Australia , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Adelaide . Some of the gold was made into a brooch sent to Queen Victoria and samples were displayed at the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851 . Share prices rose from £ 2 to £ 30 , but soon fell back to £ 3 when no further gold was found . Unfortunately for the investors , and everyone else concerned , the mine 's total gold production never amounted to more than 24 ounces . 1847 : Victoria Gold was found at Port Phillip ( Victoria ) by a shepherd . About April 1847 a shepherd took a sample of ore about the size of an apple , that he believed to be copper , into the jewellery store of Charles Brentani in Collins Street , Melbourne , where the sample was purchased by an employee , Joseph Forrester , a gold and silver smith . The shepherd refused to disclose to Forrester where he had obtained the nugget , but stated that `` there was plenty more of it where it came from '' on the station where he worked about 60 miles ( 96 km ) from Melbourne . The sample was tested by Forrester and found to be 65 per cent virgin gold . A sample of this ore was given to Captain Clinch who took it to Hobart . 1847 : Beaconsfield , Tasmania It is said that John Gardner found gold - bearing quartz in 1847 on Blythe Creek , near Beaconsfield , on the other side of the Tamar River from George Town . 1848 : Wellington , New South Wales Gold was found by a shepherd named McGregor at Mitchells Creek near Wellington , New South Wales , in 1848 on the Montefiore 's squatting run , `` Nanima '' . The Bathurst Free Press noted , on 25 May 1850 , that `` Neither is there any doubt in the fact that Mr M'Gregor found a considerable quantity of the precious metal some years ago , near Mitchell 's Creek , and it is surmised he still gets more in the same locality . '' 1848 : Bathurst , New South Wales William Tipple Smith found gold near Bathurst in 1848 . Smith , a mineralogist and manager of an iron works in New South Wales , had been inspired to look for gold near Bathurst by the ideas of Roderick Murchison , president of the Royal Geographical Society , who in 1844 in his first presidential address , had predicted the existence of gold in Australia 's Great Dividing Range , ideas which were published again in `` The Sydney Morning Herald '' on 28 September 1847 suggesting that gold `` will be found on the western flanks of the dividing ranges '' . Smith sent samples of the gold he found to Murchison . 1848 -- 1884 : pre-goldrush finds in Western Australia Gold was first detected in Western Australia in 1848 in specimens sent for assay to Adelaide from copper and lead deposits found in the bed of the Murchison River , near Northampton , by explorer James Perry Walcott , a member of A.C. Gregory 's party . In 1852 -- 53 rich specimens of gold - bearing stone were found by shepherds and others in the eastern districts , but they were unable afterwards to locate the places where the stone was discovered . The late Hon A.C. Gregory found traces of gold in quartz in the Bowes River in 1854 . In 1861 Mr Panton found near Northam , while shortly afterwards a shepherd brought in rich specimens of auriferous quartz which he had found to the eastward of Northam , but he failed to locate the spot again . Various small finds were made up to 1882 , when Alexander McRae found gold between Cossack and Roebourne , with one nugget weighing upwards of 9 dwt ( 14g ) . Edward Hardman , Government Geologist , found traces of gold in the East Kimberley in 1884 . His report about his finds subsequently led to the discovery of payable gold and the first Western Australian Goldrush . 1848 -- 1850 : Pyrenees Ranges , Victoria Gold was found in the Pyrnees Ranges in 1848 by a shepherd , Thomas Chapman . In December 1848 Chapman came into the jewellery store of Charles Brentani , in Collins Street , Melbourne , with a stone that he had `` held for several months '' . Chapman said that he had found the gold where he worked on Charles Browning Hall ( later Gold Commissioner ) and Edmund McNeill 's station at Daisy Hill ( near Amherst ) in the Pyrennes Ranges . Alexandre Duchene and Joseph Forrester , both working for Charles Brentani , confirmed the stone contained a total of 38 ounces of 90 per cent pure gold , and Brentani 's wife Ann purchased the stone on behalf of her husband . A sample of this ore was given to Captain Clinch who took it to Hobart , Captain White who took it to England , and Charles La Trobe . As a consequence of the gold find by Chapman official printed notices were posted on a number of prominent places in the town ( Melbourne ) proclaiming the fact that gold had been found in Port Phillip ( Victoria ) . The Bertini 's shop was thronged by persons wanting to see the nugget and asking where it had been found . This find sparked a mini-gold - rush with about a hundred men rushing to the site . This could perhaps be categorised as the first , though unofficial , gold rush in Victoria , or perhaps the gold rush that was stamped out . Charles La Trobe quickly put an end to the search for gold in February 1849 by ordering 10 mounted police ( William Dana and Richard McLelland in charge of 8 native troopers ) to ' take possession of the Gold - mine ' , ' prevent any unauthorised occupation of Crown Lands in the neighbourhood ' ( Hall and McNeill 's station was leased from the Crown ) , dismiss the gold - seekers and prevent any further digging at Daisy Hill . The story was then dismissed by some of the press as a hoax . This did not stop people finding gold , however , and in the year 1850 , according to Brentani 's wife Ann , the `` gold came down from the country in all directions '' . She and her husband purchased as much as they could but had difficulty in supplying the money . 1849 : Lefroy , Tasmania The first substantiated find of gold in Tasmania was reported to have been made by a Mr Riva of Launceston , who is stated to have traced gold in slate rocks in the vicinity of The Den ( formerly known as Lefroy or Nine Mile Springs ) near George Town in 1849 . 1849 : woady yaloak River , Victoria The following news item from the `` Geelong Advertiser '' of 10 July 1849 shows the attitude of scepticism towards gold finds that were being brought into towns like Geelong during the pre-goldrush period : GOLD. - A specimen of this valuable mineral was brought into town yesterday , having been picked up in a locality near the Wardy - yallock River . Of the identity of the metal there can be no mistake ; but whether it was really taken from the spot indicated , or intended merely as a hoax or perhaps a swindle , it is quite impossible , at the present moment , to say . The piece exhibited , is of very small size ; but , of course , as in all such instances , the lucky finder can obtain tons from the same spot by the simple mode of stooping down and picking it up . The attitude was completely different just a couple of years later in 1853 after the Victorian goldrushes had begun : Smythe 's Creek , a branch of the Wardy Yallock river , is also attracting its share of the mining population , who are doing tolerably well . One very fine sample of gold has also been received in town during the week from the Wardy Yallock itself , found in the locality where the exploring party of last winter ended their labours . The parcel is small , - only 22 dwts. , but was obtained by one man in a week from very shallow surfacing . 1850 : Clunes , Victoria In March 1850 pastoralist William Campbell found several minute pieces of native gold in quartz on the station of Donald Cameron at Clunes . William Campbell is notable as having been the first member of the electoral district of Loddon of the Victorian Legislative Council from November 1851 to May 1854 . Campbell was in 1854 to receive a £ 1,000 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee as the original discoverer of gold at Clunes . At the time of the find in March 1850 Campbell was in the company of Donald Cameron , Cameron 's superintendent , and a friend . This find was concealed at the time lest it should bring undesirable strangers to the run . Observing , however , the migration of the population of New South Wales and the panic created throughout the whole colony , and especially in Melbourne , and further motivated by a £ 200 reward that had been offered the day previous to anyone who could find payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne , on 10 June 1851 , Campbell addressed a letter to merchant James Graham ( member of Victorian Legislative Council 1853 -- 1854 and 1867 -- 1886 ) stating that within a radius of 15 miles of Burn Bank , on another party 's station , he had procured specimens of gold . Campbell divulged the precise spot where the gold had been found in a letter to Graham dated 5 July 1851 . Prior to this date , however , James Esmond and his party were already at work there mining for gold . This was because Cameron had earlier shown specimens of the gold to George Hermann Bruhn , a German doctor and geologist whose services as an analyst were in great demand . Communication of this knowledge by Hermann to James Esmond was to result in the discovery by Esmond on 1 July 1851 of payable quantities of alluvial gold at Clunes which then resulted in the first Victorian gold rush . Notable gold finds which started rushes Large gold specimen from the Ballarat mines , weight over 150 grams , size 7.4 × 4.4 × 2.3 cm . February 1851 : Orange , New South Wales Edward Hargraves , accompanied by John Lister , found five specks of alluvial gold at Ophir near Orange in February 1851 . Then , in April 1851 , John Lister and William Tom , trained by Edward Hargraves , found 120 grams of gold . This discovery , instigated by Hargraves , led directly to the beginning of the gold rush in New South Wales . This was the first gold rush in Australia and was in full operation by May 1851 , even before it was officially proclaimed on 14 May 1851 , with already an estimated 300 diggers in place by 15 May 1851 . Before 14 May 1851 gold was already flowing from Bathurst to Sydney , an example being when Edward Austin brought to Sydney a nugget of gold worth £ 35 , which had been found in the Bathurst District . In 1872 a large gold and quartz `` Holtermann Nugget '' discovered by the night shift in a mine part owned by Bernhardt Holtermann at Hill End , near Bathurst , New South Wales : the largest specimen of reef gold ever found , 1.5 meters ( 59 inches ) long , weighing 286 kg ( 630 pounds ) , in Hill End , near Bathurst , and with an estimated gold content of 5000 ounces ( 57 kg ) . April 1851 : Castlemaine District and Clunes , Victoria In January 1851 , before Hargraves ' find of gold in February 1851 at Ophir near Orange in New South Wales which started the first Australian gold rush , George Hermann Bruhn had left Melbourne to explore the mineral resources of the countryside of Victoria . On his trek Bruhn found , on a date unknown , indications of gold in quartz about 2 miles ( 3 km ) from Edward Stone Parker 's station at Franklinford ( between Castlemaine and Daylesford ) . After leaving Parker 's station Bruhn arrived at Donald Cameron 's station at Clunes in April 1851 . Cameron showed Bruhn samples of the gold that had been found on his station at Clunes in March 1850 . Bruhn also explored the countryside and found quartz reefs in the vicinity . `` This information he promulgated through the country in the course of his journey . '' One of the people to whom Bruhn communicated this information was James Esmond who was at that time engaged in erecting a building on James Hodgkinson 's station `` Woodstock '' at Lexton about 16 miles ( 25 km ) to the west of Clunes . This then indirectly led to the first gold rush in Victoria from Esmond 's subsequent discovery of payable gold at Clunes in July 1851 . Bruhn also forwarded specimens of gold to Melbourne which were received by the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June 1851 . Bruhn was in 1854 to receive a £ 500 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee `` in acknowledgment of his services in exploring the country for five or six months , and for diffusing the information of the discovery of gold '' . June 1851 : Sofala , New South Wales Gold was found at the Turon Goldfields at Sofala in June 1851 . June 1851 : Warrandyte , Victoria On 9 June 1851 a reward of £ 200 was offered to the first person to discover payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne . Henry Frencham , then a reporter for `` The Times '' , and shortly afterwards for `` The Argus '' , was determined to be one of the persons to claim this reward . On 11 June 1851 he formed one of a party of 8 to search for gold north and north - east of Melbourne . Only 2 days later the party had dwindled to two men , Frencham and W.H. Walsh , who found what they thought to be gold at Warrandyte . At 5pm on 13 June 1851 Frencham deposited with the Town Clerk at Melbourne , William Kerr , specimens of gold . The next day the headline in `` The Times '' newspaper was `` Gold Discovery '' . On 24 June 1851 Frencham and Walsh lodged a claim for the reward offered by the Gold Committee for the discovery of a payable goldfield in the Plenty Ranges about 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Melbourne . The claim was not allowed . The specimens were tested by chemists Hood and Sydney Gibbons who could not find a trace of gold , but this may have been because they had little expertise in the area . Even if they had determined that the samples contained gold , however , it was not payable gold . Frencham always claimed to have been the first to find gold in the Plenty Ranges . On 30 June 1851 gold was definitely found about 36 km ( 22 miles ) north - east of Melbourne in the quartz rocks of the Yarra Ranges at Anderson 's Creek , Warrandyte , Victoria by Louis John Michel , William Haberlin , James Furnival , James Melville , James Headon and B. Gruening . This gold was shown at the precise spot where it had been found to Webb Richmond , on behalf of the Gold Discovery Committee , on 5 July , the full particulars of the locality were communicated to the Lieutenant - Governor on 8 July and a sample was brought to Melbourne and exhibited to the Gold Discovery Committee on 16 July . As a result the Gold Discovery Committee were of the opinion that this find was the first publisher of the location of the discovery of a goldfield in the Colony of Victoria . This site was later named as Victoria 's first official gold discovery . Michel and his party were in 1854 to receive a £ 1,000 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee `` as having , at considerable expense , succeeded in discovering and publishing an available goldfield '' . On 1 September 1851 the first gold licences in Victoria were issued to dig for gold in this locality , `` which was previous to their issue on any other Goldfield '' . About 300 people were at work on this goldfield prior to the discovery of Ballarat . July 1851 : Clunes , Victoria On 1 July 1851 Victoria became a separate colony and , on the same day , James Esmond in company with Pugh , Burns and Kelly , found alluvial gold in payable quantities near Donald Cameron 's station on Creswick 's Creek , a tributary of the Loddon , at Clunes , 34 km ( 22m ) north of Ballarat . Esmond and his party found the gold after Esmond had been told by George Hermann Bruhn of the gold that had been found in March 1850 on Cameron 's property at Clunes and that in the vicinity were quartz reefs which were likely to bear gold . Esmond rode into Geelong with a sample of their discovery on 5 July . News of the discovery was published first in the Geelong Advertiser on 7 July and then in Melbourne on 8 July . Gold in the Pyrenees . The long sought treasure is at length found ! Victoria is a gold country , and from Geelong goes forth the first glad tidings of the discovery . Esmonds arrived in Geelong on Saturday with some beautiful specimens of gold , in quartz , and gold - dust in a `` debris '' of the same species of rock . The specimens have been subjected to the most rigid test by Mr Patterson , in the presence of other competent parties , and he pronounced them to be beyond any possibility of doubt pure gold ... The particulars of the precise location , with Esmond 's consent , was published in the Geelong Advertiser on 22 July 1851 . Publication of Esmond 's find started the first official gold rush in Victoria in that same month . By 1 August between 300 and 400 diggers were encamped on the Clunes Goldfield , but soon moved to other fields as news of other gold discoveries spread . Esmond was in 1854 to receive a £ 1,000 reward as `` the first actual producer of alluvial gold for the market '' . July 1851 : bungonia and other finds , New South Wales The following goldfields were discovered in New South Wales during July 1851 : Bungonia ( aka Shoalhaven ) , Hill End , Louisa Creek ( now Hargraves ) near Mudgee Moruya July 1851 : Castlemaine , Victoria A view of the first small village to develop on the Mount Alexander goldfields at Chewton ( then known as Forest Creek ) near Castlemaine in 1852 , painted by Samuel Thomas Gill Another view of the Mount Alexander goldfields in 1852 , painted by Samuel Thomas Gill On 20 July 1851 gold was found near present - day Castlemaine , Victoria ( Mt Alexander Goldfields ) at Specimen Gully in today 's Castlemaine suburb of Barkers Creek . The gold was first found by Christopher Thomas Peters , a shepherd and hut - keeper on the Barker 's Creek , in the service of William Barker . When the gold was shown in the men 's quarters Peters was ridiculed for finding fool 's gold , and the gold was thrown away . Barker did not want his workmen to abandon his sheep , but in August they did just that . John Worley , George Robinson and Robert Keen , also in the employ of Barker as shepherds and a bullock driver , immediately teamed with Peters in working the deposits by panning in Specimen Gully , which they did in relative privacy during the next month . When Barker sacked them and ran them off for trespass , Worley , on behalf of the party `` to prevent them getting in trouble '' , mailed a letter to The Argus ( Melbourne ) dated 1 September 1851 announcing this new goldfield with the precise location of their workings . This letter was published on 8 September 1851 . `` With this obsure notice , rendered still more so by the journalist as ' Western Port ' , were ushered to the world the inexhaustible treasures of Mount Alexander '' , also to become known as the Forest Creek diggings . Within a month there were about 8,000 diggers working the alluvial beds of the creeks near the present day town of Castlemaine , and particularly Forest Creek which runs through the suburb today known as Chewton where the first small township was established . By the end of the year there were about 25,000 on the field . August 1851 : Buninyong , Victoria On 8 August 1851 an auriferous deposit of gold was found 3 kilometres west of Buninyong , Victoria , near Ballarat . The gold was discovered in a gully in the Buninyong ranges , by a resident of Buninyong , Thomas Hiscock . Hiscock communicated the find , with its precise locality , to the editor of the `` Geelong Advertiser '' on 10 August . In that same month prospectors began moving from the Clunes to the Buninyong diggings . Hiscock was in 1854 to receive £ 1,000 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee as the substantial discoverer of the gold deposits of `` superior value '' in the Ballarat area . August 1851 : Ballarat , Victoria On 21 August 1851 gold was found at Ballarat , Victoria in Poverty Point by John Dunlop and James Regan . Ballarat is about 10 km ( 6m ) from Buninyong and upon the same range . John Dunlop and James Regan found their first few ounces of gold while panning in the Canadian Creek after leaving the Buninyong diggings to extend their search for gold . However Henry Frenchman , a newspaper man who in June had claimed , unsuccessfully , the £ 200 reward for finding payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne , had followed them and noticed their work . As a result , they only had the rich Ballarat goldfield to themselves for a week . By early September 1851 what became known as the Ballarat gold rush had begun , as reported from the field by Henry Frencham , then a reporter for the Argus . ( Henry Frencham claimed in his article of 19 September 1851 to have been the first to discover gold at Ballarat ( then also known as Yuille 's Diggings ) `` and make it known to the public '' , a claim he was later to also make about Bendigo , and which resulted in the sitting of a Select Committee of the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1890 . ) In the report of the Committee on the Claims to Original Discovery of the Goldfields of Victoria published in The Argus ( Melbourne ) newspaper of 28 March 1854 , however , a different picture of the discovery of gold at Golden Point at Ballarat is presented . They stated that Regan and Dunlop were one of two parties working at the same time on opposite sides of the ranges forming Golden Point , the other contenders for the first finders of gold at Ballarat being described as `` Mr Brown and his party '' . The committee stated that `` where so many rich deposits were discovered almost simultaneously , within a radius of little more than half a mile , it is difficult to decide to whom is due the actual commencement of the Ballarat diggings . '' They also agreed that the prospectors `` had been attracted there ( Ballarat ) by the discoveries in the neighbourhood of Messrs. Esmonds ( Clunes ) and Hiscock ( Buninyong ) '' and `` by attracting great numbers of diggers to the neighbourhood '' that `` the discovery of Ballarat was but a natural consequence of the discovery of Buninyong '' . in 1858 the `` Welcome Nugget '' weighing 2,217 troy ounces 16 pennyweight . ( 68.98 kg ) found at Bakery Hill at Ballarat by a group of 22 Cornish miners working at the mine of the Red Hill Mining Company . Sketch - map by shepherd William Sandbach , depicting the birth of the Bendigo goldfield , detailing who was there and where their claims and camp sites were . Sandbach believed that fellow worker William Johnson had been the first to find gold at Bendigo in October 1851 . September 1851 : Bendigo , Victoria It has been claimed that Gold was first found at Bendigo , Victoria in September 1851 . The name of the first discoverer of gold on the Bendigo goldfield is unknown . A Select Committee of the Victorian Parliament inquiring into this matter in September and October 1890 examined many witnesses but was unable to decide between the various claimants . They were , however , able to decide that the first gold on the Bendigo goldfields was found in 1851 at `` The Rocks '' area of Bendigo Creek at Golden Square , which is near where today 's Maple Street crosses the Bendigo Creek . According to the Bendigo Historical Society , it has today , contrary to the findings of the Select Committee of 1890 , become `` generally agreed '' or `` acknowledged '' that gold was found at Bendigo Creek by two married women from the Mount Alexander North Run ( later renamed the Ravenswood Run ) , Margaret Kennedy and Julia Farrell . A monument to this effect was erected by the City Of Greater Bendigo in front of the Senior Citizens Centre at High Street , Golden Square on 28 September 2001 . This acknowledgement is not shared by contemporaneous historians such as Robert Coupe who wrote in his book `` Australia 's Gold Rushes '' , first published in 2000 , that `` there are several accounts of the first finds in the Bendigo area '' . Also , as stated by local Bendigo historian Rita Hull : `` For decades many historians have made the bold statement that Margaret Kennedy and her friend Julia Farrrell were the first to find gold at Bendigo Creek , but on what grounds do they make this statement ? '' . This acknowledgement by the Bendigo Historical Society and the City Of Greater Bendigo is despite the fact that FIRSTLY many others also claimed to have been the first to have found gold at Bendigo Creek ; SECONDLY Julia Farrell , deceased before the 1890 Select Committee , is never documented to have made this claim ; THIRDLY Margaret Kennedy claimed to have found gold without the help of Julia Farrell and whilst accompanied and helped by her 9 year old son John Drane ; FOURTHLY that both their husbands , John `` Happy Jack '' Kennedy and Patrick Peter Farrell are also documented to have claimed to have been the first to have found gold , and were also seen at various times with their wives at the Bendigo Creek by witnesses , and FIFTHLY that the 1890 Select Committee of the Victorian Government , after hearing evidence from Margaret Kennedy ( her second husband John `` Happy Jack '' Kennedy being deceased ) , Patrick Peter Farrell ( his first wife Julia Farrell being deceased ) , and many others , was unable to decide who had been the first to find gold on what became the Bendigo goldfield . When Margaret Kennedy gave evidence before the Select Committee in September 1890 she claimed to alone have found gold near `` The Rocks '' in early September 1851 . She claimed that she had taken her ( 9 year old ) son , John Drane with her to search for gold near `` The Rocks '' after her husband had told her that he had seen gravel there that might bear gold , and that she was joined by her husband in the evenings . She also gave evidence that after finding gold she `` engaged '' Julia Farrell and went back with her to pan for more gold at the same spot , and it was while there that they were seen by a Mr Frencham , he said in November . She confirmed that they had been panning for gold ( also called washing ) with a milk dish , and had been using a quart - pot and a stocking as storage vessels . Margaret Kennedy and Julia Farrell were , however , but one pair of the serious contenders for the first finders of gold on what became the Bendigo Goldfields . The date of September 1851 , or soon after , and place , at or near `` The Rocks '' on Bendigo Creek , were also mentioned in relation to three other sets of serious contenders for the first finders of gold on what became the Bendigo goldfields , all associated with the Mount Alexander North Run ( later renamed the Ravenswood Run ) . The four sets of serious contenders for the first finders of gold on what became the Bendigo goldfield are , in no particular order : Stewart Gibson and Frederick Fenton . Stewart Gibson was one of the two brothers who owned / leased the Mount Alexander North Run in 1851 , and Frederick Fenton was the then manager / overseer and later owner . Fenton claimed that he and ( his brother - in - law ) Stewart Gibson had been together when in they found gold in a water - hole near the junction of Bendigo Creek with what later became known as Golden Gully in September 1851 , just before shearing commenced , but they decided at the time to keep it quiet ; one or more of the shepherds living in the hut , named the Bendigo hut , on the Mount Alexander North Run near the junction of Bendigo Creek with what later became known as Golden Gully , a hut that was within yards of `` The Rocks '' . These were James Graham ( alias Ben Hall ) , Benjamin Bannister , and hut - keeper Christian Asquith , and / or a Sydney - born cook / shepherd who visited them at the hut named William Johnson . These men were mentioned in the evidence of many witnesses at the 1890 Select Committee ; one or more of Mrs Margaret Kennedy , Mrs Julia Farrell , and / or Margaret Kennedy 's 9 year old son from her first marriage , John Drane ; and one or both of the husbands of the two women named above . John `` Happy Jack '' Kennedy , was shepherd / overseer of the Mount Alexander Run who had a hut named after him on the Bullock Creek at what is today known as Lockwood South , and Patrick Peter Farrell was a self - employed cooper working on the Mount Alexander Run during the shearing season . Farrell gave evidence to the 1890 Select Committee that he had been the first to find gold , and Kennedy made similar claims during his lifetime which were published in his obituary in 1883 . In September 1890 , a Select Committee of the Victorian Legislative Assembly began sitting to decide who was the first to discover gold at Bendigo . They stated that there were 12 claimants who had made submissions to being the first to find gold at Bendigo ( this included Mrs Margaret Kennedy , but not Mrs Julia Farrell who was deceased ) , plus the journalist Henry Frencham who claimed to have discovered gold at Bendigo Creek in November 1851 . ( Frencham had previously also claimed to have been the first to have discovered gold at Warrandyte in June 1851 when he , unsuccessfully , claimed the £ 200 reward for finding payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne ; and then he also claimed to be the first to have discovered gold at Ballarat ( then also known as Yuille 's Diggings ) `` and make it known to the public '' in September 1851 . ) In the evidence that Margaret Kennedy gave before the Select Committee in September 1890 , Margaret Kennedy claimed that she and Julia Farrell had been secretly panning for gold before Henry Frencham arrived , evidence that was substantiated by others . The Select Committee found `` that Henry Frencham 's claim to be the discoverer of gold at Bendigo has not been sustained '' , but could not make a decision as to whom of the other at least 12 claimants had been first as `` it would be most difficult , if not impossible , to decide that question now '' ... `` at this distance of time from the eventful discovery of gold at Bendigo '' . They concluded that there was `` no doubt that Mrs Kennedy and Mrs Farrell had obtained gold before Henry Frencham arrived on the Bendigo Creek '' , but that Frencham `` was the first to report the discovery of payable gold at Bendigo to the Commissioner at Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) '' . ( An event Frencham dated to 28 November 1851 , a date which was , according to Frencham 's own contemporaneous writings , after a number of diggers had already begun prospecting on the Bendigo goldfield. 28 November 1851 was the date on which Frencham had a letter delivered to Chief Commissioner Wright at Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) asking for police protection at Bendigo Creek , a request that officially disclosed the new gold - field . Protection was granted and the Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Gold Districts of Buninyong and Mt Alexander , Captain Robert Wintle Home , arrived with three black troopers ( native police ) to set up camp at Bendigo Creek on 8 December . ) The Select Committee also decided `` that the first place at which gold was discovered on Bendigo was at what is now known as Golden Square , called by the station hands in 1851 `` The Rocks '' , a point about 200 yards to the west of the junction of Golden Gully with the Bendigo Creek . '' ( The straight - line distance is nearer to 650 yards ( 600 metres ) . ) In October 1893 , Alfred Shrapnell Bailes ( 1849 -- 1928 ) , the man who had proposed the Select Committee , who was one of the men who had sat on the Select Committee , and who was chairman of the Select Committee for 6 of the 7 days that it sat , gave an address in Bendigo where he gave his opinion on the matter of who had first found gold at Bendigo . Alfred Shrapnell Bailes , Mayor of Bendigo 1883 -- 84 , and member of the Legislative Council of Victoria 1886 -- 1894 & 1897 -- 1907 , stated that : upon the whole , from evidence which , read with the stations books , can be fairly easily pieced together , it would seem that Asquith , Graham , Johnson and Bannister ( the three shepherds residing at the hut on Bendigo Creek and their shepherd visitor Johnson ) , were the first to discover gold The first persons digging for gold at the Bendigo Creek in 1851 were people associated with the Mount Alexander North ( Ravenswood ) Run . They included , in no particular order : the shepherd / overseer John `` Happy Jack '' Kennedy ( c1816 - 1883 ) , his wife Margaret Kennedy nee Mcphee ( 1822 -- 1905 ) , and her son 9 year old John Drane ( 1841 -- 1914 ) . They also had with them Margaret 's 3 younger daughters , Mary Ann Drane ( 1844 -- 1919 ) , 7 , Mary Jane Kennedy ( 1849 -- 1948 ) , 2 , and baby Lucy Kennedy ( 1851 -- 1926 ) ; the cooper Patrick Peter Farrell ( c1830 - 1905 ) and his wife Julia Farrell ( c1830 - bef1870 ) ; and , the shepherds employed at the Bendigo Creek , Christian Asquith ( c1799 - 1857 ) , James Graham ( alias Ben Hall ) and Bannister . They were to be joined by others who had been employed elsewhere on the Mount Alexander North ( Ravenswood ) Run than at Bendigo Creek , including cook / shepherd William Johnson ( c1827 - ) , and shepherds James Lister , William Ross , Paddy O'Donnell , William Sandbach ( c1820 - 1895 ) and his brother , Walter Roberts Sandbach ( c1822 - 1905 ) who arrived at the Bendigo Creek to prospect in late November 1851 . They were soon joined by miners from the Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) diggings including the journalist Henry Frencham ( 1816 -- 1897 ) . There is no doubt that Henry Frencham , under the pen - name of `` Bendigo '' , was the first to publicly write anything about gold - mining at Bendigo Creek , with a report about a meeting of miners at Bendigo Creek on 8 and 9 December 1851 , published respectively in the Daily News , Melbourne , date unknown and 13 December 1851 editions of the Geelong Advertiser and The Argus , Melbourne . It was Frencham 's words , published in The Argus of 13 December 1851 that were to begin the Bendigo Goldrush : `` As regards the success of the diggers , it is tolerably certain the majority are doing well , and few making less than half an ounce per man per day . '' In late November 1851 some of the miners at Castlemaine ( Forest Creek ) , having heard of the new discovery of gold , began to move to Bendigo Creek joining those from the Mount Alexander North ( Ravenswood ) Run who were already prospecting there . The beginnings of this gold - mining was reported from the field by Henry Frencham , under the pen - name of `` Bendigo '' , who stated that the new field at Bendigo Creek , which was at first treated as if it were an extension of the Mount Alexander or Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) rush , was already about two weeks old on 8 December 1851 . Frencham reported then about 250 miners on the field ( not counting hut - keepers ) . On 13 December Henry Frencham 's article in The Argus was published announcing to the world that gold was abundant in Bendigo . Just days later , in mid-December 1851 the rush to Bendigo had begun , with a correspondent from Castlemaine for the Geelong Advertiser reported on 16 December 1851 that `` hundreds are on the wing thither ( to Bendigo Creek ) '' . Henry Frencham may not have been the first person to find gold at Bendigo but he was the first person to announce to the authorities ( 28 November 1851 ) and then the world ( `` The Argus '' , 13 December 1851 ) the existence of the Bendigo gold - field . He was also the first person to deliver a quantity of payable gold from the Bendigo gold - field to the authorities when on 28 December 1851 , 3 days after the 603 men , women and children then working the Bendigo gold - field had pooled their food resources for a combined Christmas dinner , Frencham and his partner Robert Atkinson , with Trooper Synott as an escort , delivered 30 lbs of gold that they had mined to Assistant Commissioner Charles J.P. Lydiard at Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) , the first gold received from Bendigo . Sep -- Dec 1851 : Other finds in New South Wales Araluen , September 1851 ( Araluen & Bells Creek ) Braidwood , October 1851 ( Majors Creek ) Bell 's Point on the Bell River , November 1851 Tuena , November 1851 1851 ( undated ) : Other finds in New South Wales Near Lake George ( Carraway Flat & Black Swamp ) Parshish ( 80 km south of Bathurst ) Oakey Creek near Coolah Monaro Hanging Rock , near Nundle ( northern tablelands ) 1851 ( undated ) : other finds in Victoria Gold was found at Omeo in late 1851 and gold mining continued in the area for many years . Due to the inaccessibility of the area there was only a small Omeo gold rush . 1851 -- 1886 : Managa and other finds in Tasmania Woods Almanac , 1857 , states that gold was possibly found at Fingal ( near Mangana ) in 1851 by the `` Old Major '' who steadily worked at a gully for two to three years guarding his secret . This gold find was probably at Mangana and that there is a gully there known as Major 's Gully . The first payable alluvial gold deposits were reported in Tasmania in 1852 by James Grant at Managa ( then known as The Nook ) and Tower Hill Creek which began the Tasmanian gold - rushes . The first registered gold strike was made by Charles Gould at Tullochgoram near Fingal and Managa and weighed 2 lb 6ozs . Further small finds were reported during the same year in the vicinity of Nine Mile Springs ( Lefroy ) . In 1854 gold was found at Mt . Mary . During 1859 the first quartz mine started operations at Fingal . In the same year James Smith found gold at the River Forth , and Mr. Peter Leete at the Calder , a tributary of the Inglis . Gold was discovered in 1869 at Nine Mile Springs ( Lefroy ) by Samuel Richards . The news of this brought the first big rush to Nine Mile Springs . A township quickly developed beside the present main road from Bell Bay to Bridport , and dozens of miners pegged out claims there and at nearby Back Creek . The first recorded returns from the Mangana goldfields date from 1870 ; Waterhouse , 1871 ; Hellyer , Denison , and Brandy Creek , 1872 ; Lisle , 1878 Gladstone and Cam , 1881 ; Minnow and River Forth , 1882 ; Brauxholme and Mount Victoria , 1883 ; and Mount Lyell , 1886 . 1852 and 1868 : Echunga , South Australia Payable gold was found in May 1852 at Echunga in the Adelaide Hills in South Australia by William Chapman and his mates Thomas Hardiman and Henry Hampton . After returning to his father 's farm from the Victorian goldfields William Chapman had searched the area around Echunga for gold motivated by his mining experience and the £ 1,000 reward being offered by the South Australian government for the first discoverer of payable gold . Chapman , Hardiman and Hampton were later to receive £ 500 of this reward as the required £ 10,000 of gold had not been raised in two months . Within a few days of the announcement of finding gold 80 gold licenses had been issued . Within seven weeks there were about 600 people , including women and children , camped in tents and wattle - and - daub huts in `` Chapman 's Gully '' . A township sprang up in the area as the population grew . Soon there were blacksmiths , butchers and bakers to provide the gold diggers ' needs . Within 6 months 684 licences had been issued . Three police constables were appointed to maintain order and to assist the Gold Commissioner . By August 1852 there were less than 100 gold diggers and the police presence was reduced to two troopers . The gold rush was at its peak for nine months . It was estimated in May 1853 that about £ 18,000 worth of gold , more than 113 kg ( 4,000 oz , 250 lb ) , had been sold in Adelaide between September 1852 and January 1853 , with an additional unknown value sent overseas to England . Despite the sales of gold from Echunga , this goldfield could not compete with the richer fields in Victoria and by 1853 the South Australian goldfields were described as being ' pretty deserted ' . There were further discoveries of gold in the Echunga area made in 1853 , 1854 , 1855 , and 1858 causing minor rushes . There was a major revival of the Echunga fields in 1868 when Thomas Plane and Henry Saunders found gold at Jupiter Creek . Plane and Saunders were to receive rewards of £ 300 and £ 200 respectively . By September 1868 there were about 1,200 people living at the new diggings and tents and huts were scattered throughout the scrub . A township was established with general stores , butchers and refreshment booths . By the end of 1868 though , the alluvial deposits at Echunga were almost exhausted and the population dwindled to several hundred . During 1869 reef mining was introduced and some small mining companies were established but all had gone into liquidation by 1871 . The Echunga goldfields were South Australia 's most productive . By 1900 the estimated gold production was 6,000 kg ( 13,225 lb ) , compared with 680g ( 24oz , 11⁄2lb ) from the Victoria Mine at Castambul . After the revival of the Echunga goldfields in 1868 , prospectors searched the Adelaide Hills for new goldfields . News of a new discovery would set off another rush . Gold was found at many locations including Balhannah , Forest Range , Birdwood , Para Wirra , Mount Pleasant and Woodside . 1852 -- 1869 : Other finds in Victoria Mine shaft at Gulgong , c. 1873 Amherst / Daisy Hill / Talbot , 1852 ( after initial finds in 1848 and 1851 ) Beechworth , 1852 Tarnagulla , 1852 Wedderburn , 1852 Steiglitz , 1853 Maldon , 1853 Homebush near Avoca , 1853 Bright , 1853 Stawell , 1853 Maryborough , 1854 St Arnaud , 1854 Caldonia ( St Andrews ) , 1855 Ararat , 1856 Mansfield , 1855 Chiltern , 1858 Inglewood , 1859 Rutherglen , 1860 Stuart Mill , 1861 Walhalla , 1863 Foster , 1869 1852 -- 1893 : Other finds in New South Wales Adelong , 1852 Sunny Corner , 1854 Rocky River near Uralla , 1856 Broulee , 1857 , on the Araluen Field Mogo , 1858 , on the Araluen Field Kiandra , 1859 Young , 1860 , known at that time as Lambing Flat Nerrigundah 1861 Forbes , 1861 Parkes , 1862 Lucknow near Orange , 1862 Grenfell 1866 In beach sands at Northern Rivers , 1870 Gulgong , 1870 Hillgrove , 1877 Mount Drysdale near Cobar , 1892 Mount McDonald near Wyangala , 1880 Wyalong , 1893 1857 / 8 : Canoona near Rockhampton , Queensland Overpainted albumen print of gold diggers and Aborigines near Rockhampton c. 1860s Gold was found in Queensland near Warwick as early as 1851 , beginning small - scale alluvial gold mining in that state . The first Queensland goldrush did not occur until late 1858 , however , after the discovery of what was rumoured to be payable gold for a large number of men at Canoona near what was to become the town of Rockhampton . According to legend this gold was found at Canoona near Rockhampton by a man named Chappie ( or Chapel ) in July or August 1858 . The gold in the area , however , had first been found north of the Fitroy river on 17 November 1857 by Captain ( later Sir ) Maurice Charles O'Connell , a grandson of William Bligh the former governor of New South Wales , who was Government Resident at Gladstone . Initially worried that his find would be exaggerated O'Connell wrote to the Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands on 25 November 1857 to inform him that he had found `` very promising prospects of gold '' after having some pans of earth washed . Chapel was a flamboyant and extrovert character who in 1858 at the height of the goldrush claimed to have first found the gold . Instead Chapel had been employed by O'Connell as but part of a prospecting party to follow up on O'Connell's initial gold find , a prospecting party which , according to contemporary local pastoralist Colin Archer , `` after pottering about for some six months or more , did discover a gold - field near Canoona , yielding gold in paying quantities for a limited number of men '' . O'Connell was in Sydney in July 1858 when he reported to the Government the success of the measures he had initiated for the development of the goldfield which he had discovered . This first Queensland goldrush resulted in about 15,000 people flocking to this sparsely populated area in the last months of 1858 . This was , however , a small goldfield with only shallow gold deposits and with no where near enough gold to sustain the large number of prospectors . This goldrush was given the name of the ' duffer rush ' as destitute prospectors `` had , in the end , to be rescued by their colonial governments or given charitable treatment by shipping companies '' to return home when they did not strike it rich and had used up all their capital . The authorities had expected violence to break - out and had supplied contingents of mounted and foot police as well as war ships . The New South Wales government ( Queensland was then part of New South Wales ) sent up the `` Iris '' which remained in Keppel Bay during November to preserve the peace . The Victorian government sent up the `` Victoria '' with orders to the captain to bring back all Victorian diggers unable to pay their fares ; they were to work out their passage money on return to Melbourne . O'Connell had reported that `` we have had some trying moments when it seemed as if the weight of a feather would have turned the balance between comparative order and scenes of great violence '' , and according to legend both O'Connel and Chapel were threatened with lynching . 1861 -- 1866 : Cape River and other finds in Queensland In late 1861 the Clermont goldfield was discovered in Central Queensland near Peak Downs , triggering what has ( incorrectly ) been described as one of Queensland 's major gold rushes . Mining extended over a large area , but only a small number of miners was involved . Newspapers of the day , which also warned against a repeat of the Canoona experience of 1858 , at the same time as describing lucrative gold - finds reveal that this was only a small goldrush . The Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser of 3 May 1862 reported that `` a few men have managed to earn a subsistence for some months ... others have gone there and returned unsuccessful '' . `` The Courier '' ( Brisbane ) of 5 January 1863 describes `` 40 miners on the diggings at present ... and in the course of a few months there will probably be several hundred miners at work '' . The Courier reported 200 diggers at Peak Downs in July 1863 . The goldfield covering an area of over 1600 square miles ( 4000 km ) was officially declared in August 1863 . The Cornwall Chronicle ( Lanceston , Tasmania ) , citing the Ballarat Star , reported about 300 men at work , many of them new chums , in October 1863 . In 1862 , gold was found at Calliope near Gladstone , with the goldfield being officially proclaimed in the next year . The small rush attracted around 800 people by 1864 and after that the population declined as by 1870 the gold deposits were worked out . In 1863 , gold was also found at Canal Creek ( Leyburn ) and some gold - mining began there at that time , but the short - lived goldrush there did not occur until 1871 -- 72 . In 1865 , Richard Daintree discovered 100 km ( 60 miles ) south - west of Charters Towers the Cape River goldfield near Pentland in North Queensland . The Cape River Goldfield which covered an area of over 300 square miles ( 750 km ) was not , however , proclaimed until 4 September 1867 , and by the next year the best of the alluvial gold had petered out . This goldrush attracted Chinese diggers to Queensland for the first time . The Chinese miners at Cape River moved to Richard Daintree 's newly discovered Oaks Goldfield on the Gilbert River in 1869 . The Crocodile Creek ( Bouldercombe Gorge ) field near Rockhampton was also discovered in 1865 . By August 1866 it was reported that there were between 800 and 1,000 men on the field . A new rush took place in March 1867 . By 1868 the best of the alluvial gold had petered out . The enterprising Chinese diggers who arrived in the area , however , were still able to make a success of their gold - mining endeavours . Gold was also found at Morinish near Rockhampton in 1866 with miners working in the area by December 1866 , and a `` new rush '' being described in the newspapers in February 1867 with the population being estimated on the field as 600 . 1867 -- 1870 : Gympie and other finds in Queensland Queensland had plunged into an economic crisis after the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859 . This had led to severe unemployment with a peak in 1866 . Gold was being mined in the state but the number of men involved was only small . On 8 January 1867 the Queensland Government offered a £ 3,000 reward for the discovery of more payable goldfields in the state . As a direct result 1867 saw new goldrushes . More goldfields were discovered near Rockhampton in early 1867 being Ridgelands and Rosewood . The rush to Rosewood was described in May 1867 as having `` over three hundred miners '' . Ridgelands with its few hundred miners was described as `` the most populous gold - field in the colony '' on 5 October 1867 , but it was very soon overtaken and far surpassed by Gympie . The most important discovery in 1867 was later in the year when James Nash discovered gold at Gympie , with the rush under way by November 1867 . J.A. Lewis , Inspector of Police arrived on the Gympie goldfield on 3 November 1867 and wrote on 11 November 1867 : On reaching the diggings I found a population numbering about five hundred , the majority of whom were doing little or nothing in the way of digging for the precious metal . Claims , however , were marked out in all directions , and the ground leading from the gullies where the richest finds have been got was taken up for a considerable distance . I have very little hesitation in stating that two - thirds of the people congregated there had never been on a diggings before , and seemed to be quite at a loss what to do . Very few of them had tents to live in or tools to work with ; and I am afraid that the majority of those had not sufficient money to keep them in food for one week ... From all that I could glean from miners and others , with whom I had an opportunity of speaking , respecting the diggings , I think it very probable that a permanent gold - field will be established at , or in the vicinity of , Gympie Creek ; and if reports - which were in circulation when I left the diggings - to the effect that several prospecting parties had found gold at different points , varying from one to five miles from the township , be correct , there is little doubt but it will be an extensive gold - field , and will absorb a large population within a very short period . The very rich and productive area , which covered only an area of 120 square miles ( 300 km ) , was officially declared the Gympie Goldfield in 1868 . In 1868 the mining shanty town which had quickly grown with tents , many small stores and liquor outlets , and was known as `` Nashville '' , was also renamed Gympie after the Gympie Creek named from the aboriginal name for a local stinging tree . Within months there were 25,000 people on the goldfield . This was the first large goldrush after Canoona in 1858 , and Gympie became ' The Town That Saved Queensland ' from bankruptcy . The Kilkivan Goldfield ( N.W of Gympie ) was also discovered in 1867 with the rush to that area beginning in that same year , and , as was commonly the case , before the goldfield was officially declared in July 1868 . Townsville was opened up in 1868 , the Gilbert River goldfield ( 110 km from Georgetown ) in 1869 , and Etheridge ( Georgetown ) in 1870 . 1868 : Gawler region , South Australia Gold found about 10 km south - east of Gawler in South Australia in 1868 . Gold was found by Job Harris and his partners in Spike Valley near the South Para River . This was unsold Crown Land and was proclaimed an official goldfield with a warden appointed . On the second day there were 40 gold seekers , 1,000 within a week and , within a month , 4,000 licensed and 1,000 unlicensed diggers . Three towns were established nearby with about 6,000 people at their peak . Alluvial gold was easily recovered when the gold was in high concentration . As the alluvial was worked out , companies were formed to extract the gold from the ore with crushers and a mercury process . By 1870 only 50 people remained , although one of the three towns , Barossa , lasted until the 1950s . South of the Barossa goldfield , the Lady Alice Mine in Hamlin Gully , discovered in 1871 by James Goddard , was the first South Australian gold mine to pay a dividend . 1870 -- 1893 : Teetulpa and other finds in South Australia As settlers took up land north of Adelaide , so more goldfields were discovered in South Australia : Ulooloo in 1870 , Waukaringa in 1873 , Teetulpa in 1886 , Wadnaminga in 1888 and Tarcoola in 1893 . Teetulpa , 11 km ( 7 miles ) north of Yunta , was a rich goldfield where more gold was found than anywhere else in South Australia at that time . Teetulpa had the largest number of diggers of any field at any time in the history of South Australian gold discoveries . By the end of 1886 , two months into the rush , there were more than five thousand men on the field . A reporter noted : `` All sorts of people are going -- from lawyers to larrikins ... Yesterday 's train from Adelaide brought a contingent of over 150 ... Many arrived in open trucks ... Local ironmongers and drapers were busy fitting out intending diggers with tents , picks , shovels , rugs , moleskins , etc . '' Good mining at Teetulpa lasted about ten years . For a time it had a bank , shops , hotel , hospital , church and a newspaper . The largest nugget found weighed 30oz ( 850g ) . 1871 -- 1904 : Charters Towers , Palmer River , and other finds in Queensland A significant Queensland goldfield was discovered at Charters Towers on 24 December 1871 by a young 12 - year - old Aboriginal stockman , Jupiter Mosman , and soon moved attention to this area . The goldrush which followed has been argued to be the most important in Queensland 's gold - mining history . This was a reef - mining area with only a small amount of alluvial gold. , and as a result received negative reviews from miners who wanted easier pickings . Nevertheless thousands of men rushed to the field , and a public battery was set up to crush the quartz ore in 1872 . The town of Charters Towers grew to become the second largest town in Queensland during the late 1880s with a population of about 30,000 . In 1872 gold was discovered by James Mulligan on the Palmer River inland from Cooktown . This turned out to contain Queensland 's richest alluvial deposits . After the rush began in 1873 over 20,000 people made their way to the remote goldfield . This was one of the largest rushes experienced in Queensland . The rush lasted approximately 3 years and attracted a large number of Chinese . In 1877 over 18,000 of the residents were Chinese miners . Port Douglas dates from 1873 , and the Hodgkinson river ( west of Cairns ) from 1875 . The celebrated Mount Morgan was first worked in 1882 , Croydon in 1886 , the Starcke river goldfield near the coast 70 km ( 45 miles ) north of Cooktown in 1890 , Coen in 1900 , and Alice River in 1904 . 1871 -- 1909 : Pine Creek and other finds in the Northern Territory Darwin felt the effects of a gold rush at Pine Creek after employees of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line found gold while digging holes for telegraph poles in 1871 . There are numerous deposits of the precious metal at various localities in the Northern Territory , the total yield in 1908 being 8575 ounces ( 243 kg ) , valued at £ 27,512 , of which 1021 ounces ( 29 kg ) were obtained at the Driffield . In June 1909 , a rich find of gold was reported from Tanami ... Steps are being taken to open up this field by sinking wells to provide permanent water , of which there is a great scarcity in the district . A large number of Chinese are engaged in mining in the Territory . In 1908 , out of a total of 824 miners employed , the Chinese numbered 674 . 1880 : Mt McDonald , New South Wales Donald McDonald and his party discovered two gold - rich quartz reefs at Mount McDonald , as they were prospecting the mountain ranges around Wyangala . This find resulted in the establishment of the township of Mt McDonald . By the early 1900s , mining declined and the town slowly faded away . 1885 : Halls Creek in the Kimberley , Western Australia In 1872 the Western Australian Government offered a reward of £ 5,000 for the discovery of the colony 's first payable goldfield . Ten years later , in 1882 , small finds of gold were being made in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , prompting in 1883 the appointment of a Government Geologist . In 1884 Edward Hardman , Government Geologist , published a report that he had found traces of gold throughout the east Kimberley , especially in the area around the present - day town of Halls Creek . On 14 July 1885 , having been prompted by Hardman 's report , Charles Hall and Jack Slattery found payable gold at what they called Halls Creek , in the Kimberleys , Western Australia . After working for a few weeks Hall returned to Derby with 200 ounces of gold and reported his find . Once this discovery became known it prompted the Kimberley Rush , the first gold - rush in Western Australia . It is estimated that as many as 10,000 men joined the rush . On 19 May 1886 the Kimberley Goldfield was officially declared . Thousands of men made their way to the Kimberley from other parts of WA , the eastern colonies , and New Zealand . Most arrived by ship in Derby or Wyndham , and then walked to Halls Creek . Others came overland from the Northern Territory . Most had no previous experience in gold prospecting or of life in the bush . Illness and disease were rife , and when the first warden , C.D. Price , arrived on 3 September 1886 , he found that `` great numbers were stricken down , in a dying condition , helpless , destitute of money , food , or covering , and without mates or friends simply lying down to die '' . A few were lucky enough to locate rich alluvial or reef gold , but most had little or no success . In the early days of the gold rush no records or statistics were recorded for either the arrivals or deaths . Also no - one knows how many died trying to get to Halls Creek across the waterless desert , or how many simply turned back . When men actually arrived at Halls Creek , dysentery , scurvy , sun - stroke and thirst continued to take its toll . The Government applied a gold tax of two shillings and sixpence an ounce . It was a very unpopular levy as gold proved so hard to get . The diggers avoided registering and the Government had a great deal of trouble collecting the tax or statistics of any kind . When the first warden C.D. Price arrived in September 1886 he reported that about 2,000 remained at the diggings . By the end of 1886 the rush had ceased . When in May 1888 the government considered claims for the reward for discovery of the first payable goldfield , it was decided that the Kimberley goldfield , which had proven disappointing , and no reward was paid out as the field had not met the stipulated conditions of a yield of at least 10,000 ounces ( 280 kg ) of gold in a 2 - year period passing through Customs or shipped to England . ( It is estimated that as much as 23,000 ounces ( 650 kg ) of gold was taken from the fields around Halls Creek , but with much leaving the field through the Northern Territory . ) Hardman 's contribution was recognised , however , with a gift of £ 500 to his widow Louisa Hardman . Another £ 500 was given to Charles Hall and his party . 1887 -- 1891 : Southern Cross , the Pilbara , and other finds in Western Australia 1887 the Yilgarn and 1888 Southern Cross 1887 saw the first discovery of gold in what was to be the huge Eastern Goldfields region . Gold - bearing quartz was found near Lake Deborah in the Yilgarn Hills north of what was to become the town of Southern Cross in October 1887 by the party of Harry Francis Anstey . Anstey and his party were prospecting in the area after having heard that a farmer had found a gold nugget in the Yilgarn while sinking a bore . Others in his party were Dick Greaves and Ted Paine , with Ted Paine being the first to see the gold . As a result of this find Anstey and one of his backers George Leake , the then Solicitor - General and future Premier of Western Australia , were in November 1887 granted a 60,000 acre ( 24,280 hectare ) mining concession for prospecting purposes . On 30 December 1887 , after hearing directly from Anstey of the success of his party , Bernard Norbert Colreavy also discovered a gold - bearing quartz reef in the Golden Valley in the Yilgarn Hills , and on 12 January 1888 Colreavy 's fellow party member , H. Huggins , discovered another gold - bearing quartz reef . They soon found and secured another seven more gold - bearing quartz reefs . In May 1888 Michael Toomey and Samuel Faulkner were the first to discover gold - bearing quartz at the site of what became the town of Southern Cross on the Yilgarn Goldfield , about 50 km ( 30 miles ) south - east of the Golden Valley . Party leader Thomas Riseley subsequently crushed and panned the samples that had been taken which confirmed that they had found gold , and Riseley and Toomey then proceeding to peg out their claim on behalf of the Phoenix Prospecting Company . On the news of Anstey 's find the Yilgarn Rush had begun in late 1887 . The excitement of the goldrush intensified in early 1888 with the news of the discovery of Golden Valley ( named for the Golden Wattle that grows there ) by Colreavy and Huggins , and further intensified just a few months later with the news of the discovery of Riseley , Toomey and Faulkner , but the goldfield was not officially proclaimed until 1 October 1888 . In 1892 the Government awarded Anstey £ 500 , and Colreavy and Huggins £ 250 each , for the discovery of the Yilgarn goldfields . The Yilgarn Rush died out when news arrived of the rich discovery of gold to the east at Coolgardie in September 1892 . 1888 : the Pilbara The Pilbara Goldfield was officially declared on the same day as the Yilgarn Goldfield , 1 October 1888 . The government had offered £ 1,000 reward for the first person to find payable gold in the Pilbara . This was shared by three men : explorers Francis Gregory and N.W. Cook , and pastoralist John Withnell . Gregory also discovered gold in a region known as Nullagine Proper in June 1888 and Harry Wells found gold in Marble Bar . As a result the Pilbara Gold Fields , which covered an area of 34,880 square miles ( 89,000 km ) , was divided into two districts , Nullagine and Marble Bar . To support the Pilbara Rush the government developed a railway line between Marble Bar and Port Hedland in 1891 . Alluvial gold production started to decline in 1895 , after which Mining Companies commenced deep shaft mining . 1891 : Cue Gold was found at Cue in 1891 by Michael Fitzgerald , Edward Heffernan and Tom Cue . This became known as the Murchison Rush . 1892 -- 1899 : Coolgardie , Kalgoorlie , and other finds in Western Australia 1892 : Coolgardie In September 1892 gold was found at Fly Flat ( Coolgardie ) by Arthur Wesley Bayley and William Ford , who next to a quartz - reef obtaining 554 ozs ( 15.7 kg ) of gold in one afternoon with the aid of a tomahawk . On 17 September 1892 Wesley rode the 185 km ( 115 miles ) with this gold into Southern Cross to register their reward - claim for a new find of gold . Within hours had started what was at first called the Gnarlbine Rush . Overnight the miners who were flocked on the Southern Cross diggings moved to the more lucrative Coolgardie Goldfield . The reward - claim for Bayley 's party for discovering the new goldfield was to be granted a 100 - foot ( 30.5 - metre ) deep claim along the line of reef . This claim was said to cover an area of five acres ( 2 hectares ) . On 24 August 1893 , less than a year after Arthur Bayley and William Ford 's discovery of gold at Fly Flat , Coolgardie was declared a town site , with an estimated population of 4,000 ( with many more mining out in the field ) . The Coolgardie goldrush was the beginning of what has been described as `` the greatest gold rush in West Australian history '' . It has also been described as `` the greatest movement of people in Australia 's history '' , but this is an exaggeration . The greatest movement of people in Australia 's history was in the period 1851 to 1861 during the gold - rushes to the Eastern states when the recorded population of Australia rose by 730,484 from 437,665 in 1851 to 1,168,149 in 1861 , as against an increase of 20 % of this amount for Western Australia in the period 1891 to 1901 , a 137,834 increase of recorded population for Western Australia from 46,290 in 1891 to 184,124 in 1901 . 1893 : Kalgoorlie On 17 June 1893 alluvial gold was found near Mount Charlotte , less than 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Coolgardie , at what became the town of Hannan ( Kalgoorlie ) . The announcement of this find by Paddy Hannan only intensified the excitement of the Coolgardie gold - rush , and led to the establishment in Western Australia 's Eastern Goldfields of the twin towns of Kalgoorlie - Boulder . Prior to moving to Western Australia in 1889 to prospect for gold Hannan had prospected at Ballarat in Victoria in the 1860s , Otago in New Zealand in the 1870s , and at Teetulpa ( north of Yunta ) in South Australia in 1886 . The first to find gold at Kalgoorlie were Paddy Hannan and his fellow Irishmen Thomas Flanagan and Daniel Shea . In the morning Flanagan was fetching the horses when he spotted gold on the ground . As others were camping nearby he kicked a bush over it , took careful note of his bearings , and hastened back to tell Hannan and Dan Shea , another Irishman who had joined them . They tarried there until the others had gone , then recovered Flanagan 's gold and found much more ! It was decided one should go back to Southern Cross , the nearest administrative centre , with the gold and seek a reward - claim from the Warden . Tess Thomson in her book `` Paddy Hannan , A Claim To Fame '' , reveals that it was Hannan who did so . Thus , Flanagan was the ' finder ' and Hannan , who made the find public , was the ' discoverer ' , for `` dis - cover '' means what it says -- `` to take the cover off '' , in other words `` to reveal ; to make public '' which a finder does not necessarily do . After Hannan registered their reward - claim for a new find of gold with over 100 ounces ( 2.8 kg ) of alluvial gold , an estimated 700 men were prospecting in the area within three days . The reward for Hannan 's party for discovering the best alluvial find ever made in the colony , and without knowing it one of the best reefing fields in the world , was to be granted a six acre ( 2.4 hectare ) mining lease . 1893 : Greenough River Gold was found at Noondamurra Pool on the Greenough River , between Yuna and Mullewa in August 1893 causing a small rush to that area . 1893 -- 1899 : Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie Other rich fields were found in the area around Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in the period 1893 -- 1899 . The population of Coolgardie is estimated to have reached 15,000 at its peak during the goldrush and the town boasted over 26 pubs supplied by 3 breweries , 2 stock exchanges , 14 churches , 6 newspapers , and a courthouse . The population of Kalgoorlie - Boulder is estimated to have reached 30,000 at its peak during the goldrush with over 93 pubs supplied by 8 breweries , a stock exchange , churches , newspapers , and a courthouse . In 1897 Coolgardie was the third largest town in Western Australia after Perth and Fremantle and the largest town in the Western Australian gold - mining districts with a recorded population of 5,008 , while Kalgoorlie - Boulder was the fourth largest town in Western Australia and the second largest in the Western Australian gold - mining districts with an estimated population of 3,400 . ( Kalgoorlie 's recorded population was 2,018 , while numbers for Boulder were not recorded . The estimate of 3,400 for Kalgoorlie - Boulder is based on the proportional numbers in Kalgoorlie and Boulder in the 1901 census . ) The total estimated population for 1897 for the many settlements in the Coolgardie Magisterial Districts ( which included Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie ) was 17,645 ( 14,047 men and 3,598 women ) . Many more people were not residing in residential areas but were out in the field mining . The 1901 census gives a greater idea of the population of the area , and the size of the gold - rush . By 1901 the population of Kalgoorlie - Boulder Municipality had grown to 11,253 ( 6,652 Kalgoorlie , 4,601 Boulder ) making it at that time the third - largest town in Western Australia after Perth and Fremantle and the largest town in the Western Australian gold - mining districts , while that of Coolgardie Municipality had fallen slightly to 4,249 . The total population for the Coolgardie Magisterial Districts ( which included Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie - Boulder ) was 41,816 men , women and children , being : 8,315 in the Coolgardie Magisterial District centred on Coolgardie ; 26,101 in the Coolgardie East Magisterial District centred on Kalgoorlie - Boulder ; 4,710 in the Coolgardie North Magisterial District centred on Menzies ; and 2,690 in the Coolgardie North - East Magisterial District centred on Kanowna . The far - reaching nature of the mining excitement ( in Western Australia ) drew men from all over the world ... People immigrated from Africa and America , Great Britain and Europe , China and India , New Zealand and the South Sea Islands , and from mining centres in Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , and South Australia . A website managed by the National Trust of Australia ( WA ) states : The gold rush transformed the Western Australian economy as gold production soared from 22,806 ounces in 1890 to 1,643,876 ounces in 1900 and this was matched by the fourfold increase in WA 's population from 46,290 in 1890 to 184,124 reported in the 1901 census . 1906 : Tarnagulla , Victoria Gold was rediscovered near Tarnagulla on 6 November 1906 ( Melbourne Cup Day ) , when a miner who had prospected the district for years obtained seven ounces of gold from a shaft nineteen feet deep . With some fairly large nuggets being found soon after , the so - called Poseidon rush , named after the horse that had won the Melbourne Cup that year , set in with `` men of all ranks and professions ... trying their luck on the field '' . Several of the nuggets were unearthed within a few inches of the surface . The largest weighed 953 ounces ( 27 kg ) and two others weighed 703 ( 20 kg ) and 675 ounces ( 19 kg ) respectively . The shallow ground was soon worked out , but operations have given satisfactory results in the deeper alluvial until 1912 . See also Eureka Stockade Buckland Riot Lambing Flat Riots Notes Jump up ^ Most sources give the date of discovery as 15 February , but a few indicate the date was 16 February instead . References Jump up ^ `` Keep it quiet ! '' . The Examiner . Launceston , Tas. : National Library of Australia . 15 February 1934 . p. 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Gold Rush '' . Website . NSW Government . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Wells ( 5 October 2007 ) . `` The Australian Gold Rush '' . Website . Government of Australia . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : F. Lancelott , Australia As It Is : Its Settlements , Farms. and Gold Fields , Vol. II , Colburn and Co. , London , 1852 cited at Goldfields , NSW : 1852 Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! The rush for gold '' . Catalogue . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Story Retold '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 14 January 1928 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballarat diggings '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 13 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuille 's digging '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 19 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Domestic Intelligence -- The Ballarat Goldfield '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 19 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geelong '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 19 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Council Paper '' . The Sydney Morning Herald ( NSW : 1842 -- 1954 ) . Sydney : National Library of Australia . 28 March 1854 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Alexander ( Bendigo Creek ) '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 13 December 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rush to Victoria '' . Catalogue . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The immigration rush '' . SBS -- Special Broadcasting Service . Jump up ^ Chinese On The Australian Gold Fields Jump up ^ Jean Gittins. ( 1981 ) . The Diggers From China : The Story of Chinese on the Goldfields . Quartet Books Australia . Melbourne . ISBN 9780908128167 . pg 128 Jump up ^ `` Chinese Immigration Act 1855 ( Vic ) '' . Documenting a Democracy . Museum of Australian Democracy . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese Trek to Gold '' ( PDF ) . Australian Heritage . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lieutenant Colonel David Collins , An account of the English Colony in NSW , Vol 1 , 1804 ^ Jump up to : Patricia Clarke ( July 2000 ) . `` Mrs Macquarie 's Earrings '' ( PDF ) . National Library of Australia . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Official Year Book of Australia . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 1908 . p. 398 . Jump up ^ The Mineral Resources of New South Wales . Jump up ^ Lhotsky , John ( 1795 -- 1866 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , 1967 ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Stafford , The long armn of London : Sir Roderick Murchison and imperial science in Australia published in R.W. Home ( ed ) , Australian Science in the Making , 1988 , Cambridge University Press , p. 69 - 101 Jump up ^ Thomas Potter Macqueen Jump up ^ `` Sydney Intelligence '' , The Hobart Town Courier ( Tas. : 1827 -- 1839 ) , 11 August 1837 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Western NSW Mining History '' . Website . NSW Mining . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Den on the way to the Lake ^ Jump up to : `` Year Book Australia , 1911 '' , Australian Bureau Of Statistics Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Joseph Phelps ( 1815 -- 1848 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Archibald Liversidge , The Minerals of New South Wales , Etc. , Cambridge University Press , 1888 , p. 29 - 30 ) Jump up ^ Serle , Percival ( 1949 ) . `` Clarke , William Branwhite '' . Dictionary of Australian Biography . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . Jump up ^ `` The first native gold in Melbourne '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 30 May 1882 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The first native gold in Melbourne -- To the editor of The Argus '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 31 May 1882 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Extracts -- Gold Mines in the Middle Districts '' , The Courier ( Hobart , Tas. : 1840 -- 1859 ) , 24 December 1845 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Maureen M Leadbeater , `` Gold , South Australia 's Early Days '' Jump up ^ The Victoria Gold Mine , South Australia Jump up ^ `` Local -- Gold Ore '' . The Courier ( Hobart , Tas. : 1840 -- 1859 ) . Hobart , Tas. : National Library of Australia . 19 May 1847 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 ... Also quoted in Port Phillip Herald , 25 May 1847 ; and `` Colonial News -- Port Phillip -- Gold Ore '' , The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser ( NSW : 1843 -- 1893 ) 5 June 1847 Jump up ^ Port Phillip Herald , 27 May 1847 cited in `` Local -- Gold Ore '' . The Courier ( Hobart , Tas. : 1840 -- 1859 ) . Hobart , Tas. : National Library of Australia . 9 June 1847 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Also quoted in `` Domestic Intelligence -- Gold '' , Sydney Chronicle ( NSW : 1846 -- 1848 ) 5 June 1847 ; and `` Domestic Intelligence -- Gold '' , Colonial Times ( Hobart , Tas. : 1828 -- 1857 ) , 8 June 1847 ; and `` Colonial News -- Port Phillip -- Gold Ore '' , The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser ( NSW : 1843 -- 1893 ) 9 June 1847 ^ Jump up to : `` The First Native Gold in Melbourne '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 25 May 1882 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Wilkie , `` Finding Forrester : The life and death of Joseph Forrester , convict silversmith '' -- an extract from the longer paper `` The Deconstruction of a Convict Past '' , Tasmanian Historical Studies , volume 17 , 2012 , pp. 45 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : The Companion To Tasmanian History Jump up ^ `` Wellington '' . Bathurst Free Press ( NSW : 1849 -- 1851 ) . NSW : National Library of Australia . 25 May 1850 . p. 6 . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graeme Aplin . `` Goldrush '' . Atlas of NSW Website . NSW Government . Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Geology , The Sydney Morning Herald ( NSW : 1842 -- 1954 ) , 28 September 1847 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Gregory , A.C. ( 1852 ) . `` The Settlers ' Expedition to the Northward from Perth , under Mr Assistant - Surveyor A.C. Gregory '' . The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society . 22 : 66 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Telegrams '' ( 11,036 ) . Adelaide : South Australian Register . 29 March 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Playford , Phillip & Ruddock , Ian ( 1985 ) . `` Discovery of the Kimberley Goldfield '' . Early Days . 9 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Playford , `` The Discovery of The East Kinberley Goldfield 1885 '' ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Amherst or Daisy Hill , Department of Planning and Community Development Jump up ^ Locations mentioned in ' early ' journeys between Sou th Australia and the Victorian goldfields with references to old & modern name Jump up ^ Guarding the Gold Fields ( 1849 -- 1851 ) , Public Record Office Victoria Jump up ^ `` Reminiscences in the Life of a Colonial Journalist . '' . The Queenslander . National Library of Australia . 6 February 1875 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Not in Our Day . '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 5 October 1934 . p. 8 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1957 ) , 31 Jan 1849 , referenced in the same newspaper of 2 February 1849 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Discovery '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 2 February 1849 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Port Phillip Gazette , 21 February 1849 quoted in `` The Gold Mine Hunt '' . The Moreton Bay Courier . Brisbane : National Library of Australia . 17 March 1849 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Argus ( Melbourne ) , 23 February 1849 quoted in `` The Gold Mine '' . The Moreton Bay Courier . Brisbane : National Library of Australia . 17 March 1849 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ all concerned being as ' yellow ' as the richest specimen of Pyrenees gold , `` DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 23 February 1849 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The First Gold Sold in Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 16 May 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Early Gold Discoveries Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 29 May 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Early Discoveries of Gold in Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 2 June 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Early Discoveries of Gold in Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 6 June 1882 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold '' , Geelong Advertiser ( Vic. : 1847 -- 1851 ) , 10 July 1849 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Geelong Gold Circular '' , The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1957 ) , 25 April 1853 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Gold in Victoria Jump up ^ Graham , James ( 1819 -- 1898 ) , Australian Dictionary Of Biography , 1972 Jump up ^ Parliament of Victoria Re-Member ( Former Members ) , State Government of Victoria , Retrieved 5 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Birrell , Ralph W. ( 1998 ) . Staking a Claim : Gold and the Development of Victorian Mining Law . Carlton South , Victoria : Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84803 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Bathurst '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . NSW : National Library of Australia . 14 May 1851 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruce Mitchell , `` Hargraves , Edward Hammond ( 1816 -- 1891 ) '' , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 4 , 1972 Jump up ^ `` Discovery of an Extensive Gold Field '' . Bell 's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer ( NSW : 1845 -- 1860 ) . NSW : National Library of Australia . 17 May 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ A4478 Brooch , ' goldfields ' , gold , commissioned by Austin power , maker unknown , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia , c 1855 -- Powerhouse Museum Collection : Jump up ^ Heaton , J.H. 1984 , The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings , previously published in 1879 as Australian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May 1879 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Burke , Keast ( 1972 ) . `` Holtermann , Bernhardt Otto ( 1838 -- 1885 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 4 . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Gold Nuggets / `` The Beyers and Holtermann Nugget '' `` . the-metal-detective.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Heather Holst , ES Parker at the Loddon Aboriginal Station , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gold Trails -- Sofala -- Turon goldfield history , 1851 ^ Jump up to : Cited in `` Geelong Advertiser '' , Monday 16 June 1851 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 49 - 50 Jump up ^ `` First Gold Discovered in Victoria . '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 11 November 1935 . p. 8 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold in the Pyrenees '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 8 July 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goulburn , The Gold Trail Jump up ^ Geological sites of NSW -- Hill End Gold Rush Heritage Jump up ^ Mudgee District Local History -- Gulgong History P. 1 Jump up ^ Mudgee Public School -- History Jump up ^ `` Gold at Moruya '' citing a letter of 1 August 1851 re discovery og gold in July , The Sydney Morning Herald ( NSW : 1842 -- 1954 ) , 8 August 1851 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Domestic Intelligence -- New Goldfield '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 8 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Monster Meeting Of Diggers 1851 -- The Story Jump up ^ Ballarat Reform League -- Chewton Jump up ^ Griffiths Peter M , `` Three Times Blest A History of Buninyong 1837 -- 1901 '' , Ballarat Historical Society p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Poverty Point Gold Discovery Jump up ^ A Brief Histopry of Ballarat Archived 2 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The First Gold Discovery at Bendigo -- Mr. H. Frencham 's Claim '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 12 September 1890 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Although otherwise accurate this newspaper article incorrectly states that Henry Frencham first reported the existence of the Bendigo gold - field to the authorities on 1 December 1851 . His evidence to the 1890 Select Committee was that this report was made on the day after the 27 November 1851 , in other words the 28 November 1851 . Jump up ^ `` 10097 Model of gold nugget ' Welcome Nugget ' found at Bakery Hill , Victoria , 1858 , plaster , maker unknown , Melbourne , Australia , 1858 -- 1885 -- Powerhouse Museum Collection '' . Powerhousemuseum.com . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Report from the Select Committee upon the claims of Henry Frencham as the discoverer of the Bendigo Gold - field ; together with proceedings of the committee , minutes of evidence , and appendixes . Printed 23 October 1890 , Victorian Government Printer , Melbourne ^ Jump up to : Discovery Of Gold , Bendigo Historical Society Jump up ^ review of Bendigo History , Bendigo Historical Society Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Gold Rushes '' , Robert Coupe , 2000 , reprinted 2006 & 2012 , New Holland Publishers , pg 22 -- 23 . Robert Coupe , after stating that `` there are several accounts of the first finds in the Bendigo area '' writes about 2 of the stories : `` one story '' that Margaret Kennedy found gold and then went back with a `` woman friend '' and `` some shepherds '' to start prospecting ; and `` another account '' of a speck of gold being found in a rock by a William Johnson who showed the rock to a shepherd by the name of Ben Hall , with the shepherd then `` started looking in earnest '' . The `` one story '' is an amalgamation of the testimony of Margaret Kennedy to the 1890 Select Committee when she claimed to have found gold and then gone back with Julia Farell , and evidence of others who mentioned seeing the shepherds prospecting , either alone or along - side the women . The `` another account '' is from the testimony of the brothers William and Walter Roberts Sandbach who had been employed as shepherds in 1851 . Jump up ^ Note : `` many historians '' can not be substantiated . It is difficult to find a historian who has written that gold was first found at Bendigo by Mrs Margaret Kennedy and Mrs Julia Farrell . Jump up ^ `` The ladies ' claim to fame : the story of Margaret Kennedy & Julia Farrell '' ; author Rita Hull ; published by Rita Hull , Bendigo , 2011 . In this book Rita Hull unfortunately documents the wrong Patrick Farrell ( c1826 - 1904 ) and the wrong Mrs Julia Farrell ( 1831 -- 1916 ) . She documents a Mrs Julia Farrell nee Abel who died in 1916 , her husband who died in 1904 , who married in Melbourne in 1848 , and who had 7 children between 1856 and 1866 . Evidence before the 1890 Select Committee was that the Mrs Julia Farrell who panned for gold with Mrs Margaret Kennedy died before 1890 . In fact she died before 1870 when her widowed husband Patrick Peter Farrell , cooper , married a Margaret Dixon at Ballarat ( Victorian Mariage Registration : 1870 , Patrick Peter Farrell , # 3920 -- it is also of interest that a Margaret Kennedy was a witness to this wedding , possibly Mrs. Margaret Kennedy who at that time was living at Buninyong near Ballarat . ) . There is also no evidence that Patrick Peter Farrell , the cooper at Ravenswood Station in 1851 , ever had children . The incorrect Mrs Julia Farrell is found living with her husband , the incorrect Patrick Farrell , pensioner , in the 1903 electoral roll at 48 Harmsworth St , Collingwood , while at the same time the correct Patrick Peter Farrell ( c1830 - 1905 ) , pensioner , is shown living at 21 Wood ( sic -- it should read Hood ) St , Collingwood . In the 1905 electoral roll the wrong Julia Farrell is still living at 48 Harmsworth St ( with her deceased husband also listed as his name had not yet been removed from the electoral roll ) , while Patrick Pater Farrell had moved to 34 Vere Street , Collingwood , where he is also recorded on the 1905 Victorian Directory as Patrick P. Farrell . ( In 1890 Patrick Peter Farrell , cooper , gave his address to the 1890 Select Committee as 544 Canning St , Carlton ; on 7 Nov 1892 he was recorded in the Victorian Rate Book as Patrick P. Farrell , cooper , at 22 Hood St , Collingwood in a house owned by a Henry Farrell ; in 1893 the Victorian Directory records him as Patrick P. Farrell next door at 21 Hood St ; while the 1899 Victorian Referendum records him as a cooper at 21 Hood St . ) Further evidence that the incorrect couple were researched is found in Rita Hull 's book at page 19 . Here she writes about the Julia and Patrick Farrell that she researched living with their daughter at Eaglehawk , near Bendigo , in 1879 and 1884 and having been admitted to Bendigo Goldfields Hospital : Julia Farrell in 1879 , and Patrick Farrell in 1884 . The admission record for this Patrick Farrell on 5 Nov 1884 lists his occupation as drover , not cooper . The correct man , Patrick Peter Farrell , is stated to be a cooper in 1851 , in 1890 at the Select Committee , on the 7 Nov 1892 Victorian Rate Book , and on the 1899 Victorian Referendum . The only time his occupation is shown as anything but a cooper was after he retired when on the 1903 and 1905 electoral rolls he is shown as a pensioner . He was never a drover . The death certificate for Patrick Peter Farrell provides very little detail about his life apart from the fact that he was born in Ireland , and none about his wife Julia . No documentary evidence has been found about his wife , Mrs Julia Farrell ( c1830 - bef1870 ) , apart from that in relation to the 1890 Select Committee . Her death was not recorded . As no marriage was recorded in Australia for Patrick Peter Farrell to Julia they may have married in Ireland . ^ Jump up to : Obituary of John Kenedy published in the Stawel newspaper on 13 Feb 1883 : THE LATE MR . JOHN KENNEDY , Who was employed as a shepherd by Mr Fenton , and claimed to be the first discoverer of gold . He used to carry it about in his pocket , and it became black in contact with tobacco . His hut was situated on the site of the Happy Jack Hotel , Lockwood , the hotel being named after him , as he was affectionately known as `` Happy Jack '' . Jump up ^ Note : Margaret Kennedy , also took her 3 younger daughters with her to prospect for gold : Mary Ann Drane , 7 , and Mary Jane Kennedy , 2 , and baby Lucy Kennedy . They were not mentioned by her as they were unable to assist in the gold prospecting , with 7 year old Mary Ann instead , of necessity , assisting with child - minding of her younger sisters . Other witnesses to the 1890 Select Committee mentioned the children , or noted seeing her son helping out in the gold prospecting . In adulthood Mary Jane Kennedy reported having been on the Bendigo goldfield with her mother . Jump up ^ Letter from Margaret Kennedy to D. Gillies , Premier of Victoria , dated 7 Sep 1890 , State Archives ^ Jump up to : `` The discovery of Bendigo gold - field '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 23 September 1890 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discovery of Bendigo '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 26 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Henry Frencham Jump up ^ David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 53 Jump up ^ `` Friday , October 24 , 1890 -- The report of the select committee '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 24 October 1890 . p. 5 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Found The Gold ! '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 19 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Although otherwise accurate this newspaper article incorrectly states that : ( 1 ) Margaret Kennedy said that shepherds brought gold back from Buninyong , when she gave evidence that it was her husband who had brought gold back from Buninyong ; and ( 2 ) Patrick Peter Farrell said that he had no money to buy a license , when he only gave evidence that he had no money . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of the Bendigo Gold -- Field , Mr Frencham 's Claim '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 3 October 1890 . p. 10 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Gold at Bendigo , Conclusion of Evidence '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 10 October 1890 . p. 10 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament -- Discovery of the Bendigo Gold - Field '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 24 October 1890 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Social And General -- A select committee of the Legislative Assembly '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 4 November 1890 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Alfred Shrapnell Bailes Jump up ^ `` The Pioneers Of Gold Discovery On Bendigo '' , Bendigo Advertiser ( Vic. : 1855 -- 1918 ) , 28 October 1893 , p. 3 Jump up ^ The evidence of Joshua Norris to the Select Committee of 1890 mentioned Margaret 's 4 children . The children were also mentioned , but not their number , by other witnesses . The death registrations of Margaret Kennedy in 1905 and her husband John Kennedy in 1883 , by the ages then given for their children , suggest that Margaret only had 3 children in 1851 , but this is not supported by an additional two pieces of documentary evidence : ( 1 ) a newspaper article in `` The Argus '' , 1941 ( reference follows ) where Mary Jane was interviewed and gave her age at the time that her mother found gold ( late 1851 ) as being 2 years of age , and not 1 year of age as suggested by her parent 's death registrations ; and , ( 2 ) the Victorian birth registration # 42857 for their daughter Lucy Kennedy for 1852 ( in the name of Lucy Kenny ( sic ) ) which is a record of her baptism on 19 April 1852 and records her date of birth as 9 March 1851 ( and gives her father 's occupation as overseer ) , again disagreeing with the ages shown on her parent 's death registrations that suggest that she was born in 1852 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Discoverer 's Daughter -- Margaret ( sic ) Polglaise '' , The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1957 ) , 14 April 1941 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Her Mother Found Gold '' . The Daily News . Perth : National Library of Australia . 9 Jul 1948 . p. 5 . Retrieved 31 Jan 2016 . Jump up ^ Victorian death registration # 2511 , 1857 -- giving year of death & approximate year of birth . In 1890 Select Committee described as an old man in 1851 . Jump up ^ In 1890 Select Committee described as about 24 years of age in 1851 . Jump up ^ Victorian death registration # 8748 , 1895 -- giving year of death & approximate year of birth . Jump up ^ Death Notice in `` The Argus '' , 12 Dec 1905 , pg 1 -- gives his date of death and age at death . Jump up ^ `` Like A River Glorious '' , G.G. Barnett , Wipf & Stock 2002 , pg 10 A story by Edward Oscar Sandbach ( 1872 -- 1939 ) ( Victorian birth registration # 23081 , 1872 & Victorian death registration # 3190 , 1939 ) about his father Walter Roberts Sandbach , the finding of gold at Bendigo in 1851 , and the Bendigo Gold Museum in the early 20th century ( the date 2002 is incorrect , and is possibly corrected to 1902 ) . It is interesting that at this time it was not `` generally agreed '' that gold had been found at Bendigo by Margaret Kenedy & Julia Farrell but that all the various people involved were memorialised at the museum . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Gold at Bendigo -- a letter from William Sandbach one of the first diggers on the Bendigo Goldfield '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 13 September 1890 . p. 10 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Cited in `` The Discovery of Bendigo '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 12 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bendigo Creek Diggings '' . Geelong Advertiser ( Vic. : 1847 -- 1851 ) . Geelong , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 13 December 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Bendigo '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 12 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ State of Victoria Early Postal Cancels ( and History ) Illustrated , Section II : 1851 to 1853 Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Bendigo General History '' , Department of Planning and Community Development , citing from Frank Cusack , `` Bendigo : a History '' , 1973 Jump up ^ `` The Diggings '' . Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer ( Vic. : 1851 -- 1856 ) . Geelong , Vic. : National Library of Australia . 22 December 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 57 & 61 Jump up ^ Araluen -- Brief History Jump up ^ Gold , Gold , Gold -- Majors Creek Jump up ^ Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal , 15 November 1851 Jump up ^ Omeo District Goldfields -- Notes Jump up ^ Memorandum P.B. Bye , Government Geologist , Director of Mines , Tasmania Jump up ^ Cygnet -- A Brief History -- by Jean Cockerill Jump up ^ Gold Rush Tasmania Jump up ^ `` The Echunga Gold - Fields '' , South Australian Register ( Adelaide , SA : 1839 -- 1900 ) , 30 May 1853 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Jupiter Creek and Chapel Hill ^ Jump up to : Victoria 's Mining Heritage ^ Jump up to : Korong Historical Notes -- Department of Planning and Community Development Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ryllis . `` Steiglitz -- A Century on , There 's still Gold Out West '' ( PDF ) . Parks Victoria . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Natural Resources & Environment , `` Historic Gold Mining Sites In The South West Region Of Victoria '' , August 1999 Archived 8 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Department of Natural Resources & Environment , `` Historic Gold Mining Sites In St Andrews Mining Division '' , June 1999 Archived 8 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Mansfield '' , The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1957 ) , 29 March 1856 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Rutherglen History Jump up ^ Stuart Mill -- Northern Grampians Shire Council Jump up ^ Gold Trails -- explore Adelong -- Tumut Jump up ^ Tumut Shire Council -- Adelong Falls Gold Mill Ruins Jump up ^ `` Gold was first discovered about Mitchell 's Creek in 1852 , and two years afterwards it was somewhat extensively worked as an alluvial field , every watercourse about the place returning payable gold , and in some instances proving very rich . '' The Brisbane Courier . `` A NEW SILVER - FIELD '' . By the Special Reporter of the Sydney Morning Herald , Thursday 6 November 1884 . ^ Jump up to : History & Heritage -- Eurobodalla Jump up ^ Kiandra Historical Society Jump up ^ The Young Goldfield , N.S.W. Jump up ^ Nerrigundah Jump up ^ About NSW -- Forbes ^ Jump up to : The Forbes & Parkes Goldfield Jump up ^ Australian Heritage -- Lucknow Jump up ^ Grenfell 's History Jump up ^ The History of Gulgong Jump up ^ Hillgrove Antimony - Gold Mine Jump up ^ http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5967737 Jump up ^ `` Colonial News , Moreton Bay '' , The Moreton Bay Courier ( Brisbane , Qld. : 1846 -- 1861 ) , 22 November 1851 , p. 3 Jump up ^ History Of Alluvial Goldmining -- Queensland . Gold was found near Warwick in 1851 not in 1856 , and predated the find at Port Curtis . Jump up ^ Bird , Early History of Rockhampton , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Report on the Canoona Goldfields , 1858 -- `` The Fitzroy Diggings '' , 1 November 1858 , The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1956 ) Jump up ^ Colin Archer , Journal , 8 October 1858 ( Mitchell Library , Sydney , MS 3920 ) Jump up ^ Colin Archer , Journal , 18 November 1858 ( Mitchell Library , Sydney , MS 3920 ) Jump up ^ O'Connell to McLerie , 21 December 1858 ( Mitchell Library , Sydney , MSS A2483 ) Jump up ^ Bird , Early History of Rockhampton , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Lorna McDonald , `` The Rockhampton Delusion : a brief history of the Canoona rush '' published in `` Queensland Heritage , vol 3 , issue 10 , pp. 28 -- 35 , Oxley Memorial Library Advisory Committee for the Library Board of Queensland , 1979 ^ Jump up to : `` Rockhampton '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 11 November 1861 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Clermont Gold -- Queensland Department of Mines and Energy Jump up ^ `` Saturday , May 3 , 1862 '' , Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser , 3 May 1862 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Notes of a Journey in the Leichhardt District '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 5 January 1863 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 15 July 1863 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Gold Prospecting Locations -- Queensland Jump up ^ `` Queensland '' , The Cornwall Chronicle ( Launceston , Tas . ) , 11 November 1863 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Gladstone '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 14 April 1862 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` The Calliope Gold Fields '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 2 August 1862 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Brisbane '' , The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser ( NSW ) , 28 October 1862 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Calliope Jump up ^ Calliope -- Australian Heritage Jump up ^ Leyburn -- Australian Heritage Jump up ^ Cape River / Pentland Qld Digital Map Prospecting Pack Jump up ^ Sanker , Ian G. Queensland in Brisbane in the 1860s : The Photography of Richard Daintree . Brisbane : Queensland Museum . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cape River Gold - Field '' , The Brisbane Courier , 12 September 1868 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Queenslander ( Brisbane ) , 11 August 1866 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Queenslander ( Brisbane ) , 30 March 1867 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Royal Hotel Bouldercombe Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Brisbane Courier , 25 December 1866 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Queensland '' , South Australian Register ( Adelaide ) , 22 February 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , Warwick Argus and Tenterfield Chronicle ( Qld . ) , 15 February 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` To the Editor of the Bulletin '' , Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser ( Qld. : 1861 -- 1871 ) , 1 June 1867 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Gold - fields Edition of the Rockhampton Bulletin '' , Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser , 3 October 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , Warwick Argus and Tenterfield Chronicle ( Qld . ) , 7 June 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Correspondence '' , Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser , 12 October 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Ferguson , John ( 2009 ) . The Gympie Goldfield 1867 -- 2008 . Gympie Regional Council . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 9780646518770 . Jump up ^ `` How I Discovered Gympie -- Mr. James Nash 's Account '' , The Queenslander ( Brisbane ) , 13 October 1917 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` Gympie Creek Gold Fields '' , The Brisbane Courier , 14 November 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ A short history of Gympie Jump up ^ Etheridge Shire Jump up ^ `` The Teetulpa Rush '' , The Mercury ( Hobart , Tas . ) , 8 November 1886 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Charters Towers -- Queensland Heritage Trails Network Jump up ^ Charters Towers Tourism Guide Jump up ^ Charters Towers Story ^ Jump up to : A Nation 's Heritage -- Charters Towers Jump up ^ `` The New Gold - Fields at Charters Towers , Queensland '' , Bendigo Advertiser ( Vic. : 1855 -- 1918 ) , 5 September 1872 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Charters Towers A Swindle ( from the Ballarat Courier , October 16th ) '' , Clarence and Richmond Examiner and New England Advertiser ( Grafton , NSW ) , 5 November 1872 , p. 4 Jump up ^ All about Charters Twoers Jump up ^ `` Gold ! '' . Cairns Museum . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Gold -- Queensland Historical Atlas Jump up ^ Katherine , NT Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MACDONALD GOLDFIELD , NEW SOUTH WALES '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . 5 October 1881 . p. 10 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank Clune ( 1944 ) . Rolling Down the Lachlan . Moderne Printing Co. pp. 92 -- 116 . ^ Jump up to : Halls Creek History -- Shire of Halls Creek Jump up ^ Halls Creek Jump up ^ `` Oor First Gold Rush . '' . Western Argus . Kalgoorlie , WA : National Library of Australia . 19 May 1931 . p. 29 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` `` , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 5 March 1892 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` The Yilgarn Hills Gold - Fields '' , The West Australian ( Perth ) 16 November 1887 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Yilgarn Hill Goldfields '' , South Australian Register ( Adelaide ) , 16 January 1888 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Latest News from the Yilgarn -- letter of 8 December '' , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 21 December 1887 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Discovery of gold at Lake Deborah '' , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 23 November 1887 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of the Yilgarn Goldfields '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 7 September 1889 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Gold Discovery at the Yilgarn Hills '' , The West Australian ( Perth ) , 24 November 1887 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Discoverer of Golden Valley '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 15 September 1888 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Southern Cross -- Western Australia now and then Jump up ^ Riseley & Toomey Jump up ^ `` The Discoverer of Southern Cross -- letter of Michael Toomey '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 12 July 1890 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` The Discoverer of Southern Cross -- letter of Thomas Riseley '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 15 July 1890 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` A.J.G. ( Merredin ) '' , Sunday Times ( Perth ) , 5 April 1914 , p. 15S Jump up ^ Non-Indigenous History of the Pilbara Jump up ^ `` The Murchison Gold Discovery '' . Western Mail . Perth : National Library of Australia . 25 July 1891 . p. 25 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bayley 's Reward Claim and its discoverers '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 17 March 1894 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Gnarlbine Rush '' , Bunbury Herald ( WA : 1892 -- 1919 ) , 12 October 1892 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Goldfield Regulations '' , The West Australian ( Perth ) , 22 September 1886 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Astern Goldsfields '' , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 28 July 1893 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : The rush to Coolgardie , 1894 Jump up ^ Southern Cross Jump up ^ The Great Goldrush -- Shire of Coolgardie Jump up ^ Webb , M.A. , Golden Destiny , 1993 , pp. 91 -- 98 Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 1983 ) . `` Hannan , Patrick ( 1840 -- 1925 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 9 . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Tess Thompson , `` Paddy Hannan : A Claim To Fame '' , Kalgoorlie , 1993 Jump up ^ David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Webb , M&A ( 1993 ) , `` Golden Destiny '' , pg 91 -- 98 Jump up ^ `` Hannan 's Reward '' , Kalgoorlie Miner ( WA : 1895 -- 1950 ) , 7 February 1896 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Reported Discovery Of Gold on the Greenough River '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 26 August 1893 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Coolgardie -- West Australian Vista Jump up ^ Kalgoorlie - Boulder -- Western Australia Now and Then Jump up ^ Kalgoorlie W.A. -- Australian Postal History Jump up ^ `` Population of Western Australia '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 22 April 1898 , p. 23 Jump up ^ HCCDA Document ' WA - 1901 - census_02 ' page 6 Jump up ^ HCCDA Document ' WA - 1901 - census_02 ' page 7 Jump up ^ HCCDA Document ' WA - 1901 - census_02 ' page 8 Jump up ^ W.B. Kimberly , ed. ( 1897 ) . History of West Australia . p. 322 Jump up ^ Poseidon Rush , The Argus ( Melbourne ) , 7 February 1907 , p. 9 Jump up ^ The Poseidon Rush -- Jack Flett External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian gold rushes . Audiovisual titles relating to the Australian gold rushes on australianscreen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_gold_rushes&oldid=801380602 '' Categories : 19th century in Australia Australian gold rushes History of mining in Australia Australian folklore History of immigration to Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use Australian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 09 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was involved in the gold rush in australia	[ "The first gold rush in Australia began in May 1851 after prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange, at a site he called Ophir.[3] Hargraves had been to the Californian goldfields and had learned new gold prospecting techniques such as panning and cradling. Hargraves was offered rewards by the Colony of New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria. Before the end of the year, the gold rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found, not just to the west, but also to the south and north of Sydney.[4]" ]	[ "Edward Hargraves" ]
5943796365218584651	Montgomery bus boycott	Montgomery bus boycott - wikipedia Montgomery bus boycott This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Montgomery bus boycott Part of the Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks on a Montgomery bus on December 21 , 1956 , the day Montgomery 's public transportation system was legally integrated . Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss , a UPI reporter covering the event . Date December 5 , 1955 -- December 20 , 1956 ( 1 year and 15 days ) Location Montgomery , Alabama Caused by Racial segregation on public transportation Successful 6 - day Baton Rouge bus boycott Claudette Colvin arrested Rosa Parks arrested Resulted in Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) Emergence of Martin Luther King Jr . Inspired Tallahassee bus boycott Formation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Parties to the civil conflict Women 's Political Council ( WPC ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) City Commission of Montgomery National City Lines Montgomery City Lines Montgomery Citizens Council Lead figures WPC member Jo Ann Robinson MIA members Martin Luther King Jr . E.D. Nixon Rosa Parks Fred Gray City Commission W.A. Gayle , President of the Commission ( mayor ) Frank Parks , Commissioner Clyde Sellers , Police Commissioner National City Lines Kenneth E. Totten , vice president Montgomery City Lines J.H. Bagley , manager Jack Crenshaw , attorney James F. Blake , bus driver Civil Rights Movement in Alabama Montgomery bus boycott Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Birmingham campaign Birmingham riot of 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Bloody Tuesday Selma to Montgomery marches The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery , Alabama . It was a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement . The campaign lasted from December 5 , 1955 -- the Monday after Rosa Parks , an African American woman , was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person -- to December 20 , 1956 , when a federal ruling , Browder v. Gayle , took effect , and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional . Many important figures in the Civil Rights Movement took part in the boycott , including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events leading up to the bus boycott 1.1 Morgan v. Virginia decision 1.2 Baton Rouge bus boycott 1.3 Arrest of Claudette Colvin 1.4 Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. decision 2 History 2.1 Rosa Parks 2.2 E.D. Nixon 2.3 Boycott 2.4 Victory 3 Aftermath 4 Participants 4.1 People 4.2 Organizations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Events leading up to the bus boycott ( edit ) Prior to the bus boycott , Jim Crow laws enabled the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line . As a result of this segregation African Americans were not hired as drivers , were forced to ride in the back of the bus , and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75 % of the bus system 's riders . African - American passengers were also attacked by bus drivers and shortchanged and left stranded after paying their fares . A number of reasons have been given for why bus drivers acted in this manner , including racism , frustrations over labor disputes and labor conditions , and increased animosity towards blacks in reaction to the 1954 Brown decision , with many of the drivers joining the White Citizens Councils as a result of the decision . The boycott also took place within a larger statewide and national movement for civil rights , including court cases such as Morgan v. Virginia , the earlier Baton Rouge bus boycott , and the arrest of Claudette Colvin . Morgan v. Virginia decision ( edit ) Main article : Morgan v. Virginia The NAACP had accepted and litigated other cases , including that of Irene Morgan in 1946 , which resulted in a victory in the U.S. Supreme Court on the grounds that segregated interstate bus lines violated the Commerce Clause . That victory , however , overturned state segregation laws only insofar as they applied to travel in interstate commerce , such as interstate bus travel , and Southern bus companies immediately circumvented the Morgan ruling by instituting their own Jim Crow regulations . Further incidents continued to take place in Montgomery , including the arrest for disorderly conduct in May 1951 of Lillie Mae Bradford , who refused to leave the white passengers ' section until the bus driver corrected an incorrect charge on her transfer ticket . Baton Rouge bus boycott ( edit ) Main article : Baton Rouge bus boycott On February 25 , 1953 , the Baton Rouge , Louisiana city - parish council passed Ordinance 222 , after the city saw protesting from African - Americans when the council raised the city 's bus fares . The ordinance abolished race - based reserved seating requirements and allowed the admission of African - Americans in the front sections of city buses if there were no white passengers present , but still required African - Americans to enter from the rear , rather than the front of the buses . However , the ordinance was largely unenforced by the city bus drivers . The drivers later went on strike after city authorities refused to arrest Rev. T.J. Jemison for sitting in a front row . Four days after the strike began , Louisiana Attorney General and former Baton Rouge mayor Fred S. LeBlanc declared the ordinance unconstitutional under Louisiana state law . This led Rev. Jemison to organize what historians believe to be the first bus boycott of the civil rights movement . The boycott ended after eight days when an agreement was reached to only retain the first two front and back rows as racially reserved seating areas . Arrest of Claudette Colvin ( edit ) Main article : Claudette Colvin Black activists had begun to build a case to challenge state bus segregation laws around the arrest of a 15 - year - old girl , Claudette Colvin , a student at Booker T. Washington High School in Montgomery . On March 2 , 1955 , Colvin was handcuffed , arrested and forcibly removed from a public bus when she refused to give up her seat to a white man . At the time , Colvin was an active member in the NAACP Youth Council ; Rosa Parks was an advisor . Colvin 's legal case formed the core of Browder v. Gayle , which ended the Montgomery bus boycott when the Supreme Court ruled on it in December 1956 . Keys v. Carolina Coach Co decision ( edit ) Main article : Keys v. Carolina Coach Co . In November 1955 , just three weeks before Parks ' defiance of Jim Crow laws in Montgomery , the Interstate Commerce Commission , in response to a complaint filed by Women 's Army Corps private Sarah Keys , closed the legal loophole left by the Morgan ruling in a landmark case known as Keys v. Carolina Coach Co ... The ICC prohibited individual carriers from imposing their own segregation rules on interstate travelers , declaring that to do so was a violation of the anti-discrimination provision of the Interstate Commerce Act . But neither the Supreme Court 's Morgan ruling nor the ICC 's Keys ruling addressed the matter of Jim Crow travel within the individual states . History ( edit ) Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses , the ten front seats were reserved for whites at all times . The ten back seats were supposed to be reserved for blacks at all times . The middle section of the bus consisted of sixteen unreserved seats for whites and blacks on a segregated basis . Whites filled the middle seats from the front to back , and blacks filled seats from the back to front until the bus was full . If other black people boarded the bus , they were required to stand . If another white person boarded the bus , then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to get up and stand , so that a new row for white people could be created ; it was illegal for whites and blacks to sit next to each other . When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white person , she was sitting in the first row of the middle section . Often when boarding the buses , black people were required to pay at the front , get off , and reenter the bus through a separate door at the back . Occasionally , bus drivers would drive away before black passengers were able to reboard . National City Lines owned the Montgomery Bus Line at the time of the Montgomery bus boycott . Rosa Parks ( edit ) Main article : Rosa Parks Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after her arrest for boycotting public transportation Rosa Parks ( February 4 , 1913 -- October 24 , 2005 ) was a seamstress by profession ; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP . Twelve years before her history - making arrest , Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake , who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her . Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake . As a member of the NAACP , Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault . In 1945 , she was sent to Abbeville , Alabama , to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor . The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest , and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott . A diagram showing where Rosa Parks sat in the unreserved section at the time of her arrest In 1955 , Parks completed a course in `` Race Relations '' at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic . On December 1 , 1955 , Parks was sitting in the foremost row in which black people could sit ( in the middle section ) . When a white man boarded the bus , the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back . At that moment , Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake . While all of the other black people in her row complied , Parks refused , and she was arrested for failing to obey the driver 's seat assignments , as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats . Found guilty on December 5 , Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4 , and she appealed . Ed. Nixon ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some action against segregation had been in the works for some time before Parks ' arrest , under the leadership of E.D. Nixon , president of the local NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters . Nixon intended that her arrest be a test case to allow Montgomery 's black citizens to challenge segregation on the city 's public buses . With this goal , community leaders had been waiting for the right person to be arrested , a person who would anger the black community into action , who would agree to test the segregation laws in court , and who , most importantly , was `` above reproach '' . When Colvin was arrested in March 1955 , Nixon thought he had found the perfect person , but the teenager turned out to be pregnant . Nixon later explained , `` I had to be sure that I had somebody I could win with . '' Parks was a good candidate because of her employment and marital status , along with her good standing in the community . Between Parks ' arrest and trial , Nixon organized a meeting of local ministers at Martin Luther King Jr. 's church . Though Nixon could not attend the meeting because of his work schedule , he arranged that no election of a leader for the proposed boycott would take place until his return . When he returned , he caucused with Ralph Abernathy and Rev. E.N. French to name the association to lead the boycott to the city ( they selected the `` Montgomery Improvement Association '' , `` MIA '' ) , and they selected King ( Nixon 's choice ) to lead the boycott . Nixon wanted King to lead the boycott because the young minister was new to Montgomery and the city fathers had not had time to intimidate him . At a subsequent , larger meeting of ministers , Nixon 's agenda was threatened by the clergymen 's reluctance to support the campaign . Nixon was indignant , pointing out that their poor congregations worked to put money into the collection plates so these ministers could live well , and when those congregations needed the clergy to stand up for them , those comfortable ministers refused to do so . Nixon threatened to reveal the ministers ' cowardice to the black community , and King spoke up , denying he was afraid to support the boycott . King agreed to lead the MIA , and Nixon was elected its treasurer . Boycott ( edit ) The National City Lines bus , No. 2857 , on which Rosa Parks rode before she was arrested ( a GM `` old - look '' transit bus , serial number 1132 ) , is now on exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum . On the night of Rosa Parks ' arrest , the Women 's Political Council , led by Jo Ann Robinson , printed and circulated a flyer throughout Montgomery 's black community that read as follows : Another woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down . It is the second time since the Claudette Colvin case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing . This has to be stopped . Negroes have rights too , for if Negroes did not ride the buses , they could not operate . Three - fourths of the riders are Negro , yet we are arrested , or have to stand over empty seats . If we do not do something to stop these arrests , they will continue . The next time it may be you , or your daughter , or mother . This woman 's case will come up on Monday . We are , therefore , asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial . Do n't ride the buses to work , to town , to school , or anywhere on Monday . You can afford to stay out of school for one day if you have no other way to go except by bus . You can also afford to stay out of town for one day . If you work , take a cab , or walk . But please , children and grown - ups , do n't ride the bus at all on Monday . Please stay off all buses Monday . The next morning there was a meeting led by the new MIA head , King , where a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt . Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies . At that time Rosa Parks was introduced but not asked to speak , despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak ; when she asked if she should say something , the reply was , `` Why , you 've said enough . '' A citywide boycott of public transit was proposed to demand a fixed dividing line for the segregated sections of the buses . Such a line would have meant that if the white section of the bus was oversubscribed , whites would have to stand ; blacks would not be forced to give up their seats to whites . This demand was a compromise for the leaders of the boycott , who believed that the city of Montgomery would be more likely to accept it rather than a demand for a full integration of the buses . In this respect , the MIA leaders followed the pattern of 1950s boycott campaigns in the Deep South , including the successful boycott a few years earlier of service stations in Mississippi for refusing to provide restrooms for blacks . The organizer of that campaign , T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership , had spoken on the brutal slaying of Emmett Till as King 's guest at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church only four days before Parks 's arrest . Parks was in the audience and later said that Emmett Till was on her mind when she refused to give up her seat . The MIA 's demand for a fixed dividing line was to be supplemented by a requirement that all bus passengers receive courteous treatment by bus operators , be seated on a first - come , first - served basis , and that blacks be employed as bus drivers . The proposal was passed , and the boycott was to commence the following Monday . To publicize the impending boycott it was advertised at black churches throughout Montgomery the following Sunday . On Saturday , December 3 , it was evident that the black community would support the boycott , and very few blacks rode the buses that day . On December 5 , a mass meeting was held at the Holt Street Baptist Church to determine if the protest would continue . Given twenty minutes notice , King gave a speech asking for a bus boycott and attendees enthusiastically agreed . Starting December 7 , Hoover 's FBI noted the `` agitation among negroes '' and tried to find `` derogatory information '' about King . The boycott proved extremely effective , with enough riders lost to the city transit system to cause serious economic distress . Martin Luther King later wrote `` ( a ) miracle had taken place . '' Instead of riding buses , boycotters organized a system of carpools , with car owners volunteering their vehicles or themselves driving people to various destinations . Some white housewives also drove their black domestic servants to work . When the city pressured local insurance companies to stop insuring cars used in the carpools , the boycott leaders arranged policies at Lloyd 's of London . Black taxi drivers charged ten cents per ride , a fare equal to the cost to ride the bus , in support of the boycott . When word of this reached city officials on December 8 , the order went out to fine any cab driver who charged a rider less than 45 cents . In addition to using private motor vehicles , some people used non-motorized means to get around , such as cycling , walking , or even riding mules or driving horse - drawn buggies . Some people also hitchhiked . During rush hours , sidewalks were often crowded . As the buses received few , if any , passengers , their officials asked the City Commission to allow stopping service to black communities . Across the nation , black churches raised money to support the boycott and collected new and slightly used shoes to replace the tattered footwear of Montgomery 's black citizens , many of whom walked everywhere rather than ride the buses and submit to Jim Crow laws . In response , opposing whites swelled the ranks of the White Citizens ' Council , the membership of which doubled during the course of the boycott . The councils sometimes resorted to violence : King 's and Abernathy 's houses were firebombed , as were four black Baptist churches . Boycotters were often physically attacked . After the attack at King 's house , he gave a speech to the 300 angry African Americans who had gathered outside . He said : If you have weapons , take them home ; if you do not have them , please do not seek to get them . We can not solve this problem through retaliatory violence . We must meet violence with nonviolence . Remember the words of Jesus : `` He who lives by the sword will perish by the sword '' . We must love our white brothers , no matter what they do to us . We must make them know that we love them . Jesus still cries out in words that echo across the centuries : `` Love your enemies ; bless them that curse you ; pray for them that despitefully use you '' . This is what we must live by . We must meet hate with love . Remember , if I am stopped , this movement will not stop , because God is with the movement . Go home with this glowing faith and this radiant assurance . King and 89 other boycott leaders and carpool drivers were indicted for conspiring to interfere with a business under a 1921 ordinance . Rather than wait to be arrested , they turned themselves in as an act of defiance . King was ordered to pay a $500 fine or serve 386 days in jail . He ended up spending two weeks in jail . The move backfired by bringing national attention to the protest . King commented on the arrest by saying : `` I was proud of my crime . It was the crime of joining my people in a nonviolent protest against injustice . '' Also important during the bus boycott were grass - roots activist groups that helped to catalyze both fund - raising and morale . Groups such as the Club from Nowhere helped to sustain the boycott by finding new ways of raising money and offering support to boycott participants . Many members of these organizations were women and their contributions to the effort have been described by some as essential to the success of the bus boycott . Victory ( edit ) Smithsonian Institution traveling exhibition `` 381 Days : The Montgomery Bus Boycott '' at the Washington State History Museum . Pressure increased across the country . The related civil suit was heard in federal district court and , on June 4 , 1956 , the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) that Alabama 's racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional . As the state appealed the decision , the boycott continued . The case moved on to the United States Supreme Court . On November 13 , 1956 , the Supreme Court upheld the district court 's ruling , ruling that segregation on public buses and transportation was against the law . The boycott officially ended December 20 , 1956 , after 381 days . The city passed an ordinance authorizing black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere they chose on buses . The Montgomery bus boycott resounded far beyond the desegregation of public buses . It stimulated activism and participation from the South in the national Civil Rights Movement and gave King national attention as a rising leader . Aftermath ( edit ) White backlash against the court victory was quick , brutal , and , in the short - term , effective . Two days after the inauguration of desegregated seating , someone fired a shotgun through the front door of Martin Luther King 's home . A day later , on Christmas Eve , white men attacked a black teenager as she exited a bus . Four days after that , two buses were fired upon by snipers . In one sniper incident , a pregnant woman was shot in both legs . On January 10 , 1957 , bombs destroyed five black churches and the home of Reverend Robert S. Graetz , one of the few white Montgomerians who had publicly sided with the MIA . The City suspended bus service for several weeks on account of the violence . According to legal historian Randall Kennedy , `` When the violence subsided and service was restored , many black Montgomerians enjoyed their newly recognized right only abstractly ... In practically every other setting , Montgomery remained overwhelmingly segregated ... '' On January 23 , a group of Klansmen ( who would later be charged for the bombings ) lynched a black man , Willie Edwards , on the pretext that he was dating a white woman . The City 's elite moved to strengthen segregation in other areas , and in March 1957 passed an ordinance making it `` unlawful for white and colored persons to play together , or , in company with each other ... in any game of cards , dice , dominoes , checkers , pool , billiards , softball , basketball , baseball , football , golf , track , and at swimming pools , beaches , lakes or ponds or any other game or games or athletic contests , either indoors or outdoors . '' Later in the year , Montgomery police charged seven Klansmen with the bombings , but all of the defendants were acquitted . About the same time , the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against Martin Luther King 's appeal of his `` illegal boycott '' conviction . Rosa Parks left Montgomery due to death threats and employment blacklisting . According to Charles Silberman , `` by 1963 , most Negroes in Montgomery had returned to the old custom of riding in the back of the bus . '' Participants ( edit ) People ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Hugo Black James F. Blake Aurelia Browder Mary Fair Burks Johnnie Carr Claudette Colvin Clifford Durr Mildred Fahrni Georgia Gilmore Robert Graetz Fred Gray Grover C. Hall , Jr . Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Theodora Lacey Edgar Nixon Rosa Parks Mother Pollard Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Nate Singleton Glenn Smiley Mary Louise Smith Organizations ( edit ) Committee for Nonviolent Integration Fellowship of Reconciliation Georgia Gilmore Men of Montgomery Montgomery Improvement Association National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Women 's Political Council See also ( edit ) 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott Boycott ( 2001 film ) Bristol Bus Boycott , 1963 Jim Crow laws The Long Walk Home ( 1990 film ) Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story Rosa Parks Act 1950s portal Discrimination portal Alabama portal African - Americans portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Race and Racism in the United States : An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic edited by Charles A. Gallagher , Cameron D. Lippard , ABC - CLIO , 2014 , page 807 . Jump up ^ How Racism Takes Place by George Lipsitz , Temple University Press , 2011 , page 68 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History , Volume 1 , edited by Bonnie G. Smith , Oxford University Press , 2008 , page 396 . Jump up ^ `` The Social - Psychological Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott : Social Interaction and Humiliation in the Emergence of Social Movements '' . Mobilization : an International Journal . 18 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Road to Civil Rights : Journey of Reconciliation '' . dot.gov . Jump up ^ Public Broadcasting Service ( 2002 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow : MORGAN v. Virginia ( 1946 ) '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ Katie McCabe , Dovey Johnson Roundtree ; University Press of Mississippi ( 2009 ) . Justice Older Than the Law : The Life of Dovey Johnson Roundtree . books.google.com . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1617031212 . Jump up ^ Borger , Julian ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` Civil rights heroes may get pardons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Mary Price ; Louisiana State University ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Baton Rouge Bus Boycott '' . lsu.edu . ^ Jump up to : Julio Alicea ; Swarthmore College ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` African American passengers boycott segregated buses in Baton Rouge , 1953 '' . swarthmore.edu . Jump up ^ Nikki L.M. Brown , Barry M. Stentiford ( 2008 ) . The Jim Crow Encyclopedia : Greenwood Milestones in African American History . books.google.com . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0313341816 . Jump up ^ Debbie Elliott ; National Public Radio ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` The First Civil Rights Bus Boycott '' . npr.org . Jump up ^ Garrow , David J. ( 1985 ) . `` The Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' . Journal of the Southern Regional Council . Emory University . 7 ( 5 ) : 24 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Alison Shay ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Remembering Sarah Keys '' . unc.edu . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browder v. Gayle , 142 F. Supp. 707 ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Source '' . www.smithsoniansource.org . Jump up ^ Garrow ( 1986 ) p. 13 . David Garrow wrote , `` Mrs. ( Rosa ) Parks once told ... how she had been physically thrown off a bus some ten years earlier when , after paying her fare at the front of the bus , she had refused to get off and reenter by the back door -- a custom often inflicted on black riders . '' Jump up ^ William J. Cooper , Jr. , Thomas E. Terrill , The American South : A History , Volume II , 4 ed. , Rowman and Littlefield , 2009 , p. 730 . Jump up ^ The company was sold to the City of Montgomery in 1974 and become the Montgomery Area Transit System Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle L. ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Street : Black Women , Rape , and Resistance - A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power . Random House . p. 8 and 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Rosa Park 's arrest report '' ( PDF ) . December 1 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Parks , Rosa Louise . '' Encyclopedia Americana . Grolier Online ( accessed May 8 , 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Rosa Parks , civil rights icon , dead at 92 - The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com. 2005 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaflet , `` Do n't Ride the Bus '' , Come to a Mass Meeting on 5 December `` . Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights History from the Ground Up : Local Struggles , a National Movement - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2011 . ISBN 9780820338651 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Beito , David T. ; Beito , Linda Royster ( 2009 ) . Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Jakoubek , Robert ( 1989 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr . Civil Rights Leader . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Phibbs , Cheryl Fisher ( 2009 ) . The Montgomery Bus Boycott : A History and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 19 . ISBN 9780313358876 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King . `` Address to the first Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) Mass Meeting '' . Stanford University . Jump up ^ `` To J. Edgar Hoover from Special Agent in Charge '' . Stanford University . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Bus Boycott : The story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Montgomeryboycott.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Darby , Jean ( 1990 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr . Minneapolis : Lerner Publishing Group . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4902 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery , Ala. , Bus Boycott '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama V.M.L. King , Jr. ( 1956 and 1960 ) '' . Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Words of Martin Luther King , Jr . ( Part 1 of 2 ) Scholastic.com '' . Teacher.scholastic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Stree . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blackside , Inc . `` Interview with Georgia Gilmore , conducted by Blackside , Inc. on February 17 , 1986 , for Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years ( 1954 - 1965 ) '' . Washington University Libraries , Film and Media Archive , Henry Hampton Collection . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Street . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wright , H. R : The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott , page 123 . Charro Book Co. , Inc. , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 9629468 - 0 - X Jump up ^ `` 381 Days : The Montgomery Bus Boycott Story '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( December 1983 ) . `` Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency '' . American Sociological Review . 48 ( 6 ) : 735 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 2095322 . JSTOR 2095322 . Jump up ^ Thornton , J. Mills ( 2006 ) . Dividing Lines : Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery , Birmingham , and Selma . University of Alabama Press . pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . www.montgomeryboycott.com . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randall ( April 1989 ) . `` Martin Luther King 's Constitution : A Legal History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' . The Yale Law Journal . 98 ( 6 ) : 999 -- 1067 . JSTOR 796572 . Jump up ^ Thornton , J. Mills ( 2006 ) . Dividing Lines : Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery , Birmingham , and Selma . University of Alabama Press . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 1963 . Simon and Schuster . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Theoharis , Jeanne ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Things You Do n't Know About Rosa Parks '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Silberman , Charles E. ( 1964 ) . Crisis in Black and White . Random House . pp. 141 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Pitsula , James M. ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Reviewed Work : No Plaster Saint : The Life of Mildred Osterhout Fahrni by Nancy Knickerbocker '' . Labour / Le Travail . Vancouver , Canada : Canadian Committee on Labour History and Athabasca University Press . 51 : 282 -- 284 . doi : 10.2307 / 25149348 . JSTOR 25149348 . Further reading ( edit ) Berg , Allison , `` Trauma and Testimony in Black Women 's Civil Rights Memoirs : The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It , Warriors Do n't Cry , and From the Mississippi Delta '' , Journal of Women 's History , 21 ( Fall 2009 ) , 84 -- 107 . Branch , Taylor . Parting The Waters : America In The King Years , 1954 - 63 ( 1988 ; New York : Simon & Schuster / Touchstone , 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 Carson , Clayborne , et al. , editors , Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader : documents , speeches , and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle ( New York : Penguin Books , 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 015403 - 5 Freedman , Russell , `` Freedom Walkers : The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Garrow , David J. , editor , The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It : The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson ( Knoxville : The University of Tennessee Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 527 - 5 King , Martin Luther , Jr. , Stride Toward Freedom . ISBN 0 - 06 - 250490 - 8 Morris , Aldon D. , The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing For Change ( New York : The Free Press , 1984 ) . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Parks , Rosa ( 1992 ) . My Story . New York : Dial Books . Raines , Howell , My Soul Is Rested : The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006753 - 1 Walsh , Frank , Landmark Events in American History : The Montgomery Bus Boycott . Williams , Juan , Eyes on The Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 - 1965 ( New York : Penguin Books , 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgomery Bus Boycott . Alabama Civil Rights Collection - Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists , at Penn State University , includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott article , Encyclopedia of Alabama Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Includes cross-referenced text , historical documents and streaming audio , presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University The Montgomery Bus Boycott - African - American History Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Learning From Rosa Parks , The Indypendent Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser Civil Rights Era Mug Shots , Montgomery County Sheriff 's Office , Alabama Department of Archives & History Martin Luther King and the `` Montgomery Story '' Comic Book - 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents Online collection of original boycott documents & articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Montgomery Bus Boycott , Civil Rights Digital Library . The Boycott , The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks . ( hide ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_bus_boycott&oldid=834485386 '' Categories : Montgomery bus boycott Civil rights protests in the United States Boycotts of organizations Conflicts in 1955 History of African - American civil rights 1955 in the United States History of Montgomery , Alabama Martin Luther King Jr . African - American history of Alabama 1955 in Alabama 1956 in Alabama Transportation in Montgomery , Alabama Protests in Alabama 1955 in transport 1956 in transport Bus transportation in Alabama Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the montgomery bus boycott take place	[ "The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.[1] Many important figures in the Civil Rights Movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy." ]	[ "on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama" ]
-3726605690706156376	Rise of the Guardians	Rise of the Guardians - Wikipedia Rise of the Guardians Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the video game , see Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game . Rise of the Guardians Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Ramsey Produced by Christina Steinberg Nancy Bernstein Screenplay by David Lindsay - Abaire Based on The Guardians of Childhood by William Joyce Starring Chris Pine Alec Baldwin Hugh Jackman Isla Fisher Jude Law Music by Alexandre Desplat Edited by Joyce Arrastia Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) ( Mill Valley Film Festival ) November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $145 million Box office $306.9 million Rise of the Guardians is a 2012 American 3D computer - animated fantasy film based on William Joyce 's The Guardians of Childhood book series and The Man in the Moon short film by Joyce and Reel FX Creative Studios . Peter Ramsey directed the film , while Joyce and Guillermo del Toro were executive producers with voice acting by Chris Pine , Alec Baldwin , Hugh Jackman , Isla Fisher , and Jude Law . Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures , it was released on November 21 , 2012 . Set about 300 years after the book series , the film tells a story about Guardians Santa Claus , the Tooth Fairy , the Easter Bunny , and the Sandman , who enlist Jack Frost to stop Pitch Black from engulfing the world in darkness . The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Video game 8 Possible sequels 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Frost awakens from a frozen pond with amnesia . Upon realizing no one can see or hear him , he disappears . Three hundred years later Jack , as the spirit of Winter , enjoys delivering snow days to school kids , but resents that they do n't believe in him . At the North Pole , the Man in the Moon warns Nicholas St. North that Pitch Black is threatening the children of the world with his nightmares . He calls E. Aster Bunnymund , Sandy , and Tooth , to arms . They are then told that Jack Frost has been chosen to be a new Guardian . Jack is unimpressed by this position , as he still resents not being believed in , but North convinces him to aid them . Visiting Tooth 's world , Jack learns that baby teeth contain childhood memories of the children who lost them ; Jack 's teeth are included , but tells Tooth he does n't remember . However , Pitch raids Tooth 's home in order to kidnap all of her subordinate tooth fairies except Baby Tooth , whom Jack saved , so that the children 's teeth ca n't be collected and steals all the teeth , thus preventing Tooth from sharing Jack 's memories and causing children to not believe in Tooth . In order to thwart Pitch 's plan , the group decides to collect children 's teeth . During their journey , a quarrel between North and Bunnymund awakens a boy , Jamie . Since he still believes , he can see everybody except for Jack . Pitch 's nightmares then attack , provoking Sandy as the Guardian of Dreams . Jack aids , but Sandy is killed by Pitch . As Easter approaches , the dejected Guardians gather in Bunnymund 's home . With the unexpected aid of Jamie 's little sister , Sophie , they begin the process of painting eggs for Easter . After Jack takes Sophie home , he is lured to Pitch 's lair by a voice . Pitch taunts him with his memories and fear of non-belief , distracting him long enough for Pitch to destroy the eggs , causing children to stop believing in Easter and Bunnymund . Losing his trust in the Guardians , Jack isolates himself in Antarctica , where Pitch tries to convince him to join his side . When Jack refuses , Pitch threatens to kill Baby Tooth unless Jack gives him his staff . He agrees , but Pitch breaks Jack 's staff and throws him down a chasm . Unlocking his memories , he learns that he was a mortal teenager who fell into ice while saving his younger sister . Inspired , Jack fixes his staff and returns to the lair to rescue the kidnapped baby fairies . Due to Pitch , every child in the world except Jamie disbelieves , weakening the Guardians . Finding Jamie 's belief wavering , Jack makes it snow in his room , renewing belief and causing Jack to be seen and heard for the first time . Jack and Jamie gather the boy 's friends , whose renewed belief bolsters their fight against Pitch . Pitch threatens them , but their dreams prove stronger than his nightmares , resulting in Sandy 's resurrection . Defeated and disbelieved in , Pitch tries to retreat , but his nightmares , sensing his fear , turn on him and trap him in his lair . Afterward , Jamie and his friends bid goodbye to the Guardians as Jack accepts his place as the Guardian of Fun . Cast ( edit ) Chris Pine as Jack Frost , the spirit of winter . Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations ; he just wants to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun , but also wants to be believed in . At the end of the film , Jack becomes the Guardian of Fun . Jude Law as Pitch Black ( The Boogeyman ) , the essence of fear and the Nightmare King . Alec Baldwin as North ( Santa Claus ) , the leader of the guardians , and the Guardian of Wonder . He lives at the North Pole in his Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives , the Yetis ( who built the castle and workshop ) and the Christmas Elves . He carries a Russian accent / culture persona . Hugh Jackman as Bunnymund ( Easter Bunny ) , the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope . He has an Australian accent . Isla Fisher as Tooth Fairy or Tooth for short , the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories . Tooth is part human and part hummingbird . Assisted by mini fairies that are split - off extensions of herself , she collects the children 's teeth , which hold their most precious memories . Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most . '' The Sandman , or Sandy for short , the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon . He does not speak , but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head . Dakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett , a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians . Georgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett , Jamie 's little sister Dominique Grund as Cupcake Olivia Mattingly as Pippa Production ( edit ) In 2005 , William Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture , Aimesworth Amusements , to produce CG - animated feature films , one of which was set to be The Guardians of Childhood , based on Joyce 's idea . The film was not realized , but they did create a short animated film , The Man in the Moon , directed by Joyce , which introduced the Guardians idea , and served as an inspiration for the film . Early in 2008 , Joyce sold the film rights to DreamWorks Animation , after the studio assured him it would respect his vision for the characters and that he would be involved with the creative process . In November 2009 , it was revealed that DreamWorks had hired Peter Ramsey to make his feature debut as director of what was then titled The Guardians , and playwright David Lindsay - Abaire to script . Joyce acted as a co-director for the first few years , but left this position after the death of his daughter Mary Katherine , who died of a brain tumor . Joyce continued to assist as an executive producer , while Ramsey took over full directing , making him the first African American to direct a big - budget CG animated film . As with some previous DreamWorks films , Guillermo del Toro came on board as an executive producer . Present almost from the beginning , he was able to help shape the story , character design , theme and structure of the film . He said he was proud that the filmmakers were making parts of the film `` dark and moody and poetic , '' and expressed hope this might `` set a different tone for family movies , for entertainment movies . '' The final title , Rise of the Guardians was announced in early 2011 , along with the first cast . Roger Deakins , the cinematographer who had already worked on the previous DreamWorks ' film , How to Train Your Dragon , advised on the lighting to achieve its real look . He selected photographic references for color keys , and during the production gave notes on contrast , saturation , depth of field and light intensity . The film contains a lot of special effects , particularly the volumetric particles for depicting Sandman and Pitch . For this , DreamWorks Animation developed OpenVDB , a more efficient tool and format for manipulating and storing volume data , like smoke and other amorphous materials . OpenVDB had been already used on Puss in Boots and Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , and was released in August 2012 for free as an open source project with a hope to become an industry standard . Although the film is based on the Joyce 's book series , it contains differences from the books . The book series , begun in 2011 , explains the origins of the characters , while the film takes place about 300 years after the books , and shows how the characters function in present time . Joyce explained , `` Because I do n't want people to read the book and then go see the movie and go , ' Oh , I like the book better , ' and I also did n't want them to know what happens in the movie . And I also knew that during the progress of film production , a lot of things can change . So I wanted to have a sort of distance , so we were able to invoke the books and use them to help us figure out the world of the movie , but I did n't want them to be openly competitive to each other . '' The idea for the Guardians came from Joyce 's daughter , who asked him `` if he thought Santa Claus had ever met the Easter Bunny . '' The film includes a dedication to her , as well a song , `` Still Dream , '' sung over the end credits . Originally , the film was set to be released on November 2 , 2012 , but DreamWorks Animation pushed the film to November 21 , 2012 to avoid competition with Pixar 's upcoming film Monsters University , which in turn had been pushed to November 2 , 2012 to avoid competition with The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 . Monsters University was then pushed to June 21 , 2013 , with Disney 's Wreck - It Ralph taking its place . Soundtrack ( edit ) French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film , which was released on November 13 , 2012 by Varèse Sarabande . The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios , and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , with a choral contribution by London Voices . David Lindsay - Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end - credit song , `` Still Dream , '' which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming . Stravinsky 's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears . This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers ( mainly John Powell , Henry Jackman , Harry Gregson - Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson - Williams ) . Rise of the Guardians Film score by Alexandre Desplat Released November 13 , 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Score Length 67 : 47 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat film scores chronology Argo ( 2012 ) Argo 2012 Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) Zero Dark Thirty 2012 Track listing : No . Title Length 1 . `` Still Dream '' ( performed by Renée Fleming ) 3 : 12 2 . `` Calling the Guardians '' 2 : 06 3 . `` Alone in the World '' 2 : 04 4 . `` Fanfare of the Elves '' 0 : 53 5 . `` Wind Take Me Home ! '' 1 : 28 6 . `` Dreamsand '' 2 : 03 7 . `` Pitch on the Globe '' 0 : 57 8 . `` The Moon '' 1 : 32 9 . `` Snowballs '' 1 : 31 10 . `` Busy Workshop '' 1 : 33 11 . `` Sleigh Launch '' 1 : 45 12 . `` Nightmares Attack '' 7 : 17 13 . `` Tooth Collection '' 2 : 22 14 . `` Jamie 's Bedroom '' 2 : 31 15 . `` Jack & Sandman '' 4 : 18 16 . `` Memorial '' 1 : 21 17 . `` Guardians Regroup '' 0 : 58 18 . `` Easter '' 3 : 39 19 . `` Jack Betrays '' 3 : 20 20 . `` Kids Stop Believing '' 2 : 35 21 . `` Jack 's Memories '' 2 : 24 22 . `` Pitch at North Pole '' 2 : 00 23 . `` Jamie Believes '' 3 : 01 24 . `` Jack 's Center '' 4 : 52 25 . `` Sandman Returns '' 2 : 36 26 . `` Dreamsand Miracles '' 2 : 18 27 . `` Oath of the Guardians '' 3 : 11 Total length : 67 : 47 Release ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival : Christina Steinberg , producer ; Peter Ramsey , director ; Jeffrey Katzenberg , DreamWorks Animation 's CEO ; Nancy Bernstein , producer ; Bill Damaschke , DreamWorks Animation 's Chief Creative Officer Rise of the Guardians had its premiere on October 10 , 2012 , at The Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley , California , followed by the international premiere at The International Rome Film Festival on November 13 , 2012 . Under distribution by Paramount Pictures , the film was released on November 21 , 2012 , in American theaters . Digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D , it was shown in limited international and domestic IMAX theaters . It was the second film released in the firm Barco 's Auro 11.1 3D audio format , after Red Tails . The film was also shown in Dolby Atmos , a surround sound technology introduced in 2012 . Rise of the Guardians was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by Paramount , as DreamWorks has signed a five - year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox , which started in 2013 with The Croods . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians was released on Blu - ray Disc ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on March 12 , 2013 . That was the last DreamWorks Animation home media release to be distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment , since 20th Century Fox announced its distribution agreement with DreamWorks Animation a few months before the theatrical release . The film was more successful at home media sales than at the box office , having at the end of the second quarter of 2013 `` the highest box office to DVD conversion ratio among major releases . '' In the first quarter of 2013 , it sold 3.2 million home entertainment units worldwide , and in the second quarter 0.9 million units , for a total of 4.1 million units . As of August 2013 , 2 million DVDs were sold domestically . It was re-released on DVD on November 5 , 2013 and comes with a wind - up marching elf toy . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Based on 148 reviews , the film holds a rating of 74 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 , based on 149 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` A sort of Avengers for the elementary school set , Rise of the Guardians is wonderfully animated and briskly paced , but it 's only so - so in the storytelling department . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 57 based on 34 reviews , or `` Mixed or average . '' The film earned an `` A '' from audiences polled by CinemaScore . Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and found the film 's characters to have `` a primal familiarity , as though they were developed by a tag team of Maurice Sendak and Walt Disney . '' Olly Richards of Empire wrote , `` It 's gorgeously designed , deftly written and frequently laugh - out - loud funny . For child or adult , this is a fantasy to get lost in . '' The Washington Post 's Michael O'Sullivan also gave the film a positive review and said , `` Thoughts become things . That 's the message of Rise of the Guardians , a charming if slightly dark and cobwebbed animated feature about how believing in something makes it real , or real enough . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars and wrote in his review , `` There 's an audience for this film . It 's not me . I gather younger children will like the breakneck action , the magical ability to fly and the young hero who has tired of only being a name . '' Though he did say , `` Their parents and older siblings may find the 89 - minute running time quite long enough . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` a lively but derivative 3D storybook spree for some unlikely action heroes . '' Conversely , Justin Chang in Variety said , `` Even tots may emerge feeling slightly browbeaten by this colorful , strenuous and hyperactive fantasy , which has moments of charm and beauty but often resembles an exploding toy factory rather than a work of honest enchantment . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found that the film `` lacks a resonant center , '' and that the script , `` seems to have been written by committee , with members lobbying for each major character , and the action , set in vast environments all over the map , spreads itself so thin that a surfeit of motion vitiates emotion . '' Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians grossed $103,412,758 in North America , and $203,528,912 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $306,941,670 . In North America , the film opened to $32.3 million over its extended five - day weekend , and with $23.8 million over the three - day weekend , it reached fourth place behind The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 , Skyfall , and Lincoln . The film 's opening was the lowest debut for a DreamWorks Animation film since Flushed Away . While the film did gross more than double of its $145 million budget , it still did not turn a profit for DreamWorks Animation due to its high production and marketing costs , forcing the studio to take an $83 million write - down . This marked the first time that the studio had lost money on an animated film since Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas . As a result of this combined with other factors , in February 2013 , the studio announced it was laying off 350 employees as part of a company - wide restructuring . Accolades ( edit ) The Rome Film Festival and Vanity Fair magazine awarded the new Vanity Fair International Award for Cinematic Excellence in November 2012 to Rise of the Guardians . The film also received the Hollywood Animation Award at the 16th Annual Hollywood Film Festival , held on October 22 , 2012 . List of awards and nominations Award Recipients Result African - American Film Critics Association Best Animation Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Isla Fisher ( Tooth ) Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film Joyce Arrastia Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Animated Effects in an Animated Production Andy Hayes , Carl Hooper , David Lipton Won Character Animation in a Feature Production David Pate Nominated Phillppe LeBrun Pierre Perifel Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Patrick Hanenberger , Max Boas , Jayee Borcar Woonyoung Jung , Perry Maple , Peter Maynez Stan Seo , Felix Yoon Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Johanne Matte Won Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jude Law Nominated Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Joyce Arrastia Critics Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Animated Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Hollywood Film Festival Best Animated Feature Peter Ramsey Won International Film Music Critics Association Awards Film Composer of the Year Alexandre Desplat , also for Argo , Moonrise Kingdom , Rust and Bone , and Zero Dark Thirty Nominated Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Alexandre Desplat Won Mill Valley Film Festival Audience Favorite Children 's Film Peter Ramsey Producers Guild of America Outstanding Producer of An Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein , Christina Steinberg Nominated Satellite Awards 2012 Best Animated or Mixed Media Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein , David Prescott , Peter Ramsey , Christina Steinberg Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture The North Pole : Eric Bouffard , Sonja Burchard , Andy Harbeck , Peter Maynez Nominated Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Last Stand : Andy Hayes , Carl Hooper , Andrew Wheeler , Stephen Wood Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Best Family Film Rise of the Guardians -- tied with Life of Pi Won Video game ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game A video game based on the film was released by D3 Publisher on November 20 , 2012 in North America , and released on November 23 , 2012 in Europe . It allows gamers to lead the Guardians in their battle against Pitch . The game is a 3D beat - em - up , where the player travels through each of the worlds : Burgess , North Pole , Bunnymund Valley , Tooth Palace , and Sandman 's Ship , to fight Pitch 's army of Nightmares . The player can switch between all five guardians at any time , and freely customize their powers , and they learn new special abilities as they level up . All the game versions support up to 4 player gameplay . It is available on the Wii , Wii U , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS . POSSIBLE Sequels ( edit ) After the release of the film , the creators of Rise of the Guardians expressed hope that the strong A - Cinemascore average for the film and an enthusiastic word - of - mouth would gather support for the `` chance to make a sequel or two . '' Author and co-producer of the series , William Joyce , also mentioned in March 2013 that he was still in talks about a sequel with DreamWorks Animation : `` There is something that we are proposing that we hope they will want to do . '' Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grady , Pam ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mill Valley Film Fest : stars , new powers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` UPDATE : DreamWorks Animation Will Have Distribution Plan By Labor Day '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Globe , Golden ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Golden Globes 2013 : full list of nominations '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation To Fox For New 5 - Year Distribution Deal ; UPDATE : Paying Fees Of 8 % Theatrical And 6 % Digital '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` DreamWorks Animation Names All - Star Cast Featuring Chris Pine , Alec Baldwin , Hugh Jackman , Isla Fisher and Jude Law for Rise of the Guardians on November 21 , 2012 '' . DreamWorksAnimation.com ( Press release ) . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians -- Yetis '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Natives of the North Pole , Yetis are the blue - collar workers in North 's toy factory . Not only did they build the Ice Castle and workshop for North , the Yetis would also do anything for him and serve him loyally . Jump up ^ Tooth ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` You remembered to floss , right ? '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Did you know Sandman is the oldest of the Guardians ? '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandman ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sandman was the first Guardian chosen by the Man in the Moon '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Although he does n't speak , he communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head ... '' DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Up - and - coming child actor Dakota Goyo will voice a character in DWAnimation 's RiseOfTheGuardians ! '' . DreamWorks Animation verified Twitter page . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AIMESWORTH AMUSEMENTS , LTD '' . Business Profiles . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daly , Helen ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` Hot House : Reel FX Creative Studios Ramps Up for Animated Fare '' . Studio Daily . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Dreamworks Teaming Up With William Joyce For The Guardians of Childhood '' . / Film . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jardine , William ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : William Joyce , Moonbot Studios Co-Founder and Co-Director of Morris Lessmore '' . A113 Animation . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . I was ( co-director ) ... and then there was a tragic thing , my daughter became ill in post-production , and we lost her , so I had to bow out of directing at that point . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' Unveiled , Rises to Top Tier of Animated Contenders ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` DreamWorks sets scribe for ' Guardians ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tulich , Katherine ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' director a self - taught success '' . Glendale News - Press . Glendale , California . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks ' Rise of the Guardians ' and ' Pinocchio ' ; Hopes to Begin Voice Recording in Jan 2013 and Ron Perlman Will Play Stromboli '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro on his experience as executive producer of Rise of the Guardians '' . In The Works ( DreamWorks Animation official blog ) . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Director Peter Ramsey Talks RISE OF THE GUARDIANS , Roger Deakins , HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 2 , Working with David Fincher on FIGHT CLUB , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orden , Erica ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Releases Software Used in ' Guardians ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Releases Proprietary Volumetric Format OpenVDB to Open Source Community '' . DreamWorks Animation . August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` AFI Fest : ' Rise Of The Guardians ' Tries To Stake Its Claim In Oscar Race And At Holiday Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Shifts ' Monsters Inc. 2 , ' Drops Two Others '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Changes Dates For ' Monsters University ' , ' Reboot Ralph ' '' . Deadline.com. April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Famed Soprano Renee Fleming Performs Original Single `` Still Dream '' With Music By Alexandre Desplat and Lyrics By David Lindsay - Abaire for DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Varèse Sarabande . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : J. Lyman , Eric ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive New ' Vanity Fair ' Honor at Upcoming Rome Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Festival Internazionale del Film di Roma - Guide e Programma '' ( PDF ) . Roma Cinema Fest . p. 5 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise Of The Guardians ' To Play IMAX Nov. 21 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barco Auro 11.1 3D sound technology will be featured in global release of DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ) . Barco . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians , ' ' Gravity , ' ' Pacific Rim ' Will Be Mixed in Dolby Atmos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Blu - ray 3D Release Date , Details and Pre-Order '' . The HD Room . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation SKG Management Discusses Q2 2013 Results - Earnings Call Transcript '' . Seeking Alpha . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports First Quarter 2013 Financial Results '' . DreamWorks Animation. April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports Second Quarter 2013 Financial Results '' . DreamWorks Animation . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Of-The-Guardians-Marching/dp/B00EDDUKGY/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&qid=1383683671&sr=8-7&keywords=rise+of+the+guardians Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( November 25 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Twilight , ' Bond Dominate Fruitful Thanksgiving '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Rise of the Guardians , ' protecting truth , justice and the childhood way ' Rise of the Guardians , ' protecting truth , justice and the childhood way Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Reviews Rise Of The Guardians Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians Scaring up Magic from Childhood Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians ( PG ) Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A Visionary Director 's Sumptuous ' Pi ' Retrieved February 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation facing jobs cuts after Rise of the Guardians tanks '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Lucas ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation to Lay Off 350 Employees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . The Glendale , Calif. - based company posted a loss of $83 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2012 due to development costs and the poor performance of its latest film , Rise of the Guardians . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive Animation Prize at 16th Hollywood Film Awards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Annie Award Winners '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' , ' Les Miserables ' , ' Silver Linings ' Top List Of Nominees For 18th Annual Critics Choice Movie Awards '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 70th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Life Of Pi wins 35th Mill Valley Film Festival audience award '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominates 10 Films for Best Motion Picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 11th Annual VES Awards '' . ComingSoon.net . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards : ' Life Of Pi ' Wins 4 Including Feature , ' Brave ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' Other Big Winners '' . Deadline . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Zero Dark Thirty ' fares well with Women Film Critics Circle '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher reveals product details for ' Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game ' '' . Bandai Namco . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher and DreamWorks Animation Announce Multi-Property Agreement for Next Three Animated Feature Films '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2012 : Rise of the Guardians annoncé '' . JeuxVideo.com . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ' Les versions PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , DS et 3DS sont attendues pour cet automne , et la déclinaison Wii U est déjà confirmée . / The PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , DS and 3DS are expected this autumn and the ... Wii U is already confirmed . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of Guardians ' Filmmakers Hoping to Make Sword - Wielding - Santa Sequels '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jami ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : AUTHOR / ILLUSTRATOR WILLIAM JOYCE TALKS ' RISE OF THE GUARDIANS ' BLU - RAY / DVD , AND A POSSIBLE SEQUEL '' . iamROGUE.COM . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rise of the Guardians . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice for jack frost in rise of the guardians	[ "\nChris Pine as Jack Frost, the spirit of winter.[7] Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations; he just wants to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun, but also wants to be believed in. At the end of the film, Jack becomes the Guardian of Fun.\nJude Law as Pitch Black (The Boogeyman), the essence of fear and the Nightmare King.[7]\nAlec Baldwin as North (Santa Claus), the leader of the guardians,[7] and the Guardian of Wonder. He lives at the North Pole in his Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives, the Yetis (who built the castle and workshop) and the Christmas Elves. He carries a Russian accent/culture persona.[8]\nHugh Jackman as Bunnymund (Easter Bunny), the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope. He has an Australian accent.[7]\nIsla Fisher as Tooth Fairy or Tooth for short, the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories.[7] Tooth is part human and part hummingbird. Assisted by mini fairies that are split-off extensions of herself, she collects the children's teeth, which hold their most precious memories. Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most.\"[9]\nThe Sandman, or Sandy for short, the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians[10] and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon.[11] He does not speak, but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head.[12]\nDakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett, a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians.[13]\nGeorgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett, Jamie's little sister\nDominique Grund as Cupcake\nOlivia Mattingly as Pippa\n" ]	[ "Chris Pine" ]
7052404250218625765	List of Star Wars: The Clone Wars cast members	List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars cast members - wikipedia List of Star Wars : the Clone Wars cast members This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below is a list of actors and actresses that are or were part of the voice cast of the American 3D CGI animated television series Star Wars : The Clone Wars and its corresponding film . The show 's main voice actors have included Matt Lanter , James Arnold Taylor , Ashley Eckstein , Dee Bradley Baker , Catherine Taber , Tom Kane , Anthony Daniels , Ian Abercrombie , Corey Burton , Terrence C. Carson , Nika Futterman and Matthew Wood . Actors from the live - action films who returned to reprise their roles for the show include Matthew Wood as the voices of the Battle Droids and General Grievous , Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks ( although Binks was voiced by B.J. Hughes in three early episodes ) , Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO , Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca , Daniel Logan as the voices of the Clone Cadets and the young Boba Fett , Liam Neeson as Qui - Gon Jinn , and Pernilla August as Shmi Skywalker . Additionally , Samuel L. Jackson and Christopher Lee reprised the roles of Mace Windu and Count Dooku in the animated film , but not on the show . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Jedi 1.3 Galactic Republic 1.4 Confederacy of Independent Systems 1.5 Mandalorians 1.6 Nightsisters and nightbrothers 1.7 Bounty hunters , crime lords , mercenaries , pirates , rebels , and smugglers 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Starring Appears only No appearances Character Season Film Season One Season Two Season Three Season Four Season Five Season Six Main cast ( edit ) Narrator Tom Kane Anakin Skywalker Matt Lanter Obi - Wan Kenobi James Arnold Taylor Ahsoka Tano Ashley Eckstein Captain Rex ( Clone troopers ) Dee Bradley Baker Dee Bradley Baker Daniel Logan Dee Bradley Baker Battle droids Matthew Wood Jedi ( edit ) Cin Drallig Robin Atkin Downes Kit Fisto Phil LaMarr Phil LaMarr Adi Gallia Angelique Perrin Huyang David Tennant Qui - Gon Jinn Liam Neeson Liam Neeson Coleman Kcaj Agen Kolar Plo Koon James Arnold Taylor Eeth Koth Chris Edgerly Ki - Adi - Mundi Brian George Brian George Jocasta Nu Flo DiRe Flo DiRe Barriss Offee Meredith Salenger Meredith Salenger Oppo Rancisis Aayla Secura Jennifer Hale Tera Sinube Gregory Baldwin Shaak Ti Tasia Valenza Tasia Valenza Saesee Tiin Dee Bradley Baker Luminara Unduli Olivia d'Abo Mace Windu Samuel L. Jackson Terrence Carson Yoda Tom Kane Galactic Republic ( edit ) Mas Amedda Stephen Stanton Stephen Stanton Padmé Amidala Catherine Taber Jar Jar Binks Ahmed Best B.J. Hughes Ahmed Best Ahmed Best Halle Burtoni Jameelah McMillan C - 3PO Anthony Daniels R2 - D2 Riyo Chuchi Jennifer Hale Jennifer Hale Mee Deechi Gideon Emery Onaconda Farr Dee Bradley Baker Orn Free Taa Phil LaMarr Meebur Gascon Stephen Stanton Mon Mothma Kath Soucie Bail Organa Phil LaMarr Phil LaMarr Palpatine Ian Abercrombie Ian Abercrombie Tim Curry Lolo Purs Jennifer Hale Nala Se Gwendoline Yeo Gwendoline Yeo Wilhuff Tarkin Stephen Stanton Stephen Stanton Gregar Typho James C. Mathis III James C. Mathis III Finis Valorum Ian Ruskin Wullf Yularen Tom Kane Tom Kane Confederacy of Independent Systems ( edit ) Lux Bonteri Jason Spisak Mina Bonteri Kath Soucie Rush Clovis Robin Atkin Downes Robin Atkin Downes Lott Dod Gideon Emery Count Dooku Christopher Lee Corey Burton Lok Durd George Takei Nute Gunray Tom Kenny General Grievous Matthew Wood Poggle the Lesser Matthew Wood Darth Sidious Ian Abercrombie Ian Abercrombie Tim Curry Wat Tambor Matthew Wood Mandalorians ( edit ) Almec Julian Holloway Julian Holloway Bo - Katan Kryze Katee Sackhoff Satine Kryze Anna Graves Pre Vizsla Jon Favreau Jon Favreau Nightsisters and nightbrothers ( edit ) Daka Kathleen Gati Feral Dee Bradley Baker Darth Maul Sam Witwer Savage Opress Clancy Brown Mother Talzin Barbara Goodson Barbara Goodson Asajj Ventress Nika Futterman Nika Futterman Viscus Stephen Stanton Bounty hunters , crime lords , mercenaries , pirates , rebels , and smugglers ( edit ) Cad Bane Corey Burton Bossk Dee Bradley Baker Dee Bradley Baker Dengar Simon Pegg Embo Dave Filoni Dave Filoni Boba Fett Daniel Logan Daniel Logan Saw Gerrera Andrew Kishino Steela Gerrera Dawn - Lyen Gardner Jabba the Hutt Kevin Richardson Kevin Richardson Kevin Richardson Hondo Ohnaka Jim Cummings Jim Cummings Latts Razzi Clare Grant Aurra Sing Jaime King Sugi Anna Graves Anna Graves Cham Syndulla Robin Atkin Downes Robin Atkin Downes Todo 360 Seth Green Ziro the Hutt Corey Burton Corey Burton See also ( edit ) List of Star Wars cast members References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Full cast and crew of Star Wars : The Clone Wars at the Internet Movie Database Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens accolades box office records The Last Jedi Episode IX Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Solo Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures : Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_cast_members&oldid=848304774 '' Categories : Lists of actors by science fiction television series Star Wars lists Lists of characters in American television animation Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2018 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 03 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of anakin in the clone wars	[ "\n\nCharacter\n\nSeason\n\n\nFilm\n\nSeason One\n\nSeason Two\n\nSeason Three\n\nSeason Four\n\nSeason Five\n\nSeason Six\n\n\n\nMain cast[edit]\n\n\nNarrator\n\nTom Kane\n\n\nAnakin Skywalker\n\nMatt Lanter\n\n\nObi-Wan Kenobi\n\nJames Arnold Taylor\n\n\nAhsoka Tano\n\nAshley Eckstein\n\n\nCaptain Rex(Clone troopers)\n\nDee Bradley Baker\n\nDee Bradley BakerDaniel Logan\n\nDee Bradley Baker\n\n\nBattle droids\n\nMatthew Wood\n\n\n\nJedi[edit]\n\n\nCin Drallig\n\n \n\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n \n\n\nKit Fisto\n\n \n\nPhil LaMarr\n\n \n\nPhil LaMarr\n\n \n\n\nAdi Gallia\n\n \n\nAngelique Perrin\n\n \n\n\nHuyang\n\n \n\nDavid Tennant\n\n \n\n\nQui-Gon Jinn\n\n \n\nLiam Neeson\n\n \n\nLiam Neeson\n\n\nColeman Kcaj\n\n \n\n \n\n\nAgen Kolar\n\n \n\n \n\n\nPlo Koon\n\n \n\nJames Arnold Taylor\n\n\nEeth Koth\n\n \n\nChris Edgerly\n\n \n\n\nKi-Adi-Mundi\n\n \n\nBrian George\n\n \n\nBrian George\n\n\nJocasta Nu\n\n \n\nFlo DiRe\n\n \n\nFlo DiRe\n\n\nBarriss Offee\n\n \n\nMeredith Salenger\n\n \n\n \n\nMeredith Salenger\n\n \n\n\nOppo Rancisis\n\n \n\n \n\n\nAayla Secura\n\n \n\nJennifer Hale\n\n \n\n \n\n\nTera Sinube\n\n \n\nGregory Baldwin\n\n \n\n \n\n\nShaak Ti\n\n \n\nTasia Valenza\n\n \n\nTasia Valenza\n\n\nSaesee Tiin\n\n \n\nDee Bradley Baker\n\n \n\n\nLuminara Unduli\n\n \n\nOlivia d'Abo\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\nMace Windu\n\nSamuel L. Jackson\n\nTerrence Carson\n\n\nYoda\n\nTom Kane\n\n\n\nGalactic Republic[edit]\n\n\nMas Amedda\n\n \n\nStephen Stanton\n\n \n\nStephen Stanton\n\n\nPadmé Amidala\n\nCatherine Taber\n\n\nJar Jar Binks\n\n \n\nAhmed BestB.J. Hughes\n\n \n\nAhmed Best\n\n \n\nAhmed Best\n\n\nHalle Burtoni\n\n \n\nJameelah McMillan\n\n \n\n\nC-3PO\n\nAnthony Daniels\n\n \n\n\nR2-D2\n\n \n\n\nRiyo Chuchi\n\n \n\nJennifer Hale\n\n \n\nJennifer Hale\n\n \n\n \n\n\nMee Deechi\n\n \n\nGideon Emery\n\n \n\n\nOnaconda Farr\n\n \n\nDee Bradley Baker\n\n \n\n\nOrn Free Taa\n\n \n\nPhil LaMarr\n\n \n\n\nMeebur Gascon\n\n \n\nStephen Stanton\n\n \n\n\nMon Mothma\n\n \n\nKath Soucie\n\n \n\n\nBail Organa\n\n \n\nPhil LaMarr\n\n \n\nPhil LaMarr\n\n\nPalpatine\n\nIan Abercrombie\n\nIan AbercrombieTim Curry\n\n\nLolo Purs\n\n \n\nJennifer Hale\n\n \n\n \n\n\nNala Se\n\n \n\nGwendoline Yeo\n\n \n\n \n\nGwendoline Yeo\n\n\nWilhuff Tarkin\n\n \n\nStephen Stanton\n\n \n\nStephen Stanton\n\n \n\n\nGregar Typho\n\n \n\nJames C. Mathis III\n\n \n\n \n\nJames C. Mathis III\n\n\nFinis Valorum\n\n \n\nIan Ruskin\n\n\nWullf Yularen\n\nTom Kane\n\n \n\nTom Kane\n\n\n\nConfederacy of Independent Systems[edit]\n\n\nLux Bonteri\n\n \n\nJason Spisak\n\n \n\n\nMina Bonteri\n\n \n\nKath Soucie\n\n \n\n\nRush Clovis\n\n \n\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n \n\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n\nLott Dod\n\n \n\nGideon Emery\n\n \n\n \n\n\nCount Dooku\n\nChristopher Lee\n\nCorey Burton\n\n\nLok Durd\n\n \n\nGeorge Takei\n\n \n\n\nNute Gunray\n\n \n\nTom Kenny\n\n \n\n\nGeneral Grievous\n\n \n\nMatthew Wood\n\n \n\n\nPoggle the Lesser\n\n \n\nMatthew Wood\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\nDarth Sidious\n\nIan Abercrombie\n\nIan AbercrombieTim Curry\n\n\nWat Tambor\n\n \n\nMatthew Wood\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\nMandalorians[edit]\n\n\nAlmec\n\n \n\nJulian Holloway\n\n \n\nJulian Holloway\n\n \n\n\nBo-Katan Kryze\n\n \n\nKatee Sackhoff\n\n \n\n\nSatine Kryze\n\n \n\nAnna Graves\n\n \n\n\nPre Vizsla\n\n \n\nJon Favreau\n\n \n\nJon Favreau\n\n \n\n\n\nNightsisters and nightbrothers[edit]\n\n\nDaka\n\n \n\nKathleen Gati\n\n \n\n\nFeral\n\n \n\nDee Bradley Baker\n\n \n\n\nDarth Maul\n\n \n\n \n\nSam Witwer\n\n \n\n\nSavage Opress\n\n \n\nClancy Brown\n\n \n\n\nMother Talzin\n\n \n\nBarbara Goodson\n\n \n\nBarbara Goodson\n\n\nAsajj Ventress\n\nNika Futterman\n\n \n\nNika Futterman\n\n \n\n\nViscus\n\n \n\nStephen Stanton\n\n \n\n\n\nBounty hunters, crime lords, mercenaries, pirates, rebels, and smugglers[edit]\n\n\nCad Bane\n\n \n\nCorey Burton\n\n \n\n\nBossk\n\n \n\nDee Bradley Baker\n\n \n\nDee Bradley Baker\n\n \n\n\nDengar\n\n \n\nSimon Pegg\n\n \n\n \n\n\nEmbo\n\n \n\nDave Filoni\n\n \n\nDave Filoni\n\n\nBoba Fett\n\n \n\nDaniel Logan\n\n \n\nDaniel Logan\n\n \n\n\nSaw Gerrera\n\n \n\nAndrew Kishino\n\n \n\n\nSteela Gerrera\n\n \n\nDawn-Lyen Gardner\n\n \n\n\nJabba the Hutt\n\nKevin Richardson\n\n \n\nKevin Richardson\n\n \n\nKevin Richardson\n\n \n\n\nHondo Ohnaka\n\n \n\nJim Cummings\n\n \n\nJim Cummings\n\n \n\n\nLatts Razzi\n\n \n\nClare Grant\n\n \n\n\nAurra Sing\n\n \n\nJaime King\n\n \n\n\nSugi\n\n \n\nAnna Graves\n\n \n\nAnna Graves\n\n \n\n\nCham Syndulla\n\n \n\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n \n\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n \n\n\nTodo 360\n\n \n\nSeth Green\n\n \n\n\nZiro the Hutt\n\nCorey Burton\n\n \n\nCorey Burton\n\n \n\n" ]	[ "Matt Lanter" ]
7667582552520157360	The Dean Martin Christmas Album	The Dean Martin Christmas Album - wikipedia The Dean Martin Christmas Album Jump to : navigation , search The Dean Martin Christmas Album Studio album by Dean Martin Released October 1966 Recorded 1966 Genre Christmas music Label Reprise - R / RS 6222 Producer Jimmy Bowen Dean Martin chronology The Hit Sound of Dean Martin ( 1966 ) The Hit Sound of Dean Martin 1966 The Dean Martin Christmas Album ( 1966 ) The Dean Martin TV Show ( 1966 ) The Dean Martin TV Show 1966 The Dean Martin Christmas Album is a 1966 studio album by Dean Martin arranged by Ernie Freeman and Bill Justis . This was Martin 's only album of Christmas music released on Reprise Records ( his only other Christmas album , A Winter Romance , having been released in 1959 on Capitol Records ) . It was reissued on CD by Hip - O Records in 2008 , retitled A Very Cool Christmas . Ricci James Martin , Martin 's son , wrote in a biography of his father that The Dean Martin Christmas Album was the only one of his father 's albums that was played in the Martin household , his parents seldom listening to Dean Martin 's music . This was the fourth of five albums Martin released in 1966 . Billboard magazine reported in its December 3 , 1966 issue that The Dean Martin Christmas Album was on top of its `` Best Bets for Christmas '' chart . The release of The Dean Martin Christmas Album in October and The Dean Martin TV Show in November 1966 were accompanied by what Billboard described as a `` merchandising avalanche '' by Reprise Records and their parent company Warner Music . Billboard described Martin as running the `` hottest streak of his career '' , and said that Reprise planned to sell $4 million of his records over the Christmas sales period . Billboard later reported that Martin had sold 850,000 albums in December 1966 . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Reviewing A Very Cool Christmas , the 2008 reissue of the Dean Martin Christmas Album on Allmusic.com , William Ruhlmann gave the album three and a half stars out of five . Ruhlmann commented that Martin was in a `` typically easygoing , good - natured mood on these tracks ... He sings the seasonal material with the same nonchalance he gave to pop music of the period '' . Track listing ( edit ) `` White Christmas '' ( Irving Berlin ) - 2 : 55 `` Jingle Bells '' ( James Pierpont ) `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' ( Kim Gannon , Walter Kent , Buck Ram ) `` Blue Christmas '' ( Billy Hayes , Jay W. Johnson ) - 2 : 17 `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( Sammy Cahn , Jule Styne ) - 1 : 57 `` Marshmallow World '' ( Peter DeRose , Carl Sigman ) - 2 : 44 `` Silver Bells '' ( Ray Evans , Jay Livingston ) `` Winter Wonderland '' ( Felix Bernard , Richard B. Smith ) `` The Things We Did Last Summer '' ( Cahn , Styne ) - 2 : 42 `` Silent Night '' ( Franz Gruber , Josef Mohr ) Personnel ( edit ) Dean Martin -- vocals Ernie Freeman - arranger Bill Justis Ed Thrasher - art direction Eddie Brackett - engineer Lee Herschberg Jimmy Bowen - producer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nick Tosches ( 13 April 1999 ) . Dino : Living High in the Dirty Business of Dreams . Random House Publishing Group . p. 539 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 33429 - 7 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : A Very Cool Christmas at AllMusic Jump up ^ Ricci Martin ; Christopher Smith ( 1 October 2004 ) . That 's Amore : A Son Remembers Dean Martin . Taylor Trade Publications . pp. 131 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 140 - 4 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc. ( 3 December 1966 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . pp. 56 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nielsen Business Media , Inc. ( 5 November 1966 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . pp. 10 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc. ( 4 February 1967 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . pp. 3 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Dean Martin Discography Studio albums Dean Martin Sings Swingin ' Down Yonder Pretty Baby Sleep Warm A Winter Romance This Time I 'm Swingin ' ! Dino : Italian Love Songs Cha Cha de Amor French Style Dino Latino Dean `` Tex '' Martin : Country Style Dean `` Tex '' Martin Rides Again Dream with Dean The Door Is Still Open to My Heart Dean Martin Hits Again ( Remember Me ) I 'm the One Who Loves You Houston Somewhere There 's a Someone Dean Martin Sings Songs from The Silencers The Hit Sound of Dean Martin The Dean Martin Christmas Album The Dean Martin TV Show Happiness Is Dean Martin Welcome to My World Gentle on My Mind I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am My Woman , My Woman , My Wife For the Good Times Dino Sittin ' on Top of the World You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me Once in a While The Nashville Sessions Posthumous albums Live from Las Vegas Forever Cool Compilation albums Hey , Brother , Pour the Wine The Best of Dean Martin Dino : The Essential Dean Martin Singles `` Powder Your Face with Sunshine ( Smile , Smile , Smile ) '' `` If '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` That 's Amore '' `` Sway '' `` The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane '' `` Mambo Italiano '' `` Young and Foolish '' `` Under the Bridges of Paris '' `` Memories Are Made of This '' `` Innamorata '' `` Standing on the Corner '' `` Return to Me '' `` Angel Baby '' `` Volare '' `` On an Evening in Roma '' `` Just in Time '' `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' `` The Door Is Still Open to My Heart '' `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' `` Send Me the Pillow You Dream On '' `` ( Remember Me ) I 'm the One Who Loves You '' `` Houston '' `` I Will '' `` Somewhere There 's a Someone '' `` Come Running Back '' `` A Million and One '' `` Nobody 's Baby Again '' `` ( Open Up the Door ) Let the Good Times In '' `` Lay Some Happiness on Me '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' `` Little Ole Wine Drinker , Me '' `` In the Misty Moonlight '' `` You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart '' `` Not Enough Indians '' `` Gentle on My Mind '' `` I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am '' `` Detroit City '' `` She 's a Little Bit Country '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Related Martin and Lewis Rat Pack Deana Martin ( daughter ) Dean Paul Martin ( son ) Ricci Martin ( son ) The Rat Pack ( 1998 film ) Martin and Lewis ( 2002 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dean_Martin_Christmas_Album&oldid=811916023 '' Categories : Dean Martin albums 1966 Christmas albums Albums arranged by Bill Justis Albums arranged by Ernie Freeman Albums produced by Jimmy Bowen Christmas albums by American artists Jazz Christmas albums Pop Christmas albums Reprise Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did dean martin sing let it snow	[ "This was Martin's only album of Christmas music released on Reprise Records (his only other Christmas album, A Winter Romance, having been released in 1959 on Capitol Records). It was reissued on CD by Hip-O Records in 2008, retitled A Very Cool Christmas.[2]" ]	[ "1959" ]
3428555318376181146	United States twenty-dollar bill	United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight c. 1.0 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , Andrew Jackson , has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 ; the White House is featured on the reverse . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . About 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre -- Federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and Pocahontas 's marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design , with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate , with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note , with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note , with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on the front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . On August 31 , 2017 , Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=830686953 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 10 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who appears on the united states $20 bill in 1875	[ "\n1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.\n1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.\n1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.\n1865: A national bank note with \"The Battle of Lexington\" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.\n1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.\n1875: As above, except with a different reverse.\n1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.\n1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.\n1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.\n1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.\n1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.\n1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.\n1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.\n" ]	[ "Alexander Hamilton" ]
-4187968805081965026	Earth's orbit	Earth 's orbit - wikipedia Earth 's orbit Jump to : navigation , search The Earth at different points in its orbit Earth 's orbit is the trajectory along which Earth travels around the Sun . The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km ( 92.96 million mi ) , and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days ( 1 sidereal year ) , during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km ( 584 million mi ) . Earth 's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167 . As seen from Earth , the planet 's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1 ° ( or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours ) eastward per solar day . Earth 's orbital speed averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph ) , which is fast enough to cover the planet 's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours . From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth , Earth would appear to revolve in a counter clockwise direction around the Sun . From the same vantage point , both the Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a counterclockwise direction about their respective axes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of study 2 Influence on Earth 3 Events in the orbit 4 Future 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of study ( edit ) Main article : Heliocentrism Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism ( lower panel ) in comparison to the geocentric model ( upper panel ) Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets , including Earth , in its orbit . Historically , heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC . In the 16th century , Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century . This `` Copernican revolution '' resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent . `` Although Copernicus 's groundbreaking book ... had been ( printed ) over a century earlier , ( the Dutch mapmaker ) Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world . '' Influence on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Season Because of Earth 's axial tilt ( often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic ) , the inclination of the Sun 's trajectory in the sky ( as seen by an observer on Earth 's surface ) varies over the course of the year . For an observer at a northern latitude , when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky . This results in warmer average temperatures , as additional solar radiation reaches the surface . When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun , the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler . Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle , an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year . This is called a polar night . This variation in the weather ( because of the direction of the Earth 's axial tilt ) results in the seasons . Events in the orbit ( edit ) By astronomical convention , the four seasons are determined by the solstices -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth 's axis , towards the Sun or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit where the Earth 's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another . The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts . In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21 ; summer solstice is near June 21 ; spring equinox is around March 20 ; and autumnal equinox is about September 23 . The effect of the Earth 's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere , thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere ( e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice ) . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around January 3 , and the aphelion around July 4 ( for other eras , see precession and Milankovitch cycles ) . The changing Earth -- Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9 % in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . However , this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere . The Hill sphere ( gravitational sphere of influence ) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers ( 0.01 AU ) in radius , or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon . This is the maximal distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius , otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Orbital characteristics epoch J2000. 0 aphelion 152.10 × 10 ^ km ( 94.51 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.0167 AU perihelion 147.10 × 10 ^ km ( 91.40 × 10 ^ mi ) 0.98329 AU semimajor axis 149.60 × 10 ^ km ( 92.96 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.000001018 AU eccentricity 0.0167086 inclination 7.155 ° to Sun 's equator 1.578690 ° to invariable plane longitude of the ascending node 174.9 ° longitude of perihelion 102.9 ° argument of periapsis 288.1 ° period 365.256 363 004 days average speed 29.78 km / s ( 18.50 mi / s ) 107,200 km / h ( 66,600 mph ) The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth 's elliptical orbit . The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images , which are sequentially the perihelion ( periapsis -- nearest point to the Sun ) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5 , the point of March equinox on March 19 , 20 , or 21 , the point of June solstice on June 20 , 21 , or 22 , the aphelion ( apoapsis -- farthest point from the Sun ) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5 , the September equinox on September 22 , 23 , or 24 , and the December solstice on December 21 , 22 , or 23 . The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth 's orbit ; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured . Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit , the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice ( at the Tropic of Cancer ) , and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice ( at the Tropic of Capricorn ) . Future ( edit ) Main article : Stability of the Solar System Mathematicians and astronomers ( such as Laplace , Lagrange , Gauss , Poincaré , Kolmogorov , Vladimir Arnold , and Jürgen Moser ) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions , and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive `` proofs '' of stability for the Solar System . By most predictions , Earth 's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods . In 1989 , Jacques Laskar 's work indicated that the Earth 's orbit ( as well as the orbits of all the inner planets ) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years ' time . Modeling the Solar System is subject to the n - body problem . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Astronomical unit Barycenter Earth 's axial tilt Earth 's rotation Geocentric orbit -- the orbit of any object orbiting the Earth , such as the Moon or an artificial satellite Satellite Space station Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun . A full orbit has 360 ° . That fact demonstrates that each day , the Earth travels roughly 1 ° in its orbit . Thus , the Sun will appear to move eastward across the sky relative to the stars by that same amount . Jump up ^ For the Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 / 3 , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) , ) where m is the mass of the Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 946 ) 1 / 3 ≈ 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332 \ , 946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) \ approx 0.01 ) . Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . Jump up ^ The reference lists the longitude of perihelion , which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion . Subtracting from that ( 102.937 ° ) the node longitude of 174.873 ° gives − 71.936 ° . Adding 360 ° gives 288.064 ° . That addition does not change the angle but expresses it in the usual 0 -- 360 ° range for longitudes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sun : Facts & Figures '' . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms 2nd ed , ISBN 0 - 943396 - 61 - 1 ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) 238 . See Ellipse # Circumference . The formula by Ramanujan is accurate enough . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Johannes Petreius. 1543 . Jump up ^ Jerry Brotton , A History of the World in Twelve Maps , London : Allen Lane , 2012 , ISBN 9781846140990 p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` What causes the seasons ? ( NASA ) '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Date & Time of Solstices & Equinoxes '' . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . See `` Orbital characteristics '' table . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % of the radiation at aphelion . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack ( 2005 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Earth 's tilt creates seasons '' . USAToday . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vázquez , M. ; Montañés Rodríguez , P. ; Palle , E. ( 2006 ) . `` The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets '' ( PDF ) . Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ Allen , Clabon Walter ; Cox , Arthur N. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ The figure appears in multiple references , and is derived from the VSOP87 elements from section 5.8. 3 , p. 675 of the following : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer , Tropic of Capricorn , Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle ? '' . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laskar , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Solar System : Stability '' . In Murdin , Paul . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astropvhysics . Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing . article 2198 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ( 2004 ) . Deep simplicity : bringing order to chaos and complexity ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6256 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Earth - Venus smash - up possible '' . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Earth 's orbit at Wikimedia Commons Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_orbit&oldid=802713643 '' Categories : Earth Dynamics of the Solar System Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 00 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the speed of earth around sun	[ "As seen from Earth, the planet's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1° (or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours) eastward per solar day.[nb 1] Earth's orbital speed averages about 30 km/s (108,000 km/h; 67,000 mph), which is fast enough to cover the planet's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours.[3]" ]	[ "30 km/s" ]
-1568691770200938547	Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson	Hafþór Júlíus Bjornsson - Wikipedia Hafþór Júlíus Bjornsson Jump to : navigation , search This is an Icelandic name . The last name is a patronymic , not a family name ; this person is referred to by the given name Hafþór . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Björnsson in March 2017 ( 1988 - 11 - 26 ) November 26 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Reykjavík , Iceland Other names Thor The Mountain Occupation Strongman , actor , basketball player Years active 2010 -- present ( strongman ) Height 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Weight 189 -- 200 kg ( 417 -- 441 lb ) Website hafthorbjornsson.com Hafþór Júlíus `` Thor '' Björnsson ( Icelandic pronunciation : ( ˈhafθour ˈjuːliʏs ˈpjœsːɔn ) ; born November 26 , 1988 ) is an Icelandic professional strongman , actor , and former professional basketball player . He plays Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basketball career 2 Strongman career 2.1 World 's Strongest Man 3 Acting career 4 Personal life 5 Personal records 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 References 8 External links Basketball career ( edit ) Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Personal information Listed height 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Career information Playing career 2004 -- 2008 Position Center Career history 2004 -- 2005 Breiðablik 2005 -- 2006 FSu 2006 -- 2007 KR 2007 -- 2008 FSu Hafþór began his sports career as a basketball player . At 2.06 m ( 6 ft 9 in ) he started his senior team career with Division I club Breiðablik in 2004 . In 2005 he joined FSu Selfoss in the Icelandic Division I. After 10 games it was discovered that he had been playing with a broken bone in his ankle and would require surgery . After recovering from surgery , Hafþór moved to Úrvalsdeild powerhouse KR in 2006 . He missed most of the 2006 - 2007 season after a screw in his ankle shattered and had to be fixed by another surgery . For the 2007 -- 2008 season , he moved back to play for FSu Selfoss . For the season he averaged 6.7 points on 63.8 % shooting , helping the team achieve promotion to the Úrvalsdeild . The troublesome ankle forced him to retire from basketball after the season at the age of 20 . Between 2004 and 2006 Hafþór played 32 games for the Icelandic junior national basketball teams . In 2006 he played 8 games with Iceland 's U-18 national team in Division A of the U18 European Championship . Strongman career ( edit ) Hafþór Júlíus `` Thor '' Björnsson At the 2015 Caledonian Club Highland Games Personal information Occupation Strongman Height 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Medal record ( hide ) Representing Iceland World 's Strongest Man 6th 2011 World 's Strongest Man 3rd 2012 World 's Strongest Man 3rd 2013 World 's Strongest Man 2nd 2014 World 's Strongest Man 3rd 2015 World 's Strongest Man 2nd 2016 World 's Strongest Man 2nd 2017 World 's Strongest Man Arnold Strongman Classic 10th 2012 Arnold Strongman Classic 8th 2013 Arnold Strongman Classic 5th 2014 Arnold Strongman Classic 7th 2015 Arnold Strongman Classic 5th 2016 Arnold Strongman Classic 2nd 2017 Arnold Strongman Classic Europe 's Strongest Man 1st 2014 1st 2015 2nd 2016 1st 2017 Giants Live 4th 2011 Poland Strongman Champions League 3rd 2013 SCL Iceman Challenge IV 1st 2013 Latvia 2nd 2013 Germany 1st 2015 SCL Iceman Challenge Jón Páll Sigmarsson Classic 2nd 1st 2012 Iceland 's Strongest Man 3rd 1st 2011 1st 2012 1st 2013 1st 2014 1st 2015 1st 2016 1st 2017 Strongest Man in Iceland 1st 1st 2011 1st 2012 1st 2016 1st 2017 Iceland 's Strongest Viking 1st 1st 2011 1st 2012 Westfjord 's Viking 4th 2009 1st 1st 2011 1st 2012 OK Budar Strongman Championships 1st Hafþór met Icelandic strongman Magnús Ver Magnússon at his gym `` Jakaból '' in 2008 , and Magnús said that Hafþór seemed a good prospect as a strongman . Hafþór won several strongman contests in Iceland in 2010 including Strongest Man in Iceland , Iceland 's Strongest Viking , Westfjords Viking , and five of six events at the OK Badur Strongman Championships . Hafþór finished in second place at the inaugural Jón Páll Sigmarsson Classic in November 2010 , behind Brian Shaw . He won the 2011 Strongest Man in Iceland contest on June 4 , 2011 , and the 2011 Iceland 's Strongest Man contest on June 18 , 2011 . Hafþór came fourth in the Giants Live Poland 2011 event on August 6 , 2011 . On 31 January 2015 , Hafþór beat a 1,000 - year - old record set by Orm Storolfsson at the World 's Strongest Viking competition in Norway , where he carried a 10 - metre - long ( 33 ft ) , 650 - kilogram ( 1,430 lb ) log for five steps . World 's Strongest Man ( edit ) Hafþór took part in World 's Strongest Man after earning a wild card invitation to the 2011 contest . He came in sixth overall . Taking part again in ensuing years , he placed third in 2012 , 2013 and 2015 . He finished runner - up in 2014 event to Žydrūnas Savickas and again in the 2016 event to Brian Shaw . In 2017 , Hafþór once again was runner up , this time to Eddie Hall . Acting career ( edit ) Hafþór was cast as Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane for the fourth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones in August 2013 . This was his first main acting role , and he is the third person to depict the character after Conan Stevens played the role in season 1 and Ian Whyte in season 2 . He became the first actor to portray Clegane in more than one season with his appearances in season 4 , season 5 , season 6 and season 7 . Hafþór was cast for the role of Mongkut in the 2017 film Kickboxer : Retaliation . Hafþór played the lead role in the Philadelphia Renaissance Faire during their debut season in 2015 . He appeared as `` King Thor , '' the leader of a Viking raiding party intent on capturing the city of Amman . Personal life ( edit ) Hafþór was born in Reykjavík . His father , Björn , is over 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) in height and his mother , Ragnheiður , is of similar stature . Hafþór 's grandfather , Reynir , is nearly as tall as Hafþór and `` just as broad across the chest '' . Reynir recalled in 2014 that Hafþór worked on the family farm outside Reykjavík as a child and `` was always big , even when he was n't tall '' . In March 2017 , Hafþór was diagnosed with Bell 's palsy . Personal records ( edit ) Squat -- 440 kg ( 970 lb ) raw Bench press -- 230 kg ( 507 lb ) raw Tire deadlift -- 460 kg ( 1,014 lb ) raw with wrist straps Deadlift -- 460 kg ( 1,014 lb ) raw with straps Log press -- 206.5 kg ( 455 lb ) Log carry -- ( 5 steps ) 650 kg ( 1,433 lb ) Keg toss -- 7.15 m ( 23 ft ) Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 Zon 261 ( aka `` Operation Ragnarok '' ) Big John -- Icelandic Viking Squad 2017 Devilish Deeds Psycho Phil Bell Currently in pre-production 2017 Beast Currently in pre-production 2017 Kickboxer : Retaliation Mongkut Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 -- 2017 The World 's Strongest Man Himself -- competitor 2014 -- present Game of Thrones Gregor Clegane Recurring role 2015 A League of Their Own Himself Series 9 , Episode 7 2016 Heavy Bubbles Himself References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hafþór Björnsson . theworldsstrongestman.com ^ Jump up to : `` Hafthor Bjornsson '' . www.strongman.org . Strongman . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hafþór Björnsson genginn til liðs við KR Jump up ^ Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson leikur ekki meira á þessari leiktíð Jump up ^ FSu 2007 - 2008 statistics Jump up ^ FSu í úrvalsdeildina í körfu karla Jump up ^ About Hafþór Jump up ^ Hafþór Júlíus : Ofvirki Skagastrákurinn sem breyttist í vöðvafjall Jump up ^ Landslið unglinga - og drengja Jump up ^ FIBA Europe - Hafthor Bjornsson Jump up ^ Magnus Ver Magnusson : Icelandic Strongman Scout . Ironmind.com ( May 29 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson . vodvafikn.net Jump up ^ Haffþór Júlíusson Björnsson wins Iceland 's OK Budar Strongman Contest . Ironmind.com ( August 10 , 2010 ) . Archived on December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Shaw Wins the Inaugural Jon Pall Sigmarsson Classic Strongman Contest . Ironmind.com ( November 22 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins the Strongest Man in Iceland . Ironmind.com ( June 6 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins Iceland 's Strongest Man . Ironmind.com ( June 19 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hafthor Wins World 's Strongest Viking , Sets Sights on World 's Strongest Man '' . IronMind. 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Giants Live -- Poland : Radzikowski , Jenkins and Baron Make WSM Cut ... Bjornsson Gets Wild Card . Ironmind.com ( August 8 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cindy Boren ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' villain is second - strongest man in the world '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Iceland Review : Hafþór Júlíus Runner up in World 's Strongest Man Comp Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mountain Recast '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain in Belfast , and Game of Thrones filming in Split continues despite flooding '' . Watchers On The Wall . September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Comes to Philly Ren Faire '' . Philadelphia Magazine . April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 1 November 2014 ) . `` Icelandic Strongman Does Heavy Lifting on a Second Career as an Actor '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mountain ' Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson has Bell 's palsy '' . theconversation.com. April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Armen Hammer ( Nov 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hafthor Bjornsson Destroys A 440kg / 970lb Squat '' . Floelite.com . Retrieved Feb 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jay Hathaway ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Watch The Mountain from Game of Thrones Deadlift Almost 1,000 Pounds '' . Gawker.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor and Benny Magnusson , 420 and 445 kg Deadlift '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain from ' Game of Thrones ' Breaks 1,000 - Year - Old Weightlifting Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hafthor Bjornsson Breaks His Own Keg Toss World Record in Botswana '' . 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson . Official website Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson on IMDb `` Hafthor Bjornsson basketball profile '' . Eurobasket . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hafþór_Júlíus_Björnsson&oldid = 827824088 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people Icelandic strength athletes Icelandic male weightlifters Icelandic men 's basketball players Icelandic male television actors Centers ( basketball ) Úrvalsdeild karla basketball players Sportspeople from Reykjavík Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles with hCards Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does hafthor bjornsson play in game of thrones	[ "Hafþór Júlíus \"Thor\" Björnsson (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhafθour ˈjuːliʏs ˈpjœsːɔn]; born November 26, 1988) is an Icelandic professional strongman, actor, and former professional basketball player. He plays Ser Gregor \"The Mountain\" Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones." ]	[ "Ser Gregor \"The Mountain\" Clegane" ]
6591287340917168673	1990 FIFA World Cup	1990 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1990 FIFA World Cup `` Italia 90 '' and `` Italy 1990 '' redirect here . For the video games , see World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 and Italy 1990 ( video game ) . `` 1990 World Cup '' redirects here . For other uses , see 1990 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 1990 FIFA World Cup Coppa del Mondo FIFA Italia ' 90 1990 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Italy Dates 8 June -- 8 July ( 31 days ) Teams 24 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 12 host cities ) Final positions Champions West Germany ( 3rd title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 115 ( 2.21 per match ) Attendance 2,516,215 ( 48,389 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 goals ) Best player Salvatore Schillaci Best young player Robert Prosinečki Fair play award England ← 1986 1994 → The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football tournament . It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy , the second country to host the event twice ( the first being Mexico in 1986 ) . Teams representing 116 national football associations entered and qualification began in April 1988 . 22 teams qualified from this process , along with host nation Italy and defending champions Argentina . The tournament was won by West Germany , their third World Cup title . They beat Argentina 1 -- 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , a rematch of the previous final four years earlier . Italy finished third and England fourth , after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts . This was the last tournament to feature a team from West Germany , with the country being reunified with East Germany a few months later in October , as well as teams from the Eastern Bloc prior to the end of the Cold War in 1991 , as the Soviet Union , Romania , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia teams made appearances . Costa Rica , Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals . As of 2018 , this was the last time the UAE qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico . The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups . It generated an average 2.2 goals per game -- a record low that still stands -- and a then - record 16 red cards , including the first ever dismissal in a final . This World Cup saw the introduction of the pre-match Fair Play Flag ( then inscribed with `` Fair Play Please '' ) to encourage fair play . Defensive tactics led to the introduction of the back - pass rule in 1992 and three points for a win instead of two at future World Cups . Nonetheless , the 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.69 billion non-unique viewers over the course of the tournament . This was the first World Cup to be officially recorded and transmitted in HDTV by the Italian broadcaster RAI in association with Japan 's NHK . At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers , but was bettered by the 1994 and 2002 World Cups . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Groups 6.1 Seedings 6.2 Final draw 7 Tournament review 7.1 Negative tactics 7.2 Emergence of Cameroon 7.3 All - champion final four 8 Results 8.1 Group stage 8.1. 1 Group A 8.1. 2 Group B 8.1. 3 Group C 8.1. 4 Group D 8.1. 5 Group E 8.1. 6 Group F 8.1. 7 Ranking of third - placed teams 8.2 Knockout stage 8.2. 1 Round of 16 8.2. 2 Quarter - finals 8.2. 3 Semi-finals 8.2. 4 Third - place play - off 8.2. 5 Final 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 10.1 All - star team 11 Final standings 12 Statistics 13 See also 14 References and footnotes 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich , Switzerland . Here , the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid , the USSR , by 11 votes to 5 . This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments , after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging . Italy had previously had the event in 1934 , where they had won their first championship . Austria , England , France , Greece , West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline . A month later , only England , Greece , Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew . All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983 , with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved . In early 1984 , England and Greece also withdrew , leading to a two - horse race in the final vote . The Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games , announced on the eve of the World Cup decision , was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively , although this was denied by the FIFA President João Havelange . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification 116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup , including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions , who were both granted automatic qualification . Thus , the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations , with 114 initially entering the qualification competition . Due to rejected entries and withdrawals , 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages . Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams ( Europe ) , two by CONMEBOL teams ( South America ) , two by CAF teams ( Africa ) , two by AFC teams ( Asia ) , and two by CONCACAF teams ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) . The remaining place was decided by a play - off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC ( Oceania ) . Both Mexico and Chile were disqualified during the qualification process ; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament , the latter after goalkeeper Roberto Rojas faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands , which caused the match to be abandoned . Chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence . Three teams made their debuts , as this was the first World Cup to feature Costa Rica and the Republic of Ireland , and the only one to date to feature the United Arab Emirates . Returning after long absences were Egypt , who appeared for the first time since 1934 , the United States , who competed for the first time since 1950 , Colombia , who appeared for the first time since 1962 , Romania , who last appeared at the Finals in 1970 and Sweden and the Netherlands , both of which last qualified in 1978 . Austria , Cameroon , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also returned after missing the 1986 tournament . Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1986 semi-finalists France ( missing out their first World Cup since 1974 ) , Denmark , Poland ( for the first time since 1970 ) , Portugal and Hungary . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 2 ) South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF ( 2 ) Egypt Cameroon OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 2 ) Costa Rica United States CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Colombia Uruguay UEFA ( 14 ) Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia England Italy ( hosts ) Netherlands Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden West Germany Yugoslavia Countries qualified for World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter the World Cup or were expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member Venues ( edit ) Twelve stadiums in twelve cities were selected to host matches at the 1990 World Cup . The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin 's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup . The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament , forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes . Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia , with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid . Due to structural constraints , several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt to implement the changes required . Like Espana ' 82 , the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other . Group A only played in Rome and Florence ( Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome , except for their semi-final and third place matches , which were played in Naples and Bari , respectively ) , Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari ( except for Argentina vs. Cameroon , which was the opening match of the tournament , played in Milan ) , Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa , Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna , Group E played only in Udine and Verona , and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo . The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the two biggest cities in Italy : Rome and Milan , each hosting six matches , and Bari , Naples and Turin each hosted five matches . Cagliari , Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches . The England national team , at the British government 's request , were forced to play all their matches in Cagliari on the island of Sardinia . Hooliganism , rife in English football in the 1980s , had followed the national team while they played friendlies on the European continent -- the distrust of English fans was so high that the English FA 's reputation and even diplomatic relations between the UK and Italy were seen to be at risk if England played any group stage matches on the Italian mainland . Thanks largely to British Sports Minister Colin Moynihan 's negative remarks about English fans weeks before the match , security around Cagliari during England 's three matches there was extremely heavy -- in addition to 7,000 local police and Carabineri , highly trained Italian military special forces were also there patrolling the premises . The Italian authorities ' heavy presence proved to be justified as there were several riots during the time England were playing their matches in Cagliari , leading to a number of injuries , arrests and even deportations . Most of the construction cost in excess of their original estimates and total costs ended up being over £ 550 million ( approximately $935 million ) . Rome 's Stadio Olimpico which would host the final was the most expensive project overall , while Udine 's Stadio Friuli , the newest of the existing stadia ( opened 14 years prior ) , cost the least to redevelop . Milan Rome Turin Naples San Siro Stadio Olimpico Stadio delle Alpi Stadio San Paolo 45 ° 28 ′ 40.89 '' N 9 ° 7 ′ 27.14 '' E / 45.4780250 ° N 9.1242056 ° E / 45.4780250 ; 9.1242056 ( San Siro ) 41 ° 56 ′ 1.99 '' N 12 ° 27 ′ 17.23 '' E / 41.9338861 ° N 12.4547861 ° E / 41.9338861 ; 12.4547861 ( Stadio Olimpico ) 45 ° 06 ′ 34.42 '' N 7 ° 38 ′ 28.54 '' E / 45.1095611 ° N 7.6412611 ° E / 45.1095611 ; 7.6412611 ( Stadio delle Alpi ) 40 ° 49 ′ 40.68 '' N 14 ° 11 ′ 34.83 '' E / 40.8279667 ° N 14.1930083 ° E / 40.8279667 ; 14.1930083 ( Stadio San Paolo ) Capacity : 74,559 Capacity : 73,603 Capacity : 62,628 Capacity : 59,978 Bari Rome Milan Naples Turin Bari Verona Florence Cagliari Bologna Udine Palermo Genoa Florence Stadio San Nicola Stadio Comunale 41 ° 5 ′ 5.05 '' N 16 ° 50 ′ 24.26 '' E / 41.0847361 ° N 16.8400722 ° E / 41.0847361 ; 16.8400722 ( Stadio San Nicola ) 43 ° 46 ′ 50.96 '' N 11 ° 16 ′ 56.13 '' E / 43.7808222 ° N 11.2822583 ° E / 43.7808222 ; 11.2822583 ( Stadio Artemio Franchi ) Capacity : 51,426 Capacity : 38,971 Verona Udine Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi Stadio Friuli 45 ° 26 ′ 7.28 '' N 10 ° 58 ′ 7.13 '' E / 45.4353556 ° N 10.9686472 ° E / 45.4353556 ; 10.9686472 ( Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi ) 46 ° 4 ′ 53.77 '' N 13 ° 12 ′ 0.49 '' E / 46.0816028 ° N 13.2001361 ° E / 46.0816028 ; 13.2001361 ( Stadio Friuli ) Capacity : 35,950 Capacity : 35,713 Cagliari Bologna Palermo Genoa Stadio Sant'Elia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara Stadio La Favorita Stadio Luigi Ferraris 39 ° 11 ′ 57.82 '' N 9 ° 8 ′ 5.83 '' E / 39.1993944 ° N 9.1349528 ° E / 39.1993944 ; 9.1349528 ( Stadio Sant'Elia ) 44 ° 29 ′ 32.33 '' N 11 ° 18 ′ 34.80 '' E / 44.4923139 ° N 11.3096667 ° E / 44.4923139 ; 11.3096667 ( Stadio Renato Dall'Ara ) 38 ° 9 ′ 9.96 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 32.19 '' E / 38.1527667 ° N 13.3422750 ° E / 38.1527667 ; 13.3422750 ( Stadio Renzo Barbera ) 44 ° 24 ′ 59.15 '' N 8 ° 57 ′ 8.74 '' E / 44.4164306 ° N 8.9524278 ° E / 44.4164306 ; 8.9524278 ( Stadio Luigi Ferraris ) Capacity : 35,238 Capacity : 34,520 Capacity : 33,288 Capacity : 31,823 Squads ( edit ) Further information : 1990 FIFA World Cup squads Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players , as for the previous tournament in 1986 . Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA 's discretion . Two goalkeepers -- Argentina 's Ángel Comizzo and England 's Dave Beasant -- entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players ( Nery Pumpido and David Seaman ) . Match officials ( edit ) 41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees . Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament . Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup ( a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts ) . show List of match officials Africa Mohamed Hansal Neji Jouini Jean - Fidèle Diramba Asia Jamal Al Sharif Jassim Mandi Shizuo Takada Europe Luigi Agnolin Emilio Soriano Aladrén George Courtney Pietro D'Elia Erik Fredriksson Siegfried Kirschen Helmut Kohl Tullio Lanese Michał Listkiewicz Rosario Lo Bello Carlo Longhi Pierluigi Magni Peter Mikkelsen Pierluigi Pairetto Zoran Petrović Joël Quiniou Kurt Röthlisberger Aron Schmidhuber Carlos Silva Valente George Smith Alan Snoddy Alexey Spirin Marcel Van Langenhove Michel Vautrot North and Central America Edgardo Codesal Vincent Mauro Berny Ulloa Morera Oceania Richard Lorenc South America Juan Daniel Cardellino Armando Pérez Hoyos Elías Jácome Juan Carlos Loustau Carlos Maciel Hernán Silva José Roberto Wright Groups ( edit ) Seedings ( edit ) The six seeded teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989 . The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank ( 1st seed to Group A , 2nd seed to Group B , etc . ) . The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations ' performance in , primarily , the 1986 World Cup with the 1982 World Cup also considered as a secondary influence . Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament , the missing nations being Mexico ( quarter - final in 1986 ) and France ( third place ) . Italy -- who were seeded first as hosts -- had not reached the final eight in 1986 and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three ( qualified ) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter - finals : Brazil , England or Spain . Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record , Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings . FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain . Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties , albeit by fourth - placed Belgium , while England had been defeated in 90 minutes by eventual winners Argentina ; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event , playing in the same group in the second group stage with England ending up ahead of Spain , but Spain had also appeared in the 1978 event , while England had failed to qualify . FIFA President João Havelange had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded . Spanish officials believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F , the group to be held off the Italian mainland , in a bid to contain England 's hooliganism problems . Their coach Luis Suárez said , `` We feel we 've been cheated ... they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs . So they invented this formula '' . FIFA countered that `` the formula was based on the teams ' respective showings during the previous two World Cups . England merited the sixth position . This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism '' . Meanwhile , the Netherlands also had an argument that on grounds of recent footballing form , they should be seeded , as the winners of the 1988 European Championship , in which both Spain and England had been eliminated in the group stages , while Belgium ( fourth in the 1986 World Cup after beating Spain , and thus seeded in 1990 ) had failed to even qualify : but this argument was countered by the fact that the Netherlands had themselves failed to qualify for both the 1982 and 1986 World Cups , which was considered the most important factor in the decision not to seed them . As it happened , the two teams considered the most unlucky not to be seeded , namely Spain and the Netherlands , were both drawn in groups against the two teams considered the weakest of the seeded nations , namely Belgium and England : and the arguments over the seeding positions fizzled out . England could be said to have justified their seeded position by narrowly winning their group ahead of the Netherlands : while Spain seemed to have made their own point about being worth a seeded position , by defeating Belgium to top their own group , in doing so gaining a measure of revenge for the fact that it was Belgium who had eliminated them in 1986 . Seeds Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Italy ( 1st ) Argentina ( 2nd ) Brazil ( 3rd ) West Germany ( 4th ) Belgium ( 5th ) England ( 6th ) Cameroon Costa Rica Egypt South Korea United Arab Emirates United States Colombia Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Romania Sweden Uruguay Austria Netherlands Scotland Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Final draw ( edit ) Ciao , a stick figure in the colours of the Italy Tricolore , was the mascot for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome , where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups . The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams . The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo , with Italian actress Sophia Loren and opera singer Luciano Pavarotti conducting the draw alongside FIFA general secretary Sepp Blatter . The draw show was FIFA 's most ambitious yet with Pelé , Bobby Moore and Karl - Heinz Rummenigge appearing , as well as a performance of the Italian version of the tournament 's official song `` To Be Number One '' by Giorgio Moroder , performed as `` Un'estate italiana '' by Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini . The event also featured the official mascot of this World Cup , Ciao , a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body that formed the word `` ITALIA '' when deconstructed and reconstructed . Its name is a greeting in Italian . Tournament review ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The finals tournament began in Italy on 8 June and concluded on 8 July . The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in 1986 : 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four . The top two teams and four best third - place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage , which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged . In total , 52 games were played . Negative tactics ( edit ) The tournament generated a record low goals - per - game average and a then - record of 16 red cards were handed out . In the knockout stage , many teams played defensively for 120 minutes , with the intention of trying their luck in the penalty shoot - out , rather than risk going forward . Two exceptions were the eventual champions West Germany and hosts Italy , the only teams to win three of their four knockout matches in normal time . There were four penalty shoot - outs , a record subsequently equalled in the 2006 , 2014 and 2018 tournaments . Eight matches went to extra time , a record equalled in the 2014 tournament . Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play ; the Irish team fell behind in two of their three group matches and only equalised late in both games . Losing finalists Argentina , meanwhile , scored only five goals in the entire tournament ( a record low for a finalist ) . Argentina also became the first team to advance twice on penalty shoot - outs and the first team to fail to score and have a player sent off in a World Cup final . Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the back - pass rule in time for the 1994 tournament to make it harder for teams to time - waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up . Three , rather than two points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play . Emergence of Cameroon ( edit ) Cameroon reached the quarter - finals , where they were narrowly defeated by England . They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina , before topping the group ahead of them , Romania and European Championship runners - up the Soviet Union . Their success was fired by the goals of Roger Milla , a 38 - year - old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President Paul Biya . Milla 's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament 's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight . Most of Cameroon 's squad was made up of players who played in France 's premier football league , Ligue 1 - French is one of the officially spoken languages in Cameroon , it being a former French territory . In reaching this stage , they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before ; a feat only equalled twice since ( by Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 ) . Their success was African football 's biggest yet on the world stage and FIFA subsequently decided to allocate the CAF qualifying zone an additional place for the next World Cup tournament . All - champion final four ( edit ) Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon , Colombia , Ireland , Romania and Costa Rica , the semi-finalists consisted of Argentina , England , Italy and West Germany , all previous World Cup winners , with eight previous titles between them . After the 1970 tournament , this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred . The teams which finished first , second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) All times are Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage In the following tables : Pld = total games played W = total games won D = total games drawn ( tied ) L = total games lost GF = total goals scored ( goals for ) GA = total goals conceded ( goals against ) GD = goal difference ( GF − GA ) Pts = total points accumulated The Group stage saw the twenty - four teams divided into six groups of four teams . Each group was a round - robin of six games , where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group . Teams were awarded two points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16 . The four best third - placed teams would also advance to the next stage . Typical of a World Cup staged in Europe , the matches all started at either 5 : 00 or 9 : 00 in the evening ; this allowed for the games to avoid being played in the heat of an Italian summer , which would soar past 86F ( 30C ) all over Italy . If teams were level on points , they were ranked on the following criteria in order : Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches If teams remained level after those criteria , a mini-group would be formed from those teams , who would be ranked on : Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie If teams remained level after all these criteria , FIFA would hold a drawing of lots Group a ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group A Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record . They beat Austria 1 -- 0 thanks to substitute Salvatore ' Totò ' Schillaci , who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament . A second 1 -- 0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovaks ended runners - up in the group , while the USA 's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Italy ( H ) 0 0 0 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Czechoslovakia 0 6 + 3 Austria 0 − 1 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 9 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 Austria Stadio Olimpico , Rome 10 June 1990 United States 1 -- 5 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 14 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 United States Stadio Olimpico , Rome 15 June 1990 Austria 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 19 June 1990 Italy 2 -- 0 Czechoslovakia Stadio Olimpico , Rome Austria 2 -- 1 United States Stadio Comunale , Florence Group B ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group B Cameroon defeated reigning champions Argentina . Despite ending the match with only nine men , the African team held on for a shock 1 -- 0 win , with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik : François Omam scoring the winning goal , shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul . In their second game the introduction of Roger Milla was the catalyst for a 2 -- 1 win over Romania , Milla scoring twice from the bench ( making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament ) . With progression assured , Cameroon slumped to a 4 -- 0 defeat in their final group game to the Soviet Union ( in what would be their last World Cup due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union ) , who were striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2 -- 0 defeats . Argentina lost their veteran goalkeeper , Nery Pumpido , to a broken leg during their victory over the USSR : his replacement , Sergio Goycochea , proved to be one of the stars of their tournament . In the final match , a 1 -- 1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through , equal on points and on goal difference but Romania having the advantage on goals scored : Romania were thus second , Argentina qualified as one of the best third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Cameroon 0 5 − 2 Advance to knockout stage Romania + 1 Argentina + 1 Soviet Union 0 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 8 June 1990 Argentina 0 -- 1 Cameroon San Siro , Milan 9 June 1990 Soviet Union 0 -- 2 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 13 June 1990 Argentina 2 -- 0 Soviet Union Stadio San Paolo , Naples 14 June 1990 Cameroon 2 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 18 June 1990 Argentina 1 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Paolo , Naples Cameroon 0 -- 4 Soviet Union Stadio San Nicola , Bari Group C ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group C Costa Rica beat Scotland 1 -- 0 in their first match , lost 1 -- 0 to Brazil in their second , then saw off Sweden 2 -- 1 to claim a place in the second round . Brazil took maximum points from the group . They began with a 2 -- 1 win over Sweden , then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1 -- 0 . Scotland 's 2 -- 1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest - ranked third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Costa Rica 0 + 1 Scotland 0 − 1 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 10 June 1990 Brazil 2 -- 1 Sweden Stadio delle Alpi , Turin 11 June 1990 Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 16 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Costa Rica Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 20 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Costa Rica Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Group D ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group D Group D featured the most goals of all the groups , most due to two large wins of West Germany and defensive inadequacies of a United Arab Emirates team that lost 2 -- 0 to Colombia , 5 -- 1 to West Germany and 4 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . The West Germans topped the group after a 4 -- 1 opening victory over group runners - up Yugoslavia . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification West Germany 0 10 + 7 5 Advance to knockout stage Yugoslavia 0 6 5 + 1 Colombia + 1 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 9 June 1990 United Arab Emirates 0 -- 2 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 10 June 1990 West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia San Siro , Milan 14 June 1990 Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 15 June 1990 West Germany 5 -- 1 United Arab Emirates San Siro , Milan 19 June 1990 West Germany 1 -- 1 Colombia San Siro , Milan Yugoslavia 4 -- 1 United Arab Emirates Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Group E ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group E The winners of Group E were Spain , for whom Michel hit a hat - trick as they beat South Korea 3 -- 1 in an unbeaten group campaign . Belgium won their first two games against South Korea and Uruguay to ensure their progress ; Uruguay 's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third - placed sides to remain in the tournament . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 5 + 3 5 Advance to knockout stage Belgium 0 6 + 3 Uruguay − 1 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 12 June 1990 Belgium 2 -- 0 South Korea Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona 13 June 1990 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 17 June 1990 Belgium 3 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 1 -- 3 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 21 June 1990 Belgium 1 -- 2 Spain Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 0 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Friuli , Udine Group F ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F , featured the Netherlands , England , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt . In the six group games , no team managed to score more than once in a match . England beat Egypt 1 -- 0 , the only match with a decisive result , and that was enough to win the group . The group containing England , Ireland and the Netherlands was remarkably similar to the group stage of the 1988 European Championship , which had eventually been won by the Netherlands , with England crashing out with three losses ( to Ireland , the Netherlands and the USSR ) and Ireland also narrowly failing to progress after losing to the Netherlands and drawing with the USSR . The results of the 1990 group , however , were different : England took the lead with an early goal for Lineker against Ireland , but Sheedy 's late equalizer gave them a share of the spoils . The Netherlands failed to replicate their form of two years earlier , only drawing against Egypt : they had taken a 1 - 0 lead , but without impressing , and Egypt were well worth their equalizer courtesy of a penalty by Abdelghani . England then had much the better of their goalless draw with the Netherlands : indeed they had the ball in the net once , from a free - kick by Pearce , but it was disallowed . For the second World Cup in succession , however , England lost their captain Bryan Robson to an injury which put him out of the tournament , just over halfway through their second match . Ireland and Egypt barely registered a shot on goal between them in the other 0 - 0 draw : after the first four matches all four teams had equal records with 2 draws , 1 goal for and 1 goal against . England 's victory over Egypt , thanks to a 58th - minute goal from Mark Wright , put them top of the group : in the other match , Gullit gave the Netherlands the lead against Ireland , but Niall Quinn scored a second - half equalizer and the two teams finished in second and third , still with identical records . Both teams qualified but they had to draw lots to place the teams in second and third place . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 + 1 Advance to knockout stage Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 Egypt 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records . With both teams assured of progressing , they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place . 11 June 1990 England 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 12 June 1990 Netherlands 1 -- 1 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 16 June 1990 England 0 -- 0 Netherlands Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 17 June 1990 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 21 June 1990 England 1 -- 0 Egypt Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Stadio La Favorita , Palermo Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina + 1 Advance to knockout stage Colombia + 1 Netherlands 0 0 0 Uruguay − 1 5 Austria 0 − 1 6 Scotland 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Ireland won the drawing of lots against the Netherlands for second place in Group F : the Netherlands were the only third - placed team not to have won any matches - or lost any : they progressed with three draws ( 3 points ) , ahead of Austria and Scotland who each had one win and two losses ( 2 points ) . Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were : round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , final . There was also a play - off to decide third / fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot - out ( five penalties each , if neither team already had a decisive advantage , and more if necessary ) to determine who progressed to the next round . Scores after extra time are indicated by ( aet ) and penalty shoot - outs are indicated by ( p ) . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 24 June -- Turin Brazil 0 30 June -- Florence Argentina Argentina ( p ) 0 ( 3 ) 26 June -- Verona Yugoslavia 0 ( 2 ) Spain 1 3 July -- Naples Yugoslavia ( aet ) Argentina ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 25 June -- Genoa Italy 1 ( 3 ) Republic of Ireland ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) 30 June -- Rome Romania 0 ( 4 ) Republic of Ireland 0 25 June -- Rome Italy Italy 8 July -- Rome Uruguay 0 Argentina 0 23 June -- Bari West Germany Czechoslovakia 1 July -- Milan Costa Rica 1 Czechoslovakia 0 24 June -- Milan West Germany West Germany 4 July -- Turin Netherlands 1 West Germany ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 23 June -- Naples England 1 ( 3 ) Third place Cameroon ( aet ) 1 July -- Naples 7 July -- Bari Colombia 1 Cameroon 2 Italy 26 June -- Bologna England ( aet ) England 1 England ( aet ) Belgium 0 All times listed are local ( UTC + 2 ) Round of 16 ( edit ) Two of the ties -- Brazil vs Argentina and Italy vs Uruguay -- pitted former champion countries against each other and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final . The all - South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea . It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquillisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time , to slow him down in the second half . Initially discredited by the press , Branco would be publicly proven right years later , when Maradona confessed the episode on a TV show in Argentina . As for Italy , a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2 -- 0 , thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena . The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan , and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs ( Germans Andreas Brehme , Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale , and Dutchmen Marco van Basten , Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan ) . After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents between the two players ( including Rijkaard spitting on Völler ) left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off . As the players walked off the pitch together , Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time . Early in the second half , Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left . A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2 -- 1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship . Meanwhile , the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia . Milla was introduced as a second - half substitute with the game goalless , eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time . Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper , René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal , leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net . Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2 -- 1 , Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter - finals . Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia , for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament 's second and final hat - trick . The Republic of Ireland 's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time and the Irish side won 5 -- 4 on penalties . David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland 's place in the quarter - finals . Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright . Yugoslavia beat Spain 2 -- 1 after extra time , with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs ' goals . England were the final qualifier against Belgium , as midfielder David Platt 's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot - out . 23 June 1990 17 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Colombia Milla 106 ' , 108 ' Report Redín 115 ' Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 50,026 Referee : Tullio Lanese ( Italy ) 23 June 1990 21 : 00 Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Costa Rica Skuhravý 12 ' , 63 ' , 82 ' Kubík 75 ' Report González 54 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 47,673 Referee : Siegfried Kirschen ( East Germany ) 24 June 1990 17 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 1 Argentina Report Caniggia 80 ' Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 61,381 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) 24 June 1990 21 : 00 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Klinsmann 51 ' Brehme 82 ' Report R. Koeman 89 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 74,559 Referee : Juan Carlos Loustau ( Argentina ) 25 June 1990 17 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Romania Report Penalties Sheedy Houghton Townsend Cascarino O'Leary 5 -- 4 Hagi Lupu Rotariu Lupescu Timofte Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Attendance : 31,818 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) 25 June 1990 21 : 00 Italy 2 -- 0 Uruguay Schillaci 65 ' Serena 83 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : George Courtney ( England ) 26 June 1990 17 : 00 Spain 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Salinas 83 ' Report Stojković 78 ' , 92 ' Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Aron Schmidhuber ( West Germany ) 26 June 1990 21 : 00 England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium Platt 119 ' Report Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Attendance : 34,520 Referee : Peter Mikkelsen ( Denmark ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side , reduced to 10 men after only half an hour , play out a goalless stalemate . The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 , despite Maradona having his penalty saved . A second Argentine miss ( by Pedro Troglio ) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea -- playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage -- rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs ' final two spotkicks . The Republic of Ireland 's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter - final with hosts Italy . West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty . The quarter - final between England and Cameroon was the only quarter - final to produce more than one goal . Despite Cameroon 's heroics earlier in the tournament , David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute . At half - time , Milla was brought on . In the second half , the game was turned on its head during a five - minute stretch : first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser ; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead . Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before they conceded a penalty , which Gary Lineker converted . Midway through extra time , England were awarded another penalty and Lineker again scored from the spot . England were through to the semi-finals for the first time since the days of Bobby Moore 24 years prior . 30 June 1990 17 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Report Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Maradona Troglio Dezotti 3 -- 2 Stojković Prosinečki Savićević Brnović Hadžibegić Stadio Comunale , Florence Attendance : 38,971 Referee : Kurt Röthlisberger ( Switzerland ) 30 June 1990 21 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Report Schillaci 38 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : Carlos Silva Valente ( Portugal ) 1 July 1990 17 : 00 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1 West Germany Report Matthäus 25 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 73,347 Referee : Helmut Kohl ( Austria ) 1 July 1990 21 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) England Kundé 61 ' ( pen . ) Ekéké 65 ' Report Platt 25 ' Lineker 83 ' ( pen . ) , 105 ' ( pen . ) Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 55,205 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final featured the host nation , Italy , and the world champions , Argentina in Naples . ' Toto ' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute , but Claudio Caniggia equalised midway through the second half , breaking Walter Zenga 's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament . There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona ( who played for Naples in Serie A at the time ) showing glimpses of magic , but there was a sending - off : Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time . Argentina went through on penalties , winning the shoot - out 4 -- 3 after more heroics from Goycochea . The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus 's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half - time . Then , in the 60th minute , a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net . England equalised with ten minutes left ; Gary Lineker was the scorer . The game ended 1 -- 1 . Extra time yielded more chances . Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post . England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside . The match went to penalties , and West Germany went on to win the shoot - out 4 -- 3 . 3 July 1990 20 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Caniggia 67 ' Report Schillaci 17 ' Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Olarticoechea Maradona 4 -- 3 Baresi Baggio De Agostini Donadoni Serena Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 59,978 Referee : Michel Vautrot ( France ) 4 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Brehme 60 ' Report Lineker 80 ' Penalties Brehme Matthäus Riedle Thon 4 -- 3 Lineker Beardsley Platt Pearce Waddle Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 62,628 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) Third - place play - off ( edit ) The game saw three goals in a 15 - minute spell . Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England 's goalkeeper Peter Shilton , in his final game before international retirement , presented a simple opportunity . A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later , leading to a penalty . Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament 's Golden Boot for his six - goal tally . Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later , but the hosts claimed third place . England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award , having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match . 7 July 1990 20 : 00 Italy 2 -- 1 England Baggio 71 ' Schillaci 86 ' ( pen . ) Report Platt 81 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 51,426 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Final The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest - quality of all World Cup Finals . In the 65th minute , Argentina 's Pedro Monzon - himself only recently on as a substitute - was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann . Monzon was the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final . Argentina , weakened by suspension and injury , offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans , who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities . The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany , after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini leading to Argentinian protests . Andreas Brehme converted the spot kick to settle the contest . In the closing moments , Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti , who had already been yellow carded earlier in the match , received a red card when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play . The 1 -- 0 scoreline provided another first : Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final . With its third title ( and three second - place finishes ) West Germany -- in its final tournament before national reunification -- became the most successful World Cup nation at the time . West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain ( in 1974 ) and manage a World Cup winning team , and only the second man ( after Mário Zagallo of Brazil ) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager . It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Goalscorers ( edit ) Salvatore Schillaci received the Golden Boot award for scoring six goals in the World Cup . This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour , after Paolo Rossi won the award in 1982 . In total , 115 goals were scored by 75 players ( none credited as own goals ) . 6 goals Salvatore Schillaci 5 goals Tomáš Skuhravý 4 goals Roger Milla Gary Lineker Míchel Lothar Matthäus 3 goals David Platt Andreas Brehme Jürgen Klinsmann Rudi Völler 2 goals Claudio Caniggia Careca Müller Bernardo Redín Michal Bílek Roberto Baggio Gabi Balint Marius Lăcătuș Davor Jozić Darko Pančev Dragan Stojković 1 goal Andreas Ogris Gerhard Rodax Jorge Burruchaga Pedro Monzón Pedro Troglio Jan Ceulemans Lei Clijsters Michel De Wolf Marc Degryse Enzo Scifo Patrick Vervoort Eugène Ekéké Emmanuel Kundé François Omam - Biyik Freddy Rincón Carlos Valderrama Juan Cayasso Róger Flores Rónald González Hernán Medford Ivan Hašek Luboš Kubík Milan Luhový Magdi Abdelghani Mark Wright Giuseppe Giannini Aldo Serena Ruud Gullit Wim Kieft Ronald Koeman Niall Quinn Kevin Sheedy Mo Johnston Stuart McCall Hwangbo Kwan Igor Dobrovolski Oleh Protasov Oleksandr Zavarov Andrei Zygmantovich Alberto Górriz Julio Salinas Tomas Brolin Johnny Ekström Glenn Strömberg Khalid Ismaïl Ali Thani Jumaa Paul Caligiuri Bruce Murray Pablo Bengoechea Daniel Fonseca Uwe Bein Pierre Littbarski Robert Prosinečki Safet Sušić Awards ( edit ) Golden Boot winner Golden Ball winner Best Young Player FIFA Fair Play Trophy Salvatore Schillaci Salvatore Schillaci Robert Prosinečki England All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann Final standings ( edit ) After the tournament , FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1990 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . Team GF GA GD Pts . West Germany 7 5 0 15 5 + 10 12 Argentina 7 5 + 1 7 Italy 7 6 0 10 + 8 13 England 7 8 6 + 2 9 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Yugoslavia 5 8 6 + 2 7 6 Czechoslovakia 5 0 10 5 + 5 6 7 Cameroon 5 0 7 9 - 2 6 8 Republic of Ireland 5 0 − 1 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Brazil 0 + 2 6 10 Spain 6 + 2 5 11 Belgium 0 6 + 2 12 Romania + 1 13 Costa Rica 0 6 − 2 14 Colombia 0 15 Netherlands 0 − 1 16 Uruguay 5 − 3 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Soviet Union 0 0 18 Austria 0 − 1 Scotland 0 − 1 20 Egypt 0 − 1 21 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 22 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 23 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 24 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Statistics ( edit ) Most wins : Italy ( 6 ) Most defeats : South Korea , Sweden , UAE , United States ( 3 ) First goal : François Omam Biyik ( for Cameroon vs Argentina ; Group B , 8 June ) Fastest goal in a match : 3 minutes 59 seconds -- Safet Sušić ( for Yugoslavia vs UAE ; Group D , 19 June ) Latest goal scored in a match ( apart from penalty shoot - outs ) : 119 minutes -- David Platt ( for England vs Belgium ; Round of 16 , 26 June ) Biggest win : 5 -- 1 -- by Czechoslovakia vs United States , and by West Germany vs UAE Most goals in the tournament ( team ) : West Germany ( 15 ) Most goals in the tournament ( player ) : Salvatore Schillaci ( Italy ) ( 6 ) Fewest goals in the tournament ( team ) : Egypt and South Korea ( 1 ) Most goals in a game : 6 ( United States 1 Czechoslovakia 5 ; West Germany 5 UAE 1 ) Most goals in a game ( player ) : 3 , by Míchel ( for Spain vs South Korea ) and Tomáš Skuhravý ( for Czechoslovakia vs Costa Rica ) Fewest goals conceded : Brazil , Egypt and Italy ( 2 ) Total goals scored : 115 ( average 2.21 goals per game , a record low in World Cup history ) Most clean sheets : Italy ( 5 ) Total penalties awarded : 18 ( 13 scored , 5 missed ) Most yellow cards in a game : 9 -- Austria vs United States ( Group A , 19 June ) Most yellow cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 22 ) Total yellow cards : 162 Most red cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 3 ) Total red cards : 16 ( a record high for a 24 team World Cup ) Highest attendance : 74,765 -- West Germany vs Yugoslavia ( Group D , 10 June ) Lowest attendance : 27,833 -- Yugoslavia vs UAE ( Group D , 19 June ) Average attendance : 48,391 ( 5th highest in World Cup history ) Oldest player : Peter Shilton ( England ) ( 40 years 292 days ) Youngest player : Rónald González Brenes ( Costa Rica ) ( 19 years 307 days ) Italy 's performance of 6 wins , 1 draw and 0 losses is the highest ever winning percentage for a team that did not win the World Cup . The Republic of Ireland became the second team in World Cup history to reach the last eight without winning a match ( Sweden progressed to the last eight by default in 1938 when Austria withdrew ) . See also ( edit ) Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match , a 2009 replay of the 1990 England Germany semi-final in honour of the England manager Bobby Robson References and footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 1990 '' . ESPN Soccernet. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup . HarperSport . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 722916 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Record -- Organisation '' . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup and Television '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Alta Definizione a Torino 1986 -- 2006 di Marzio Barbero e Natasha Shpuza '' . Crit.rai.it . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup TV viewing figures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy gain vote over Soviet rival '' . The Times . London . 21 May 1984 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 3 August 1983 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 2 September 1983 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup formats '' . The Times . London . 12 November 1983 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Romania could join the boycott '' . The Times . London . 22 May 1984 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico given ban in soccer '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/sports/world-cup-90-fan-violence-at-world-cup-finals.html Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-11/sports/sp-210_1_riot-police ^ Jump up to : `` WM 1990 Sonderheft '' . Kicker ( in German ) . May -- June 1990 . p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup ' 90 : The Complete Collection '' . Orbis . ^ Jump up to : `` England Is Seeded Sixth in 1990 World Cup in Italy '' . The New York Times . 8 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cup seedings revealed '' . The New York Times . 30 November 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times guide to the draw for the World Cup finals '' . The Times . London . 9 December 1989 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Paul ( 10 December 1989 ) . `` U.S. must face Italy in cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup Final Draw history '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mascots '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Como Maradona `` envenenou '' Branco na Copa de 90 `` . UOL . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England v West Germany at Italia ' 90 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 9 July 1990 ) . `` Winning Ugly , Losing Ugly , Just Plain Ugly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A poor display bare of class '' . The Times . London . 9 July 1990 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2018 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber and Faber . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 32556 - 6 . After half - time , the game grew harsher , when Klaus Augenthaler was blantanly tripped in the box by Goycoecha , Germany had far stronger claims for a penalty than that which won the match . Sensini bought down Völler in the area Codesal gave a penalty , Argentina protested furiously , and seemed to have a pretty good case . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1990 in Italy - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Figure does not include shoot - outs ; penalties were missed during games by : Michal Bílek ( Czechoslovakia v USA ) , Rubén Sosa ( Uruguay v Spain ) , Faruk Hadžibegić ( Yugoslavia v Colombia ) , Gianluca Vialli ( Italy v USA ) and Enzo Scifo ( Belgium v Spain ) Jump up ^ Figure does not include second yellow cards that led to a red card Jump up ^ Argentina defeated Italy in the semi-finals by a penalty shoot - out which , by FIFA regulations counts as a draw for statistical reasons . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1990 . 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) , ( Part 2 ) , ( Part 3 ) , ( Part 4 ) , ( Part 5 ) and ( Part 6 ) Planet World Cup -- Italy 1990 1990 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Cameroon v Colombia Final General information Qualification Squads Matches Discipline 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - finals Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1990 FIFA World Cup stadiums San Nicola ( Bari ) Renato Dall'Ara ( Bologna ) Sant'Elia ( Cagliari ) Comunale ( Florence ) Luigi Ferraris ( Genoa ) San Siro ( Milan ) San Paolo ( Napoli ) La Favorita ( Palermo ) Olimpico ( Rome ) Stadio delle Alpi ( Turin ) Friuli ( Udine ) Marcantonio Bentegodi ( Verona ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 2111663 - 5 SUDOC : 172044820 VIAF : 150781541 Association football portal 1990s portal Italy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854640519 '' Categories : 1990 FIFA World Cup 1990 in association football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Italy 1989 -- 90 in Italian football June 1990 sports events in Europe July 1990 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who finished 3rd in the 1990 world cup	[ "1990 FIFA World CupCoppa del Mondo FIFA Italia '90\n1990 FIFA World Cup official logoTournament detailsHost country\nItalyDates\n8 June – 8 July (31 days)Teams\n24 (from 5 confederations)Venue(s)\n12 (in 12 host cities)Final positionsChampions\n West Germany (3rd title)Runners-up\n ArgentinaThird place\n ItalyFourth place\n EnglandTournament statisticsMatches played\n52Goals scored\n115 (2.21 per match)Attendance\n2,516,215 (48,389 per match)Top scorer(s)\n Salvatore Schillaci (6 goals)Best player\n Salvatore SchillaciBest young player\n Robert ProsinečkiFair play award\n England\n← 1986 1994 → " ]	[ "Italy" ]
4291538326684876784	The Matrimony (song)	The Matrimony ( song ) - Wikipedia The Matrimony ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Matrimony '' Single by Wale featuring Usher from the album The Album About Nothing Released March 2 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Hip hop R&B Length 6 : 35 4 : 14 ( radio edit ) Label Maybach Music Group Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Olubowale Akintimehin Usher Raymond IV Sam Dew Jacob Dutton Daniel Tannenbaum Khalil Abdul - Rahman Charlie B Producer ( s ) Jake One DJ Khalil Marcè Reazon Wale singles chronology `` Ride Out '' ( 2015 ) `` The Matrimony '' ( 2015 ) `` Coffee '' ( 2015 ) `` Ride Out '' ( 2015 ) `` The Matrimony '' ( 2015 ) `` Coffee '' ( 2015 ) Usher singles chronology `` I Do n't Mind '' ( 2014 ) I Do n't Mind 2014 `` The Matrimony '' ( 2015 ) The Matrimony2015 `` Do n't Look Down '' ( 2015 ) Do n't Look Down 2015 `` The Matrimony '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist Wale . It was released on March 2 , 2015 , as the second single from his fourth studio album The Album About Nothing ( 2015 ) . The song , produced by Jake One , features a guest appearance from Usher . The song begins with a monologue from Jerry Seinfeld . The song samples artist Daniel `` Danny Keyz '' Tannenbaum . The song has peaked at number 70 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Music video ( edit ) A music video for `` The Matrimony '' was released on June 8 , 2015 . It was directed by Sarah McColgan . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 70 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 17 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - The Matrimony ( feat . Usher ) - Single by Wale '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2015 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Wale feat . Usher -- ' The Matrimony ' '' . Rap - Up . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wale f / Usher `` The Matrimony '' ( Sarah McColgan , dir . ) `` . VideoStatic . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wale -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Wale . Jump up ^ `` Wale -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Wale . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Wale -- The Matrimony '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Official music video on YouTube Official audio on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Wale Discography Studio albums Attention Deficit ( 2009 ) Ambition ( 2011 ) The Gifted ( 2013 ) The Album About Nothing ( 2015 ) Shine ( 2017 ) Compilations Self Made Vol. 1 ( with MMG ) ( 2011 ) Self Made Vol. 2 ( with MMG ) ( 2012 ) Self Made Vol. 3 ( with MMG ) ( 2013 ) Mixtapes 100 Miles & Running ( 2007 ) The Mixtape About Nothing ( 2008 ) Folarin ( 2012 ) Singles `` Chillin '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` Lotus Flower Bomb '' `` Bag of Money '' `` Bad '' `` LoveHate Thing '' `` Poor Decisions '' `` Clappers '' `` The Body '' `` Ride Out '' `` The Matrimony '' `` My PYT '' `` Running Back '' Featured singles `` Change '' `` No Hands '' `` I 'm On '' `` Freaxxx '' `` In & Out '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Bad Ass '' `` Bounce It '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Coffee '' Related articles The Board Administration Maybach Music Group Roc Nation Usher songs Usher `` Can U Get wit It '' `` Think of You '' `` The Many Ways '' My Way `` You Make Me Wanna ... '' `` Nice & Slow '' `` My Way '' 8701 `` Pop Ya Collar '' `` U Remind Me '' `` U Got It Bad '' `` U Do n't Have to Call '' `` U-Turn '' Confessions `` Yeah ! '' `` Confessions Part II '' `` Burn '' `` Caught Up '' `` My Boo '' Here I Stand `` Love in This Club '' `` Trading Places '' `` Moving Mountains '' `` What 's Your Name '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Here I Stand '' Raymond v. Raymond `` Papers '' `` Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) '' `` Lil Freak '' `` OMG '' `` There Goes My Baby '' `` More '' Versus `` DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love '' `` Hot Tottie '' `` Lay You Down '' `` Somebody to Love ( Remix ) '' Looking 4 Myself `` Climax '' `` Scream '' `` Lemme See '' `` Dive '' `` Numb '' Hard II Love `` No Limit '' `` Crash '' `` Missin U '' `` Champions '' `` Rivals '' Collaborations `` The Party Continues '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part One ) '' `` Lovers and Friends '' `` Same Girl '' `` Better on the Other Side '' `` First Dance '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Fed Up '' `` Dirty Dancer '' `` The Christmas Song '' `` Promise '' `` Without You '' `` Touch'N You '' `` Rest of My Life '' `` Go Missin ' '' `` New Flame '' `` Body Language '' `` The Matrimony '' `` Do n't Look Down '' `` Back to Sleep '' ( Remix ) `` Crush '' `` Party '' Non-album songs `` Call Me a Mack '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' `` Good Kisser '' `` She Came to Give It to You '' `` I Do n't Mind '' `` Chains '' This 2010s hip hop single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Matrimony_(song)&oldid=797746387 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs Wale ( rapper ) songs Usher ( singer ) songs Maybach Music Group singles Atlantic Records singles Songs written by Usher ( musician ) Songs written by Wale ( rapper ) Songs written by DJ Khalil Song recordings produced by DJ Khalil Songs about marriage Songs written by Sam Dew 2010s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 23 : 06 . About Wikipedia	who is talking at the beginning of wale matrimony	[ "\"The Matrimony\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Wale. It was released on March 2, 2015, as the second single from his fourth studio album The Album About Nothing (2015). The song, produced by Jake One, features a guest appearance from Usher. The song begins with a monologue from Jerry Seinfeld. The song samples artist Daniel \"Danny Keyz\" Tannenbaum. [1] The song has peaked at number 70 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart." ]	[ "Jerry Seinfeld" ]
3019376351388606116	New Delhi	New Delhi - Wikipedia New Delhi Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the New Delhi district , capital of India , located within the city of Delhi . For other uses , see New Delhi ( disambiguation ) . New Delhi Capital city and District Clockwise from top left : Secretariat Building , Connaught Place , Jantar Mantar , Rashtrapati Bhavan , India Gate New Delhi Location in Delhi State New Delhi New Delhi ( India ) Show map of Delhi Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 28 ° 36 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 32 '' E / 28.61389 ° N 77.20889 ° E / 28.61389 ; 77.20889 Coordinates : 28 ° 36 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 32 '' E / 28.61389 ° N 77.20889 ° E / 28.61389 ; 77.20889 Country India Union territory Delhi Established 1911 Inaugurated 1931 Area Capital city 42.7 km ( 16.5 sq mi ) Elevation 216 m ( 709 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Capital city 257,803 Density 6,000 / km ( 16,000 / sq mi ) Metro ( 2016 ) 27,928,000 Demonym ( s ) Delhiite Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Pincode ( s ) 110xxx Area code ( s ) + 91 - 11 Vehicle registration DL - 1x - x-xxxx to DL - 14x - x-xxxx Civic agency New Delhi Municipal Council Website www.ndmc.gov.in The city of New Delhi is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi . New Delhi ( / ˌnjuː ˈdɛli / ( listen ) ) is the capital of India and one of Delhi city 's 11 districts . Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi , these are two distinct entities , with New Delhi forming a small part of Delhi . The National Capital Region is a much larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi along with adjoining districts . It is surrounded by Haryana on three sides and Uttar Pradesh on the east . The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V , Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911 . It was designed by British architects , Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker . The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931 , by Viceroy and Governor - General of India Lord Irwin . New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Post-independence 2 Geography 2.1 Seismology 2.2 Climate 2.3 Air quality 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Government 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Historic sites , museums and gardens 7 Transport 7.1 Air 7.2 Road 7.3 Railway 7.4 Metro 8 Cityscape 8.1 Architecture 9 Sports 10 Aerial view of New Delhi 11 International relations and organisations 11.1 Sister cities 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Lord Curzon and Lady Curzon arriving at the Delhi Durbar , 1903 . The Delhi Durbar of 1911 , with King George V and Queen Mary seated upon the dais . Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911 . Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate , most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857 . During the early 1900s , a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire , as India was officially named , from Calcutta on the east coast , to Delhi . The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India . The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894 . On 12 December 1911 , during the Delhi Durbar , George V , then Emperor of India , along with Queen Mary , his Consort , made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi , while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy 's residence in the Coronation Park , Kingsway Camp . The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911 , during their imperial visit . Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens , who first visited Delhi in 1912 , and Herbert Baker , both leading 20th - century British architects . The contract was given to Sobha Singh . The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad , inside the Tughlaqabad fort , but this was given up because of the Delhi - Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort . Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931 . The city that was later dubbed `` Lutyens ' Delhi '' was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin , the Viceroy . Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain 's imperial aspirations . The 1931 series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government . The one rupee stamp shows George V with the `` Secretariat Building '' and Dominion Columns . Soon Lutyens started considering other places . Indeed , the Delhi Town Planning Committee , set up to plan the new imperial capital , with George Swinton as chairman and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members , submitted reports for both North and South sites . However , it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high . The central axis of New Delhi , which today faces east at India Gate , was previously meant to be a north - south axis linking the Viceroy 's House at one end with Paharganj at the other . During the project 's early years , many tourists believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself . Eventually , owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side , the committee settled on the South site . A site atop the Raisina Hill , formerly Raisina Village , a Meo village , was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan , then known as the Viceroy 's House . The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel , which was also considered the site of Indraprastha , the ancient region of Delhi . Subsequently , the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 -- 1912 , where the Coronation Pillar stood , and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat . The Rajpath , also known as King 's Way , stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan . The Secretariat building , the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India , and the Parliament House , both designed by Baker , are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath . In the south , land up to Safdarjung 's Tomb was acquired to create what is today known as Lutyens ' Bungalow Zone . Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill , a circular railway line around the Council House ( now Parliament House ) , called the Imperial Delhi Railway , was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years . The last stumbling block was the Agra - Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All - India War Memorial ( India Gate ) and Kingsway ( Rajpath ) , which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time . The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river , and it began operating in 1924 . The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city 's inauguration in 1931 . As construction of the Viceroy 's House ( the present Rashtrapati Bhavan ) , Central Secretariat , Parliament House , and All - India War Memorial ( India Gate ) was winding down , the building of a shopping district and a new plaza , Connaught Place , began in 1929 , and was completed by 1933 . Named after Prince Arthur , 1st Duke of Connaught ( 1850 -- 1942 ) , it was designed by Robert Tor Russell , chief architect to the Public Works Department ( PWD ) . After the capital of India moved to Delhi , a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi . Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the ' Old secretariat ' in Old Delhi ( the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly ) , a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931 . Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India , including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency . Subsequently , housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s . Built in the 1940s , to house government employees , with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area , Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens , was the last residential areas built by the British Raj . Post-independence ( edit ) Rashtrapati Bhavan , the home of the President of India . After India gained independence in 1947 , a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India . In 1966 , Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor . The Constitution ( Sixty - ninth Amendment ) Act , 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi . A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers , excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government . The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993 . The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens ' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department ( CPWD ) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens ' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri , where land was allotted for embassies , chanceries , high commissions and residences of ambassadors , around a wide central vista , Shanti Path . Geography ( edit ) With a total area of 42.7 km ( 16.5 sq mi ) , New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area . Since the city is located on the Indo - Gangetic Plain , there is little difference in elevation across the city . New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravali Range ; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge , which is also called the Lungs of Delhi . While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River , it is essentially a landlocked city . East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara . New Delhi falls under the seismic zone - IV , making it vulnerable to earthquakes . Seismology ( edit ) New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes , most of them of mild intensity . There has , however , been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years , most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal , a 4.7 - magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007 , a 4.2 - magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011 , a 5.2 - magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012 , and a swarm of twelve earthquakes , including four of magnitudes 2.5 , 2.8 , 3.1 , and 3.3 , on 12 November 2013 . Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate of Delhi The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon - influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) bordering a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh ) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall . The temperature varies from 46 ° C ( 115 ° F ) in summers to around 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in winters . The area 's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers , relatively dry and mild winters , a monsoonal period , and dust storms . Summers are long , extending from early April to October , with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer . Winter starts in November and peaks in January . The annual mean temperature is around 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) ; monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 ° C ( 57 to 93 ° F ) . New Delhi 's highest temperature ever recorded is 48.4 ° C ( 119.1 ° F ) on June 28 , 1883 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is − 2.2 ° C ( 28.0 ° F ) on January 11 , 1967 , both of which are recorded at Indira Gandhi International Airport ( formerly known as Palam Airport ) . The average annual rainfall is 714 millimetres ( 28.1 in ) , most of which is during the monsoons in July and August . ( hide ) Climate data for New Delhi ( Safdarjung ) 1981 -- 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 34.1 ( 93.4 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 45.6 ( 114.1 ) 47.2 ( 117 ) 46.7 ( 116.1 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 42.0 ( 107.6 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 47.2 ( 117 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 39.2 ( 102.6 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 34.1 ( 93.4 ) 34.1 ( 93.4 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 19.3 ( 0.76 ) 22.1 ( 0.87 ) 15.9 ( 0.626 ) 13.0 ( 0.512 ) 31.5 ( 1.24 ) 82.2 ( 3.236 ) 187.3 ( 7.374 ) 232.5 ( 9.154 ) 129.8 ( 5.11 ) 14.3 ( 0.563 ) 4.9 ( 0.193 ) 9.4 ( 0.37 ) 762.3 ( 30.012 ) Average rainy days 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.2 2.5 4.6 9.4 9.8 5.5 1.0 0.5 0.9 40.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 63 55 47 34 33 46 70 73 62 52 55 62 54 Mean monthly sunshine hours 214.6 216.1 239.1 261.0 263.1 196.5 165.9 177.0 219.0 269.3 247.2 215.8 2,684.6 Source # 1 : India Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) Source # 2 : NOAA ( extremes , sun and humidity , 1971 -- 1990 ) Air quality ( edit ) In recent Mercer 's 2015 annual quality - of - living survey , New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution . The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world 's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world . In 2016 , United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth . Dense smog at Connaught Place , New Delhi . In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi , which gets worse during the winter , a temporary alternate - day travel scheme for cars using the odd - and even - numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015 . In addition , trucks were to be allowed to enter India 's capital only after 11 pm , two hours later than the existing restriction . The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days . The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm , and traffic was not restricted on Sundays . Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period . On 16 December 2015 , the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi 's transportation system to curb pollution . Among the measures , the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016 . The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016 . Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital . Analysing real - time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd - even program , average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent ( 2.8 standard deviation from normal ) . This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption . `` In bordering areas , PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 ( ug / m3 ) while in inner areas in Delhi , they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average . '' However , the subcity of Dwarka , located in the southwest district , has a substantially low level of air pollution . At the NSIT University campus , located in sector 3 Dwarka , pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM . On 7 November 2017 , the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels . The highest being in the Punjabi Bagh district with an Air Quality Index of 999 and in the RK Puram district with an index of 852 . The lowest index recorded was in the Anand Vihar district with an index of 319 . Levels of PM2. 5 were recorded at 710μg / m3 , more than 11 times the World Health Organisation 's safe limit . 2015 Air pollution in New Delhi ( PM2. 5 AQI ) . Hazardous Very Unhealthy Unhealthy Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Moderate Good Demographics ( edit ) New Delhi has a population of 257,803 . Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city . English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes . New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38 % according to 2011 census , which is highest in Delhi . Religion ( edit ) Laxminarayan Temple ( Birla Mandir ) a Hindu temple in New Delhi The Sacred Heart Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral and designed by British architect Henry Medd based on Italian architecture . Gurudwara Bangla Sahib a Sikh gurdwara in New Delhi . Except for Hinduism , the proportions of other religions are different and relatively lower in New Delhi as compared to entire NCT . According to 2011 census , Hinduism is the religion of 89.8 % of New Delhi 's population . There are also communities of Muslims ( 4.5 % ) , Christians ( 2.9 % ) , Sikhs ( 2.0 % ) , Jains ( 0.4 % ) . Other religious groups include Parsis , Buddhists and Jews . Religion in New Delhi ( NDMC ) Religion Percent Hinduism 89.82 % Islam 4.50 % Christianity 2.93 % Sikhism 1.97 % Jainism 0.42 % Others 0.36 % Government ( edit ) Main articles : Government of Delhi and Department of Police , Delhi The Secretariat Building houses Ministries of Defence , Finance , Home Affairs and External Affairs . It also houses the Prime Minister 's office . The national capital of India , New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi , it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory ( NCT ) of Delhi . As of 2015 , the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson , three members of New Delhi 's Legislative Assembly , two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government . The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial , as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers . According to the Indian constitution , if a law passed by Delhi 's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India , then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly . New Delhi is governed through a municipal government , known as the New Delhi Municipal Council ( NDMC ) . Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi ( MCD ) . However , the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi . Economy ( edit ) See also : Category : Companies based in New Delhi Connaught Place in Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India . It has an estimated net State Domestic Product ( FY 2010 ) of ₹ 1,595 billion ( US $24 billion ) in nominal terms and ~ ₹ 6,800 billion ( US $100 billion ) in PPP terms . As of 2013 , the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000 , second highest in India after Goa . GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012 -- 13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion ( short scale ) against Rs 3.11 trillion ( short scale ) in 2011 -- 12 . Connaught Place , one of North India 's largest commercial and financial centres , is located in the northern part of New Delhi . Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road , ITO are also major commercial centres . Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi . The city 's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English - speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies . Key service industries include information technology , telecommunications , hotels , banking , media and tourism . The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39 , but overall the capital is ranked at 37 , above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg . New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia - Pacific markets . The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually . According to the Economic Survey of Delhi , the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product ( SDP ) of Rs. 830.85 billion ( for the year 2004 -- 05 ) and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976 ( $1,200 ) . In the year 2008 -- 09 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs . 116,886 ( $2,595 ). It grew by 16.2 % to reach Rs. 135,814 ( $3,018 ) in 2009 -- 10 fiscal . New Delhi 's Per Capita GDP ( at PPP ) was at $6,860 during 2009 -- 10 fiscal , making it one of the richest cities in India . The tertiary sector contributes 78.4 % of Delhi 's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2 % and 1.4 % contribution respectively . The gross state domestic product ( GSDP ) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011 -- 12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion ( short scale ) , which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal . Culture ( edit ) New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system . The city 's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays . National events such as Republic Day , Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti ( Gandhi 's birthday ) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India . On India 's Independence Day ( 15 August ) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort . Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites , which are considered a symbol of freedom . The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India 's cultural diversity and military might . Religious festivals include Diwali ( the festival of light ) , Maha Shivaratri , Teej , Durga Puja , Mahavir Jayanti , Guru Nanak Jayanti , Holi , Lohri , Eid ul - Fitr , Eid ul - Adha , Raksha Bandhan , Christmas and Chhath Puja . The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night , with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event . Other events such as Kite Flying Festival , International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami ( the Spring Festival ) are held every year in Delhi . There are also a number of Iglesia ni Cristo members , most of them Filipinos and some Indians who are married to the members . In 2007 , the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics . It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama . Historic sites , museums and gardens ( edit ) The National Museum in New Delhi is one of the largest museums in India . New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums . The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947 -- 48 was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949 . Later it was to form a permanent National Museum . On 15 August 1949 , the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art , both of Indian and foreign origin , covering over 5,000 years . The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo - Afghan War. The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted . The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs - Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi . The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January . The Beating retreat takes place here 2 days later . The Rajghat , the final resting place of Mahatma Gandhi . Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948 . Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River . The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta . Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur . It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments . The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables , and to predict the times and movements of the sun , moon and planets . New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum , National Gallery of Modern Art , National Museum of Natural History , National Rail Museum , National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum , National Philatelic Museum , Nehru Planetarium , Shankar 's International Dolls Museum . and Supreme Court of India Museum . In the coming years , a new National War Memorial and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi for ₹ 4,000 million ( US $61 million ) . New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring . The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens . In addition , there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate , the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate , the gardens along Shanti Path , the Rose Garden , Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri . Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover , as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city . The New Delhi Municipal Council ( NDMC ) area was declared the cleanest in North India , based on solid waste management , access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness , under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017 . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Delhi New Delhi railway station The Delhi Metro A view of Delhi Faridabad Skyway The Delhi - Gurgaon Expressway , connecting Delhi to the Indira Gandhi International Airport The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway ( DND Flyway ) Air ( edit ) Indira Gandhi International Airport , situated to the southwest of Delhi , is the main gateway for the city 's domestic and international civilian air traffic . In 2012 -- 13 , the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers , making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia . Terminal 3 , which cost ₹ 96.8 billion ( US $1.5 billion ) to construct between 2007 and 2010 , handles an additional 37 million passengers annually . The Delhi Flying Club , established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara , was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929 , when it was the Delhi 's only airport and the second in India . The airport functioned until 2001 , however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001 . Since then , the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses , and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister . In 2010 , Indira Gandhi International Airport ( IGIA ) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15 -- 25 million category , and Best Improved Airport in the Asia - Pacific Region by Airports Council International . The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25 -- 40 million passengers category in 2015 , by Airports Council International . Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia / India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia / India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015 . Road ( edit ) New Delhi has one of India 's largest bus transport systems . Buses are operated by the state - owned Delhi Transport Corporation ( DTC ) , which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas ( CNG ) - fueled buses in the world . Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads . New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India . Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers . New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around 15 - 20 kmph in peak hours in the city . Important Roads in New Delhi Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi 's road infrastructure : Inner Ring Road is one of the most important `` state highways '' in New Delhi . It is a 51 km long circular road , which connects important areas in New Delhi . Owing to more than 2 dozen grade - separators / flyovers , the road is almost signal - free . Outer Ring Road is another major artery in New Delhi that links far - flung areas of Delhi . The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway ( DND Flyway ) is an eight - laned access controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi and Delhi to Noida ( an important satellite city of Uttar Pradesh ) . The acronym DND stands for `` Delhi - Noida Direct '' . ' The Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is a 28 km ( 17 mi ) expressway connecting New Delhi to Gurgaon , an important satellite city of Haryana . The Delhi Faridabad Skyway is controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi to Faridabad , an important satellite city of Haryana . National Highways passing through New Delhi New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways : National Highway 19 ( India ) ( old number : NH 2 ) , commonly referred as Delhi - Kolkata Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of Delhi , Haryana , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Jharkhand , and West Bengal . National Highway 44 ( India ) is a National Highway that connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari and passes through Delhi . National Highway 48 ( India ) is a National Highway that connects New Delhi with Chennai . National Highway 9 ( India ) is a National Highway that connects Malout in Punjab to Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand and passes through Delhi . Railway ( edit ) Station Name Station Code Railway Zone Total Platforms New Delhi NDLS Northern Railway 16 Old Delhi DLI Northern Railway 16 Hazrat Nizamuddin NZM Northern Railway 7 Anand Vihar Terminal ANVT Northern Railway 7 Delhi Sarai Rohilla DEE Northern Railway 7 New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway . The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station , Old Delhi , Nizamuddin Railway Station , Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla . The Delhi Metro , a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation ( DMRC ) , serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad , Gurgaon , Noida and Ghaziabad . As of December 2016 , the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 213 km ( 132 mi ) and 160 stations . Several other lines are under construction and expected to be commissioned in 2017 adding another 150 km length . It carries almost 3 million passengers every day . In addition to the Delhi Metro , a suburban railway , the Delhi Suburban Railway exists . Metro ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi , Delhi , Gurgaon , Faridabad , Noida , and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India . Delhi Metro is the world 's 12th largest metro system in terms of length . Delhi Metro was India 's first modern public transportation system , which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast , reliable , safe , and comfortable means of transport . Presently , the Delhi Metro network consists of 213 kilometres ( 132 miles ) of track , with 160 stations along with six more stations of the Airport Express Link . The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach NOIDA and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh , Gurgaon and faridabad in Haryana . All stations have escalators , elevators , and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains . It has a combination of elevated , at - grade , and underground lines , and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock . Four types of rolling stock are used : Mitsubishi - ROTEM Broad gauge , Bombardier MOVIA , Mitsubishi - ROTEM Standard gauge , and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study , Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi . Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited ( DMRC ) , a state - owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi . However , the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development , Government of India . Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro , DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail , monorail and high - speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad . The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan , the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the `` Metro Man '' of India . He famously resigned from DMRC , taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives . Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro . Cityscape ( edit ) Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official residence of the President of India and is the largest residence of any head of state in the world . Much of New Delhi , planned by the leading 20th - century British architect Edwin Lutyens , was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain 's imperial ambitions . New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath . The Rajpath , or King 's Way , stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate . The Janpath ( Hindi : `` Path of the People '' ) , formerly Queen 's Way , begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles . 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath ( Hindi : `` Path of Peace '' ) , making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India . At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan ( formerly known as Viceroy 's House ) which sits atop Raisina Hill . The Secretariat , which houses ministries of the Government of India , flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan . The Parliament House , designed by Herbert Baker , is located at the Sansad Marg , which runs parallel to the Rajpath . Connaught Place is a large , circular commercial area in New Delhi , modelled after the Royal Crescent in England . Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place , one of them being the Janpath . Architecture ( edit ) The New Delhi town plan , like its architecture , was chosen with one single chief consideration : to be a symbol of British power and supremacy . All other decisions were subordinate to this , and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture . It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911 . Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources ; however , they fit into a British Classical / Palladian tradition . The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell . Sports ( edit ) The 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony in Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium . In the foreground is the aerostat The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot - race . The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games . New Delhi was interested in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games . Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Ambedkar Stadium , Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex , Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex . Club Sport League Venue Span Delhi Daredevils Cricket IPL Feroz Shah Kotla Ground 2008 -- present Delhi Wizards Field hockey WSH Dhyan Chand National Stadium 2011 -- present Delhi Waveriders Field hockey HIL Dhyan Chand National Stadium 2013 -- present Delhi Acers Badminton PBL DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium 2015 -- present Dabang Delhi Kabaddi PKL Thyagaraj Sports Complex 2014 -- present Delhi Dynamos FC Football ISL Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2014 -- present Indian Aces Tennis IPTL Indira Gandhi Arena 2014 -- present Dilli Veer Wrestling PWL K.D. Jadhav Wrestling Stadium 2015 -- present Aerial View of New Delhi ( edit ) Aerial View Of New Delhi . Clicking on a building in the picture causes the browser to load the existing article about that building . International relations and organisations ( edit ) Main article : Declaration of Delhi See also : List of diplomatic missions in India 4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi in 2012 and First plenary session of the Asian Regional Conference of International Labour Organization in New Delhi on October 1947 . The city is home to numerous international organisations . The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia - Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi . New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP , UNODC , UNESCO , UNICEF , WFP , UNV , UNCTAD , FAO , UNFPA , WHO , World Bank , ILO , IMF , UNIFEM , IFC and UNAIDS . UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city . New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions . Summits , Conferences and Conventions New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983 , 4th BRICS Summit in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015 . It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017 . Sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in India Moscow , Russia Beijing , China ( 2013 ) Samarkand , Uzbekistan See also ( edit ) Delhi Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Faridabad Delhi portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amanda Briney . `` Geography of New Delhi '' . About.com Education . ^ Jump up to : `` New Delhi ( Delhi , India ) : Population Statistics in Maps and Charts '' . City Population . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Cities in 2016 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . October 2016 . p. 4 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. 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Kumar , Pushpam ( February 2009 ) . `` Assessment of Economic Drivers of Land Use Change in Urban Ecosystems of Delhi , India '' . AMBIO. 38 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 39 . doi : 10.1579 / 0044 - 7447 - 38.1. 35 . Ridley , Jane . `` Edwin Lutyens , New Delhi , and the Architecture of Imperialism , '' Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History , May 1998 , Vol. 26 Issue 2 , pp 67 -- 83 . Bardiar , Nilendra. ( 2014 ) . Urban , Cultural , Economic and Social Transformation : History of New Delhi 1947 -- 65 . New Delhi : Ruby Press & Co . ISBN 978 - 93 - 82395 - 49 - 2 . Sonne , Wolfgang . Representing the State : Capital City Planning in the Early Twentieth Century ( 2003 ) 367pp ; compares New Delhi , Canberra , Washington & Berlin . Pothen , Nayantara. ( 2012 ) . Glittering Decades New Delhi in Love and War . Penguin . pp. 288 pages . ISBN 978 - 0670086009 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who shifted the capital of india from calcutta to delhi	[ "Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.[8] The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India.[8]" ]	[ "The Government of British India" ]
-5185321342396037862	Royal Cemetery at Ur	Royal Cemetery at Ur - wikipedia Royal Cemetery at Ur Ur Arabic : أور ‎ Shown within Iraq Location Tell el - Muqayyar , Dhi Qar Province , Iraq Region Mesopotamia Coordinates 30 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 46 ° 06 ′ 22 '' E / 30.9615 ° N 46.1061 ° E / 30.9615 ; 46.1061 Coordinates : 30 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 46 ° 06 ′ 22 '' E / 30.9615 ° N 46.1061 ° E / 30.9615 ; 46.1061 Type Settlement History Founded c. 3800 BC Abandoned after 500 BC Periods Ubaid period to Iron Age Cultures Sumerian Site notes Excavation dates 1853 - 1854 , 1922 - 1934 Archaeologists John Taylor , Leonard Woolley The Royal Cemetery at Ur is an archaeological site in modern - day Dhi Qar Governorate in southern Iraq . The initial excavations at Ur took place between 1922 and 1934 under the direction of Leonard Woolley in association with the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Contents 1 Discovery 2 The site 2.1 Puabi 2.2 Burial practices 3 Grave goods 3.1 Cylinder seals 3.2 Jewelry and metalwork 3.3 Pottery 3.4 Musical instruments 3.5 Ram in a Thicket 3.6 The Standard of Ur 4 Present day 4.1 New theories 4.2 State of the royal tombs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Discovery ( edit ) The process was begun in 1922 by digging trial trenches , in order for Woolley to get an idea of the layout of the ancient city . In one trench where initially nothing was discovered , head archaeologist Leonard Woolley decided to dig deeper . There , clay vases , limestone bowls , small bronze objects and assorted beads were found . Woolley thought that there may have been gold beads and , to entice the workers to turn them in when found , Woolley offered a sum of money -- this led to the discovery of the gold beads after the workers repurchased them from the goldsmiths they sold them to . Dishonesty of the workers was an issue , but not the only in the preliminary digs . The locals hired to help had no previous experience in archaeology , leading Woolley to abandon what they referred to as the `` gold trench '' for four years , until the workers became more well versed in archaeological digs . In addition , archaeology was still in the beginning stages as a field . As a result , gold objects were identified by an expert who dated them to the `` Late Babylonian '' ( c. 700 BC ) , when in fact they dated back to the reign of Sargon I ( c. 2300 BC ) . The cemetery at Ur included just over 2000 burials . Amongst these burials were sixteen tombs identified by Woolley as `` royal '' terms based on their size and structure , variety and richness of grave goods as well as the existence of artifacts associated with mass ritual . The site ( edit ) The ruins of the ancient city of Ur can be found in the desert of southern Iraq . The city remained abandoned after the Euphrates River changed its course more than two millennia ago . Early archaeologists , however , dug into the surface and recovered graves , some of which had royal names inscribed on them . Woolley began his excavation in 1922 on behalf of the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology . However , the actual discovery of the cemetery and its royal tombs was four years later after the excavation started . The large cemetery was in operation for at least three centuries during the second half of the third millennium BC . Most of the graves were individual burials that had cut into one another . Male and female corpses were found with their belongings that identified them as either rich or poor . Woolley initially unearthed 1850 graves but later identified 260 additional ones . Nevertheless , sixteen were unique to him , because they stood out from all the rest in terms of their wealth , the structure of their burial grounds , and rituals . He thought that the stone - built chambers and the immense value of riches belonged to the dead that came from royal lineage . Such cadavers inside their respective stone chambers were the only ones to have abundant provisions in order to meet their needs in the afterlife . Having that said , the subordinates were not treated in the same manner and had nothing of the aforementioned goods . They were treated in the same manner as other provisions and supplies , because the funeral was solely for the principal corpse . When the main body was buried , the rest of the people would have been sacrificed in that person 's honor and buried thereafter . When Woolley found the Great Death Pit , it was in extremely poor conditions . What remained of the chamber were a few stones and some gold , lapis lazuli , and carnelian beads in fine conditions . The Great Death Pit was an open square - shaped space , serving as the graveyard for the bodies of armed men that were laid out inside along with other corpses thought to belong to women or young girls . The introduction of massive death pits at Ur is usually associated to Meskalamdug , one of the kings of Ur that was also known as the paramount ruler of all the Sumerians . He started the practice of such a massive entombment with the sacrifice of soldiers and an entire choir of women to accompany him in the afterlife . Puabi ( edit ) Queen Puabi 's Cylinder Seal Lyre of a Bull 's Head from Queen Puabi 's tomb . ( British Museum ) In contrast to the Great Death Pit , one of the royal tombs at Ur survived practically in its entirety , which was most notably due to its treasures left largely unscathed on the body of royal lineage . Such a body belonged to Queen Puabi and was easy to identify due to her jewelry made out of beads of gold , silver , lapis lazuli , carnelian , and agate . Nevertheless , the biggest clues that denoted her title as queen was a cylinder seal with her name on the inscription and her crown , which was made out of layers of gold ornaments shaped in intricate floral patterns . Once more , Woolley uncovered an earth ramp leading down to the death pit of the well - preserved tomb , which was twelve by four meters approximately , and found a menagerie of corpses that ranged from armed men to women wearing headdresses with elaborate details . In his descent toward the pit , he found traces of reed matting , and they covered the artifacts and bodies in order to avoid contact with the soil that had filled the royal grave . Two meters below the level of the pit laid a tomb chamber built of stone that had no doorway in its walls , and its only accessible entrance was through its roof . Once inside , four bodies rested inside the tomb , but the most important one was evidently that of the queen . Burial practices ( edit ) The bodies at the Royal Cemetery underwent certain burial practices . In the tombs , the primary inhumation is placed inside the tomb chamber usually accompanied by attendants . More bodies or victims are buried too often in separate chambers or , more commonly , in ' death pits ' , an open , sunken court . The amount of sacrificed bodies in one tomb can range from a small amount of six to between seventy and eighty bodies . The attendants are usually lying in neat rows within the death pits or chambers . It is not entirely known if the attendants died placed in that manner or were positioned after death . The principal body was always laid on a mat made of reeds which also lined the floor and walls of the pit where the attendants are located . In some tombs the bodies are arranged in very specific ways . Some tombs were found with male skeletons with helmets and spears positioned in front of the entrance as guards and then contained female attendants inside . It is not known for sure who the primary inhumations are but it is generally assumed that they are royalty . The occupants are possibly related either by blood or marriage . Additionally , there is little textual evidence available to explain the tombs at the cemetery and the practices of the people but it is thought that the burials of the royalty consisted of multi-day ceremonies . Some of the bodies have evidence of heating or smoking which could have been an attempt at preserving the bodies to last through the ceremony . Additionally mercury has been found on some skulls which could also indicate an attempt of preservation . Music , wailing , and feasting took place in addition to the burial with the possibility of the attendants joining in . In the first part of the ceremony the body was laid in the tomb , along with the offerings , and then sealed with brick and stone . In the next part of the ceremony the death pits are filled with guards , attendants , musicians , and animals , such as ox or donkeys . How the attendants ended up buried with the royalty is somewhat unknown . All of the bodies are arranged in an ordered fashion and appear peaceful . The elaborate headdresses worn by women are undisturbed which lends to the assumption they were lying or sitting down when they died . Woolley thought initially that the attendants were human sacrifices and were killed to show the kings power and put on a public show . Later he speculated that the attendants voluntarily consumed poison to continue serving their head in death . Each attendant was found with a small cup nearby which they could drink the poison from . The poison could have been a sedative with the cause of death being suffocation from having the chamber sealed . Some research has found that some of the skulls had received blunt force trauma indicating that , rather than voluntarily serving their head in death , they were forcibly killed . Grave goods ( edit ) The cemetery at Ur contained more than 2000 burials alongside a corresponding wealth of objects . Many items come from the handful of royal burials . Many of these grave goods were likely imported from various surrounding regions including Afghanistan , Egypt , and the Indus valley . Objects of significance varied from cylinder seals , jewelry and metalwork , to pottery , musical instruments , and more . Cylinder seals ( edit ) Cylinder seals found amongst the grave goods in the cemetery at Ur were often inscribed with the names of the deceased . Excavators retrieved three cylinder seals near queen Puabi 's remains , one with her name written in cuneiform . Jewelry and metalwork ( edit ) Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi , housed at the British Museum The various female personages and attendants buried at the cemetery of Ur were adorned with jewelry made from gold , silver , lapis lazuli and carnelian including a variety of necklaces , earrings , headdresses , and hair rings . The presence of Carnelian beads present amongst the grave goods at the cemetery indicated trade with the Indus Valley . Hair ornaments included hair combs with floral elements made of gold , lapis , shell , and pink limestone . In addition , hair ribbons of gold and silver and inlaid combs with rosettes were also found amongst the human remains at Ur . Many of the jewels contained some sort of botanical reference . Amongst them are vegetal wreaths fashioned with gold leaves . Notably , Puabi 's headdress consists of four botanical wreaths including rosettes or stars and leaves . Other precious metals were found in the form of helmets , daggers , and various vessels in copper , silver , and gold . A gold helmet , whose ownership is attributed to Meskalamdug was found in a grave that Woolley believed to be an elite , but not necessarily a king . The helmet was made from a single piece of gold and fashioned to resemble a wig . The presence of fully developed casting practices is assumed from the discovery of another weapon made from electrum . At the same time , another weapon , referred to as the `` Daggar of Ur , '' was , according to Woolley , the first significant grave good discovered at Ur . The sheath and blade are both made from gold with a handle of lapis lazuli with gold decoration . Other examples of metal work include a variety of golden goblets and vessels made with handles of twisted wire . Some of these vessels included relief decoration or patterning . Hammered work in various metals was also discovered . This included a shield ornament containing an Assyrian style subject of lions and men being trampled . Other objects included a silver fluted bowl with engravings and a silver model of a sea faring vessel . Pottery ( edit ) The pottery types at Ur included mostly jar forms and bowls with limited variety in style . Conical bowls , as recorded by the excavators , fall into two categorical types based on their rim diameters . Woolley identified 24 different pottery types at the Royal Cemetery based on the excavation of 238 graves . In order to date the pottery and burials at Ur , some scholars have looked to the pottery to compare to similar types from other sites in Mesopotamia and then checked using cylinder seals . Musical instruments ( edit ) Main article : Lyres of Ur Amongst the finds at Ur were the remains of highly decorated musical instruments . Several lyres were discovered in the main pit associated with four women . Most of these instruments were wooden with silver overlay alongside other details . One lyre 's sound box was made from silver with blue and white mosaic detail and engraved shell with pictorial engravings on the front created in using a similar technique to niello work . This particular lyre also included a silver cast cow 's head and silver tuning rods . Another lyre was shaped like a seafaring vessel supporting the statue of a stag . Yet another lyre incorporated various materials including wood , shell , lapis lazuli , red stone , silver and gold . The lyres found at Ur often included the representation of animals including a cow , stag , bearded bull , and a calf . Of particular note is the Bull - headed lyre from PG 789 , also referred to as the `` King 's Grave '' . Woolley theorized that each animal might have corresponded to the tone of the instrument itself . Ram in a thicket ( edit ) Ram in a Thicket The discovery of two goat statues in PG 1237 are just two examples of polychrome sculpture at Ur . These objects , referred to as `` rams in the thicket '' by Woolley , were made of wood and covered in gold , silver , shell and lapis lazuli . The Ram in a Thicket uses gold for the tree , legs , and face of the goat , silver for the belly and parts of the base alongside pink and white mosaics . The back of the animal is constructed using shell attached with bitumen . Other details such as the eyes , horns , and beard are fashioned from lapis lazuli . The standard of Ur ( edit ) The Standard of Ur Discovered in PG 779 was a , as yet , unidentified object referred to as the Standard of Ur . The Standard of Ur is a trapezoidal wooden box incorporating lapis lazuli , shell and red limestone into the depiction of various figures on its surface . Its function is debated , although Woolley believed it to be a military standard , explaining this object 's current name . On each side of the standard , the pictorial elements are considered part of a narrative sequence divided formally into 3 registers with all figures on a common ground . The standard uses hierarchy of scale to identify important figures in the compositions . Read from left to right , bottom to top on one side of the standard , starting with the lowest registers , there are men carrying various goods or leading animals and fish towards the top register where larger seated figures take part in a feast accompanied by musicians and attendants . The other side depicts a more militaristic subject where men in horse - drawn chariots trample over prostrate bodies and soldiers and prisoners process up towards the top frieze where the central personage is designated by his large scale , punctuating the border of the upper most frieze . Present day ( edit ) New theories ( edit ) Analyses of the findings of Sir Leonard Woolley have led to new theories concerning the royal tombs . In 1998 , Paul Zimmerman wrote a master 's thesis while at the University of Pennsylvania on the Royal Cemetery at Ur . Graves PG789 and PG800 , the king and queen 's graves , according to Woolley , were complete burials with attendants and worldly possessions . Zimmerman analyzed the layout and formulated the hypothesis that the two tombs were in fact three . Pit PG800 had two rooms that were on two different levels , something that Zimmerman found inconsistent with grave PG789 ( the rooms were connected ) . In addition , Woolley claimed that Puabi 's grave was built after the king 's in order to be close to him . Zimmerman posits that , because Puabi 's grave was 40 cm lower than that of the king 's , her grave was actually built first . With these in mind , Zimmerman claimed that the death pit assigned to Queen Puabi was actually a death pit from a different grave that is unknown State of the Royal tombs ( edit ) Looting of archaeological sites was a common occurrence brought under control during the reign of Saddam Hussein , whose government declared the act a capital offense . Due to the Iraq War , however , looting has occurred more frequently . Entire archaeological sites have been destroyed , with as many as tens of thousands of holes dug by looters . The `` Royal Cemetery At Ur '' , however , has remained largely preserved . The site was located in the boundaries of the Tallil Air Base , controlled by allied forces . It was damaged during the first Gulf War , when the air base was bombed . As a result , in 2008 , a team of scholars , including Elizabeth Stone of Stony Brook University , found that the walls of the royal tombs were beginning to collapse . Deterioration was also recorded in the team 's findings , due to the occupation of the military . Neglect , however , was cited as most harmful to the site . Stone stated that for 30 years the `` Iraq Department of Antiquities '' lacked the resources to properly inspect and conserve the site , along with others that the team examined . As a result , sites like the Royal Cemetery at Ur have begun to erode . In May 2009 , `` Iraq 's State Board of Antiquities '' regained control of the site , helping with the conservation of the ancient site . See also ( edit ) Lagash References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woolley , Leonard C. ( 1954 ) . Excavations at Ur . London : Ernest Benn Limited . pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Woolley , Leonard C. ( 1954 ) . Excavations at Ur . London : Ernest Benn Limited . p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Irving , Alexandra and Janet Ambers . `` Hidden Treasure from the Royal Cemetery at Ur : Technology Sheds New Light on the Ancient Near East . '' Near Eastern Archaeology 65 , no . 3 ( September , 2002 ) : 206 - 213 . ^ Jump up to : Reade , Julian . `` The Royal Tombs of Ur . '' In Art of the First Cities : The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus , edited by Joan Aruz and Ronald Wallenfels New York and New Haven : Metropolitan Museum of New York and Yale University Press , 2003 . 93 - 94 , 96 . ^ Jump up to : Baadsgaard , Aubrey , Monge , Janet , Cox , Samantha , and Zettler , Richard L. `` Human Sacrifice and Intentional Corpse Preservation in the Royal Cemetery of Ur . '' Antiquity 85 , no . 327 ( 2011 ) : 27 - 42 . ^ Jump up to : Woolley , Leonard . Ur Excavations . vol. 2 . The Royal Cemetery . ( London : Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia , 1934 ) . 33 , 37 - 38 . Jump up ^ Reade , Julian . `` The Great Death Pit at Ur . '' In Art of the First Cities : The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus , edited by Joan Aruz and Ronald Wallenfels ( New York and New Haven : Metropolitan Museum of New York and Yale University Press , 2003 ) . 120 . Jump up ^ Collins , Paul . `` The Tomb of Puabi . '' In Art of the First Cities : The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus , edited by Joan Aruz and Ronald Wallenfels New York and New Haven : Metropolitan Museum of New York and Yale University Press , 2003 . 108 , 111 . ^ Jump up to : Kliener , Fred S. Gardner 's Art Through the Ages , 14th Edition . Jump up ^ Miller , Naomi F. `` Plant Forms in Jewelry from the Royal Cemetery at Ur . '' Iraq 62 ( 2000 ) : 149 - 155 . Jump up ^ Millerman , Alison . `` Interpreting the Royal Cemetery of Ur Metalwork : A Contemporary Perspective from the Archives of James R. Ogden . '' Iraq 70 ( 2008 ) : 1 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Woolley , Leonard C. `` Excavations at Ur . '' Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 82 , no . 4227 ( November 24 , 1933 ) : 46 - 59 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Susan . `` Chronology of the Royal Cemetery of Ur . '' Iraq 47 ( 1985 ) : 129 - 158 Jump up ^ `` Challenging Theories '' . Iraq 's Ancient Past : Rediscovering Ur 's Royal Cemetery . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Current Story '' . Iraq 's Ancient Past : Rediscovering Ur 's Royal Cemetery . Penn Museum . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , James . `` Neglect , Not Looting , Threatens Iraq Sites , Study Says '' . National Geographic . National Geographic News . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Exploration of the Royal Tombs of Ur , with a comprehensive collection of high - resolution photographs of the treasures found in the tombs . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur&oldid=856055314 '' Categories : Cemeteries in Iraq Ur Archaeological sites in Iraq Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Română Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 15 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who was the british archaeologist that discovered the royal cemeteries at ur	[ "The process was begun in 1922 by digging trial trenches, in order for Woolley to get an idea of the layout of the ancient city. In one trench where initially nothing was discovered, head archaeologist Leonard Woolley decided to dig deeper. There, clay vases, limestone bowls, small bronze objects and assorted beads were found. Woolley thought that there may have been gold beads and, to entice the workers to turn them in when found, Woolley offered a sum of money—this led to the discovery of the gold beads after the workers repurchased them from the goldsmiths they sold them to.[1]\n" ]	[ "Leonard Woolley" ]
3350393148496207564	Bringing It All Back Home	Bringing it All Back Home - wikipedia Bringing it All Back Home This article is about the Bob Dylan studio album . For other uses , see Bringing It All Back Home ( disambiguation ) . Bringing It All Back Home Studio album by Bob Dylan Released March 22 , 1965 ( 1965 - 03 - 22 ) Recorded January 13 -- 15 , 1965 Studio Columbia Studio A & Studio B , New York City Genre Folk rock folk Length 47 : 21 Label Columbia Producer Tom Wilson Bob Dylan chronology Another Side of Bob Dylan ( 1964 ) Bringing It All Back Home ( 1965 ) Highway 61 Revisited ( 1965 ) Singles from Bringing It All Back Home `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' Released : March 8 , 1965 `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' Released : June 1965 `` Gates of Eden '' Released : July 20 , 1965 Bringing It All Back Home is the fifth studio album by American singer - songwriter Bob Dylan , released on March 22 , 1965 by Columbia Records . The album is divided into an electric and an acoustic side , although the acoustic side included some tracks in which other instruments were backing up Dylan and his guitar , but no drums were used . On side one of the original LP , Dylan is backed by an electric rock and roll band -- a move that further alienated him from some of his former peers in the folk music community . Likewise , on the acoustic second side of the album , he distanced himself from the protest songs with which he had become closely identified ( such as `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' and `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ) , as his lyrics continued their trend towards the abstract and personal . The album reached No. 6 on Billboard 's Pop Albums chart , the first of Dylan 's LPs to break into the US top 10 . It also topped the UK charts later that Spring . The first track , `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' , became Dylan 's first single to chart in the US , peaking at # 39 . Contents 1 Recording 2 Songs and themes 3 Artwork 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Legacy 6 Alternate title 7 Track listing 8 Outtakes 9 Personnel 9.1 Additional musicians 9.2 Technical 10 Charts 10.1 Singles 10.2 Certifications 11 References Recording ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dylan spent much of the summer of 1964 in Woodstock , a small town in upstate New York . Dylan was already familiar with the area , but his visits were becoming longer and more frequent . His manager , Albert Grossman , also had a place in Woodstock , and when Joan Baez went to see Dylan that August , they stayed at Grossman 's house . Baez recalls that `` most of the month or so we were there , Bob stood at the typewriter in the corner of his room , drinking red wine and smoking and tapping away relentlessly for hours . And in the dead of night , he would wake up , grunt , grab a cigarette , and stumble over to the typewriter again . '' Dylan already had one song ready for his next album : `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' was written in February 1964 but omitted from Another Side of Bob Dylan . Another song , `` Gates of Eden '' , was also written earlier that year , appearing in the original manuscripts to Another Side of Bob Dylan ; a few lyrical changes were eventually made , but it 's unclear if these were made that August in Woodstock . At least two songs were written that month : `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' and `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' . During this time , Dylan 's lyrics became increasingly surreal . His prose grew more stylistic as well , often resembling stream - of - consciousness writing with published letters dating from 1964 becoming increasingly intense and dreamlike as the year wore on . Dylan eventually returned to the city , and on August 28 , he met with The Beatles for the first time in their New York hotel ( during which Dylan reportedly turned the band on to marijuana ) , a meeting which would bring about the radical transformation of the Beatles ' writing to a more introspective style . In retrospect , this meeting with The Beatles would also prove to be equally influential to the direction of Dylan 's music , as he would soon record music invoking a rock sound for at least the next three albums . Dylan would remain on good terms with The Beatles , and as biographer Clinton Heylin writes , `` the evening established a personal dimension to the very real rivalry that would endure for the remainder of a momentous decade . '' Dylan and producer Tom Wilson were soon experimenting with their own fusion of rock and folk music . The first unsuccessful test involved overdubbing a `` Fats Domino early rock & roll thing '' over Dylan 's earlier , acoustic recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , according to Wilson . This took place in the Columbia 30th Street Studio in December 1964 . It was quickly discarded , though Wilson would more famously use the same technique of overdubbing an electric backing track to an existing acoustic recording with Simon & Garfunkel 's `` The Sound of Silence '' . In the meantime , Dylan turned his attention to another folk - rock experiment conducted by John P. Hammond , an old friend and musician whose father , John H. Hammond , originally signed Dylan to Columbia . Hammond was planning an electric album around the blues songs that framed his acoustic live performances of the time . To do this , he recruited three members of an American bar band he met sometime in 1963 : guitarist Robbie Robertson , drummer Levon Helm , and organist Garth Hudson ( members of The Hawks , who would go on to become The Band ) . Dylan was very aware of the resulting album , So Many Roads ; according to his friend , Danny Kalb , `` Bob was really excited about what John Hammond was doing with electric blues . I talked to him in the Figaro in 1964 and he was telling me about John and his going to Chicago and playing with a band and so on ... '' However , when Dylan and Wilson began work on the next album , they temporarily refrained from their own electric experimentation . The first session , held on January 13 , 1965 in Columbia 's Studio A in New York , was recorded solo , with Dylan playing piano or acoustic guitar . Ten complete songs and several song sketches were produced , nearly all of which were discarded . Take one of `` Bob Dylan 's 115th Dream '' would be used for the album , but three would eventually be released : `` I 'll Keep It With Mine '' on 1985 's Biograph , and `` Farewell Angelina '' and an acoustic version of `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' on 1991 's The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 - 1991 . Other songs and sketches recorded at this session : `` Love Minus Zero / No Limit '' , `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' , `` She Belongs to Me '' , `` On the Road Again '' , `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' , `` You Do n't Have to Do That '' , `` California , '' and `` Outlaw Blues '' , all of which were original compositions . Dylan and Wilson held another session at Studio B the following day , this time with a full , electric band . Guitarists Al Gorgoni , Kenny Rankin , and Bruce Langhorne were recruited , as were pianist Paul Griffin , bassists Joseph Macho , Jr. and William E. Lee , and drummer Bobby Gregg . The day 's work focused on eight songs , all of which had been attempted the previous day . According to Langhorne , there was no rehearsal , `` we just did first takes and I remember that , for what it was , it was amazingly intuitive and successful . '' Few takes were required of each song , and after three - and - a-half hours of recording ( lasting from 2 : 30 pm to 6 : 00 pm ) , master takes of `` Love Minus Zero / No Limit '' , `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' , `` Outlaw Blues '' , `` She Belongs to Me '' , and `` Bob Dylan 's 115th Dream '' were all recorded and selected for the final album . Sometime after dinner , Dylan reportedly continued recording with a different set of musicians , including John Hammond , Jr. and John Sebastian ( only Langhorne returned from earlier that day ) . They recorded six songs , but the results were deemed unsatisfactory and ultimately rejected . Another session was held at Studio A the next day , and it would be the last one needed . Once again , Dylan kept at his disposal the musicians from the previous day ( that is , those that participated in the 2 : 30 pm to 6 : 00 pm session ) ; the one exception was pianist Paul Griffin , who was unable to attend and replaced by Frank Owens . Daniel Kramer recalls : `` The musicians were enthusiastic . They conferred with one another to work out the problems as they arose . Dylan bounced around from one man to another , explaining what he wanted , often showing them on the piano what was needed until , like a giant puzzle , the pieces would fit and the picture emerged whole ... Most of the songs went down easily and needed only three or four takes ... In some cases , the first take sounded completely different from the final one because the material was played at a different tempo , perhaps , or a different chord was chosen , or solos may have been rearranged ... His method of working , the certainty of what he wanted , kept things moving . '' The session began with `` Maggie 's Farm '' : only one take was recorded , and it was the only one they 'd ever need . From there , Dylan successfully recorded master takes of `` On the Road Again '' , `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' , `` Gates of Eden '' , `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' , and `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' , all of which were set aside for the album . A master take of `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' was also selected , but it would not be included on the album ; instead , it was issued as a single - only release in Europe , but not in the U.S. or the UK . Though Dylan was able to record electric versions of virtually every song included on the final album , he apparently never intended Bringing It All Back Home to be completely electric . As a result , roughly half of the finished album would feature full electric band arrangements while the other half consisted of solo acoustic performances , sometimes accompanied by Langhorne , who would embellish Dylan 's acoustic performance with a countermelody on his electric guitar . Songs and themes ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The album opens with `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' , a romp through the difficulties and absurdities of anti-establishment politics that was heavily inspired by Chuck Berry 's `` Too Much Monkey Business '' . Often cited as a precursor to rap and music videos ( the cue - card scene in Dont Look Back ) , `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' became a Top 40 hit for Dylan . `` Snagged by a sour , pinched guitar riff , the song has an acerbic tinge ... and Dylan sings the title rejoinders in mock self - pity , '' writes music critic Tim Riley . `` It 's less an indictment of the system than a coil of imagery that spells out how the system hangs itself with the rope it 's so proud of . '' `` She Belongs to Me '' extols the bohemian virtues of an artistic lover whose creativity must be constantly fed ( `` Bow down to her on Sunday / Salute her when her birthday comes . / For Halloween buy her a trumpet / And for Christmas , give her a drum . '' ) `` Maggie 's Farm '' is Dylan 's declaration of independence from the protest folk movement . Punning on Silas McGee 's Farm , where he had performed `` Only a Pawn in Their Game '' at a civil rights protest in 1963 ( featured in the film Dont Look Back ) , Maggie 's Farm recasts Dylan as the pawn and the folk music scene as the oppressor . Rejecting the expectations of that scene as he turns towards loud rock'n'roll , self - exploration , and surrealism , Dylan sings : `` They say sing while you slave / I just get bored . '' `` Love Minus Zero / No Limit '' is a low - key love song , described by Riley as a `` hallucinatory allegiance , a poetic turn that exposes the paradoxes of love ( ' She knows there 's no success like failure / And that failure 's no success at all ' ) ... ( it ) points toward the dual vulnerabilities that steer ' Just Like A Woman . ' In both cases , a woman 's susceptibility is linked to the singer 's defenseless infatuation . '' `` Outlaw Blues '' explores Dylan 's desire to leave behind the pieties of political folk and explore a bohemian , `` outlaw '' lifestyle . Straining at his identity as a protest singer , Dylan knows he `` might look like Robert Ford '' ( who assassinated Jesse James ) , but he feels `` just like a Jesse James '' . `` On the Road Again '' catalogs the absurd affectations and degenerate living conditions of bohemia . The song concludes : `` Then you ask why I do n't live here / Honey , how come you do n't move ? '' `` Bob Dylan 's 115th Dream '' narrates a surreal experience involving the discovery of America , `` Captain Arab '' ( a clear reference to Captain Ahab of Moby Dick ) , and numerous bizarre encounters . It is the longest song in the electric section of the album , starting out as an acoustic ballad before being interrupted by laughter , and then starting back up again with an electric blues rhythm . The music is so similar in places to Another Side of Bob Dylan 's `` Motorpsycho Nitemare '' as to be indistinguishable from it but for the electric instrumentation . The song can be best read as a highly sardonic , non-linear ( historically ) dreamscape parallel cataloguing of the discovery , creation and merits ( or lack thereof ) of the United States . Written sometime in February 1964 , `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' was originally recorded for Another Side of Bob Dylan ; a rough performance with several mistakes , the recording was rejected , but a polished version has often been attributed to Dylan 's early use of LSD , although eyewitness accounts of both the song 's composition and of Dylan 's first use of LSD suggest that `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' was actually written weeks before . Instead , Dylan said the song was inspired by a large tambourine owned by Bruce Langhorne . `` On one session , Tom Wilson had asked ( Bruce ) to play tambourine , '' Dylan recalled in 1985 . `` And he had this gigantic tambourine ... It was as big as a wagonwheel . He was playing , and this vision of him playing this tambourine just stuck in my mind . '' Langhorne confirmed that he `` used to play this giant Turkish tambourine . It was about ( four inches ) deep , and it was very light and it had a sheepskin head and it had jingle bells around the edge -- just one layer of bells all the way around ... I bought it ' cause I liked the sound ... I used to play it all the time . '' In addition to inspiring the title , Langhorne also played the electric guitar countermelody in the song , the only musician to play on the song besides Dylan . A surrealist work heavily influenced by Arthur Rimbaud ( most notably for the `` magic swirlin ' ship '' evoked in the lyrics ) , Heylin hailed it as a leap `` beyond the boundaries of folk song once and for all , with one of ( Dylan 's ) most inventive and original melodies . '' Riley describes `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' as `` Dylan 's pied - piper anthem of creative living and open - mindedness ... a lot of these lines are evocative without holding up to logic , even though they ring worldly . '' Salon.com critic Bill Wyman calls it `` rock 's most feeling paean to psychedelia , all the more compelling in that it 's done acoustically . '' Almost simultaneously with Dylan 's release , the newly formed Byrds recorded and released an electrified , abbreviated treatment of the song which would be the band 's breakthrough hit , and would be a powerful force in launching the folk rock genre . `` Gates of Eden '' builds on the developments made with `` Chimes of Freedom '' and `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' . Riley writes : `` Of all the songs about sixties self - consciousness and generation - bound identity , none forecasts the lost innocence of an entire generation better than ' Gates of Eden . Sung with ever - forward motion , as though the words were carving their own quixotic phrasings , these images seem to tumble out of Dylan with a will all their own ; he often chops off phrases to get to the next line . -- This is the only song on the album that is mono on the stereo release and all subsequent reissues . '' One of Dylan 's most ambitious compositions , `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' is arguably one of Dylan 's finest songs . Clinton Heylin wrote that it `` opened up a whole new genre of finger - pointing song , not just for Dylan but for the entire panoply of pop '' , and one critic said it is to capitalism what Darkness at Noon is to communism . A fair number of Dylan 's most famous lyrics can be found in this song : `` He not busy being born / Is busy dying ; It 's easy to see without looking too far / That not much is really sacred ; Even the president of the United States / Sometimes must have to stand naked ; Money does n't talk , it swears ; If my thought - dreams could be seen / They 'd probably put my head in a guillotine . '' In the song , Dylan is again giving his audience a road map to decode his confounding shift away from politics . Dylan tells his audience how to take his new direction amidst a number of laments about the expectations of his audience and the futility of politics : `` I got nothing , Ma , to live up to ; There is no sense in trying ; You feel to moan but unlike before / You discover that you 'd just be one more / Person crying ; So do n't fear if you hear / A foreign sound to your ear / It 's alright , Ma , I 'm only sighing . '' The album closes with `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' , described by Riley as `` one of those saddened good - bye songs a lover sings when the separation happens long after the relationship is really over , when lovers know each other too well to bother hiding the truth from each other any longer ... What shines through `` Baby Blue '' is a sadness that blots out past fondness , and a frustration at articulating that sadness at the expense of the leftover affection it springs from . '' Heylin has a different interpretation , comparing it with `` To Ramona '' from Another Side of Bob Dylan : `` ( ' Baby Blue ' is ) less conciliatory , the tone crueler , more demanding . If Paul Clayton is indeed the Baby Blue he had in mind , as has been suggested , Dylan was digging away at the very foundation of Clayton 's self - esteem . '' However , the lyric easily fits in with the main theme of the album , Dylan 's rejection of political folk , taking the form of a good - bye to his former , protest - folk self , according to the Rough Guide to Bob Dylan . According to this reading , Dylan sings to himself to `` Leave your stepping stones ( his political repertoire ) behind , something calls for you . Forget the dead you 've left ( folkies ) , they will not follow you ... Strike another match , go start anew . '' The only musician besides Dylan to play on the song is Bill Lee on bass guitar . Artwork ( edit ) The album 's cover , photographed by Daniel Kramer with an edge - softened lens , features Sally Grossman ( wife of Dylan 's manager Albert Grossman ) lounging in the background . There are also artifacts scattered around the room , including LPs by The Impressions ( Keep on Pushing ) , Robert Johnson ( King of the Delta Blues Singers ) , Ravi Shankar ( India 's Master Musician ) , Lotte Lenya ( Sings Berlin Theatre Songs by Kurt Weill ) and Eric Von Schmidt ( The Folk Blues of Eric Von Schmidt ) . Dylan had `` met '' Schmidt `` one day in the green pastures of Harvard University '' and would later mimic his album cover pose ( tipping his hat ) for his own Nashville Skyline four years later . A further record , Françoise Hardy 's EP J'suis D'accord was on the floor near Dylan 's feet but can only be seen in other shots from the same photo session . Visible behind Grossman is the top of Dylan 's head from the cover of Another Side of Bob Dylan ; under her right arm is the magazine Time with President Lyndon B. Johnson as `` Man of the Year '' on the cover of the January 1 , 1965 issue . There is a harmonica resting on a table with a fallout shelter ( capacity 80 ) sign leaning against it . Above the fireplace on the mantle directly to the left of the painting is the Lord Buckley album The Best of Lord Buckley . Next to Lord Buckley is a copy of GNAOUA , a magazine devoted to exorcism and Beat Generation poetry edited by poet Ira Cohen , and a glass collage by Dylan called ' The Clown ' made for Bernard Paturel from colored glass Bernard was about to discard . Dylan sits forward holding his cat ( named Rolling Stone ) and has an opened magazine featuring an advertisement on Jean Harlow 's Life Story by the columnist Louella Parsons resting on his crossed leg . The cufflinks Dylan wore in the picture were a gift from Joan Baez , as she later referenced in her 1975 song `` Diamonds & Rust '' . Daniel Kramer won a Grammy nomination for best album cover for the photograph . On the back cover , ( also by Kramer ) , the girl massaging Dylan 's scalp is the filmmaker and performance artist Barbara Rubin . Release ( edit ) Bringing It All Back Home was released on March 22 , 1965 by Columbia Records . The mono version of Bringing It All Back Home was re-released in 2010 on The Original Mono Recordings , accompanied by a booklet containing a critical essay by Greil Marcus . Reception ( edit ) The release of Bringing It All Back Home coincided with the final show of a joint tour with Joan Baez . By this time , Dylan had grown far more popular and acclaimed than Baez , and his music had radically evolved from their former shared folk style in a totally unique direction . It would be the last time they would perform extensively together until 1975 . ( She would accompany him on another tour in May 1965 , but Dylan would not ask her to perform with him . ) The timing was appropriate as Bringing It All Back Home signaled a new era . Dylan is backed by an electric rock and roll band -- a move that further alienated him from some of his former peers in the folk music community . The album reached No. 6 on Billboard 's Pop Albums chart , the first of Dylan 's LPs to break into the US top 10 . It also topped the UK charts later that Spring . The first track , `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' , became Dylan 's first single to chart in the US , peaking at # 39 . Legacy ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Tribune Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly Music Story MusicHound Rock 4.5 / 5 The Rolling Stone Album Guide Bringing It All Back Home is regarded as one of the greatest albums in rock history . In 1979 Rolling Stone Record Guide critic Dave Marsh wrote : `` By fusing the Chuck Berry beat of the Rolling Stones and the Beatles with the leftist , folk tradition of the folk revival , Dylan really had brought it back home , creating a new kind of rock & roll ( ... ) that made every type of artistic tradition available to rock . '' Clinton Heylin later wrote that Bringing It All Back Home was possibly `` the most influential album of its era . Almost everything to come in contemporary popular song can be found therein . '' In 2003 , the album was ranked number 31 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . In a 1986 interview , film director John Hughes cited it as so influential on him as an artist that upon its release ( while Hughes was still in his teens ) , `` Thursday I was one person , and Friday I was another . '' Bringing It All Back Home was included in Robert Christgau 's `` Basic Record Library '' of 1960s music and Robert Dimery 's music reference book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ( 2010 ) . Alternate title ( edit ) In several European countries the album was named Subterranean Homesick Blues , after the title of its opening track . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Bob Dylan . Side one ( Electric Side ) No . Title Recorded Length 1 . `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' January 14 , 1965 2 : 21 2 . `` She Belongs to Me '' January 14 , 1965 2 : 47 3 . `` Maggie 's Farm '' January 15 , 1965 3 : 54 4 . `` Love Minus Zero / No Limit '' January 14 , 1965 2 : 51 5 . `` Outlaw Blues '' January 14 , 1965 3 : 05 6 . `` On the Road Again '' January 15 , 1965 2 : 35 7 . `` Bob Dylan 's 115th Dream '' January 13 ( intro ) and January 14 , 1965 6 : 30 Side two ( Acoustic Side ) No . Title Recorded Length 1 . `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' January 15 , 1965 5 : 30 2 . `` Gates of Eden '' January 15 , 1965 5 : 40 3 . `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' January 15 , 1965 7 : 29 4 . `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' January 15 , 1965 4 : 12 Outtakes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following outtakes were recorded for possible inclusion to Bringing It All Back Home . `` California '' ( early version of `` Outlaw Blues '' ) `` Farewell Angelina '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now ( Or Else You Got to Stay All Night ) '' `` I 'll Keep It with Mine '' `` You Do n't Have to Do That '' ( titled `` Bending Down on My Stomick Lookin ' West '' on recording sheet ) ( fragment ) The raunchy `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now ( Or Else You Got To Stay All Night ) '' was issued as a single in Benelux . A different version of the song appears on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 - 1991 . An upbeat , electric performance , the song is relatively straightforward , with the title providing much of the subtext . Manfred Mann took the song to # 2 in the UK in September 1965 . Fairport Convention recorded a tongue - in - cheek , acoustic French - language version , `` Si Tu Dois Partir '' , for their celebrated third album , Unhalfbricking . `` I 'll Keep It with Mine '' was written before Another Side of Bob Dylan and was given to Nico in 1964 . Nico was not yet a recording artist at the time , and she would eventually record the song for Chelsea Girl ( released in 1967 ) , but not before Judy Collins recorded her own version in 1965 . Fairport Convention would also record their own version on their critically acclaimed second album , What We Did on Our Holidays . Widely considered a strong composition from this period ( Clinton Heylin called it `` one of his finest songs '' ) , a complete acoustic version , with Dylan playing piano and harmonica , was released on 1985 's Biograph . An electric recording exists as well -- not of an actual take but of a rehearsal from January 1966 ( the sound of an engineer saying `` what you were doing '' through a control room mike briefly interrupts the recording ) -- was released on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 - 1991 . `` Farewell Angelina '' was ultimately given to Joan Baez , who released it in 1965 as the title track of her album , Farewell , Angelina . The Greek singer Nana Mouskouri recorded her own versions of this song in French ( `` Adieu Angelina '' ) in 1967 and German ( `` Schlaf - ein Angelina '' ) in 1975 . `` You Do n't Have to Do That '' is one of the great `` what if '' songs of Dylan 's mid-1960s output . A very brief recording , under a minute long , it has Dylan playing a snippet of the song , which he abandoned midway through to begin playing the piano . Personnel ( edit ) Bob Dylan -- guitar , harmonica , keyboards , vocals Additional musicians ( edit ) Steve Boone -- bass guitar Al Gorgoni -- guitar Bobby Gregg -- drums Paul Griffin -- piano , keyboards John P. Hammond -- guitar Bruce Langhorne -- guitar Bill Lee -- bass guitar ( 11 tr . ) Joseph Macho , Jr. -- bass guitar Frank Owens -- piano Kenny Rankin -- guitar John B. Sebastian -- bass guitar Technical ( edit ) Daniel Kramer -- photography Tom Wilson -- production Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position UK Albums Chart US Billboard 200 6 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions US Main US Cont UK 1965 `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' 39 6 9 `` Maggie 's Farm '' -- -- 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) 88,900 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hermes , Will ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Bob Dylan 's ' Bringing It All Back Home ' ' Stunned the World ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . We look back at Bob Dylan 's ' Bringing It All Back Home , ' which saw him go electric , invent folk rock and redefine what can be said in a song . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Morning Benders , Mirah Pay Bob Dylan Tribute '' . Pitchfork . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Irwin Silber , editor of folk magazine Sing Out ! described Dylan 's new music as `` a freak and a parody '' . Bob Dylan by Anthony Scaduto , Abacus Books , 1972 , p. 188 Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan 's Influence on The Beatles '' . AARON KREROWICZ , Professional Beatles Scholar . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton , Bob Dylan : The Recording Sessions , 1960 -- 1994 , Macmillan , 1997 . Cf . p. 33 - 34 for record producer Tom Wilson 's use of the 30th Street Studios for some of Dylan 's work , and other references in the book . Jump up ^ Williams , P. ( 2004 ) . Bob Dylan : Performing Artist , 1960 -- 1973 ( 2nd ed . ) . Omnibus Press . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 095 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baby , Let Me Follow You Down Jump up ^ Humphries , Patrick ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Bob Dylan . London , England : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4868 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Shelton : No Direction Home : ISBN 0 - 14 - 010296 - 5 Jump up ^ Hale , Peter . `` Barbara Rubin ( 1945 - 1980 ) '' . The Allen Ginsberg Project . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( October 25 , 1992 ) . `` Dylan Through The Years : Hits And Misses '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . `` Bob Dylan '' . Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0857125958 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Bill ( 1991 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Dylan Catalog Revisited '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing It All Back Home '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) . MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Farmington Hills , MI : Visible Ink Press . p. 371 . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan ; with Hoard , Christian ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . New York , NY : Fireside . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , Chris . 101 Albums that Changed Popular Music . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 31 . ISBN 0195373715 . Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2011 ) . Bob Dylan : Behind the Shades : The 20th Anniversary Edition . faber and faber . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 27240 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ringwald , , Molly . `` Molly Ringwald Interviews John Hughes '' . Seventeen Magazine . Spring 1986 . The John Hughes Files . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1981 ) . `` A Basic Record Library : The Fifties and Sixties '' . Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the Seventies . Ticknor & Fields . ISBN 0899190251 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Dimery ; Michael Lydon ( 23 March 2010 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die : Revised and Updated Edition . Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2074 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bob Dylan - Subterranean Homesick Blues ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Dylan Artist '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bringing It All Back Home -- Bob Dylan : Awards at AllMusic . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Bob Dylan -- Bringing It All Back Home '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=5100 Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Bob Dylan -- Bringing It All Back Home '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Bringing It All Back Home in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Bob Dylan -- Bringing It All Back Home '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Bob Dylan Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Dylan The Basement Tapes Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 2017 2018 Films Dont Look Back Eat the Document Renaldo and Clara Hard to Handle The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Trouble No More - A Musical Film Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Recording Sessions The Band Traveling Wilburys Electric Dylan controversy Artists who have covered Dylan songs Joan Baez Suze Rotolo The Telegraph magazine Festival Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Hearts of Fire Theme Time Radio Hour Gotta Serve Somebody : The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Family Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bringing_It_All_Back_Home&oldid=856346945 '' Categories : 1965 albums Albums produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio Columbia Records albums Bob Dylan albums Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from July 2013 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2013 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano ქართული Magyar 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 15 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the woman on the cover of bob dylan's bringing it all back home	[ "The album's cover, photographed by Daniel Kramer with an edge-softened lens, features Sally Grossman (wife of Dylan's manager Albert Grossman) lounging in the background. There are also artifacts scattered around the room, including LPs by The Impressions (Keep on Pushing), Robert Johnson (King of the Delta Blues Singers), Ravi Shankar (India's Master Musician), Lotte Lenya (Sings Berlin Theatre Songs by Kurt Weill) and Eric Von Schmidt (The Folk Blues of Eric Von Schmidt). Dylan had \"met\" Schmidt \"one day in the green pastures of Harvard University\"[8] and would later mimic his album cover pose (tipping his hat) for his own Nashville Skyline four years later.[9] A further record, Françoise Hardy's EP J'suis D'accord was on the floor near Dylan's feet but can only be seen in other shots from the same photo session.\n" ]	[ "Sally Grossman (wife of Dylan's manager Albert Grossman)" ]
-7087190023566135806	1960 Winter Olympics	1960 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 1960 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search VIII Olympic Winter Games The emblem represents a star or snowflake , and the Olympic rings . Host city Squaw Valley , California , United States Nations participating 30 Athletes participating 665 ( 521 men , 144 women ) Events 27 in 4 sports ( 8 disciplines ) Opening ceremony 18 February Closing ceremony 28 February Officially opened by Vice President Richard Nixon Athlete 's Oath Carol Heiss Olympic Torch Ken Henry Stadium Blyth Arena Winter < Cortina 1956 Innsbruck 1964 > Summer < Melbourne 1956 Rome 1960 > Squaw Valley Location of Squaw Valley in California ( USA ) Squaw Valley Location in the United States The 1960 Winter Olympics , officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event held between February 18 -- 28 , 1960 in Squaw Valley , California , United States . Squaw Valley was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $ 80,000,000 . It was designed to be intimate , allowing spectators and competitors to walk to nearly all the venues . Squaw Valley hosted athletes from thirty nations who competed in four sports and twenty - seven events . Women 's speed skating and biathlon made their Olympic debuts . The organizers decided the bobsled events did not warrant the cost to build a venue , so for the first and only time bobsled was not on the Winter Olympic program . Cold War politics forced the IOC to debate the participation of China , Taiwan , North Korea and East Germany . In 1957 the United States government threatened to deny visas to athletes from Communist countries . The IOC responded with a threat to revoke Squaw Valley 's right to host the 1960 Games . The United States conceded and allowed entry to athletes from Communist countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host city selection 2 Organization 2.1 Television 3 Politics 4 Events 4.1 Opening ceremonies 4.2 Ice hockey 4.3 Cross-country skiing 4.4 Biathlon 4.5 Nordic combined 4.6 Ski jumping 4.7 Figure skating 4.8 Speed skating 4.9 Alpine skiing 4.10 Closing ceremonies 5 Calendar 6 Venues 7 Participating nations 7.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees 8 Medal count 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 12 Further reading Host city selection ( edit ) Squaw Valley was a struggling ski resort with minimal facilities , which made its selection to host the 1960 Winter Olympics a surprise . Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing , who were inspired to an Olympic bid by a newspaper article mentioning that Reno , Nevada , and Anchorage , Alaska , had expressed interest in the Games . Poulsen , president of the Squaw Valley Development Company , petitioned California Governor Goodwin Knight to support a bid to host the Olympic Games . Knight 's administration agreed and recommended that the California Legislature appropriate $1,000,000 to the effort . Based on the financial support received from the State of California , the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) approved the bid on January 7 , 1955 . Cushing and the USOC received a resolution passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Dwight Eisenhower , calling on the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to consider Squaw Valley 's bid for the 1960 Games . Preliminary reports were drafted and submitted to the IOC , which was considering bids from Innsbruck , Austria , St. Moritz , Switzerland and Chamonix , France . Squaw Valley was provisionally awarded the right to host the Games , but IOC president Avery Brundage warned the Organizing Committee that unless more funds were secured by April 1956 , the bid would be awarded to Innsbruck . Another $4,000,000 were committed by the State Legislature , which met Brundage 's requirements . On April 4 , 1956 , the right to host the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially awarded to Squaw Valley . Competitors and officials from European nations were angered by the selection ; they felt that the alpine ski courses were not up to specifications and that the altitude would prove too stressful on the athletes . 1960 Winter Olympics bidding results City / Site Country Round 1 Round 2 Squaw Valley United States 30 32 Innsbruck Austria 24 30 Garmisch - Partenkirchen West Germany 5 -- St. Moritz Switzerland -- Organization ( edit ) Sign outside Olympic Village at Squaw Valley Squaw Valley in 1956 consisted of one chair lift , two rope tows , and a fifty - room lodge . Cushing presented the site as a blank canvas of unspoiled environment , where a world - class ski resort could be constructed . The obscurity of the location was underscored at the closing ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics . Traditionally the mayor of the current host city passes a flag to the mayor of the next host city signalling the transfer of the Games . Since Squaw Valley was an unincorporated village it had no city government . John Garland , an IOC member from California , was asked to stand in and received the flag from the mayor of Cortina d'Ampezzo . After winning the right to host the Games , the California Olympic Commission was formed . They were given four years to build venues , an Olympic Village , and expand infrastructure . With the expansion of roads , bridges , water and electrical capacity the resort of Squaw Valley became the city of Squaw Valley . Hotels , restaurants , administration buildings , a Sheriff 's office and a sewage pumping and treatment plant were all constructed to support the influx of visitors for the Games . Organizers wanted the Olympics to be intimate with the venues close to one another . The Blyth Memorial Ice Arena was built along with three outdoor skating rinks , a 400 - meter speed skating oval and four dormitories to house athletes . One venue deemed impractical to build was the bobsled run . Organizers felt the lack of possible entrants and the high cost of building the run were sufficient deterrents to leave the bobsled events off the 1960 Olympic program . Several design innovations and new technologies were used for the 1960 Games . The speed skating , figure skating and ice hockey events were held on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history . A refrigeration plant capable of heating 4,800 homes had to be built to generate and maintain the ice . The heat generated from the refrigeration plant was used to warm spectators , provide hot water , and melt the snow off of roofs . New timing equipment provided by Longines was installed that used a quartz clock to measure to the hundredths of a second . IBM provided a computer that was capable of tabulating results and printing them in English and French . Blyth Arena , site of the opening and closing ceremonies as well as the figure skating and ice hockey competitions , was built with a 22 in ( 56 cm ) gap in the roof , which would slide closed as the cables supporting the roof contracted during cold weather . Funding for Cushing 's initial bid to the IOC came from the California Legislature and investors in the `` Squaw Valley Development Company '' , who were owners of the existing resort . To fund the construction , organizers turned to the federal government , which provided about a quarter of the $80 million required to host the Games . The monies were used to build sports arenas and provide military support during the Games . Further funding was secured from private sponsorships and from the State of California . Governor Knight and his successor Edmund `` Pat '' Brown remained behind the project , seeing it as a means to showcase the state of California to the world . Television ( edit ) Television was not new to the Olympic Winter Games ; broadcasts of events to European audiences had begun in 1956 . What was unprecedented was the sale of exclusive United States television rights to broadcast the Games . The Organizing Committee decided to sell the television broadcast rights to CBS for $50,000 . Unknown at the time was how lucrative the sale of broadcast rights would become . For example , CBS purchased the rights to broadcast the 1960 Summer Olympics for $550,000 . During the Games , CBS broadcast 15 and a quarter hours of television focusing on ice hockey , speed skating , figure skating , alpine skiing and ski jumping . The impact of television was felt during the Games ; in the men 's slalom event , officials who were unsure if a skier had missed a gate asked CBS if they could review tape of the event . This request gave CBS the idea for what is now known as instant replay . Politics ( edit ) Brundage ( left ) examines the facilities at Squaw Valley , 1960 Winter Olympics . Athletic competition between the Soviet Union and United States had grown intense during the 1950s . Their opposing ideologies and interests in nations such as East and West Germany , China and North and South Korea created a delicate situation as the 1960 Winter Games approached . Of particular interest was the question of whether China would be allowed to participate . Chinese athletes last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute over Taiwan 's participation as a separate country . The United States supported Taiwan while the Soviet Union stood behind China . Given the fact that the 1960 Games were to be held in America , there was concern among IOC members that the United States would not allow China or any other Communist country to participate . In 1957 IOC president Avery Brundage , himself an American , announced that if the United States refused entry to any country recognized by the IOC , then they would revoke Squaw Valley 's invitation to host the Games and he would resign the presidency . Bowing to international pressure , the United States allowed athletes from Communist countries to participate . China continued to demand that Taiwan be expelled from the IOC , demands that were refused until China broke off relations ending any hope that they would participate in 1960 . Problems similar to the issue with China broke out over North Korea and East Germany . Prior to the Korean War the IOC had recognized the Olympic committee of Korea , which was headquartered in Seoul . North Korea was not recognized as a separate country by the IOC who maintained the existence of one Olympic committee . A unified team compromise was proposed but rejected , which meant only athletes from South Korea participated due to their prior recognition . Pressure for full recognition of East Germany continued despite the fact that both East and West Germany had participated as a unified team in 1956 . One of the conditions for a unified German team was that the athletes be represented by a neutral flag . Initially West German officials refused to agree to this stipulation citing the fact that the West German flag had been used at both the 1956 Winter and Summer Games . Eventually the neutral flag was adopted and a unified German team participated . Events ( edit ) The Games were held from February 18 to 28 . Medals were awarded in 27 events contested in 4 sports ( 8 disciplines ) . The sport of biathlon was added to the program as were speed skating events for women . After a poll was taken indicating that only nine countries would send a bobsled team , the organizers determined that bobsled would be removed from the Olympic program . Despite petitions from the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation to reconsider , the organizers felt they could not justify the costs of constructing a bobsled run for nine competing nations . It would be the only time in Winter Olympic history that the bobsled events were not held . Biathlon ( 1 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 1 ) ( details ) Skating Figure skating ( 3 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skiing Alpine skiing ( 6 ) ( details ) Nordic skiing ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 6 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 1 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 1 ) ( details ) Opening ceremonies ( edit ) The chairman of the Pageantry Committee was Walt Disney , who was responsible for producing both the opening and closing ceremonies . He organized an opening that included 5,000 entertainers , the release of 2,000 pigeons , and a military gun salute of eight shots , one for each of the previous Winter Olympic Games . The opening ceremonies were held on February 18 , 1960 , at Blyth Arena in the midst of a blizzard . The heavy snow fall caused traffic problems that delayed the ceremony by an hour . The festivities began with a sustained drum roll as the flags of each participating nation were raised on specially designed flag poles . Vice President Richard Nixon represented the United States government and declared the Games open . The Olympic cauldron was lit by Kenneth Henry , Olympic champion of the 500 meter speed skating race at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . The Olympic oath was taken by Carol Heiss on behalf of all the athletes . As the national delegations left the stadium fireworks concluded the ceremonies . Ice hockey ( edit ) Ice hockey match between the United States and Soviet Union . The United States won the game , 3 -- 2 . Main article : Ice hockey at the 1960 Winter Olympics The ice hockey tournament took place at Blyth Arena and the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink . Controversy over the amateur status of some of the players overshadowed the event . Canadian Olympic officials objected to the use of `` professional amateurs '' by Eastern Bloc countries , and especially the Soviet Union . They alleged that the Soviets were giving their elite hockey players phantom jobs in the military that allowed them to play hockey full - time , which gave Soviet teams an advantage that they used to dominate Olympic hockey tournaments for nearly 30 years . This issue started coming to light during the 1960 Games and would culminate in a Canadian boycott of the Olympic hockey tournament at the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics . The team from the United States won an improbable gold medal , defeating the favored Canadian and Soviet teams , who took silver and bronze respectively . This was the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the United States and it would mark the last time a Soviet team did not win the Olympic tournament until the United States victory at the 1980 Winter Olympics . Cross-country skiing ( edit ) Main article : Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics Sixten Jernberg in an Olympic cross-country race There were six cross-country skiing races at the 1960 Olympics , four for men and two for women , all held at the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex . Soviet women swept the 10 kilometer race , which was the first medal sweep for the Soviets at the Winter Olympics . They were however upset by Sweden in the 3 × 5 kilometer relay . Nordic countries dominated the men 's competition . Swedish lumberjack Sixten Jernberg added a gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956 . He would add two golds and a bronze in 1964 to finish his Olympic career with nine medals , which made him the most decorated Winter Olympian . Finnish skier Veikko Hakulinen added a gold , silver and bronze to the two golds and two silvers he had won in 1952 and 1956 . Biathlon ( edit ) Main article : Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics Klas Lestander during the 1960 Olympic biathlon competition Biathlon made its Olympic debut in 1960 . The precursor to biathlon , military patrol , was on the Olympic program for the first Olympic Games in 1924 . It was a demonstration sport at the 1928 , 1936 , and 1948 Winter Olympics , though the competition was only open to members of the armed forces . Military patrol fell out of favor in 1948 due to anti-military sentiments in the post World War II era . Biathlon took its place and was instated as a full Olympic sport in 1960 . It encompassed a 20 kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations at ranges from 100 to 250 m ( 330 to 820 ft ) . Klas Lestander from Sweden became the first Olympic champion , Antti Tyrväinen from Finland and Soviet Aleksandr Privalov placed second and third respectively . Nordic combined ( edit ) Main article : Nordic combined at the 1960 Winter Olympics The Nordic combined competition was held on February 21 at the Squaw Valley normal hill and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex . The athletes had three jumps on February 21 followed by a 15 kilometer cross-country race . German skier Georg Thoma became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event . He would win bronze medal in the Nordic combined in 1964 . Tormod Knutsen of Norway and Nikolay Gusakov of the Soviet Union placed second and third , respectively . Gusakov 's wife , Maria Gusakova , competed in the cross-country events , winning a gold and silver . Ski Jumping ( edit ) Main article : Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics Helmut Recknagel at a ski jumping event There was one ski jumping event at the 1960 Games , the men 's normal hill , which was held on February 28 . In 1964 the competition would be expanded to include a men 's large hill event . Helmut Recknagel became the first German to win the event . In 1994 he would be joined by Jens Weißflog as the only German ski jumping Olympic champions . Niilo Halonen from Finland and Austrian Otto Leodolter earned the silver and bronze medals . Figure skating ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics Held at Blyth Memorial Arena , the figure skating competition took place between February 19 and 26 . Though this was not the first time figure skating had been held indoors , it would never be contested outdoors again . There were three events : men 's and women 's singles and the pairs competition . In the men 's event , David Jenkins of the United States , brother of 1956 Winter Olympic figure skating champion Hayes Jenkins , won the gold medal . It was his second Olympic medal , having won the bronze in 1956 . Czechoslovakian Karol Divín took the silver medal , and Canadian Donald Jackson won the bronze . American Carol Heiss , winner of the silver medal in 1956 , became the Olympic champion in 1960 . A year later she married Hayes Jenkins and starred in Snow White and the Three Stooges . Dutch skater Sjoukje Dijkstra took the silver medal ; she would finish her amateur career with an Olympic gold medal in 1964 . Barbara Ann Roles gave the United States its third figure skating medal of the competition when she took the bronze . The Soviet Union made its Olympic figure skating debut by sending two couples to compete in the pairs competition ; the result belied the fact that Soviet skaters would soon come to dominate this event . The competition was won by the Canadian pair of Barbara Wagner and Bob Paul who had won the last three world championships . The German pair Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler followed their recent European championship victory with the Olympic silver medal , and the American husband - and - wife team of Ron and Nancy Ludington took the bronze . Speed skating ( edit ) Main article : Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic speed skating competition for the first time in 1960 . The Soviet Union had requested the inclusion of women 's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Games , but the request was rejected by the IOC . The issue was revisited for the 1960 Games , and since women had been competing internationally since 1936 and there was a World Championship for women 's speed skating , the IOC agreed to four events ; 500 , 1,000 , 1,500 , and 3,000 meters . Most of the events were held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink , which was an outdoor skating oval , and featured artificial ice , a first for the Olympic speed skating competition . Given the altitude and the artificial ice , the rink was the fastest in the world , as evidenced by Norwegian Knut Johannesen 's world record in the 10,000 meter event . At 15 : 46.6 he was the first skater ever to break the 16 - minute barrier , and eclipsed the previous world record by 46 seconds . Despite Johannesen 's victory , the Soviets dominated the speed skating events , winning all but two of the races . Yevgeny Grishin won both the 500 and 1,500 meter races , though he shared the 1,500 meter gold medal with Norwegian Roald Aas . Lidiya Skoblikova from the Soviet Union was the other double gold medalist , when she won the 1,500 and 3,000 meter events . Polish skaters Helena Pilejczyk and Elwira Seroczyńska placed second and third in the 1,500 meter event , which were Poland 's only medals of the Games . They were just the second and third Poles ever to win Winter Olympic medals . Alpine skiing ( edit ) Main article : Alpine skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics Despite the lack of facilities at Squaw Valley , the resort did have steep mountain slopes in close proximity , resulting in some of the most difficult alpine skiing courses in Olympic history . Both men and women competed in the downhill , giant slalom and slalom with all 6 events held between February 20 and 26 . The men 's downhill was won by Frenchman Jean Vuarnet who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skis . Swiss skier Roger Staub won the giant slalom and Ernst Hinterseer from Austria was the slalom champion . German Heidi Biebl won the women 's downhill , Yvonne Rüegg of Switzerland won the giant slalom and Anne Heggtveit from Canada won the slalom . Penny Pitou of the United States was the only multiple medal winner with two silvers in the downhill and giant slalom . Closing ceremonies ( edit ) The Games were brought to a close on February 28 in Blyth Memorial Arena in front of 20,000 people . Flags of the participating nations were followed by the athletes who marched as a group with no national distinctions , a tradition carried over from the 1956 Summer Olympics . The flag bearers made a semi-circle around the rostrum and the national anthems of Greece ( even though the nation did n't compete ) , United States , and Austria were played as their respective flags were raised . IOC president Avery Brundage declared the Games closed , at which point the Olympic flame was extinguished . The Games concluded with the release of several thousand balloons . Calendar ( edit ) All dates are in Pacific Standard Time ( UTC - 8 ) The opening ceremony was held on February 18 , along with the first games of the Ice hockey tournament . From February 19 to 28 , at least one event final was held each day . OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals CC Closing ceremony February 18 Thu 19 Fri 20 Sat 21 Sun 22 Mon 23 Tue 24 Wed 25 Thu 26 Fri 27 Sat 28 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Ice hockey Figure skating Speed skating 8 Alpine skiing 6 Cross-country skiing 6 Nordic combined Ski jumping Biathlon Daily medal events 27 Cumulative Total 5 8 11 15 17 19 23 25 27 February 18 Thu 19 Fri 20 Sat 21 Sun 22 Mon 23 Tue 24 Wed 25 Thu 26 Fri 27 Sat 28 Sun Total events † The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day . Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 1960 Winter Olympics The lack of facilities prior to the Olympics gave organizers freedom to tailor the layout of the venues to fit the needs of the athletes . Their vision was for an intimate Games in which athletes and spectators could walk between venues . This was accomplished with the exception of the cross-country events , which were held at McKinney Creek , a 12 mi ( 19 km ) drive from Squaw Valley . In prior Winter Olympics the athletes were housed in hotels or billeted with local families . Since no such facilities existed in Squaw Valley , the organizers decided to build the first Olympic Village at the Winter Games . Competitors slept in one of four dormitories and ate together in a dining room . The complex was located centrally , with access to all the sporting facilities . The peaks surrounding Squaw Valley were used for the alpine skiing events . The ladies ' downhill and men 's slalom and giant slalom were on KT - 22 mountain , while the ladies ' slalom and giant slalom were contested on Little Papoose Peak . Squaw Peak was the site of the men 's downhill competition . Prior to the Games , concerns persisted that the courses would not meet international standards . To address these concerns , a test event was held in 1959 and the attending delegates from the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) left assured that the events would comply with FIS rules and specifications . Bleachers were constructed for officials , coaches and spectators , along with broadcast booths for radio and television . Papoose Peak Jumps was located on Little Papoose Peak directly opposite Blyth Memorial Arena . Designed by Heini Klopfer , the hill was innovative in that it had 40 - , 60 - , and 80 -- meter jumps . Tall trees on both sides protected athletes from the wind , and it was situated so that the sun would be at the jumper 's back during the competition . McKinney Creek Stadium was built to host all of the cross-country races , which included the biathlon and a portion of the Nordic combined competition . It consisted of a timing building , two Quonset huts for competitors and course workers , a scoreboard , and bleachers to accommodate 1,200 people . Shooting ranges were interspersed throughout the biathlon course , and were supervised by non-commissioned officers of the United States military . Blyth Memorial Arena was the centerpiece of the Games . It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies jointly with Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink , and also hosted the figure skating competition , a few of the speed skating events , as well as most of the games in the hockey tournament . All three of the sports were held indoors on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history . At full capacity , the arena accommodated 11,000 people , 8,500 of whom were seated . One end of the stadium could be opened and closed , depending on the event . During the ceremonies it was open to allow for the entrance of the athletes ; during the competitions it was closed to accommodate more spectators . A special machine was created to resurface the ice for all three competitions . It could lay a new ice surface on the 400 - meter speed skating track in 45 minutes . In addition to resurfacing the ice , the machine created the snow dividers that delineated the racing lanes . The roof was designed on a suspension principle , using cables rather than vertical supports ; this removed any visual impediments for the audience , but it weakened the strength of the roof . Given the amount of annual snowfall designers planned on using heat generated by the refrigeration plant to melt the snow . There were flaws in the design and miscalculations in the load the roof could bear , and during a particularly heavy snowfall in 1983 , a portion of the roof collapsed and the building was subsequently demolished . As of 2016 , only three buildings from the 1960 Winter Olympics remain in Squaw Valley . An expansion of the resort 's village , currently in the planning stages , would see two of these buildings demolished . Participating nations ( edit ) Athletes from 30 nations competed at the 1960 Games . South Africa competed at the Winter Games for the first time ; it would be the last for many years , as apartheid policies prevented South African participation until 1994 . Athletes from West Germany ( FRG ) and East Germany ( GDR ) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964 . The number at the end of each country denotes the number of athletes each country sent . ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Argentina ( 6 ) Australia ( 30 ) Austria ( 26 ) Bulgaria ( 7 ) Canada ( 44 ) Chile ( 5 ) Czechoslovakia ( 21 ) Denmark ( 1 ) Finland ( 48 ) France ( 26 ) United Team of Germany ( 74 ) Great Britain ( 17 ) Hungary ( 3 ) Iceland ( 4 ) Italy ( 28 ) Japan ( 41 ) South Korea ( 7 ) Lebanon ( 2 ) Liechtenstein ( 5 ) Netherlands ( 7 ) New Zealand ( 4 ) Norway ( 29 ) Poland ( 13 ) South Africa ( 4 ) Soviet Union ( 62 ) Spain ( 4 ) Sweden ( 47 ) Switzerland ( 21 ) Turkey ( 2 ) United States ( 79 ) ( host ) Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Country Athletes USA United States 79 EUA United Team of Germany 74 URS Soviet Union 62 FIN Finland 48 SWE Sweden 47 CAN Canada 44 JPN Japan 41 AUS Australia 30 NOR Norway 29 ITA Italy 28 AUT Austria 26 FRA France 26 TCH Czechoslovakia 21 SUI Switzerland 21 GBR Great Britain 17 POL Poland 13 BUL Bulgaria 7 KOR South Korea 7 NED Netherlands 7 ARG Argentina 6 CHI Chile 5 LIE Liechtenstein 5 ISL Iceland NZL New Zealand RSA South Africa ESP Spain HUN Hungary LIB Lebanon TUR Turkey DEN Denmark Total 665 Medal count ( edit ) Main article : 1960 Winter Olympics medal table Below is a list of nations that won medals at the Games : Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union 7 5 9 21 United Team of Germany 8 United States 10 Norway 0 6 5 Sweden 7 6 Finland 8 7 Canada 8 Switzerland 0 0 9 Austria 6 10 France 0 11 Netherlands 0 Poland 0 13 Czechoslovakia 0 0 14 Italy 0 0 Total ( 14 NOCs ) 28 ‡ 26 ‡ 27 81 The host nation is highlighted in blue . ‡ Since there was a tie in the men 's 1,500 meter speed skating race ( like in 1956 ) , two gold medals and no silver medals were awarded . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 1960 Summer Olympics List of 1960 Winter Olympics medal winners Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games Other Olympic Games celebrated in the United States 1904 Summer Olympics -- St. Louis 1932 Summer Olympics -- Los Angeles 1932 Winter Olympics -- Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics -- Lake Placid 1984 Summer Olympics -- Los Angeles 1996 Summer Olympics -- Atlanta 2002 Winter Olympics -- Salt Lake City References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The VIII Winter Olympic Games '' . Squaw Valley Ski Corporation . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Findling & Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : `` Squaw Valley 1960 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IOC Vote History ^ Jump up to : Findling & Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything you need to know about bobsled '' . The Washington Post . February 28 , 1999 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shipler , Guy ( February 1960 ) . `` Backstage at Winter Olympics '' . Popular Science : 137 -- 138 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ungar , Bernard L. ( 2000 ) . Olympic Games : Federal Government Provides Significant Funding and Support . Washington D.C. : United States General Accounting Office . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 7567 - 1501 - 6 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toohey and Veal ( 2008 ) , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Spence , Jim ( November 20 , 1988 ) . `` Are Olympic TV rights worth the price ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics and Television '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Espy ( 1979 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Xiao , Li . `` China and the Olympic Movement '' . China Internet Information Center . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Blitz , Michael ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . Santa Barbara , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Caraccioli ( 2006 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Caraccioli ( 2006 ) , p. xvii . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice Hockey at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey : Ice Hockey Men '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cross Country Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mariya Gusakova '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sixten Jernberg '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sixten Jernberg '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Judd , Ron C. ( 2008 ) . The Winter Olympics . Seattle , USA : The Mountaineers Books . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Veikko Hakulinen '' . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crego ( 2003 ) , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Crego ( 2003 ) , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nordic Combined at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Georg Thoma '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolay Gusakov '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ski Jumping at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Ski Jumping Medalists '' . Ski Jumping Committee - USSA Eastern Division . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Czechoslovakia '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Heiss '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sjoukje Dijkstra '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games : Mixed Pairs '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games : Men 's 1,500 metres '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alpine Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Greek flag honored Greece as the originators of the Olympic Games , the United States flag represented the host nation and the Austrian flag was raised because Innsbruck , Austria had been selected to host the 1964 Winter Games . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 54 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Weinreb , Michael . `` How the Olympics Got Disneyfied '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 109 -- 118 . Jump up ^ The alternate site for ice hockey and speed skating was the Squaw Valley Olympic skating rink , which was an outdoor venue with artificial ice . Jump up ^ Brown , Matthew ( January -- February 2010 ) . `` Then and if '' . Nevada Magazine . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Fimrite ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Big Squaw Valley resort expansion gets the green light '' . SFGATE . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Countries '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1960 Winter Olympics . `` Squaw Valley 1960 '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Bill Briner Photo Collection of the 1960 Games Clip of US vs USSR ice hockey match on YouTube The program of the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics 1960 Winter Olympics Official Report Further reading ( edit ) Caraccioli , Jerry ; Caraccioli , Tom ( 2006 ) . Striking Silver : The Untold Story of America 's Forgotten Hockey Team . Champaign , USA : Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 59670 - 078 - 5 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Crego , Robert ( 2003 ) . Sports and games of the 18th and 19th centuries . Westport , USA : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31610 - 4 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Espy , Richard ( 1979 ) . The politics of the Olympic Movement . Berkeley , USA : University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03777 - 4 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement . Westport , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) . VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley , California 1960 Final Report ( PDF ) . Squaw Valley , USA : California Olympic Commission . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Toohey , Kristine ; Veal , A.J. ( 2008 ) . The Olympic Games : A Social Science Perspective . Cambridge , USA : CAB International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 346 - 3 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Coordinates : 39 ° 11 ′ 47 '' N 120 ° 14 ′ 01 '' W / 39.19631 ° N 120.23356 ° W / 39.19631 ; - 120.23356 Preceded by Cortina D'Ampezzo Winter Olympics Squaw Valley VIII Olympic Winter Games ( 1960 ) Succeeded by Innsbruck Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 1960 Winter Olympics ( Squaw Valley ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Cross ‐ country skiing Figure skating Ice hockey Nordic combined Ski jumping Speed skating Nations at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , United States Africa South Africa America Argentina Canada Chile United States Asia Japan South Korea Lebanon Europe Austria Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany Great Britain Hungary Iceland Italy Liechtenstein Netherlands Norway Poland Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Oceania Australia New Zealand Venues of the 1960 Winter Olympics Blyth Arena McKinney Creek Stadium Papoose Peak Jumps Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink Squaw Valley Ski Resort VIAF : 133873932 LCCN : n98065848 GND : 2146503 - 4 1960s portal Olympics portal California portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_Winter_Olympics&oldid=832994969 '' Categories : 1960 Winter Olympics Olympic Games in the United States Winter Olympics by year Olympic Games in California Sports in Squaw Valley , Placer County , California Winter multi-sport events in the United States 1960 in multi-sport events 1960 in American sports 1960 in California History of Placer County , California History of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) February 1960 sports events 1960 in sports in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 Good articles Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was in charge of the opening ceremonies in the 1960 winter olympics	[ "The chairman of the Pageantry Committee was Walt Disney, who was responsible for producing both the opening and closing ceremonies.[7] He organized an opening that included 5,000 entertainers, the release of 2,000 pigeons, and a military gun salute of eight shots, one for each of the previous Winter Olympic Games.[24][25] The opening ceremonies were held on February 18, 1960, at Blyth Arena in the midst of a blizzard. The heavy snow fall caused traffic problems that delayed the ceremony by an hour. The festivities began with a sustained drum roll as the flags of each participating nation were raised on specially designed flag poles. Vice President Richard Nixon represented the United States government and declared the Games open.[26] The Olympic cauldron was lit by Kenneth Henry, Olympic champion of the 500 meter speed skating race at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. The Olympic oath was taken by Carol Heiss on behalf of all the athletes. As the national delegations left the stadium fireworks concluded the ceremonies.[27]" ]	[ "Walt Disney" ]
-7276153269413972522	Game Boy Advance SP	Game Boy Advance SP - wikipedia Game Boy Advance SP Jump to : navigation , search Game Boy Advance SP A Cobalt Blue front - lit version of the Game Boy Advance SP . Manufacturer Nintendo Product family Game Boy line Type Handheld game console Generation Sixth generation era Retail availability JP : February 14 , 2003 NA : March 23 , 2003 PAL : March 28 , 2003 Introductory price US $ 99.99 ¥ 12,500 € 129.99 CA $ 149.95 A $ 199.99 Discontinued May 15 , 2010 Units shipped Total ( Worldwide ) : 81.51 million GBA and Micro : 37.94 million GBA SP : 43.57 million ( as of December 31 , 2015 ) GBA Micro : 2.42 million ( as of March 31 , 2007 ) Media ROM cartridges CPU 32 - bit 16.78 MHz ARM7TDMI 8 or 4 MHz Z80 coprocessor Display TFT LCD , 240 × 160 pixels , 40.8 × 61.2 mm Best - selling game Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire , 13 million combined ( as of November 25 , 2004 ) Pokémon Emerald , 6.32 million ( as of March 31 , 2007 ) Backward compatibility Game Boy , Game Boy Color ( GBA & GBA SP only ) Predecessor Game Boy Advance ( concurrent ) Successor Game Boy Micro ( redesign ) Nintendo DS ( successor ) The Game Boy Advance SP ( ゲームボーイアドバンス SP , Gēmu Bōi Adobansu Essu Pī ) , released in February 2003 , is an upgraded version of Nintendo 's Game Boy Advance . The `` SP '' in the name stands for `` Special '' . The SP is accompanied by the Nintendo DS ( released in November 2004 ) and the Game Boy Micro ( released in September 2005 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technical specifications 1.1 Physical 1.2 Internal 1.3 Headphone jack 2 Backlit Model ( AGS - 101 ) 3 Sales information 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Technical specifications ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles Physical ( edit ) Size ( closed ) : Approximately 8.4 × 8.2 × 2.44 cm ( 3.3 × 3.23 × 0.96 inches ) . Weight : 142 grams ( approximately 5 ounces ) Screen : 2.9 inch Reflective TFT Color LCD . Light source : Frontlight integrated LCD . Power : Rechargeable lithium ion battery . Battery life : 10 hours continuous play with light on , 18 hours with light off ; needs at most 3 hours recharging . Hardware colors : Onyx , Flame , Platinum Silver , Cobalt Blue , Pearl Pink , Pearl Blue , Graphite , Midnight Blue , Charizard Fire Red , Torchic Orange , Venusaur Leaf Green , NES classic design , and Pikachu Yellow . A limited gold edition with a Triforce and the Hyrule Royal Family crest was available in Europe which included a copy of The Legend of Zelda : The Minish Cap . In 2003 , Toys `` R '' Us sold an exclusive gold edition ( without any Zelda symbols ) in the US starting on Black Friday of that year , initially with a Super Mario Advance 4 game . In September 2005 , a Blue edition was sold through Best Buy . A special Pokémon Emerald pack contained a limited edition Green Rayquaza SP and the Emerald game . A limited edition backlit edition exists . There is also an All Blacks edition . An Orange and red version was made as a prize for a speed run competition for Metroid Zero Mission . A red SP with a circle with an M in it was created , modeled after Mario 's cap , it also came in a bundle that included the game Mario Vs. Donkey Kong . Main article : List of Game Boy colors and styles § Game Boy Advance SP The GBA SP is slightly more than half the size of the GBA when closed and roughly the height of Nintendo 's Game Boy Color when open . This model of the Game Boy can play all Game Boy cartridges including Game Boy , Game Boy Color , and Game Boy Advance carts . The clamshell ( or laptop design ) protects the screen from scratches and dust , reminiscent of two - screen Game & Watch units . However , the casing is made from a different material , making it more prone to scratches than previous Game Boy systems . The slot for cartridges has been moved to the bottom of the system , facing down . This makes using special cartridges , such as the Game Boy Camera and Kirby : Tilt and Tumble , very difficult . The GBA SP AC adapter comes with the package to recharge its lithium ion battery , something previous Game Boys did not have ( they usually used commercially available batteries ) . This adapter is also compatible with the original version of the DS . The software library and general hardware specifications are identical to those of the Game Boy Advance . In Japan it was released in a variety of standard colors and special packages . In most other regions it was released in Platinum Silver and Charcoal Black . Later , a Flame Red version was released . Six special editions have also been released : a NES Classics model with the same color scheme as a classic NES controller ( and designed to resemble a NES deck when closed ) , a SpongeBob SquarePants model , a Pikachu model , and a silver model with a tattoo design printed on it , known as the ' Tribal Edition ' . In other regions , such as Europe , Asia , and the Middle East , additional colors have been released , such as Pearl Green and Starlight Gold . Additionally , two new special versions have been released in Asia exclusive to that region . Nintendo was planning to have the SP be 3D - compatible , but the resolution of LCD was too low , resulting in Nintendo scrapping it . Internal ( edit ) CPU : 32 - bit ARM7TDMI with embedded memory . Co-processor : 8 - bit Zilog Z80 Memory : 32 kilobyte + 96 kilobyte VRAM ( internal CPU ) , 256 kilobyte DRAM ( external CPU ) . Resolution : 240 × 160 pixels . Color : 16 - bit RGB ( 16 - bit color space using 5 bits depth per channel ) , capable of displaying 512 simultaneous colors in `` character mode '' and 32,768 ( 2 ) simultaneous colors in `` bitmap mode '' . Software : Compatible with all Game Boy and most Game Boy Color games . Game Boy games can be played using the same selectable color palettes as on the Game Boy Color . Headphone jack ( edit ) Headphone adapter for Game Boy Advance SP Nintendo removed the TRS headphone jack from the SP , which had been included on all previous Game Boy models . Headphones designed specifically for the GBA SP can be purchased , or standard headphones can be attached with an optional , stereophonic adapter that plugs into the same port as the AC adapter . As both AC adapter and headphones use the same port , it is not possible to charge the SP and listen to headphones at the same time with the Nintendo brand adapter . There are , however , third - party solutions , such as an adapter that `` splits '' into two different cords ; the power jack on one side , and a TS headphone jack on the other . Backlit model ( AGS - 101 ) ( edit ) The pearl blue AGS - 101 GBA SP model that featured an improved backlit screen . In September 2005 , around the time of the Game Boy Micro 's release , Nintendo released an improved version of the Game Boy Advance SP in North America , featuring a brighter backlit screen instead of the previous version 's frontlit screen . The new model can be distinguished by the following features : The box states `` Now with a BRIGHTER backlit screen ! '' to distinguish the new model from the older , frontlit models . The backlit SP has the Model Number AGS - 101 on the label on the bottom of the unit , whereas the original frontlit SP has the Model Number AGS - 001 The mini button at the top center of the console 's lower face is now referred to in the manual as the `` Brightness Switch '' and selects between two levels of brightness , `` Normal '' ( Low ) and `` Bright '' ( High ) with no off setting . On the frontlit models this button turned the frontlight on or off only . With the backlight set to `` Normal '' ( Low ) the brightness still surpasses the original AGS - 001 with the frontlight on . When powered off , the backlit model 's screen is completely black , but the frontlit model 's screen is noticeably lighter . The North American backlit version comes in three standard colors : `` Pearl Blue '' , `` Pearl Pink '' and `` Graphite '' ( a greyer version of Onyx Black ) . There were also two Toys `` R '' Us exclusive backlit models ; a `` SpongeBob SquarePants '' model and a `` Limited Edition Pikachu '' model . In 2006 , the AGS - 101 backlit model also saw a very limited release in Europe . Few models made it to market , likely due to the release of the Game Boy Advance - compatible Nintendo DS one year prior . The European version was released in `` Surf Blue '' as well as re-issued `` Pink '' and `` Tribal '' editions . Unlike the North American release , the European box does not feature any prominent text to distinguish the backlit models from the older frontlit models . In addition , only the `` Surf Blue '' color was unique to the AGS - 101 , the other two colors `` Pink '' and `` Tribal '' had already been released as frontlit models - for these reasons it can be very difficult to identify a European backlit SP . Apart from the AGS - 101 model number on the base of the unit , the only other obvious distinguishing feature of the European backlit model is the large picture of the Game Boy Advance SP featured on the front of the box . ( The European frontlit models of `` Pink '' and `` Tribal '' only feature small pictures of the Game Boy Advance SP on the sides of the box and Flower / Tattoo patterns on the front respectively . ) Sales Information ( edit ) As of June 30 , 2009 , the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.48 million units worldwide , of which 43.52 million are Game Boy Advance SP units . Life - to - date Number of units sold Date Japan Americas Other Total 2003 - 03 - 31 0.82 million 0.83 million 0.46 million 2.10 million 2003 - 06 - 30 4.84 million 2003 - 09 - 30 2.33 million 4.32 million 2.38 million 9.04 million 2003 - 12 - 31 3.14 million 7.82 million 4.34 million 15.30 million 2004 - 03 - 31 3.68 million 8.78 million 4.70 million 17.16 million 2004 - 06 - 30 19.33 million 2004 - 09 - 30 5.02 million 12.46 million 6.21 million 23.68 million 2004 - 12 - 31 5.94 million 16.13 million 8.67 million 30.73 million 2005 - 03 - 31 6.00 million 16.69 million 9.10 million 31.79 million 2005 - 06 - 30 2005 - 09 - 30 6.16 million 18.08 million 10.08 million 34.32 million 2005 - 12 - 31 6.35 million 20.40 million 10.64 million 37.40 million 2006 - 03 - 31 6.42 million 20.95 million 10.86 million 38.23 million 2006 - 06 - 30 6.46 million 21.30 million 11.08 million 38.84 million 2006 - 09 - 30 6.48 million 21.95 million 11.37 million 39.79 million 2006 - 12 - 31 6.50 million 23.06 million 11.78 million 41.33 million 2007 - 03 - 31 6.50 million 23.47 million 11.95 million 41.92 million 2007 - 06 - 30 6.50 million 23.78 million 12.14 million 42.43 million 2007 - 09 - 30 6.51 million 24.01 million 12.31 million 42.82 million 2007 - 12 - 31 6.51 million 24.01 million 12.51 million 43.02 million 2008 - 03 - 31 6.51 million 24.00 million 12.71 million 43.23 million 2008 - 06 - 30 6.51 million 24.00 million 12.89 million 43.41 million 2008 - 09 - 30 6.51 million 24.00 million 12.97 million 43.49 million 2008 - 12 - 31 6.51 million 24.00 million 13.00 million 43.52 million See also ( edit ) Nintendo portal List of Game Boy Advance games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game Boy Advance SP '' . IGN . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Game Boy Advance SP review '' . CNET . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N - Europe News : GBA SP Press Release '' . Ashley Jones . 2003 - 03 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated sales units , number of new titles , and sales unit forecast '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Game-Boy-Advance-SP/Product-information/Technical-data/Technical-data-619375.html Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2004 - 11 - 25 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Supplementary Information about Earnings Release '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Company History '' . Nintendo of America Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Nintendo - Customer Service Game Boy Advance SP - Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ Harris , Craig . `` Legend of Zelda GBA SP '' . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TRU Exclusive Gold GBA SP / Super Mario Advance 4 Bundle for Sale '' . Jump up ^ Tribal Edition GBA SP for Europe Jump up ^ Gameboy Advance SP Star Light Gold Toys R Us Limited Edition ( GFF - 3663 ) Jump up ^ Iwata Asks . Iwataasks.nintendo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Game Boy Advance SP Corporate Nintendo '' . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Game Boy Advance SP Review - Consoles '' . CNET . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ AGB / AGS / OXY : Game Boy Advance Jump up ^ GBA SP Gets Brighter Jump up ^ Brighter SP coming to Europe Jump up ^ Gameboy Advance SP - European AGS - 101 Model ( Backlit ) Unboxing Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2003 - 05 - 22 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2003 - 08 - 05 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2003 - 11 - 13 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2004 - 01 - 29 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2004 - 05 - 27 . p. 33 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2004 - 07 - 28 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. 2004 - 11 - 25 . p. 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2005 - 01 - 26 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2005 - 05 - 26 . p. 39 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. 2005 - 11 - 24 . p. 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 01 - 26 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 05 - 25 . p. 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 07 - 24 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 10 - 26 . p. 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 01 - 25 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 04 - 26 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 07 - 25 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 10 - 25 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 01 - 24 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 04 - 24 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 10 - 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Official website Game Boy Advance at Nintendo.com ( archived versions at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine ) Comparison of GBA SP 101 vs 001 Game Boy line Consoles Game Boy Pocket Light Color Advance family Advance SP Micro Visteon Dockable Entertainment Accessories Afterburner Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter Game Boy Camera Game Boy Player Game Boy Pocket Sonar Game Boy Printer Game Link Cable GameBooster Nintendo 64 transfer pak Nintendo e-Reader Nintendo GameCube -- Game Boy Advance link cable Nintendo Power Play - Yan Super Game Boy Wide - Boy64 WormCam Games Game Boy best - sellers Color Advance best - sellers Super Game Boy multiplayer titles Emulation BoycottAdvance NO $ GBA VisualBoyAdvance Wzonka - Lad → Nintendo DS family Nintendo video game hardware Consoles Home NES Famicom Titler Twin Famicom NES - 101 Sharp Nintendo Television NES Classic Edition accessories Super NES New - Style SF Naizou TV SF1 Super NES Classic Edition Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Panasonic Q accessories Wii Wii U Nintendo Switch Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Virtual Boy Game Boy Advance SP Micro Dockable Entertainment Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Dedicated Home Color TV - Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu Arcade VS . System PlayChoice - 10 Super Famicom Box Nintendo Super System Peripherals Add - ons 3D System Data Recorder Disk System Satellaview Super NES CD - ROM ( unreleased ) Super Game Boy Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer 64DD Rumble Pak e-Reader Game Boy Player Connectivity NES Four Score NES Satellite Game Link Cable GCN - GBA Link Cable Controllers Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B. Speedboard SNES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 controller GameCube controller WaveBird Wireless Wii Balance Board Wii Remote Classic Controller MotionPlus Wii Zapper Third - party accessories Wii Speak Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller Joy - Con Networking Family Computer Network System Teleplay Modem XBAND Satellaview GCN Modem and Broadband Adapter Nintendo Wi - Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Amiibo Technology Media NES Game Pak SNES Game Pak N64 Game Pak Game Boy Advance Video Nintendo optical discs Nintendo game card Processors 2A03 PPU 5A22 S - APU GSU RCP Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Erista List of products Video game consoles ( Sixth generation ) Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) Sixth generation Home DISCover Dreamcast GameCube Panasonic Q Nuon PlayStation 2 V. Smile Xbox Handheld Game Boy Advance family Game Boy Advance Advance SP Micro GP32 N - Gage QD Neo Geo Pocket Color Tapwave Zodiac Dedicated Pocket Dream Console ← Fifth generation Seventh generation → Emulator Game List Manufacturer Timeline Handheld game consoles Bandai LCD Solarpower Design Master Senshi WonderSwan Game Park / Holdings GP32 GP2X XGP GP2X Wiz CAANOO Nintendo ( comparison ) Game Boy line Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance family Advance Advance SP Micro Virtual Boy Pokémon Pikachu Nintendo DS family Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Switch Nokia N - Gage N - Gage QD Sega Game Gear Nomad SNK Neo Geo Pocket Neo Geo Pocket Color Neo Geo X Sony PlayStation Portable Xperia Play PlayStation Vita Tiger R - Zone Game.com Other handhelds 1970s Microvision 1980s Select - A-Game Entex Adventure Vision Nelsonic Industries Electronika Epoch Game Pocket Computer Atari Lynx 1990s TurboExpress Game Master Gamate Barcode Battler Watara Supervision Mega Duck 2000s Tapwave Zodiac GameKing GPANG service Didj Leapster Gizmondo Coleco Sonic Dingoo V - Smile Pocket 2010s JXD devices Pandora DragonBox Pyra Shield Portable GCW Zero GPD XD GPD Win Early units List Comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Boy_Advance_SP&oldid=803895359 '' Categories : Products introduced in 2003 Backward - compatible video game consoles Game Boy Advance Game Boy consoles Discontinued products Regionless game consoles Sixth - generation video game consoles Handheld game consoles IQue consoles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2007 Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year did gameboy advance sp come out	[ "The Game Boy Advance SP (ゲームボーイアドバンスSP, Gēmu Bōi Adobansu Essu Pī), released in February 2003,[9] is an upgraded version of Nintendo's Game Boy Advance. The \"SP\" in the name stands for \"Special\".[10] The SP is accompanied by the Nintendo DS (released in November 2004) and the Game Boy Micro (released in September 2005)." ]	[ "2003" ]
-774165558527915644	Tiptoe Through the Tulips	Tiptoe Through the Tulips - wikipedia Tiptoe Through the Tulips Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tip Toe Through the Tulips with Me by Joe Burke & Al Dubin Cover of the sheet music for `` Tip Toe Through The Tulips With Me '' Genre Popular song from the 1929 film Gold Diggers of Broadway Publisher M. Witmark & Sons ( New York ) `` Tiptoe Through the Tulips '' , also known as `` Tip Toe Through the Tulips with Me '' , is a popular song published in 1929 . The song was written by Al Dubin ( lyrics ) and Joe Burke ( music ) and made popular by guitarist Nick Lucas . Recording history ( edit ) `` Crooning Troubadour '' Nick Lucas topped the US charts with `` Tiptoe Through the Tulips '' in 1929 , after introducing the song in the musical `` talkie '' film Gold Diggers of Broadway . Lucas 's recording held the # 1 position for 10 weeks . Other artists charted with the song in 1929 , including Jean Goldkette ( # 5 ) , Johnny Marvin ( # 11 ) , and Roy Fox ( # 18 ) . The song was used in Sinkin ' in the Bathtub , the first Looney Tunes cartoon short , in 1930 . It is also heard in the opening scene of the 1945 film Confidential Agent . The song was revived in 1967 by the California rock group The Humane Society and in 1968 by Tiny Tim , whose version charted at # 17 that year , becoming his signature song , which he would continue to perform throughout his career . It was also later covered by The Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is sung by Dr. Smith and again by the Robot in the Lost in Space episode `` Space Circus '' The song is mentioned in the 1997 book Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Vernon Dursley hums the song while boarding up small cracks around the front and back doors of his house so he can stop letters from Hogwarts reaching Harry . Comedian Otto Waalkes sang a version , similar to that from Tiny Tim in his program Otto In The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , the phrase `` I like to tiptoe through the tulips '' is one of Geralt 's speech options for the pass - phrase to enter the Putrid Grove in Novigrad ( though not the correct one ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CD liner notes : Chart - Toppers of the Twenties , 1998 ASV Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space Memories Episodes '' . Pythononline.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , p. 34 , Scholastic Corporation , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Otto Waalkes `` Tip Toe through the Tulips '' 1973 `` . YouTube . 2013 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ChristopherOdd `` Let 's Play The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt - Part 43 '' `` . YouTube . 2015 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiptoe_Through_the_Tulips&oldid=811015177 '' Categories : Songs with lyrics by Al Dubin Songs with music by Joe Burke ( composer ) 1929 songs 1968 singles Songs about plants Novelty songs Tiny Tim ( musician ) songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 00 : 15 . About Wikipedia	when did tiptoe through the tulips come out	[ "\"Tiptoe Through the Tulips\", also known as \"Tip Toe Through the Tulips with Me\", is a popular song published in 1929. The song was written by Al Dubin (lyrics) and Joe Burke (music) and made popular by guitarist Nick Lucas." ]	[ "1929" ]
2656131038371313684	List of countries bordering on two or more oceans	List of countries bordering on two or more oceans - wikipedia List of countries bordering on two or more oceans This is a list of countries which border two or more oceans , including both sovereign states and dependencies , provided the same contiguous territory borders on more than one of the five named oceans , the Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Southern , and Arctic . Countries which border on multiple oceans because of discontiguous regions are excluded here but included in the list of transcontinental countries . List ( edit ) Continent Country Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Polar Oceans Oceans Trans - oceanic connection Africa South Africa South Atlantic Indian Ocean Southern Ocean 2 or 3 Cape of Good Hope Africa & Asia Egypt Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Suez Canal Asia Israel Mediterranean Sea Red Sea High - speed railway to Eilat ( proposed ) Asia Thailand Gulf of Thailand Andaman Sea Kra Canal ( proposed ) Asia Malaysia South China Sea Andaman Sea Strait of Malacca Asia Indonesia Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Strait of Malacca Asia East Timor Savu Sea , Flores Sea Timor Sea Asia & Europe Russia North Pacific Black Sea Baltic Sea Arctic Ocean Trans - Siberian Railway Europe Norway Norwegian Sea Barents Sea North America Greenland North Atlantic Arctic Ocean North America Canada North Pacific North Atlantic Arctic Ocean Canadian Pacific Railway North America United States North Pacific North Atlantic Arctic Ocean Trans - Alaska Pipeline North America Mexico Pacific Ocean Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea Tehuantepec route North America Guatemala Pacific Ocean Gulf of Honduras North America Honduras Gulf of Fonseca Caribbean Sea North America Nicaragua Pacific Ocean Caribbean Sea Nicaragua Canal ( proposed ) North America Costa Rica Pacific Ocean Caribbean Sea North America & South America Panama Gulf of Panama Caribbean Sea Panama Canal South America Colombia Pacific Ocean Caribbean Sea South America Chile South Pacific Straits of Magellan Southern Ocean 2 or 3 South America Argentina South Atlantic Drake Passage 1 or 2 Australia Australia South Pacific Indian Ocean Southern Ocean 2 or 3 Antarctica South Pacific South Atlantic Indian Ocean Southern Ocean 3 or 1 Jump up ^ South Africa borders on three oceans if the Southern Ocean is considered to extend to its shores , but only on two otherwise . Jump up ^ Greenland is part of Denmark . Jump up ^ Although Alaska and the Lower 48 each border on two oceans , no single contiguous US territory borders on three oceans . Jump up ^ The boundary between North and South America is somewhat arbitrary . Although atlases today generally show Panama entirely within North America , some 19th century atlases showed the continental boundary along the border between Costa Rica and Panama , which was then part of Colombia . Jump up ^ Chile borders on three oceans if the Southern and Atlantic Oceans are considered to meet in its territory , but only on two otherwise . Jump up ^ Argentina borders on two oceans if the Drake Passage is counted as part of the Southern Ocean , but only on one if it is considered part of the South Atlantic . Jump up ^ Australia borders on three oceans if the Southern Ocean is considered to extend that far north , but only on two otherwise . Jump up ^ Antarctica is included on this list although not a country . If the Southern ocean is considered a separate ocean , it borders on only that one ocean . If , however , the Southern Ocean is considered to be merely part of the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian oceans , Antarctica borders on all three . See also ( edit ) World Ocean Transcontinental railroad Boundaries between continents Sea to Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How many oceans are there ? '' . National Ocean Service . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_bordering_on_two_or_more_oceans&oldid=832615286 '' Categories : Lists of countries by geography Country classifications Lists by continent Lists of bodies of water Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 01 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	three countries that have coasts on the pacific ocean	[ "\n\nContinent\n\nCountry\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nPolar Oceans\n\nOceans\n\nTrans-oceanic connection\n\n\nAfrica\n\n South Africa\n\n\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[a]\n\nCape of Good Hope\n\n\nAfrica &Asia\n\n Egypt\n\n\n\nMediterranean Sea\n\nRed Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nSuez Canal\n\n\nAsia\n\n Israel\n\n\n\nMediterranean Sea\n\nRed Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nHigh-speed railway to Eilat (proposed)\n\n\nAsia\n\n Thailand\n\nGulf of Thailand\n\n\n\nAndaman Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nKra Canal (proposed)\n\n\nAsia\n\n Malaysia\n\nSouth China Sea\n\n\n\nAndaman Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nStrait of Malacca\n\n\nAsia\n\n Indonesia\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\nIndian Ocean\n\n\n\n2\n\nStrait of Malacca\n\n\nAsia\n\n East Timor\n\nSavu Sea, Flores Sea\n\n\n\nTimor Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nAsia &Europe\n\n Russia\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nBlack SeaBaltic Sea\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3\n\nTrans-Siberian Railway\n\n\nEurope\n\n Norway\n\n\n\nNorwegian Sea\n\n\n\nBarents Sea\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Greenland[b]\n\n\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Canada\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3\n\nCanadian Pacific Railway\n\n\nNorth America\n\n United States\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3[c]\n\nTrans-Alaska Pipeline\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Mexico\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nGulf of MexicoCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nTehuantepec route\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Guatemala\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nGulf of Honduras\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Honduras\n\nGulf of Fonseca\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Nicaragua\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nNicaragua Canal (proposed)\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Costa Rica\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America &South America[d]\n\n Panama\n\nGulf of Panama\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nPanama Canal\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Colombia\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Chile\n\nSouth Pacific\n\nStraits of Magellan\n\n\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[e]\n\n\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\n\n\nDrake Passage\n\n1 or 2[f]\n\n\n\n\nAustralia\n\n Australia\n\nSouth Pacific\n\n\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[g]\n\n\n\n\nAntarctica\n\n\n\nSouth Pacific\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n3 or 1[h]\n\n\n\n", "\n\nContinent\n\nCountry\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nPolar Oceans\n\nOceans\n\nTrans-oceanic connection\n\n\nAfrica\n\n South Africa\n\n\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[a]\n\nCape of Good Hope\n\n\nAfrica &Asia\n\n Egypt\n\n\n\nMediterranean Sea\n\nRed Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nSuez Canal\n\n\nAsia\n\n Israel\n\n\n\nMediterranean Sea\n\nRed Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nHigh-speed railway to Eilat (proposed)\n\n\nAsia\n\n Thailand\n\nGulf of Thailand\n\n\n\nAndaman Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nKra Canal (proposed)\n\n\nAsia\n\n Malaysia\n\nSouth China Sea\n\n\n\nAndaman Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nStrait of Malacca\n\n\nAsia\n\n Indonesia\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\nIndian Ocean\n\n\n\n2\n\nStrait of Malacca\n\n\nAsia\n\n East Timor\n\nSavu Sea, Flores Sea\n\n\n\nTimor Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nAsia &Europe\n\n Russia\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nBlack SeaBaltic Sea\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3\n\nTrans-Siberian Railway\n\n\nEurope\n\n Norway\n\n\n\nNorwegian Sea\n\n\n\nBarents Sea\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Greenland[b]\n\n\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Canada\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3\n\nCanadian Pacific Railway\n\n\nNorth America\n\n United States\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3[c]\n\nTrans-Alaska Pipeline\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Mexico\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nGulf of MexicoCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nTehuantepec route\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Guatemala\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nGulf of Honduras\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Honduras\n\nGulf of Fonseca\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Nicaragua\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nNicaragua Canal (proposed)\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Costa Rica\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America &South America[d]\n\n Panama\n\nGulf of Panama\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nPanama Canal\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Colombia\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Chile\n\nSouth Pacific\n\nStraits of Magellan\n\n\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[e]\n\n\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\n\n\nDrake Passage\n\n1 or 2[f]\n\n\n\n\nAustralia\n\n Australia\n\nSouth Pacific\n\n\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[g]\n\n\n\n\nAntarctica\n\n\n\nSouth Pacific\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n3 or 1[h]\n\n\n\n", "\n\nContinent\n\nCountry\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nPolar Oceans\n\nOceans\n\nTrans-oceanic connection\n\n\nAfrica\n\n South Africa\n\n\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[a]\n\nCape of Good Hope\n\n\nAfrica &Asia\n\n Egypt\n\n\n\nMediterranean Sea\n\nRed Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nSuez Canal\n\n\nAsia\n\n Israel\n\n\n\nMediterranean Sea\n\nRed Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nHigh-speed railway to Eilat (proposed)\n\n\nAsia\n\n Thailand\n\nGulf of Thailand\n\n\n\nAndaman Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nKra Canal (proposed)\n\n\nAsia\n\n Malaysia\n\nSouth China Sea\n\n\n\nAndaman Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\nStrait of Malacca\n\n\nAsia\n\n Indonesia\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\nIndian Ocean\n\n\n\n2\n\nStrait of Malacca\n\n\nAsia\n\n East Timor\n\nSavu Sea, Flores Sea\n\n\n\nTimor Sea\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nAsia &Europe\n\n Russia\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nBlack SeaBaltic Sea\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3\n\nTrans-Siberian Railway\n\n\nEurope\n\n Norway\n\n\n\nNorwegian Sea\n\n\n\nBarents Sea\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Greenland[b]\n\n\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Canada\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3\n\nCanadian Pacific Railway\n\n\nNorth America\n\n United States\n\nNorth Pacific\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\n\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n3[c]\n\nTrans-Alaska Pipeline\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Mexico\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nGulf of MexicoCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nTehuantepec route\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Guatemala\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nGulf of Honduras\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Honduras\n\nGulf of Fonseca\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Nicaragua\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nNicaragua Canal (proposed)\n\n\nNorth America\n\n Costa Rica\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nNorth America &South America[d]\n\n Panama\n\nGulf of Panama\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nPanama Canal\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Colombia\n\nPacific Ocean\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Chile\n\nSouth Pacific\n\nStraits of Magellan\n\n\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[e]\n\n\n\n\nSouth America\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\n\n\nDrake Passage\n\n1 or 2[f]\n\n\n\n\nAustralia\n\n Australia\n\nSouth Pacific\n\n\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n2 or 3[g]\n\n\n\n\nAntarctica\n\n\n\nSouth Pacific\n\nSouth Atlantic\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n3 or 1[h]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Indonesia", "Mexico", "Guatemala" ]
-2577050675520860320	Malaysian Open (golf)	Malaysian Open ( golf ) - wikipedia Malaysian Open ( golf ) Malaysian Open Tournament information Location Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Established 1962 Course ( s ) Kuala Lumpur G&CC Par 72 Length 6,967 yards ( 6,371 m ) Tour ( s ) European Tour Asian Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 3,000,000 Month played February Final year 2015 Tournament record score Aggregate 260 Arjun Atwal ( 2003 ) To par − 24 ( as above ) Final champion Anirban Lahiri Kuala Lumpur Location in Malaysia The Maybank Malaysian Open was a men 's professional golf tournament . The tournament ran on the European and Asian Tours . Since its inauguration in 1962 , there has never been a Malaysian winner . The tournament started in 1962 as an Asian Tour event but it did not join the European Tour until 1999 . The tournament was first sanctioned by the European Tour in 1999 , as part of its expansion into Asia , which began in 1989 . The 2012 event was held at the Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club with a prize fund of US $ 2.5 million . Former winners include former World Number 1 , Vijay Singh , and European Ryder Cup star , Lee Westwood and the 2010 Open Championship winner Louis Oosthuizen . Another notable other winner was 17 year old Matteo Manassero from Italy in 2011 . The event has not been staged since 2015 . The final champion was India 's Anirban Lahiri . This was his first ever win on the European Tour and it was his sixth win on the Asian Tour . It was played at the Kuala Lumpur G&CC . Winners ( edit ) European and Asian Tour event ( 1999 -- 2015 ) Season Winner Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Asian Euro Maybank Malaysian Open 2015 2015 Anirban Lahiri India 272 − 16 1 stroke Bernd Wiesberger 2014 2014 Lee Westwood ( 2 ) England 270 − 18 7 strokes Nicolas Colsaerts Louis Oosthuizen Bernd Wiesberger 2013 2013 Kiradech Aphibarnrat Thailand 203 * − 13 1 stroke Edoardo Molinari 2012 2012 Louis Oosthuizen South Africa 271 − 17 3 strokes Stephen Gallacher 2011 2011 Matteo Manassero Italy 272 − 16 1 stroke Grégory Bourdy Noh Seung - yul South Korea 274 − 14 1 stroke K.J. Choi 2009 2009 Anthony Kang United States 271 − 17 1 stroke David Horsey Prayad Marksaeng Jyoti Randhawa Miles Tunnicliff 2008 2008 Arjun Atwal ( 2 ) India 270 − 18 Playoff Peter Hedblom 2007 2007 Peter Hedblom Sweden 280 − 8 1 stroke Jean - François Lucquin 2006 2006 Charlie Wi South Korea 197 * − 19 1 stroke Thongchai Jaidee Carlsberg Malaysian Open 2005 2005 Thongchai Jaidee ( 2 ) Thailand 267 − 21 3 strokes Jyoti Randhawa Thongchai Jaidee Thailand 274 − 14 2 strokes Brad Kennedy 2003 2003 Arjun Atwal India 260 − 24 4 strokes Retief Goosen Brad Kennedy 2002 2002 Alastair Forsyth Scotland 267 − 17 Playoff Stephen Leaney 2001 2001 Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Fiji 274 − 14 Playoff Pádraig Harrington Benson and Hedges Malaysian Open 2000 2000 Yeh Wei - tze Taiwan 278 − 10 1 stroke Craig Hainline Pádraig Harrington Des Terblanche Benson and Hedges Malaysian Open presented by Carlsberg 1999 1999 Gerry Norquist United States 280 − 8 3 strokes Alex Čejka Bob May * - event reduced to 54 holes due to weather . Prior to European Tour co-sanctioning Year Winner 1998 Ed Fryatt Lee Westwood Steve Flesch 1995 Clay Devers Joakim Haeggman Gerry Norquist Vijay Singh 1991 Rick Gibson Glen Day Jeff Maggert Tray Tyner Terry Gale ( 3 ) 1986 Stewart Ginn Year Winner 1985 Terry Gale ( 2 ) 1984 Lu Chien - soon Terry Gale 1982 Denny Hepler 1981 Lu Hsi - chuen ( 2 ) 1980 Mark McNulty 1979 Lu Hsi - chuen 1978 Brian Jones 1977 Stewart Ginn 1976 Hsu Sheng - san Graham Marsh ( 2 ) Graham Marsh Year Winner 1973 Hideyo Sugimoto 1972 Takashi Murakami 1971 Takaaki Kono ( 2 ) 1970 Ben Arda 1969 Takaaki Kono 1968 Kenji Hosoishi 1967 Ireneo Legaspi 1966 Harold Henning 1965 Tomoo Ishii ( 2 ) 1964 Tomoo Ishii 1963 Bill Dunk 1962 Frank Phillips References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Noh Pulls Off Dramatic Win '' . 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the Asian Tour 's official site Coverage on the European Tour 's official site Coordinates : 3 ° 08 ′ N 101 ° 38 ′ E / 3.14 ° N 101.64 ° E / 3.14 ; 101.64 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Open_(golf)&oldid=783711455 '' Categories : Former Asian Tour events Former European Tour events Golf tournaments in Malaysia Recurring sporting events established in 1962 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2015 Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2017 , at 03 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the 2015 maybank malaysian open golf tournament	[ "\n\nSeason\nWinner\nCountry\nScore\nTo par\nMargin\nof victory\nRunner(s)-up\n\n\nAsian\nEuro\n\n\nMaybank Malaysian Open\n\n\n2015\n2015\nAnirban Lahiri\n India\n272\n−16\n1 stroke\n Bernd Wiesberger\n\n\n2014\n2014\nLee Westwood (2)\n England\n270\n−18\n7 strokes\n Nicolas Colsaerts\n Louis Oosthuizen\n Bernd Wiesberger\n\n\n2013\n2013\nKiradech Aphibarnrat\n Thailand\n203\n−13\n1 stroke\n Edoardo Molinari\n\n\n2012\n2012\nLouis Oosthuizen\n South Africa\n271\n−17\n3 strokes\n Stephen Gallacher\n\n\n2011\n2011\nMatteo Manassero\n Italy\n272\n−16\n1 stroke\n Grégory Bourdy\n\n\n2010\n2010\nNoh Seung-yul\n South Korea\n274\n−14\n1 stroke\n K. J. Choi\n\n\n2009\n2009\nAnthony Kang\n United States\n271\n−17\n1 stroke\n David Horsey\n Prayad Marksaeng\n Jyoti Randhawa\n Miles Tunnicliff\n\n\n2008\n2008\nArjun Atwal (2)\n India\n270\n−18\nPlayoff\n Peter Hedblom\n\n\n2007\n2007\nPeter Hedblom\n Sweden\n280\n−8\n1 stroke\n Jean-François Lucquin\n\n\n2006\n2006\nCharlie Wi\n South Korea\n197\n−19\n1 stroke\n Thongchai Jaidee\n\n\nCarlsberg Malaysian Open\n\n\n2005\n2005\nThongchai Jaidee (2)\n Thailand\n267\n−21\n3 strokes\n Jyoti Randhawa\n\n\n2004\n2004\nThongchai Jaidee\n Thailand\n274\n−14\n2 strokes\n Brad Kennedy\n\n\n2003\n2003\nArjun Atwal\n India\n260\n−24\n4 strokes\n Retief Goosen\n Brad Kennedy\n\n\n2002\n2002\nAlastair Forsyth\n Scotland\n267\n−17\nPlayoff\n Stephen Leaney\n\n\n2001\n2001\nVijay Singh (2)\n Fiji\n274\n−14\nPlayoff\n Pádraig Harrington\n\n\nBenson and Hedges Malaysian Open\n\n\n2000\n2000\nYeh Wei-tze\n Taiwan\n278\n−10\n1 stroke\n Craig Hainline\n Pádraig Harrington\n Des Terblanche\n\n\nBenson and Hedges Malaysian Open presented by Carlsberg\n\n\n1999\n1999\nGerry Norquist\n United States\n280\n−8\n3 strokes\n Alex Čejka\n Bob May\n\n" ]	[ "Anirban Lahiri" ]
-6211248640515131821	Gulbarga district	Gulbarga district - wikipedia Gulbarga district hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about the district . For its eponymous headquarters , see Gulbarga . district in Karnataka , India Kalaburagi district district Kalaburagi district Buddha Vihar , Gulbarga Location in Karnataka Coordinates : 17 ° 20 ′ N 76 ° 50 ′ E / 17.33 ° N 76.83 ° E / 17.33 ; 76.83 Coordinates : 17 ° 20 ′ N 76 ° 50 ′ E / 17.33 ° N 76.83 ° E / 17.33 ; 76.83 Country India State Karnataka Region Hyderabad - Karnataka Division Gulbarga Division Headquarters Gulbarga Government Deputy Commissioner Venkatesh Kumar , IAS Area Total 10,951 km ( 4,228 sq mi ) Elevation 454 m ( 1,490 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 2,564,892 Density 230 / km ( 610 / sq mi ) Language Official Kannada , Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 585101 Telephone code 91 8472 Vehicle registration KA - 32 No. of taluks 11 Lok Sabha constituency Gulbarga ( Lok Sabha constituency ) Precipitation 777 millimetres ( 30.6 in ) Avg . summer temperature 42 ° C ( 108 ° F ) Avg . winter temperature 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) Website kalaburagi.nic.in Gulbarga district , officially known as Kalaburagi district , is one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in southern India . Gulbarga city is the administrative headquarters of the district . This district is situated in northern Karnataka between 76 °. 04 ' and 77 °. 42 east longitude , and 17 °. 12 ' and 17 °. 46 ' north latitude , covering an area of 10,951 km2 . This district is bounded on the west by Bijapur district and Solapur district of Maharashtra state , on the north by Bidar district , Osmanabad district and Latur districtof Maharashtra state , on the south by Yadgir district , and on the east by Ranga Reddy district and Medak district of Telangana state . Contents 1 Economy 2 Places of interest 2.1 Historical places 3 Geography 4 Divisions 5 Demographics 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Economy ( edit ) In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Gulbarga one of the country 's 250 most backward districts ( out of a total of 640 ) . It is one of the five districts in Karnataka currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme ( BRGF ) . Places of interest ( edit ) Historical places ( edit ) Sannati , a small village , located on the banks of the Bhima River in Chitapur taluk is known for its Ashokan edicts , Buddhist stupa and sole surviving image of Emperor Ashoka ( r . 274 -- 232 BC ) himself . Manyakheta , a village located on the banks of the Kagina river in Sedam taluk was the Capital city of the Rashtrakuta dynasty . This village is 40 km southeast to the District Headquarters Gulbarga and 18 km west to the Taluk Headquarters Sedam . Gulbarga Fort built in 1347 Gulbarga 's old moated fort is in a much deteriorated state , but it has a number of interesting buildings inside , including the Jama Masjid , reputed to have been built by a Moorish architect during the late 14th or early 15th century who imitated the great mosque in Cordoba , Spain . The mosque is unique in India , with a huge dome covering the whole area , four smaller ones at the corners , and 75 smaller still all the way around . The fort itself has 15 towers . Gulbarga also has a number of imposing tombs ( Haft Gumbaz ) of Bahmani kings . Geography ( edit ) Gulbarga is situated in Deccan Plateau located at 17 ° 20 ′ N 76 ° 50 ′ E / 17.33 ° N 76.83 ° E / 17.33 ; 76.83 and the general elevation ranges from 300 to 750 meters above mean sea level . Two main rivers , Krishna and Bhima , flow in the district . Black soil is predominant soil type in the district . The district has a large number of tanks which , in addition to the rivers , irrigate the land . The Upper Krishna Project is major irrigation venture in the district . Bajra , toor , sugarcane , groundnut , sunflower , sesame , castor bean , black gram , jowar , wheat , cotton , ragi , Bengal gram , and linseed are grown in this district . Divisions ( edit ) Gulbarga district presently comprises the following 11 talukas after the separation of Yadgir district from it . Gulbarga Aland Afzalpur Jevargi Sedam Shahabad Kalgi Kamalapur Chitapur Chincholi yedrami Demographics ( edit ) Religion in Gulbarga District ( 2011 ) Hinduism ( 78.36 % ) Islam ( 19.99 % ) Christianity ( 0.33 % ) Jainism ( 0.19 % ) Buddhism ( 0.37 % ) Sikhism ( 0.03 % ) Other ( 0.02 % ) Not religious ( 0.71 % ) According to the 2011 census Gulbarga district has a population of 2,564,892 , roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada . This gives it a ranking of 162nd in India ( out of a total of 640 ) . The district has a population density of 233 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 600 / sq mi ) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001 - 2011 was 17.94 % . Gulbarga has a sex ratio of 962 females for every 1000 males , and a literacy rate of 65.65 % . See also ( edit ) Yadgir ( Lok Sabha constituency ) Gulbarga ( Lok Sabha constituency ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gulbarga city name changed '' . indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City of tombs and domes '' . The Hindu . Karnataka , India . April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ministry of Panchayati Raj ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Rural Development . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When I met Emperor Ashoka in Sannathi '' . Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Falling Rain Genomics , Inc - Gulbarga Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21801/yadgir-district-oct-31.html Jump up ^ http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/256-gulbarga.html ^ Jump up to : `` District Census 2011 '' . Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ US Directorate of Intelligence . `` Country Comparison : Population '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Kuwait 2,595 , 62 Jump up ^ `` 2010 Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Nevada 2,700,551 References ( edit ) 1 . Gulnar K. Bosch , Islamic Art and Architecture , The New Book of Knowledge , Vol . 9P 354 2 . Elisabeth Siddiqui , Islamic Art , Colorado State University . 3 . Dept. of Islamic Art , The nature of Islamic art , `` Intleilbrunn Timeline of Art History '' , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , 2000 . 4 . Linda Komaroff Ph. D. , Curator of Islamic Art , Los Angeles County Museum of Art . 5 . Gulam Yazdani , Bidar its History and Monuments , published by His Exalted Highness Nizam 's Government , 1947 and reprint First Indian Edition by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers , Delhi in 1995 . 6 . Dr. Rehaman Patel , Bidri Art of Karnataka - A Study , Ph. D. Thesis submitted to Gulbarga University in 2009 . published by Dept. of Kannada and Culture , Bangalore 2012 7 . Dr. Rehaman Patel , Islamic Art of North Karnataka , Young Muslim Digest , May 2015 8 . World 's longest cannon lays unnoticed in Gulbarga fort , The New Indian Express , 3 , 12 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gulbarga ( district ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulbarga district . 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About Wikipedia	how many taluks are there in gulbarga district	[ "Kalaburagi district\ndistrict\nKalaburagi district\nBuddha Vihar, Gulbarga\nLocation in Karnataka\nCoordinates: 17°20′N 76°50′E / 17.33°N 76.83°E / 17.33; 76.83Coordinates: 17°20′N 76°50′E / 17.33°N 76.83°E / 17.33; 76.83Country\n IndiaState\nKarnatakaRegion\nHyderabad-KarnatakaDivision\nGulbarga DivisionHeadquarters\nGulbargaGovernment • Deputy Commissioner\nVenkatesh Kumar, IASArea† • Total\n10,951 km2 (4,228 sq mi)Elevation\n454 m (1,490 ft)Population (2011)† • Total\n2,564,892 • Density\n230/km2 (610/sq mi)Language • Official\nKannada,Time zone\nIST (UTC+5:30)PIN\n585101Telephone code\n91 8472Vehicle registration\nKA-32No. of taluks\n11Lok Sabha constituency\nGulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)Precipitation\n777 millimetres (30.6 in)Avg. summer temperature\n42 °C (108 °F)Avg. winter temperature\n26 °C (79 °F)Website\nkalaburagi.nic.in\n'†website" ]	[ "11" ]
2651996652137347696	Climate of Los Angeles	Climate of Los Angeles - wikipedia Climate of Los Angeles Downtown Los Angeles on a typically sunny day , but with unusual atmospheric clarity . The Climate of Los Angeles is a year - round mild - to - hot and mostly dry climate for the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California . The climate is classified as a Mediterranean climate , which is a type of dry subtropical climate . It is characterized by seasonal changes in rainfall -- with a dry summer and a winter rainy season . Under the modified Köppen climate classification , the coastal areas are classified as Csb , and the inland areas as Csa . The Los Angeles area contains microclimates , where daytime temperatures can vary as much as 36 ° F ( 20 ° C ) between inland areas such as the San Fernando Valley or San Gabriel Valley , and the coastal Los Angeles Basin . Contents 1 Temperatures and seasons 1.1 Summer 1.2 Winter 1.3 Spring and Autumn 2 Rainfall 2.1 El Niño -- Southern Oscillation 3 Surrounding areas in the region 3.1 Coastal Basin 3.1. 1 LAX 3.1. 2 Santa Monica 3.1. 3 Culver City , Inglewood and Palms Area 3.1. 4 Long Beach 3.2 San Fernando Valley 3.3 Orange County 3.3. 1 North / Central Orange County 4 Extreme weather 4.1 Records 4.2 Santa Ana Winds 4.3 Heavy Rains , Landslides , and Debris Flows 4.4 Thunderstorms , Lightning , and Tornadoes 5 Sea temperatures 6 References Temperatures and seasons ( edit ) The primary weather station for Los Angeles is located near downtown at the University of Southern California campus , and this article refers primarily to climate data generated by this station as representative of the Los Angeles metropolitan area as a whole . Los Angeles is a hot - summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ) , with hot , dry summers , and cooler wetter winters . While the typical dry - summer and wet - winter pattern typical of most Mediterranean climates is part of the climate of Los Angeles , precipitation annually is lower than many typical Mediterranean climates . The summer dry season normally runs from June through October , when clear skies , hot temperatures , and very little change in sensible weather occur from day to day . Average high temperatures are in the lower 80 's F ( 26 - 28 C ) with overnight lows in the lower 60 's F ( 15 - 17 C ) . During this season , there is essentially no rainfall , and both July and August average less than 0.05 of a inches ( 1.27 mm ) of monthly precipitation . The winter wet season normally runs from November through early May . Precipitation episodes in Los Angeles , with a few notable exceptions , are largely caused by extratropical disturbances approaching California from the west or northwest during the winter season . The normal seasonal rainfall measured at downtown Los Angeles is 14.77 inches , of which 92 % falls between November 1st and April 30th . While there is a great increase in rainfall in the winter months , the winter months in the Los Angeles are still frequently sunny and pleasant with mild temperatures . The average highs range from the upper 60 's F to 70 F ( 17 - 21 C ) with cooler overnight lows in the upper 40 's and lower 50 's F ( 8 - 12 C ) . Climate data for Los Angeles ( USC , Downtown ) , 1981 -- 2010 averages , records 1877 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 95 ( 35 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 106 ( 41 ) 103 ( 39 ) 112 ( 44 ) 109 ( 43 ) 106 ( 41 ) 113 ( 45 ) 108 ( 42 ) 100 ( 38 ) 92 ( 33 ) 113 ( 45 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 70.2 ( 21.2 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 83.1 ( 28.4 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 83.1 ( 28.4 ) 78.5 ( 25.8 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 67.7 ( 19.8 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 58.9 ( 14.9 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 73.3 ( 22.9 ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 73.1 ( 22.8 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 49.3 ( 9.6 ) 51.0 ( 10.6 ) 53.5 ( 11.9 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 64.1 ( 17.8 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 58.7 ( 14.8 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 47.5 ( 8.6 ) 55.7 ( 13.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 28 ( − 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 36 ( 2 ) 40 ( 4 ) 46 ( 8 ) 49 ( 9 ) 49 ( 9 ) 44 ( 7 ) 40 ( 4 ) 34 ( 1 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 28 ( − 2 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 3.12 ( 79.2 ) 3.80 ( 96.5 ) 2.43 ( 61.7 ) 0.91 ( 23.1 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.09 ( 2.3 ) 0.01 ( 0.3 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.24 ( 6.1 ) 0.66 ( 16.8 ) 1.04 ( 26.4 ) 2.33 ( 59.2 ) 14.93 ( 379.2 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 6.1 6.4 5.5 3.2 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.0 2.5 3.3 5.2 35.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 225.3 222.5 267.0 303.5 276.2 275.8 364.1 349.5 278.5 255.1 217.3 219.4 3,254.2 Percent possible sunshine 71 72 72 78 64 64 83 84 75 73 70 71 73 Source : NOAA ( sun 1961 -- 1977 ) Summer ( edit ) Summer monsoon thunderstorms move westward across Greater Los Angeles , bringing heavy rain , strong winds , and intense lightning . Summers are warm to hot , and nearly completely dry . The summer temperature pattern usually begins in late June or early July , and lasts through September or October , although it may start as early as late May . In August , the average high / low at the University of Southern California downtown campus are 84.8 ° F ( 29.3 ° C ) and 65.6 ° F ( 18.7 ° C ) . The same figures at the LAX airport , approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the southwest and near the ocean , are 76.6 ° F ( 24.8 ° C ) and 64.2 ° F ( 17.9 ° C ) . However , temperatures across the region sometimes exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) during the summer . This happens when an atmospheric high - pressure area becomes dominant over the Great Basin of Nevada and Utah ( a frequent occurrence ) , and the resulting offshore flow of the atmospheric air mass shuts off the normal coastal sea breeze in Los Angeles . July , August and September are the hottest months , with September holding the all - time record of 113 ° F ( 45 ° C ) . Skies are nearly constantly sunny , unless interrupted in late spring and early summer by the June Gloom pattern , which is unpredictable year - to - year . The North American Monsoon can bring occasional thunderstorms and high humidity to Los Angeles in the summer and early fall . Typical June Gloom conditions in late morning at Seal Beach , June 2013 . Winter ( edit ) Winters are mildly cool to warm , with average high temperatures at the Downtown / USC weather station of 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) and lows of 48 ° F ( 9 ° C ) , with occasional heavy rainfall . Temperatures across the coastal basin rarely drop below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , although light frost does occasionally form during cooler nights , at least in areas removed from the direct influence of the coastal air ( approximately 5 miles ( 8 km ) inland from the beach ) . The last severe cold outbreak in the Los Angeles area occurred in December 1990 , when temperatures dropped below freezing across a major portion of the coastal plain , and into the low to mid 20s F over inland valleys . Temperatures stayed below freezing for up to eight hours at some valley locations , resulting in significant damage to plants and commercial agriculture . In the winter months , high pressure systems over the deserts often bring Santa Ana winds , resulting in dry , and dusty days . On rare occasion , temperatures can reach into the 85 to 95 ° F ( 29 to 35 ° C ) range during Santa Ana Winds even in December or January . Sunny skies characteristically dominate the weather pattern in the winter season , mixed in with the occasional rain producing weather system . Spring and autumn ( edit ) Spring and autumn hardly exist as such in this climate . Summer temperature patterns of 75 to 90 ° F ( 24 to 32 ° C ) highs and 60 to 70 ° F ( 16 to 21 ° C ) lows usually persist until early - November . Likewise , the `` winter - season '' temperature pattern of 65 to 75 ° F ( 18 to 24 ° C ) highs and 45 to 60 ° F ( 7 to 16 ° C ) lows may last through April or May , periodically interrupted by hot Santa Ana wind events for up to a week at a time . The rainy season always ends by mid-May . June is normally a transitional month of less - volatile temperatures between 60 and 80 ° F ( 16 and 27 ° C ) , with increased cloudy days and the disappearance of the Santa Ana winds . Rainfall ( edit ) A very clear evening view of Mount Lee and the Hollywood Sign from the Griffith Observatory lawn , one day after a rain . Rainfall , on average , is frequently below average . Most rain occurs during the winter and early to mid spring , typical of a Mediterranean climate . However , the amount received is usually lower than in other Mediterranean climates . The first sporadic rainfall of the rainy season usually occurs in October or November , with heavy rain becoming more common December through early April . Usually the Pineapple Express storms from November to January . February , on average , is the wettest month . The rains then taper off in April or by May , usually see only two to three light rain showers . However , the timing and volume of rains in the winter is far from predictable . After a significant rain , the region 's air is cleared of the usual atmospheric haze as well as man - made smog , giving exceptionally clear views across the giant metropolis . Rain clouds breaking up over South Los Angeles . Most cold fronts and depressions spun off by the polar low , the strong winter seasonal low - pressure area in the Gulf of Alaska , fail to carry significant precipitable moisture as far south as Los Angeles , resulting in the region 's relatively low average rainfall amount of 12 -- 15 inches ( 300 -- 380 mm ) even in normal years . However , a `` normal '' year rarely occurs , since rainfall in Los Angeles is subject to the position and strength of the jet stream , and the strength of the Gulf of Alaska low . Some years , a well - developed series of cold fronts moves into the area with relatively short separation between each , bringing intermittently rainy periods to Los Angeles for several weeks at a time . If this pattern persists in a rainy season , significantly above - average precipitation will be received . Other years , especially in the drought years of 2012 -- 2016 , a blocking region of atmospheric high pressure over the eastern Pacific Ocean , between Alaska and the Pacific Northwest , diverts the jet stream and its flow of cold fronts far to the north through Canada and down into the U.S. Midwest , leaving the U.S. west coast and especially Los Angeles under warm and dry conditions for weeks to months at a time . Because the rainy season begins in late fall and ends in early to mid spring , precipitation is measured using the water year instead of the calendar year , to give an accurate picture of each rainy season 's precipitation amounts . Each water year begins October 1 and ends the following September 30 , during the driest part of the year . Sometimes rainfall can occur in the summer from westward - straying monsoon thunderstorms , but this is unusual . Even less common is rain from remnants of dissipating eastern Pacific hurricanes . Los Angeles averages only 15.1 inches ( 384 mm ) of precipitation per year , and this is lower at the coast and higher in the mountains and foothill cities . Rain is typically brought with when High Pressure systems in the summer which move east in a clockwise across the western United States bringing motion bringing in Monsoonal Moisture to the area . This will usually occur during the summer months ( usually in July -- September ) . Snow is extremely rare in the Greater Los Angeles area and basin , but the nearby San Gabriel Mountains and San Bernardino Mountains typically receive a heavy amount of snow every winter season . The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2 inches ( 5 cm ) on January 15 , 1932 . El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( edit ) Historically - speaking , the warm - phase of an El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) regime typically coincides with above average precipitation across Southern California . The above average sea - surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are largely responsible for this as the ocean acts as a rich moisture source for tropical moisture to advect towards the North American continent in atmospheric river events . Prior to the strong El Nino of 2015 -- 2016 , the previous two strong El Niño events in 1982 -- 83 and 1997 -- 98 coincided with well - above average precipitation across Southern California . While some measurements suggest the 2015 - 2016 El Niño was the strongest on record since 1950 , Southern California received below average precipitation contrary to what the Climate Prediction Center predicted leading up to the winter months . While scientists have long agreed the intensity and timing of the winter precipitation pattern in Los Angeles is more complex than just analyzing the warm / cool phase of ENSO , the fact that Los Angeles received below average precipitation during the strong El Niño event of 2015 -- 2016 will be the subject of numerous research studies among climate scientists . Cumulonimbus thunderheads from the North American Monsoon over the Low Desert , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) southeast of Los Angeles , as seen from El Cajon , California . Surrounding areas in the region ( edit ) Coastal basin ( edit ) The Los Angeles Basin , composed of the coastal plain surrounded by mountains , is generally the coolest in summer and mildest in winter . Overall , it receives less rainfall than the surrounding valleys and mountains . LAX ( edit ) LAX airport and its surroundings ( Westchester and El Segundo , as well as Santa Monica , Venice , and the immediately surrounding neighborhoods ) are generally the coolest part of the region in the summer , as they receive a near - constant sea breeze . Santa Monica and its environs may be 10 to 15 ° F ( 6 to 8 ° C ) cooler than areas only 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) further inland . Under the Köppen climate classification LAX has a semi-arid climate due to its modest winter rainfall and mild mean temperatures . hide Climate data for Los Angeles ( LAX ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1944 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 91 ( 33 ) 92 ( 33 ) 95 ( 35 ) 95 ( 35 ) 91 ( 33 ) 94 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 106 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 101 ( 38 ) 94 ( 34 ) 106 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 64.4 ( 18 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 70.6 ( 21.4 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 48.8 ( 9.3 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 59.3 ( 15.2 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 27 ( − 3 ) 34 ( 1 ) 35 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 45 ( 7 ) 48 ( 9 ) 52 ( 11 ) 51 ( 11 ) 47 ( 8 ) 43 ( 6 ) 38 ( 3 ) 32 ( 0 ) 27 ( − 3 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.71 ( 68.8 ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 0.70 ( 17.8 ) 0.22 ( 5.6 ) 0.08 ( 2 ) 0.03 ( 0.8 ) 0.05 ( 1.3 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) 0.56 ( 14.2 ) 1.11 ( 28.2 ) 2.05 ( 52.1 ) 12.82 ( 325.7 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 6.0 6.6 5.8 2.8 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.3 1.0 2.3 3.4 5.2 35.7 Average relative humidity ( % ) 63.4 67.9 70.5 71.0 74.0 75.9 76.6 76.6 74.2 70.5 65.5 62.9 70.8 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1961 -- 1990 ) Santa Monica ( edit ) Santa Monica has mean temperatures low enough for its precipitation numbers to still retain a cool - summer mediterranean climate ( csb ) . hide Climate data for Santa Monica Pier , California ( on the beach ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 64.8 ( 18.2 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.29 ( 83.6 ) 2.56 ( 65 ) 0.53 ( 13.5 ) 0.25 ( 6.4 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.01 ( 0.3 ) 0.13 ( 3.3 ) 0.17 ( 4.3 ) 0.36 ( 9.1 ) 1.02 ( 25.9 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 13.27 ( 337.1 ) Average rainy days 6.0 5.9 5.1 2.4 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.8 2.5 4.0 30.8 Source : NOAA Culver city , Inglewood and Palms area ( edit ) Culver City , Inglewood , Palms , and surrounding areas are only a few miles inland from Santa Monica and the beach , but reach temperatures up to 10 degrees ( F ) warmer on average in the summer . Culver City has a semi-arid climate that is still significantly moderated by the Pacific trade winds keeping averages mild compared to areas farther inland . hide Climate data for Culver City , California Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 72.6 ( 22.6 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 81.1 ( 27.3 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 67.7 ( 19.8 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 59.2 ( 15.1 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 57.0 ( 13.9 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 49.1 ( 9.5 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 55.7 ( 13.2 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 61.3 ( 16.3 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 50.8 ( 10.4 ) 46.3 ( 7.9 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 3.19 ( 81 ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 2.66 ( 67.6 ) 0.58 ( 14.7 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.07 ( 1.8 ) 0.08 ( 2 ) 0.33 ( 8.4 ) 0.94 ( 23.9 ) 1.90 ( 48.3 ) 13.32 ( 338.3 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 inch ) 5.7 5.3 5.8 1.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.1 1.9 4.0 27.5 Source : NOAA Long Beach ( edit ) Long Beach , located in the coastal basin about 20 miles ( 30 km ) to the south of downtown Los Angeles , has a coastally - influenced climate , but is not as cool as Santa Monica , or the Westside , or the South Bay during the summer . Long Beach sits on a south - facing section of coast , and does not receive as much sea breeze cooling from the prevailing westerly / south - westerly winds ( as these winds may pass over the Palos Verdes Peninsula , San Pedro , and the twin ports first ) . Long Beach 's high temperature can compete with those of downtown Los Angeles . Locations further north in Long Beach , which stretches over 8.5 miles ( 13.7 km ) northward from the water , can be considerably warmer than Long Beach 's coast and airport weather station . hide Climate data for Long Beach , California ( Long Beach Airport ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 91 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 109 ( 43 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 111 ( 44 ) 111 ( 44 ) 101 ( 38 ) 92 ( 33 ) 111 ( 44 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) 67.2 ( 19.6 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 76.7 ( 24.8 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 83.8 ( 28.8 ) 82.1 ( 27.8 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 65.6 ( 18.7 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 67.7 ( 19.8 ) 61.4 ( 16.3 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 48.0 ( 8.9 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 61.0 ( 16.1 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 50.8 ( 10.4 ) 45.8 ( 7.7 ) 55.3 ( 12.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 25 ( − 4 ) 33 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 38 ( 3 ) 40 ( 4 ) 47 ( 8 ) 51 ( 11 ) 51 ( 11 ) 50 ( 10 ) 39 ( 4 ) 34 ( 1 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 3.09 ( 78.5 ) 1.87 ( 47.5 ) 0.60 ( 15.2 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) 0.07 ( 1.8 ) 0.03 ( 0.8 ) 0.03 ( 0.8 ) 0.18 ( 4.6 ) 0.63 ( 16 ) 1.00 ( 25.4 ) 1.95 ( 49.5 ) 12.26 ( 311.4 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 5.9 6.5 5.3 3.1 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.9 2.5 3.4 5.0 35.2 Source : NOAA San Fernando Valley ( edit ) The San Fernando Valley is known for significantly higher temperatures than the coastal basin . Canoga Park and Woodland Hills , in the south - west end of the valley , typically record the highest temperatures . The all - time high of 116 ° F ( 47 ° C ) nearly rivals the record high temperatures of Phoenix , Arizona ( 122 ° F ( 50 ° C ) ) and Palm Springs ( 123 ° F ( 51 ° C ) ) . The city of Burbank , at the eastern end of the Valley , is also known for being significantly hotter than downtown Los Angeles , which is only 9 miles ( 14 km ) to the south . During winter both the Canoga Park and Burbank weather stations are significantly wetter than some coastal stations and thus retain hot - summer mediterranean climates ( csa ) . By comparison , Canoga Park has quite cool summer nights , in contrast to many other interior Southern California areas . hide Climate data for Los Angeles ( Canoga Park , in the San Fernando Valley ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 101 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 113 ( 45 ) 113 ( 45 ) 115 ( 46 ) 116 ( 47 ) 115 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 99 ( 37 ) 96 ( 36 ) 116 ( 47 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) 69.9 ( 21.1 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 77.7 ( 25.4 ) 81.3 ( 27.4 ) 88.8 ( 31.6 ) 95.0 ( 35 ) 96.0 ( 35.6 ) 91.7 ( 33.2 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 55.4 ( 13 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 61.3 ( 16.3 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 64.1 ( 17.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 39.5 ( 4.2 ) 40.9 ( 4.9 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 49.1 ( 9.5 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 41.7 ( 5.4 ) 38.3 ( 3.5 ) 47.4 ( 8.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 19 ( − 7 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) 36 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 42 ( 6 ) 38 ( 3 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 18 ( − 8 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 3.83 ( 97.3 ) 4.40 ( 111.8 ) 3.60 ( 91.4 ) 0.88 ( 22.4 ) 0.32 ( 8.1 ) 0.07 ( 1.8 ) 0.01 ( 0.3 ) 0.15 ( 3.8 ) 0.24 ( 6.1 ) 0.62 ( 15.7 ) 1.29 ( 32.8 ) 2.38 ( 60.5 ) 17.79 ( 452 ) Average rainy days 6.2 5.9 6.1 3.0 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.7 1.3 2.0 3.2 4.4 34.6 Source : NOAA hide Climate data for Burbank , California Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 92 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 107 ( 42 ) 111 ( 44 ) 110 ( 43 ) 111 ( 44 ) 113 ( 45 ) 108 ( 42 ) 101 ( 38 ) 92 ( 33 ) 113 ( 45 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 70 ( 21 ) 71 ( 22 ) 74 ( 23 ) 77 ( 25 ) 82 ( 28 ) 85 ( 29 ) 90 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 83 ( 28 ) 76 ( 24 ) 70 ( 21 ) 80 ( 27 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 45 ( 7 ) 46 ( 8 ) 47 ( 8 ) 50 ( 10 ) 55 ( 13 ) 61 ( 16 ) 64 ( 18 ) 65 ( 18 ) 63 ( 17 ) 57 ( 14 ) 48 ( 9 ) 45 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 22 ( − 6 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 32 ( 0 ) 39 ( 4 ) 43 ( 6 ) 45 ( 7 ) 46 ( 8 ) 43 ( 6 ) 33 ( 1 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 22 ( − 6 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 3.53 ( 89.7 ) 4.62 ( 117.3 ) 2.97 ( 75.4 ) 1.11 ( 28.2 ) . 35 ( 8.9 ) . 11 ( 2.8 ) . 02 ( 0.5 ) . 07 ( 1.8 ) . 23 ( 5.8 ) . 97 ( 24.6 ) 1.07 ( 27.2 ) 2.40 ( 61 ) 17.45 ( 443.2 ) Source : Weather.com Orange County ( edit ) North / central Orange County ( edit ) The climate of Santa Ana , the county seat of Orange County , as well as Anaheim , both in north - central Orange County , are quite similar , and typical of locations on the coastal plain 10 to 15 miles ( 16 to 24 km ) inland from the beach . Whilst Santa Ana sits firmly on the border between the semi-arid and the hot - summer mediterranean climate , Anaheim is firmly a semi-arid climate with very low precipitation for the Los Angeles metropolitan area . hide Climate data for Santa Ana , California Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69 ( 21 ) 70 ( 21 ) 71 ( 22 ) 74 ( 23 ) 75 ( 24 ) 79 ( 26 ) 83 ( 28 ) 84 ( 29 ) 83 ( 28 ) 80 ( 27 ) 74 ( 23 ) 70 ( 21 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 47 ( 8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 50 ( 10 ) 52 ( 11 ) 56 ( 13 ) 60 ( 16 ) 63 ( 17 ) 64 ( 18 ) 63 ( 17 ) 58 ( 14 ) 51 ( 11 ) 46 ( 8 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 3.19 ( 81 ) 3.03 ( 77 ) 2.8 ( 71 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 0.24 ( 6.1 ) 0.12 ( 3 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.12 ( 3 ) 0.35 ( 8.9 ) 0.35 ( 8.9 ) 1.18 ( 30 ) 1.77 ( 45 ) 13.86 ( 351.9 ) Source : U.S. Climate Data hide Climate data for Anaheim , California Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69 ( 21 ) 69 ( 21 ) 70 ( 21 ) 73 ( 23 ) 75 ( 24 ) 79 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 85 ( 29 ) 80 ( 27 ) 74 ( 23 ) 70 ( 21 ) 76 ( 24 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 45 ( 7 ) 47 ( 8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 51 ( 11 ) 56 ( 13 ) 60 ( 16 ) 62 ( 17 ) 63 ( 17 ) 62 ( 17 ) 56 ( 13 ) 51 ( 11 ) 46 ( 8 ) 54 ( 12 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.4 ( 61 ) 2.8 ( 71 ) 2.5 ( 64 ) 0.6 ( 15 ) 0.1 ( 3 ) 0.1 ( 3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 3 ) 0.2 ( 5 ) 0.8 ( 20 ) 1.3 ( 33 ) 10.9 ( 278 ) Source : U.S. Climate Data Extreme weather ( edit ) Records ( edit ) In downtown Los Angeles , weather records began on July 1 , 1877 . The highest temperature recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 113 ° F ( 45 ° C ) on September 27 , 2010 . The lowest temperature was 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) on January 7 , 1913 and on January 4 , 1949 . The wettest `` rain year '' from July to the following June was 1883 / 1884 with 38.18 inches ( 969.8 mm ) , and the driest 2006 / 2007 with 3.21 inches ( 81.5 mm ) . The greatest rainfall in one month was 15.80 inches ( 401.3 mm ) in December 1889 , which also had the most days -- twenty -- receiving at least 0.01 inches ( 0.3 mm ) of rain . The greatest rainfall in 24 hours was 5.68 inches ( 144.3 mm ) on March 2 , 1938 . At the Los Angeles International Airport , the highest recorded temperature was 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) on September 26 , 1963 . The lowest temperature was 27 ° F ( − 3 ° C ) on January 4 , 1949 . The wettest year was 1983 with 29.46 inches ( 748 mm ) and the driest year was 1947 with 2.95 inches ( 74.9 mm ) . The greatest rainfall in one month was 13.79 inches ( 350 mm ) in February 1998 . The greatest rainfall in 24 hours was 5.60 inches ( 142.2 mm ) on November 21 , 1967 . In Long Beach , the highest recorded temperature was 111 ° F ( 44 ° C ) on October 16 , 1958 , and October 15 , 1961 , and again on September 27 , 2010 . The lowest temperature was 21 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) on January 20 , 1922 . The wettest year was 1978 with 27.67 inches ( 703 mm ) . The driest year was 2002 with 2.63 inches ( 66.8 mm ) . The greatest rainfall in one month was 14.50 inches ( 368 mm ) in January 1969 , including a record 24 - hour rainfall of 6.71 inches ( 170.4 mm ) on January 20 that month . Snowfall inside the city of Los Angeles is rare . The record snowfall occurred on January 19th , 1949 , when 3.0 inches ( 7.6 cm ) of snow fell inside city limits , however Burbank reported 4.7 inches . Since official records were first kept in 1877 , the downtown Los Angeles weather station observed measurable snowfall three times , in 1882 , 1932 , and 1949 ... Santa Ana winds ( edit ) Main article : Santa Ana winds The Santa Ana winds in Southern California sweep from the deserts and across the Los Angeles metropolitan area pushing smoke from wildfires far out into the Pacific Ocean . The Santa Ana winds are strong , extremely dry offshore winds that characteristically sweep across Southern California and northern Baja California during late fall into winter season . They range from hot to cold , depending on the prevailing temperatures in the source region , the Great Basin and upper Mojave Desert . Nevertheless , the winds are notorious for causing hot , dry weather due to compressional heating of the lower atmosphere . Notable Santa Ana windstorms happen several times a year between fall and spring . Once every several years a strong windstorm causes significant damage , toppling or uprooting large old trees and damaging structures across the region . Heavy rains , landslides , and debris flows ( edit ) While overall precipitation is low , the rain that does fall occasionally comes in brief heavy storms . Combined with steep mountain slopes and recent burn areas from wildfires , these heavy rains often cause landslides and debris flows in foothill areas , damaging structures and blocking roads . Thunderstorms , lightning , and tornadoes ( edit ) Textbook cumulonimbus - formed summer thunderstorms are fairly rare in Los Angeles , because the atmosphere over the coastal basin is generally too stable and dry , especially during summer , to allow the strong vertical development necessary for mature cumulonimbus clouds . Full , mature thunderstorms can develop in the surrounding deserts and mountains during the summer North American Monsoon , but rarely over the Los Angeles metropolitan region and coastal basin but the moisture is coming off on Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of California . This atmospheric stability is largely due to the cool and persistent marine layer , which is fueled by the constant influx of cold Pacific water via the California Current . Summer thunderstorms that do manage to form on the coastal basin are typically associated with the North American Monsoon and / or tropical cyclones , or downburst winds , which can bring enough tropical heat and moisture to overcome the cool marine layer , destabilizing the atmosphere . Though still relatively rare , thunderstorms most often occur during warm southerly - flow winter rain storms . These warm storms are different from the typical northwesterly cold fronts that bring most of the region 's winter precipitation . Atmospheric instability caused by these warm winter storm systems allows the formation of small , weak , isolated thunderstorms , which tend to move across the area quickly , producing a few rumbles of thunder , and soon dissipate back into the larger rain storm system . Occasionally , these bring impressive displays of lightning , hail , and damaging winds to small localities within the region . Small , weak , isolated tornadoes can occur during these events , but are exceedingly rare . Likewise , weak - to - moderate - strength waterspouts may form over the ocean ( typically off the stretch of coast between Long Beach and Huntington Beach ) during warm winter storms , but again , this is very rare . Sea temperatures ( edit ) The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) , from 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in January to 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) in August . Average sea temperature : Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/lox/climate/climate_intro.php ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : CA LOS ANGELES DWTN USC CAMPUS '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` LOS ANGELES / WBO CA Climate Normals '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web urlhttps://www.wrh.noaa.gov/lox/climate/climate_intro.php Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Cecilia ( 2005 - 03 - 10 ) . `` We 're Not in Kansas , but We Do Get Twisters -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Burt , Christopher . Extreme Weather : A Guide and Record Book . New York : Norton , 2004 : 100 . Jump up ^ `` ENSO and California Precipitation '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Water Resources . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monitoring & Data : ENSO Impacts on the U.S. -- Previous Events '' . Climate Prediction Center . Jump up ^ Lin II , Rong - Gong . `` Is El Niño wimping out in Southern California ? Not quite '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Dec -- Jan -- Feb_2015 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- Climate Prediction Center . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : CA LOS ANGELES INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for LOS ANGELES / INTL , CA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NCDC : U.S. Climate Normals '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Jump up ^ `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 ( 1971 -- 2000 ) -- Culver City , CA '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 ( 1971 -- 2000 ) -- Canoga Park Pierce Collg , CA '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Average weather for Burbank '' . Weather.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly averages for Santa Ana , California '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly averages for Anaheim , California , United States of America '' . Retrieved 27 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://climexp.knmi.nl/data/mgdcnUSC00045115.dat Jump up ^ Los Angeles and San Diego rainfall Jump up ^ `` LOS ANGELES DWTN USC CAMPUS , CALIFORNIA -- Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` LOS ANGELES INTL AP , CALIFORNIA -- Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` LONG BEACH , CALIFORNIA ( 045082 ) : Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` LONG BEACH DAUGHERTY FLD , CALIFORNIA ( 045085 ) : Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Jump up ^ https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/why-hasnt-it-snowed-in-los-angeles-since-1962 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rare Southern California summer storm breaks regional rainfall records '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Ocean Temperatures on California Coast '' -- beachcalifornia.com hide Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Los Angeles portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Los_Angeles&oldid=851637887 '' Categories : Environment of Los Angeles Climate by city in the United States Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Los Angeles Area Climate of California Southern California Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 16 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	6. the primary cause of wet winters in southern california is	[ "The winter wet season normally runs from November through early May. Precipitation episodes in Los Angeles, with a few notable exceptions, are largely caused by extratropical disturbances approaching California from the west or northwest during the winter season. The normal seasonal rainfall measured at downtown Los Angeles is 14.77 inches, of which 92% falls between November 1st and April 30th. [1] While there is a great increase in rainfall in the winter months, the winter months in the Los Angeles are still frequently sunny and pleasant with mild temperatures. The average highs range from the upper 60's F to 70 F (17-21 C) with cooler overnight lows in the upper 40's and lower 50's F (8-12 C).\n" ]	[ "extratropical disturbances approaching California from the west or northwest during the winter season" ]
-7265634707282045637	Tutti Frutti (song)	Tutti Frutti ( song ) - wikipedia Tutti Frutti ( song ) This article is about the Little Richard song . For the frozen yogurt place , see Tutti Frutti Frozen Yogurt . `` Tutti Frutti '' Single by Little Richard B - side `` I 'm Just a Lonely Guy '' Released October 1955 Format 45 - rpm record Recorded September 14 , 1955 Studio J & M Studio , New Orleans , Louisiana Genre Rock and roll Length 2 : 23 Label Specialty 561 Songwriter ( s ) Little Richard , Dorothy LaBostrie Producer ( s ) Robert Blackwell Little Richard singles chronology `` Always '' ( 1954 ) `` Tutti Frutti '' ( 1955 ) `` Long Tall Sally '' ( 1956 ) `` Tutti Frutti '' ( meaning `` all fruits '' in Italian ) is a song written by Little Richard along with Dorothy LaBostrie that was recorded in 1955 and became his first major hit record . With its opening cry of `` A-wop - bop - a-loo - mop - a-lop - bom - bom ! '' ( a verbal rendition of a drum pattern that Little Richard had imagined ) and its hard - driving sound and wild lyrics , it became not only a model for many future Little Richard songs , but also a model for rock and roll itself . The song introduced several of rock music 's most characteristic musical features , including its loud volume and vocal style emphasizing power , and its distinctive beat and rhythm . In 2007 , an eclectic panel of renowned recording artists voted `` Tutti Frutti '' No. 1 on Mojo 's The Top 100 Records That Changed The World , hailing the recording as `` the sound of the birth of rock and roll . '' In 2010 , the U.S. Library of Congress National Recording Registry added the recording to its registry , claiming the `` unique vocalizing over the irresistible beat announced a new era in music '' . In April 2012 , Rolling Stone magazine declared that the song `` still contains what has to be considered the most inspired rock lyric ever recorded : ' A wop bop alu bop , a wop bam boom ! ' '' Contents 1 Original recording by Little Richard 1.1 Impact 2 Personnel 2.1 Additional personnel 3 Early cover versions 4 Elvis Presley version 5 The Beatles versions 6 Later recordings and performances 7 References Original recording by Little Richard ( edit ) Although `` Little Richard '' Penniman had recorded for RCA and Peacock Records since 1951 , his records for them had been relatively undistinguished , and they had not resulted in the commercial success for which his producers had hoped . In February 1955 , he sent a demo tape to Specialty Records , which was heard by Specialty owner Art Rupe . Rupe heard promise in the tapes and arranged a recording session for Little Richard at Cosimo Matassa 's J & M Studio in New Orleans in September 1955 , with Fats Domino 's backing band and Robert `` Bumps '' Blackwell as producer . The band included Lee Allen and Alvin `` Red '' Tyler on saxophones , Huey Smith on piano , Frank Fields on double bass , Justin Adams on guitar and Earl Palmer on drums . As the session wore on , Little Richard 's anarchic performance style was not being fully captured on tape . In frustration during a lunch break , he started pounding a piano and singing a ribald song that he had written and composed , and which he had been performing live for a few years . According to some accounts , he first wrote and performed the song while working as a janitor in a bus station . The song that he sang was a piece of music that he `` had polished in clubs across the South . '' Little Richard sang : A-wop - bom - a-loo - mop - a-lomp - bom - bom ! Tutti Frutti , good booty After this lively performance , Blackwell knew the song was going to be a hit , but recognized that the lyrics , with their `` minstrel modes and sexual humor '' , needed to be revised for lyrical purity . Blackwell contacted local songwriter Dorothy LaBostrie to revise the lyrics , with Little Richard still playing in his characteristic style . According to Blackwell , LaBostrie `` did n't understand melody '' but she was definitely a `` prolific writer '' . The original lyrics , in which `` Tutti Frutti '' referred to a homosexual man , were : Tutti Frutti , good booty If it do n't fit , do n't force it You can grease it , make it easy These were replaced with : Tutti Frutti , aw rooty Tutti Frutti , aw rooty . `` Aw rooty '' was a slang expression meaning `` All right '' . According to Charles Connor , Little Richard 's drummer , the original lyrics were : Tutti Frutti , good booty If it 's tight , it 's all right And if it 's greasy , it makes it easy In addition to Penniman and LaBostrie , a third name -- Lubin -- is credited as co-writer . Some sources considered this a pseudonym used by Specialty label owner Art Rupe to claim royalties on some of his label 's songs , but others refer to songwriter Joe Lubin . As possible evidence that the `` sexual song '' theory was created later , songwriter LaBostrie was quoted as saying , `` Little Richard did n't write none of ' Tutti Frutti ' . I 'll tell you exactly how I came to write that . I used to live on Galvez Street and my girlfriend and I liked to go down to the drug store and buy ice cream . One day we went in and saw this new flavor , Tutti Frutti . Right away I thought , ' Boy , that 's a great idea for a song ' . So I kept it in the back of my mind until I got to the studio that day . I also wrote the flip side of ' Tutti Frutti ' , ' I 'm Just A Lonely Guy ' , and a spiritual , ' Blessed Mother ' , all in the same day . '' LaBostrie was still receiving royalty checks on the average of $5,000 every three to six months from the song in the 1980s . Blackwell said time constraints prevented the development of a new arrangement , so Little Richard recorded the revised song in three takes , taking about 15 minutes , with the original piano part . The song was recorded on September 14 , 1955 . Released on Specialty 561 , the record entered the Billboard Rhythm and Blues chart at the end of December 1955 and rose to No. 2 early in 1956 . It also reached No. 17 on the Billboard pop chart . In the UK , it only scraped into the top 30 in 1957 , as the B - side of `` Long Tall Sally '' . The song , with its twelve - bar blues chord progression , provided the foundation of Little Richard 's career . It was seen as a very aggressive song that contained more features of African American vernacular music than any other past recordings in this style . Richard 's contract with Peacock had been purchased by Specialty Records owner Art Rupe , who also owned the publishing company that bought Richard 's songs . Specialty 's deal with Richard was typical of most record companies 's dealings with their artists . Impact ( edit ) `` Tutti Frutti '' provided the title for one of the earliest books about the development of rock and roll and pop music from the 1950s , Nik Cohn 's `` Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom '' ( 1969 ) . In 2010 , the US Library of Congress National Recording Registry added the recording to its registry , stating that the hit , with its original a cappella introduction , heralded a new era in music . Combining elements of boogie , gospel and blues , the song introduced several of rock music 's most characteristic musical features , including its loud volume and vocal style emphasizing power , and its distinctive beat and rhythm . The beat has its roots in boogie - woogie , but Richard departed from its shuffle rhythm and introduced a new distinctive rock beat . He reinforced the new rock rhythm with a two - handed approach , playing patterns with his right hand , with the rhythm typically popping out in the piano 's high register . The song 's new rhythm became the basis for the standard rock beat , which was later consolidated by Chuck Berry . In 2007 , an eclectic panel of renowned recording artists voted `` Tutti Frutti '' No. 1 on Mojo 's The Top 100 Records That Changed The World , hailing the recording as `` the sound of the birth of rock and roll . '' The song is No. 43 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In April 2012 , Rolling Stone magazine declared that the song `` still has the most inspired rock lyric on record . '' Personnel ( edit ) Little Richard -- vocals , piano Lee Allen -- tenor saxophone Alvin `` Red '' Tyler -- baritone saxophone Frank Fields -- double bass Earl Palmer -- drums Additional personnel ( edit ) Justin Adams -- guitar Early cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by many musicians . Recording cover versions of songs was standard industry practice during the 1940s and 1950s . A hit song could generate many different versions : pop and instrumental , polka , blues , hillbilly and others by a variety of artists . After Pat Boone 's success with `` Ai n't That a Shame '' , his next single was `` Tutti Frutti '' , markedly toned down from the already reworked Blackwell version . Boone 's version made No. 12 on the national pop chart , with Little Richard 's trailing behind reaching only No. 17 . Boone himself admitted that he did not wish to do a cover of `` Tutti Frutti '' because `` it did n't make sense '' to him ; however , the producers persuaded him into making a different version by claiming that the record would generate attention and money . Little Richard admitted that though Boone `` took ( his ) music '' , Boone made it more popular due to his high status in the white music industry . Nevertheless , a Washington Post Staff Writer , Richard Harrington , quoted Richard in an article : They did n't want me to be in the white guys ' way ... I felt I was pushed into a rhythm and blues corner to keep out of rockers ' way , because that 's where the money is . When `` Tutti Frutti '' came out ... They needed a rock star to block me out of white homes because I was a hero to white kids . The white kids would have Pat Boone upon the dresser and me in the drawer ' cause they liked my version better , but the families did n't want me because of the image that I was projecting . Elvis Presley version ( edit ) Elvis Presley recorded the song and it was included in his first RCA album Elvis Presley March 23 , 1956 . Presley 's version uses `` A-wop - bop - a-loo - bop - a-lop - bam - boom ! '' for every verse , finishing the phrase with `` bam - boom '' instead of `` bom - bom '' . Elvis ' cut of `` Tutti Frutti '' was also released as part of a four track EP ( RCA EPA - 747 ) and as the b - side of `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( RCA 47 - 6636 ) which reached # 20 on the ' Billboard ' chart . The Beatles versions ( edit ) According to eminent author Mark Lewisohn in The Complete Beatles Chronicles ( p. 365 ) The Beatles performed `` Tutti Frutti '' live from at least 1960 through 1962 ( in Hamburg , Liverpool and elsewhere ) . Reportedly the lead vocal was always by Paul McCartney , but it is unknown whether their version was actually based on the one by Elvis or that of Little Richard . No recorded version is known to survive . However , according to author Allen J. Weiner in The Beatles - The Ultimate Recording Guide ( p. 225 ) during the massive Get Back sessions a version of `` Tutti Frutti '' was recorded . A few months later George Harrison played on a live version which was recorded in Copenhagen with Delaney and Bonnie and Eric Clapton which came out on an unauthorized release , though a legitimate version was also recorded in concert in England ( and released in 1970 ) . In 1972 Ringo Starr drummed on , and produced a brief version with Elton John on piano and T. Rex singer Marc Bolan on lead vocal . Lastly , in the 1990s Paul McCartney did a ( professionally recorded ) soundcheck singing `` Tutti Frutti '' but not like Elvis or Little Richard but instead like an extremely laid - back Pat Boone of 1956 ( Boone 's real version was more lively ) . The McCartney version came out on an unauthorized release , Soundcheck Songs Vol. 1 ) Later recordings and performances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cover versions of the song have been recorded by numerous artists , including ( by date ) : French singer Johnny Halliday recorded it , in English , in 1961 ( Disques Vogue EPL 7860 ) . Little Richard re-recorded the song in 1964 for Vee Jay Records ' Little Richard 's Greatest Hits and again in 1978 for a K - tel compilation titled Little Richard Live . The Swinging Blue Jeans included it on their debut album Blue Jeans a'Swinging , HMV 1802 , in 1964 . It was one of two Little Richard covers on the album . Swedish rock and roll singer Jerry Williams covered the song in 1965 . The song was covered by Fair Weather in 1970 . It is the first song on the MC5 album Back in the USA , Atlantic SD 8247 ( 1970 ) . Sting recorded the tune for the original soundtrack of the film Party Party ( 1982 ) . WWE 's Mean Gene Okerlund covered it and used it as his entrance tune ; it appears on The Wrestling Album ( 1985 ) . Queen played `` Tutti Frutti '' at every show of The Magic Tour in 1986 , and the song is featured on the live album Live at Wembley ' 86 ( later retitled Live at Wembley Stadium ) . The song is featured on the California Raisins soundtrack from their first special , Meet the Raisins ( 1988 ) . The song was parodied by the Australian sketch comedy program Fast Forward by the character Victor ( Peter Moon ) in 1991 . The song was released as a single raising funds for those affected by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster . Swiss artists Bo Katzman ( de ) and the Soul Cats cover the song as `` Jailhouse Rap '' on their 1990 CD The Wonderful World of the Soul Cats as the third song in a mash up with `` Jailhouse Rock '' and `` Rock Everybody '' by M. Davis / J. Josea . ( `` Jailhouse Rap '' is unrelated to the similarly named Fat Boys ' song . ) Alvin and the Chipmunks did their rendition of the song in their TV documentary special Rockin ' Through the Decades ( 1990 ) starring Will Smith , and their full version can be heard in their 1991 album of the same name . An episode of the television sitcom Martin entitled `` Three Men And A Mouse '' features Little Richard guest - starring as an exterminator , during which he sings the chorus of `` Tutti Frutti '' . A cover by Buckwheat Zydeco is included in the film soundtrack album The Smurfs 2 : Music from and inspired by ( 2013 ) . Notable uses in other media : The song is featured during the T. Rex jam session with Elton John in the film Born to Boogie ( 1972 ) . It is sung by Val Kilmer in the Cold War parody Top Secret ! ( 1984 ) . The song is featured in the movie The Brave Little Toaster ( 1987 ) . The song appears in season 5 of Sharon , Lois & Bram 's Elephant Show performed by children 's entertainers Sharon , Lois & Bram ( 1988 ) . The Disney Channel ran a DTV music video of the song in the 1980s , set mostly to clips from the Donald Duck cartoon Mr. Duck Steps Out ( 1940 ) ( with Daisy Duck representing the character of the same name in the lyrics ) , but also the 1942 cartoon Mickey 's Birthday Party ( with Clara Cluck representing Sue ) . The song is performed in the movie Rock ' n ' Roll High School Forever ( 1991 ) . In the film Flirting ( 1991 ) , actress Thandie Newton recites the song lyrics in full at a school debate on the relative importance of the intellectual and physical spheres of human experience . The song is featured for jive dances in seasons 7 and 13 of the American TV series Dancing with the Stars . It is featured in the music video game DJ Hero mixed with `` Beats '' by Shlomo ( 2009 ) . In the 1986 adventure film The Tomb , the song is used to accompany the opening title sequence . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jim Dawson and Steve Propes , What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 571 - 12939 - 0 Jump up ^ White , Charles ( 2003 ) , pp. 49 - 51 The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography . Omnibus Press . Jump up ^ `` The Current from '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Campbell ; James Brody ( 2007 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Rock and Roll : An Introduction '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 115 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Full National Recording Registry : National Recording Preservation Board ( Library of Congress ) '' . National Recording Preservation Board . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Bernard ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tutti Frutti ' Joins National Music Registry '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Penniman , Richard Wayne . `` Little Richard . '' Little Richard 24 Jan 2008 . GroveMusic.com ( subscription only ) Jump up ^ White , Charles ( 2003 ) , p. 55 The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography . Omnibus Press . Jump up ^ Cox , Michael ( 1997 ) . Mind - Blowing Music Scholastic Press . ISBN 0590195700 ^ Jump up to : Lhamon , W.T. . Deliberate Speed : The Origins of a Cultural Style in the American 1950s . USA : The Smithsonian Institution , 1990 . Jump up ^ Brackett , David . The Pop , Rock , and Soul Reader : Histories and Debates . New York : Oxford , 2004 Jump up ^ White , Charles . The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Quasar of Rock `` . New York : Harmony , 1984 Jump up ^ Rock ' n ' Roll America ( BBC documentary , 2015 ) , Part 1 , c. 41 : 00 Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( Joe Lubin > Overview ) ) ) Jump up ^ `` Dorothy Labostrie '' . Rockabilly.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` A sample of 100 rock and roll songs '' . Icce.rug.nl. 2003 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Quasar of Rock . Charles White . Contributor Paul McCartney . Edition : 2 , illustrated . Da Capo Press . 1994 . page 57 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80552 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80552 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Little Richard '' . Soulfulkindamusic.net. 1932 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Culpeper Star - Exponent : News '' . M.starexponent.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rocklist.net ... Mojo Lists '' . Rocklistmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Little Richard - Tutti Frutti Tops World - Changing Hit List '' . Contactmusic.com . May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived April 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Blue Moon Boys - The Story of Elvis Presley 's Band . Ken Burke and Dan Griffin . 2006 . Chicago Review Press. page 87 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 614 - 8 Jump up ^ Smothers , Robert . `` Macon Journal ; Georgia 's Very Own : a Wop Bam Boom . '' The New York Times 08 Jan. 1990 , Late ed. , sec . A10 Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard . `` VIDEOS ; ' the Early Days , ' When Rock Began to Roll . '' The Washington Post , 19 May 1985 , Final ed. , sec . G12 Jump up ^ O'connor , John J. `` Television Review : Rock 's Story as Told by Rockers . '' The New York Times 08 Mar. 1995 , Late ed. , sec . C20 Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard . `` ' a Wopbopaloobop ' ; and ' Alopbamboom ' , as Little Richard Himself Would Be ( and Was ) First to Admit . '' The Washington Post 12 Nov. 1984 , Final ed. , sec . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 7 - The All American Boy : Enter Elvis and the rock - a-billies . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ kinesound ( 2010 - 09 - 25 ) , Victor and Svetta Tutti Frutti - I wan na Rooty , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 Little Richard Studio albums Here 's Little Richard Little Richard The Fabulous Little Richard Pray Along with Little Richard Pray Along with Little Richard ( Vol 2 ) The King of the Gospel Singers Little Richard Is Back ( And There 's a Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On ! ) Little Richard 's Greatest Hits The Wild and Frantic Little Richard The Explosive Little Richard The Rill Thing Mr. Big The King of Rock and Roll The Second Coming Southern Child Friends from the Beginning - Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix Right Now ! Talkin ' ' bout Soul Little Richard Live God 's Beautiful City Lifetime Friend Shake It All About Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka Live albums The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live ! Little Richard 's Greatest Hits : Recorded Live ! Singles `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Long Tall Sally '' `` Slippin ' and Slidin ' '' `` Rip It Up '' `` Ready Teddy '' `` She 's Got It '' `` Heeby - Jeebies '' `` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' `` All Around the World '' `` Lucille '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Jenny , Jenny '' `` Miss Ann '' `` Keep A-Knockin ' '' `` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' `` Ooh ! My Soul '' `` True Fine Mama '' Baby Face '' `` Kansas City '' `` By the Light of the Silvery Moon '' `` He 's Not Just a Soldier '' `` He Got What He Wanted ( But He Lost What He Had ) '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` Bama Lama Bama Loo '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` I Do n't Know What You 've Got ( But It 's Got Me ) '' `` Poor Dog '' `` Commandments of Love '' `` Freedom Blues '' `` Greenwood , Mississippi '' '' `` In the Middle of the Night '' `` Call My Name '' `` Great Gosh A-Mighty ! '' `` Operator '' `` Somebody 's Comin ' '' `` Twins '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Little Richard Billy Wright Robert Blackwell Art Rupe Esquerita Jimi Hendrix James Brown Larry Williams Little Richard ( miniseries ) Book : Little Richard Elvis Presley singles 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' / `` Loving You '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' / `` I Beg of You '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tutti_Frutti_(song)&oldid=864874635 '' Categories : 1955 singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Little Richard songs Pat Boone songs Elvis Presley songs United States National Recording Registry recordings Songs written by Dorothy LaBostrie Songs written by Little Richard Song recordings produced by Robert Blackwell Specialty Records singles 1955 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 02 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the artist who cowrote and first recorded the song tutti frutti	[ "\"Tutti Frutti\"\nSingle by Little RichardB-side\n\"I'm Just a Lonely Guy\"Released\nOctober 1955[1]Format\n45-rpm recordRecorded\nSeptember 14, 1955Studio\nJ & M Studio, New Orleans, Louisiana[1]Genre\nRock and rollLength\n2:23Label\nSpecialty 561Songwriter(s)\nLittle Richard, Dorothy LaBostrieProducer(s)\nRobert BlackwellLittle Richard singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Always\" (1954)\n\n\"Tutti Frutti\" (1955)\n\n\"Long Tall Sally\" (1956)\n" ]	[ "Little Richard" ]
8084714197414419104	Australia at the Commonwealth Games	Australia at the Commonwealth Games - wikipedia Australia at the Commonwealth Games Australia at the 2018 Commonwealth Games CGF code AUS CGA Commonwealth Games Australia Website commonwealthgames.org.au Medals Ranked 1st Gold 852 Silver 716 Bronze 650 Total 2,218 Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Australia has won 13 Commonwealth games . Australia first competed at the Games , then titled the British Empire Games , in 1930 ; and is one of only six countries to have sent athletes to every Commonwealth Games . The others are Canada , England , New Zealand , Scotland , and Wales . Six of the 21 games have been hosted by Australia , with the city of Gold Coast hosting the 2018 Commonwealth Games . Australia has placed first at 13 out of the 21 games ( compared with England 7 and Canada 1 ) and has been in the top three for all meets except the first games in 1930 . After the 2006 Games , Australia was first in the all - time medal tally . In all but one of the 18 Commonwealth Games held so far ( excluding the 1978 Games ) , the Australian flag bearer has gone on to win a gold medal . Contents 1 List of Games Host Nation Bids 1.1 Games Staged 1.2 Failed bid Results 2 Medals 2.1 Overall Medal Tally 3 Games Summary 3.1 Overall Medal Tally by Sport 3.2 Progressive Medal Tally 4 Numbers of athletes and sports 5 Team & Individual Competitor Achievements 5.1 Notable Achievements 5.1. 1 Represented at most Games 5.2 Best Individual Medal Achievements 5.2. 1 Most gold medals won 5.2. 2 Most gold medals won at a single Games 5.2. 3 Most medals won by a competitor 5.2. 4 Oldest gold medal winner 5.2. 5 Youngest gold medal winner 5.3 Winning Streaks 6 Australian Records Achieved at Commonwealth Games 6.1 Record Summary 6.2 2002 6.3 1998 6.4 1994 6.5 1990 6.6 1986 6.7 1978 6.8 1974 6.9 1970 6.10 1966 6.11 1962 6.12 1958 6.13 1950 6.14 1934 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 10 Sources List of Games host nation bids ( edit ) Games staged ( edit ) Australia has hosted the Commonwealth Games on four occasions but have only won once via an international vote . That vote was for the host of the 2018 games , won by the Gold Coast . Sydney 1938 was simply awarded . Perth 1962 was a contest between Adelaide and Perth which Adelaide originally won at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , Australia . Adelaide first won 13 votes to Perth 's 3 . Two years later that was overturned by the Australian Commonwealth Games Association prior to the 1958 British Empire Games in Cardiff , Wales . A New Vote awarded Perth with a 9 to 7 vote . Brisbane 1982 was awarded after Lagos , Nigeria ; Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia and Birmingham , England all withdrew prior to the Bid vote that took place in Montreal , Quebec , Canada during the 1976 Summer Olympics . Melbourne 2006 was awarded to the city after Wellington , New Zealand withdrew their bid prior to the Bid Lodgement Deadline . Year Host City , State Years Between 2018 Commonwealth Games Gold Coast , Queensland 12 2006 Commonwealth Games Melbourne , Victoria 24 1982 Commonwealth Games Brisbane , Queensland 20 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Perth , Western Australia 24 1938 British Empire Games Sydney , New South Wales - Failed bid Results ( edit ) Year Australian Candidate City Winning City Vote Tally 1974 Commonwealth Games Melbourne Christchurch 2 - 36 1998 Commonwealth Games Adelaide Kuala Lumpur 25 - 40 Medals ( edit ) Overall medal tally ( edit ) Positions are calculated by the number of gold medals earned , then the number of silvers is taken into consideration and then the number of bronze . Figures from Commonwealth Games Foundation website . Those represented in bold are the highest scoring medal tally for each individual medal . The 2006 Games saw the highest overall medal tally , including the highest number of silver and bronze medals . The 1994 Games remains the Games with the highest number of gold medals won for Australia . Total Australia 936 768 713 2427 Games summary ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Competitors Officials Flag Bearer Opening Flag Bearer Closing 1930 Hamilton 8 5 9 Bobby Pearce 1934 London 8 14 17 Noel Ryan 1938 Sydney 25 19 22 66 158 11 Edgar ' Dunc Gray 1950 Auckland 34 27 19 80 148 20 Mervyn Wood 1954 Vancouver 20 11 17 48 78 13 Dick Garrard 1958 Cardiff 27 22 17 66 105 14 Ivan Lund 1962 Perth 38 36 31 105 208 30 Tony Madigan 1966 Kingston 23 28 22 73 101 23 David Dickson 1970 Edinburgh 36 24 22 82 107 25 Pam Kilborn Michael Wenden 1974 Christchurch 29 28 25 82 168 34 Michael Wenden 1978 Edmonton 24 33 27 84 148 42 Remo Sansonetti and Salvatore Sansonetti Tracey Wickham 1982 Brisbane 39 39 29 107 208 54 Rick Mitchell Lisa Curry 1986 Edinburgh 40 46 35 121 235 69 Michael Turtur Gael Martin 1990 Auckland 52 54 56 162 247 68 Lisa Curry - Kenny Phillip Adams 1994 Victoria 87 52 42 181 241 92 Ian Hale Gary Neiwand 1998 Kuala Lumpur 80 61 57 198 311 130 Kieren Perkins Susan O'Neill 2002 Manchester 82 62 63 207 355 131 Damian Brown Ian Thorpe 2006 Melbourne 84 69 68 221 425 168 Jane Saville Leisel Jones 2010 Delhi 74 56 49 179 368 179 Sharelle McMahon Alicia Coutts 2014 Glasgow 49 42 46 137 409 184 Anna Meares Mark Knowles 2018 Gold Coast 80 59 59 198 Mark Knowles Kurt Fearnley 2022 Birmingham Future event Total 936 768 713 2427 Overall medal tally by sport ( edit ) Overall total of medals achieved for each individual Commonwealth Games sporting area from 1930 - 2006 . Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Archery 0 Athletics 159 136 111 406 Badminton 9 12 Basketball 0 0 Boxing 11 14 28 53 Cricket 0 0 Cycling 78 50 34 162 Diving 27 31 26 84 Fencing 15 11 29 Gymnastics 38 28 36 102 Hockey 5 0 6 Judo 9 14 Lawn Bowls 6 18 7 31 Netball 0 5 Rowing 16 10 8 34 Rugby 7 's 0 Shooting 52 44 32 128 Squash 5 9 18 Swimming 241 167 150 558 Table Tennis 0 5 Tennis 8 Tenpin Bowling 5 7 Triathlon 0 Waterpolo 0 0 Weightlifting 53 46 40 139 Wrestling 14 22 15 51 Progressive Medal Tally ( edit ) Figures from Commonwealth Games Foundation website . Commonwealth Games Progressive Medal Tally Year Gold Silver Bronze Total 2018 932 778 709 2419 2014 852 716 650 2218 803 673 604 2080 2006 729 618 555 1902 2002 645 549 487 1681 1998 564 488 424 1476 1994 485 427 367 1279 1990 398 375 325 1098 1986 346 321 269 936 1982 306 275 234 815 1978 267 236 205 708 243 203 178 624 1970 214 175 153 542 1966 178 151 131 460 1962 155 123 109 387 1958 117 87 78 282 1954 90 65 61 216 1950 70 54 44 168 1938 36 27 25 88 1934 11 8 22 1930 8 Numbers of athletes and sports ( edit ) This list shows the total number of athletes , male and female , and the total sports they were selected to compete in . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Athletes Male Female Sports 2006 426 220 206 18 2002 371 1998 320 1994 250 1990 248 1986 235 1982 210 1978 148 1970 1966 1962 1958 1954 1950 1938 1934 1930 Team & individual competitor achievements ( edit ) Notable achievements ( edit ) Represented at most Games ( edit ) Arthur Tunstall has represented Australia as an official at 8 Commonwealth Games ( 1962 , 66 , 70 , 74 , 78 , 86 , 90 , 94 ) . Donald Stockins has represented Australia as an official at 8 Commonwealth Games ( 1974 , 78 , 82 , 86 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 2002 ) . Shooter Bruce Quick has represented at 7 Commonwealth Games 1990 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Shooter Phillip Adams has competed in 6 Commonwealth Games ( 1982 , 86 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 2002 ) . Best individual medal achievements ( edit ) Most gold medals won ( edit ) Swimmer Susie O'Neill won 10 gold medals at three successive Games ( 1990 , 94 , 98 ) . Swimmer Ian Thorpe won 10 gold medals at two successive Games ( 1998 , 2002 ) . Swimmer Leisel Jones won 10 gold medals at three successive Games ( 2002 , 06 , 10 ) . Most gold medals won at a single Games ( edit ) Swimmer Susie O'Neill won 6 gold medals at the 1998 Games . Swimmer Ian Thorpe won 6 gold medals at the 2002 Games . Most medals won by a competitor ( edit ) Shooter Phillip Adams has won 18 medals ( 7 gold , 9 silver , 2 bronze ) at five Games ( 1982 , 86 , 90 , 94 , 2002 ) . Swimmer Susie O'Neill has won 15 medals ( 10 gold , 5 silver ) at three Games ( 1990 , 94 , 98 ) . Shooter Bruce Quick has won 14 medals ( 1 Gold , 9 Silver and 4 Bronze ) at 6 games ( 1990 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) . Oldest gold medal winner ( edit ) Dorothy Roche , was 61 years and 10 months old when she won a gold medal in the women 's fours in Bowls at the 1990 Games . Youngest gold medal winner ( edit ) Jenny Turrall , was 13 years , 8 months old when she won a gold medal in the 400m freestyle at Christchurch , New Zealand in 1974 . Jenny Turrall also won Silver medals in the 200m Freestyle , 800m Freestyle and the 4x100 Freestyle Relay - women at the 1974 Christchurch Games . Winning streaks ( edit ) Australia has won gold in the following events for each consecutive Games since the beginning of each individual streak . Swimming , Men 's 4 × 200 m ( 13 Games - 1954 , 58 , 62 , 66 , 70 , 74 , 78 , 82 , 86 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 2002 ) Swimming , Men 's 4 × 100 m ( 6 Games - 1982 , 86 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 2002 ) Swimming , Women 's 4 × 100 m Medley ( 6 Games - 1990 , 94 , 98 , 2002 , 06 , 10 ) Men 's Hockey ( 4 Games - 1998 , 2002 , 06 , 10 ) Australian Records achieved at Commonwealth Games ( edit ) Record Types listed follow this Key : WR : World Record CR : Commonwealth Record AR : Australian Record GR : Games Record Record summary ( edit ) This list shows a summary of known Australian records and totals for each year and overall . A world record also covers all other records ( Commonwealth , Australian and Games ) but is not included in each individual tally . This also goes for each other section overlapping . The hierarchy is defined by the record key . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year WR CR AR GR Total 2006 2002 6 44 50 1998 20 20 1994 29 29 1990 7 7 1986 6 6 1982 1978 1970 1966 14 14 1962 5 5 1958 0 0 1954 1950 1938 0 0 1934 1930 0 0 Total 6 139 145 2002 ( edit ) 6 World Records were set during these Games . 44 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 2002 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin WR Cycling 4,000 m Team Pursuit ( Qualifying ) Team : Graeme Brown , Peter Dawson , Mark Renshaw , Luke Roberts 4 : 04.034 WR Cycling 4,000 m Team Pursuit Team : Graeme Brown , Peter Dawson , Mark Renshaw , Luke Roberts 3 : 59.583 WR Swimming 50 m Freestyle Multi Disability ( Heat ) James Austin 27.48 WR Swimming 100 m Freestyle Multi Disability ( Heat ) James Austin 1 : 00.21 WR Swimming 100 m Freestyle Multi Disability ( Final ) James Austin 1 : 00.27 WR Swimming 400 m Freestyle Ian Thorpe 3 : 40.08 GR Athletics Men 's 20 km Walk Nathan Deakes 1 : 25.35 ( hours ) GR Athletics Women 's 20 km Walk Jane Saville 1 : 36.34 ( hours ) GR Athletics Women 's 4 × 400 m Relay Australia 3 : 25.63 ( mins ) GR Athletics Men 's 50 km Walk Nathan Deakes 3 : 52.40 ( hours ) GR Athletics Women 's Marathon Kerryn McCann 2 : 30.05 ( hours ) GR Athletics Women 's Pole Vault Tatiana Grigorieva 4.35 ( meters ) GR Athletics Men 's Shot Put Justin Anlezark 20.91 ( meters ) GR Cycling Men 's 20 km Scratch Race Graeme Brown 24 : 14.660 ( mins ) GR Cycling Women 's 25 km Points Race Katherine Bates 37 ( points ) GR Cycling Men 's 4000 m Individual Pursuit Bradley `` Brad '' McGee 4 : 16.358 ( mins ) GR Cycling Women 's 500 m Time Trial Kerrie Meares 35.084 ( seconds ) GR Cycling Men 's Road Race ( 187.2 km ) Stuart O'Grady 4 : 43 : 17 ( hours ) GR Cycling Men 's Road Time Trial ( 46.8 km ) Cadel Evans 1 : 00 : 53.50 ( hours ) GR Cycling Men 's Team Sprint Australia 44.506 ( seconds ) GR Shooting Women 's 25 m Standard Pistol ( Ind ) Lalita Yauhleuskaya 686.8 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's 25 m Standard Pistol ( Team ) Australia 1150 ( points ) GR Shooting Men 's 50 m Free Rifle - 3 Position ( Team ) Australia 2297 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's 50 m Rifle Prone ( Ind ) Kim Frazer 588 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Skeet ( Ind ) Lauryn Ogilvie 93 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Skeet ( Team ) Australia 95 ( points ) GR Shooting Men 's Trap ( Team ) Australia 187 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Trap ( Team ) Australia 90 ( points ) GR Swimming Men 's 100 m Backstroke Matt Welsh 0 : 54.72 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 100 m Butterfly Geoff Huegill 0 : 52.36 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 100 m Butterfly Petria Thomas 0 : 58.57 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 100 m Freestyle Ian Thorpe 48.73 ( seconds ) GR Swimming Men 's 100 m Multi Disability Freestyle Ben Austin ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 200 m Butterfly Justin Norris 1 : 56.95 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 200 m Freestyle Ian Thorpe 1 : 44.71 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 400 m Freestyle Ian Thorpe 3 : 40.08 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 400 m Individual Medley Justin Norris 4 : 16.95 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay Australia 3 : 16.42 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay Australia 3 : 40.41 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Australia 3 : 36.05 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Australia 4 : 03.70 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay Australia 7 : 11.69 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 50 m Backstroke Matt Welsh 25.65 ( seconds ) GR Swimming Women 's 50 m Backstroke Dyana Calub 28.98 ( seconds ) GR Swimming Men 's 50 m Butterfly Geoff Huegill 23.57 ( seconds ) GR Swimming Women 's 50 m Butterfly Petria Thomas 26.66 ( seconds ) GR Swimming Men 's 50 m Multi Disability Freestyle Ben Austin ( seconds ) GR Weightlifting Women 's 75 kg+ Snatch Caroline Pileggi 100.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 77 kg Snatch Damian Brown 147.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 94 kg Snatch Alex Karapetyn 167.5 ( kg ) 1998 ( edit ) 20 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1998 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Women 's 10 km Road Walk Jane Saville 43 : 57 ( mins ) GR Cycling Men 's 184 km Road Race Jay Sweet 4 : 31 : 56 ( hours ) GR Cycling Women 's 24 km Points Race Alayna Burns 34 ( points ) GR Cycling Women 's Road Race ( 28 km ) Anna Wilson 37 : 34 ( mins ) GR Cycling Men 's Sprint Darryn Hill 10.533 ( seconds ) GR Shooting Women 's Air Pistol ( Ind ) Annemarie Forder 480.6 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Air Pistol ( Team ) Australia 748 ( points ) GR Shooting Men 's Smallbore Rifle 3 Position ( Ind ) Timothy Lowndes 1235.3 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Smallbore Sport Rifle 3 Position ( Ind ) Susan McCready 667.3 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Smallbore Sport Rifle Prone ( Team ) Australia 1174 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Sport Pistol ( Team ) Australia 1140 ( points ) GR Swimming Women 's 200 m Butterfly Susie O'Neill 2 : 06.60 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 200 m Individual Medley Matthew Dunn 2 : 00.26 ( mins ) GR Tenpin Bowling Women 's Doubles Australia 3678 ( points ) GR Tenpin Bowling Mixed Doubles Australia 3605 ( points ) GR Tenpin Bowling Women 's Singles Cara Honeychurch 6406 ( points ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 77 kg Clean and Jerk Damian Brown 187.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 77 kg Combined Damian Brown 327.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 94 kg Clean and Jerk Kiril Kounev 205.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 94 kg Combined Kiril Kounev 370.0 ( kg ) 1994 ( edit ) 29 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1994 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Men 's Marathon Wheelchair Paul Wiggins 1 : 37.33 ( hours ) GR Cycling Men 's 10 Mile Stuart O'Grady 18 : 50.520 ( mins ) GR Cycling Men 's 100 km Team Time Trial Australia 1 : 53 : 19.13 ( hours ) GR Cycling Women 's 25 km Team Time Trial Australia 1 : 04 : 03.20 ( mins ) GR Cycling Men 's 4000 m Team Pursuit Australia 4 : 10.485 ( mins ) GR Cycling Men 's 40 km Points Race Brett Aitken 38 ( points ) GR Cycling Women 's Road Race Kathryn `` Kathy '' Watt 2 : 48 : 04.73 ( seconds ) GR Shooting Fullbore Rifle Queens Prize - Open ( Pair ) Australia 593 ( points ) GR Shooting Men 's Running Target ( Ind ) Bryan Wilson 657.9 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Smallbore Rifle Prone ( Team ) Australia 1160 ( points ) GR Shooting Women 's Sport Pistol ( Ind ) Christine Trefry 679.4 ( points ) GR Swimming Women 's 100 m Breaststroke Samantha Riley 1 : 08.02 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 100 m Freestyle S9 Melissa Carlton 1 : 09.61 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 1500 m Freestyle Kieren Perkins 14 : 41.66 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 200 m Breaststroke Samantha Riley 2 : 25.53 ( mins ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 108 kg + Clean and Jerk Stefan Botev 200.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 108 kg + Combined Stefan Botev 360.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 108 kg + Snatch Steven Kettner 165.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 108 kg Clean and Jerk Nicu Vlad 220.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 108 kg Combined Nicu Vlad 405.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 108 kg Snatch Nicu Vlad 185.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 64 kg Combined Sevdalin Marinov 277.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 76 kg Clean and Jerk Damian Brown 182.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 83 kg Clean and Jerk Kiril Kounev 200.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 83 kg Combined Kiril Kounev 352.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 83 kg Snatch Kiril Kounev 152.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 91 kg Clean and Jerk Harvey Goodman 200.0 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 91 kg Combined Harvey Goodman 362.5 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 91 kg Snatch Harvey Goodman 162.5 ( kg ) 1990 ( edit ) 7 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1990 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Men 's Hammer Throw Sean Carlin 75.66 ( meters ) GR Athletics Women 's Heptathlon Jane Flemming 6695 ( points ) GR Cycling Men 's 50 km Points Race Robert Burns 81 ( points ) GR Cycling Women 's Road Race ( 72 km ) Kathryn `` Kathy '' Watt 1 : 55 : 11.60 ( hours ) GR Shooting Men 's 50 m / Free Pistol ( Team ) Australia 1106 ( points ) GR Swimming Women 's 400 m Individual Medley Hayley Lewis 4 : 42.65 ( mins ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 75 kg Clean and Jerk Ronald Laycock 177.5 ( kg ) 1986 ( edit ) 6 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1986 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Men 's 30 km Road Walk Simon Francis Baker 2 : 07.47 ( hours ) GR Athletics Women 's Shot Put Gael Martin ( née Mulhall ) 19.00 ( meters ) GR Rowing Men 's Eight Oared Shell Australia 5 : 44.42 ( mins ) GR Rowing Women 's Eight Oared Shell Australia 6 : 43.69 ( mins ) GR Rowing Men 's Lightweight Single Sculls Peter Antonie 7 : 16.43 ( mins ) GR Rowing Women 's Lightweight Single Sculls Adair Ferguson 7 : 45.49 ( mins ) 1978 ( edit ) 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1978 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Cycling Men 's Road Race ( 117 miles ) Phillip Anderson 4 : 22 : 34.41 ( hours ) GR Swimming Women 's 800 m Freestyle Tracey Wickham 8 : 24.62 ( mins ) 1 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1974 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Cycling Men 's Road Race ( 114 miles ) Clyde Sefton 5 : 07 : 16.87 ( hours ) 1970 ( edit ) 3 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1970 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Men 's 20 Mile Walk Noel Freeman 2 : 33 : 33 ( hours ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 110 kg + Combined Raymond Rigby 500 ( kg ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 52 kg Combined George Vasiliades 290 ( kg ) 1966 ( edit ) 14 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1966 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Women 's 100 Yard Dash Dianne Burge 10.6 ( seconds ) GR Athletics Men 's 100 Yard Dash Michael Van Der Velde 10.1 ( seconds ) GR Athletics Women 's 440 Yard Run / Quarter Mile Judith Pollock 53.0 ( seconds ) GR Athletics Women 's 4x110 Yard Relay Australia 45.3 ( seconds ) GR Athletics Men 's 880 Yard Run / Half - Mile Noel Clough 1 : 46.9 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 110 Yards Breaststroke Ian O'Brien 1 : 08.2 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 110 Yards Freestyle Michael Wenden 54.0 ( seconds ) GR Swimming Men 's 220 Yard Backstroke Peter Reynolds 2 : 12.0 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 220 Yards Breaststroke Ian O'Brien 2 : 29.3 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 440 Yards Freestyle Robert Windle 4 : 15.0 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 440 Yards Freestyle Kathryn Wainwright 4 : 38.8 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 440 Yards Freestyle Relay Australia 3 : 35.6 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 440 Yards Individual Medley Peter Reynolds 4 : 50.8 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 880 Yards Freestyle Relay Australia 7 : 59.5 ( mins ) GR Weightlifting Men 's 82.5 kg Combined George Vakakis 925.5 ( pounds ) 1962 ( edit ) 5 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1962 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Women 's 880 Yard Run / Half - Mile Dixie Willis 2 : 03.7 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 110 Yards Butterfly Kevin Berry 0 : 59.5 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 110 Yards Freestyle Dawn Fraser 0 : 59.5 ( seconds ) GR Swimming Men 's 1650 Yards Freestyle Murray Rose 17 : 18.1 ( mins ) GR Swimming Men 's 220 Yards Butterfly Kevin Berry 2 : 10.8 ( mins ) 1958 ( edit ) 3 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1958 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Women 's 220 Yard Dash Marlene Mathews - Willard 23.6 ( seconds ) GR Athletics Women 's 80 m H Norma Thrower 10.7 ( seconds ) GR Rowing Men 's Singles Sculls Stuart MacKenzie 7 : 20.1 ( mins ) 1950 ( edit ) 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1950 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Athletics Women 's 440 yard relay Australia 47.9 ( seconds ) GR Athletics Women 's 660 Yard Relay Australia 1 : 13.4 ( mins ) 1934 ( edit ) 2 Commonwealth Games Records were set in the 1934 Games . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Type Sport Discipline Athlete / Team Record Margin GR Swimming Men 's 1500 Yards Freestyle Noel Ryan 18 : 25.4 ( mins ) GR Swimming Women 's 200 Yards Breaststroke Clare Dennis 2 : 50.2 ( mins ) See also ( edit ) Australia portal Commonwealth Games portal Commonwealth Games Australia List of Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saville to carry Commonwealth Games flag '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Country Index Commonwealth Games Federation Jump up ^ `` COMMONWEALTH GAMES 36 golds , two records to Australia '' . The Canberra Times . 44 , ( 12,684 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 27 July 1970 . p. 12 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Wickham to carry flag at closing ceremony '' . The Canberra Times . 52 , ( 15,666 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 13 August 1978 . p. 27 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` A closing honour to ' our Gael ' '' . The Canberra Times . 60 , ( 18,568 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 3 August 1986 . p. 23 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Australia . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flag bearers '' . Australian Commonwealth Games Association website on Pandora Archive . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Australia . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sports/othersports/commonwealthgames/10995110 Jump up ^ < http://www.thecgf.com.sports/medals_event.asp swimming 400m Freestyle Women - Gold Medals External links ( edit ) Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth Games Australia Sources ( edit ) `` Australia at the Commonwealth Games '' . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Australia at the Commonwealth Games British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Australia hosted the Games in 1938 , 1962 , 1982 , 2006 , and 2018 . Associations at the Commonwealth Games Current Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bermuda Botswana British Virgin Islands Brunei Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Cook Islands Cyprus Dominica England Falkland Islands Fiji The Gambia Ghana Gibraltar Grenada Guernsey Guyana India Isle of Man Jamaica Jersey Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Montserrat Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island Northern Ireland Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Scotland Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Wales Zambia Historical Aden Hong Kong Ireland Irish Free State Malaya Maldives Newfoundland British North Borneo Sarawak South Arabia Zimbabwe National sports teams of Australia A1 GP Archery Athletics Australian rules football Badminton Baseball MU - 19 Basketball MU - 19 MU - 17 M 3x3 WU - 19 WU - 17 W 3x3 Beach handball Beach soccer Cricket Aus A MU - 19 PM 's XI Blind Cycling Field hockey Floorball Futsal Goalball Golf Gridiron Gymnastics Handball MU - 21 MU - 18 WU - 21 WU - 18 Ice hockey MU - 20 MU - 18 WU - 18 Indoor Hockey Inline hockey International rules Korfball Lacrosse Indoor Motorcycle Speedway Open U-21 Netball Quidditch Roller derby Roller hockey Rowing Rugby league PM 's XIII Indigenous Junior Schoolboys Rugby union Aus A MU - 21 MU - 20 MU - 19 Schoolboys M7 W7 Sailing Soccer MU - 23 MU - 20 MU - 17 P7 WU - 20 WU - 17 Softball MU - 17 WU - 17 Squash Swimming Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Volleyball Water polo Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Olympics Winter Paralympics Winter Commonwealth Games Universiade Nicknames Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_at_the_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=848980641 '' Categories : Australia at the Commonwealth Games Nations at the Commonwealth Games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 17 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the commonwealth games held in australia	[ "\n\nYear\nHost City, State\nYears Between\n\n\n2018 Commonwealth Games\nGold Coast, Queensland\n12\n\n\n2006 Commonwealth Games\nMelbourne, Victoria\n24\n\n\n1982 Commonwealth Games\nBrisbane, Queensland\n20\n\n\n1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\nPerth, Western Australia\n24\n\n\n1938 British Empire Games\nSydney, New South Wales\n-\n", "\n\nYear\nHost City, State\nYears Between\n\n\n2018 Commonwealth Games\nGold Coast, Queensland\n12\n\n\n2006 Commonwealth Games\nMelbourne, Victoria\n24\n\n\n1982 Commonwealth Games\nBrisbane, Queensland\n20\n\n\n1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\nPerth, Western Australia\n24\n\n\n1938 British Empire Games\nSydney, New South Wales\n-\n", "\n\nYear\nHost City, State\nYears Between\n\n\n2018 Commonwealth Games\nGold Coast, Queensland\n12\n\n\n2006 Commonwealth Games\nMelbourne, Victoria\n24\n\n\n1982 Commonwealth Games\nBrisbane, Queensland\n20\n\n\n1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\nPerth, Western Australia\n24\n\n\n1938 British Empire Games\nSydney, New South Wales\n-\n", "\n\nYear\nHost City, State\nYears Between\n\n\n2018 Commonwealth Games\nGold Coast, Queensland\n12\n\n\n2006 Commonwealth Games\nMelbourne, Victoria\n24\n\n\n1982 Commonwealth Games\nBrisbane, Queensland\n20\n\n\n1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\nPerth, Western Australia\n24\n\n\n1938 British Empire Games\nSydney, New South Wales\n-\n", "\n\nYear\nHost City, State\nYears Between\n\n\n2018 Commonwealth Games\nGold Coast, Queensland\n12\n\n\n2006 Commonwealth Games\nMelbourne, Victoria\n24\n\n\n1982 Commonwealth Games\nBrisbane, Queensland\n20\n\n\n1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\nPerth, Western Australia\n24\n\n\n1938 British Empire Games\nSydney, New South Wales\n-\n" ]	[ "1938", "1962", "1982", "2006", "2018" ]
2176999751969163650	What It's Like	What It 's Like - wikipedia What It 's Like `` What It 's Like '' Single by Everlast from the album Whitey Ford Sings the Blues Released September 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 10 ) Format CD single Recorded Genre Blues rock , hip hop Length 5 : 03 ( Album Version ) 4 : 37 ( Video Version ) 3 : 50 ( Radio Edit ) Label Tommy Boy Records Songwriter ( s ) Everlast Producer ( s ) Everlast Everlast singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1994 ) `` What It 's Like '' ( 1998 ) `` Ends '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample `` Whats it 's Like '' file help `` What It 's Like '' is a song by American musician Everlast . It was released in November 1998 as the lead single from his album Whitey Ford Sings the Blues . The song is typical of the style Everlast embraced after leaving hip hop trio House of Pain , being a combination of rock , hip - hop and blues incorporating characterization and empathy towards impoverished protagonists . The song went to number - one on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for one week and number - one on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks for nine weeks . It also peaked at # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the singer 's only solo Top 40 hit on the US pop chart to date . In the United Kingdom , the song reached # 34 on the UK Singles Chart . The song went to the Top 5 hitting # 4 on the Pop Songs chart . The song was also unexpectedly and surprisingly a hit to adult contemporary stations since most rap songs or songs with rap verses can not be played on the format . Despite that , the song went to the Top 10 at # 9 on the Adult Top 40 chart . Contents 1 Song structure 2 Music video 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Song structure ( edit ) Structurally , the song consists of three verses , a chorus , and a bridge . The last line of the chorus varies in accordance with the particular situation faced by the character in the preceding verse . Each character is presented in a sympathetic light as a victim of circumstance and as being an object of derision . Each verse ends with the line God forbid you ever had to walk a mile in his / her shoes ( in the third verse , `` ... you ever had to wake up to hear the news '' ) and Cause then you really might know what it 's like to , with the action varying depending on what the character has to do ( `` sing the blues , '' `` have to choose , '' and `` have to lose , '' respectively ) . The characters are : A wino ( the man at the liquor store beggin ' for your change ) ; when asking for change from a man he 's turned down rudely ( Get a job , you fuckin ' slob ) Mary , a pregnant girl who decides to have an abortion ( Mary got pregnant from a kid named Tom who said he was in love ) ; when she goes through the door of the clinic , she gets called a `` killer , '' a `` sinner , '' and a `` whore . '' A drug dealer named Max , a man with violent friends and an alcohol problem ( He liked to hang out late , he liked to get shit - faced and keep the pace with thugs ) who dies a violent death ( He pulled out his chrome . 45 talked some shit and wound up dead ) . The speaker attempts to build sympathy for each character 's struggle through the phrase `` Then you really might know what it 's like ' . The cause of the first character 's lifestyle as a beggar is ambiguous . Music video ( edit ) At the end of the music video for the song , all of the characters ( along with other people ) are crowded around a window . Behind the window , an idyllic family is having an enjoyable dinner , oblivious to the less fortunate who are outside . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 - 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 58 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 34 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks US Billboard Adult Top 40 9 US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 81 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 28 U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 213 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Everlast -- What It 's Like '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Everlast -- What It 's Like '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ Canadian Rock Peak Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Everlast Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Everlast -- What It 's Like '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Everlast -- What It 's Like '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Everlast -- What It 's Like '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Everlast Studio albums Forever Everlasting ( 1990 ) Whitey Ford Sings the Blues ( 1998 ) Eat at Whitey 's ( 2000 ) White Trash Beautiful ( 2004 ) Love , War and the Ghost of Whitey Ford ( 2008 ) Songs of the Ungrateful Living ( 2011 ) Songs `` What It 's Like '' `` Black Jesus '' `` So Long '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_It%27s_Like&oldid=854242002 '' Categories : 1998 singles Everlast ( musician ) songs Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles 1998 songs Tommy Boy Records singles Songs about abortion Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 22 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings the song what it's like	[ "\"What It's Like\" is a song by American musician Everlast. It was released in November 1998 as the lead single from his album Whitey Ford Sings the Blues. The song is typical of the style Everlast embraced after leaving hip hop trio House of Pain, being a combination of rock, hip-hop and blues incorporating characterization and empathy towards impoverished protagonists.\n" ]	[ "Everlast" ]
8600049310637718384	Pro-drop language	Pro-drop language - wikipedia Pro-drop language Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Linguistic typology Morphological Analytic Isolating Synthetic Fusional Agglutinative Polysynthetic Oligosynthetic Morphosyntactic Alignment Accusative Ergative Split ergative Austronesian Active -- stative Tripartite Marked nominative Ditransitive alignment Secundative Indirective Inverse marking Syntactic pivot Theta role Word order VO languages Subject -- verb -- object Verb -- subject -- object Verb -- object -- subject OV languages Subject -- object -- verb Object -- subject -- verb Object -- verb -- subject V2 word order Free word order Time -- manner -- place Place -- manner -- time Lexicon Color terms Numerals A pro-drop language ( from `` pronoun - dropping '' ) is a language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omitted when they are pragmatically or grammatically inferable ( the precise conditions vary from language to language , and can be quite intricate ) . The phenomenon of `` pronoun - dropping '' is also commonly referred to as zero or null anaphora . In the case of pro-drop languages , null anaphora refers to the fact that that the null position does have referential properties , meaning it is not a null dummy pronoun . Pro-drop is only licensed in languages that have a positive setting of the pro-drop parameter , which allows the null element to be identified by its governor . In pro-drop languages with a highly inflected verbal morphology , the expression of the subject pronoun is considered unnecessary because the verbal inflection indicates the person and number of the subject , thus the referent of the null subject can be inferred from the grammatical inflection on the verb . Even though in everyday speech there are instances when who or what is being referred to can be inferred from context , non-pro - drop languages still require the pronoun . However , pro-drop languages allow those referential pronouns to be omitted , or be phonologically null . Among major languages , two of which might be called a pro-drop language are Japanese and Korean ( featuring pronoun deletion not only for subjects , but for practically all grammatical contexts ) . Chinese , Slavic languages , and American Sign Language also exhibit frequent pro-drop features . In contrast , non-pro - drop is an areal feature of many northern European languages ( see Standard Average European ) , including French , ( standard ) German , and English . Some languages might be considered only partially pro-drop in that they allow deletion of the subject pronoun . These null - subject languages include most Romance languages ( French is an exception ) as well as all the Balto - Slavic languages and to a limited extent Icelandic . Colloquial and dialectal German , unlike the standard language , are also partially pro-drop ; they typically allow deletion of the subject pronoun in main clauses but not in subordinate clauses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the term 2 Examples 2.1 Japanese 2.2 Chinese 2.3 Arabic 2.4 Turkish 2.5 Swahili 2.6 English 3 Null - subject languages 3.1 Modern Greek 3.2 Romance languages 3.2. 1 Spanish 3.2. 2 Italian 3.2. 3 Portuguese 3.3 Slavic languages 3.4 Finno - Ugric languages 3.5 Hebrew 4 Generalizations across languages 4.1 Other language families and linguistic regions 4.2 Pragmatic inference 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History of the term ( edit ) The term `` pro-drop '' stems from Noam Chomsky 's `` Lectures on Government and Binding '' from 1981 as a cluster of properties of which `` null subject '' was one ( for the occurrence of pro as a predicate rather than a subject in sentences with the copula see Moro 1997 ) . Thus , a one - way correlation was suggested between inflectional agreement ( AGR ) and empty pronouns on the one hand and between no agreement and overt pronouns , on the other . It is worth noting that in the classical version , languages which not only lack agreement morphology but also allow extensive dropping of pronouns -- such as Japanese , Chinese , Korean , and Vietnamese -- are not included , as is made clear in a footnote : `` The principle suggested is fairly general , but does not apply to such languages as Japanese in which pronouns can be missing much more freely . '' ( Chomsky 1981 : 284 , fn 47 ) . The term pro-drop is also used in other frameworks in generative grammar , such as in lexical functional grammar ( LFG ) , but in a more general sense : `` Pro-drop is a widespread linguistic phenomenon in which , under certain conditions , a structural NP may be unexpressed , giving rise to a pronominal interpretation . '' ( Bresnan 1982 : 384 ) . The empty category assumed ( under government and binding theory ) to be present in the vacant subject position left by pro-dropping is known as pro , or as `` little pro '' ( to distinguish it from `` big PRO '' , an empty category associated with non-finite verb phrases ) . Examples ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) Consider the following examples from Japanese : このケーキは美味しい. 誰が焼いたの ? Kono kēki wa oishii . Dare ga yaita no ? This cake TOPIC tasty - PRESENT . Who SUBJECT bake - PAST EXPLAIN. ? `` This cake is tasty . Who baked it ? '' 知らない. 気に入った ? Shiranai . Ki ni itta ? know - NEGATIVE . like - PAST ? `` I do n't know . Did you like it ? '' The words in bold in the English translations ( it in the first line ; I , you , and it in the second ) appear nowhere in the Japanese sentences but are understood from context . If nouns or pronouns were supplied , the resulting sentences would be grammatically correct but sound unnatural . ( Learners of Japanese as a second language , especially those whose first language is non-pro - drop like English or French , often supply personal pronouns where they are pragmatically inferable , an example of language transfer . ) Chinese ( edit ) The above - mentioned examples from Japanese are readily rendered into Chinese : 这块蛋糕很美味. 谁烤的 ? Zhè kuài dàngāo hĕn mĕiwèi . Shéi kăo de ? This piece cake very beautiful taste . Who bakes ? `` This cake is very tasty . Who baked it ? '' 不知道. 喜欢吗 ? Bù zhīdào . Xĭhuan ma ? Not know . like ( QUESTION MARKER ( = not ) ) ? `` I do n't know . Do you like it ? '' Though it is worthy to note that unlike Japanese , the inclusion of the dropped pronouns does not make the sentence sound unnatural . Arabic ( edit ) Arabic is considered a null - subject language , as demonstrated by the following example : Arabic text : ساعد غيرك ، يساعدك Transliteration : sāʻid ghayrak , yusāʻiduk Literal translation : help other , helps you . Idiomatic translation : If you help another , he helps you . Turkish ( edit ) Sen - i gör - dü - m 2SG - ACC see - PST - 1SG I saw you . The subject `` I '' above is easily inferable as the verb gör - mek `` to see '' is declined in the first person simple past tense form . The object is indicated by the pronoun seni in this case . Strictly speaking , pronominal objects are generally explicitly indicated , although frequently possessive suffixes indicate the equivalent of an object in English , as in the following sentence . Gel - diğ - im - i gör - dü - n mü ? come - NMLZ - POS. 1SG - ACC see - PST - 2SG Q Did you see me coming ? In this sentence , the object of the verb is actually the action of coming performed by the speaker ( geldiğimi `` my coming '' ) , but the object in the English sentence , `` me '' , is indicated here by the possessive suffix - im `` my '' on the nominalised verb . Both pronouns can be explicitly indicated in the sentence for purposes of emphasis , as follows : Sen ben - im gel - diğ - im - i gör - dü - n mü ? 2SG 1SG - POSS come - `` ing '' - POS. 1SG - ACC see - PST - 2SG Q Did you see me coming ? Swahili ( edit ) In Swahili , both subject and object pronouns can be omitted as they are indicated by verbal prefixes . Ni - ta - ku - saidia . SUBJ. 1SG - FUT - OBJ. 2SG - help I will help you . English ( edit ) English is considered a non-pro - drop language . Nonetheless , subject pronouns are almost always dropped in imperative sentences ( e.g. , Come here ) . In informal speech , pronouns may sometimes be dropped in other types of sentences , together with some other words , especially copulas and auxiliaries : ( Have you ) ever been there ? ( I 'm ) going to the shops . ( Do you ) want to come ? Seen on signs : ( I am / We are ) out to lunch ; ( I / we will be ) back at 1 : 00 ( P.M ) . What do you think ( of it ) ? -- I like ( it ) ! ( the latter only in some dialects and registers ) In speech , when pronouns are not dropped , they are more often reduced than other words in an utterance . Relative pronouns , provided they are not the subject , are often dropped in short restrictive clauses : That 's the man ( whom ) I saw . Note that the dropping of pronouns is generally restricted to very informal speech and certain fixed expressions , and the rules for their use are complex and vary among dialects and registers . A noted instance was the `` lived the dream '' section of George H.W. Bush 's speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention . Null - subject languages ( edit ) Main article : Null - subject language Modern Greek ( edit ) Subject pronouns can be often omitted in modern Greek . Example : Βλέπεις εκείνο το κούτσουρο ; Θα ήταν καλό για τη φωτιά . Είναι τελείως ξερό . See that the log ? Would be good for the fire . Is completely dried ( literal , direct translation ) ( Do ) you see this log ? It would be good for the fire . It has completely dried . ( idiomatic translation ) Another phenomenon commonly encountered in modern Greek is the omission of the preposition and article in phrases denoting place or movement to place . I am at home . Είμαι σπίτι . I 'm going home . Πάω σπίτι . `` I 'm going ( there ) ! '' Πάω ! Romance languages ( edit ) Most Romance languages ( with the notable exception of French ) are often categorised as pro-drop too , most of them only in the case of subject pronouns . Unlike in Japanese , however , the missing subject pronoun is not inferred strictly from pragmatics , but partially indicated by the morphology of the verb , which inflects for person and number of the subject . Spanish ( edit ) In Spanish , the verb is inflected for both person and number , thus expression of the pronoun is unnecessary because it is grammatically redundant . In the following example , the inflection on the verb ver , ' see ' , signals informal 2nd person singular , thus the pronoun is dropped . Similarly , from both the context and verbal morphology , the listener can infer that the second two utterances are referring to the log , so the speaker omits the pronoun that would appear in English as `` it . '' ¿ Ves este tronco ? Sería bueno para la fogata . Está completamente seco . ( Spanish ) See this log ? Would be good for the campfire . Is completely dry ( literal , direct translation ) ( Do ) you see this log ? It would be good for the campfire . It is completely dry ( English gloss ) Although Spanish is a pro-drop language , not all grammatical contexts allow for a null pronoun . There are some environments that require an overt pronoun . In contrast , there are also grammatical environments that require a null pronoun . According to the Real Academia Española , the expression or elision of the subject pronoun is not random . Rather there are contexts in which an overt pronoun is abnormal , while in other cases the overt pronoun is possible or even required . The third person pronouns ( él , ella , ellos , ellas ) in most contexts can only refer to persons . Therefore , when referring to things ( that are not people ) an explicit pronoun is usually disallowed . Subject pronouns can be made explicit when used for a contrastive function or when the subject is the focus of the sentence . In the following example , the first person explicit pronoun is used to emphasize the subject . Yo ( y no tú u otra persona ) creo que en eso estuvo mal . I ( and not you or another person ) think that that was wrong . Subject pronouns can also be made explicit in order to clarify ambiguities that arise due to verb forms that are homophonous in the first person and third person . For example , in the past imperfect , conditional , and the subjunctive , the verb forms are the same for first person singular and third person singular . In these situations , using the explicit pronoun yo ( 1st person singular ) or él , ella ( 3rd person singular ) clarifies who the subject is , since the verbal morphology is ambiguous . Italian ( edit ) Vedi questo tronco ? Andrebbe bene da bruciare . È completamente secco . ( Italian ) See this log ? Would go well for burning . Is completely dry ( literal , direct translation ) Do you see this log ? It would be fit for burning . It is completely dry . ( English gloss ) Portuguese ( edit ) Examples of omitted subject : Estás a ver este tronco ? Seria bom para a fogueira . Secou completamente . ( European Portuguese ) Are to see this log ? Would be good for the campfire . Dried completely ( literal , direct translation ) ( Do ) you see this log ? It would be good for the campfire . It has completely dried . ( English gloss ) `` Tá '' ( está ) vendo esse tronco ? Seria bom pra fogueira . Secou totalmente . ( Brazilian Portuguese ) Are seeing this log ? Would be good for - the campfire . Dried totally ( literal , direct translation ) ( Do ) you see this log ? It would be good for the campfire . It has completely dried . ( English gloss ) Omission of object pronouns is likewise the norm when the referent is clear . Acho que ele vai rejeitar a proposta , mas pode aceitar . Think that he goes ( to - ) reject the proposal , but may accept . ( literally ) I think he is going to turn down the proposal , but he may accept it . Ainda tem macarrão ? Não , papai comeu . Still is there pasta ? No , daddy ate . ( literally ) Is there pasta left ? No , daddy ate it . The use of the object pronoun in these examples ( aceitá - la , comeu - o ) would be grammatical but rather unnatural , especially in Brazil . Ela me procurou ontem e não achou . She me sought yesterday and no found . ( literally ) She looked for me yesterday and did n't find me . Here não me achou would also be possible . A : Eu te amo ; você também me ama ? B : Amo , sim . A : I you love ; you too me love ? B : Love - 1 - SING , yes . ( literally ) A : I love you ; do you love me too ? B : I do . Omission of the object pronoun is possible even when its referent has not been explicitly mentioned , so long as it can be inferred . The next example might be heard at a store ; the referent ( a dress ) is clear to the interlocutor . In both Brazilian and European Portuguese the pronoun is omitted . Viu que bonito ? Não gosta ? Pode comprar ? ( BP ) Saw how beautiful ? Do n't like ? Can buy ? ( using polite 2nd person ) ( BP ) Viste que bonito ? Não gostas ? Podes comprar ? ( EP ) Saw how beautiful ? Do n't like ? Can buy ? ( using informal 2nd person ) ( EP ) Have you seen how beautiful it is ? Do you like it ? Can you buy it ? ( English gloss ) Spanish and Portuguese are also notable amongst Romance languages because they have no specific pronouns for circumstantial complements ( arguments denoting circumstance , consequence , place or manner , modifying the verb but not directly involved in the action ) or partitives ( words or phrases denoting a quantity of something ) . Compare the following examples in which Spanish , Portuguese , Galician , and Romanian have null pronouns for place and partitives , but Catalan , French , Occitan , and Italian have overt pronouns for place and partitive . Languages in Europe Non-pro - drop languages Pro-drop being displaced by a non-pro - drop language Circumstantial complement denoting place `` I 'm going ( there ) ! '' Spanish ¡ Voy ! Portuguese Vou ! Galician ¡ Vou ! Romanian Mă duc ! Catalan Hi vaig ! French J'y vais ! Occitan I vau ! Italian Ci vado ! Partitive denoting quantity `` I have four of them . '' Spanish Tengo cuatro . Portuguese Tenho quatro . Galician Teño catro . Romanian Am patru . Catalan En tinc quatre . French J'en ai quatre . Occitan N'ai quatre . Italian Ne ho quattro . Slavic languages ( edit ) All Slavic languages behave in a similar manner to the Romance pro-drop languages . Example : Бачу ( яго ) . Ідзе . Belarusian Виждам го . Идва . Bulgarian Vidim ga . Prilazi . Croatian Vidím ho . Jde . Czech Го гледам . Доаѓа . Macedonian Widzę go . Idzie . Polish Вижу ( его ) . Идёт . Russian Видим га . Долази . Serbian Vidím ho . Ide . Slovak Vidim ga . Prihaja . Slovene Бачу ( його ) . Йде . Ukrainian `` I see him . He is coming . '' Here he in the second sentence is inferred from context . In the East Slavic languages even the objective pronoun `` его '' can be omitted in the present and future tenses ( both imperfect and perfective ) . As with the Romance languages mentioned above , the missing pronoun is not inferred strictly from pragmatics , but partially indicated by the morphology of the verb ( Вижу , Виждам , Widzę , Vidim , etc ... ) . However , the past tense of both imperfective and perfective in modern East Slavic languages inflects by gender and number rather than the person due to the fact that the present tense conjugations of the copula `` to be '' ( Russian быть , Ukrainian бути , Belorussian быць ) have practically fallen out of use . As such , the pronoun is often included in these tenses , especially in writing . Finno - ugric languages ( edit ) In Finnish , the verb inflection replaces first and second person pronouns in simple sentences , e.g. menen `` I go '' , menette `` all of you go '' . Pronouns are typically left in place only when they need to be inflected , e.g. me `` we '' , meiltä `` from us '' . There are possessive pronouns , but possessive suffixes , e.g. - ni as in kissani `` my cat '' , are also used , as in Kissani söi kalan ( `` my cat ate a fish '' ) . A peculiarity of colloquial Finnish is that the pronoun me ( `` we '' ) can be dropped if the verb is placed in the passive voice ( e.g. haetaan , standard `` it is fetched '' , colloquial `` we fetch '' ) . In the Estonian language , a close relative of Finnish , the tendency is less clear . It generally uses explicit personal pronouns in the literary language , but these are often omitted in colloquial Estonian . Hungarian is also pro-drop , subject pronouns are used only for emphasis , as example ( Én ) mentem `` I went '' , and because of the definite conjugation , object pronouns can be often elided as well ; for example , the question ( Te ) láttad a macskát ? `` Did ( you ) see the cat ? '' can be answered with just láttam `` ( I ) saw ( it ) '' , because the definite conjugation renders the object pronoun superfluous . Hebrew ( edit ) Modern Hebrew , like Biblical Hebrew , is a `` moderately '' pro-drop language . In general , subject pronouns must be included in the present tense . Since Hebrew has no verb forms expressing the present tense , the present tense is formed using the present participle ( somewhat like English I am guarding ) . The participle in Hebrew , as is the case with other adjectives , declines only in grammatical gender and number ( like the past tense in Russian ) , thus : I ( m . ) guard ( ani shomer ) = אני שומר ‬ You ( m . ) guard ( ata shomer ) = אתה שומר ‬ He guards ( hu shomer ) = הוא שומר ‬ I ( f . ) guard ( ani shomeret ) = אני שומרת ‬ We ( m . ) guard ( anachnu shomrim ) = אנחנו שומרים ‬ Since the forms used for the present tense lack the distinction between grammatical persons , explicit pronouns must be added in the majority of cases . In contrast , the past tense and the future tense the verb form is inflected for person , number , and gender . Therefore , the verb form itself indicates sufficient information about the subject . The subject pronoun is therefore normally dropped , except in third - person . I ( m. / f . ) guarded ( shamarti ) = שמרתי ‬ You ( m. pl . ) guarded ( sh'martem ) = שמרתם ‬ I ( m. / f . ) will guard ( eshmor ) = אשמור ‬ You ( pl. / m . ) will guard ( tishm'ru ) = תשמרו ‬ Many nouns can take suffixes to reflect the possessor , in which case the personal pronoun is dropped . In daily modern Hebrew usage , inflection of nouns is common only for simple nouns , and in most cases , inflected possessive pronouns are used . In Hebrew , possessive pronouns are treated mostly like adjectives and follow the nouns which they modify . In biblical Hebrew , inflection of more sophisticated nouns is more common than in modern usage . Generalizations across languages ( edit ) Spanish , Italian , Catalan , Occitan and Romanian can elide subject pronouns only ( Portuguese sometimes elides object pronouns as well ) , and they often do so even when the referent has not been mentioned . This is helped by person / number inflection on the verb . It has been observed that pro-drop languages are those with either rich inflection for person and number ( Persian , Polish , Portuguese , etc . ) or no such inflection at all ( Japanese , Chinese , Korean , etc . ) , but languages that are intermediate ( English , French , etc . ) are non-pro - drop . While the mechanism by which overt pronouns are more `` useful '' in English than in Japanese is obscure , and there are exceptions to this observation , it still seems to have considerable descriptive validity . As Huang puts it , `` Pro-drop is licensed to occur either where a language has full agreement , or where a language has no agreement , but not where a language has impoverished partial agreement . '' Other language families and linguistic regions ( edit ) Among the Indo - European and Dravidian languages of India , pro-drop is the general rule though many Dravidian languages do not have overt verbal markers to indicate pronominal subjects . Mongolic languages are similar in this respect to Dravidian languages , and all Paleosiberian languages are rigidly pro-drop . Outside of northern Europe , most Niger -- Congo languages , Khoisan languages of Southern Africa and Austronesian languages of the Western Pacific , pro-drop is the usual pattern in almost all linguistic regions of the world . In many non-pro - drop Niger -- Congo or Austronesian languages , like Igbo , Samoan and Fijian , however , subject pronouns do not occur in the same position as a nominal subject and are obligatory , even when the latter is present . In more easterly Austronesian languages , like Rapa Nui and Hawaiian , subject pronouns are often omitted even though no other subject morphemes exist . Pama -- Nyungan languages of Australia also typically omit subject pronouns even when there is no explicit expression of the subject . Many Pama -- Nyungan languages , however , have clitics , which often attach to nonverbal hosts to express subjects . The other languages of Northwestern Australia are all pro-drop , for all classes of pronoun . Also , Papuan languages of New Guinea and Nilo - Saharan languages of East Africa are pro-drop . Among the indigenous languages of the Americas , pro-drop is almost universal , as would be expected from the generally polysynthetic and head - marking character of the languages . That generally allows eliding of all object pronouns as well as subject ones . Indeed , most reports on Native American languages show that even the emphatic use of pronouns is exceptionally rare . Only a few Native American languages , mostly language isolates ( Haida , Trumai , Wappo ) and the Oto - Manguean family are known for normally using subject pronouns . Pragmatic inference ( edit ) Classical Chinese exhibits extensive dropping not only of pronouns but also of any terms ( subjects , verbs , objects , etc . ) pragmatically inferable , giving a very compact character to the language . Note , however , that Classical Chinese was a written language , and such word dropping is not necessarily representative of the spoken language or even of the same linguistic phenomenon . See also ( edit ) Null - subject language References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Welo , Eirik . `` Null Anaphora '' . Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics . doi : 10.1163 / 2214 - 448x_eagll_com_00000254 . Jump up ^ Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics . doi : 10.4324 / 9780203980057 . ^ Jump up to : Flores - Ferrán , Nydia ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) . `` A Bend in the Road : Subject Personal Pronoun Expression in Spanish after 30 Years of Sociolinguistic Research '' . Language and Linguistics Compass. 1 ( 6 ) : 624 -- 652 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 818X. 2007.00031. x . ISSN 1749 - 818X . Jump up ^ Kordić , Snježana ( 2001 ) . Wörter im Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen ( Serbo - Croatian Words on the Border Between Lexicon and Grammar ) . Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; 18 ( in German ) . Munich : Lincom Europa . pp. 10 -- 12 . ISBN 3 - 89586 - 954 - 6 . LCCN 2005530313 . OCLC 47905097 . OL 2863539W . Summary . Jump up ^ Martin Haspelmath , The European linguistic area : Standard Average European , in Martin Haspelmath , et al. , Language Typology and Language Universals , vol. 2 , 2001 , pp. 1492 - 1510 Jump up ^ R.L. Trask , A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics , Routledge 2013 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( 18 August 1988 ) . `` Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans '' . American Presidency Project . University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Those were exciting days . Lived in a little shotgun house , one room for the three of us . Worked in the oil business , started my own . In time we had six children . Moved from the shotgun to a duplex apartment to a house . Lived the dream - high school football on Friday night , Little League , neighborhood barbecue . Jump up ^ Didion , Joan ( 27 October 1988 ) . `` Insider Baseball '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . as Bush , or Peggy Noonan , had put it in the celebrated no - subject - pronoun cadences of the `` lived the dream '' acceptance speech . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Jeff ( September 2008 ) . `` Accepting the Inevitable : What McCain can learn from the acceptance speeches of Reagan , Bush , and Gore '' . Slate : 2 . Note how , as he tells his story , the pronouns drop out , underscoring the idea that this was more a conversation than a speech Jump up ^ Winant , Gabriel ( 21 December 2006 ) . `` When the Going Gets Tough '' . Leland Quarterly . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Bush projects an image as a forthright Westerner who has no truck with fancy language or personal pronouns . ^ Jump up to : `` Pronombre Personales Tónicos '' . Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas . Real Academia Española. 2005 . Jump up ^ Hacohen , Gonen ; Schegloff , Emanuel A. ( 2006 - 08 - 01 ) . `` On the preference for minimization in referring to persons : Evidence from Hebrew conversation '' . Journal of Pragmatics . Focus - on Issue : Discourse and Conversation. 38 ( 8 ) : 1305 -- 1312 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pragma. 2006.04. 004 . Jump up ^ Huang , C. - T. James . `` On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns '' . Linguistic Inquiry 15 : 531 - 574 . 1984 . Further reading ( edit ) Bresnan , Joan ( ed . ) ( 1982 ) The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations , MIT Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts . Chomsky , Noam ( 1981 ) Lectures on Government and Binding : The Pisa Lectures . Holland : Foris Publications . Reprint . 7th Edition . Berlin and New York : Mouton de Gruyter , 1993 . Graffi , Giorgio ( 2001 ) 200 Years of Syntax . A critical survey , John Benjamins , Amsterdam , The Netherlands . Moro , Andrea ( 1997 ) The raising of predicates . Predicative noun phrases and the theory of clause structure , Cambridge Studies in Linguistics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , England . Rizzi , Luigi ( 1982 ) Issues in Italian Syntax , Foris , Dordrecht . Krivochen , Diego and Peter Kosta ( 2013 ) Eliminating Empty Categories . Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang . Jaeggli , Osvaldo , and Ken Safir ( 1989 ) The Null Subject Parameter . Dordrecht : Kluwer . External links ( edit ) List of languages including pro-drop ( PD ) or non-pro - drop ( NPD ) status . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro-drop_language&oldid=821151120 '' Categories : Linguistic typology Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles that may contain original research from December 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch فارسی Latina Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 18 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why can you leave out the subject pronoun in spanish	[ "A pro-drop language (from \"pronoun-dropping\") is a language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omitted when they are pragmatically or grammatically inferable (the precise conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate). The phenomenon of \"pronoun-dropping\" is also commonly referred to as zero or null anaphora.[1] In the case of pro-drop languages, null anaphora refers to the fact that that the null position does have referential properties, meaning it is not a null dummy pronoun. Pro-drop is only licensed in languages that have a positive setting of the pro-drop parameter, which allows the null element to be identified by its governor.[2] In pro-drop languages with a highly inflected verbal morphology, the expression of the subject pronoun is considered unnecessary because the verbal inflection indicates the person and number of the subject, thus the referent of the null subject can be inferred from the grammatical inflection on the verb.[3]" ]	[ "null anaphora refers to the fact that that the null position does have referential properties, meaning it is not a null dummy pronoun" ]
-5711320995656716464	V6 engine	V6 engine - wikipedia V6 engine Jump to : navigation , search `` V6 '' redirects here . For other uses , see V6 ( disambiguation ) . The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A V6 , 24 - valve , DOHC engine A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the crankshaft in two banks of three cylinders , usually set at either a 60 or 90 degree angle to each other . The V6 is one of the most compact engine configurations , usually ranging from 2.0 L to 4.3 L displacement ( however , much larger examples have been produced for use in trucks ) , shorter than the inline 4 and more compact than the V8 engine . Because of its short length , the V6 fits well in the widely used transverse engine front - wheel drive layout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 History 3 Balance and smoothness 4 V angles 4.1 60 degrees 4.2 90 degrees 4.3 120 degrees 4.4 Narrow angle VR6 4.5 Other angles 5 Odd and even firing 6 Racing use 7 Motorcycle use 8 Marine use 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Applications ( edit ) The V6 is commercially successful in mid-size cars in the modern age of high fuel prices and price sensitive consumers because it is less expensive to build and has better fuel consumption than the V8 , while being smoother in large sizes than the inline 4 , which develops increasingly serious vibration problems in larger engines . The wider 90 ° V6 will fit in an engine compartment designed for a V8 , providing a low - cost alternative to the V8 in an expensive car , while the narrower 60 ° V6 will fit in most engine compartments designed for an I4 , proving a more powerful and smoother alternative engine to the four . While not perfectly smooth , the V6 is smoother than the I4 and adequately smooth for the average consumer . Buyers of luxury and / or performance cars who are not price sensitive or fuel economy minded might prefer an inline 6 , which has comparable fuel economy and power but better smoothness , a flat 6 which combines better smoothness and often higher power with adequate fuel economy , or a V8 which has higher power , but worse fuel economy . Recent forced induction V6 engines have delivered horsepower and torque output comparable to contemporary larger displacement , naturally aspirated V8 engines , while reducing fuel consumption and emissions , such as the Volkswagen Group 's 3.0 TFSI which is supercharged and directly injected , and Ford Motor Company 's turbocharged and directly injected EcoBoost V6 , both of which have been compared to Volkswagen 's 4.2 V8 engine . Modern V6 engines commonly range in displacement from 2.0 to 4.3 L ( 120 to 260 cu in ) , though larger and smaller examples have been produced , such as the 1991 Mazda MX3 , and the Rover KV6 engine . In Europe , where petrol is much more expensive than in the USA , V6 diesels have proved a more popular option . The American - designed Chrysler 300C has a 3 - litre Mercedes V6 engine , which vastly outsells the petrol - engined car . History ( edit ) Some of the first V6 - powered automobiles were built in 1905 by Marmon . This firm became something of a V - engine specialist ; beginning with V2 engines , then V4s , V6s , V8s , and , in the 1930s , a V16 engine . Marmon was one of the few automakers of the world to offer a V16 - powered automobile . From 1908 to 1913 the Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik produced gasoline - electric train sets ( Hybrid ) which used a V6 as generator engine . In 1918 Leo Goosen designed a V6 - powered car for Buick Chief Engineer Walter L. Marr . Only one prototype Buick V6 car was built in 1918 ; it was long used by the Marr family . Lancia V6 The first series - production V6 was introduced by Lancia in 1950 with the Lancia Aurelia model . Lancia sought a smoother and more powerful engine that would fit into an existing narrow engine bay . A Lancia engineer , Francesco De Virgilio , began analyzing the vibration of alternative V - angles for a V6 engine in 1943 . He found that a V6 with its cylinders positioned at a 60 ° V - angle could be made uniquely smooth - running in comparison with other possible V - angles . There was resistance to his conclusion , because the V6 was a virtually unknown engine type in the 1950s . His design featured four main bearings and six crankpins , resulting in evenly spaced firing intervals and low vibrations . Other manufacturers took note and soon other V6 engines were designed . In 1959 , General Motors ' GMC Truck division introduced a new 60 - degree heavy - duty 305 in ( 5.0 L ) gasoline - fueled 60 ° V6 for use in their pickup trucks and Suburbans ; this engine design was later enlarged to 478 in ( 7.8 L ) for heavy truck and bus use . The use of the sweet spot of 60 degrees ' V - angle maximized power while minimizing vibration and exterior dimensions of the engine . In short , GMC introduced a compact V6 design at a time when the straight - six engine was considered the pinnacle of 6 - cylinder design . 1962 saw the introduction of the Buick Special , which offered a new 90 ° V6 with uneven firing intervals that was derived from -- and shared some parts commonality with -- a small Buick V8 engine of the period . To save design time and expense , it was built much like a V8 that had two cylinders chopped off . The combination of a 90 ° V - angle with only three crank pins -- set at 120 ° apart , with opposing cylinders sharing a crank pin as most V8 engines do -- the cylinders fired alternatively at 90 and 150 ° of crankshaft rotation . This uneven firing caused harmonic vibrations in the drive train that were perceived as a rough - running engine by the buyers . GM sold the engine tooling to Kaiser - Jeep in 1967 ; later , as a result of the 1973 oil crisis , GM repurchased the tooling in 1974 . In 1977 , Buick introduced a split pin crankshaft to implement an even - fire version of this engine in which cylinders fired consistently every 120 ° . Balance and smoothness ( edit ) The V6 does not have the inherent freedom from vibration that the inline - six and flat - six have , but it can be modeled as two separate straight - 3 engines sharing a crankshaft . Counterweights on the crankshaft and a counter rotating balance shaft are required to compensate for the first order rocking motions . Straight engines with an odd number of cylinders are inherently unbalanced because there are always an odd number of pistons moving in one direction while a different number move the opposite direction . This causes an end - to - end rocking motion at crankshaft speed in a straight - three engine . V6 designs will behave like two unbalanced three - cylinder engines running on the same crankshaft unless steps are taken to mitigate it , for instance by using offset journals or flying arms on the crankshaft or a counter-rotating balance shaft . In the straight - six engine layout , the two halves of the engine are mirror images of each other and the end - to - end rocking motions of each half become a bending moment which can be resisted by using a sufficiently stiff engine block . In the horizontally opposed flat - 6 ( an example being the `` boxer '' - type engine ) , layout the rocking motions of the two straight - three cylinder banks almost completely offset each other , except for a small moment caused by the fact that the cylinders must be offset slightly . This results in an engine which is short , light , and relatively smooth , but too wide for most engine compartments . It is widely used in light aircraft though , and in some automobile engines , by manufacturers such as Porsche and Subaru . In the V6 with 120 ° between banks , pairs of connecting rods can share a single crank pin , but the two cylinder banks run like two inline 3 , both having an end - to - end rocking couple . Unlike in a V8 engine with a crossplane crankshaft , the vibrations from one bank do not cancel the vibrations from the other , so a rotating balancing shaft is required to compensate for the primary vibrations . Because the 120 ° V6 is nearly as wide as a 180 ° flat - 6 but is not nearly as smooth , and can be more expensive if a balancing shaft is added , this configuration is seldom seen in production engines . In the V6 with 90 ° between cylinders , split crank pins are required to offset the connecting rods by 30 ° to achieve an even 120 ° between firing intervals , and crankshaft counterweights are required to offset the primary imbalances . In the 90 ° V6 , a balancing shaft is desirable but not entirely necessary to minimize second - order vibrations , depending on the level of smoothness required . The main advantage of the 90 ° V6 is that it can easily be derived from an existing 90 ° V8 design , and use the same parts as the V8 . Unfortunately , a 90 ° V6 can not use the same technique that balances an even firing 90 ° crossplane V8 engine ; rotating the middle two cranks to 90 ° from the outer two , using extra-heavy counterweights on the crankshaft to offset the rocking motion , and then using the mass of the pistons in the other cylinder bank at 90 ° to counteract the side - to - side rotation that the heavy counterweights would otherwise cause ( resulting in an engine that is in perfect primary and secondary balance , albeit one with very heavy crankshaft counterweights and uneven firing intervals into the exhaust headers , resulting in the familiar V8 `` burbling '' exhaust note ) . A simple 90 ° V6 can not achieve the same smoothness with only crankshaft counterweights , and if the 90 ° V6 uses shared crankpins like the V8 , the engine will have uneven firing intervals , such as in the original `` odd - fire '' Buick V6 engine . This uneven firing interval results in roughness at idle and low RPM , and varying harmonics at higher engine speeds , making the `` odd - fire '' configuration unpopular with buyers , so most manufacturers now use split crankpins to make the firing intervals an even 120 ° . Therefore , designing a smooth V6 engine is a much more complicated problem than the straight - 6 , flat - 6 , and V8 layouts . Although the use of offset crankpins , counterweights , and flying arms has reduced the problem to a minor second - order vibration in modern designs , all V6s can benefit from the addition of auxiliary balance shafts to make them completely smooth . When Lancia pioneered the 60 ° V6 in 1950 , they used a 60 ° angle between the cylinder banks and a six - throw crankshaft to achieve equally spaced firing intervals of 120 ° . This still has some balance and secondary vibration problems . When Buick designed a 90 ° V6 based on their 90 ° V8 , they initially used a simpler three - throw crankshaft laid out in the same manner as the V8 with pairs of connecting rods sharing the same crankpin , which resulted in firing intervals alternating between 90 ° and 150 ° . This produced a rough - running design which was unacceptable to many customers . Arguably , the roughness is in the exhaust note , rather than noticeable vibration , so the perceived smoothness is rather good at higher RPM . Later , Buick and other manufacturers refined the design by using a split - pin crankshaft which achieved a regular 120 ° firing interval by staggering adjacent crankpins by 15 ° in opposite directions to eliminate the uneven firing and make the engine reasonably smooth . Some manufacturers such as Buick in later versions of their V6 and Mercedes Benz have taken the 90 ° design a step further by adding a balancing shaft to offset the primary vibrations and produce an almost fully balanced engine . Some designers have reverted to a 60 ° angle between cylinder banks , which produces a more compact engine , but have used three - throw crankshafts with flying arms between the crankpins of each throw to achieve even 120 ° angles between firing intervals . This has the additional advantage that the flying arms can be weighted for balancing purposes . This still leaves an unbalanced primary couple , which is offset by counterweights on the crankshaft and flywheel to leave a small secondary couple , which can be absorbed by carefully designed engine mounts . Six - cylinder designs are also more suitable for larger displacement engines than four - cylinder ones because power strokes of pistons overlap . In a four - cylinder engine , only one piston is on a power stroke at any given time . Each piston comes to a complete stop and reverses direction before the next one starts its power stroke , which results in a gap between power strokes and annoying harshness , especially at lower revolutions . In a six - cylinder engine ( other than odd - firing V6s ) , the next piston starts its power stroke 60 ° before the previous one finishes , which results in smoother delivery of power to the flywheel . In addition , because inertial forces are proportional to piston displacement , high - speed six - cylinder engines will suffer less stress and vibration per piston than an equal displacement engine with fewer cylinders . Comparing engines on the dynamometer , a typical even - fire V6 shows instantaneous torque peaks of 150 % above mean torque and valleys of 125 % below mean torque , with a small amount of negative torque ( engine torque reversals ) between power strokes . On the other hand , a typical four - cylinder engine shows peaks of nearly 300 % above mean torque and valleys of 200 % below mean torque , with 100 % negative torque being delivered between strokes . In contrast , a V8 engine shows peaks of less than 100 % above and valleys of less than 100 % below mean torque , and torque never goes negative . The even - fire V6 thus ranks between the four and the V8 , but closer to the V8 , in smoothness of power delivery . An odd - fire V6 , on the other hand , shows highly irregular torque variations of 200 % above and 175 % below mean torque , which is significantly worse than an even - fire V6 , and in addition the power delivery shows large harmonic vibrations that have been known to destroy the dynamometer . V angles ( edit ) 60 degrees ( edit ) Nissan VG30E engine A V6 engine with a 60 degree included angle between cylinder banks hits the `` sweet spot '' in V6 engine design due to several desirable characteristics . Unlike most other V6 layouts , 60 degree engines can be made acceptably smooth without using a balance shaft . Although the engine will not be as smooth - running as an inline six or opposed six cylinder engine , modern design and mounting techniques can eliminate objectionable vibration . In the 60 degree design , the connecting rods are attached to individual crankpins , which are angularly displaced at 120 degree intervals . This geometry results in an even firing interval , eliminating primary vibration and reducing secondary vibration to acceptable levels . Lancia 's pioneering design in 1950 utlized a six - throw crankshaft to achieve the required 120 degree angular displacement between crankpins . The GMC V6 engine , designed for commercial vehicles , also used a six - throw crankshaft , and was intentionally made physically massive in order to further dampen vibration , as well as to enhance durability . However , more recent designs often use a three - throw crankshaft with what are termed flying arms between the crankpins , which not only produce the required angular crankpin displacement , but also can be used for balancing purposes . Combined with a pair of heavy counterweights on the crankshaft ends , flying arms can eliminate all but a modest secondary imbalance , which can readily be dampened by the engine mounts . The 60 degree design is one of the most compact engine layouts , being nearly a perfect cube that will fit longitudinally or transversely in most engine compartments . Hence the 60 degree configuration is a good fit in automobiles which are too large to be powered by four - cylinder engines , but in which compactness and low cost are important considerations . The most common 60 degree V6s were produced by General Motors ( the aforementioned GMC commercial engine , as well as a design used in many GM front - wheel - drive automobiles ) and Ford European subsidiaries ( Essex V6 , Cologne V6 and the more recent Duratec V6 ) . Other 60 degree V6 engines are the Chrysler 3.3 engine , the Nissan VQ engine , the Mazda K engine , the Alfa Romeo V6 engine , the Mitsubishi 6G7 series of engines , many Toyota V6 engines and later versions of the Mercedes - Benz V6 engine . 90 degrees ( edit ) Many manufacturers , particularly American ones , built V6 engines with an angle of 90 degrees because they already had a successful V8 and needed to create a smaller , lighter engine with better fuel economy to meet market demand . Such configurations were easy to design by removing two cylinders from an existing V8 engine design . In some cases , the first prototypes were created by simply sawing two cylinders out of a V8 engine , welding the block back together , and forging a 3 - throw crankshaft to replace the V8 4 - throw crank . This reduced design costs , allowed the new V6 to share components with the old V8 , and sometimes allowed manufacturers to build V6s on the same production line as V8s . MG Rover Group 's KV6 engine Although it was relatively easy to create a 90 ° V6 by simply cutting two cylinders off an existing V8 engine , this produced an engine which was wider and more vibration - prone than a 60 ° V6 . The design was first used by Buick when it introduced its 198 CID Fireball V6 as the standard engine in the 1962 Special . The Buick V6 was notable because it had uneven firing intervals between power strokes as a result of using the 90 ° cylinder bank angle and sharing crankpins between piston pairs as in the V8 engine . Rather than firing evenly every 120 ° of crankshaft rotation , the cylinders fired alternately at 90 ° and 150 ° , resulting in strong harmonic vibrations at certain engine speeds . These engines were often referred to by mechanics as `` shakers '' , due to the tendency of the engine to vibrate at idle speed . Other examples included the Maserati V6 used in the Citroën SM , the PRV V6 , the Rover KV6 ( 2.0 - and 2.5 - litre ) , the Honda C engine used in the NSX , Chevrolet 's 4.3 L Vortec 4300 and Chrysler 's 3.9 L ( 238 in ) Magnum V6 and 3.7 L ( 226 in ) PowerTech V6 . More modern 90 ° V6 engine designs avoid these vibration problems by using more sophisticated crankshafts with split crankpins offset by 30 ° between piston pairs to make the firing intervals an even 120 ° . They often add balancing shafts to eliminate the other vibration problems inherent in the layout . Examples include the later versions of the Buick V6 , Chevrolet Vortec 4300 , and earlier versions of the Mercedes - Benz V6 . The 90 ° Mercedes V6 , although it was designed to be built on the same assembly lines as the V8 , used split crankpins , a counter-rotating balancing shaft , and careful acoustic design to make it almost as smooth as the inline - 6 it replaced . However , in later versions Mercedes changed the cylinder banks to a 60 ° angle to make the engine more compact and eliminate the balancing shaft . Despite the difference in V angles , Mercedes modified its production lines so it could build 60 ° V6s on the same assembly lines as 90 ° V8s . 120 degrees ( edit ) At first glance , 120 ° might be considered the natural angle for a V6 since pairs of pistons in alternate banks can share crank pins in a three - throw crankshaft , and the cylinders will fire evenly every 120 ° of crankshaft rotation . Unlike the 60 ° or 90 ° configurations , it does not require crankshafts with flying arms , split crankpins , or seven main bearings to be even - firing . This is equivalent to the 90 ° V8 in which cylinders fire every 90 ° . However , in the 120 ° V6 there is a primary dynamic imbalance caused by the fact there are an odd number of cylinders in each bank . At any given time in , each bank , two cylinders will be moving up while one moves down , and vice-versa . Each cylinder bank acts like a straight - 3 and experiences a strong vibration at crankshaft speed . By contrast , in the 90 ° V8 engine with a simple flat - plane crankshaft , each cylinder bank acts like a straight - 4 , which is much smoother than a straight - 3 . In addition , in 1915 the crossplane crankshaft was invented , which allowed the secondary vibrations from one cylinder bank of a V8 to cancel those from the other cylinder bank . This resulted in an almost perfectly smooth V8 engine which has been popular in luxury and sports cars since 1923 . Unfortunately , the crossplane crankshaft does not work for the V6 . There is no way to arrange the 120 ° V6 so that unbalanced forces from the two cylinder banks will completely cancel each other . As a result , the 120 ° V6 acts like two straight - 3s running on the same crankshaft and suffers from a primary dynamic vibration which requires a balance shaft to cancel . This has limited its use to trucks and racing cars where vibration is not as important as in passenger cars . The 120 ° layout also produces an engine which is too wide for most automobile engine compartments , so it is more often used in racing cars where the car is designed around the engine rather than vice versa , and light weight and low center of gravity are major considerations . By comparison , the 180 ° flat - 6 boxer engine is only moderately wider than the 120 ° V6 , and is an almost fully balanced configuration with few vibration problems . It can be scaled up to very large and powerful configurations , so it has been commonly used in aircraft and in sports / luxury cars where space is not a constraint , but power and smoothness are important . Spanish truck manufacturer Pegaso built the first production 120 ° V6 for the Z - 207 midsize truck in 1955 . The engine , a 7.5 - litre alloy Diesel designed under the direction of engineer Wifredo Ricart uses a single balance shaft rotating at the speed of the crankshaft Ferrari introduced a very successful 120 ° V6 racing engine in 1961 . The Ferrari Dino 156 engine was shorter and lighter than the 65 ° Ferrari V6 engines that preceded it , and the simplicity and low center of gravity of the engine was an advantage in racing . It won a large number of Formula One races between 1961 and 1964 . However , Enzo Ferrari had a personal dislike of the 120 ° V6 layout , preferring a 65 ° angle , and after that time it was replaced by other engines . Bombardier designed 120 ° V220 / V300T V6 engines for use in light aircraft . A balance shaft on the bottom of the engine offset the primary dynamic imbalance . However , it was costly , the market was small , and it had no overwhelming advantages over the 180 ° flat - 6 engines already in common use in light planes . The design was shelved in 2006 and there are no plans for production . Narrow angle VR6 ( edit ) Main article : VR6 engine Schematic cross-section of the VR6 engine . Note the `` twin SOHC '' design . Volkswagen 's VR6 engines are a family of V6 engines characterized by extremely narrow - angle ( 10.5 ° or 15 ° ) V configurations . These engines were developed by the manufacturer in the late 1980s for transverse engine installations in its front - wheel drive vehicles , which were originally designed for straight - 4 engines . The wider configuration of a wider angle V6 engine would have required an extensive redesign of the vehicles to enlarge the engine compartment . The narrow angle of 15 ° ( and later 10.5 ° ) between the two cylinder banks in the VR6 engine made it much narrower than other V6 designs . The VR6 engine is only moderately longer and wider than a straight - 4 engine but has 50 % greater engine displacement . This made it possible to install more powerful six - cylinder engines in existing four - cylinder cars . The VR6 engine is also smoother than most V6s without balance shafts . It uses a firing order of 1 , 5 , 3 , 6 , 2 , 4 similar to a straight - 6 rather than a more typical V6 firing order like 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . In terms of balance and smoothness the VR6 acts more like a staggered - cylinder straight - 6 rather than a conventional V6 . The narrow angle between cylinders allows the use of just one cylinder head that covers both cylinder banks , whereas wider angle V engines require two separate cylinder heads , one for each cylinder bank . The VR6 arrangement has `` twin SOHC '' valve gear operating the 24 valves via rocker arms ; it is NOT a true DOHC design . This simplifies engine construction and reduces costs . Since there is no room in the V between the cylinder banks for an intake system , all the intakes are on one side of the engine , and all the exhausts are on the other side . This system is efficient and simplifies installation into the engine compartment . The Volkswagen VR6 was originally designed as a 2.8 litre engine , but some versions have been built as large as 3.6 litres in size . In addition to Volkswagen , VR6 engines have also been used by Audi and Porsche , although Audi also uses its own designs of wider - angle V6s . Some other manufacturers have also used VR6 engines in their vehicles . Other angles ( edit ) Other angle V6 engines are possible but can suffer from severe vibration problems unless very carefully designed . Notable V6 bank angles include : The 45 ° Electro - Motive 6 - , 8 - , 12 - , 16 - and 20 - cylinder versions of their 567 Series , 645 Series and 710 Series locomotive , marine and stationary Diesel engines . This angle is optimum for the more common 8 - and 16 - cylinder versions . In all of these engines , directly opposite cylinders always fire 45 degrees apart , so engines other than 8 - and 16 - cylinder versions are uneven firing . 6 - cylinder engines were only made in the 567 and 645 Series ; 20 - cylinder engines were only made in the 645 and 710 Series . The 54 ° GM / Opel V6 , designed to be narrower than normal for use in small front - wheel drive cars . The 65 ° Ferrari Dino V6 , allowing larger carburetors ( for potentially higher power in race tuning ) than a 60 ° angle and having crankpins with a 115 degree offset to get the same level of vibration as in a 60 degree V6 , while having an even firing order . The 65 ° Renault V6 diesel named V9X , has a 65 ° bank angle for easier installation of turbocharger inside the vee The 72 ° Mercedes - Benz Bluetec Diesel V6 utilizes a counter-rotating balance shaft and crankpins offset by 48 ° to eliminate vibration problems and make the engine even - firing . The 75 ° Isuzu V engine used in the Isuzu Rodeo and Isuzu Trooper of 3.2 and 3.5 L in both SOHC and DOHC versions . Honda also introduced a 75 ° V6 engine in the second generation Honda NSX . The 80 ° Honda RA168 - E Formula One engine in the McLaren MP4 / 4 . Odd and even firing ( edit ) Many older V6 engines were based on V8 engine designs , in which a pair of cylinders was cut off the front of V8 without altering the V angle or using a more sophisticated crankshaft to even out the firing interval . Most V8 engines share a common crankpin between opposite cylinders in each bank , and a 90 ° V8 crankshaft has just four pins shared by eight cylinders , with two pistons per crankpin , allowing a cylinder to fire every 90 ° to achieve smooth operation . Early 90 ° V6 engines derived from V8 engines had three shared crankpins arranged at 120 ° from each other . Since the cylinder banks were arranged at 90 ° to each other , this resulted in a firing pattern with groups of two cylinders separated by 90 ° of rotation , and groups separated by 150 ° of rotation , causing a notorious odd - firing behavior , with cylinders firing at alternating 90 ° and 150 ° intervals . The uneven firing intervals resulted in rough - running engines with unpleasant harmonic vibrations at certain engine speeds . An example is the Buick 231 odd - fire , which has a firing order 1 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 . As the crankshaft is rotated through the 720 ° required for all cylinders to fire , the following events occur on 30 ° boundaries : Angle 0 ° 90 ° 180 ° 270 ° 360 ° 450 ° 540 ° 630 ° Odd firing 6 5 Even firing 5 6 More modern 90 ° V6 engines avoid this problem by using split crankpins , with adjacent crankpins offset by 15 ° in opposite directions to achieve an even 120 ° ignition pattern . Such a ' split ' crankpin is weaker than a straight one , but modern metallurgical techniques can produce a crankshaft that is adequately strong . In 1977 , Buick introduced the new `` split - pin crankshaft '' in the 231 . Using a crankpin that is ' split ' and offset by 30 ° of rotation resulted in smooth , even firing every 120 ° . However , in 1978 Chevrolet introduced a 90 ° 200 / 229 V6 , which had a compromise ' semi-even firing ' design using a crankpin that was offset by only 18 ° . This resulted in cylinders firing at 108 ° and 132 ° , which had the advantage of reducing vibrations to a more acceptable level and did not require strengthening the crankshaft . In 1985 , Chevrolet 's 4.3 ( later the Vortec 4300 ) changed it to a true even - firing V6 with a 30 ° offset , requiring larger crank journals to make them adequately strong . In 1986 , the similarly designed 90 ° PRV engine adopted the same 30 ° crankshaft offset design to even out its firing . In 1988 , Buick introduced a V6 engine that not only had split crankpins , but had a counter-rotating balancing shaft between the cylinder banks to eliminate almost all primary and secondary vibrations , resulting in a very smooth - running engine . Racing use ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz V6 DTM engine The V6 engine was introduced into racing by Lancia in the early 1950s . After good results with privately entered Aurelia saloons Lancia set a works competition department in 1951 . Four B20 Coupes were entered in the ' 51 Mille Miglia and the one driven by Giovanni Bracco and Umberto Maglioli caused quite a stir by finishing second overally after the 4.1 - litre Ferrari driven by Villoresi and Cassani , a car which had three times more power than the Lancia . After that encouraging start Lancia decided to carry on with the endurance racing program , first with specially prepared Aurelias ( called Da Corsa ) and then with specially built prototypes . A D24 with a 3,102 cc ( 189 cu in ) V6 making 230 PS ( 170 kW ) won the 1953 Carrera Panamericana with Juan Manuel Fangio at the wheel . After that came the Ferrari Dino V6 . Alfredo Ferrari ( nicknamed Dino ) , son of Enzo Ferrari , suggested to him the development of a 1.5 L DOHC V6 engine for Formula Two at the end of 1955 . The Dino V6 underwent several evolutions , including an increased engine displacement to 2,417 cc ( 147 cu in ) , for use in the Ferrari 246 Formula One car in 1958 . The use of a wide 120 ° bank angle is appealing for racing engine designers as it permits a low center of gravity . This design is even considered superior to the flat - 6 in that it leaves more space under the engine for exhaust pipes ; thus the crankshaft can be placed lower in the car . The Ferrari 156 built for new Formula One 1.5 L regulations used a Dino V6 engine with this configuration . The Dino V6 engine saw a new evolution in 1966 when it was adapted to road use and produced by a Ferrari - Fiat joint - venture for the Fiat Dino and Dino 206 GT ( this car was made by Ferrari but sold under the brand Dino ) . This new version was redesigned by Aurelio Lampredi initially as a 65 ° 2.0 L ( 120 cu in ) V6 with an aluminum block but was replaced in 1969 by a 2.4 L ( 150 cu in ) cast - iron block version ( the Dino car was renamed the 246GT ) . The Fiat Dino and Dino 246GT were phased out in 1974 , but 500 engines among the last built were delivered to Lancia , who was like Ferrari already under the control of Fiat . Lancia used them for the Lancia Stratos which would become one of the most successful rally cars of the decade . Alfa Romeo V6 The Alfa Romeo V6 was designed in the 1970s by Giuseppe Busso , the first car to use them being the Alfa Romeo 6 . The over-square V6 , with aluminium alloy block and heads , has seen continuous use in road vehicles , from the Alfetta GTV6 onwards . The 164 introduced a 3.0 L ( 180 cu in ) V6 , a 2.0 V6 turbocharged in 1991 and in 1992 , a 3.0 L DOHC 24 - valve version . The Alfa 156 introduced a 2.5 L DOHC 24 - valve version in 1997 . The engine capacity was later increased to 3.2 L ( 200 cu in ) , where it found application in the 156 GTA , 147 GTA , 166 , GT , GTV and Spider 916 . Production was discontinued in 2005 . A notable racing use of the V6 engine was the Alfa Romeo 155 V6 TI , designed for the 1993 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft season and equipped with a 2.5 L ( 150 cu in ) engine making a peak power of 490 PS ( 360 kW ; 480 hp ) at 11,900 rpm . Another influential V6 design was the Renault - Gordini CH1 V6 , designed by François Castaing and Jean - Pierre Boudy , and introduced in 1973 in the Alpine - Renault A440 . The CH1 was a 90 ° cast - iron - block V6 , similar to the mass - produced PRV engine in those two respects but otherwise dissimilar . It has been suggested that marketing purposes made the Renault - Gordini V6 adopt those characteristics of the PRV in the hope of associating the two in the public 's mind . Despite such considerations , this engine won the European 2 L prototype championship in 1974 and several European Formula Two titles . This engine was further developed in a turbocharged 2 L version that competed in Sports car and finally won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1978 with a Renault - Alpine A 442 chassis . The capacity of this engine was reduced to 1.5 L to power the Formula One Renault RS01 . Despite frequent breakdowns that resulted in the nickname of the ' Little Yellow Teapot ' , the 1.5 L finally saw good results in 1979 . Ferrari followed Renault in the turbo revolution by introducing a turbocharged derivative of the Dino design ( a 1.5 L 120 ° V6 ) with the Ferrari 126 . However , the 120 ° design was not considered optimal for the wing cars of the era and later engines used V angles of 90 ° or less . Both Renault and Ferrari failed in their attempt to win the Drivers ' Championship with V6 Turbo engines . The first turbocharged engine to win the championship was the Straight - 4 BMW . They were followed by a new generation of Formula One engines , the most successful of these being the TAG V6 ( designed by Porsche ) and the Honda V6 . This new generation of engines were characterized by odd V angles ( around 80 ° ) . The choice of these angles was mainly driven by aerodynamic consideration . Despite their unbalanced designs these engines were both quickly reliable and competitive ; this is generally viewed as a consequence of the quick progress of CAD techniques in that era . In 1989 Shelby tried to bring back the Can - Am series , using the Chrysler 3.3 L ( 201 cu in ) V6 ( not yet offered to the general public ) as the powerplant in a special racing configuration making 255 hp ( 190 kW ) . This was the same year that the Viper concept was shown to the public . Originally the plan was to produce two versions of this race car , a 255 hp ( 190 kW ) version and a 500 hp ( 370 kW ) model , the 255 hp ( 190 kW ) version being the entry circuit . The cars were designed to be a cheap way for more people to enter auto racing . Since all the cars were identical , the winners were to be the people with the best talent , not the team with the biggest pockets . The engines had Shelby seals on them and could only be repaired by Shelby 's shop , ensuring that all the engines are mechanically identical . Only 100 of these 3.3 s were ever built . Of these 100 , 76 were put into Shelby Can - Am cars ( the only 76 that were ever sold ) . No significant amount of spare parts were produced , and the unsold engines were used for parts / spares . The Shelby specific parts , such as the upper intake manifold , were never made available to the general public . According to a small article in the USA Today ( in 1989 ) , these cars were making 250 hp ( 190 kW ) ( stock versions introduced in 1990 produced 150 hp or 110 kW ) and hitting 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) on the track . The engine itself was not that far from a standard - production 3.3 . The Shelby engine is only making about 50 hp ( 37 kW ) more than the newest 3.3 factory engines from Chrysler . The Can - Am engine has a special Shelby Dodge upper intake manifold , a special Shelby Dodge throttle body , and a special version of the Mopar 3.3 PCM ( which had this engine redlining at 6800 rpm ) . Nissan also has a quite successful history of using V6 's for racing in both IMSA and the JGTC . Development of their V6s for sports cars began in the early 1980s with the VG engine initially used in the Z31 300ZX . The engine began life as a SOHC , turbocharged 3.0 L power plant with electronic fuel injection , delivering 230 PS ( 169 kW ) . The VG30ET was later revised into the VG30DETT for the Z32 300ZX in 1989 . The VG30DETT sported both an additional turbocharger and an extra pair of camshafts , making the engine a genuine DOHC twin - turbo V6 producing 300 PS ( 221 kW ) . Nissan used both of these engines in its AIMS racing program throughout the 1980s and 1990s each producing well over 800 hp ( 600 kW ) . In the Japan Grand Touring Car Championship , or JGTC , Nissan opted for a turbocharged version of its VQ30 making upwards of 500 hp ( 370 kW ) to compete in the GT500 class . V6 turbos have been used in the IndyCar Series since 2012 , with Chevrolet and Honda currently supplying the engines . Lotus also made engines in the 2012 season , but pulled out at the end of the year . The 2014 Formula One season included the return of the V6 engine to Formula One , in the form of a regulation mandated , turbocharged 1.6 L 90 ° hybrid engine . This engine integrates the combustion engine with a ( mandated maximum output ) 161 bhp ( 120 kW ) ' motor generator unit ' electric motor system consisting of a ' motor generator unit - kinetic ' component , which is the electric motor itself , capable of energy recovery through regenerative braking and a ' motor generator unit - heat ' component , which is a similar system integrated into the turbocharging system , to allow the elimination of turbolag and additional system charging through the turbocharger once the turbine system is kept up at speed by exhaust gasses . Motorcycle use ( edit ) Laverda showed a 996 cc V6 - engined motorcycle at the 1977 Milan show . The motorcycle was raced in the 1978 Bol d'Or . Marine use ( edit ) Yamaha OX66 engine , as used in their outboard motor range V6 engines are popular powerplants in medium to large outboard motors . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nunney , Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology , pp. 13 -- 16 Jump up ^ The road less travelled . Driven To Write , August 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Box , The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886 -- 1940 , p. 195 ) Jump up ^ Matschoss , Geschichte der Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz Jump up ^ Borgeson , The Golden Age of the American Racing Car , pp. 77 -- 78 ) Jump up ^ `` Lancia '' . autozine.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Geoffrey ( 2014 ) . Lancia and De Virgilio : At the Centre . Phoenix , Arizona : David Bull Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1935007258 . Jump up ^ `` 6066 GMC Club '' . The 60 - 66 GMC Club . 6066 GMC Club . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nunney , Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology , pp. 14 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Nunney , Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology , p. 16 Jump up ^ Nunney , Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Kane , Torsional Output of Piston Engines Jump up ^ `` New V8 and V6 engines from Mercedes - Benz '' . Diamler. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Manuel Serdá , Vehículos Pegaso Z - 207 , S.T.A. 1 / 1955 Jump up ^ Ludvigsen , Classic Racing Engines , pp. 138 -- 141 Jump up ^ `` BRP - Rotax shelves its V6 aircraft engines project '' . Bombardier BRP - Rotax . November 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen 's VR6 and W - engines '' . Autozine technical school . AutoZine . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferrari 246 F1 on www.f1technical.net Jump up ^ Ferrari engines on www.allf1.info Jump up ^ Ferrari Dino 156 F1 on www.f1technical.net Jump up ^ Ferrari 126CK on www.f1technical.net Jump up ^ Laverda V6 on www.motorcycleclassics.com References ( edit ) Borgeson , Griffith ( 1998 ) . The Golden Age of the American Racing Car ( 2nd ed . ) . Society of Automotive Engineers . ISBN 0 - 7680 - 0023 - 8 . Box , Rob De La Rive ( 1998 ) . The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886 - 1940 ( 3rd ed . ) . Rebo Productions . ISBN 90 - 366 - 1517 - 8 . Kane , Jack ( 2006 ) . Torsional Output of Piston Engines . Aircraft Engine Technology . 2006 Advanced Engine Technology Conference ( AETC ) : EPI , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Ludvigsen , Karl ( 2001 ) . Classic Racing Engines . Haynes Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85960 - 649 - 0 . Matschoss , Conrad ( 1921 ) . Geschichte der Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz . Berlin . Nunney , MJ ( 2007 ) . Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology ( 4th ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 8037 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to V6 automobile engines . AutoZine Technical School - V6 Engines 60 - 66 GMC Truck Club Celebrating the Legendary GMC V6 Engine - V6 Engines ( hide ) Reciprocating engines and configurations Type Bourke Orbital Piston Pistonless ( Wankel ) Radial Rotary Split cycle Stelzer Tschudi Stroke cycles Two - stroke Four - stroke Five - stroke Six - stroke Two - and four - stroke Configurations & number of cylinders Single cylinder Single Two cylinders Split - single I2 V2 F2 Inline / straight I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I12 I14 Flat F2 F4 F6 F8 F10 F12 F16 V / Vee V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V8 V10 V12 V14 V16 V18 V20 V24 W8 W12 W16 W18 Other inline U Square four VR Opposed X X24 Junkers Jumo 222 Components Valves Cylinder head porting Corliss Intake Exhaust Multi Overhead Piston Poppet Side Sleeve Slide Rotary valve Variable valve timing Camless Desmodromic Hydraulic tappet Fuel supplies Carburetor Gasoline direct injection Common rail Mechanisms Cam Camshaft Overhead camshaft Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Scotch yoke Swashplate Rhombic drive Linkages Peaucellier -- Lipkin Watt 's ( parallel ) Other Hemi Recuperator Turbo - compounding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V6_engine&oldid=801409218 '' Categories : Piston engine configurations V6 engines Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 14 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of v6 in cars	[ "A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the crankshaft in two banks of three cylinders, usually set at either a 60 or 90 degree angle to each other. The V6 is one of the most compact engine configurations, usually ranging from 2.0 L to 4.3 L displacement (however, much larger examples have been produced for use in trucks), shorter than the inline 4 and more compact than the V8 engine. Because of its short length, the V6 fits well in the widely used transverse engine front-wheel drive layout." ]	[ "V engine with six cylinders" ]
-6006782789785365488	Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe	Financial and Social rankings of sovereign states in Europe - wikipedia Financial and Social rankings of sovereign states in Europe Jump to : navigation , search The aim of this page is to act as a comparison between the sovereign states of Europe regarding economic , financial and social factors . Map of Europe according to the United Nations Geoscheme for Europe Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of Europe 2 Economic 2.1 Countries by GDP ( nominal ) 2.2 Projected GDP ( nominal ) 2.3 GDP growth rate 2.4 GDP ( nominal ) per capita 2.5 GDP ( PPP ) 2.6 Net National Wealth 3 Financial 3.1 Current account balance 3.2 Public debt 3.3 Unemployment rate 3.4 Average wage 3.5 Minimum wage 4 Social 4.1 Human Development Index 4.2 Percentage living below poverty line 4.3 Social Progress Index 4.4 Opportunity 4.5 World Happiness Report 5 Summary 5.1 Economic 5.2 Financial 5.3 Social 6 Notes 7 References Definition of Europe ( edit ) For the purposes of comparison the broader definition of Europe will be used . A sovereign state must meet at least one of the following criteria to be included : Be a recognised European state by the United Nations geoscheme for Europe Be a member state of the European Union Be a member state of the Eurozone Be a member state of the Council of Europe Economic ( edit ) Countries by GDP ( nominal ) ( edit ) Volkswagen AG 's headquarters in Wolfsburg is the base for Germany 's largest company by revenue London is considered ( along with New York City ) to be the world 's leading financial capital , with the UK set to become Europe 's largest economy by 2030 Data provided is by the International Monetary Fund ( 2013 ) Rank Country GDP ( Millions of US $ ) European Union 17,512,109 Germany 3,635,959 France 2,807,306 United Kingdom 2,523,216 Russia 2,096,774 5 Italy 2,071,955 6 Spain 1,358,687 7 Netherlands 853,806 8 Turkey 819,990 9 Switzerland 650,431 10 Sweden 558,949 11 Poland 517,705 12 Norway 512,581 13 Belgium 508,275 14 Austria 416,062 15 Denmark 330,614 16 Finland 267,412 17 Greece 241,796 18 Ireland 232,150 19 Portugal 220,062 20 Czech Republic 198,450 21 Romania 188,893 22 Ukraine 178,313 23 Hungary 132,260 24 Slovakia 95,805 25 Azerbaijan 73,537 26 Belarus 71,710 27 Luxembourg 60,402 28 Croatia 57,371 29 Bulgaria 53,046 30 Slovenia 48,005 31 Lithuania 46,507 32 Serbia 42,492 33 Latvia 30,953 34 Estonia 24,888 35 Cyprus 21,919 36 Bosnia and Herzegovina 17,828 37 Georgia 16,162 38 Iceland 14,656 39 Albania 12,724 40 Armenia 10.431 41 Macedonia 10,238 42 Malta 9,545 43 Moldova 7,935 44 Monaco 6,075 45 Liechtenstein 4,826 46 Montenegro 4,377 47 Andorra 3,712 48 San Marino 1,802 Projected GDP ( nominal ) ( edit ) Data provided is from December 2014 update by the Centre for Economics and Business Research . 2019 Rank Country GDP ( Millions of US $ ) Germany 3,519,000 United Kingdom 2,953,000 France 2,666,000 Russia 2,246,000 5 Italy 1,936,000 6 Spain 1,242,000 7 Turkey 1,052,000 8 Switzerland 816,000 9 Sweden 788,000 10 Netherlands 766,000 2024 Rank Country GDP ( Millions of US $ ) Germany 3,953,000 United Kingdom 3,645,000 France 3,039,000 Russia 2,816,000 5 Italy 2,155,000 6 Turkey 1,564,000 7 Spain 1,382,000 8 Sweden 1,067,000 9 Poland 975,000 10 Switzerland 966,000 2029 Rank Country GDP ( Millions of US $ ) Germany 4,324,000 United Kingdom 4,281,000 France 3,395,000 Russia 3,295,000 5 Italy 2,356,000 6 Turkey 2,343,000 7 Spain 1,513,000 8 Sweden 1,438,000 9 Poland 1,284,000 10 Switzerland 1,137,000 2030 Rank Country GDP ( Millions of US $ ) United Kingdom 4,421,000 Germany 4,397,000 France 3,469,000 Russia 3,383,000 5 Turkey 2,547,000 6 Italy 2,397,000 7 Spain 1,540,000 8 Sweden 1,526,000 9 Poland 1,357,000 10 Switzerland 1,175,000 GDP growth rate ( edit ) Sweden is possibly the only developed European economy which is seen to continually grow Azerbaijan is among the fastest growing economies in Europe , in part due to the country 's growing energy sector Turkey will overtake Italy to become Europe 's fifth largest economy by 2030 , with many predicting Turkey will become a great power in European politics The economy of Cyprus continues to struggle as a result of the ongoing Eurozone crisis and the resulting Cypriot financial crisis The real GDP growth rates provided are the 2015 estimates ( unless otherwise indicated ) as recorded in the CIA World Factbook . Rank Country Real GDP growth rate ( % ) Monaco 9.30 ( 2013 est . ) Ireland 7.80 Malta 5.40 Luxembourg 4.50 5 Czech Republic 4.20 6 Montenegro 4.10 7 Sweden 4.10 8 Iceland 4.00 9 Turkey 3.80 10 Romania 3.70 11 Macedonia 3.70 12 Slovakia 3.60 13 Poland 3.60 14 Spain 3.20 15 Armenia 3.00 16 Bulgaria 3.00 17 Slovenia 2.90 18 Hungary 2.90 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.80 20 Georgia 2.80 21 Latvia 2.70 22 Albania 2.60 23 United Kingdom 2.20 24 Netherlands 1.90 25 Liechtenstein 1.80 26 Lithuania 1.60 27 Norway 1.60 28 Cyprus 1.60 29 Croatia 1.60 30 Germany 1.50 31 Portugal 1.50 32 Belgium 1.40 33 Denmark 1.20 34 France 1.10 35 Estonia 1.10 36 Azerbaijan 1.10 37 San Marino 1.00 38 Switzerland 0.90 39 Austria 0.90 40 Italy 0.80 41 Serbia 0.70 42 Finland 0.40 43 Greece - 0.20 44 Moldova - 1.10 45 Andorra - 1.60 46 Russia - 3.70 47 Belarus - 3.90 48 Ukraine - 9.90 GDP ( nominal ) per capita ( edit ) Monaco is home to one of the world 's wealthiest populations , and has the highest level of GDP per capita in Europe Like Monaco , the small size of Liechtenstein has led to it being among the highest ranked European states for GDP per capita Luxembourg is home to an established financial sector as well as one of Europe 's richest populations Despite having the highest GDP growth rate in Europe , Moldova is among its poorest states , and also has Europe 's smallest GDP per capita The GDP ( nominal ) per capita values provided are the 2013 figures ( unless otherwise indicated ) as recorded in the CIA World Factbook . Rank Country GDP per capita ( US $ ) Monaco 159,400 Liechtenstein 139,300 Luxembourg 110,700 Norway 101,400 5 Switzerland 80,800 6 Denmark 58,300 7 San Marino 57,900 8 Sweden 57,200 9 Finland 49,200 10 Austria 49,100 11 Netherlands 47,600 12 Andorra 46,418 13 Iceland 46,200 14 Ireland 46,000 15 Belgium 45,600 16 Germany 44,300 17 France 41,700 18 United Kingdom 39,600 European Union 34,000 19 Italy 33,600 20 Spain 28,600 21 Cyprus 25,200 22 Slovenia 22,700 23 Malta 22,600 24 Greece 21,800 25 Portugal 21,000 26 Czech Republic 18,861 27 Estonia 18,300 28 Slovakia 17,700 29 Latvia 15,400 30 Lithuania 15,300 31 Russia 14,600 32 Croatia 13,400 33 Poland 13,300 34 Hungary 13,100 35 Turkey 10,700 36 Romania 8,900 37 Azerbaijan 7,900 38 Belarus 7,500 39 Bulgaria 7,300 40 Montenegro 6,800 41 Serbia 6,000 42 Macedonia 5,000 43 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,800 44 Albania 4,400 45 Ukraine 3,800 46 Georgia 3,600 47 Armenia 3,400 48 Moldova 2,200 GDP ( PPP ) ( edit ) Russia is one of the leading emerging economies in Europe , with Moscow International Business Center acting as Russia 's new financial hub Madrid is the financial capital of Spain , and one of the most important financial centres in Europe Data provided is by the International Monetary Fund ( 2013 ) Rank Country GDP ( Billions of US $ ) European Union 17,578.4 Germany 3,512.8 Russia 3,491.6 France 2,534.5 United Kingdom 2,320.4 5 Italy 2,035.4 6 Spain 1,488.8 7 Turkey 1,443.5 8 Poland 896.8 9 Netherlands 780.3 10 Belgium 455.0 11 Switzerland 432.0 12 Sweden 418.2 13 Ukraine 392.5 14 Austria 376.7 15 Romania 371.2 16 Norway 328.0 17 Czech Republic 287.6 18 Greece 278.0 19 Portugal 268.8 20 Denmark 240.9 21 Hungary 229.6 22 Finland 218.3 23 Ireland 213.3 24 Belarus 166.8 25 Azerbaijan 158.5 26 Slovakia 144.0 27 Bulgaria 119.6 28 Serbia 89.7 29 Croatia 86.6 30 Lithuania 75.4 31 Slovenia 58.7 32 Luxembourg 48.5 33 Latvia 46.5 34 Bosnia and Herzegovina 37.1 35 Estonia 34.4 36 Georgia 32.1 37 Albania 29.5 38 Macedonia 26.1 39 Cyprus 25.3 40 Armenia 23.1 41 Moldova 16.6 42 Iceland 13.2 43 Malta 12.9 44 Montenegro 9.10 45 Monaco 5.74 ( 2011 est . ) 46 Liechtenstein 3.20 ( 2009 est . ) 47 Andorra 3.16 ( 2012 est . ) 48 San Marino 1.97 Net National wealth ( edit ) Tourism to monuments such as the Eiffel Tower is important to the French economy Along with Zurich , Geneva is one of Switzerland 's leading financial centres , with both cities also being among the most important service orientated cities in world The top 15 estimates are part of the 2014 data by Credit Suisse . Rank Country GDP ( Billions of US $ ) France 15,304 United Kingdom 14,157 Germany 14,156 Italy 12,580 5 Spain 5,033 6 Switzerland 3,554 7 Netherlands 2,722 8 Belgium 2,529 9 Sweden 2,436 10 Russia 2,156 11 Austria 1,529 12 Norway 1,345 13 Denmark 1,230 14 Turkey 1,061 15 Greece 1,015 Financial ( edit ) Current account Balance ( edit ) The current account balance values provided are the 2013 figures ( unless otherwise indicated ) as recorded in the CIA World Factbook . Figures for Andorra , Liechtenstein , Monaco and San Marino are unavailable . Rank Country Current Account Balance ( US $ ) Germany 257,100,000,000 Russia 74,800,000,000 ( 2012 est . ) Norway 67,400,000,000 Netherlands 65,870,000,000 5 Switzerland 65,600,000,000 6 Sweden 39,000,000,000 7 Denmark 19,600,000,000 8 Azerbaijan 13,280,000,000 9 Austria 10,600,000,000 10 Ireland 7,300,000,000 11 Slovakia 3,315,000,000 12 Slovenia 2,954,000,000 13 Luxembourg 2,700,000,000 14 Spain 2,100,000,000 15 Greece 2,021,000,000 16 Hungary 1,722,000,000 17 Portugal 1,000,000,000 18 Malta 133,100,000 19 Iceland - 100,000,000 20 Croatia - 102,300,000 21 Bulgaria - 182,300,000 22 Macedonia - 194,100,000 23 Estonia - 352,300,000 24 Cyprus - 358,200,000 25 Moldova - 507,700,000 26 Lithuania - 567,000,000 27 Latvia - 613,900,000 28 Armenia - 720,600,000 29 Bosnia and Herzegovina - 939,500,000 30 Albania - 1,280,000,000 31 Georgia - 1,375,000,000 32 Serbia - 1,807,000,000 33 Montenegro - 1,938,000,000 ( 2012 est . ) 34 Romania - 1,986,000,000 35 Finland - 2,000,000,000 36 Italy - 2,400,000,000 37 Czech Republic - 3,270,000,000 38 Belarus - 4,245,000,000 39 Belgium - 9,100,000,000 40 Poland - 11,060,000,000 41 Ukraine - 11,920,000,000 European Union - 34,490,000,000 ( 2011 est . ) 42 Turkey - 58,350,000,000 43 France - 58,970,000,000 44 United Kingdom - 93,600,000,000 Public debt ( edit ) The public debt values provided are the 2013 figures ( unless otherwise indicated ) as recorded in the CIA World Factbook . Figures for Liechtenstein and Monaco are unavailable . Rank Country Public Debt ( % of GDP ) Greece 175.00 Italy 133.00 Iceland 130.50 Portugal 127.80 5 Ireland 124.20 6 Cyprus 113.10 7 Belgium 102.40 8 Spain 93.70 9 France 93.40 10 United Kingdom 91.10 11 Germany 79.90 12 Hungary 79.80 13 Austria 75.70 14 Malta 75.30 15 Netherlands 74.30 16 Slovenia 71.70 17 Albania 70.50 18 Croatia 66.20 19 Serbia 61.20 20 Finland 56.50 21 Slovakia 55.50 22 Montenegro 52.10 ( 2012 est . ) 23 Czech Republic 48.80 24 Poland 48.20 25 Denmark 47.00 26 Bosnia and Herzegovina 45.90 27 Sweden 41.50 28 Andorra 41.10 ( 2012 ) 29 Ukraine 40.60 30 Lithuania 40.20 31 Latvia 39.20 32 Romania 38.60 33 Armenia 37.70 34 Turkey 36.60 35 Georgia 36.30 ( 2012 est . ) 36 Macedonia 34.30 37 Switzerland 33.80 38 Belarus 31.50 39 Norway 30.10 40 San Marino 25.80 41 Luxembourg 22.90 42 Bulgaria 18.40 43 Moldova 16.60 44 Russia 7.90 45 Azerbaijan 7.50 46 Estonia 6.00 Unemployment rate ( edit ) The unemployment rate values provided are the most recent figures provided by varying sources , namely data released by state Governments . Rank Country Unemployment Rate ( % ) Belarus 0.5 ( 2013 ) Monaco 2.0 ( 2012 ) Liechtenstein 2.5 ( 2011 ) Andorra 2.9 ( 2013 ) 5 Switzerland 3.1 ( 2012 ) 6 Norway 3.4 ( 2014 ) 7 Austria 4.8 ( 2014 ) 8 Netherlands 4.9 ( 2017 ) 9 Germany 5.1 ( 2014 ) 10 Russia 5.2 ( 2013 ) 11 Iceland 5.4 ( 2013 ) 12 Azerbaijan 5.7 ( 2012 ) 13 United Kingdom 6.0 ( 2014 ) 14 Luxembourg 6.1 ( 2014 ) 15 Ireland 6.4 ( 2017 ) 16 Czech Republic 6.7 ( 2014 ) 17 Malta 6.9 ( 2014 ) 18 Denmark 7.0 ( 2014 ) 19 San Marino 7.0 ( 2012 ) 20 Hungary 7.1 ( 2014 ) 21 Romania 7.2 ( 2014 ) 22 Sweden 8.1 ( 2014 ) 23 Finland 8.2 ( 2014 ) 24 Belgium 8.5 ( 2014 ) 25 Estonia 8.7 ( 2013 ) 26 Turkey 8.8 ( 2014 ) 27 Moldova 9.1 ( 2010 ) 28 Ukraine 9.2 ( 2009 ) 29 Poland 9.7 ( 2014 ) 30 Slovenia 9.8 ( 2014 ) 31 France 10.4 ( 2014 ) European Union 10.6 ( 2014 ) 32 Lithuania 11.5 ( 2014 ) 33 Latvia 11.6 ( 2013 ) 34 Italy 12.6 ( 2014 ) 35 Bulgaria 13.1 ( 2014 ) 36 Georgia 13.7 ( 2014 ) 37 Slovakia 13.9 ( 2014 ) 38 Montenegro 15.0 ( 2013 ) 39 Cyprus 15.3 ( 2014 ) 40 Portugal 15.3 ( 2014 ) 41 Albania 16.9 ( 2013 ) 42 Armenia 17.3 ( 2013 ) 43 Croatia 17.6 ( 2014 ) 44 Serbia 20.8 ( 2014 ) 45 Spain 25.6 ( 2014 ) 46 Greece 25.9 ( 2014 ) 47 Bosnia and Herzegovina 27.0 ( 2013 ) 48 Macedonia 28.4 ( 2014 ) Average wage ( edit ) The average wage values provided are 2014 figures ( unless otherwise stated ) as recorded by varying sources , namely releases by respective Governments . The values are for monthly average wage ( annual wage divided by 12 months ) for net income ( after taxes ) in Euro currency . Rank Country Net wage ( Euro € ) Liechtenstein 6,003 ( 2010 ) Switzerland 5,049 ( 2011 ) Monaco 4,436 ( 2012 ) Norway 4,424 ( 2013 ) 5 Luxembourg 3,189 ( 2010 ) 6 Denmark 3,122 ( 2012 ) 7 Sweden 2,835 8 United Kingdom 2,723 ( 2013 ) 9 San Marino 2,390 ( 2013 ) 10 Finland 2,330 11 Iceland 2,253 12 Andorra 2,230 ( 2012 ) 13 Ireland 2,160 ( 2013 ) 14 Netherlands 2,136 ( 2012 ) 15 France 2,128 ( 2011 ) 16 Austria 2,114 ( 2012 ) 17 Germany 2,054 ( 2013 ) 18 Belgium 1,946 ( 2013 ) 19 Italy 1,923 20 Cyprus 1,833 ( 2013 ) 21 Spain 1,734 ( 2013 ) 22 Malta 1,092 ( 2013 ) 23 Slovenia 1,044 ( 2012 ) 24 Greece 1,004 ( 2013 ) 25 Portugal 985 26 Estonia 903 ( ) 27 Poland 739 28 Croatia 710 29 Czech Republic 702 30 Slovakia 647 31 Turkey 632 ( 2012 ) 32 Latvia 566 33 Lithuania 541 34 Hungary 487 35 Montenegro 486 ( 2013 ) 36 Bosnia and Herzegovina 423 ( 2013 ) 37 Azerbaijan 402 38 Romania 398 ( 2013 ) 39 Georgia 385 ( 2013 ) 40 Russia 378 41 Serbia 373 42 Macedonia 353 43 Bulgaria 332 ( 2013 ) 44 Belarus 327 ( 2015 ) 45 Albania 320 ( 2013 ) 46 Armenia 232 47 Moldova 199 48 Ukraine 162 ( 2015 ) Minimum wage ( edit ) The minimum wage figures provided are the 2013 figures by The Federation of International Employers . Currency conversions from non-Euro currencies being based on the exchange rates of 2012 . Rank Country Monthly minimum ( Euro € ) Luxembourg 1,921 Monaco 1,593 San Marino 1,525 Netherlands 1,502 5 Germany 1,473 6 Belgium 1,472 7 Ireland 1,462 8 United Kingdom 1,461 9 France 1,458 10 Andorra 962 11 Slovenia 789 12 Malta 703 13 Spain 649 14 Greece 586 15 Portugal 505 16 Estonia 430 17 Turkey 425 18 Poland 400 19 Croatia 392 20 Slovakia 380 21 Latvia 360 22 Hungary 339 23 Czech Republic 332 24 Lithuania 300 25 Romania 228 26 Macedonia 203 27 Montenegro 193 28 Bulgaria 184 29 Serbia 173 30 Bosnia and Herzegovina 164 31 Albania 154 32 Belarus 126 33 Azerbaijan 120 34 Armenia 95 35 Moldova 94 36 Russia 83 37 Ukraine 67 38 Georgia 40 Social ( edit ) Human Development Index ( edit ) The Human Development Index values provided are the 2014 estimates for 2013 ( unless otherwise stated ) , as included in the United Nations Development Programme 's Human Development Report . Rank Country HDI Change San Marino 0.961 ( 2008 ) N / A Monaco 0.956 ( 2008 ) N / A Norway 0.944 0.001 Switzerland 0.917 0.001 5 Netherlands 0.915 6 Germany 0.911 7 Denmark 0.900 8 Ireland 0.899 0.002 9 Sweden 0.898 0.001 10 Iceland 0.895 0.002 11 United Kingdom 0.892 0.002 12 Liechtenstein 0.889 0.001 13 France 0.884 14 Austria 0.881 0.001 15 Belgium 0.881 0.001 16 Luxembourg 0.881 0.001 17 Finland 0.879 18 Slovenia 0.874 19 Italy 0.872 20 Spain 0.869 21 Czech Republic 0.861 22 Greece 0.853 0.001 23 Cyprus 0.845 0.003 24 Estonia 0.840 0.001 25 Lithuania 0.834 0.003 26 Poland 0.834 0.001 27 Andorra 0.830 28 Slovakia 0.830 0.001 29 Malta 0.829 0.002 30 Portugal 0.822 31 Hungary 0.818 0.001 32 Croatia 0.812 33 Latvia 0.810 0.002 34 Montenegro 0.789 0.002 35 Belarus 0.786 0.001 36 Romania 0.785 0.003 37 Russia 0.778 0.001 38 Bulgaria 0.777 0.001 39 Turkey 0.759 0.003 40 Azerbaijan 0.747 0.002 41 Serbia 0.745 0.002 42 Georgia 0.744 0.003 43 Ukraine 0.734 0.001 44 Macedonia 0.732 0.002 45 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.731 0.002 46 Armenia 0.730 0.002 47 Albania 0.716 0.002 48 Moldova 0.663 0.006 Percentage living below poverty line ( edit ) The percentage figures for citizens living below the poverty line are the latest available as provided by either the CIA World Factbook or the World Bank . There is no data available for eleven European states . Rank Country Percentage Year Lithuania 4.0 2008 Norway 4.3 2007 Ireland 5.5 2009 Latvia 5.9 5 Austria 6.0 2008 5 Azerbaijan 6.0 2012 7 France 6.2 8 Switzerland 6.9 9 Belarus 7.3 2011 10 Poland 7.6 2008 11 Ukraine 7.8 2011 12 Czech Republic 8.6 2012 13 Serbia 9.1 2013 14 Netherlands 10.5 2005 15 Montenegro 11.3 2012 16 Slovenia 12.3 2008 17 Russia 12.7 2011 18 Slovakia 13.2 2011 19 Denmark 13.4 2011 20 Hungary 13.9 21 United Kingdom 14.0 2006 22 Albania 14.3 2012 23 Belgium 15.2 2007 24 Germany 15.5 25 Moldova 16.6 2012 26 Turkey 16.9 27 Estonia 17.5 28 Georgia 17.7 2011 29 Bosnia and Herzegovina 17.9 2011 30 Croatia 18.0 2009 30 Portugal 18.0 2006 32 Spain 19.8 2005 33 Greece 20.0 2009 34 Bulgaria 20.7 2009 35 Romania 22.2 2011 36 Macedonia 27.1 37 Armenia 34.1 2009 Social Progress Index ( edit ) The Social Progress Index figures are provided by the nonprofit Social Progress Imperative and represent 2014 . Eight European states are not represented as data is not available . Rank Country Social Progress Index Switzerland 88.19 Iceland 88.07 Netherlands 87.37 Norway 87.12 5 Sweden 87.08 6 Finland 86.91 7 Denmark 86.55 8 Austria 85.11 9 Germany 84.61 10 United Kingdom 84.56 11 Ireland 84.05 12 Belgium 82.63 13 Slovenia 81.65 14 Estonia 81.65 15 France 81.10 16 Spain 80.77 17 Portugal 80.49 18 Czech Republic 80.41 19 Slovakia 78.93 20 Poland 77.44 21 Italy 76.93 22 Latvia 73.91 23 Hungary 73.87 24 Lithuania 73.76 25 Greece 73.43 26 Croatia 73.31 27 Serbia 70.61 28 Bulgaria 70.24 29 Albania 69.13 30 Macedonia 68.33 31 Romania 67.72 32 Montenegro 66.80 33 Belarus 65.20 34 Armenia 65.03 35 Bosnia and Herzegovina 64.99 36 Ukraine 64.91 37 Turkey 64.62 38 Georgia 63.94 39 Azerbaijan 62.44 40 Russia 60.79 41 Moldova 60.12 Opportunity ( edit ) The Opportunity figures are included in the 2014 Social Progress Index by the nonprofit Social Progress Imperative . Eight European states are not represented as data is not available Rank Country Opportunity Ireland 82.63 United Kingdom 82.29 Sweden 81.95 Finland 81.92 5 Iceland 81.71 6 Norway 80.82 7 Netherlands 80.63 8 Switzerland 79.92 9 Denmark 79.10 10 Belgium 76.34 11 Germany 75.81 12 Spain 75.19 13 Portugal 74.43 14 Austria 74.42 15 France 72.72 16 Estonia 72.32 17 Slovenia 69.3 18 Italy 66.58 19 Poland 66.50 20 Czech Republic 66.21 21 Hungary 63.46 22 Slovakia 63.04 23 Lithuania 61.84 24 Latvia 59.85 25 Greece 58.45 26 Bulgaria 56.98 27 Ukraine 55.33 28 Macedonia 55.23 29 Romania 54.91 30 Croatia 54.88 31 Albania 54.14 32 Serbia 52.87 33 Montenegro 52.48 34 Georgia 49.07 35 Moldova 48.04 36 Turkey 47.41 37 Armenia 47.39 38 Bosnia and Herzegovina 46.93 39 Russia 46.58 40 Belarus 44.13 41 Azerbaijan 42.54 World Happiness Report ( edit ) The World Happiness Report is a measure of happiness published by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network , with the figures provided being the 2013 edition for the 2010 to 2012 period . Rank Country Happiness Change in happiness ( 2005 - 2006 ) Denmark 7.693 - 0.233 Norway 7.655 0.263 Switzerland 7.650 0.303 Netherlands 7.512 0.054 5 Sweden 7.480 0.171 6 Finland 7.389 - 0.283 7 Austria 7.369 0.247 8 Iceland 7.355 N / A 9 Ireland 7.076 - 0.068 10 Luxembourg 7.054 N / A 11 Belgium 6.967 - 0.274 12 United Kingdom 6.883 - 0.003 13 France 6.764 - 0.049 14 Germany 6.672 0.163 15 Cyprus 6.466 0.228 16 Spain 6.322 - 0.750 17 Czech Republic 6.290 - 0.180 18 Slovenia 6.060 0.249 19 Italy 6.021 - 0.691 20 Slovakia 5.969 0.705 21 Malta 5.964 N / A 22 Poland 5.822 0.085 23 Moldova 5.791 0.852 24 Croatia 5.661 - 0.160 25 Albania 5.550 0.915 26 Belarus 5.504 - 0.133 27 Russia 5.464 0.346 28 Greece 5.435 - 0.891 29 Lithuania 5.426 - 0.456 30 Estonia 5.426 0.074 31 Turkey 5.344 0.171 32 Montenegro 5.299 0.103 33 Portugal 5.101 - 0.305 34 Ukraine 5.057 0.032 35 Latvia 5.046 0.358 36 Romania 5.033 - 0.186 37 Serbia 4.813 0.063 38 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.813 - 0.087 39 Hungary 4.775 - 0.300 40 Azerbaijan 4.604 - 0.045 41 Macedonia 4.574 0.081 42 Armenia 4.316 - 0.269 43 Georgia 4.187 0.496 44 Bulgaria 3.981 0.137 Summary ( edit ) Economic ( edit ) Azerbaijan is the second fastest growing economy in Europe , and the fastest growing transcontinental economy Cyprus is the weakest growing economy in Europe , the European Union , the Eurozone and the European members of the Commonwealth of Nations France has the highest Net National Wealth of any European state Germany is the current largest economy in Europe , the European Union and the Eurozone , with Germany remaining the Eurozone 's largest economy even once the United Kingdom has surpassed Germany to become Europe 's largest economy Latvia is the fastest growing economy in both the Eurozone and the European Union Luxembourg is home to the highest GDP ( nominal ) per capita in both the European Union and Eurozone Malta is the smallest economy in the Eurozone as well as the European Union , and is the fastest growing European economy in the Commonwealth of Nations Moldova is the fastest growing economy in Europe , but is also one of Europe 's poorest countries , with the lowest GDP ( nominal ) per capita of any European state Monaco has the highest GDP ( nominal ) per capita of any European state Russia is the largest transcontinental European economy and will remain so until at least 2030 San Marino is Europe 's smallest economy , and is also the third weakest growing economy in Europe United Kingdom is the largest European economy in the Commonwealth of Nations , and is also the largest none Eurozone economy in Europe , with the UK set to surpass Germany to become Europe 's largest economy by 2030 Financial ( edit ) Austria has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union and the Eurozone Belarus has the lowest unemployment rate in Europe , although this figure includes underemployment Bulgaria has the smallest average wage and monthly minimum wage in the European Union Estonia has the smallest public debt ( as a percentage of GDP ) of any state in Europe , as well as in the European Union and Eurozone France has the largest financial deficit of any state in the Eurozone Georgia has the lowest monthly minimum wage in Europe Germany has the largest financial surplus of any country in Europe as well as the remainder of the world Greece has the highest public debt ( as a percentage of GDP ) of any European state , as well as having the largest unemployment rate in the European Union and Eurozone Macedonia has the highest unemployment rate of any European state Liechtenstein has the highest average wage of any state in Europe Lithuania has the smallest average wage and monthly minimum wage in the Eurozone Luxembourg has the highest average wage in the European Union and Eurozone as well as the highest monthly minimum wage in the entirety of Europe Russia has the largest surplus of those European countries not a member of either ( or both ) the EU or Eurozone Ukraine has the smallest average wage in Europe , mostly as a result of ongoing political and military struggles United Kingdom has the largest deficit of any country in Europe and the European Union Social ( edit ) Armenia has the largest percentage living under the poverty line of any state in Europe Azerbaijan has the smallest rating for Opportunity in Europe Bulgaria has the lowest Human Development Index figure in the European Union , as well as the largest percentage living under the poverty line in the EU , along with ranking last on the Social Progress Index in the EU , and being ranked last on the World Happiness Index in Europe Croatia has the smallest rating for Opportunity in the European Union Denmark ranks highest on the World Happiness Report in Europe and the European Union Greece has the largest percentage living under the poverty line in the Eurozone , and is also ranked last on the Social Progress Index among Eurozone members , including for Opportunity Ireland has the highest rating for Opportunity in Europe , the European Union and the Eurozone Latvia has the weakest Human Development Index and World Happiness Index figures in the Eurozone Lithuania has the smallest percentage living below the poverty line in Europe Moldova ranks lowest on the Human Development Index and Social Progress Index in Europe Netherlands has highest Human Development Index figure in the European Union and the Eurozone , and also ranks first in the EU and Eurozone on the Social Progress Index , as well as being the highest ranked country in the Eurozone on the World Happiness Index San Marino has the highest Human Development Index figure in Europe Switzerland ranks highest in Europe on the Social Progress Index Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The European Union ( EU ) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . As the EU is not a country , it is not ranked on this list . Jump up ^ Excludes data for the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol . ^ Jump up to : As data by the IMF is unavailable , 2013 data by the World Bank is used . ^ Jump up to : As data by the CIA World Factbook is unavailable , 2013 data by the World Bank is used . ^ Jump up to : As data by the IMF is unavailable , the latest available data by the CIA World Factbook is used . Jump up ^ Data for Belorussian unemployment does not take into account underemployment . Jump up ^ Data for Austrian unemployment includes only those who were previously employed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , October 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` World Economic League Table 2015 , December 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP - Real Growth Rate , 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( Official Exchange Rate , 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects ( PPP valuation of country GDP ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Databook 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison - Current Account Balance , 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison - Current Account Balance , 2013 '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Rates '' . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2014 -- `` Sustaining Human Progress : Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience '' `` . HDRO ( Human Development Report Office ) United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Databank '' . Databank.worldbank.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Population below poverty line , The World Factbook , CIA , accessed on July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poverty data : http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100577.htm Norway . Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2007 ) , US Department of State ; Population : Norway - CIA The World Factbook . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Progress Index : Measuring National Progress '' . Social Progress Imperitive . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Helliwell , John ; Layard , Richard ; Sachs , Jeffrey ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` World Happiness Report 2013 '' . United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which country has the largest economy in europe	[ "\n\nRank\nCountry\nGDP (Millions of US$)\n\n\n\n European Union[n 1]\n17,512,109\n\n\n1\n Germany\n3,635,959\n\n\n2\n France\n2,807,306\n\n\n3\n United Kingdom\n2,523,216\n\n\n4\n Russia\n2,096,774[n 2]\n\n\n5\n Italy\n2,071,955\n\n\n6\n Spain\n1,358,687\n\n\n7\n Netherlands\n853,806\n\n\n8\n Turkey\n819,990\n\n\n9\n Switzerland\n650,431\n\n\n10\n Sweden\n558,949\n\n\n11\n Poland\n517,705\n\n\n12\n Norway\n512,581\n\n\n13\n Belgium\n508,275\n\n\n14\n Austria\n416,062\n\n\n15\n Denmark\n330,614\n\n\n16\n Finland\n267,412\n\n\n17\n Greece\n241,796\n\n\n18\n Ireland\n232,150\n\n\n19\n Portugal\n220,062\n\n\n20\n Czech Republic\n198,450\n\n\n21\n Romania\n188,893\n\n\n22\n Ukraine\n178,313\n\n\n23\n Hungary\n132,260\n\n\n24\n Slovakia\n95,805\n\n\n25\n Azerbaijan\n73,537\n\n\n26\n Belarus\n71,710\n\n\n27\n Luxembourg\n60,402\n\n\n28\n Croatia\n57,371\n\n\n29\n Bulgaria\n53,046\n\n\n30\n Slovenia\n48,005\n\n\n31\n Lithuania\n46,507\n\n\n32\n Serbia\n42,492\n\n\n33\n Latvia\n30,953\n\n\n34\n Estonia\n24,888\n\n\n35\n Cyprus\n21,919\n\n\n36\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n17,828\n\n\n37\n Georgia\n16,162\n\n\n38\n Iceland\n14,656\n\n\n39\n Albania\n12,724\n\n\n40\n Armenia\n10.431\n\n\n41\n Macedonia\n10,238\n\n\n42\n Malta\n9,545\n\n\n43\n Moldova\n7,935\n\n\n44\n Monaco\n6,075[n 3]\n\n\n45\n Liechtenstein\n4,826[n 3]\n\n\n46\n Montenegro\n4,377\n\n\n47\n Andorra\n3,712[n 3]\n\n\n48\n San Marino\n1,802\n\n" ]	[ "Germany" ]
3375182987328476264	List of Gavin & Stacey episodes	List of Gavin & Stacey episodes - wikipedia List of Gavin & Stacey episodes This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gavin & Stacey is a British romantic situation comedy that follows the long - distance relationship of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) from Billericay in Essex , England , and Stacy ( Joanna Page ) from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan , Wales . The writers of the show , actors James Corden and Ruth Jones , also co-star as Gavin and Stacey 's friends , Smithy and Nessa . Other prominent cast members include Alison Steadman and Larry Lamb , who play Gavin 's parents , Pam and Mick , and Melanie Walters and Rob Brydon , who portray Stacey 's mother , Gwen , and her uncle , Bryn . The show was produced by Baby Cow Productions for BBC Wales . It ran for a total of 20 episodes , broadcast from 13 May 2007 to 1 January 2010 , comprising three series and two Christmas specials . Initially , the series was shown on ( now digital - only since 2016 ) channel BBC Three , but a growing following meant that it was subsequently moved to BBC Two , and finally BBC One . The last episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime time BBC seasonal programming , and were broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year 's Day 2010 . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Series 1 ( 2007 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2008 ) 1.3 Christmas Special ( 2008 ) 1.4 Series 3 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1.5 Outtakes Special ( 2010 ) 2 External links Overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 6 13 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) 10 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) 7 16 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) 20 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) Christmas Special 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) 6 26 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) Series 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Series No . Season No . Title Director Writer Original air date `` Episode One '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 13 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey West ( Joanna Page ) decide to meet for the first time in London after talking on the phone for some time , bringing along their best friends , Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) and Nessa Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) for support , and the two pairs end up in a hotel together for the night . `` Episode Two '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 13 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) Gavin and Stacey are happy and in love , until a phone call turns their lives upside down . Gavin decides there is only one thing to do , drive to Stacey and tell her he loves her . However , when he arrives , Stacey 's uncle Bryn West ( Rob Brydon ) is convinced he is a Jehovah 's Witness and wo n't let him speak to her . `` Episode Three '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 20 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) Gavin and Stacey prepare to tell their friends and families about their surprise engagement . Gavin 's parents , Mick ( Larry Lamb ) and Pam ( Alison Steadman ) , are over the moon , while Stacey 's family have some very big concerns over the announcement , and Smithy refuses to even talk to Gavin . `` Episode Four '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 27 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 27 ) The Shipmans travel to Barry Island for a wedding fair . At the wedding fair , Smithy is completely mesmerised by Jammy the stag organiser ( Matt Lucas ) , Bryn is totally sold on a magician for the wedding , and Gavin has to decide whether to go with the horse and carriage Stacey wants for the wedding or the Bentley he wants instead . Meanwhile , Nessa fears she may be pregnant . 5 5 `` Episode Five '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 3 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) It 's Gavin and Stacey 's stag and hen nights . Stacey is delighted when her brother Jason ( Robert Wilfort ) returns home but there 's bad history between him and Bryn . Meanwhile , Gavin finds out that Stacey has been engaged five times before , and Nessa is in two minds about whether to tell Smithy she may be pregnant . 6 6 `` Episode Six '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 10 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) The wedding day has finally arrived , with Gavin having forgiven Stacey 's revelation . Nessa is unable to reveal her pregnancy to Smithy , who makes a fool of himself whilst performing the best man speech . Series 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Series No . Season No . Title Director Writer Original air date 7 `` Episode One '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 16 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) Newlyweds Gavin and Stacey return from their honeymoon to a big welcome from both families . However , when Smithy joins them for a celebratory meal out , he seems none too happy with his best friend . As Nessa makes a shocking confession , a tearful Stacey realises she 's about to leave home and Pam 's friends Dawn ( Julia Davis ) and Pete Sutcliffe ( Adrian Scarborough ) are distraught over their threeway situation , the entire evening slowly relocates to the restaurant toilets . 8 `` Episode Two '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 16 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) Smithy goes AWOL after hearing that he is going to be a father , so Gavin , Mick and Bryn attempt to track him down and persuade him to do the right thing . Meanwhile , Stacey is not pleased to hear of her mother Gwen 's ( Melanie Walters ) new living arrangements , and begins feeling homesick before her life at the Shipmans has even begun . 9 `` Episode Three '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 23 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) Stacey is still adjusting to life as an Essex wife but perks up when it is time to go home to Barry Island , as Nessa and Smithy see their unborn baby for the first time . Meanwhile , Gwen 's neighbour , Doris ( Margaret John ) , makes a surprising proposition to Gavin . 10 `` Episode Four '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 30 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) Gavin and Stacey start house - hunting while Mick becomes a minor celebrity for the night after he finds a dead body on his way to work . Nessa visits Stacey , and the pair of them , along with Gavin and Smithy , go bowling , where tension between the newlyweds starts to bubble over . 11 5 `` Episode Five '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 6 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) Bryn has arranged a special treat for Gwen 's birthday , but he ca n't handle the pressure and Gwen starts to get suspicious . Stacey tells Gavin a decision that will change their lives forever : she 's moving back to Barry Island . Elsewhere , Nessa seems to have rekindled her romance with Dave Coaches ( Steffan Rhodri ) 12 6 `` Episode Six '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 13 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) While Stacey stays in Barry Island , Gavin goes home alone to Essex . Smithy takes Gavin for a boys ' night out while Stacey goes to the bingo , but their mutual feelings become evident . Meanwhile , Bryn fears his fishing trip secret will be revealed as Dave , who he confided in whilst drunk , continues to charm Nessa , and the situation is made worse by Jason 's presence in the house . 13 7 `` Episode Seven '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 20 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) Stacey returns to Essex to sort things out with Gavin , but things are not looking good . Over in Barry Island , Nessa goes into labour a month early , leaving Gavin to find Smithy and get him to Barry Island in time for the birth . Christmas Special ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Series No . Title Director Writer Original air date 14 `` Christmas Special '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) It 's Christmas and the Welsh contingent have been invited to celebrate the festive season with the Shipmans . So with the help of Dave and his coach , Nessa and the Wests head east . In Essex , Mick 's preoccupied with the new love of his life -- a handsome Norfolk turkey -- and Smithy ca n't wait to spend his first Christmas with his baby Neil . Pam has laid on a fabulous spread , Bryn 's got his mistletoe at the ready , and as the bubbly starts flowing it looks set to be a cracker of a Christmas . Then , Gavin makes a startling announcement that he is moving to Wales , and all hell breaks loose ! Pete punches Dave after he makes a comment about Dawn , and Pam challenges a hostile Nessa . Bryn and Jason talk about the fateful fishing trip but are interrupted by Dave before any details are revealed . Dave proposes to Nessa on Christmas Day , which she accepts . Presents are given out , with some choice wrapping from Smithy . Mick plays Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas on his new keyboard as they all sing together on Christmas night . Series 3 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Series No . Season No . Title Director Writer Original air date 15 `` Episode One '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 26 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) Gavin starts his new job in Cardiff and Stacey is thrilled to be at home again . Smithy comes to terms with life in Essex without his best friend , while Nessa is adjusting to life in Dave 's caravan down in Sully . The weekend brings with it a big reunion , as everyone meets up for the christening of baby Neil , where Gavin and Stacey decide to try for a baby themselves . Nessa 's father , Neil Jenkins ( Ifan Huw Dafydd ) makes his first appearance in the show at the christening . 16 `` Episode Two '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 3 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) Following her and Gavin 's decision to try for a baby , Stacey attempts to get a new job to earn extra money and is given a tough mock interview by Bryn . Meanwhile , Nessa takes baby Neil to see Smithy in Essex , which angers Dave who is left at home with Nessa 's father . After a drunken night of beer and curry at Mick and Pam 's , Smithy and Nessa wake up in bed together . 17 `` Episode Three '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 10 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) Smithy and his friends travel to Wales for a weekend of fun with Gavin , leaving Bryn 's house overcrowded . Meanwhile , Stacey fears she may not be able to have children . 18 `` Episode Four '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 17 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) Gavin and Stacey visit the doctor where they learn that Gavin has a low sperm count . Pete and Dawn renew their vows with Smithy giving Dawn away , and Smithy jokingly offers to have sex with Stacey in order to be a sperm donor . Smithy and Dave have a confrontation at the reception , and Smithy tells Dave that he slept with Nessa . 19 5 `` Episode Five '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 25 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) When Pam and Mick arrive in Wales , everyone hits the beach . Smithy makes an unexpected appearance and declares a truce with Dave regarding Nessa . Gavin and Stacey decide that they will keep trying for a baby until the New Year , and if they are unsuccessful they will look into other options . 20 6 `` Episode Six '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) Nessa and Dave 's wedding day arrives . Stacey has some exciting news for Gavin - she 's pregnant at last . Smithy walks in on the wedding and tells Nessa that she should not marry Dave because he knows the only reason she wants to marry Dave is so Neil has a father , which he 's already got in Smithy . Dave admits that he knows Nessa never loved him . The two of them shake hands , and Dave leaves the church . The episode cuts to 6 months later , where we see that Stacey is heavily pregnant , and Smithy is living in Barry Island with Nessa and Neil . Outtakes Special ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Series No . Title Director Writer Original air date n / a `` The Outtakes '' David Lambert James Corden & Ruth Jones 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) Stars and writers Ruth Jones and James Corden look through the best outtakes from all three series and the 2008 Christmas Special of the award - winning Gavin & Stacey . External links ( edit ) List of ' Gavin & Stacey episodes at British Comedy Guide List of Gavin & Stacey episodes at TV.com Gavin and Stacey information at BBC online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gavin_%26_Stacey_episodes&oldid=837675616 '' Categories : Lists of British sitcom television series episodes Gavin & Stacey Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2016 All articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 08 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many christmas specials of gavin and stacey are there	[ "The show was produced by Baby Cow Productions for BBC Wales. It ran for a total of 20 episodes, broadcast from 13 May 2007 to 1 January 2010, comprising three series and two Christmas specials. Initially, the series was shown on (now digital-only since 2016) channel BBC Three, but a growing following meant that it was subsequently moved to BBC Two, and finally BBC One. The last episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime time BBC seasonal programming, and were broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year's Day 2010.\n" ]	[ "two" ]
-1306972585940981696	I Wanna Fall in Love	I Wanna fall in love - Wikipedia I Wanna fall in love Jump to : navigation , search For the Chris Isaak song that contains the lyric `` I wan na fall in love '' , see Wicked Game . `` I Wanna Fall in Love '' Single by Lila McCann from the album Lila Released September 1997 Genre Country Length 4 : 19 Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Buddy Brock Mark Spiro Producer ( s ) Mark Spiro Lila McCann singles chronology `` Down Came a Blackbird '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Fall in Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Almost Over You '' ( 1998 ) `` Down Came a Blackbird '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Fall in Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Almost Over You '' ( 1998 ) `` I Wanna Fall in Love '' is a song written by Buddy Brock and Mark Spiro , and recorded by American country music artist Lila McCann . It was released in September 1997 as the second single from her debut album Lila . The song reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in February 1998 and number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 50 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 29 Preceded by `` Walk This Road '' by Bruce Guthro RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 23 , 1998 Succeeded by `` What If I Said '' by Anita Cochran with Steve Wariner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lila McCann Chart History Jump up ^ RPM Country Tracks Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3462 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . February 23 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lila McCann -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Lila McCann . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1998 '' . RPM . December 14 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1998 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Lila McCann Studio albums Lila Something in the Air Complete Notable singles `` Down Came a Blackbird '' `` I Wanna Fall in Love '' `` With You '' Related articles Asylum Records Warner Bros. Records This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Fall_in_Love&oldid=801811395 '' Categories : 1997 singles 1997 songs Lila McCann songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Mark Spiro Asylum Records singles Songs written by Buddy Brock 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 00 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i wanna fall in love with you	[ "\"I Wanna Fall in Love\" is a song written by Buddy Brock and Mark Spiro, and recorded by American country music artist Lila McCann. It was released in September 1997 as the second single from her debut album Lila. The song reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in February 1998[1] and number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[2]" ]	[ "Lila McCann" ]
2519845543691255681	Portugal. The Man	Portugal . The Man - wikipedia Portugal . The Man Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( November 2017 ) Portugal . The Man Portugal . The Man performing in San Rafael , California , on September 24 , 2016 Background information Origin Wasilla , Alaska , United States Genres Alternative rock psychedelic rock psychedelic pop experimental rock indie rock Years active 2004 -- present Labels Fearless Equal Vision Atlantic Approaching AIRballoons Associated acts The Revivalists Anatomy of a Ghost Danger Mouse Casper Mike D Cage the Elephant The Underachievers Haim Tera Melos Website www.portugaltheman.com Members John Gourley Zachary Carothers Kyle O'Quin Eric Howk Jason Sechrist Zoe Manville Past members Nick Klein Wesley Hubbard Harvey Tumbleson Garrett Lunceford Ryan Neighbors Noah Gersh Kane Ritchotte Portugal . The Man is an American rock band from Wasilla , Alaska , currently residing in Portland , Oregon . The group consists of lead singer John Baldwin Gourley , Gourley 's partner & back - up singer Zoe Manville , Zach Carothers , Kyle O'Quin , Jason Sechrist and Eric Howk . Gourley and Carothers met and began playing music together in 2001 at Wasilla High School in Wasilla . Their first two albums , in 2006 and 2007 , were released on Fearless Records . On April 2 , 2010 , the band signed to Atlantic Records . On January 28 , 2018 , it was announced that the band won `` Best Pop Duo / Group Performance '' category for their `` Feel It Still '' at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin ( 2002 -- 06 ) 1.1. 1 Band name 1.2 Independent years ( 2007 -- 10 ) 1.3 In the Mountain in the Cloud ( 2010 -- 12 ) 1.4 Evil Friends ( 2013 -- 14 ) 1.5 Woodstock ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Music videos and short films 3 Other appearances 4 Band members 4.1 Current members 4.2 Former members 4.3 Timeline 5 Discography 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( 2002 -- 06 ) ( edit ) Around August 2001 , the band Anatomy of a Ghost was formed by John Gourley , Joe Simon , Dewey Halpaus , Nick Simon and Zach Carothers . Gourley fronted the band having had no previous singing experience . Anatomy of A Ghost quickly gained popularity , but before long , the group broke up . Portugal . The Man was originally started as John Gourley 's side project , with Carothers playing bass . Before they had a drummer , they used drum machines and synth - loops as the backing beat . Gourley and Carothers teamed up with Wesley Hubbard , Nick Klein ( former guitar tech for Anatomy of a Ghost ) and Harvey Tumbleson , and formed Portugal . The Man . The band left Alaska and went to Portland with the intent of recording and touring . The band recorded demos in the summer of 2004 , followed by a U.S. tour that fall . In spring 2005 , Klein and Tumble left and soon after Jason Christie joined the band . Portugal . The Man 's debut record Waiter : `` You Vultures ! '' was released by Fearless Records on January 24 , 2006 . The album was produced by Casey Bates . Band name ( edit ) The band 's name is based on the idea of David Bowie 's `` bigger than life '' fame . They wanted the band to have a bigger - than - life feel but did not want to name it after one of their members . `` A country is a group of people , '' guitar player and vocalist John Gourley explains . `` With Portugal , it just ended up being the first country that came to mind . The band 's name is ' Portugal ' . The period is stating that , and ' The Man ' states that it 's just one person . '' The name has more personal meaning as well : Portugal . The Man was going to be the name of a book that Gourley had planned to write about his father and his many adventures . Independent years ( 2007 -- 10 ) ( edit ) On June 22 , 2007 , they released their second full - length album , Church Mouth , again produced by Casey Bates , and set out on a full U.S. headline tour with support from The Photo Atlas , Play Radio Play , Tera Melos and The Only Children among others . They then toured Europe and followed it up with another US headlining tour with support from Rocky Votolato and Great Depression during September and October . Following this tour , they joined Thursday on a short east coast tour in November alongside Circle Takes The Square . In 2008 , the band left their label , Fearless Records , and added Ryan Neighbors , their touring keyboardist , as an official member and replacement for Wes Hubbard . On July 30 , 2008 , it was announced that Portugal . The Man was releasing Censored Colors under its independent record label , Approaching AIRballoons , in partnership with Equal Vision Records . It was released September 16 . Zoe Manville , a musician and graphic designer , was involved with this album and has an active involvement on all albums since 2008 including vocals on many of the tracks on Woodstock . John Gourley was also chosen as the recipient of the 2008 AP Magazine 's `` Best Vocalist of the Year '' . In 2009 , Portugal . The Man played at Bonnaroo and also at Lollapalooza in Grant Park , Chicago . On April 9 , the band announced the next album , The Satanic Satanist , which was released on July 21 , 2009 . The Satanic Satanist is themed around memories and stories from singer John Gourley 's youth in Alaska . The album was recorded with the help of record producer Paul Q. Kolderie of Pixies and Radiohead fame . On February 11 , 2010 , Gourley announced that American Ghetto , the band 's fifth studio album , would be released on March 2 . In order to avoid another leak , no copies of the album were solicited until the release date . In the Mountain in the Cloud ( 2010 -- 12 ) ( edit ) In April 2010 , Portugal . The Man announced their signing to Atlantic Records . During the summer of 2010 , the band went back into the studio to record their new album with producer John Hill . They recorded the album in El Paso , Texas , London , England , and San Diego , California . Andy Wallace mixed the album . Portugal . The Man performing in 2011 During their fall tour in 2010 , Portugal . The Man played a new song known as `` We Got It All '' . At SXSW 2011 , they debuted another song titled `` Senseless '' . Starting on April 7 , 2011 , Portugal . The Man began releasing one 30 second clip every week from their new album via their YouTube channel . The songs were `` Once Was One '' , `` All Your Light ( Times Like These ) '' and `` So American '' . On April 29 , 2011 , the first full track was released entitled `` Got It All ( This Ca n't Be Living Now ) '' . They released their second song on May 5 entitled `` Sleep Forever '' . The full album , In the Mountain in the Cloud , was released on July 19 , 2011 . Portugal . The Man 's short film , `` Sleep Forever '' , directed by Michael Ragen , clocks in at over 13 minutes and was shot entirely in Gourley 's hometown of Willow , Alaska . `` Sleep Forever '' premiered via IFC on June 6 , 2011 . Portugal . The Man made their second appearance at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival for the festival 's 10th year anniversary in June 2011 , as well as another Lollapalooza appearance in August . On August 8 , 2011 , after their Lollapalooza show , the band 's van and trailer were stolen . The van and trailer contained all of the band 's instruments and performance gear . On August 9 , the van was recovered , but the contents of the trailer were missing . A list of the missing equipment was made available by the band . John Gourley was reported saying that , `` Basically every bit of money Portugal . The Man has made over the last five years was in that trailer . '' On August 12 , much of the band 's gear was recovered from the home of a man who claimed to have purchased it at a flea market , and the band subsequently posted a thank you note on their website saying , `` it is more than just a win for PTM , it is also a win for Twitter , the world of social media , the Chicago police , and old school journalism . '' The man was charged with one felony count of theft for purchasing the stolen equipment . In the fall of 2011 , Portugal . The Man went on a US headlining tour with the addition of guitarist Noah Gersh to the band . They also went on to tour Europe in January , opening for The Black Keys and going on to Australia to headline and perform at St Jerome 's Laneway Festival . In the spring of 2012 , they headlined the Norman Music Festival in Norman , Oklahoma , as well as the Jägermeister Music Tour with The Lonely Forest . On April 3 , 2012 , it was announced via Facebook that keyboardist Ryan Neighbors would be leaving the band to pursue his own music career with his new project Hustle and Drone . He was replaced by Kyle O'Quin . Drummer Jason Sechrist was replaced by former child actor and drummer Kane Ritchotte shortly after Neighbors ' departure . Evil Friends ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Portugal . The Man performing in Kansas City , Missouri , in October 2013 On February 8 , 2013 , Portugal . The Man leaked pictures on Bonnaroo 's official Tumblr page which showed that celebrated producer Brian Burton , AKA Danger Mouse , was producing the band 's new record . Danger Mouse is most known for his work with Gnarls Barkley , Sparklehorse and Broken Bells , and for producing award - winning albums for bands like Gorillaz , The Black Keys , and Norah Jones . According to a Q&A Zach did on Portugal . The Man 's official Tumblr page , their new album was influenced by Pink Floyd and The Dark Side of the Moon . On February 25 , 2013 , Portugal . The Man released the name of their new album , titled Evil Friends , on Instagram . On March 6 , the band revealed the album art for Evil Friends using a Tweet - to - reveal mosaic . The next day , the video for the title track from Evil Friends was released on the band 's YouTube channel . On June 4 , 2013 , the album was released in the United States . The album featured backing vocals by Este Haim and Danielle Haim . A music video of `` Purple Yellow Red and Blue '' followed . In 2013 , singles from Evil Friends , including `` Evil Friends '' and `` Purple , Yellow , Red and Blue '' , were remixed by artists including Bear Mountain , Terry Urban and Passion Pit . Airing on September 26 , 2013 , in the United States , Taco Bell featured Portugal . The Man 's song `` Evil Friends '' to advertise their Grilled Stuft Nacho item in a television commercial entitled `` Getaway '' . On April 22 , 2014 , the band announced a partnership with Smithsonian 's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute to release a limited - edition run of 400 records to raise awareness for critically endangered Sumatran tigers . The track , `` Sumatran Tiger '' does not officially exist digitally , and the copies were sent to `` 400 carefully chosen influencers , among them actors , activists , musicians , conservationists , bloggers and journalists , '' and is , as the band claims , `` the first song meant to go extinct unless it 's reproduced . '' The band encouraged fans to `` scour the Internet '' using the hashtags # EndangeredSong and # SumatranTiger to find recordings of the song . Woodstock ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) In November 2014 , Portugal . The Man were in the studio recording their eighth album with Mike D from The Beastie Boys producing . The band also actively updated their Instagram account with pictures of them in the studio with Mike D , as well as showcasing small teasers of what their new album would sound like . Mac Miller was also shown working with the band as well . The first week of May , 2015 , the band released teasers on social networks of what appeared to be new music with a Latin twist with huapango guitars , dream synths and drums machines . On May 5 , Portugal . The Man released a Spanish version of `` Purple Yellow Red and Blue '' covered by a Mexican - American band called The Chamanas on their official YouTube channel to celebrate the Mexican festivities ( Cinco de Mayo ) . On December 31 , 2015 , Portugal . The Man posted to their website that they had completed two records followed by separate hashtags # Gloomin + # Doomin . However , on February 3 , 2016 , the band tweeted from their official account that the new record would be entitled Gloomin + Doomin . In February 2016 Portugal . the Man were featured on the Yoko Ono collaboration album Yes , I 'm A Witch Too performing `` Soul Got Out of the Box '' . On November 30 , 2016 , Triple J radio debuted Portugal . The Man 's new song `` Noise Pollution '' . It was released as a single , `` Noise Pollution ( Version A , Vocal Up Mix 1.3 ) '' , on December 2 , and featured Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Zoe Manville . On March 3 , 2017 , the band released a single titled `` Feel It Still '' , which was followed by the release of an accompanying music video three days later . It was revealed that Gloomin + Doomin `` failed to complete '' and was thrown out after three years . They have since completed another album , titled Woodstock , which is promoted by `` Feel It Still '' . The album 's title was inspired by an original 1969 Woodstock music festival ticket stub owned by Gourley 's father . It led Gourley to a realization that almost 50 years later , music has the same mission as then -- `` to comment on societal and political unease . '' `` We worked with so many rad people on this album , but ended up with just the four of us in a basement at 4 a.m. trying to say something that mattered , '' said Gourley . `` Trying to write music that would help people feel they 're not alone , even if they 're angry or feeling lost . '' Woodstock was released on June 16 , 2017 . John Gourley and Zoe Manville married on New Year 's Eve 2017 . `` Feel It Still '' became the band 's biggest hit single to date in the United States , reaching # 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs , Hot 100 Airplay , and Pop Songs charts and becoming a Top 5 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . On January 28 , 2018 , `` Feel It Still '' won Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . `` Live In The Moment '' became a # 1 track on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart during the week of March 26 , 2018 . It additionally gained the honor of the track with the most spins ( plays ) during a week 's time , that has ever been recorded on Alternative radio at 3,503 . Music videos and short films ( edit ) On June 6 , 2011 , Portugal . The Man released a short film featuring the songs `` Sleep Forever '' and `` Got It All ( This Ca n't Be Living Now ) '' from their album , In The Mountain In the Cloud . Produced by Richard Hutchins and directed by Michael Ragen , the film features 13 minutes and 16 seconds of Alaskan wilderness intertwined with scenes of John Gourley dog sledding before he is forced to travel by foot after his dogs abandon him . Portugal . The Man has also released music videos for their songs `` So American '' , `` People Say '' , `` All Your Light '' , `` Do You '' , `` The Dead Dog '' , `` AKA M80 the Wolf '' , `` Lay Me Back Down '' , `` The Sun '' , `` Evil Friends '' , `` Purple Yellow Red and Blue '' , `` Atomic Man '' and `` Modern Jesus '' . The video for `` Noise Pollution '' was released on December 1 , 2016 . The video for `` Feel It Still '' was released on March 6 , 2017 , and received attention for its imagery of a burning newspaper titled Info Wars . Other appearances ( edit ) The band 's song `` Heavy Games '' was featured on a trailer for the fourth season of The Walking Dead . The song has since been included in the show 's soundtrack album that was released on March 25 , 2014 . The band 's song `` Sleep Forever '' was featured on the Shameless episode , `` Emily '' , which aired on March 30 , 2014 . The song `` Hip Hop Kids '' was used in the short film CyberBully , which aired January 15 , 2015 . A remix version of their song `` Evil Friends '' ( Jake One Remix feat . Danny Brown ) was used as the end credits for an episode of Silicon Valley that aired on June 7 , 2015 . The song `` Waves '' was used in the TV series `` American Crime '' premiere episode , that aired on March 5 , 2015 . Their song `` Feel It Still '' has been used in many advertisements , including commercials for the iPad Pro , Vitamin Water , and YouTube TV . In 2018 the band performed at the March for Our Lives Portland . Band members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) John Baldwin Gourley -- vocals , guitar , organ , drum machines ( 2004 -- present ) Zachary Scott Carothers -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2004 -- present ) Kyle O'Quin -- keyboards , synthesizers , guitar , backing vocals ( 2007 , 2012 -- present ) Eric Howk -- guitar , backing vocals ( 2015 -- present ) Jason Sechrist -- drums ( 2005 -- 2008 , 2009 - 2011 , 2016 -- present ) Zoe Manville - vocal and percussion ( 2008 - present ) Former members ( edit ) Nick Klein -- guitar ( 2004 -- 05 ) Wesley Hubbard -- keyboards ( 2004 -- 06 ) Harvey Tumbleson -- beats ( 2004 -- 05 ) Garrett Lunceford -- drums ( 2008 - 09 ) Kane Ritchotte -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 2012 -- 16 ) Ryan Neighbors -- keyboards , didgeridoo , synthesizers , backing vocals ( 2008 -- 12 ) Noah Gersh -- guitar , vocals , miscellaneous percussion ( 2011 -- 13 ) Touring members Kirk Ohnsted -- touring beats Dewey Halpaus -- touring guitar Matthew Moore -- touring guitar Nick Reinhart -- touring guitar Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Portugal . The Man discography Studio albums Waiter : `` You Vultures ! '' ( 2006 ) Church Mouth ( 2007 ) Censored Colors ( 2008 ) The Satanic Satanist ( 2009 ) American Ghetto ( 2010 ) In the Mountain in the Cloud ( 2011 ) Evil Friends ( 2013 ) Woodstock ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anatomy Of A Ghost - Fearless Records '' . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Portugal . The Man Frontiersman John Gourley '' . Inflatable Ferret . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man '' . soundbaites.blogspot.pt . Jump up ^ `` How did you get your name - with Portugal . The Man '' . June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Censored Colors '' . Equal Vision Records . July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` News Articles '' . Bonnaroo . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man at Lollapalooza 2009 '' . Lollapalooza . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Woodburn , Peter ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Band Interview '' . Redefine . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From Satan 's Satanist to America 's Ghettos '' . Portugal . The Man . February 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trash Can Stands and Lunch Box Cases : A Portugal . The Man Story . Music Emissions - Blog and Podcast '' . Music Emissions . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive World Premiere : Portugal . The Man 's `` Sleep Forever '' `` . IFC. 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lollapalooza band reports equipment still missing after stolen van found '' . chicagotribune.com. 2011 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Castle , Cliff . `` Audix Aids Robbed Band '' . Pro Sound News . NewBay Media LLC . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thank You - Blog Detail '' . PortugalTheMan.com. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Lollapalooza band gets equipment back , says thanks with doughnuts '' . chicagotribune.com. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Man Charged in Theft of Bands Gear After Lollapalooza '' . myFOXchicago . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnaroo Tumblr '' . Bonnaroo . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Tumblr '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Portugaltheman Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Friends '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Yellow Red and Blue ( Bear Mountain Remix ) -- Portugal . The Man '' . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal , The Man & Friends '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Urban -- Portugal . The Man & Friends ( Mash - Up Album ) '' . Hypertrak . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lam , Justin ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Portugal . The Man -- Purple Yellow Red & Blue ( Passion Pit Remix ) '' . Indie Shuffle . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taco Bell Getaway '' . TV Commercial Songs . September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Killian ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Create ' Endangered Song ' for Earth Day '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ J , Triple ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Portugal . The Man recording new album with a Beastie Boy '' . Triple J. Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugaltheman Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugaltheman official website '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Lush Yoko Ono Remix by Portugal . The Man '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Triple J playlists '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Noise Pollution ( feat . Mary Elizabeth Winstead & Zoe Manville ) ( Version A , Vocal Up Mix 1.3 ) Zoe Manville has an ongoing involvement , does backing vocals and has been on the last 5 albums . - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Havens , Lyndsey ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Promote Resistance in Video for Groovy New Single ' Feel It Still ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Promote Resistance in Video for Groovy New Single ' Feel It Still ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ( WATCH ) Zach Interviews Portugal . The Man 91X FM '' . 91X FM . 2017 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` LORDS OF PORTLAND on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin . `` Portugal . The Man Earns First Alternative Songs No. 1 With ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Cardi B ' Moves ' to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With ' Bodak Yellow , ' Post Malone Debuts at No. 2 With ' Rockstar ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2018 : See the Complete List of Nominees '' . Jump up ^ https://headlineplanet.com/home/2018/03/25/portugal-mans-live-moment-officially-earns-1-alternative-radio . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Portugal . The Man ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Portugal . The Man - Sleep Forever ( Official Music Video ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . the Man releases song and video , `` Noise Pollution '' - EARMILK `` . EARMILK. 2016 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` InfoWars Is Now Feuding With `` Pro-Soros Rockers '' Portugal . The Man `` . Spin. 2017 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portugal . The Man '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead ( AMC Original Soundtrack ) , Vol. 2 - EP by Various Artists on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ vitaminwater ® ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) , vitaminwater # drinkoutsidethelines aaron paul tv commercial : 45 , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ Apple ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) , The New iPad Pro -- On Any Given Wednesday -- Apple , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man 's ' Feel It Still ' Leads Top TV Commercials Chart for June '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man will play Portland 's March For Our Lives '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Portugal . The Man Portugal . The Man 's official website Interview with Zach Carothers Interview with Portugal. The Man on TheWaster.com Portugal . The Man Interview on the www.anchorageobserver.com , November 2012 ( hide ) Portugal . The Man John Gourley Zachary Carothers Kyle O'Quin Eric Howk Jason Sechrist Ryan Neighbors Noah Gersh Kane Ritchotte Wesley Hubbard Nick Klein Harvey Tumbleson Studio albums Waiter : `` You Vultures ! '' ( 2006 ) Church Mouth ( 2007 ) Censored Colors ( 2008 ) The Satanic Satanist ( 2009 ) American Ghetto ( 2010 ) In the Mountain in the Cloud ( 2011 ) Evil Friends ( 2013 ) Woodstock ( 2017 ) Other albums The Majestic Majesty ( 2009 ) Extended plays Under Waves of the Brown Coat ( 2005 ) The Pines & the Devil ( 2006 ) Devil Say I , I Say AIR ( 2006 ) It 's Complicated Being a Wizard ( 2007 ) My Mind / Seventeen ( 2007 ) Singles `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography VIAF : 135263498 GND : 16166912 - 8 BNF : cb16538467s ( data ) MusicBrainz : 3599a39e - 4e10 - 4cb5 - 90d4 - c8a015ebc73b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugal._The_Man&oldid=833025266 '' Categories : Atlantic Records artists 2004 establishments in Oregon Equal Vision Records artists Fearless Records artists Grammy Award winners Indie rock musical groups from Oregon Musical groups established in 2004 People from Wasilla , Alaska Rock music groups from Oregon Rock music groups from Alaska Musical quintets Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the female vocalist on feel it still	[ "Portugal. The Man is an American rock band from Wasilla, Alaska, currently residing in Portland, Oregon. The group consists of lead singer John Baldwin Gourley, Gourley's partner & back-up singer Zoe Manville, Zach Carothers, Kyle O'Quin, Jason Sechrist and Eric Howk. Gourley and Carothers met and began playing music together in 2001 at Wasilla High School in Wasilla. Their first two albums, in 2006 and 2007, were released on Fearless Records." ]	[ "Zoe Manville" ]
2365187173841810934	Harry Coover	Harry Coover - wikipedia Harry Coover Harry Wesley Coover Jr. shortly before being awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by Barack Obama in 2010 Harry Wesley Coover Jr . ( March 6 , 1917 -- March 26 , 2011 ) was the inventor of Eastman 910 , commonly known as Super Glue . Contents 1 Life and career 2 Superglue 3 Other inventions 4 References Life and career ( edit ) Coover was born in Newark , Delaware , and received his Bachelor of Science from Hobart College before earning his Master of Science and Ph . D. from Cornell University . He worked as a chemist for Eastman Kodak from 1944 -- 1973 and as Vice President of the company from 1973 - 1984 . He later moved to Kingsport , Tennessee , where he spent the rest of his life . Superglue ( edit ) In 1942 , while searching for materials to make clear plastic gun sights , Coover and his team at Eastman Kodak examined cyanoacrylates , a material that was used during both World Wars ( 1914 - 1918 ; 1939 - 1945 ) as an alternative to stitches on large cuts and wounds , rejecting them as too sticky . Nine years later , Coover was overseeing Kodak chemists investigating heat - resistant polymers for jet canopies when cyanoacrylates were once again tested and proved too sticky . That time around , however , Coover recognized that he had discovered a unique adhesive . In 1958 , the adhesive , marketed by Kodak as Super Glue , was introduced for sale . Generally , cyanoacrylate is an acrylic resin which rapidly polymerises in the presence of water ( specifically hydroxide ions ) , forming long , strong chains , joining the bonded surfaces together . Because the presence of moisture causes the glue to set , exposure to moisture in the air can cause a tube or bottle of glue to become unusable over time . To prevent an opened container of glue from setting before use , it must be stored in an airtight jar or bottle with a package of silica gel . Another convenient way is attaching a hypodermic needle on the opening of glue . After applying , residual glue soon clogs the needle , keeping moisture out . The clog is removed by heating the needle ( e.g. by a lighter ) before use . Cyanoacrylate is used as a forensic tool to capture latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces like glass , plastic , etc . Cyanoacrylate is warmed to produce fumes which react with the invisible fingerprint residues and atmospheric moisture to form a white polymer ( polycyanoacrylate ) on the fingerprint ridges . The ridges can then be recorded . The developed fingerprints are , on most surfaces ( except on white plastic or similar ) , visible to the naked eye . Invisible or poorly visible prints can be further enhanced by applying a luminescent or non-luminescent stain . Chemical structure of methyl cyanoacrylate , the basis of Superglue While much attention was given to the glue 's capacity to bond solid materials , Coover was also the first to recognize and patent cyanoacrylates as a tissue adhesive . First used in the Vietnam War to temporarily patch the internal organs of injured soldiers until conventional surgery could be performed , tissue adhesives are now used worldwide for a variety of sutureless surgical applications . Other inventions ( edit ) Coover held 460 patents and Super Glue was just one of his many discoveries . He viewed `` programmed innovation , '' a management methodology emphasizing research and development , among his most important work . Implemented at Kodak , programmed innovation resulted in the introduction of 320 new products and sales growth from $1.8 billion to $2.5 billion . Coover later formed an international management consulting practice , advising corporate clients around the world on programmed innovation methodology . Coover received the Southern Chemist Man of the Year Award for his outstanding accomplishments in individual innovation and creativity . He also held the Earle B. Barnes Award for Leadership in Chemical Research Management , the Maurice Holland Award , the IRI Achievement Award , and was a medalist for the Industrial Research Institute . In 1983 , Coover was elected to the ( National Academy of Engineering ) . In 2004 , Coover was inducted into the National Inventor 's Hall of Fame . In 2010 , Coover received the National Medal of Technology and Innovation . Coover died of natural causes at his home in Kingsport , Tennessee , on March 26 , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth A. Harris ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Harry Coover , Super Glue 's Inventor , Dies at 94 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Coover '' . Hall of Fame . National Inventors Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` White House to honour Intel researchers '' . Business Standard . Bloomberg News . October 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Glue '' . Inventor of the Week . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . September 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Brown `` The Cyanoacrylate Fuming Method '' Archived 2007 - 10 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Remarkable Alum : Dr. Harry Coover '' . Hobart and William Smith Colleges . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' , Lemelson - MIT School of Engineering , September 2004 , accessed Feb. 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LaJoie , Eliza ( 26 October 2010 ) . `` Alumnus Who Invented Super Glue Wins National Medal of Technology and Innovation '' . The Cornell Daily Sun . Ithaca , NY . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . WorldCat Identities GND : 1011171961 ISNI : 0000 0001 1908 7984 VIAF : 170234253 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Coover&oldid=841702615 '' Categories : 1917 births 2011 deaths People from Newark , Delaware People from Kingsport , Tennessee Cornell University alumni American inventors Kodak people Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Basa Jawa Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 14 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	super glue was discovered by accident during development research on what	[ "In 1942, while searching for materials to make clear plastic gun sights, Coover and his team at Eastman Kodak examined cyanoacrylates, a material that was used during both World Wars (1914-1918; 1939-1945) as an alternative to stitches on large cuts and wounds,[citation needed] rejecting them as too sticky. Nine years later, Coover was overseeing Kodak chemists investigating heat-resistant polymers for jet canopies when cyanoacrylates were once again tested and proved too sticky. That time around, however, Coover recognized that he had discovered a unique adhesive. In 1958, the adhesive, marketed by Kodak as Super Glue, was introduced for sale.[4]\n" ]	[ "heat-resistant polymers for jet canopies" ]
6884377445505421997	Kristen Schaal	Kristen Schaal - wikipedia Kristen Schaal Jump to : navigation , search Kristen Schaal Schaal at the 2016 WonderCon in Los Angeles , California Kristen Joy Schaal ( 1978 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Longmont , Colorado , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actress , voice actress , comedian , writer Years active 1999 -- present Known for Observational comedy , satire , political satire Spouse ( s ) Rich Blomquist ( m . 2012 ) Kristen Joy Schaal ( / ʃɑːl / ; born January 24 , 1978 ) is an American actress , voice actress , comedian and writer . She is best known for her roles of Mel in Flight of the Conchords , the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart , She Holler , Louise Belcher in Bob 's Burgers , Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls and Carol in The Last Man on Earth . Since 2015 , she has co-starred alongside Will Forte in the post-apocalyptic comedy series The Last Man on Earth , playing the role of Carol . She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman , most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn , for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance . Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando , Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock , Victoria Best on WordGirl , Trixie in Toy Story 3 , and Anne on Wilfred . She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Live comedy 2.2 Film , TV and radio 2.3 Books 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Schaal was born in Longmont , Colorado , to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry . She was raised on her family 's cattle ranch , in a rural area near Boulder . Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary . She has a brother , David , who is three years older . She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career . In 2005 , she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine 's article `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . Career ( edit ) Schaal and comedy partner Kurt Braunohler onstage in 2010 Live Comedy ( edit ) In 2006 , Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , where she won the award for `` Best Alternative Comedian '' . She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award ( hosted by the New York Comedy Festival ) , Best Female Stand - up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City , and `` Best Female Stand Up Comedian '' at the 2007 ECNY Awards . At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival , she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before , tying with Nina Conti . Also in 2006 , Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham . She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles , which was voted `` Best Variety Show of 2005 '' by Time - Out New York 's readers poll . She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team , `` Big Black Car '' , which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York awards . She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates , which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs . Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland , where she was one of six acts ( chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe ) requested to perform at the US Consul General - sponsored `` Fringe USA '' Showcase . On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008 , Schaal was nominated for the If. comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler : Double Down Hearts . Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall , London , as part of The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International , and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival . In 2010 , Schaal appeared as a stand - up comic on John Oliver 's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art . Film , TV and Radio ( edit ) Schaal at the Brooklyn Book Festival ( 2010 ) Schaal appeared on HBO 's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker - fan Mel , a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009 . She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park , appeared on the BBC 's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse 's mockumentary The Intern . She made her first appearance as a `` special commentator '' on Comedy Central 's The Daily Show on March 13 , 2008 , often presented in recurring appearances as its news team 's `` Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent '' . On April 13 , 2008 , she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International 's The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 . Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold , Aqua Teen Hunger Force , Snake ' n ' Bacon , Norbit , Get Him to the Greek , Conviction , Cheap Seats , Freak Show , Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant , Adam and Steve , The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard , Delirious , Australian show Good News Week , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , The Education of Max Bickford , Comedy Central 's Contest Searchlight , Ugly Betty , How I Met Your Mother , MTV 's Human Giant and Mad Men . She was also a contributor to the sketch / music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network . She also appeared on Fuse 's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow , both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals . She was also in television commercials for Wendy 's , RadioShack , and Starburst . She made an appearance , in April 2008 , on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U ' Know . On April 3 , 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents . In 2010 , she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO ! series WordGirl as Victoria Best , a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does . Schaal voiced 13 - year - old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel 's hit TV series Gravity Falls . She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob 's Burgers . She also stars in A.D. Miles ' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People . In October 2008 , Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks . On June 10 , 2009 , Schaal broadcast her first radio show , High Five ! ! , on Sirius XM Radio 's ' RawDog ' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler . She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire 's Assistant . Schaal stars in her own web series , Penelope Princess of Pets , one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers ' `` Mutiny , I Promise You '' . She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After . She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone 's `` New York City '' . She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode `` Fifteen Percent '' , as well as the music video for `` Conversation 16 '' by The National . Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved . She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode `` Loops '' . Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft . Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8 , 2011 episode `` Homer Scissorhands '' in which she plays Taffy , a love interest of Milhouse . She is incorrectly listed in the credits as `` Kristen Schall '' . This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week 's episode in which Bart 's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states `` It 's Kristen Schaal , not Kristen Schall . '' Schaal also appeared in a music video for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's 2014 song `` Tacky '' , a parody of Pharrell Williams 's `` Happy '' . In 2013 , Schaal guest starred in the two part episode `` Sea Tunt '' of Archer , lending her voice to a character named Tiffy . In 2014 , Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson , Danielle Schneider , Tymberlee Hill , Andrea Savage , and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando . She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth , which premiered on March 1 , 2015 . Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman . In 2017 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn . Schaal appears in A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) as hiker Mary Ellen . Books ( edit ) Schaal wrote a book of humor , The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex , with her husband , former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist . It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books . She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms , `` because I do n't want anyone to imagine me doing those things , '' but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names . Personal life ( edit ) Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Kate & Leopold Miss Tree Film debut Poster Boy Bookstore Lady # 14 2005 Adam & Steve Ruth 2006 Delirious Joelle 2007 Norbit Event Organizer 2009 The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Stewardess Stacey Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant Gertha Teeth When in Rome Ilona Valentine 's Day Ms. Gilroy Shrek Forever After Pumpkin / Palace Witch Voice Get Him to the Greek Today Show Production Assistant Toy Story 3 Trixie Voice Dinner for Schmucks Susana Going the Distance Female Bartender 2011 Butter Carol Ann Hawaiian Vacation Trixie Voice , short film The Muppets Moderator 2012 Sleepwalk with Me Cynthia 2013 Despicable Me 2 Shannon Voice Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Barb Welcome to the Jungle Brenda 2015 A Walk in the Woods Mary Ellen 2016 Donald Trump 's The Art of the Deal : The Movie Gloria / Deborah Voice The Boss Sandy 2017 All Nighter Roberta Literally , Right Before Aaron Talula Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Edith Voice Austin Found Nancy Boundaries In post-production 2019 Toy Story 4 Trixie Voice , in production Television Year Title Role Notes 2001 -- 02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Abby Episode : `` Brotherhood '' 2005 Cheap Seats : Without Ron Parker Emily Episode : `` Dog Show / World Beard and Mustache Championship '' 2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode : `` Madness '' Ugly Betty Nancy Episode : `` Pilot '' Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes Freak Show Various Voice , 7 episodes 2007 Scott Bateman Presents Earth 's New Robot Overlord Trixie Tangway Voice , 2 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode : `` 30 '' Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode : `` Lil 9 - 11 '' Mad Men Nannette Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode : `` The Platinum Rule '' 2007 -- 09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine ( voice ) As Frannie Hood , Episode : `` Bible Fruit '' The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode : `` 2.9 '' Never Mind The Buzzcocks Herself Series 21 , Episode 4 2008 -- 16 The Daily Show Herself Recurring role as commentator ; 30 episodes 2009 Xavier : Renegade Angel Frantic Spectator / Old Ryan 's Wife ( voice ) Episode : `` Going Normal '' Comedy Central Presents Herself Season 13 , Episode 24 Snake ' n ' Bacon The Green Fairy TV movie Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode : `` The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret '' Modern Family Whitney Episode : `` Fifteen Percent '' Comedy Lab Penelope Episode : `` Penelope Princess of Pets '' Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode : `` One Groundhog Day Dog '' Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl Voice 2010 -- 15 WordGirl Victoria Best ( voice ) Episodes : `` Victoria Best '' , `` Cherish is the Word '' , `` Crime in the Key of V '' , `` Do n't Mess with the Best `` , `` Victoria Is the Best ... WordGirl ? '' , `` There is no V in Team '' , `` World 's Best Dad '' , and `` The Best of the Bests '' 2011 The Simpsons Taffy Voice , Episode : `` Homer Scissorhands '' ; credited as `` Kristen Schall '' The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy , Bluffy , and Fluffy the bunny rabbits Voice , Episode : `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy Voice The Heart , She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes 2011 -- 12 American Dad ! Librarian / Girl Voice , 2 episodes 2011 -- present Bob 's Burgers Louise Belcher Voice , Lead role 2012 -- 13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes 2012 -- 14 Adventure Time Jake Jr . Voice , 4 episodes 2012 -- 16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines Voice , Lead role 2013 Archer Tiffy Voice , 2 episodes Never Mind the Buzzcocks Herself Series 27 , Episode 5 Wilfred Anne 4 episodes NTSF : SD : SUV : : Deborah Episode : `` Trading Faces '' Toy Story of Terror Trixie Voice The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Herself Panelist 2013 -- 14 @ midnight Herself 2 episodes 2013 -- 16 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself / Gina Guppies 2 episodes 2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular Glee Mary Halloran Episode : `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie Voice 2014 -- present BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various Voice ; 10 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 2015 Axe Cop God Voice ; episode : `` Axe Cop Saves God '' The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode : `` Old Friends , New Enemies '' 2015 -- present The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role ( 47 episodes ) 2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis Voice ; episode : `` The Cartoon '' Not Safe with Nikki Glaser Herself Episodes : `` Get Her a Glass of Water '' and `` I Miss David Bowie '' The Big Fat Quiz of Everything Herself Panelist Brad Neely 's Harg Nallin ' Sclopio Peepio Voice ; episode : `` For Sarandon '' Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode : `` Amelia Earhart '' Transformers : Rescue Bots Chickadee Voice ; episode : `` Camp Cody '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schaal , Kristen ; Blomquist , Rich ( 2010 - 07 - 28 ) . The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0811871266 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` ' Daily Show 's ' Rich Blomquist Signs Overall with Fox TV '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson : `` The Science of Sex '' . 2013 . Accessed 12 August 2013 . The original Dutch pronunciation would be / sxaːl / . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , John ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : The toast of American comedy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Kooky Monster '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2008 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Todd , Charlie ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) . `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual ECNY Award Winners '' . ECNY Awards . 2011 - 02 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kent , Melissa ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Top comics grin and share the main prize '' . The Age . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Live at Gotham a Prerequisite for the Big Time '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh Festival If. comedy award shortlist announced '' . The List . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Calderons on IMDb Jump up ^ Redeeming Rainbow on IMDb Jump up ^ `` COMEDY CENTRAL ( R ) Gets the New Year Rolling with Laughter ! '' . PR Newswire . Bloomberg. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Scholastic Media Renews `` WordGirl '' for 26 More Episodes `` . toonzone.net . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brophy - Warren , Jamin ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` '' Flight of the Conchords '' Meets `` South Park '' on Satellite Radio `` . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal ( COMEDIAN ) '' . The Believer . June 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chen , David ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Announces Kristen Schaal and Blake Clark Cast in Toy Story 3 ; Toy Story 3D Double Feature To Stay in Theaters '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal '' . Radiolab . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Danger Zone : Here Are 11 of the Best Celebrity Guest Stars to Ever Appear on ' Archer ' ! '' . Life & Style . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Archer : `` Sea Tunt : Part I '' `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Longest Face '' . Slate . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : Confessions of a Disappointed Hillary Supporter '' . SuicideGirls . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Credit Where It 's Due : A ' Simpsons ' Spelling Lesson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristen Schaal . Kristen Schaal on IMDb VIAF : 90569873 LCCN : no2009096111 ISNI : 0000 0000 6294 4462 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Schaal&oldid=807978698 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Colorado American film actresses American Lutherans American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent American stand - up comedians American television actresses American television writers American voice actresses American women comedians Annie Award winners Living people Northwestern University alumni People from Longmont , Colorado Women television writers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 04 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice for louise in bob's burgers	[ "Kristen Joy Schaal (/ʃɑːl/;[3] born January 24, 1978) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian and writer. She is best known for her roles of Mel in Flight of the Conchords, the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart, She Holler, Louise Belcher in Bob's Burgers, Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls and Carol in The Last Man on Earth." ]	[ "Kristen Joy Schaal" ]
2582931886330695924	Four Weddings and a Funeral	Four Weddings and a Funeral - wikipedia Four Weddings and a Funeral Jump to : navigation , search Four Weddings and a Funeral UK theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Newell Produced by Duncan Kenworthy Written by Richard Curtis Starring Hugh Grant Andie MacDowell Kristin Scott Thomas Simon Callow James Fleet John Hannah Charlotte Coleman David Bower Corin Redgrave Rowan Atkinson Music by Richard Rodney Bennett Cinematography Michael Coulter Edited by Jon Gregory Production company PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Channel Four Films Working Title Films Distributed by Rank Film Distributors Release date 20 January 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 20 ) ( Sundance Festival ) 13 May 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 13 ) ( UK ) Running time 117 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English British Sign Language Budget £ 2.8 million Box office $245.7 million Four Weddings and a Funeral is a 1994 British romantic comedy film directed by Mike Newell . It was the first of several films by screenwriter Richard Curtis to feature Hugh Grant , and follows the adventures of Charles ( Grant ) and his circle of friends through a number of social occasions as they each encounter romance . Andie MacDowell stars as Charles ' love interest Carrie , with Kristin Scott Thomas , James Fleet , Simon Callow , John Hannah , Charlotte Coleman , David Bower , Corin Redgrave and Rowan Atkinson in supporting roles . It was made in six weeks and cost under £ 3 million , becoming an unexpected success and the highest - grossing British film in cinema history at the time , with worldwide box office in excess of $245.7 million , and receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay . In addition to this , Grant won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role , and the film also won the BAFTA Awards Best Film , Best Direction and Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Scott Thomas . In 1999 , Four Weddings and a Funeral placed 23rd on the British Film Institute 's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century . In 2017 a poll of 150 actors , directors , writers , producers and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the 74th best British film ever . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Accolades 6.1 Wins 6.2 Nominations 6.3 Recognition 7 Television series 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The film follows the adventures of a group of friends through the eyes of Charles , a good - natured but socially awkward man living in London , who becomes smitten with Carrie , an American whom Charles keeps meeting at four weddings and a funeral . The first wedding is in Somerset and is that of Angus and Laura , at which Charles is the best man . Charles and his single friends wonder whether they will ever get married . Charles meets Carrie and spends the night with her . Carrie pretends that , now they have slept together , they will have to get married , to which Charles endeavours to respond before realising she is joking . Carrie observes that they may have missed an opportunity and then returns to America . The second wedding is that of Bernard and Lydia , a couple who became romantically involved at the previous wedding . Charles encounters Carrie again , but she introduces him to her fiancé , Sir Hamish Banks , a wealthy politician . At the reception , Charles finds himself seated with several ex-girlfriends who relate embarrassing stories about his inability to be discreet and afterwards bumps into Henrietta , known among Charles ' friends as `` Duckface '' , with whom he had a particularly difficult relationship . Charles retreats to an empty hotel suite , seeing Carrie and Hamish leave in a taxicab , only to be trapped in a cupboard after the newlyweds stumble into the room to have sex . After Charles awkwardly exits the room , Henrietta confronts him about his habit of `` serial monogamy '' , telling him he is afraid of letting anyone get too close to him . Charles then runs into Carrie , and they end up spending another night together . A month later , Charles receives an invitation to Carrie 's wedding . While shopping for a present , he coincidentally encounters Carrie and ends up helping her select her wedding dress . Carrie lists her more than thirty sexual partners . Charles later awkwardly tries confessing his love to her and hinting that he would like to have a relationship with her , to no avail . The third wedding is that of Carrie and Hamish . Charles attends , depressed at the prospect of Carrie marrying Hamish . At the reception , Gareth instructs his friends to seek potential mates ; Fiona 's brother , Tom , stumbles through an attempt to connect with a woman until she reveals that she is the minister 's wife , while Charles 's flatmate , Scarlett , strikes up a conversation with an American named Chester . As Charles watches Carrie and Hamish dance , Fiona deduces his feelings about Carrie . When Charles asks why Fiona is not married , she confesses that she has loved Charles since they first met years earlier . Charles is appreciative and empathetic but does not requite her love . During the groom 's toast , Gareth dies of a heart attack . At Gareth 's funeral , his partner Matthew recites the poem `` Funeral Blues '' by W.H. Auden , commemorating his relationship with Gareth . Charles and Tom discuss whether hoping to find your `` one true love '' is just a futile effort and ponder that , while their clique have always viewed themselves as proud to be single , Gareth and Matthew were a `` married '' couple all the while . The fourth wedding is ten months later . Charles has decided to marry Henrietta . However , shortly before the ceremony , Carrie arrives , revealing to Charles that she and Hamish are separated . Charles has a crisis of confidence , which he reveals to his deaf brother David and Matthew . During the ceremony , when the vicar asks whether anyone knows a reason why the couple should not marry , David , who was reading the vicar 's lips , asks Charles to translate for him , and says in sign language that he suspects the groom loves someone else . The vicar asks whether Charles does love someone else , and Charles replies , `` I do . '' Henrietta punches Charles and the wedding is halted . Carrie visits Charles to apologise for attending the wedding . Charles confesses that , while standing at the altar , he realised that for the first time in his life he totally and utterly loved one person , `` and it was n't the person standing next to me in the veil . '' Charles makes a proposal of lifelong commitment without marriage to Carrie , who accepts . Henrietta marries an officer in the Grenadier Guards ; David marries his girlfriend Serena ; Scarlett marries Chester ; Tom marries his distant cousin Deirdre ( whom he met , for the second time in 25 years , at Charles 's wedding ) ; Matthew finds a new partner ; Fiona marries Prince Charles ; and Charles and Carrie have a young son . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Grant as Charles Andie MacDowell as Carrie James Fleet as Tom Simon Callow as Gareth John Hannah as Matthew Kristin Scott Thomas as Fiona David Bower as David Charlotte Coleman as Scarlett Timothy Walker as Angus Sara Crowe as Laura Rowan Atkinson as Father Gerald David Haig as Bernard Sophie Thompson as Lydia Corin Redgrave as Sir Hamish Banks Anna Chancellor as Henrietta Production ( edit ) The film was shot mainly in London and the Home Counties , including Hampstead , Islington where the final moments take place on Highbury Terrace , Greenwich Hospital , Betchworth in Surrey , Amersham in Buckinghamshire , St Bartholomew - the - Great ( wedding number four ) and West Thurrock in Essex . Exterior shots of guests arriving for the funeral were filmed in Thurrock , Essex overlooking the River Thames with the backdrop of the Dartford River Crossing and at stately homes in Bedfordshire ( Luton Hoo for wedding two 's reception ) and Hampshire . Music ( edit ) The original score was composed by British composer Richard Rodney Bennett . The movie also featured a soundtrack of popular songs , including a cover version of The Troggs ' `` Love Is All Around '' performed by Wet Wet Wet that remained at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for fifteen weeks and was then the ninth ( now twelfth ) biggest selling single of all time in Britain . This song would later be adapted into `` Christmas Is All Around '' and sung by the character of Billy Mack in Richard Curtis ' 2003 film Love Actually , in which Grant also stars . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film was very well received with critics , currently holding a 95 % `` Certified Fresh '' approval on reviews aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , with the site 's consensus stating , `` While frothy to a fault , Four Weddings and a Funeral features irresistibly breezy humor , and winsome performances from Hugh Grant and Andie MacDowell . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , calling it `` delightful and sly '' , and directed with `` light - hearted enchantment '' by Newell . He praised Grant 's performance , describing it as a kind of `` endearing awkwardness '' . The film had its detractors . Writing for the Chicago Reader , Jonathan Rosenbaum called the film `` generic '' and `` standard issue '' , stating that the audience should n't `` expect to remember it ten minutes later '' . Time magazine writer Richard Corliss was less scathing , but agreed that it was forgettable , saying that people would `` forget all about ( the movie ) by the time they leave the multiplex , '' even joking at the end of his review that he had forgotten the film 's name . The character of Carrie was voted one of the most annoying film characters of all time in a British online poll . Box Office ( edit ) The film earned £ 27.8 million in the United Kingdom . Upon its North American limited release on 11 March 1994 , Four Weddings and a Funeral opened with $138,486 in five theatres . But upon its wide release on 15 April 1994 , the film topped the box office with $4,162,489 . The film would continue to gross $52.7 million in North America with an additional $193 million internationally , earning $245.7 million worldwide . Accolades ( edit ) Wins ( edit ) BAFTA Awards Best Film Best Direction ( Mike Newell ) Best Actor ( Hugh Grant ) Best Supporting Actress ( Kristin Scott Thomas ) Australian Film Institute Best Foreign Film British Comedy Awards Best Comedy Film César Awards César Award for Best Foreign Film Chicago Film Critics Most Promising Actor ( Hugh Grant ) Evening Standard Awards Best Actress ( Kristin Scott Thomas ) Best Screenplay ( Richard Curtis ) Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy ( Hugh Grant ) London Film Awards British Film of the Year British Director of the Year ( Mike Newell ) British Producer of the Year ( Duncan Kenworthy ) British Screenwriter of the Year ( Richard Curtis ) Writers Guild of America Award Best Original Screenplay ( Richard Curtis ) Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Film -- Screenplay ( Richard Curtis ) Nominations ( edit ) Academy Awards Best Picture ( lost to Forrest Gump ) Best Original Screenplay -- Richard Curtis ( lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction ) BAFTA Awards Best Film Music -- Richard Rodney Bennett ( lost to Backbeat ) Best Original Screenplay -- Richard Curtis ( lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction ) Best Supporting Actor -- Simon Callow ( lost to Samuel L. Jackson for Pulp Fiction ) Best Supporting Actor -- John Hannah ( lost to Samuel L. Jackson for Pulp Fiction ) Best Supporting Actress -- Charlotte Coleman ( lost to Kristin Scott Thomas for this film ) Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directoring -- Feature Film -- Mike Newell ( lost to Robert Zemeckis for Forrest Gump ) Golden Globe Awards Best Musical or Comedy ( lost to The Lion King ) Best Screenplay -- Richard Curtis ( lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction ) Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy -- Andie MacDowell ( lost to Jamie Lee Curtis for True Lies ) Recognition ( edit ) The film was voted the 27th greatest comedy film of all time by readers of Total Film in 2000 . In 2004 , the same magazine named it the 34th greatest British film of all time . It is number 96 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' . Television series ( edit ) It was reported in November 2017 that writer / director Richard Curtis was developing an anthology television series based upon the film with producers including Mindy Kaling and Matt Warburton for streaming service Hulu . See also ( edit ) BFI Top 100 British films Notting Hill ( 1999 ) , also written by Curtis and starring Grant Love Actually ( 2003 ) , another film by Curtis starring Grant and Atkinson Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley , worn by Hurley to the film 's premiere List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 -- The Reunion -- Four Weddings and a Funeral , 13 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` The 100 best British films '' . Time Out . Retrieved 26 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Making of Four Weddings and a Funeral '' . Empire . June 1994 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Filming Locations for Four Weddings and a Funeral . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Four Weddings and a Funeral at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Four Weddings And A Funeral : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Four Weddings and a Funeral . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ CINEMA : Four Weddings and a Funeral : Well Groomed . Time ( 14 March 1994 ) . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Handy , Bruce ( 19 May 1999 ) , `` The Daring Genesis of J.J. Abrams 's Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' , Vanity Fair ( June 2015 ) , retrieved 7 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Top Films of All Time at the UK Box Office '' ( PDF ) . British Film Institute . April 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for 11 -- 13 March 1994 . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for 15 -- 17 April 1994 . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` ' Four Weddings And a Funeral ' Anthology Series From Mindy Kaling In Works At Hulu '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Four Weddings and a Funeral Four Weddings and a Funeral in the British Film Institute 's `` Explore film ... '' database Four Weddings and a Funeral on IMDb Four Weddings and a Funeral at the TCM Movie Database Four Weddings and a Funeral at AllMovie Four Weddings and a Funeral at Box Office Mojo Four Weddings and a Funeral at Rotten Tomatoes Related topic navboxes Films directed by Mike Newell The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Awakening ( 1980 ) Bad Blood ( 1982 ) Birth of a Nation ( 1983 ) Dance with a Stranger ( 1985 ) The Good Father ( 1985 ) Amazing Grace and Chuck ( 1987 ) Soursweet ( 1988 ) Enchanted April ( 1992 ) Into the West ( 1992 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) An Awfully Big Adventure ( 1995 ) Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) Pushing Tin ( 1999 ) Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Love in the Time of Cholera ( 2007 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) Great Expectations ( 2012 ) The Interestings ( 2016 ) The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society ( 2018 ) Richard Curtis Film Written and directed Love Actually ( 2003 ) The Boat That Rocked ( 2009 ) About Time ( 2013 ) Written only The Tall Guy ( 1989 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Bean ( 1997 ) Notting Hill ( 1999 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Trash ( 2014 ) Television TV films Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) Blackadder : Back & Forth ( 1999 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) Red Nose Day Actually ( 2017 ) Series Blackadder ( 1983 - 1989 ) Mr. Bean ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) The Vicar of Dibley ( 1994 -- 2007 ) The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 2008 ) Other `` Vincent and the Doctor '' ( Doctor Who episode , 2010 ) Other Comic Relief The Atkinson People ( 1979 ) Dead on Time ( 1983 ) No Pressure ( 2010 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) César Award for Best Foreign Film Scent of a Woman ( 1976 ) We All Loved Each Other So Much ( 1977 ) A Special Day ( 1978 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1981 ) The Elephant Man ( 1982 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1983 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1984 ) Amadeus ( 1985 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1986 ) The Name of the Rose ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Bagdad Café ( 1989 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1990 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1991 ) Toto the Hero ( 1992 ) High Heels ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1994 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Land and Freedom ( 1996 ) Breaking the Waves ( 1997 ) Brassed Off ( 1998 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1999 ) All About My Mother ( 2000 ) In the Mood for Love ( 2001 ) Mulholland Drive ( 2002 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2004 ) Lost in Translation ( 2005 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) The Lives of Others ( 2008 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2009 ) Gran Torino ( 2010 ) The Social Network ( 2011 ) A Separation ( 2012 ) Argo ( 2013 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2014 ) Mommy ( 2015 ) Birdman ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Loveless ( 2018 ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) GND : 102892173X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Weddings_and_a_Funeral&oldid=826954564 '' Categories : 1994 films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s independent films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s LGBT - related films Best Foreign Film César Award winners British films British comedy - drama films British independent films British LGBT - related films British romantic comedy films British romantic drama films English - language films British Sign Language films Films directed by Mike Newell Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films about weddings Films about funerals Films set in England Films shot in England Funeral homes in fiction LGBT - related comedy - drama films LGBT romance films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Screenplays by Richard Curtis Working Title Films films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Film4 Productions films Gramercy Pictures films Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays lydia in four weddings and a funeral	[ "\nHugh Grant as Charles\nAndie MacDowell as Carrie\nJames Fleet as Tom\nSimon Callow as Gareth\nJohn Hannah as Matthew\nKristin Scott Thomas as Fiona\nDavid Bower as David\nCharlotte Coleman as Scarlett\nTimothy Walker as Angus\nSara Crowe as Laura\nRowan Atkinson as Father Gerald\nDavid Haig as Bernard\nSophie Thompson as Lydia\nCorin Redgrave as Sir Hamish Banks\nAnna Chancellor as Henrietta\n" ]	[ "Sophie Thompson" ]
-6590324585050116193	Long bone	Long bone - Wikipedia Long bone Long bone Structure of a long bone ( Femur ) Long bones in human skeleton . ( shown in red ) Details Identifiers Latin Os longum TA A02. 0.00. 011 FMA 7474 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide . They are one of five types of bones : long , short , flat , irregular and sesamoid . Long bones , especially the femur and tibia , are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility . They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis , with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone . The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage ( `` articular cartilage '' ) . The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate . Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone ( GH ) , a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland . The long bones include the femora , tibiae , and fibulae of the legs ; the humeri , radii , and ulnae of the arms ; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet , the phalanges of the fingers and toes , and the clavicles or collar bones . The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height . The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebrae and skull . The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum . Additionally , the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone , then a deeper layer of cancellous bone ( spongy bone ) which contains in the medullary cavity the bone marrow . Contents 1 Structure 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 References Structure ( edit ) The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone . This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum . Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone . Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of bone marrow , it contains nutrients and help in formation of cells , made up of yellow marrow in the adult and red marrow in the child ... Clinical significance ( edit ) There are two congenital disorders of the long bones . In a disorder known as rachitis fetalis anularis the ends of the long bones ( epiphyses ) are enlarged . Another disorder is known as rachitis fetalis micromelica in which there is a deficiency in the growth ( as a shortness ) of the bones . There is a surgical procedure called distraction osteogenesis which is used to lengthen long bones . Additional images ( edit ) Long bones in human skeleton . ( shown in red ) Parts of a long bone ( Femur ) Classification of bones by shape Distribution of forces on a long bone ( Femur ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : al . ) , consultants Daniel Albert ... ( et ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1570 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary , 27th Edition Anatomy of long bone Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long bones . Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_bone&oldid=851089142 '' Categories : Long bones Musculoskeletal system stubs Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 00 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does growth in length occur in a long bone	[ "The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (\"articular cartilage\"). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.\n" ]	[ "the epiphyseal plate" ]
-1867680335449437964	Rigor mortis	Rigor mortis - wikipedia Rigor mortis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sign of death . For other uses , see Rigor mortis ( disambiguation ) . Stages of death 1 . Pallor mortis 2 . Algor mortis 3 . Rigor mortis 4 . Livor mortis 5 . Putrefaction 6 . Decomposition 7 . Skeletonization Rigor mortis ( Latin : rigor `` stiffness '' , mortis `` of death '' ) , the third stage of death , is one of the recognizable signs of death , caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem , which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen . In humans , rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 2 Physical changes 3 Applications in meat industry 4 Application in forensic pathology 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Physiology ( edit ) After death , respiration in an organism ceases , depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . ATP is required to cause separation of the actin - myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle . When oxygen is no longer present , the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis . When the body 's glycogen is depleted , the ATP concentration diminishes , and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges . Additionally , calcium enters the cytosol after death . Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Also , the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol . The calcium activates the formation of actin - myosin cross-bridging . Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol , it binds to the troponin of thin filaments , which causes the troponin - tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins . In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex . Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP , which would destabilize the myosin - actin bond and break the cross-bridge . However , as ATP is absent , there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes ( endogenous or bacterial ) during decomposition . As part of the process of decomposition , the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes , allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax . Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis , which occurs approximately 13 hours after death . Physical Changes ( edit ) At the time of death , a condition called `` primary flaccidity '' occurs . Following this , the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis . All muscles in the body are affected . Starting between two and six hours following death , rigor mortis begins with the eyelids , neck , and jaw . The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles , which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers . Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles , including the internal organs , within the next four to six hours . The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual 's age , sex , physical condition , and muscular build . Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass . Applications in meat industry ( edit ) Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology . The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat . If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs , whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length . Cold shortening is caused by the release of stored calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers , in response to the cold stimulus . The calcium ions trigger powerful muscle contraction aided by ATP molecules . To prevent cold shortening , a process known as electrical stimulation is carried out , especially in beef carcasses , immediately after slaughter and skinning . In this process , the carcass is stimulated with alternating current , causing it to contract and relax , which depletes the ATP reserve from the carcass and prevents cold shortening . Application in forensic pathology ( edit ) The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology , to determine the approximate time of death . A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in . If the body is moved after death , but before rigor mortis begins , forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied . If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found ( for example , if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up ) , that could mean someone moved it . Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis , and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death . One such factor is the ambient temperature . When conditions are warm , the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay . Low temperatures , however , slow them down . Therefore , for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal , so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death . See also ( edit ) Cadaveric spasm References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , K.S. 2010 . Anatomy & Physiology : 6th edition . McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Hall , John E. , and Arthur C. Guyton . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier , 2011 . MD Consult . Web . 26 Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ Fremery , Donald ( 3 February 1959 ) . `` Biochemistry of Chicken Muscle as Related to Rigor Mortis and Tenderization '' . Journal of Food Sciences . 25 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2621.1960. tb17938. x . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ About.com Jump up ^ `` Classroom Resources - Argonne National Laboratory '' . Jump up ^ `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research '' . Jump up ^ Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > Jump up ^ Estimating The Time of Death , ExploreForensics < http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/estimating-the-time-of-death.html Bibliography ( edit ) Bear , Mark F ; Connors , Barry W. ; Paradiso , Michael A. , Neuroscience , Exploring the Brain , Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; Third Edition ( 1 February 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6003 - 8 Robert G. Mayer , `` Embalming : history , theory , and practice '' , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 143950 - 1 `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Saladin , Kenneth . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function , 6th ed . McGraw - Hill . New York , 2012 . Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > . Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem Caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigor_mortis&oldid=789311521 '' Categories : Signs of death Latin medical phrases Medical aspects of death Post-mortem Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does a body go into rigor mortis	[ "Rigor mortis (Latin: rigor \"stiffness\", mortis \"of death\"), the third stage of death, is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem, which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen.[1] In humans, rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem.[1]" ]	[ "as soon as 4 hours post mortem" ]
7791481572070754412	Lunar Roving Vehicle	Lunar Roving vehicle - wikipedia Lunar Roving vehicle This article is about the Apollo rovers . For the Soviet robotic rovers , see Lunokhod program . For the Chinese robotic rover , see Yutu ( rover ) . Lunar Roving Vehicle The U.S. Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle from Apollo 15 on the Moon in 1971 Overview Manufacturer Boeing General Motors Also called `` Lunar rover '' `` Moon buggy '' Designer Ferenc Pavlics Powertrain Electric motor Four 0.25 - horsepower series - wound DC motors Hybrid drivetrain Four 80 : 1 harmonic drives Battery Two silver - oxide , 121 A h Range Greater than 35.9 km ( 22.3 mi ) Wheelbase 2.3 m ( 90.6 in ) Length 3.1 m ( 122.0 in ) Height 1.14 m ( 44.9 in ) Curb weight 210 kg ( 463 lb ) ( on Earth ) 35 kg ( 77 lb ) ( on the Moon ) The Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ) or lunar rover is a battery - powered four - wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program ( 15 , 16 , and 17 ) during 1971 and 1972 . It was popularly known as `` Moon buggy '' , a play on the words `` dune buggy '' . The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module ( LM ) and , once unpacked on the surface , could carry two astronauts , their equipment , and lunar samples . The three LRVs remain on the Moon . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early lunar mobility studies 1.2 Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle 2 Features and specifications 2.1 Mass and payload 2.2 Wheels and power 2.3 Control and navigation 3 Usage 3.1 Deployment 3.2 Locations 4 Media 5 In media 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo , with a 1952 -- 1954 series in Collier 's Weekly magazine by Wernher von Braun and others , `` Man Will Conquer Space Soon ! '' In this , von Braun described a six - week stay on the Moon , featuring 10 - ton tractor trailers for moving supplies . In 1956 , Mieczysław G. Bekker published two books on land locomotion . At the time , Bekker was a University of Michigan professor and a consultant to the U.S. Army Tank - Automotive Command 's Land Locomotion Laboratory . The books provided much of the theoretical base for future lunar vehicle development . Early Lunar mobility studies ( edit ) Apollo 16 astronauts in the Earth trainer In the February 1964 issue of Popular Science , von Braun , then director of NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center ( MSFC ) , discussed the need for a lunar surface vehicle , and revealed that studies had been underway at Marshall in conjunction with Lockheed , Bendix , Boeing , General Motors , Brown Engineering , Grumman , and Bell Aerospace . Beginning in the early 1960s , a series of studies centering on lunar mobility were conducted under Marshall . This began with the Lunar Logistics System ( LLS ) , followed by the Mobility Laboratory ( MOLAB ) , then the Lunar Scientific Survey Module ( LSSM ) , and finally the Mobility Test Article ( MTA ) . In early planning for the Apollo program , it had been assumed that two Saturn V launch vehicles would be used for each lunar mission : one for sending the crew aboard a Lunar Surface Module ( LSM ) to lunar orbit , landing , and returning , and a second for sending an LSM - Truck ( LSM - T ) with all of the equipment , supplies , and transport vehicle for use by the crew while on the surface . All of the first Marshall studies were based on this dual - launch assumption , allowing a large , heavy , roving vehicle . Grumman and Northrop , in the fall of 1962 , began to design pressurized - cabin vehicles , with electric motors for each wheel . At about this same time Bendix and Boeing started their own internal studies on lunar transportation systems . Mieczysław Bekker , now with General Motors Defense Research Laboratories at Santa Barbara , California , was completing a study for NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on a small , unmanned lunar roving vehicle for the Surveyor program . Ferenc Pavlics , originally from Hungary , used a wire - mesh design for `` resilient wheels , '' a design that would be followed in future small rovers . In early 1963 , NASA selected Marshall for studies in an Apollo Logistics Support System ( ALSS ) . Following reviews of all earlier efforts , this resulted in a 10 - volume report . Included was the need for a pressurized vehicle in the 6,490 -- 8,470 lb ( 2,940 -- 3,840 kg ) weight range , accommodating two men with their expendables and instruments for traverses up to two weeks in duration . In June 1964 , Marshall awarded contracts to Bendix and to Boeing , with GM 's lab designated as the vehicle technology subcontractor . Bell Aerospace was already under contract for studies of Lunar Flying Vehicles . Even as the Bendix and Boeing studies were underway , Marshall was examining a less ambitious surface exploration activity , the Local Scientific Surface Module ( LSSM ) This would be composed of a fixed , habitable shelter - laboratory with a small lunar - traversing vehicle that could either carry one man or be remotely controlled . This mission would still require a dual launch with the moon vehicle carried on the `` lunar truck '' . Marshall 's Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering ( P&VE ) lab contracted with Hayes International to made a preliminary study of the shelter and its related vehicle . Because of the potential need for an enclosed vehicle for enlarged future lunar explorations , those design efforts continued for some time , and resulted in several full - scale test vehicles . Comparison of distances driven by various wheeled vehicles on the surface of Earth 's moon and Mars With pressure from Congress to hold down Apollo costs , Saturn V production was reduced , allowing only a single launch per mission . Any roving vehicle would have to fit on the same Lunar Module as the astronauts . In November 1964 , two - rocket models were put on indefinite hold , but Bendix and Boeing were given study contracts for small rovers . The name of the Lunar Excursion Module was changed to simply the Lunar Module , indicating that the capability for powered `` excursions '' away from a lunar - lander base did not yet exist . There could be no mobile lab -- the astronauts would work out of the LM . Marshall continued to also examine unmanned robotic rovers that could be controlled from the Earth . From the beginnings at Marshall , the Brown Engineering Company of Huntsville , Alabama had participated in all of the lunar mobility efforts . In 1965 , Brown became the prime support contractor for Marshall 's P&VE Laboratory . With an urgent need to determine the feasibility of a two - man self - contained lander , von Braun bypassed the usual procurement process and had P&VE 's Advanced Studies Office directly task Brown to design , build , and test a prototype vehicle . While Bendix and Boeing would continue to refine concepts and designs for a lander , test model rovers were vital for Marshall human factors studies involving spacesuit - clad astronauts interfacing with power , telemetry , navigation , and life - support rover equipment . Eduardo San Juan , an immigrant from the Philippines who had led the earlier study by Hayes International , joined Brown to lead the development . Brown 's team made full use of the earlier small - rover studies , and commercially available components were incorporated wherever possible . The selection of wheels was of great importance , and almost nothing was known at that time about the lunar surface . The Marshall Space Sciences Laboratory ( SSL ) was responsible for predicting surface properties , and Brown was also prime support contractor for this lab ; Brown set up a test area to examine a wide variety of wheel - surface conditions . To simulate Pavlics ' `` resilient wheel , '' a four - foot - diameter inner tube wrapped with nylon ski rope was used . On the small test rover , each wheel had a small electric motor , with overall power provided by standard truck batteries . A roll bar gave protection from overturn accidents . In early 1966 , Brown 's vehicle became available for examining human factors and other testing . Marshall built a small test track with craters and rock debris where the several different mock - ups were compared ; it became obvious that a small rover would be best for the proposed missions . The test vehicle was also operated in remote mode to determine characteristics that might be dangerous to the driver , such as acceleration , bounce - height , and turn - over tendency as it traveled at higher speeds and over simulated obstacles . The test rover 's performance under one - sixth gravity was obtained through flights on a KC - 135A aircraft in a Reduced Gravity parabolic maneuver ; among other things , the need for a very soft wheel and suspension combination was shown . Although Pavlics ' wire - mesh wheels were not initially available for the reduced gravity tests , the mesh wheels were tested on various soils at the Waterways Experiment Station of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at Vicksburg , Mississippi . Later , when wire - mesh wheels were tested on low - g flights , the need for wheel fenders to reduce dust contamination was found . The model was also extensively tested at the U.S. Army 's Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona , as well as the Army 's Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland . Apollo Lunar Roving vehicle ( edit ) John Young works at the LRV near the LM Orion on Apollo 16 in April 1972 . During 1965 and 1967 , the Summer Conference on Lunar Exploration and Science brought together leading scientists to assess NASA 's planning for exploring the Moon and to make recommendations . One of their findings was that the LSSM was critical to a successful program and should be given major attention . At Marshall , von Braun established the Lunar Roving Task team , and in May 1969 , NASA selected the Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ) for use in manned lunar missions and approved the Manned Lunar Rover Vehicle Program as a Marshall hardware development . Saverio F. `` Sonny '' Morea was named the LRV program manager . On 11 July 1969 , just before the successful Moon landing of Apollo 11 , a request for proposal for the final development and building the Apollo LRV was released by Marshall . Boeing , Bendix , Grumman , and Chrysler submitted proposals . Following three months of proposal evaluation and negotiations , Boeing was selected as the Apollo LRV prime contractor on 28 October 1969 . Boeing would manage the LRV project under Henry Kudish in Huntsville , Alabama . As a major subcontractor , General Motors ' Defense Research Laboratories in Santa Barbara , California , would furnish the mobility system ( wheels , motors , and suspension ) ; this effort would be led by Ferenc Pavlics . Boeing in Seattle , Washington , would furnish the electronics and navigation system . Vehicle testing would take place at the Boeing facility in Kent , Washington , and the chassis manufacturing and overall assembly would be at the Boeing facility in Huntsville . The first cost - plus - incentive - fee contract to Boeing was for $19,000,000 and called for delivery of the first LRV by 1 April 1971 . Cost overruns , however , led to a final cost of $38,000,000 , which was about the same as NASA 's original estimate . Four lunar rovers were built , one each for Apollo missions 15 , 16 , and 17 ; and one used for spare parts after the cancellation of further Apollo missions . Other LRV models were built : a static model to assist with human factors design ; an engineering model to design and integrate the subsystems ; two one - sixth gravity models for testing the deployment mechanism ; a one - gravity trainer to give the astronauts instruction in the operation of the rover and allow them to practice driving it ; a mass model to test the effect of the rover on the LM structure , balance , and handling ; a vibration test unit to study the LRV 's durability and handling of launch stresses ; and a qualification test unit to study integration of all LRV subsystems . A paper by Saverio Morea gives details of the LRV system and its development . Apollo 15 -- Lunar Roving Vehicle LRVs were used for greater surface mobility during the Apollo J - class missions , Apollo 15 , Apollo 16 , and Apollo 17 . The rover was first used on 31 July 1971 , during the Apollo 15 mission . This greatly expanded the range of the lunar explorers . Previous teams of astronauts were restricted to short walking distances around the landing site due to the bulky space suit equipment required to sustain life in the lunar environment . The range , however , was operationally restricted to remain within walking distance of the lunar module , in case the rover broke down at any point . The rovers were designed with a top speed of about 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) , although Eugene Cernan recorded a maximum speed of 11.2 mph ( 18.0 km / h ) , giving him the ( unofficial ) lunar land - speed record . The LRV was developed in only 17 months and performed all its functions on the Moon with no major anomalies . Scientist - astronaut Harrison Schmitt of Apollo 17 said , `` The Lunar Rover proved to be the reliable , safe and flexible lunar exploration vehicle we expected it to be . Without it , the major scientific discoveries of Apollo 15 , 16 , and 17 would not have been possible ; and our current understanding of lunar evolution would not have been possible . '' The LRVs experienced some minor problems . The rear fender extension on the Apollo 16 LRV was lost during the mission 's second extra-vehicular activity ( EVA ) at station 8 when John Young bumped into it while going to assist Charles Duke . The dust thrown up from the wheel covered the crew , the console , and the communications equipment . High battery temperatures and resulting high power consumption ensued . No repair attempt was mentioned . The fender extension on the Apollo 17 LRV broke when accidentally bumped by Eugene Cernan with a hammer handle . Cernan and Schmitt taped the extension back in place , but due to the dusty surfaces , the tape did not adhere and the extension was lost after about one hour of driving , causing the astronauts to be covered with dust . For their second EVA , a replacement `` fender '' was made with some EVA maps , duct tape , and a pair of clamps from inside the Lunar Module that were nominally intended for the moveable overhead light . This repair was later undone so that the clamps could be taken inside for the return launch . The maps were brought back to Earth and are now on display at the National Air and Space Museum . The abrasion from the dust is evident on some portions of the makeshift fender . Lunar rover on Space Achievement Decade Issue of 1971 The color TV camera mounted on the front of the LRV could be remotely operated by Mission Control in pan and tilt axes as well as zoom . This allowed far better television coverage of the EVA than the earlier missions . On each mission , at the conclusion of the astronauts ' stay on the surface , the commander drove the LRV to a position away from the Lunar Module so that the camera could record the ascent stage launch . The camera operator in Mission Control experienced difficulty in timing the various delays so that the LM ascent stage was in frame through the launch . On the third and final attempt ( Apollo 17 ) , the launch and ascent were successfully tracked . NASA 's rovers , left behind , are among the artificial objects on the Moon , as are the Soviet Union 's unmanned rovers , Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 . Features and specifications ( edit ) Eugene Cernan test drives the Apollo 17 lunar rover shortly after unloading it from the LM The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle was an electric - powered vehicle designed to operate in the low - gravity vacuum of the Moon and to be capable of traversing the lunar surface , allowing the Apollo astronauts to extend the range of their surface extravehicular activities . Three LRVs were used on the Moon , one on Apollo 15 by astronauts David Scott and Jim Irwin , one on Apollo 16 by John Young and Charles Duke , and one on Apollo 17 by Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt . The mission commander served as the driver , occupying the left - hand seat of each LRV . Features are available in papers by Morea , Baker , and Kudish . Mass and payload ( edit ) The Lunar Roving Vehicle had a mass of 460 pounds ( 210 kg ) , and was designed to hold a payload of 1,080 pounds ( 490 kg ) . This resulted in weights in the approximately one - sixth g on the lunar surface of 77 pounds - force ( 35 kgf ) empty and 260 pounds - force ( 116 kgf ) fully loaded . The frame was 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) long with a wheelbase of 7.5 feet ( 2.3 m ) . The height of the vehicle was 3.6 feet ( 1.1 m ) . The frame was made of 2219 aluminium alloy tubing welded assemblies and consisted of a three - part chassis that was hinged in the center so it could be folded up and hung in the Lunar Module Quadrant 1 bay , which was kept open to space by omission of the outer skin panel . It had two side - by - side foldable seats made of tubular aluminium with nylon webbing and aluminum floor panels . An armrest was mounted between the seats , and each seat had adjustable footrests and a Velcro - fastened seat belt . A large mesh dish antenna was mounted on a mast on the front center of the rover . The suspension consisted of a double horizontal wishbone with upper and lower torsion bars and a damper unit between the chassis and upper wishbone . Fully loaded , the LRV had a ground clearance of 14 inches ( 36 cm ) . Wheels and power ( edit ) Close - up of wheel showing chevron treads The wheels were designed and manufactured by General Motors Defense Research Laboratories in Santa Barbara , California . Ferenc Pavlics was given special recognition by NASA for developing the `` resilient wheel '' . They consisted of a spun aluminum hub and a 32 inches ( 81 cm ) diameter , 9 inches ( 23 cm ) wide tire made of zinc - coated woven 0.033 inches ( 0.84 mm ) diameter steel strands attached to the rim and discs of formed aluminum . Titanium chevrons covered 50 % of the contact area to provide traction . Inside the tire was a 25.5 inches ( 65 cm ) diameter bump stop frame to protect the hub . Dust guards were mounted above the wheels . Each wheel had its own electric drive made by Delco , a direct current ( DC ) series - wound motor capable of 0.25 horsepower ( 190 W ) at 10,000 rpm , attached to the wheel via an 80 : 1 harmonic drive , and a mechanical brake unit . Each wheel could free - wheel in case of drive failure . Maneuvering capability was provided through the use of front and rear steering motors . Each series - wound DC steering motor was capable of 0.1 horsepower ( 75 W ) . The front and rear wheels could pivot in opposite directions to achieve a tight turning radius of 10 feet ( 3 m ) , or could be decoupled so only front or rear would be used for steering . Power was provided by two 36 - volt silver - zinc potassium hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries with a capacity of 121 A h each ( a total of 242 A h ) , yielding a range of 57 miles ( 92 km ) . These were used to power the drive and steering motors and also a 36 - volt utility outlet mounted on the front of the LRV to power the communications relay unit or the TV camera . LRV batteries and electronics were passively cooled , using change - of - phase wax thermal capacitor packages and reflective , upward - facing radiating surfaces . While driving , radiators were covered with mylar blankets to minimize dust accumulation . When stopped , the astronauts would open the blankets , and manually remove excess dust from the cooling surfaces with hand brushes . Control and navigation ( edit ) Lunar Rover diagram . ( NASA ) Honorary lunar driver 's license presented to then NASA Administrator James E. Webb A T - shaped hand controller situated between the two seats controlled the four drive motors , two steering motors , and brakes . Moving the stick forward powered the LRV forward , left and right turned the vehicle left or right , and pulling backwards activated the brakes . Activating a switch on the handle before pulling back would put the LRV into reverse . Pulling the handle all the way back activated a parking brake . The control and display modules were situated in front of the handle and gave information on the speed , heading , pitch , and power and temperature levels . Navigation was based on continuously recording direction and distance through use of a directional gyro and odometer and feeding this data to a computer that would keep track of the overall direction and distance back to the LM . There was also a Sun - shadow device that could give a manual heading based on the direction of the Sun , using the fact that the Sun moved very slowly in the sky . Usage ( edit ) Each rover was used on three traverses , one per day over the three - day course of each mission , with the individual performances logged as follows : mission total distance total time longest single traverse maximum range from the LM Apollo 15 ( LRV - 1 ) 17.25 miles ( 27.76 km ) 3 h 02 min 7.75 miles ( 12.47 km ) 3.1 miles ( 5.0 km ) Apollo 16 ( LRV - 2 ) 16.50 miles ( 26.55 km ) 3 h 26 min 7.20 miles ( 11.59 km ) 2.8 miles ( 4.5 km ) Apollo 17 ( LRV - 3 ) 22.30 miles ( 35.89 km ) 4 h 26 min 12.50 miles ( 20.12 km ) 4.7 miles ( 7.6 km ) An operational constraint on the use of the LRV was that the astronauts must be able to walk back to the LM if the LRV were to fail at any time during the EVA ( called the `` Walkback Limit '' ) . Thus , the traverses were limited in the distance they could go at the start and at any time later in the EVA . Therefore , they went to the farthest point away from the LM and worked their way back to it so that , as the life support consumables were depleted , their remaining walk back distance was equally diminished . This constraint was relaxed during the longest traverse on Apollo 17 , based on the demonstrated reliability of the LRV and spacesuits on previous missions . A paper by Burkhalter and Sharp provides details on usage . Deployment ( edit ) Play media LRV extraction timelapse from the Apollo 15 Astronaut deployment of the LRV from the LM 's open Quadrant 1 bay was achieved with a system of pulleys and braked reels using ropes and cloth tapes . The rover was folded and stored in the bay with the underside of the chassis facing out . One astronaut would climb the egress ladder on the LM and release the rover , which would then be slowly tilted out by the second astronaut on the ground through the use of reels and tapes . As the rover was let down from the bay , most of the deployment was automatic . The rear wheels folded out and locked in place . When they touched the ground , the front of the rover could be unfolded , the wheels deployed , and the entire frame let down to the surface by pulleys . The rover components locked into place upon opening . Cabling , pins , and tripods would then be removed and the seats and footrests raised . After switching on all the electronics , the vehicle was ready to back away from the LM . Locations ( edit ) LRO image of Apollo 17 site , LRV is in the lower right Four flight - ready rovers were manufactured . Three were transported to and left on the Moon via the Apollo 15 , 16 , and 17 missions , with the fourth rover used for spare parts on the first three following the cancellation of Apollo 18 . Since only the upper stages of the lunar excursion modules could return to lunar orbit from the surface , the vehicles , along with the lower stages were abandoned . As a result , the only lunar rovers on display are test vehicles , trainers , and mock - ups . The rover used on Apollo 15 was left at Hadley - Apennine ( 26 ° 06 ′ N 3 ° 39 ′ E / 26.10 ° N 3.65 ° E / 26.10 ; 3.65 ( Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Hadley -- Apennine ) ) . The rover used on Apollo 16 was left at Descartes ( 8 ° 59 ′ S 15 ° 31 ′ E / 8.99 ° S 15.51 ° E / - 8.99 ; 15.51 ( Apollo 16 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Descartes Highlands ) ) . The rover used on Apollo 17 was left at Taurus - Littrow ( 20 ° 10 ′ N 30 ° 46 ′ E / 20.16 ° N 30.76 ° E / 20.16 ; 30.76 ( Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Taurus - Littrow ) ) and was seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter during passes in 2009 and 2011 . Rover replica on display at Epcot Several rovers were created for testing , training , or validation purposes . The engineering mockup is on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle , Washington . The Qualification Test Unit is on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington , D.C. The rover used for vibration testing is on display in the Davidson Saturn V Center at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville , Alabama . Additional test units are on display at the Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas , and the Kennedy Space Center Visitors Complex in Cape Canaveral , Florida . Replicas of rovers are on display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola , Florida , the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville , Oregon , and the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in Hutchinson , Kansas . A replica on loan from the Smithsonian Institution is on display at the Mission : Space attraction at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando , Florida . Media ( edit ) Play media Apollo 16 Commander John Young drives Lunar Rover 002 Play media Dave Scott and Jim Irwin train on Earth to use the Lunar Rover on Apollo 15 In media ( edit ) The LRV appears in the TV miniseries From the Earth to the Moon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bekker , Mieczyslaw G. ; Theory of Land Locomotion , U. Michigan Press , 1956 , and The Mechanics of Vehicle Mobility , U. Michigan Press , 1956 and 1962 Jump up ^ von Braun , Wernher ; `` How We 'll Travel on the Moon , '' Popular Science , February 1964 , pp. 18 - 26 Jump up ^ Young , Anthony ; Lunar and planetary rovers : the wheels of Apollo and the quest for Mars ; Springer , 2007 , pp. 30 - 57 ; ISBN 0 - 387 - 30774 - 5 Jump up ^ Bekker , Mieczyslaw G. , and Ferenc Pavlics ; `` Lunar Roving Vehicle Concept : A Case Study '' ; GMDRL Staff Paper SP63 - 205 , May 1963 Jump up ^ `` Molab , '' Archived 12 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Encyclopedia Astronautics Jump up ^ Courter , Robert ; `` What It 's Like to Fly the Jet Belt , '' Popular Science , Nov. 1969 , pp. 55 - 59 , 190 Jump up ^ '' Lunar Shelter / Rover Conceptual Design and Evaluation , '' NASA CR - 61049 , Nov. 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Builds Concept Of Lunar Vehicle , '' BECO Views , Vol. 9 , Jan. 1966 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Eduardo San Juan and His Important Contribution to the Space Program '' . thoughtco.com . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Shelter / Rover Conceptual Design and Evaluation Prepared under Contract No . NAS8 - 5307 by E.C. San Juan '' Jump up ^ Wright , Mike and Bob Jaques , Editors , Saverio Morea , Technical Editor ; `` A Brief History of the Lunar Roving Vehicle , '' 3 April 2002 , MSFC History Office . Jump up ^ Csillag , Ádám . `` Interview with Ferenc Pavlics , lead developer of the Apollo Lunar Rovers '' . www.pulispace.com . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Roving Vehicle , '' MSFC press release , 29 October 1969 ; Marshall Star , 3 November 1969 ^ Jump up to : Morea , Saverio F. ; `` The Lunar Roving Vehicle -- Historical Perspective '' ; Proc. 2nd Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities , 5 -- 7 April 1988 ; NASA Conference Publications 3166 , Vol. 1 , pp. 619 - 632 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle '' , NASA Document . ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Pete ; `` 10 Best Ahead - of - Their - Time Machines '' , Car and Driver , Jan. 1988 , p. 78 Jump up ^ NASA Reference Publication 1317 , Jan 1994 , Sullivan , Thomas A. `` Catalog of Apollo Experiment Operations '' pg. 68 '' Experimental Operations During Apollo EVAs : Repairs to Experiments , '' NASA Document . Jump up ^ '' Moondust and Duct Tape , '' NASA Document . Jump up ^ Baker , David ; `` Lunar Roving Vehicle : Design Report , '' Spaceflight , Vol. 13 , July 1971 , pp. 234 - 240 Jump up ^ Kudish , Henry . `` The Lunar Rover . '' Spaceflight . Vol. 12 , July 1970 , pp. 270 - 274 ^ Jump up to : `` The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle '' . NASA . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Rover '' , brochure , Delco Electronics , Santa Barbara Operations , 1972 Jump up ^ `` NASA Certificate for Ferenc Pavlics for Inventing the Resilient Wheel '' ( from Hungarian University of Engineering ) . Jump up ^ Burkhalter , Bettye B ; Sharpe , Mitchell R ( 1995 ) . `` Lunar Roving Vehicle : Historical Origins , Development and Deployment '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society . 48 ( 5 ) : 199 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lunar Roving Vehicles '' . Field Guide to American Spacecraft . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blast - Off on Mission : SPACE '' . Science and Technical Information , Spinoff . NASA . 2003 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lunar Roving Vehicle . 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wheel - drive vehicles NASA vehicles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the lunar rover located on the moon	[ "Four flight-ready rovers were manufactured. Three were transported to and left on the Moon via the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions, with the fourth rover used for spare parts on the first three following the cancellation of Apollo 18. Since only the upper stages of the lunar excursion modules could return to lunar orbit from the surface, the vehicles, along with the lower stages were abandoned. As a result, the only lunar rovers on display are test vehicles, trainers, and mock-ups.[21] The rover used on Apollo 15 was left at Hadley-Apennine (\n26°06′N 3°39′E / 26.10°N 3.65°E / 26.10; 3.65 (Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Hadley–Apennine)\n). The rover used on Apollo 16 was left at Descartes (\n8°59′S 15°31′E / 8.99°S 15.51°E / -8.99; 15.51 (Apollo 16 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Descartes Highlands)\n). The rover used on Apollo 17 was left at Taurus-Littrow (\n20°10′N 30°46′E / 20.16°N 30.76°E / 20.16; 30.76 (Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Taurus-Littrow)\n) and was seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter during passes in 2009 and 2011.\n", "Four flight-ready rovers were manufactured. Three were transported to and left on the Moon via the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions, with the fourth rover used for spare parts on the first three following the cancellation of Apollo 18. Since only the upper stages of the lunar excursion modules could return to lunar orbit from the surface, the vehicles, along with the lower stages were abandoned. As a result, the only lunar rovers on display are test vehicles, trainers, and mock-ups.[21] The rover used on Apollo 15 was left at Hadley-Apennine (\n26°06′N 3°39′E / 26.10°N 3.65°E / 26.10; 3.65 (Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Hadley–Apennine)\n). The rover used on Apollo 16 was left at Descartes (\n8°59′S 15°31′E / 8.99°S 15.51°E / -8.99; 15.51 (Apollo 16 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Descartes Highlands)\n). The rover used on Apollo 17 was left at Taurus-Littrow (\n20°10′N 30°46′E / 20.16°N 30.76°E / 20.16; 30.76 (Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Taurus-Littrow)\n) and was seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter during passes in 2009 and 2011.\n", "Four flight-ready rovers were manufactured. Three were transported to and left on the Moon via the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions, with the fourth rover used for spare parts on the first three following the cancellation of Apollo 18. Since only the upper stages of the lunar excursion modules could return to lunar orbit from the surface, the vehicles, along with the lower stages were abandoned. As a result, the only lunar rovers on display are test vehicles, trainers, and mock-ups.[21] The rover used on Apollo 15 was left at Hadley-Apennine (\n26°06′N 3°39′E / 26.10°N 3.65°E / 26.10; 3.65 (Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Hadley–Apennine)\n). The rover used on Apollo 16 was left at Descartes (\n8°59′S 15°31′E / 8.99°S 15.51°E / -8.99; 15.51 (Apollo 16 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Descartes Highlands)\n). The rover used on Apollo 17 was left at Taurus-Littrow (\n20°10′N 30°46′E / 20.16°N 30.76°E / 20.16; 30.76 (Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Taurus-Littrow)\n) and was seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter during passes in 2009 and 2011.\n" ]	[ "at Hadley-Apennine (\n26°06′N 3°39′E / 26.10°N 3.65°E / 26.10; 3.65 (Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Hadley–Apennine)\n)", "at Descartes (\n8°59′S 15°31′E / 8.99°S 15.51°E / -8.99; 15.51 (Apollo 16 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Descartes Highlands)\n)", "at Taurus-Littrow (\n20°10′N 30°46′E / 20.16°N 30.76°E / 20.16; 30.76 (Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle at Taurus-Littrow)\n)" ]
-5116644172939113883	Clint Eastwood (song)	Clint Eastwood ( song ) - wikipedia Clint Eastwood ( song ) `` Clint Eastwood '' Single by Gorillaz featuring Del the Funky Homosapien from the album Gorillaz B - side `` Dracula '' Released 5 March 2001 Format CD single 12 '' MC Genre Trip hop alternative hip hop rap rock dub indie dance alternative rock Length 5 : 58 ( single version ) 5 : 41 ( album version ) 3 : 44 ( original mix edit ) Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Damon Albarn , Jamie Hewlett , Del the Funky Homosapien Producer ( s ) Gorillaz Dan the Automator Gorillaz singles chronology `` Clint Eastwood '' ( 2001 ) `` 19 - 2000 '' ( 2001 ) Del the Funky Homosapien singles chronology `` If You Must '' ( 2000 ) If You Must 2000 `` Clint Eastwood '' ( 2001 ) Clint Eastwood2001 `` Rock the House '' ( 2001 ) Rock the House 2001 Audio sample file help Music video `` Clint Eastwood '' on YouTube `` Clint Eastwood '' is a song by British virtual band Gorillaz , released as the first single from their self - titled debut album in March 2001 . The song is named after the actor of the same name due to its similarity to the theme music of The Good , the Bad and the Ugly . The song is a mix of electronic music , dub , hip hop and rock . The verses are rapped by Del the Funky Homosapien , portrayed as a blue phantom in the video , while the chorus is sung by Damon Albarn ( 2D in the video ) . It peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and number 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number one in Italy and charted within the top 20 of many countries around the world . The single has sold 600,000 copies in the UK and has been certified platinum by the BPI . Rolling Stone ranked it number 38 on its 100 best songs of the 2000s . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 141 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . The magazine also ranked it at number 347 on their list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents 1 Recording 2 Alternative versions 2.1 Studio versions 2.2 Live versions 3 Music video 4 Regarding Eastwood 5 Reception 6 Track listing 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 Certifications and sales 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Recording ( edit ) Demo versions of `` Clint Eastwood '' were originally recorded by Damon Albarn on a four - track using a drum machine and guitar . A re-recording similar to these demos was recorded into Logic for use as a backing track . The strings featured in the song are from a string machine , the Solina String Ensemble . According to engineer , Jason Cox , `` Damon gave us the OK to set fire to it on stage , but we said ' No , you ca n't set fire to that ! It 's a classic ! ' '' , and it ended up being used on the song as well as some other tracks on the album . The drums are provided by a drum machine and the main instrument used in the song is the melodica , which Albarn used to make the basic track as well . Alternative versions ( edit ) Studio versions ( edit ) Some of the single releases featured an alternative version of the song which featured British hip hop group Phi Life Cypher , who also feature on the group 's B - side `` The Sounder '' . This was the original version . Live versions ( edit ) For some live performances of the song , alternative rappers are used . For the 2005 Demon Days tour , a version of the song featuring De La Soul and Bootie Brown , who have also appeared in `` Feel Good Inc . '' , `` Superfast Jellyfish '' and `` Dirty Harry '' , was written and recorded . This version was released on the CD single of `` DARE '' . During the Escape to Plastic Beach World Tour , a third version of the track , featuring British rapper Tinie Tempah , was written and performed . During July 2010 , when Tempah was unable to make tour performances , a fourth version of the song , featuring Tempah 's verses performed by British grime MC 's Kano & Bashy , was devised . Snoop Dogg also performed a rap during the group 's 2010 Glastonbury performance . During the group 's Asian tour dates , a fifth version of the song , featuring all new verses from Lebanese - Syrian rapper Eslam Jawaad , was performed . During Gorillaz co-creator Damon Albarn 's 2014 solo tour for Everyday Robots , he performed the song live with Dan The Automator and Del The Funky Homosapien for the first time . Later in the tour , he played the song with new guest rappers like Vic Mensa , while also bringing back rappers who have previously performed the song with Gorillaz like Bashy and Snoop Dogg . Music video ( edit ) The animated music video was directed by Jamie Hewlett and Pete Candeland . It starts with the Gorillaz logo in red against a black screen , and the following quote from the 1978 film Dawn of the Dead : `` Every dead body that is not exterminated , gets up and kills . The people it kills , get up and kill '' in Japanese then in English . This phrase was deemed offensive in some countries and a censored version was produced that omits this intro . The video and song name is a reference to the famous western starring actor Clint Eastwood , The Good , the Bad and the Ugly . An interpolation of the yell from the film 's theme song , in particular that film 's protagonist Tuco 's leitmotif , can be heard at the beginning of the video , followed by sinister laughter from Murdoc . The notes that the melodica plays are also based on the yell . The band is seen playing their music against a completely white backdrop . 2 - D is seen wearing a T - Virus shirt most likely referencing Resident Evil . Russel 's cap then begins to mysteriously rise on its own , and the ghost of Del appears to be emerging from under it . He begins to rap , leaving the other band members dumbfounded , and the backdrop slowly develops dark clouds in the sky , and enormous tombstones start to burst out of the ground , and the scene becomes that of a cemetery , as a shower of rain and thunderstorm begins . Shortly afterwards , zombie gorilla hands rise up from the ground . Murdoc is grabbed by the crotch and pulled to the ground , a reference to the Peter Jackson zombie film Braindead . Seconds later , the zombie gorillas themselves rise up . Murdoc immediately flees at the sight of them , with a number of them pursuing him . He then turns and glares at them out of frustration at his inability to escape , and the zombie apes engage in a bizarre dance routine before Murdoc is finally struck by lightning ; this dance routine is similar to the choreography of Michael Jackson 's music video `` Thriller '' . Noodle is then shown joyfully skipping along , almost as if she is completely unaware of her surroundings , and in her playful skipping , she delivers a hard kick to one of the zombie gorillas in the face . Immediately afterwards , Del is then sucked back into Russel 's head as the gorillas all disintegrate , and the band members are left standing in the cemetery , now bright with sunlight . The video then concludes with a split screen showing each of the four band members and their names . The video has a running time of 4 : 32 , which is significantly different from the album version , which runs for approximately 5 : 42 , however , the album version features about 1 : 10 of the backing track playing with no vocals over the top . The BPM of the music video is also slightly slower than that of the album version . The video for `` Clint Eastwood '' won an award at the Rushes Soho Short Film Festival Awards in 2001 , defeating entries by Blur , Fatboy Slim , Radiohead and Robbie Williams . Regarding Eastwood ( edit ) In 2001 , Hewlett and Albarn indicated that they had not received any feedback from Clint Eastwood himself over the song . Albarn expressed a desire to send the actor some of the band 's merchandise as a mark of respect , and said , `` I 'm sure Clint Eastwood would like ( the song ) . He 's an intelligent man . '' Reception ( edit ) Alex Needham of NME praised the Ed Case Refix , stating that it `` hauls ( the track ) down the dancefloor of Twice As Nice , where all the disparate elements fall into place and the jarring culture clash suddenly makes perfect sense . A little shift in perspective and , suddenly , you 've got a west London Basement Jaxx , embodying a more interesting - and accurate - vision of England than anything Blur ( Albarn 's other project ) have dared to attempt . '' Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Clint Eastwood '' -- 5 : 55 `` Clint Eastwood '' ( Ed Case and Sweetie Irie refix ) ( edit ) -- 3 : 42 `` Dracula '' -- 4 : 44 `` Clint Eastwood '' ( enhanced video ) -- 4 : 25 12 - inch vinyl `` Clint Eastwood '' -- 5 : 55 `` Clint Eastwood '' ( Ed Case and Sweetie Irie refix ) ( edit ) -- 3 : 42 `` Clint Eastwood '' ( Phi Life Cypher version ) -- 4 : 54 Cassette `` Clint Eastwood '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 40 `` Clint Eastwood '' ( Ed Case and Sweetie Irie refix ) ( edit ) -- 3 : 42 `` Dracula '' -- 4 : 44 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Brazil ( ABPD ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Turkish Top 20 Chart 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 32 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 194 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 74 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 45 France ( SNEP ) 47 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Rank UK Top 100 Songs of the Decade 96 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 190,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 15,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one hits of 2001 ( Italy ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Alex ( 30 November 2011 ) . `` Gorillaz / / Singles 2001 - 2011 '' . Rhythm Circus . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . the trip - hop of early singles Tomorrow Comes Today and Clint Eastwood Jump up ^ Morneau , Blake ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Deltron 3030 Alix Goolden Music Hall , Victoria BC , November 19 '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Walters , Barry ( 29 May 2001 ) . `` Gorillaz -- Gorillaz '' . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 ... Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ted ( 21 March 2001 ) . `` Gorillaz : Gorillaz '' . NME . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.timeoutdubai.com/music/features/77840-11-essential-gorillaz-tracks Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Monkey House '' . Entertainment Weekly . 25 November 2005 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s : 38 -- Gorillaz , ' Clint Eastwood ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years : 141 -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . NME . October 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time -- 400 - 301 '' . NME. 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis , Sam ( September 2001 ) . `` Recording Gorillaz 's ' Clint Eastwood ' '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 ... Sound on Sound . Jump up ^ Hart , Otis ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` Gorillaz , Recorded Live In Damascus '' . NPR Music . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan ( 15 March 2014 ) . `` Watch Damon Albarn Perform Gorillaz Songs With Snoop Dogg , Deltron 3030 , De La Soul at SXSW '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Dan ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Watch Damon Albarn , Del the Funky Homosapien , and Snoop Dogg do ' Clint Eastwood ' '' . Spin . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Damon Albarn & Vic Mensa Perform Gorillaz 's ' Clint Eastwood ' At Gov Ball '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 ... Revolt . Jump up ^ Mitchum , Rob ( 4 February 2003 ) . `` Gorillaz -- Phase One : Celebrity Take Down ( DVD ) '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gorillaz win film award '' . BBC News Online . 2 August 2001 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Darren ( 13 July 2001 ) . `` Gorillaz Go Ape On ' Clint Eastwood ' '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 ... Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ Needham , Alex ( 5 March 2001 ) . `` Gorillaz : Clint Eastwood '' . NME . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD. 6 October 2001 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 113 no . 26 . 30 June 2001 . p. 45 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Clint Eastwood '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Gorillaz - Clint Eastwood '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Turkish Airplay Chart Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gorillaz -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2001 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2001 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2001 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) `` Classement Singles -- année 2001 '' . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 ... Snepmusique.com . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 2001 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2001 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ChartsPlusYE2001 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Radio 1 Official Chart of the Decade , as broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on 29 December 2009 , presented by Nihal Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Gorillaz in the field Interpret . Enter Clint Eastwood in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) `` Les Singles en Argent '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 ... InfoDisc . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Gorillaz ; ' Clint Eastwood ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2001 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Gorillaz ; ' Clint Eastwood ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Gorillaz -- Clint Eastwood '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Clint Eastwood in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) `` Clint Eastwood '' music video on YouTube Gorillaz Damon Albarn Jamie Hewlett 2 - D Russel Hobbs Noodle Murdoc Niccals Ace Studio albums Gorillaz Demon Days Plastic Beach The Fall Humanz The Now Now Compilations G Sides D - Sides The Singles Collection 2001 -- 2011 EPs Tomorrow Comes Today iTunes Session Remix albums Laika Come Home Video releases Celebrity Take Down Demon Days Live Slowboat to Hades Bananaz Singles `` Clint Eastwood '' `` 19 - 2000 '' `` Rock the House '' `` Tomorrow Comes Today '' `` 911 '' `` Lil ' Dub Chefin ' '' `` Feel Good Inc . '' `` Dare '' `` Dirty Harry '' `` El Mañana '' / `` Kids with Guns '' `` Stylo '' `` Superfast Jellyfish '' `` On Melancholy Hill '' `` Rhinestone Eyes '' `` Doncamatic '' `` Revolving Doors '' / `` Amarillo '' `` DoYaThing '' `` Saturnz Barz '' `` We Got the Power '' `` Ascension '' `` Andromeda '' `` Let Me Out '' `` Sleeping Powder '' `` Strobelite '' `` Humility '' Other songs `` 5 / 4 '' `` Empire Ants '' `` Phoner to Arizona '' `` Hallelujah Money '' `` Charger '' People Damon Albarn Jamie Hewlett Remi Kabaka Jr . Mike Smith Jeff Wootton Phil Cornwell Kevin Bishop Tina Weymouth Jimmy Hibbert Former Simon Katz Cass Browne Miho Hatori Dan the Automator Simon Jones Mick Jones Paul Simonon Haruka Kuroda Tours Gorillaz Live Demon Days Live Escape to Plastic Beach Tour Humanz Tour The Now Now Tour Related Discography Awards and nominations Rise of the Ogre Monkey : Journey to the West Blur The Line Spacemonkeyz De La Soul Del the Funky Homosapien Snoop Dogg Tank Girl The Clash Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clint_Eastwood_(song)&oldid=855952692 '' Categories : Gorillaz songs 2001 singles 2001 songs Debut singles Number - one singles in Italy Songs written by Damon Albarn Parlophone singles Cultural depictions of Clint Eastwood Songs written by Jamie Hewlett Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with French - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from December 2011 Use British English from December 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who raps in the gorillaz song clint eastwood	[ "The song is a mix of electronic music, dub, hip hop and rock. The verses are rapped by Del the Funky Homosapien, portrayed as a blue phantom in the video, while the chorus is sung by Damon Albarn (2D in the video). It peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and number 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number one in Italy and charted within the top 20 of many countries around the world. The single has sold 600,000 copies in the UK and has been certified platinum by the BPI. Rolling Stone ranked it number 38 on its 100 best songs of the 2000s.[7] In October 2011, NME placed it at number 141 on its list \"150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years\".[8] The magazine also ranked it at number 347 on their list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[9]\n" ]	[ "Del the Funky Homosapien" ]
-2142364582561731543	Are You the One?	Are You the One ? - Wikipedia Are You the One ? Jump to : navigation , search For the single of the same name , see The Presets . Are You the One ? Genre Reality Presented by Ryan Devlin ( 1 -- 5 ) Terrence J ( 6 - ) Opening theme `` Smooth Hand '' by Heavy Young Heathens Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 62 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) Lighthearted Entertainment Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network MTV Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) -- present External links Website www.mtv.com/shows/are-you-the-one Are You the One ? is an American reality television series on MTV , in which young singles try to find love . A group of men and women are secretly paired into male - female couples by producers , via a matchmaking algorithm . Then , while living together , the contestants try to identify all of these `` perfect matches . '' If they succeed , the entire group shares a prize of up to $1 million . Over the course of each season , the contestants have the opportunity to pair up in different combinations to compete against each other to win dates , as well as the opportunity to learn in the `` truth booth '' if a given couple is a correct match . At the end of each episode , the contestants pair up in a `` matching ceremony '' and learn how many perfect matches they have , but not which matches are correct . From season 3 onward , the prize was reduced any time that the house failed to identify any matches other than those already confirmed via the truth booth . Five couples who met on the show are still together , including season 1 's Ethan Diamond and Amber Lee , who are married and welcomed a daughter soon after their time on the show . On March 22 , 2017 , spin - off Are You The One : Second Chances premiered. 10 perfect matches from previous seasons returned to compete in tasks designed to test the strength of their bonds . Each week , teams could add to their potential winnings , but individual contestants had the opportunity to take their team 's winnings from their partner and remove their team from the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Season 1 -- Kauai , Hawaii 2.1 Progress 2.2 Truth Booths 2.3 MTV.com Clue 2.4 After Filming 2.5 Baby Special and Reunion 2.6 The Challenge 3 Season 2 -- San Juan , Puerto Rico 3.1 Cast 3.2 Progress 3.3 Truth Booths 3.4 After Filming 3.5 The Challenge 4 Season 3 -- Kona , Hawaii 4.1 Cast 4.2 Progress 4.3 Truth Booths 4.4 After Filming 4.5 The Challenge 5 Season 4 -- Maui , Hawaii 5.1 Cast 5.2 Progress 5.3 Truth Booths 5.4 After Filming 5.5 The Challenge 6 Season 5 -- Cabarete , Dominican Republic 6.1 Cast 6.2 Progress 6.3 Truth Booths 6.4 After Filming 6.5 The Challenge 7 Season 6 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 7.1 Cast 7.2 Progress 7.3 Truth Booths 7.4 After Filming 8 Spinoffs 8.1 Second Chances 8.2 Cast 8.3 Elimination progress 8.4 Bank Accounts 9 Notes 10 Episodes 11 International versions 12 References 13 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Originally aired Number of cast members All Perfect Matches Found ? Total Money Won Season premiere Season finale January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 20 Y $1,000,000 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 21 Y $1,000,000 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 20 Y $750,000 June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 20 Y $750,000 5 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 22 $0 6 September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 22 Y $1,000,000 Season 1 -- kauai , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Hawaii Season one premiered on January 21 , 2014 . Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Adam Kuhn 23 Sterling , Virginia Andrean `` Dre '' McCoy 23 Atlanta , Georgia Chris `` Scali '' Scali 24 Brooklyn , New York Chris Tolleson 23 Virginia Beach Dillan Ostrom 23 Finley , North Dakota Ethan Diamond 23 Denver , Colorado Joey Dillon 23 Atlanta , Georgia John `` JJ '' Jacobs 25 Washington , DC Ryan Malaty 24 Greeley , Colorado Wesley `` Wes '' Buckles 25 Phoenix , Arizona Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Amber Lee 22 Austin , Texas Ashleigh Feaster 23 Akron , Ohio Brittany Baldassari 24 Boston , Massachusetts Coleysia Chestnut 23 Selma , Alabama Jacinda `` Jacy '' Rodriguez 24 Carolina , Puerto Rico Jessica Perez 23 Miami , Florida Kayla Lusby 22 Greenfield , Tennessee Paige Brendel 22 Phoenix , Arizona Shanley McIntee 24 Indianapolis , Indiana Simone Kelly 23 Atlanta , Georgia Progress ( edit ) Guys Episode 5 6 / 7 8 9 10 Adam Brittany Shanley Brittany Amber Shanley Ashleigh Shanley Shanley Shanley Chris S . Ashleigh Simone Paige Paige Simone Brittany Jacy Ashleigh Jacy Chris T . Jessica Paige Simone Ashleigh Paige Paige Paige Paige Paige Dillan Coleysia Jessica Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Coleysia Dre Jacy Ashleigh Ashleigh Simone Brittany Shanley Simone Simone Simone Ethan Shanley Amber Amber Kayla Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber John Simone Jacy Jessica Shanley Jacy Jacy Brittany Jacy Ashleigh Joey Paige Brittany Shanley Jacy Jessica Simone Jessica Brittany Brittany Ryan Amber Kayla Kayla Brittany Ashleigh Jessica Ashleigh Jessica Jessica Wes Kayla Coleysia Jacy Jessica Kayla Kayla Kayla Kayla Kayla Correct Matches 5 5 7 8 10 Girls Episode 5 6 / 7 8 9 10 Amber Ryan Ethan Ethan Adam Ethan Ethan Ethan Ethan Ethan Ashleigh Chris S . Dre Dre Chris T . Ryan Adam Ryan Chris S . John Brittany Adam Joey Adam Ryan Dre Chris S . John Joey Joey Coleysia Dillan Wes Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Dillan Jacy Dre John Wes Joey John John Chris S . John Chris S . Jessica Chris T . Dillan John Wes Joey Ryan Joey Ryan Ryan Kayla Wes Ryan Ryan Ethan Wes Wes Wes Wes Wes Paige Joey Chris T . Chris S . Chris S . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Chris T . Shanley Ethan Adam Joey John Adam Dre Adam Adam Adam Simone John Chris S . Chris T . Dre Chris S . Joey Dre Dre Dre Correct Matches 5 5 7 8 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match In Week 5 , Ryan Awarded the house 2 Truth Booths , which gave the house their first perfect match in Dillan and Coleysia . Chris T. and Paige were a confirmed match in episode 6 , but due to his relationship with Shanley , the episode ended with a `` to be continued ... '' instead of a Match - up Ceremony . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Chris T. & Shanley Not A Match Ethan & Jessica Not A Match John & Simone Not A Match Dillon & Jessica Not A Match Dre & Ashleigh 5 Not A Match Dillon & Coleysia 5 Perfect Match Chris T. & Paige 6 / 7 Perfect Match Ryan & Kayla 8 Not A Match Wes & Kayla 9 Perfect Match John & Jacy 10 Not A Match MTV.com Clue ( edit ) Clue Perfect Match Ethan & Amber Brittany & Joey After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Adam Shanley Friends Adam Brittany Not together Dre Simone Not together Dre Ashleigh Friends Chris S . Jacy Not together Chris T . Paige Friends Chris T . Shanley Not together Dillan Coleysia Friends Dillan Shanley Friends Ethan Amber Married with 1 child Joey Brittany Not together John Ashleigh Not together Ryan Jessica Friends Ryan Kayla Not together Wesley Kayla Not together Adam Kuhn & Shanley McIntee returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 3rd place . Baby Special and Reunion ( edit ) Baby Special and Reunion aired on September 29 , 2014 . During this reunion , the gender of Ethan and Amber 's baby was revealed to be a girl . Both parents - to - be got emotional when they found out they were having a girl . There were also conflicts between Scali and Jacy , Shanley and Chris T , and Ryan and Adam . The end of the episode resulted in most conflicts being resolved . Jacy stated that she would be moving to New York ( where Scali is currently based ) and they would take their relationship from there . Brittany told the camera that she would be taking Ryan home to meet her parents . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member Challenge Season Challenges won Total Money Earned Adam Kuhn Battle of the Exes II None $0 Brittany Baldassari Battle of the Exes II None $0 John `` JJ '' Jacobs Battle of the Exes II None $0 Simone Kelly Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 2 -- san juan , Puerto Rico. ( edit ) Filmed in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Season two premiered on October 6 , 2014.It was set in Puerto Rico. This time , one guy has two matches which means that there will be eleven girls , but only ten boys . Christina is revealed as the first girl of the threeway couple . It is a race between Christina and another girl to find her perfect match and be confirmed as such in the Truth - Booth . The first couple of the threeway - couple to do so will end up in the honeymoon - suite . The other girl will have to leave empty - handed . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Age Hometown Alex Phillips 23 Los Angeles , California Anthony Bartolotte 22 Chicago , Illinois Brandon Tindel 25 Las Vegas , Nevada Curtis Hadzicki 24 Cardiff , California Dario Medrano 21 Salem , Massachusetts Garland Brown 22 St. Louis , Missouri John Moustis 22 Chicago , Illinois Layton Jones 25 Greenville , Mississippi Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark 22 Berrien Springs , Michigan Tyler `` Pratt '' Pratt 23 Orlando , Florida Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alexandria Kim 23 Carlsbad , California Ashley Hall 21 San Marcos , Texas Briana LaCuesta 21 San Diego , California Christina LeBlanc 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Ellie Puckett 23 Hamlet , North Carolina Jasmine Pendleton 22 San Diego , California Jenni Knapmiller 22 Burnsville , Minnesota Jessica Andreatta 22 Westchester , New York Paris Eike 23 Denver , Colorado Shelby Yardley 21 Derby , Kansas Tyler Abron 21 Boston , Massachusetts Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alex Ellie Christina Jasmine Tyler Christina Jessica Jasmine Jasmine Jasmine Jasmine Anthony Jessica Alexandria Jenni Jenni Ashley Ellie Briana Jessica Alexandria Alexandria Brandon Christina Tyler Shelby Ellie Jasmine Ashley Tyler Tyler Briana Briana Curtis Briana Briana Briana Briana Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Shelby Dario Ashley Shelby Ashley Shelby Alexandria Briana Ashley Ashley Tyler Ashley Garland Alexandria Jasmine Alexandria Jasmine Tyler Tyler Jessica Alexandria Jessica Jessica John Jasmine Ashley Christina Christina Jenni Alexandria Jenni Jenni Jenni Jenni Layton Jenni Jessica Ellie Jessica Briana Jenni Ellie Ellie Ashley Christina & Tyler Nathan Shelby Jenni Jessica Alexandria Jessica Jasmine Christina Briana Ellie Ellie Pratt Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris Correct Matches 6 5 8 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alexandria Garland Anthony Garland Nathan Dario John N / A Garland Anthony Anthony Ashley Dario John Dario N / A Anthony Brandon Dario Dario Layton Dario Briana Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Layton Dario Anthony Nathan Brandon Brandon Christina Brandon Alex John John Alex N / A Nathan N / A N / A Layton Ellie Alex N / A Layton Brandon N / A Anthony Layton Layton Nathan Nathan Jasmine John Garland Alex Garland Brandon Nathan Alex Alex Alex Alex Jenni Layton Nathan Anthony Anthony John Layton John John John John Jessica Anthony Layton Nathan Layton Nathan Alex Garland Anthony Garland Garland Paris Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Pratt Shelby Nathan Dario Brandon Dario Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Curtis Tyler N / A Brandon N / A Alex Garland Garland Brandon Brandon Dario Layton Correct Matches 6 5 8 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match N / A This girl was not chosen in the match - up ceremony Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Eleventh Girl Brandon & Jessica Not A Match N / A Brandon & Christina Not A Match N / A Brandon & Alexandria Not A Match N / A Pratt & Paris Perfect Match Not A Match Curtis & Shelby 5 Perfect Match Not A Match John & Jasmine 6 Not A Match N / A John & Jenni 7 Perfect Match Not A Match Nathan & Christina 8 Not A Match N / A Alex & Jasmine 9 Perfect Match Not A Match Dario & Ashley 10 Perfect Match Not A Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Alex Jasmine Not Together Anthony Ellie Friends Anthony Jenni Friends Brandon Briana Friends Brandon Christina Not Together Curtis Briana Not Together Curtis Shelby Not Together Curtis Jenni Together Dario Ashley Friends Dario Shelby Not Together Garland Tyler Not Together John Christina Friends John Jenni Not Together Layton Jessica Not Together Layton Tyler Not Together Nathan Briana Roommates Nathan Ellie Friends Pratt Paris Not Together Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark & Ellie Puckett returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 9th place . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member Challenge Season Challenges won Total Money Earned Anthony Bartolotte Invasion of the Champions None $0 Brandon Tindel Rivals III None $0 Briana LaCuesta Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Christina LeBlanc Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III None $0 Dario Medrano Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark Rivals III None $0 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 3 -- kona , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Kona , Hawaii . Season three premiered on September 21 , 2015 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Alec Gonzalez 22 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Austin Sheets 22 Addison , Texas Chuck Mowery 26 Maui , Hawaii Connor Smith 25 Tinley Park , Illinois Devin Walker - Molaghan 26 Northampton , Massachusetts Hunter Barfield 22 Perry , Florida Mike Crescenzo 24 Stony Brook , New York Nelson Thomas 26 San Marcos , Texas Tyler Johnson 25 Indianapolis , Indiana Zak Longo 26 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Amanda Garcia 22 Westminster , Colorado Britni Thornton 24 Augusta , Georgia Chelsey Perkins 23 Orlando , Florida Hannah Rathbun 22 Syracuse , New York Kayla Brackett 22 Sandy Hook , Connecticut Kiki Cooper 24 Ashburn , Virginia Cheyenne Floyd 22 Los Angeles , California Melanie Velez 23 Franklin Square , New York Rashida Beach 23 Columbia , South Carolina Stacey Gurnevich 24 Staten Island , New York Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alec Stacey Chelsey Stacey Amanda Stacey Stacey Rashida Stacey Stacey Amanda Austin Kiki Kiki Amanda Stacey Hannah Cheyenne Kayla Kiki Cheyenne Britni Chuck Hannah Hannah Kiki Kiki Kiki Amanda Melanie Amanda Rashida Melanie Connor Chelsey Kayla Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Devin Melanie Melanie Rashida Hannah Cheyenne Rashida Britni Rashida Britni Rashida Hunter Britni Stacey Britni Rashida Melanie Britni Amanda Britni Kayla Hannah Mike Amanda Amanda Kayla Kayla Britni Melanie Stacey Melanie Kiki Kiki Nelson Cheyenne Cheyenne Melanie Britni Rashida Kiki Kiki Kayla Amanda Stacey Tyler Rashida Rashida Cheyenne Melanie Amanda Hannah Cheyenne Cheyenne Melanie Cheyenne Zak Kayla Britni Hannah Cheyenne Kayla Kayla Hannah Hannah Hannah Kayla Correct Matches 0 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Amanda Mike Mike Austin Alec Tyler Chuck Hunter Chuck Nelson Alec Britni Hunter Zak Hunter Nelson Mike Hunter Devin Hunter Devin Austin Chelsey Connor Alec Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Cheyenne Nelson Nelson Tyler Zak Devin Austin Tyler Tyler Austin Tyler Hannah Chuck Chuck Zak Devin Austin Tyler Zak Zak Zak Hunter Kayla Zak Connor Mike Mike Zak Zak Austin Nelson Hunter Zak Kiki Austin Austin Chuck Chuck Chuck Nelson Nelson Austin Mike Mike Melanie Devin Devin Nelson Tyler Hunter Mike Chuck Mike Tyler Chuck Rashida Tyler Tyler Devin Hunter Nelson Devin Alec Devin Chuck Devin Stacey Alec Hunter Alec Austin Alec Alec Mike Alec Alec Nelson Correct Matches 0 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 2 , the whole cast lost $250,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $750,000 , instead of $1,000,000 . In Episode 9 , Mike was removed from the competition due to an altercation that turned violent with Amanda . Kiki was left without a match that week and was automatically paired with Mike . In the end it turned out that Mike and Kiki were perfect matches . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Hunter & Kiki Not A Match Devin & Kiki Not A Match Zak & Kiki Not A Match Chuck & Britni Not A Match Connor & Chelsey 5 Perfect Match Chuck & Kiki 6 Not A Match Alec & Melanie 7 Not A Match Nelson & Kiki 8 Not A Match Hunter & Britni 9 Not A Match Zak & Kayla 10 Perfect Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Alec Amanda Not Together Alec Stacey Not Together Austin Britni Not Together Chuck Britni Not Together Chuck Melanie Not Together Connor Chelsey Friends Connor Kayla Friends Devin Kiki Friends Devin Rashida Friends Hunter Hannah Not Together Hunter Stacey Friends Mike Amanda Friends Mike Kayla Friends Mike Kiki Not Together Nelson Cheyenne Friends Nelson Stacey Not Together Tyler Cheyenne Friends Tyler Rashida Not Together Zak Hannah Together Zak Kayla Not Together Mike Crescenzo was a castmember of the 32nd season of the Real World , Real World : Seattle -- Bad Blood Devin Walker - Molaghan & Rashida Beach returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances and finished in 1st place earning themselves $170,000 . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member Challenge Season Challenges won Total Money Earned Amanda Garcia Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Britni Thorton XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas None $0 Cheyenne Floyd Rivals III None $12,500 Devin Walker - Molaghan Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas None $12,500 Hunter Barfield Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Nelson Thomas Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas None $36,250 Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge . Season 4 -- Maui , Hawaii ( edit ) Filmed in Maui , Hawaii . Season four premiered on June 13 , 2016 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Asaf Goren 25 Tel Aviv , Israel Cam Bruckman 22 Fort Collins , Colorado Cameron Kolbo 25 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Giovanni Rivera 23 Bridgeport , Connecticut John Humphrey 23 Norfolk , Nebraska Morgan St. Pierre 24 Manhattan , New York Prosper Muna 24 Albany , New York Sam Handler 22 Barrington , Illinois Stephen McHugh 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Tyler Norman 26 San Diego , California Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alyssa Ortiz 22 Elgin , Illinois Camille Satterwhite 23 Wheatley Heights , New York Emma Sweigard 22 Parker , Colorado Francesca Duncan 22 Manhattan , New York Julia Rose 22 New Orleans , Louisiana Kaylen Zahara 22 Compton , California Mikala Thomas 22 Ocean City , New Jersey Nicole Brown 22 Denver , Colorado Tori Deal 23 Astoria , New York Victoria Wyatt 22 Chino Hills , California Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 / 10 Asaf Francesca Camille Camille Camille Camille Camille Francesca Camille Tori Kaylen Cam Victoria Julia Nicole Emma Emma Victoria Nicole Tori Nicole Julia Cameron Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Mikala Giovanni Kaylen Kaylen Kaylen Kaylen Francesca Francesca Emma Nicole Francesca Francesca John Emma Nicole Victoria Victoria Tori Emma Kaylen Kaylen Victoria Victoria Morgan Julia Alyssa Francesca Tori Julia Tori Tori Victoria Julia Tori Prosper Camille Emma Emma Nicole Victoria Kaylen Victoria Francesca Emma Emma Sam Alyssa Francesca Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Stephen Nicole Tori Tori Julia Nicole Julia Julia Julia Kaylen Nicole Tyler Tori Victoria Julia Francesca Kaylen Nicole Camille Emma Camille Camille Correct Matches 6 10 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 / 10 Alyssa Sam Morgan Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Camille Prosper Asaf Asaf Asaf Asaf Asaf Tyler Asaf Tyler Tyler Emma John Prosper Prosper Cam Cam John Giovanni Tyler Prosper Prosper Francesca Asaf Sam Morgan Tyler Giovanni Giovanni Asaf Prosper Giovanni Giovanni Julia Morgan Cam Tyler Stephen Morgan Stephen Stephen Stephen Morgan Cam Kaylen Giovanni Giovanni Giovanni Giovanni Tyler Prosper John John Stephen Asaf Mikala Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Nicole Stephen John Cam Prosper Stephen Tyler Cam Giovanni Cam Stephen Tori Tyler Stephen Stephen Morgan John Morgan Morgan Cam Asaf Morgan Victoria Cam Tyler John John Prosper Cam Prosper Morgan John John Correct Matches 6 10 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 8 , the whole cast lost $250,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $750,000 , instead of $1,000,000 . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Prosper & Tori Not A Match John & Julia Not A Match Cameron & Mikala Perfect Match Asaf & Tori Not A Match Giovanni & Kaylen 5 Not A Match Sam & Alyssa 6 Perfect Match Cam & Victoria 7 Not A Match Giovanni & Julia 8 Not A Match Prosper & Emma 9 / 10 Perfect Match Cam & Julia 9 / 10 Perfect Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Asaf Francesca Friends Asaf Kaylen Friends Cam Julia Not Together Cam Victoria Not Together Cameron Mikala Not Together Giovanni Francesca Friends Giovanni Kaylen Not Together John Victoria Not Together Morgan Tori Friends Prosper Emma Not Together Sam Alyssa Not Together Stephen Julia Together Stephen Nicole Not Together Tyler Camille Friends Asaf Goren & Kaylen Zahara , Cameron Kolbo & Mikala Thomas , Giovanni Rivera & Francesca Duncan and Morgan St. Pierre & Tori Deal returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances . Rivera and Duncan finished in 8th place after Duncan stole all of the money from Rivera . Goren and Zahara finished in 6th place . Kolbo & Thomas finished in 4th place . St. Pierre and Deal finished in 2nd place earning themselves $25,000 . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member Challenge Season Challenges won Total Money Earned Tori Deal XXX : Dirty 30 None $15,000 Note : Tori competed on the Champs vs. Stars special with nine other champs and finalists as a replacement for Ashley ( RW : Ex-Plosion ) . Season 5 -- cabarete , dominican republic ( edit ) Filmed in Cabarete , Dominican Republic . Season five premiered on January 11 2017 . This season featured 2 big changes . When a couple gets sent into the truth booth to see if they are a perfect match , the rest of the house can either vote to see if they are a perfect match , or earn $150,000 , and not see the result of the couple . This only will pertain to certain weeks . Also , if the house blacks out at a match - up ceremony , their money will decrease by 50 % each time instead of $250,000 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Andre Siemers 22 Burnsville , Minnesota Derrick Henry 23 Charleston , South Carolina Edward `` Eddie '' Williams 21 Bridgeton , New Jersey Hayden Weaver 23 Anderson , Indiana Jaylan Adlam 23 Atlanta , Georgia Joey Amoia 23 Buffalo , New York Michael Halpern 24 Tamarac , Florida Mike Cerasani 25 Staten Island , New York Osvaldo Romero 22 Chicago , Illinois Ozzy Morales 24 San José , Costa Rica Tyler O'Brien 22 Boca Raton , Florida Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alicia Wright 23 Howell , New Jersey Carolina Duarte 21 Sammamish , Washington Casandra Martinez 22 Seabrook , Texas Gianna Hammer 21 Doylestown , Ohio Hannah Fugazzi 22 Brentwood , California Kam Williams 21 Pennsauken , New Jersey Kari Kowalski 22 New York , New York Kathryn Palmer 22 Tallahassee , Florida Shannon Duffy 22 Valencia , California Taylor Selfridge 22 Yacolt , Washington Tyranny Todd 22 Augusta , Georgia Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Andre Alicia Hannah Kari Casandra Taylor Taylor Casandra Gianna Kathryn Kathryn Derrick Kathryn Alicia Hannah Gianna Tyranny Tyranny Kari Shannon Casandra Shannon ( Casandra ) Edward Kam Shannon Kam Alicia Kam Kam Kam Kam Kam Kam Hayden Shannon Taylor Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Carolina Jaylan Casandra Kam Casandra Tyranny Casandra Hannah Tyranny Tyranny Tyranny Tyranny Joey Carolina Carolina Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Kathryn Casandra Hannah Hannah ( Shannon ) Michael Hannah Gianna Taylor Kari Kari Kari Hannah Kathryn Kari Kari Mike Kari Casandra Alicia Kam Alicia Alicia Gianna Kari Alicia Alicia Osvaldo Tyranny Kari Tyranny Taylor Gianna Gianna Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Ozzy Gianna Kathryn Gianna Hannah Hannah Casandra Alicia Alicia Gianna Gianna Tyler Taylor Tyranny Shannon Shannon Shannon Shannon Shannon Hannah Shannon Casandra ( Hannah ) Correct Matches 0 5 9 8 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alicia Andre Derrick Mike Edward Mike Mike Ozzy Ozzy Mike Mike Carolina Joey Joey Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Hayden Casandra Jaylan Mike Jaylan Andre Jaylan Ozzy Andre Joey Derrick Tyler ( Derrick ) Gianna Ozzy Michael Ozzy Derrick Osvaldo Osvaldo Mike Andre Ozzy Ozzy Hannah Michael Andre Derrick Ozzy Ozzy Jaylan Michael Tyler Joey Joey ( Tyler ) Kam Edward Jaylan Edward Mike Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Edward Kari Mike Osvaldo Andre Michael Michael Michael Derrick Mike Michael Michael Kathryn Derrick Ozzy Joey Joey Joey Joey Joey Michael Andre Andre Shannon Hayden Edward Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Derrick Tyler Derrick ( Joey ) Taylor Tyler Hayden Michael Osvaldo Andre Andre Osvaldo Osvaldo Osvaldo Osvaldo Tyranny Osvaldo Tyler Osvaldo Jaylan Derrick Derrick Jaylan Jaylan Jaylan Jaylan Correct Matches ' ' 0 5 9 8 Notes Name Confirmed Perfect Match Name Unconfirmed Perfect Match Name Confirmed Not A Match for the whole season . Correct Matching is in parentheses . Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Due to the blackout in Episode 2 , the whole cast lost $500,000 , lowering the total money at the end to $500,000 instead of $1,000,000 . In Episode 9 , the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a perfect match , which increased the total money at stake to $650,000 In Episode 10 , the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a perfect match , which increased the total money at stake to $800,000 In Episode 10 , the cast did not find all their perfect matches , winning no money at the end . After the reunion , final Perfect Matches were revealed as the following : Guy Girl Andre Kathryn Derrick Casandra Edward Kam Hayden Carolina Jaylan Tyranny Joey Shannon Michael Kari Mike Alicia Osvaldo Taylor Ozzy Gianna Tyler Hannah Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Episode Result Hayden & Gianna Not A Match Andre & Alicia Not A Match Ozzy & Carolina Not A Match Osvaldo & Tyranny Not A Match Edward & Kam 5 Perfect Match Ozzy & Hannah 6 Not A Match Andre & Taylor 7 Not A Match Hayden & Carolina 8 Perfect Match Derrick & Tyranny 9 Truth Booth Trade Joey & Casandra 10 Truth Booth Trade Note : In Episode 9 , the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a match . The result of their match is unavailable . Note : In Episode 10 , the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a match . The result of their match is unavailable . After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Andre Kathryn Not together Andre Taylor Not together Derrick Casandra Friends Edward Alicia Not together Edward Kam Not together Hayden Carolina Not Together Hayden Gianna Together Jaylan Tyranny Friends Joey Shannon Friends Michael Kari Friends Mike Casandra Not Together Mike Alicia Not Together Osvaldo Taylor Friends Osvaldo Tyranny Friends Ozzy Gianna Friends Ozzy Hannah Not Together Ozzy Carolina Friends Tyler Hannah Friends Tyler Shannon Not Together Anthony ( Season 6 ) Shannon Together Keith ( Season 6 ) Carolina Together Derrick Henry & Casandra Martinez , Hayden Weaver & Carolina Duarte and Mike Cerasani & Alicia Wright returned for the Are You The One ? : Second Chances . Henry and Martinez finished in 10th place . Weaver and Duarte finished in 7th place after Weaver stole all of the money from Duarte . Cerasani and Wright finished in 5th Place . The challenge ( edit ) Cast member Challenge Season Challenges won Total Money Earned Alicia Wright Vendettas None $0 Derrick Henry XXX : Dirty 30 None $0 Edward Williams Vendettas None $0 Kam Williams Vendettas None $0 Note : Alicia Wright was originally cast for XXX : Dirty 30 but had to drop out the night before departure due to medical issues . Season 6 -- new Orleans , Louisiana ( edit ) Filmed in New Orleans , Louisiana . The new host is Terrence J . Season six premiered on September 20th , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Guys Cast Member Age Hometown Anthony Martin 22 Inglewood , California Clinton Moxam 22 Palm Bay , Florida David Shad 24 San Diego , California Dimitri Valentin 26 Playa del Rey , California Ethan `` E-Money '' Cohen 27 Sonoma , California Joe Torgerson 23 Portland , Oregon Kareem Fathalla 23 Avenel , New Jersey Keith Klebacher 24 Manchester , New Jersey Malcolm Drummer 25 West Palm Beach , Florida Michael Johnson 21 Knoxville , Tennessee Tyler Colon 21 Los Angeles , California Girls Cast Member Age Hometown Alexis Eddy 21 Mannington , West Virginia Alivia Hunter 21 Charleston , South Carolina Audrey Diaz 23 Middletown , New York Diandra Delgado 21 Teaneck , New Jersey Geles Rodriguez 23 Los Fresnos , Texas Jada Allen 21 Union , New Jersey Keyana Land 23 Boyertown , Pennsylvania Nicole Spiller 21 Medway , Massachusetts Nurys Mateo 22 Portland , Maine Uche Nwosu 23 Grand Rapids , Michigan Zoe Pugh 22 Scranton , Pennsylvania Progress ( edit ) Guys Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Anthony Geles Diandra Jada Keyana Nicole Keyana Keyana Alivia Uche Alexis Clinton Uche Uche Uche Uche Jada Geles Geles Geles Geles Geles Dimitri Diandra Nicole Nurys Alexis Uche Diandra Diandra Diandra Audrey Nurys Ethan Jada Jada Alexis Nicole Geles Jada Zoe Alexis Nurys Zoe Joe Zoe Audrey Zoe Zoe Zoe Alexis Uche Jada Zoe Uche Kareem Alivia Alivia Alivia Diandra Alivia Nurys Nurys Nurys Diandra Diandra Keith Alexis Alexis Diandra Nurys Alexis Zoe Jada Audrey Jada Jada Malcolm Nurys Nurys Geles Alivia Diandra Alivia Alexis Uche Alexis Alivia Michael Keyana Keyana Audrey Geles Nurys Uche Audrey Keyana Keyana Keyana Shad Audrey Geles Keyana Audrey Audrey Audrey Alivia Zoe Alivia Audrey Tyler Nicole Zoe Nicole Jada Keyana Nicole Nicole Nicole Nicole Nicole Correct Matches 5 5 11 Girls Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alexis Keith Keith Ethan Dimitri Keith Joe Malcolm Ethan Malcolm Anthony Alivia Kareem Kareem Kareem Malcolm Kareem Malcolm Shad Anthony Shad Malcolm Audrey Shad Joe Michael Shad Shad Shad Michael Keith Dimitri Shad Diandra Dimitri Anthony Keith Kareem Malcolm Dimitri Dimitri Dimitri Kareem Kareem Geles Anthony Shad Malcolm Michael Ethan Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Jada Ethan Ethan Anthony Tyler Clinton Ethan Keith Joe Keith Keith Keyana Michael Michael Shad Anthony Tyler Anthony Anthony Michael Michael Michael Nicole Tyler Dimitri Tyler Ethan Anthony Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Nurys Malcolm Malcolm Dimitri Keith Michael Kareem Kareem Kareem Ethan Dimitri Uche Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Dimitri Michael Joe Malcolm Anthony Joe Zoe Joe Tyler Joe Joe Joe Keith Ethan Shad Joe Ethan Correct Matches 5 5 11 Notes Name = Confirmed perfect match Name = Unconfirmed perfect match Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match , that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies . Truth Booths ( edit ) Couple Week Result Ethan & Keyana Not A Match Anthony & Geles Not A Match Malcolm & Nurys Not A Match Dimitri & Nicole Not A Match Clinton & Uche 5 Not A Match Keith & Alexis 6 Not A Match Keith & Alivia 7 Not A Match Michael & Audrey 8 Not A Match Tyler & Nicole 9 Perfect Match Dimitri & Jada 10 Not A Match After filming ( edit ) Guy Girl Current Status Anthony Alexis Friends Anthony Geles Not Together Clinton Geles Not Together Clinton Uche Together Dimitri Nicole Not Together Dimitri Nurys Friends Ethan Zoe Friends Joe Uche Not Together Kareem Alivia Together Kareem Diandra Friends Keith Alexis Not Together Keith Jada Friends Malcolm Alivia Friends Malcolm Diandra Not Together Malcolm Nurys Not Together Michael Audrey Not Together Michael Keyana Friends Shad Audrey Friends Tyler Nicole Friends At the reunion , it was confirmed that Keith was dating Carolina from season 5 and Anthony was dating Shannon from season 5 . Nurys is casually dating Nelson from season 3 . Spinoffs ( edit ) Second Chances ( edit ) Filmed in Melbourne , Australia . Hosted by Karamo Brown . Premiered March 22 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Male Contestant Female Contestant Original Season Finish Devin Walker - Molaghan Rashida Beach AYTO ? 3 Winners Morgan St. Pierre Tori Deal AYTO ? 4 Runners - Up Adam Kuhn Shanley McIntee AYTO ? 1 3rd Place Cameron Kolbo Mikala Thomas AYTO ? 4 4th Place Mike Cerasani Alicia Wright AYTO ? 5 5th Place Asaf Goren Kaylen Zahara AYTO ? 4 6th Place Hayden Weaver Carolina Duarte AYTO ? 5 7th Place Giovanni `` Gio '' Rivera Francesca Duncan AYTO ? 4 8th Place Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark Ellie Puckett AYTO ? 2 9th Place Derrick Henry Casandra Martinez AYTO ? 5 10th Place Elimination progress ( edit ) Teams Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Devin & Rashida 1st 6th 4th N / A 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1st Morgan & Tori 6th 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 4th 3rd 4th 2nd 2nd Adam & Shanley 3rd 4th 2nd N / A 4th 3rd 4th 1st 3rd 3rd Cameron & Mikala 7th 5th 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Mike & Alicia 9th 1st 6th 2nd 5th 5th 5th Asaf & Kaylen 2nd 8th 8th 7th 6th Hayden & Carolina 8th 2nd 5th N / A Giovanni & Francesca 5th 7th 7th Nate & Ellie 4th 9th Derrick & Casandra 10th Competition The team won the final challenge . The team received 2nd place in the final challenge . The team received 3rd place in the final challenge . The team won the mission and was safe from elimination . The team was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' their money , therefore remaining in the game . The team received last place and was eliminated . The team did not receive last place but one team member stole the money and their team was eliminated . The team received last place but remained in the game due to another contestant , who got voted into The Choice , stole all of the money . The team was voted into The Choice and was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Their choice was not revealed if they Shared or Stole the money . The team received last place but was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Bank accounts ( edit ) Males Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Devin $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $70,000 $90,000 $100,000 $120,000 $170,000 Morgan $20,000 $25,000 $45,000 $65,000 $75,000 $75,000 $80,000 $40,000 $50,000 $25,000 Adam $25,000 $25,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $60,000 $0 Cameron $20,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $55,000 $65,000 $65,000 $0 Mike $20,000 $40,000 $40,000 $50,000 $50,000 $25,000 $0 Asaf $30,000 $30,000 $15,000 $7,500 $0 Hayden $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 Giovanni $20,000 $20,000 $0 Nate $20,000 $0 Derrick $0 Females Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rashida $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $70,000 $90,000 $100,000 $120,000 $170,000 Tori $20,000 $25,000 $45,000 $65,000 $75,000 $75,000 $80,000 $40,000 $50,000 $25,000 Shanley $25,000 $25,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $40,000 $40,000 $60,000 $60,000 $0 Mikala $20,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $55,000 $65,000 $65,000 $0 Alicia $20,000 $40,000 $40,000 $50,000 $50,000 $25,000 $0 Kaylen $30,000 $30,000 $15,000 $7,500 $0 Carolina $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 $0 Francesca $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 Ellie $20,000 $0 Casandra $0 Competition The team won the final challenge and shared the money . The team received 2nd place in the final challenge . The team received 3rd place in the final challenge . The team won the mission and was safe from elimination . The team was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' their money , therefore remaining in the game . The team received last place and was eliminated . The team received last place but remained in the game due to another contestant , who got voted into The Choice , stealing the money from their partner , and remained in the game . The contestant was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Steal ' the money , but their teammate decided to ' Share ' the money and they were eliminated with all of the money . The contestant was voted into The Choice and decided to ' Share ' the money , but their teammate decided to ' Steal ' the money and they were eliminated with no money . The contestant was voted into The Choice and was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Their choice was not revealed if they Shared or Stole the money . The contestant received last place but was saved due to it being a non-elimination episode . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In Episode 4 , only the top 3 teams and the last place team were revealed . Therefore , the 3 teams whose placement was n't revealed did n't have a change in money . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Are You the One ? episodes International versions ( edit ) Country Local title Host ( s ) Channel Broadcast Jackpot Brazil Are You the One ? Brasil Felipe Titto ( 1 - 3 ) Caio Castro ( 4 ) MTV February 1 , 2015 R $500,000 Denmark Det perfekte match Oliver Bjerrehuus Kanal 4 February 5 , 2015 Mexico Are You the One ? El Match Perfecto Roberto Carlo ( 1 ) Vadhir Derbez ( 2 ) MTV September 20 , 2016 US $200,000 France 10 couples parfaits Elsa Fayer NT1 July 3 , 2017 € 200,000 Sweden Are You the One ? Sverige TV3 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? '' . MTV . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are you the one : Second chances is coming to MTV . '' . MTV . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ossad , Jordana . `` ARE YOU THE ONE : ALL - STAR CHALLENGE IS COMING TO MTV '' . MTV . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Dating Series ' Are You The Juan ? ' to Premiere Tuesday , January 21 on MTV `` . Tvbythenumbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Guys and Girls '' MTV . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? First Perfect Match Clue '' . MTV . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are you the one ? Second Perfect Match Clue '' . MTV . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Are You The One Has Produced A Baby - And A Reunion Special '' . MTV . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are You The One Has Produced A Baby - And A Reunion Special '' . MTV . Retrieved July11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filman `` reality show '' de MTV en Puerto Rico `` . Jump up ^ `` Are You The One ? '' . Are You The One ? . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ossad , Jordana ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Meet the ( Ridiculously Good - Looking ) Season 5 Cast of Are You The One ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Challenge : Season 31 -- Cast Spoilers '' . Vevmo . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` MTV 's Are You the One ? season 6 cast and new host revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Which ' Are You the One ? ' Couples Are Still Together ? '' . Us Weekly . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Official website Are You the One ? on IMDb MTV original programming ( current ) Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( since 1998 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) Girl Code ( since 2013 ) Greatest Party Story Ever ( since 2016 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) MTV Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Promposal ( since 2017 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Competitive Are You the One ? 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Lavin Diem Brown Pedro Real World Presents : Return to Duty List of Real World cast members List of The Challenge contestants Are You the One ? The Real World : Stockholm The Real World : Visby Big Brother ( U.S. ) Ex on the Beach Geordie Shore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_the_One%3F&oldid=818300895 '' Categories : Are You the One ? 2014 American television series debuts 2010s American television series American dating and relationship reality television series English - language television programs MTV television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 19 : 50 . About Wikipedia	who went in the truth booth episode 2	[ "\n\nCouple\nWeek\nResult\n\n\nEthan & Keyana\n1\nNot A Match\n\n\nAnthony & Geles\n2\nNot A Match\n\n\nMalcolm & Nurys\n3\nNot A Match\n\n\nDimitri & Nicole\n4\nNot A Match\n\n\nClinton & Uche\n5\nNot A Match\n\n\nKeith & Alexis\n6\nNot A Match\n\n\nKeith & Alivia\n7\nNot A Match\n\n\nMichael & Audrey\n8\nNot A Match\n\n\nTyler & Nicole\n9\nPerfect Match\n\n\nDimitri & Jada\n10\nNot A Match\n\n" ]	[ "Anthony & Geles" ]
6289275634999343948	2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament	2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 Final Four logo Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 68 Finals site University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona Champions North Carolina Tar Heels ( 6th title , 11th title game , 20th Final Four ) Runner - up Gonzaga Bulldogs ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) Semifinalists Oregon Ducks ( 2nd Final Four ) South Carolina Gamecocks ( 1st Final Four ) Winning coach Roy Williams ( 3rd title ) MOP Joel Berry II ( North Carolina ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2016 2018 '' The 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2016 -- 17 season . The 79th edition of the tournament began on March 14 , 2017 , and concluded with the championship game on April 3 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . The championship game was the first to be contested in a Western state since 1995 when Seattle was the host of the Final Four for that year . In the Final Four , North Carolina beat Oregon ( making their first Final Four appearance since 1939 ) while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina ( both making their first ever Final Four appearance ) . North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71 -- 65 to win the national championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedures 2 2017 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Bracket 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 East Regional -- New York City , New York 4.2. 1 East Regional Final 4.2. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- San Jose , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 Midwest Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri 4.4. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.4. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 4.5 South Regional -- Memphis , Tennessee 4.5. 1 South Regional Final 4.5. 2 South Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona 5.1. 1 Final four 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Studio hosts 7.1. 2 Studio analysts 7.1. 3 Commentary teams 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Tournament procedures ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2017 tournament , with all 32 conference tournament winners receiving an automatic bid . The Ivy League , which previously granted its automatic tournament bid to its regular season champion , hosted a postseason tournament to determine a conference champion for the first time . In previous years , had the Ivy League had two schools tied for first in the standings , a one - game playoff ( or series as was the case in the 2002 season ) determined the automatic bid . On March 10 , 2016 , the Ivy League 's council of presidents approved a four - team tournament where the top four teams in the regular season would play on March 11 and 12 at Philadelphia 's Palestra . The remaining 36 teams received `` at - large '' bids which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . On January 24 , 2016 , the NCAA announced that the Selection Committee would , for the first time , unveil in - season rankings of the top four teams in each division on February 11 , 2017 . Eight teams -- the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams -- played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . The committee 's selections resulted in two historic milestones . The Northwestern Wildcats of the Big Ten Conference made their first - ever NCAA Tournament in school history , officially becoming the last `` power conference '' school to make the tournament . ( This fact is ironic considering that Northwestern hosted the first - ever NCAA Tournament in 1939 ) . The Wildcats ' First Round opponent , the Vanderbilt Commodores of the Southeastern Conference , also made history : with a record of 19 - 15 , they set the mark for the most ever losses for an at - large team in tournament history . Four conference champions also made their first NCAA appearances : North Dakota ( Big Sky Conference ) , UC Davis ( Big West Conference ) , Jacksonville State ( Ohio Valley Conference ) , and first - year Division I school Northern Kentucky ( Horizon League ) . 2017 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Buffalo Milwaukee Orlando Salt Lake City Greenville Indianapolis Tulsa Sacramento 2017 First Four ( orange ) and First and Second rounds ( green ) Note : Greensboro , North Carolina was originally awarded First and Second round games , but the games were relocated to Greenville , South Carolina due to NCAA objections over HB2 . Kansas City San Jose Memphis New York City Glendale 2017 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2017 tournament First Four March 14 and 15 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 16 and 18 Amway Center , Orlando , Florida ( Hosts : University of Central Florida and Stetson University ) Bradley Center , Milwaukee ( Host : Marquette University ) KeyBank Center , Buffalo , New York ( Host : Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference , Niagara University and Canisius College ) Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City ( Host : University of Utah ) March 17 and 19 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis ( Hosts : Horizon League and IUPUI ) BOK Center , Tulsa , Oklahoma ( Host : University of Tulsa ) Bon Secours Wellness Arena , Greenville , South Carolina , ( Hosts : Southern Conference and Furman University ) Golden 1 Center , Sacramento , California ( Host : California State University , Sacramento ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 23 and 25 Midwest Regional , Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) West Regional , SAP Center , San Jose , California ( Host : Pac - 12 Conference ) March 24 and 26 East Regional , Madison Square Garden , New York City ( Hosts : St. John 's University and Big East Conference ) South Regional , FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee ( Host : University of Memphis ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) April 1 and 3 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona ( Host : Arizona State University ) The city of Glendale , a Phoenix suburb , became the 30th host city , and the University of Phoenix Stadium became the 39th host venue , to host a Final Four . For the second straight year , no regional games were held in domed stadiums , a move dictated in 2013 by the NCAA to limit use of the stadiums for the regional rounds . The tournament featured two new arenas in previously visited markets . For the first time the tournament was held at the Bankers Life Fieldhouse , the home of the Indiana Pacers . This marks the first time since 1982 that a venue other than the RCA Dome or Lucas Oil Stadium hosted games within the city of Indianapolis . It also became the fifth venue within the city to host games , temporarily tying Indianapolis with Houston for the most different venues used within a city ; Houston will add a sixth venue when the Toyota Center hosts games in the 2020 tournament . The tournament also returned to Sacramento , moving to the brand new Golden 1 Center , home of the Sacramento Kings , replacing Sleep Train Arena as the city 's primary indoor sports venue . The 2017 tournament marked the last time that the Bradley Center will be used for tournament games , as it is being replaced by the Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center in late 2018 . The WESC is scheduled to host the tournament in 2022 . The tournament also saw a shift in location of first round games from Greensboro , North Carolina to Greenville , South Carolina . Greensboro originally was awarded First and Second Round games , but the games were relocated due to NCAA objections over North Carolina 's passage of HB2 . This was also the first time a South Carolina venue hosted the tournament in 15 years , after the state removed the Confederate battle flag from the South Carolina State House grounds in July 2015 and the NCAA implemented a policy of not hosting championship games in the state in response to the display in 2002 . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Eight teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2017 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements , self - imposed postseason bans , or reclassification from a lower division . Hawaii had previously been banned from entering the tournament as a penalty for infractions , but the NCAA later reversed its ban . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Appearance Last bid America East Vermont 6th 2012 American SMU 12th 2015 Atlantic 10 Rhode Island 9th 1999 ACC Duke 41st 2016 Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast 3rd 2016 Big 12 Iowa State 19th 2016 Big East Villanova 37th 2016 Big Sky North Dakota 1st Never Big South Winthrop 10th Big Ten Michigan 27th 2016 Big West UC Davis 1st Never CAA UNC Wilmington 6th 2016 C - USA Middle Tennessee 9th 2016 Horizon Northern Kentucky 1st Never Ivy League Princeton 25th 2011 MAAC Iona 12th 2016 MAC Kent State 6th 2008 MEAC North Carolina Central 2nd 2014 Missouri Valley Wichita State 14th 2016 Mountain West Nevada 7th 2007 NEC Mount St. Mary 's 5th 2014 Ohio Valley Jacksonville State 1st Never Pac - 12 Arizona 34th 2016 Patriot Bucknell 7th 2013 SEC Kentucky 57th 2016 Southern East Tennessee State 10th Southland New Orleans 5th SWAC Texas Southern 7th 2015 Summit League South Dakota State 4th 2016 Sun Belt Troy 2nd 2003 WCC Gonzaga 20th 2016 WAC New Mexico State 23rd 2015 Notes Jump up ^ First year of eligibility for NCAA - sponsored Division I postseason play Jump up ^ Inaugural conference tournament Tournament seeds ( edit ) East Regional -- Madison Square Garden , New York City Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 31 -- 3 Auto Duke ACC 27 -- 8 Auto 7 Baylor Big 12 25 -- 7 At - Large 12 Florida SEC 24 -- 8 At - Large 14 5 Virginia ACC 22 -- 10 At - Large 17 6 SMU American 30 -- 4 Auto 21 7 South Carolina SEC 22 -- 10 At - Large 26 8 Wisconsin Big Ten 25 -- 9 At - Large 29 9 Virginia Tech ACC 22 -- 10 At - Large 36 10 Marquette Big East 19 -- 12 At - Large 39 11 * Providence Big East 20 -- 12 At - Large 42 USC Pac - 12 24 -- 9 At - Large 45 12 UNC Wilmington CAA 29 -- 5 Auto 49 13 East Tennessee State Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 55 15 Troy Sun Belt 22 -- 14 Auto 60 16 * Mount St. Mary 's NEC 19 -- 15 Auto 68 New Orleans Southland 20 -- 11 Auto 67 West Regional -- SAP Center , San Jose , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Gonzaga WCC 32 -- 1 Auto Arizona Pac - 12 30 -- 4 Auto 6 Florida State ACC 25 -- 8 At - Large 10 West Virginia Big 12 26 -- 8 At - Large 15 5 Notre Dame ACC 25 -- 9 At - Large 19 6 Maryland Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - Large 23 7 Saint Mary 's WCC 28 -- 4 At - Large 25 8 Northwestern Big Ten 23 -- 11 At - Large 32 9 Vanderbilt SEC 19 -- 15 At - Large 33 10 VCU Atlantic 10 26 -- 8 At - Large 40 11 Xavier Big East 21 -- 13 At - Large 41 12 Princeton Ivy League 23 -- 6 Auto 50 13 Bucknell Patriot 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 North Dakota Big Sky 22 -- 9 Auto 62 16 South Dakota State Summit League 18 -- 16 Auto 64 Midwest Regional -- Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 28 -- 4 At - Large Louisville ACC 24 -- 8 At - Large 8 Oregon Pac - 12 29 -- 5 At - Large 9 Purdue Big Ten 25 -- 7 At - Large 16 5 Iowa State Big 12 23 -- 10 Auto 20 6 Creighton Big East 25 -- 9 At - Large 24 7 Michigan Big Ten 24 -- 11 Auto 27 8 Miami ( FL ) ACC 21 -- 11 At - Large 30 9 Michigan State Big Ten 19 -- 14 At - Large 35 10 Oklahoma State Big 12 20 -- 12 At - Large 37 11 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 24 -- 9 Auto 44 12 Nevada Mountain West 28 -- 6 Auto 47 13 Vermont America East 29 -- 5 Auto 53 14 Iona MAAC 22 -- 12 Auto 58 15 Jacksonville State Ohio Valley 20 -- 14 Auto 61 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 25 -- 8 Auto 66 UC Davis Big West 22 -- 12 Auto 65 South Regional -- FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank North Carolina ACC 27 -- 7 At - Large Kentucky SEC 29 -- 5 Auto 5 UCLA Pac - 12 29 -- 4 At - Large 11 Butler Big East 23 -- 8 At - Large 13 5 Minnesota Big Ten 24 -- 9 At - Large 18 6 Cincinnati American 29 -- 5 At - Large 22 7 Dayton Atlantic 10 24 -- 7 At - Large 28 8 Arkansas SEC 25 -- 9 At - Large 31 9 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - Large 34 10 Wichita State Missouri Valley 30 -- 4 Auto 38 11 * Kansas State Big 12 20 -- 13 At - Large 46 Wake Forest ACC 19 -- 13 At - Large 43 12 Middle Tennessee Conference USA 30 -- 4 Auto 48 13 Winthrop Big South 26 -- 6 Auto 54 14 Kent State MAC 22 -- 13 Auto 57 15 Northern Kentucky Horizon 24 -- 10 Auto 59 16 Texas Southern SWAC 23 -- 11 Auto 63 * See First Four Bracket ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) March 14 -- East Region 16 Mount St. Mary 's 67 16 New Orleans 66 March 14 -- South Region 11 Kansas State 95 11 Wake Forest 88 March 15 -- Midwest Region 16 North Carolina Central 63 16 UC Davis 67 March 15 -- East Region 11 Providence 71 11 USC 75 East Regional -- New York City , New York ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Villanova 76 16 Mount St. Mary 's 56 Villanova 62 Buffalo -- Thu / Sat 8 Wisconsin 65 8 Wisconsin 84 9 Virginia Tech 74 8 Wisconsin 83 Florida 84 * 5 Virginia 76 12 UNC Wilmington 71 5 Virginia 39 Orlando -- Thu / Sat Florida 65 Florida 80 13 East Tennessee State 65 Florida 70 7 South Carolina 77 6 SMU 65 11 USC 66 11 USC 78 Tulsa -- Fri / Sun Baylor 82 Baylor 91 14 New Mexico State 73 Baylor 50 7 South Carolina 70 7 South Carolina 93 10 Marquette 73 7 South Carolina 88 Greenville -- Fri / Sun Duke 81 Duke 87 15 Troy 65 East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS Sunday , March 26 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score # 7 South Carolina Gamecocks 77 , # 4 Florida Gators 70 Scoring by half : 33 -- 40 , 44 -- 30 Pts : S. Thornwell -- 26 Rebs : C. Silva -- 9 Asts : D. Notice -- 3 Pts : J. Leon -- 18 Rebs : K. Hayes -- 8 Asts : K. Hill -- 5 Madison Square Garden -- New York City Attendance : 20,047 Referees : Ron Groover , Jeffrey Anderson , Mike Eades East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Sindarius Thornwell ( Sr , South Carolina ) -- East Regional most outstanding player P.J. Dozier ( So , South Carolina ) KeVaughn Allen ( So , Florida ) Chris Chiozza ( Jr , Florida ) Nigel Hayes ( Sr , Wisconsin ) West Regional -- San Jose , California ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Gonzaga 66 16 South Dakota State 46 Gonzaga 79 Salt Lake City -- Thu / Sat 8 Northwestern 73 8 Northwestern 68 9 Vanderbilt 66 Gonzaga 61 West Virginia 58 5 Notre Dame 60 12 Princeton 58 5 Notre Dame 71 Buffalo -- Thu / Sat West Virginia 83 West Virginia 86 13 Bucknell 80 Gonzaga 83 11 Xavier 59 6 Maryland 65 11 Xavier 76 11 Xavier 91 Orlando -- Thu / Sat Florida State 66 Florida State 86 14 Florida Gulf Coast 80 11 Xavier 73 Arizona 71 7 Saint Mary 's 85 10 VCU 77 7 Saint Mary 's 60 Salt Lake City -- Thu / Sat Arizona 69 Arizona 100 15 North Dakota 82 West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS Saturday , March 25 3 : 09 pm PDT Box score # 11 Xavier Musketeers 59 , # 1 Gonzaga Bulldogs 83 Scoring by half : 39 -- 49 , 20 -- 34 Pts : J.P. Macura -- 18 Rebs : K. Gates , T. Bluiett -- 7 Asts : J.P. Macura , Q. Goodin -- 2 Pts : N. Williams - Goss -- 23 Rebs : N. Williams - Goss -- 8 Asts : N. Williams - Goss -- 4 SAP Center -- San Jose , California Attendance : 17,011 Referees : James Breeding , Kipp Kissinger , Michael Stephens West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Johnathan Williams ( Jr , Gonzaga ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Trevon Bluiett ( Jr , Xavier ) J.P. Macura ( Jr , Xavier ) Jordan Mathews ( Sr , Gonzaga ) Nigel Williams - Goss ( Jr , Gonzaga ) Midwest Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Kansas 100 16 UC Davis 62 Kansas 90 Tulsa -- Fri / Sun 9 Michigan State 70 8 Miami ( FL ) 58 9 Michigan State 78 Kansas 98 Purdue 66 5 Iowa State 84 12 Nevada 73 5 Iowa State 76 Milwaukee -- Thu / Sat Purdue 80 Purdue 80 13 Vermont 70 Kansas 60 Oregon 74 6 Creighton 72 11 Rhode Island 84 11 Rhode Island 72 Sacramento -- Fri / Sun Oregon 75 Oregon 93 14 Iona 77 Oregon 69 7 Michigan 68 7 Michigan 92 10 Oklahoma State 91 7 Michigan 73 Indianapolis -- Fri / Sun Louisville 69 Louisville 78 15 Jacksonville State 63 Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) TBS Saturday , March 25 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score # 3 Oregon Ducks 74 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 60 Scoring by half : 44 -- 33 , 30 -- 27 Pts : T. Dorsey -- 27 Rebs : J. Bell -- 13 Asts : J. Bell , D. Brooks -- 4 Pts : F. Mason III -- 21 Rebs : J. Jackson -- 12 Asts : J. Jackson -- 5 Sprint Center -- Kansas City , Missouri Attendance : 18,643 Referees : Randy McCall , Terry Oglesby , Ted Valentine Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jordan Bell ( Jr. , Oregon ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Frank Mason III ( Sr , Kansas ) Dillon Brooks ( Jr , Oregon ) Tyler Dorsey ( So. , Oregon ) Josh Jackson ( Fr , Kansas ) South Regional -- Memphis , Tennessee ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 North Carolina 103 16 Texas Southern 64 North Carolina 72 Greenville -- Fri / Sun 8 Arkansas 65 8 Arkansas 77 9 Seton Hall 71 North Carolina 92 Butler 80 5 Minnesota 72 12 Middle Tennessee 81 12 Middle Tennessee 65 Milwaukee -- Thu / Sat Butler 74 Butler 76 13 Winthrop 64 North Carolina 75 Kentucky 73 6 Cincinnati 75 11 Kansas State 61 6 Cincinnati 67 Sacramento -- Fri / Sun UCLA 79 UCLA 97 14 Kent State 80 UCLA 75 Kentucky 86 7 Dayton 58 10 Wichita State 64 10 Wichita State 62 Indianapolis -- Fri / Sun Kentucky 65 Kentucky 79 15 Northern Kentucky 70 South Regional Final ( edit ) CBS Sunday , March 26 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score # 2 Kentucky Wildcats 73 , # 1 North Carolina Tar Heels 75 Scoring by half : 33 -- 38 , 40 -- 37 Pts : E. Adebayo , D. Fox -- 13 Rebs : E. Adebayo -- 7 Asts : I. Briscoe -- 8 Pts : J. Jackson -- 19 Rebs : K. Meeks -- 17 Asts : J. Jackson -- 4 FedExForum -- Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 16,412 Referees : John Higgins , Keith Kimble , Mike Reed South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Luke Maye ( So. , North Carolina ) -- South Regional most outstanding player De'Aaron Fox ( Fr , Kentucky ) Isaac Humphries ( So. , Kentucky ) Joel Berry II ( Jr , North Carolina ) Justin Jackson ( Jr , North Carolina ) Final Four ( edit ) University of Phoenix Stadium , the site of the 2017 Final Four During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Gonzaga 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( North Carolina 's South Region ) . University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona ( edit ) National Semifinals April 1 National Championship Game April 3 E7 South Carolina 73 W1 Gonzaga 77 W1 Gonzaga 65 S1 North Carolina 71 MW3 Oregon 76 S1 North Carolina 77 Final four ( edit ) CBS Saturday , April 1 3 : 09 pm MST Box score # 7 South Carolina Gamecocks 73 , # 1 Gonzaga Bulldogs 77 Scoring by half : 36 -- 45 , 37 -- 32 Pts : P. Dozier -- 17 Rebs : C. Silva -- 13 Asts : D. Notice -- 3 Pts : N. Williams - Goss -- 23 Rebs : Z . Collins -- 13 Asts : N. Williams - Goss -- 6 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona Attendance : 77,612 Referees : John Higgins , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson CBS Saturday , April 1 5 : 49 pm MST Box score # 3 Oregon Ducks 76 , # 1 North Carolina Tar Heels 77 Scoring by half : 36 -- 39 , 40 -- 38 Pts : T. Dorsey -- 21 Rebs : J. Bell -- 16 Asts : D. Ennis -- 3 Pts : K. Meeks -- 25 Rebs : K. Meeks -- 14 Asts : T. Pinson -- 5 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona Attendance : 77,612 Referees : Ron Groover , Tony Padilla , Ted Valentine National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game CBS Monday , April 3 6 : 20 pm MST Box score # 1 Gonzaga Bulldogs 65 , # 1 North Carolina Tar Heels 71 Scoring by half : 35 -- 32 , 30 -- 39 Pts : N. Williams - Goss -- 15 Rebs : N. Williams - Goss -- 9 Asts : N. Williams - Goss -- 6 Pts : J. Berry II -- 22 Rebs : K. Meeks -- 10 Asts : J. Berry II -- 6 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona Attendance : 76,168 Referees : Verne Harris , Michael Stephens , Mike Eades Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Joel Berry II ( Jr , North Carolina ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Nigel Williams - Goss ( Jr , Gonzaga ) Justin Jackson ( Jr , North Carolina ) Kennedy Meeks ( Sr , North Carolina ) Zach Collins ( Fr , Gonzaga ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC ACC 9 11 -- 8 . 579 8 6 WCC 6 -- 2 . 750 - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 10 -- 4 . 714 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 5 11 -- 5 . 688 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big 12 6 9 -- 6 . 600 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big East 7 6 -- 7 . 462 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big Ten 7 8 -- 7 . 533 7 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 1 -- 3 . 250 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 1 -- 2 . 333 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big West 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- NEC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the Big 12 , Big West , NEC , and Pac - 12 conferences and losses in the First Four for the ACC and Big East conferences . The MEAC and Southland each had one representative , both eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The America East , Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big South , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , MAC , Mountain West , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Summit , Sun Belt , SWAC , and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports held joint U.S. television broadcast rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand . As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , CBS held rights to the Final Four and championship game . As CBS did not want its audience to be diffused across multiple outlets , there were no localized `` Team Stream '' telecasts of the Final Four or championship games on Turner channels as in previous years . Following criticism of the two - hour format of the 2016 edition , the Selection Sunday broadcast was shortened to 90 minutes . CBS Sports executive Harold Bryant promised that the unveiling of the bracket would be conducted in an `` efficient '' manner , and leave more time to discuss and preview the tournament . First Four -- TruTV First and Second rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- CBS National Championship -- CBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Adam Zucker ( Glendale ) -- Final Four Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and Glendale ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round and Regional Semi-Finals Clark Kellogg ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Jimmy Patsos ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Bruce Pearl ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Kenny Smith ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Steve Smith ( Glendale ) -- Final Four Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City and Atlanta ) -- First Four , Second Round Buzz Williams ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Jay Wright ( Glendale ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Indianapolis , Indiana ; South Regional at Memphis , Tennessee ; Final Four and National Championship at Glendale , Arizona Brian Anderson / Chris Webber or Clark Kellogg / Lewis Johnson -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Greenville , South Carolina ; West Regional at San Jose , California Kellogg called the First Four ( Tuesday ) with Webber doing the First , Second and Regionals . Verne Lundquist / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First and Second Rounds at Buffalo , New York ; East Regional at New York City , New York Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Tulsa , Oklahoma ; Midwest Regional at Kansas City , Missouri Ian Eagle / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Orlando , Florida Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Sacramento , California Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Salt Lake City , Utah Carter Blackburn / Mike Gminski / Debbie Antonelli / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Milwaukee , Wisconsin Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . For the first time in the history of the tournament , broadcasts of the Final Four and championship game were available in Spanish . First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Donny Marshall -- Buffalo , New York Brandon Gaudin and Kelly Tripucka -- Milwaukee , Wisconsin Tom McCarthy and Will Perdue -- Orlando , Florida Kevin Kugler and Dan Dickau -- Salt Lake City , Utah John Sadak and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Greenville , South Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and Jim Jackson -- Indianapolis , Indiana Craig Way and P.J. Carlesimo -- Tulsa , Oklahoma Jason Benetti and Mike Montgomery -- Sacramento , California Regionals ( edit ) Ian Eagle and Donny Marshall -- East Regional at New York City , New York Tom McCarthy and Will Purdue -- Midwest Regional at Kansas City , Missouri Gary Cohen and P.J. Carlesimo -- South Regional at Memphis , Tennessee Kevin Kugler and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at San Jose , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- Glendale , Arizona Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) 2017 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 National Invitation Tournament 2017 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2017 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NAIA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NAIA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NAIA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 College Basketball Invitational 2017 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament College basketball portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These 8 teams are ineligible for the following reasons : Academic Progress Rate Alcorn State Savannah State Self - imposed bans Northern Colorado Cal State Northridge Reclassification Abilene Christian Grand Canyon Incarnate Word UMass Lowell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` UNC holds off Oregon , to face Gonzaga in final '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Final Four 2017 : Gonzaga holds on to beat South Carolina , advances to title game '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schonbrun , Zach ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) . `` North Carolina Stops Gonzaga , Turning Heartbreak Into Joy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League Adds Men 's , Women 's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . March 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Midseason March Madness sneak preview should bring positive buzz '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness bracket : How the 68 teams are selected for the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy . `` 3 - point shot : UConn gets APR on track '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I student - athletes still making gains in APR '' . NCAA . April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Northern Colorado imposed penalties on itself over NCAA violations '' . Denver Post . The Associated Press . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSUN admits violations in men 's basketball program , self - imposes postseason ban '' . Los Angeles Times . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multidivision and Reclassifying for 2015 -- 16 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Hawaii head men 's basketball coach violated NCAA ethical conduct rules '' . NCAA . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii men 's basketball eligible for postseason after Committee on Infractions reconsideration '' . NCAA . March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness 2017 : Conference tournament scores , schedule , NCAA tournament automatic qualifiers '' . NCAA . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Astleford ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` South Carolina , Florida dominate All - East Region team '' . SECCountry.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , Jacob ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Johnathan Williams was the Best in the West '' . The Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shane Keyser ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` KU 's Frank Mason and Josh Jackson make NCAA All - Midwest Regional team '' . Kansas City Star . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Tipton ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fox on UK 's foul trouble : ' I 'm not blaming the officials , man ' '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joel Berry named Final Four Most Outstanding Player '' . theScore.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports , Turner Sports announce programming schedule for 2014 , 2015 '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports and Turner Sports Announce 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Commentator Team '' . NCAA . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness : Jim Nantz , Grant Hill , Casey Stern and Debbie Antonelli highlight March Madness Commentator Teams '' . NCAA . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media Circus : Breaking down CBS and Turner 's March Madness broadcast package '' . Sports Illustrated . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS cuts bloated Selection Sunday show to 90 minutes from two hours '' . Sporting News . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Westwood One and the NCAA make history with first Spanish language audio call of NCAA Men 's Final Four '' . NCAA . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=842614452 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in Arizona 2017 in sports in Arizona Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played in the ncaa finals last year	[ "In the Final Four, North Carolina beat Oregon (making their first Final Four appearance since 1939)[1] while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina (both making their first ever Final Four appearance).[2] North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71–65 to win the national championship.[3]" ]	[ "North Carolina" ]
2401948551094325710	Bloons Tower Defense	Bloons Tower Defense - wikipedia Bloons Tower Defense Bloons Tower Defense The logo for Bloons TD Genres Tower defense Developer ( s ) Ninja Kiwi , Digital Goldfish Ltd. ( iOS ) Publisher ( s ) Ninja Kiwi Platforms Android , browser ( Flash ) , iOS , macOS , Nintendo DSi , PlayStation Portable , Microsoft Windows , Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch Platform of origin Adobe Flash First release Bloons TD Mid 2007 Latest release Bloons TD 6 WW : June 14 , 2018 Bloons Tower Defense ( also known as Bloons TD ) is a series of tower defense games under the Bloons series created and produced by Ninja Kiwi . The game was initially developed as a browser game , built upon the Adobe Flash platform and released in 2007 . Later games in the series expanded to support various mobile platforms , including Android , iOS , Windows Phone , PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DSi . In the game , players attempt to prevent balloons ( called bloons in - game ) from reaching the end of a set course by placing towers or road items along it that can pop the bloons in a variety of ways . Some towers can stall the bloons and give the other towers more time to pop them by freezing and gluing the bloons . Money is gained by popping bloons and completing levels , and can be spent on new towers , upgrades for existing ones , or temporary items such as exploding pineapples and road spikes . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Numbered Games 2.1 Bloons Tower Defense and Bloons Tower Defense 2 2.2 Bloons TD 3 2.3 Bloons TD 4 2.4 Bloons TD 5 2.5 Bloons TD 6 3 Spin - offs and offshoots 3.1 Bloons TD Battles 3.2 Bloons Monkey City 3.3 Bloons Adventure Time TD 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The main objective of Bloons TD is to prevent balloons , known in - game as `` Bloons '' , from reaching the end of a defined track on a map which consists of one or more entrances and exits for the bloons . The game is a tower defense game and thus the player can choose various types of towers and traps at his or her disposal to place around the track in order to defend against the bloons , gaining 1 in - game dollar for every layer of bloon popped . If a bloon reaches the end of a path , the player loses lives ( or in later games , health ) ; once these are all depleted , the game ends . The bloons always follow the map 's set path on the track until they either reach the exit ( s ) , are popped , or are moved to an earlier part of the track by a towers ' ability . There are two classes of bloons the game : regular ( unnamed in the game ) and MOAB - class . The regular bloons consist of : red bloons , blue bloons , green bloons , yellow bloons , pink bloons , black bloons , white bloons , lead bloons , zebra bloons , rainbow bloons , purple bloons , and ceramic bloons . MOAB - class bloons are in the shape of a blimp and consist of : MOAB ( Massive Ornary Air Blimp ) , BFB ( Brutal Flying Behemoth ) , DDT ( Dark Dirigible Titan ) , the ZOMG ( Zeppelin Of Mighty Gargantuaness ) and the BAD ( Big Airship of Doom ) . Tougher variants of most bloon types contain a number of specified weaker ones . In later versions of the game , regular bloons possess sometimes special characteristics such as camo ( which most towers can not detect ) , regrowth ( the ability for the bloons to slowly grow back to its original size ) and fortified ( which doubles the health of toughest bloons ) , that resist certain tower types . With each level , the intensity of bloon waves proportionately increases . Towers are the main defensive utility in the Bloons TD series . Each tower has its own unique purpose , power , and use , with some being powerful against specific bloons but unable to target others effectively . Every tower can be upgraded to increase power and other capabilities by spending the in - game currency , known simply as ' money ' , which is earned by popping bloons and at the end of each round . In Bloons TD 4 on , certain towers such as banana farms can be placed to produce additional money during a round . In later games , there are multiple difficulty levels ; for instance , in BTD5 , there are four difficulty levels and in Bloons Monkey City there are 5 . With each harder difficulty the player plays on , the fewer lives they have and the more each tower and upgrade cost . There are also different types of maps rated by difficulty ; in general , there are more types of maps in newer games . Numbered games ( edit ) There are currently six released numbered games in the Bloons TD series apart from various add - on packs and spin - offs such as Bloons TD 4 Expansion and Bloons Monkey City . The newest release , Bloons TD 6 , was released on June 14 , 2018 . The series was retitled from Bloons Tower Defense to Bloons TD in 2009 due to infringement on the TowerDefense trademark owned by Com2uS . Bloons Tower Defense and Bloons Tower Defense 2 ( edit ) A screenshot of the original Bloons Tower Defense . Bloons Tower Defense is the first game in the BTD series , released for free as a flash browser game in Mid 2007 . In the game players had to defend against coloured bloons with monkeys , dart throwers , and other towers positioned around the map . When strong bloons are popped they release weaker ones until eventually completely popping . Bloons Tower Defense 2 was released soon after in Late 2007 , adding new towers , multiple map options , new bloons , and an option for game difficulty . Bloons TD 3 ( edit ) A screenshot of the Bloons TD 3 browser version from 2012 onwards Bloons TD 3 was released around September 5 , 2008 , months after the release of Bloons Tower Defense 2 , named differently due to a trademark dispute with Com2uS . As with the second game , new towers , bloons , and maps were added . A version based on this game was released for iOS titled Bloons TD ; made available on October 3 , 2009 from the iOS App Store . This version had extra maps styled in snow and beach themes , and included OpenFeint achievements . The game included 5 map packs , containing a total of 15 different levels to play , with packs unlocked by completing the previous levels . This version of the game was also released for the PlayStation Portable in 2010 . Another version of the game , simply titled Bloons TD , was released for DSiWare in 2011 , containing 50 rounds to complete . Bloons TD 4 ( edit ) Bloons TD 4 was released on October 26 , 2009 as an online freemium game with a proprietary iOS version released on December 7 , 2010 , developed in conjunction with Digital Goldfish . The gameplay underwent changes including a graphical update , the ability to save the current game , and the introduction of an unlock - based leveling system . The tower upgrading system received various changes including increasing the number of upgrades per tower , and new maps and game modes were added . iPhone and iPad versions of this title have been purchased over one million times . A version of the game was also released as a DSiWare game in 2012 . Bloons TD 5 ( edit ) A screenshot of the Bloons TD 5 iOS version . The original ( Flash and freemium ) Bloons TD 5 was released on December 13th , 2011 . On November 15 , 2012 , the proprietary version of BTD 5 was released on iOS worldwide for iPhones and iPods with improved graphics and additional upgrades , tracks , towers , and bloon types . In November 19 , 2014 it was released on Steam . The game introduced a daily challenge feature in January 27 , 2012 ; which sets a certain goal for the player to achieve , rewarding him or her with more in - game currency . Also with a new update for the mobile version of BTD5 , a new tower was added called the `` Monkey Sub '' . The submarine was later added to the online version in July 23 , 2015 . The iOS , Android and Steam versions have 15 languages : English , Arabic , Danish , Finnish , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Norwegian , Portuguese , Russian , Spanish , Swedish , Turkish . On March 3rd , 2017 it was released for Microsoft 's Xbox One , later releasing for PlayStation 4 on May 9th , 2017 and Nintendo Switch on June 13th , 2018 , all of which cost $14.99 USD . Bloons TD 6 ( edit ) Bloons TD 6 is the newest game in the Bloons series . After being announced on March 28 , 2017 on PRLog , it was released for the iOS App Store and the Google Play Store on June 14 , 2018 . New Features in BTD 6 include : An overhaul of monkey knowledge upgrades . 3D graphics and obstacles . Two new towers , Druid and Alchemist . Five heroes . Fortified bloons , purple bloons , and the B.A.D. 5th tier and 3rd path upgrades for every tower . In BTD 6 , heroes were introduced , a special type of tower that levels itself up and can upgrade without player input . There were four heroes released at start : Quincy , Gwendolyn , Striker Jones , Obyn Greenfoot , and Captain Churchill . On June 14 , 2018 , the game was released on the iTunes App Store and the Google Play Store . The game will only be a mobile exclusive game for the first few months , and unlike the past games , will not have a PC counterpart on the Ninja Kiwi website . However , Ninja Kiwi has hinted at a Steam version set to come out several months after the release of Bloons TD 6 . Spin - offs and offshoots ( edit ) Apart from the main series , Ninja Kiwi has made several BTD games that include the core gameplay of BTD but are not numbered sequels . Bloons TD Battles ( edit ) Bloons TD Battles was released in December 13 , 2012 , and later to Android and iOS platforms in Between November 5 & 6 , 2013 . In April 20 , 2016 , it came to Steam as a ported version of mobile . The gameplay is similar to that in Bloons TD 5 but two players compete against one another in one of three game modes . In `` assault '' mode , each player normally progresses through the levels that are made harder However , the players are also given the ability to purchase additional bloons , sending them to the opponent , overwhelming them . In `` defense '' mode , the players play a natural game , the screen split vertically . Players can spend money to increase their income . In `` Card Battles '' mode , the players choose from a selection of cards to use in their games . The cards have two functions : Sending bloons to the enemy player , which , like in Assault Mode , will give the player who sends the bloons income , and placing down a tower . All three game objectives are to outlast the opponent in surviving the bloon attacks . The mobile version of Bloons TD Battles is exclusive as it has 5 non-PC towers , the Monkey Sub , the Monkey Engineer , the Bloonchipper , the Heli Pilot , and an exclusive tower called the `` COBRA '' ( Covert Ops Battles Response Agent ) . Using the system 's skill - based matching system , players can be automatically matched with one another . Bloons Monkey city ( edit ) This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section is incomplete . This is because it needs more information . ( January 2016 ) Bloons Monkey City was released in November 25 , 2013 . Like Bloons TD Battles , the core gameplay is similar to that of BTD5 , however , the player has to maintain a city , expanding the city by capturing bloon - infested areas called tiles . One important goal of the game is levelling up the city . Players earn XP for the city by capturing tiles , completing missions or building towers . There is also an in - game feature known as Monkey vs. Monkey , allowing players to fight each other ; raids can be launched using the resource `` Bloontonium '' . This can be acquired by capturing certain tiles or with Bloontonium generators . If the opponent fails to defend against the raid in the set time period , the attacker gains city cash , another resource in the game used to build towers , bloonstones , the ' premium currency ' of the game , and city honor , which has no primary purpose in the game other than achievements . One primary difference between this game and the others in the Bloons series is the addition of buildings . Buildings in Bloons Monkey City are required in order to use and to upgrade towers . Some buildings serve as prerequisites to other buildings , while others are prerequisites to using certain bloons in raids , and the number of towers you can use in a game depends on how many of that specific type of building you possess . Some buildings unlock new monkeys , while others unlock upgrades for these monkeys . Other buildings are required to unlock the tier four upgrades , Camo Bloon defense , and MOAB class Bloon popping power ( the Sun God and Robo - Monkey also require buildings ) . In mid-2014 , Ninja Kiwi released a new mode known as Contested Territory , a mini-game which offers bonus rewards , and pits players against each other , all of whom compete to survive the most rounds for the longest time on a trickier - than - normal track . This game was released on browser , but a port to iOS and Android was released in December 3 , 2014 and February 18 , 2015 respectively . Bloons Adventure time TD ( edit ) Bloons Adventure Time TD is a crossover game between Ninja Kiwi 's Bloons TD series and Cartoon Network 's `` Adventure Time '' series that was announced via the Cartoon Network International News Site and the Ninja Kiwi blog on March 8th and March 9th , 2018 respectively . As of June 2018 , no details are known about the game besides the fact that , unlike Bloons TD 6 , it will be a free game on iOS and Android and it 's expected release time of August 2018 . The game will involve the characters of the hit Cartoon Network show Adventure Time joining forces with the monkeys of the Bloons series to stop the Bloons in the Land of Ooo . Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Year Metacritic Bloons TD 4 2009 iOS : 69 / 100 Bloons TD 5 2012 iOS : 79 / 100 Bloons TD Battles 2012 iOS : 78 / 100 Shortly after the release of Bloons Tower Defense , Lore Sjöberg of Wired described the game as cheerful and addictive , calling it `` pop culture at its best '' . In 2012 , Justin Davis of IGN described Bloons Tower Defense as one of the best free tower defense games , despite its `` amateurish '' artwork . He later noted the first entry 's lack of depth , and that the sequel improved this . IGN editor Daemon Hatfield said that he thought Bloons TD 3 succeeded in standing out in the crowded genre by having sufficient core game mechanics and adding an individual twist . The game 's iOS version received mixed reviews with some authors praising the unique towers and good gameplay , though the user interface , controls , and lack of leaderboards were criticised . The DS version received similar reception , with Lucas Thomas of IGN describing it as `` a pretty good take on good old Bloons TD . '' Eurogamer 's Kristan Reed gave the PSP version 8 / 10 , describing it as `` transfixing '' , though he said that the music appeared to be designed to `` drive you insane '' . GameZebo editor Jim Squires gave Bloons TD 4 a 3.5 / 5 rating , praising it on its well designed maps and towers and for having a large amount of content , but he criticized the game for not `` bringing anything new to the genre . '' GamePro editor Ryan Rigney gave Bloons TD 4 a 2 / 5 rating , stating that it had the same Bloons Tower Defense gameplay as the previous titles , and `` the screen eventually gets so hectic that it 's no longer fun to play '' ; an issue which many other reviews also responded negatively to . Bloons TD 5 was received similarly to its previous version , with reviewers commenting positively on the number of maps , towers , and levels , but criticising the lack of innovation to the tower - defense genre and performance issues at higher levels . Both Bloons TD 4 and Bloons TD 5 featured among the top 10 paid iPhone apps in the iOS App Store , with Bloons TD 4 selling over 1 million copies . Bloons TD remained in the top 100 apps for at least 3 months , and Bloons TD 5 was the 8th most purchased iPhone app in 2013 . Overall , the game series has been played over 1 billion times across web and mobile devices . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bloons TD '' . PC Welt ( in German ) . 23 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Jon ( 24 June 2010 ) . `` Bloons TD coming to PSP Minis '' . Pocket Gamer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nesvadba , Andrew ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` Bloons TD 4 Review '' . App Spy . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rattray , Tim ( 21 October 2009 ) . `` Bloons Tower Defense Review '' . Slide to Play . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Justin ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Free Game of the Day : Bloons Tower Defense '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Bedford , John ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` App Of The Day : Bloons TD 5 '' . Gametrailers.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chiappara , Damian ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` Bloons TD Review '' . App Spy . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Aylott , Chris . `` Bloons TD 5 Review '' . SlidetoPlay.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Leif . `` Bloons TD 5 Review '' . Gamezebo.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Defense Games '' . Ninja Kiwi . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ninja Kiwi Announces Bloons TD 6 in Development '' . PRLog . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Jon ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` Com2uS `` guides '' developers not to use its trademark Tower Defense `` . PocketGamer.biz . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Fame : Bloons Tower Defense '' . DailyTekk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sjöberg , Lore ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` Browser Game : Bloons Tower Defense is Pop Culture at its Best '' . Wired . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Justin ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Free Game of the Day : Bloons Tower Defense 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Kristan ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` Download Games Roundup '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Jon ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Bloons Tower Defense popping over to App Store '' . Pocket Gamer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Revealed : Bloons Tower Defense 's OpenFeint achievements '' . Pocket Gamer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Lucas ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Bloons Tower Defense Review '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ East , Thomas ( 6 December 2011 ) . `` Pullblox coming to 3DS eShop this week '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , Jim ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` Bloons TD 4 Review '' . Gamezebo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Yonemoto , Tracy ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Bloons TD 4 review '' . App Safari . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here it is : Bloons TD 4 '' . Bloons TD 4 Release Text . Ninja Kiwi . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Pac - Man , Wii U YouTube and a Romantic Airport Management Game from the Makers of Professor Layton Arrive in The Nintendo Download The Week '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kiwi games industry booms '' . Gameplanet . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Philip ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` Bloons TD 4 ( DSiWare ) Review '' . Nintendo Life . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://store.steampowered.com/app/306020/Bloons_TD_5/ Jump up ^ Lada , Jenni ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Android Amusements : Bloons TD 5 '' . Technology Tell . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bloons TD 5 iTunes website ( see languages ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Buy Bloons TD 5 - Microsoft Store '' . Jump up ^ https://btd6.com `` btd6 official , '' retrieved June 6 2018 Jump up ^ https://mobile.twitter.com/ninjakiwigames?lang=en Ninja Kiwi Twitter . retrieved June 6 2018 Jump up ^ Aaron . `` A New Year , A Ninja Kiwi Year '' . Ninja Kiwi Official Blog . Ninja Kiwi . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Aaron . `` Bloons TD Battles iOS - Out now for FREE ! '' . Ninja Kiwi Official Blog . Ninja Kiwi . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Scott . `` Mobile reviews : ' Pac - Man Dash ' , ' Sky Gamblers : Cold War ' , more '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Bedford , John . `` Bloons TD Battles iPhone Review '' . Modojo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bloons TD Battles Brings Sniper Monkeys , Multiplayer Tower Defense to iOS Devices '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gould , Aaron . `` What 's Up At Ninja Kiwi ? - 06 June ' 14 '' . Ninja Kiwi Blog . Ninja Kiwi . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gould , Aaron . `` What 's Up at Ninja Kiwi ? - 18 December ' 14 '' . Ninja Kiwi Blog . Ninja Kiwi . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gould , Aaron . `` What 's Up At Ninja Kiwi ? - 05 February ' 15 '' . Ninja Kiwi Blog . Ninja Kiwi . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.regularcapital.com/2018/03/cartoon-network-usa-2018-2019-upfront-cartoon-networks-largest-programming-slate-ever-new-shows-new-episodes-and-new-digital-content/ Cartoon Network announcement . Retrieved June 6 2018 Jump up ^ `` Bloons TD 4 for iPhone / iPad Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bloons TD 5 for iPhone / iPad Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bloons TD Battles for iPhone / iPad Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Daemon ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Daemon 's Take on Bloons Tower Defense 3 - Web Games Feature at IGN '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Broida , Rick ( 19 October 2009 ) . `` Five awesome iPhone tower defense games '' . CNET . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Rigney , Ryan ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Bloons TD 4 Review from GamePro '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Danny ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Top iPhone and iPod Touch Game Apps : Infinity Blade , Bloons TD 4 See Big Sales '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Chang , Jon ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Candy Crush Saga Is Apple 's Most Downloaded App of 2013 '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Apple reveals top app downloads of 2013 : Candy wins '' . USA Today . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Chapman - Smith , Ben ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Auckland company 's latest game making it big in US '' . The Aucklander . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Ninja Kiwi official website App for iPhone and iPad Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloons_Tower_Defense&oldid=854269737 '' Categories : Android ( operating system ) games Browser games DSiWare games IOS games PlayStation Portable games Tower defense video games Video game franchises Video game franchises introduced in 2007 Video games about animals Video games featuring anthropomorphic characters Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles to be expanded from January 2016 Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 03 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is bloon tower defense 6 coming out	[ "Bloons TD 6 is the newest game in the Bloons series. After being announced on March 28, 2017 on PRLog, it was released for the iOS App Store and the Google Play Store on June 14, 2018. \n" ]	[ "June 14, 2018" ]
-5098113203761948021	Aisha Tyler	Aisha Tyler - wikipedia Aisha Tyler Jump to : navigation , search Aisha Tyler Tyler at San Diego Comic - Con International in 2013 Aisha N. Tyler ( 1970 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1970 ( age 46 ) San Francisco , California , U.S. Alma mater Dartmouth College ( 1992 ) Occupation Talk show host , actress , comedian , author , producer , writer , director Years active 1996 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jeff Tietjens ( m . 1992 or 1994 ; div. 2017 ) Website www.aishatyler.com Aisha N. Tyler ( born September 18 , 1970 ) is an American talk show host , actress , author , producer , writer , and director . She is known for portraying Andrea Marino in the first season of Ghost Whisperer , voicing Lana Kane in Archer , portraying Dr. Tara Lewis in Criminal Minds where she replaced Jennifer Love Hewitt and portraying Mother Nature in the Santa Clause film series , as well as recurring roles in CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Talk Soup and Friends . She is a former co-host of CBS 's The Talk , and the host of Whose Line is it Anyway ? . Tyler also hosted Ubisoft 's E3 press conferences from 2012 to 2016 , and has made various video game appearances including Halo : Reach and Ubisoft 's Watch Dogs where her voice and likeness are featured . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Web 4.5 Music video 4.6 Director 5 Published works 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Tyler was born in San Francisco , California , the daughter of Robin Gregory , a teacher , and James Tyler , a photographer . The family spent one year in Ethiopia , and later spent time living in an Ashram in the US . Her parents amicably divorced when she was 10 and she was raised by her father while her sister was raised by their mother ( the family maintained connections after the divorce ) . She pursued an early interest in comedy at McAteer High School in San Francisco , which had a special program called School of the Arts , now named Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts . Tyler attended high school with Sam Rockwell , and Margaret Cho . She had a crush on Rockwell , and followed him into acting class one day , leading to her interest in improv and sketch . Tyler graduated from Dartmouth College in 1992 . She was a member of The Tabard , a co-ed fraternity . At Dartmouth , she co-founded and sang in the Dartmouth Rockapellas , an all - female a cappella group devoted to spreading social awareness through song . After briefly working for a San Francisco advertising firm , she toured the country pursuing a comedy career before moving to Los Angeles in 1996 . Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tyler singing at a Barnes & Noble bookstore in New York Tyler 's career in television took off in 2001 with jobs as the host of Talk Soup and the reality - dating series The Fifth Wheel , although Talk Soup was canceled the following year and Tyler left The Fifth Wheel in 2002 to pursue other interests . Tyler has devoted a significant amount of her time to independent projects , including a role in the play Moose Mating , for which she received an NAACP Image Award . She also wrote , directed , and starred in the independent short film The Whipper . Moving into acting , Tyler featured in Friends as Dr. Charlie Wheeler , Joey 's and then Ross ' girlfriend , in the ninth and tenth seasons . She followed this up with guest spots on CSI : Miami and Nip / Tuck , as well as balancing season - long recurring roles on both CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and 24 during the 2004 -- 2005 television season . She also filmed her own sitcom pilot for CBS , which was not picked up . She has guest - starred on MADtv . Following her regular role on the CBS series Ghost Whisperer during its first season , Tyler appeared in several films , including The Santa Clause 2 , The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause , . 45 , and the comedy Balls of Fury . In 2007 , she filmed the thriller Death Sentence and the crime drama Black Water Transit . She also continues to appear on television , with appearances on Boston Legal , Reno 911 ! , The Boondocks , and as a guest film critic on several episodes of At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper , filling in for the absent Roger Ebert while he recuperated from surgery . The Talk co-hosts Julie Chen , Aisha Tyler , Sharon Osbourne , Sara Gilbert , and Sheryl Underwood in 2012 Tyler has moved into print media as a regular contributor to Glamour , Jane , and Entertainment Weekly magazines . Her first book , Swerve : A Guide to the Sweet Life for Postmodern Girls , was released in January 2004 . Tyler plays on the World Poker Tour in the Hollywood Home games for the Futures Without Violence charity . She also made a guest appearance on Kanye West 's single `` Slow Jamz '' , which featured Twista and Jamie Foxx . Philanthropy and charity work are very important to Tyler , and she regularly does volunteer work for the American Red Cross , The Trust for Public Land , Planned Parenthood Federation of America , and the International Rescue Committee . Tyler appeared in a nude pictorial , along with other celebrities , in the May 2006 issue of Allure . The annual Nude Issue raises money to combat skin cancer . In May 2009 , it was announced that ABC had given Tyler her own talk show pilot , The Aisha Tyler Show . In early May 2010 , she presented the `` Welcome to the Beta '' video for Halo : Reach . She also voiced a minor character in the game . In 2009 , she began her starring role voicing Lana Kane in the FX series Archer , which premiered on January 14 , 2010 and has been renewed for a sixth and seventh season , to premiere through 2016 . In August 2010 , Tyler began appearing in a recurring guest spot on The Stephanie Miller Show . The segment is named `` Tuesdays With Tyler '' . Tyler appears either in - studio or via phone when she is not otherwise committed to one of her acting roles . While Hal Sparks was out of the country , Tyler filled in as the third member of the Stephanie Miller Sexy Liberal Comedy Tour on three shows in August 2011 . Starting on July 26 , 2011 , Tyler started her own weekly podcast , Girl on Guy , where she interviews her favorite celebrity friends and discusses topics guys love . Girl on Guy is available on her website for download using iTunes , mp3 , and RSS . The show launched as the No. 4 comedy podcast on iTunes and currently is the No. 2 comedy podcast , and the No. 7 overall podcast on iTunes . The first weekly installment of Girl on Guy featured guest H. Jon Benjamin , the second featured the host of Current TV 's former show InfoMania Brett Erlich on August 1 , 2011 , and the third featured Archer creator Adam Reed on August 9 , 2011 . In October 2011 , it was announced that Tyler would join the cast of The Talk as a permanent co-host , replacing Holly Robinson Peete . Her first full week as a co-host was October 24 through October 28 , 2011 . Tyler is known for being expressive and outspoken on The Talk , especially about African American culture and stereotypes , LGBT rights , and women 's rights . Tyler presented Ubisoft 's press conference at E3 2012 in June , which received some backlash from fans who did n't believe Tyler was a gamer . This caused Tyler to respond with a poem about how she has been playing video games `` since you were a twinge in the left side of your daddy 's underoos '' . She returned to host the publisher 's press conference the following year . Tyler 's second book , Self - Inflicted Wounds : Heartwarming Tales of Epic Humiliation , debuted in July 2013 , later becoming a New York Times bestseller ; it was inspired by questions asked of guests on Girl on Guy . In March 2013 , Tyler was confirmed to be the new host of the American version of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? . She also appears briefly as herself in the video game Watch Dogs and is featured in the music video for the `` Weird Al '' Yankovic song `` Tacky '' . Tyler was also the original voice for the character Daisy Fitzroy in the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite , but her recordings were not used and the role went to Kimberly Brooks . She was nominated for Personality of 2014 in Golden Joystick Award 2014 . In June 2015 , it was announced that Tyler landed a recurring role on the eleventh season of Criminal Minds . Although she served as a temporary replacement for Jennifer Love Hewitt , who was on maternity leave , her status was elevated to main cast member in season 12 . In 2016 , Tyler started a Kickstarter campaign to fund her directorial feature film debut , Axis . The project was shot over nine days in May 2016 , and is due for release in 2017 . On the June 15 , 2017 , episode of The Talk , Tyler announced that she would be leaving the show at the end of the seventh season due to her busy schedule with three other television shows and directing films . She said she would return as a guest host and to promote her various projects . Personal Life ( edit ) Tyler married attorney Jeff Tietjens in 1992 or 1994 ( sources differ ) . The pair separated in January 2015 and Tietjens filed for divorce in April 2016 . It was finalized in May 2017 . Tyler is a vocal advocate for the rights of the LGBTQ community . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Dancing in September Woman with Weave 2001 Moose Mating Josie 2002 The Santa Clause 2 Mother Nature 2003 One Flight Stand Alexis Never Die Alone Nancy 2006 The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Mother Nature . 45 Liz 2007 Death Sentence Detective Wallis Balls of Fury Mahogany The Trap ! Angela 2008 Meet Market Jane Bedtime Stories Donna Hynde 2009 Black Water Transit Casey Spandau The Babymakers Karen 2017 Axis Louise Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grand Avenue Girl No. 1 Television film Nash Bridges Reporter 1999 The Pretender Angela Somerset 2001 Curb Your Enthusiasm Shaq 's Girlfriend Talk Soup Host Off Limits The Fifth Wheel Host 2002 The Sausage Factory Jamie 2003 Friends Dr. Charlie Wheeler 9 episodes CSI : Miami Janet Medrano Untitled Aisha Tyler Project Melanie Haywood Unsold pilot Nip / Tuck Manya Mabika 2004 -- 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Mia Dickerson 13 episodes 2005 24 Marianne Taylor 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Ghost Whisperer Andrea Marino 23 episodes 2006 For One Night Desiree Howard Television film 2007 Boston Legal Taryn Campbell The Boondocks Luna 2008 Million Dollar Password Herself Contestant Reno 911 ! Befany Dangle 2009 Aisha Tyler is Lit : Live at the Fillmore Herself Stand - up special Celebrity Jeopardy ! Herself Contestant 2009 -- present Archer Agent Lana Kane Voice Chelsea Lately Herself The Forgotten Lydia Townsend Committed Short film Writer , director , editor , producer 2011 XIII : The Series Major Jones RuPaul 's Drag Race 3 Herself Judge 2011 -- 2017 The Talk Herself Co-host 2012 Glee Jake Puckerman 's Mother 1 episode 2013 -- present Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Herself Host 2013 Hawaii Five - 0 Savannah Walker The Getaway Herself Host 2014 Modern Family Wendy Talking Dead Herself Panelist @ midnight Herself 1 episode The Mind of a Chef Herself Bourbon connoisseur Two and a Half Men Adoption Lawyer Hell 's Kitchen Herself Dining room guest for Season 13 's final service 2014 -- 2015 Bojack Horseman Mother of Sarah Lynn and Sextina Aquafina Voice 2015 -- present Criminal Minds Dr. Tara Lewis Recurring ( season 11 ) Main ( season 12 - present ) 37 episodes 2016 Supergirl Herself 1 episode , with The Talk co-hosts Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Halo : Reach Female Trooper 2 Voice Only 2011 Gears of War 3 Commander Walker Voice Only 2014 Watch Dogs Herself Voice and Likeness Web ( edit ) Year Title Role 2011 Girl on Guy - Podcast Host 2012 E3 - Electronics Entertainment Expo Ubisoft Press Conference Host 2013 E3 - Electronics Entertainment Expo Ubisoft Press Conference Host 2014 E3 - Electronics Entertainment Expo Ubisoft Press Conference Host The GameOverGreggy Show Guest 2015 Table Top : Cards Against Humanity Guest E3 - Electronics Entertainment Expo Ubisoft Press Conference Host 2016 E3 - Electronics Entertainment Expo Ubisoft Press Conference Host Music video ( edit ) Year Title Artist Notes 2003 `` Slow Jamz '' Twista featuring Kanye West and Jamie Foxx 2009 `` Nowassitall '' Herself From her DVD Aisha Tyler is Lit 2013 `` Simmer '' Silversun Pickups Director , editor `` Crucial Velocity '' Clutch Director 2014 `` Tacky '' `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 2016 `` Gone Cold '' Clutch Director ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2017 Axis Film 2017 -- present Criminal Minds Episode : `` The Bunker '' Published works ( edit ) Tyler , Aisha ( 2005 ) . Swerve . Plume . ISBN 978 - 0452286320 . Tyler , Aisha ( 2013 ) . Self - Inflicted Wounds : Heartwarming Tales of Epic Humiliation . It Books . ISBN 978 - 0062223777 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Aisha Tyler ( 1970 - ) '' . Film.Reference.com . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gina Serpe ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` From Talk Soup to The Talk : Aisha Tyler Makes Her Morning - Show Debut ! '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Carolla Podcast '' . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` In Bed With Joan - Episode 18 : Aisha Tyler '' . YouTube . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Talk the Talk '' . CBS Watch ! . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aisha Tyler ' 92 on the Power of Mistakes ( Forbes ) '' . dartmouth.edu . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebs in the Ivy League '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Aisha ( 2004 ) . Swerve : A Guide to the Sweet Life for Postmodern Girls . New York : Plume . ISBN 0 - 525 - 94806 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Stars Line Up For Naked Spread '' . Contactmusic.com. April 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Aisha Tyler Nabs Talk Show Pilot '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Off to voice a character in Halo : Reach tomorrow . Dreams really do come true , twitter.com , February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( 2009 - 12 - 01 ) . `` FX Sets Midseason Schedule - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim . `` FX 's ' Archer ' Renewed for 2 More Seasons '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ stephaniemiller.com Jump up ^ `` Stephanie Miller Sexy Liberal Comedy Tour '' . sexyliberal.com . June 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evan Narcisse ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Aisha Tyler Rants `` I 've Been a Gamer Since Before You Could Read . '' `` . kotaku.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Gamers : '' . facebook.com . June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rachel Hansen ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` His line : Improv master Ryan Stiles returns to the PAC '' . wenatcheeworld.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ @ aishatyler ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` @ Vinci_022 you 're right ! I recorded that role , but just found out they did n't use my recording . there 's 47 minutes I 'll never get back . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Meredith Jacobs ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Season 11 : Aisha Tyler will recur as Hotch looks to replace Kate '' . inquisitr.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aisha Tyler to make feature directing debut on Kiickstarter - funded Axis . '' `` Variety '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Axis '' `` Kickstarter '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maureen Lee Lenker ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Aisha Tyler leaving The Talk '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Aisha Tyler Leaving CBS ' ' The Talk ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lee , Esther ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Aisha Tyler , Husband Jeff Tietjens to Divorce After More Than 20 Years of Marriage '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aisha Tyler Ordered to Pay Ex Husband $2 Million in Divorce '' . TMZ.com . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Talk 's Aisha Tyler and Husband Divorcing After More Than 20 Years of Marriage '' . People . United States . Time Inc . April 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Aisha Tyler Opens Up About Divorce After 20 Years of Marriage : ' I 'll Always Love Him ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Yacco ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Geeking Out with Aisha Tyler '' . out.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Watch a new , Aisha Tyler - directed video about Silversun Pickups '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Simmer ( scroll down on page ) '' . Silversun Pickups . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Teitelman , Bram ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Clutch got Aisha Tyler to direct a video '' . Metal Insider . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aisha Tyler . Official website Aisha Tyler on IMDb Hosts of Talk Soup and The Soup Greg Kinnear ( 1991 -- 1995 ) John Henson ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Hal Sparks ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Aisha Tyler ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Joel McHale ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? UK version Episodes US version Episodes Additional versions UK radio version Israeli version Dutch version Australian version Related topics Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Fast and Loose Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us with Your Life VIAF : 221443000 LCCN : n2003112310 ISNI : 0000 0003 5962 5198 GND : 1050963768 BNF : cb16551702r ( data ) MusicBrainz : e8431027 - ef54 - 4998 - 9bb8 - 1c8c83ac40e9 NKC : xx0184607 BNE : XX4912365 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aisha_Tyler&oldid=798984508 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American writers 21st - century women writers Activists from California Actresses from San Francisco African - American actresses African - American comedians African - American film directors African - American film producers American film producers African - American screenwriters American screenwriters African - American television talk show hosts African - American women writers American film actresses American film directors American film editors American memoirists American music video directors American podcasters American stand - up comedians American television actresses American television personalities American video game actresses American voice actresses American women comedians American women film directors American women screenwriters Comedians from California Film producers from California Dartmouth College alumni Film directors from California LGBT rights activists from the United States Living people Women memoirists Writers from San Francisco Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 BLP articles lacking sources from September 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the voice of lana in archer	[ "Aisha N. Tyler (born September 18, 1970)[1] is an American talk show host, actress, author, producer, writer, and director. She is known for portraying Andrea Marino in the first season of Ghost Whisperer, voicing Lana Kane in Archer, portraying Dr. Tara Lewis in Criminal Minds where she replaced Jennifer Love Hewitt and portraying Mother Nature in the Santa Clause film series, as well as recurring roles in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Talk Soup and Friends. She is a former co-host of CBS's The Talk,[2] and the host of Whose Line is it Anyway?. Tyler also hosted Ubisoft's E3 press conferences from 2012 to 2016, and has made various video game appearances including Halo: Reach and Ubisoft's Watch Dogs where her voice and likeness are featured." ]	[ "Aisha N. Tyler" ]
-8574102637047996591	Sales taxes in British Columbia	Sales taxes in British Columbia - wikipedia Sales taxes in British Columbia Jump to : navigation , search This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sales taxes in British Columbia are consumption taxes levied in the province since the introduction of the Provincial Sales Tax ( PST ) on 1 July 1948 , part of the Social Service Tax Act . Sales in the province have also been subject to the federal Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) since its introduction on 1 January 1991 . On 1 July 2010 , the PST and GST were combined into the Harmonized Sales Tax ( HST ) levied according to the provisions of the GST . The conversion to HST was controversial . Popular opposition led to a referendum on the tax system , the first such referendum in the Commonwealth of Nations , resulting in the province reverting to the former PST / GST model on 1 April 2013 . The sales taxes levied in the province are the separate 7 % PST and 5 % GST . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provincial Sales Tax ( PST ) 1.1 Tax exemptions 1.2 Non-Taxable Sales and Services 1.3 Tax revenue 2 Harmonized Sales Tax ( HST ) 2.1 Rationale for implementing the HST 2.2 Changes from the PST 2.3 PST / HST revenue adjustment 2.3. 1 PST versus HST revenue 2.3. 2 Possible mitigation measures 2.4 Criticism 2.4. 1 Motor fuels and the carbon tax 2.4. 2 Tax shift from business to consumers 2.4. 3 Sports and recreation 2.4. 4 Social issues 2.4. 5 Housing 2.5 Referendum 3 See also 4 References Provincial sales tax ( PST ) ( edit ) The former British Columbia Provincial Sales Tax ( PST ) was introduced on July 1 , 1948 as part of the Social Service Tax Act . The tax was initially set at 3 % , but later rose to 7 % . The PST was collected on most goods and some services . The main difference between the national Goods and Services Tax and the B.C. PST was its taxable base , since the GST taxation was levied regardless of whether the good or service was for ' final use ' or not . Tax exemptions ( edit ) unprocessed food restaurant motor fuel children 's clothes and footwear Goods purchased for resale or export Goods used in the manufacturing or production of an end use product Legal services , massage therapy , vitamins , repair services , taxis Non-taxable sales and services ( edit ) Non-Taxable Sales and Services When a good or service is not subject to PST , a specific exemption in the legislation is n't needed . Similar to the old PST , the following are n't taxable under the new PST . sales of real property such as residential housing or commercial real estate admissions and memberships professional services ( other than legal services ) transportation fares ( e.g. bus , train , ferry , airline ) Tax revenue ( edit ) The PST revenue was estimated at $5.087 billion for the 2009 / 2010 fiscal year , from which about $2 billion was paid directly by the business sector . PST revenue accounted for about 13 % of the province 's total revenues which were budgeted at $38.812 billion . Harmonized sales tax ( HST ) ( edit ) The HST was a value added tax that combined a 5 % federal portion and a 7 % provincial portion into one tax paid on almost all purchases of goods and services . The HST came into effect amidst contention among British Columbians on July 1 , 2010 . The BC Liberal government announced on July 23 , 2009 that it intended to replace the PST by an HST , combining the GST with a provincial tax following the same rules as the GST . Had the HST passed the referendum , the BC Liberals contended that they would reduce it to 10 % in 2014 . Rationale for implementing the HST ( edit ) The governing Liberals contended that , although PST was a retail tax , the business sector was also subject to a 7 % PST on most of its input ; business in BC was put at a competitive disadvantage with business in other jurisdictions not subject to similar taxation . The Liberals argued that transferring this tax to the consumer favoured both exportation and investment in productivity . A federal Conservative government study considered this a more efficient method of taxation ; labour - intensive service industries ( like hairdresser or hospitality services ) , where inputs are marginal , would be disfavoured . Changes from the PST ( edit ) The HST added an additional 7 % of sales tax to the following items : Children 's disposable diapers ( goes up actually from 5 % HST to 12 % GST + PST ) Newspapers Certain school supplies Magazines Private Sale of automobiles ( there was no GST on private sales ) . When HST was introduced , the Provincial Government introduced a Provincial used vehicle levy of 12 % , which remains with the move back to PST . As of March 2015 , private vehicle sales continue to be taxed by the BC government at 12 % . EnergyStar windows Thermal insulation , weather stripping , and caulking First aid kits Smoke detectors valued less than $250 Food producing plants and trees Household moving services Adult sized clothing for children Shoe repair Tailoring services Dry cleaning Used adult clothing purchased for less than $100 Snack foods Restaurant meals Catering and event planning services Basic cable television Local residential phone Repair to certain household appliances Repair , maintenance or renovation services for real property Landscaping , lawn - care , private snow removal , and house cleaning Computer software repair services Taxis Camping sites Domestic air , rail and bus travel originating in British Columbia and with destinations with BC . Motor vehicle parking Real estate commissions Massage therapy services Over-the - counter medications Vitamins Admission to professional sporting events Movie tickets Safety helmets for sports Golf memberships and driving range fees Gym and athletic memberships Ballet , karate , trampoline , hockey , soccer lessons , etc . Tickets for live theatre Bicycles Admission to museums and art galleries Music concerts Ski lift passes Children 's sized ski boots Hockey rink and rental halls Music or video purchased and downloaded electronically . Funeral services Fitness trainers Hair stylists / barbers Esthetician services Accounting services Interior design services Wedding planning services Veterinarian services Cigarettes Cigars Chewing tobacco Nicotine replacement products Postage Personal Protective Equipment including : helmets , harnesses , safety footwear , eye protection etc . The HST lowered the sales tax on the following items : Alcoholic beverages ( drops to 10 % total sales tax , but liquor prices have been increased to remain at the same total price ) Residential electricity and heating ( drops to 5 % after a 7 % provincial rebate ) . Hotel rooms ( drops to 12 % from 13 % ) Short term auto rentals ( $1.50 per day tax removed ) New homes under $525,000 ( eligible for a rebate of $26,250 ) PST / HST revenue adjustment ( edit ) PST versus HST revenue ( edit ) Some believed that the HST would generate significantly more revenue according to the following reasoning : While the PST revenue was estimated at $5.083 billion for 2009 / 2010 , several sources concur to estimate the 5 % GST revenue for British Columbia of about $5 billion ( or a tax base at about $100 billion after the current GST exemption concerning the public sector ) . This reasoning argued that , since most sales subject to GST would be HST taxable ( at 7 % for the BC HST revenue ) , this revenue could be multiplied by 7 % / 5 % to estimate the gross BC HST revenue . If the taxable base were roughly the same , this would result in approximately $7 billion in BC HST revenue . This did not take into account the additional transition payment of $1.6 billion provided by the Federal Government , as a consequence of the HST adoption , and collection cost saving estimated at $30 million . According to BC government 's projection , gross BC HST revenue for 2011 / 12 would be $6.92 billion . After various rebates , the net BC HST revenue would be $5.38 billion , which is $410 million more than the would - be BC PST revenue ( $4.97 billion ) if there were no reform . The BC government argued that the $410 million difference , however , would be returned to residents through HST - related personal income tax reductions in the forms of BC HST credit and increased basic personal amount . The overall fiscal impact of harmonization on BC households was therefore supposedly neutral . Possible mitigation measures ( edit ) In order to be revenue neutral , the BC government had several options : The Memorandum agreed between the provincial and the federal government gave the former the flexibility to adjust the tax rate ( after a two - year period , and now fixed at 7 % ) . According to the above projection the tax base change could provide room for a decrease of the tax rate of more than 1 point , to keep revenue neutral . exempt some goods and / or services so long as the total amount exempted is less than 5 % of the total tax base to which the HST would otherwise apply . The Memorandum seemed to prefer the second path by suggesting exemption of motive fuel , children 's clothing and footwear , children 's car seats , feminine hygiene and books . In addition , and following the rationale justifying the introduction of the HST , the BC government , following the example of the Ontario government , might choose to reduce other taxes including some claimed by the Fraser Institute to be inefficient in economic terms such as personal income taxes . Criticism ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rather than decrease the rate of the HST across the board , the Provincial Government has chosen to favour some special interest group industries , which has received some criticism : Some note that all those discretionary exemptions defeat one purpose of the HST , which is tax harmonization , with cost saving achieved by red tape reduction . The HST shift appears to benefit mostly the capital intensive multinational industries such as mining and forestry in BC . The government , having chosen to exclude most of the labour - intensive service industry from HST tax relief , appeared to favour the rural BC interior over the urban area ridings . The exemption on automotive fuel was one consequence of this choice . In other words , the tax shift would favour declining legacy industry , representing a declining share of the BC GDP . However , the government has adopted the following policy on goods taxation : tax credit on goods that have a demand elasticity independent of family income ( e.g. heating fuel ) provincial HST exemption on goods that have a demand elasticity that is a function of family income , ( e.g. children 's clothing ) Motor fuels and the carbon tax ( edit ) See also : Motor fuel taxes in Canada In 2008 , BC introduced a carbon tax as part of its effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , which is applied to motor fuels as well as other fuels . Implementation of the carbon tax was controversial as the 2010 BC Budget granted petroleum fuels a 5 % reduction from the carbon tax , while imposing the full carbon tax on renewable fuels . While motor fuels are also subject to HST , the province decided upon implementation of the HST that it would rebate the 7 % provincial portion of the HST on motor fuels at the time of purchase . The BC government chose not to reduce the carbon tax and / or other taxes on motor fuels such as transportation infrastructure and transit taxes and then add the HST . This decision meant that businesses which purchase motor fuel to operate their businesses were unable to deduct any of the provincial taxes they pay on motor fuels from the HST they collect on their sales . This outcome is particularly harsh on businesses that had not been required to collect the PST but must use motor fuels to operate their businesses , such as sightseeing and adventure tour businesses . Tax shift from business to consumers ( edit ) The HST , in BC , was reported to be a tax shift onto consumers and away from business . The BC government estimated business would pay $1.9 billion less in sales taxes . It claimed that this would boost investment from corporations as their MTR is reduced . The claim is made that this would benefit consumers through more jobs and lower prices . A report done for the BC Ministry of Finance by University of Calgary economics professor Jack Mintz predicted that moving to the HST would create 11,300 jobs per year , increasing employment income by around $333 million , and result in capital investment of $1.15 billion / year . Sports and recreation ( edit ) In 2009 / 2010 , the Government spent $70 million in the promotion of healthy living and sports . Introduction of the HST added a new taxation of 7 % for numerous health - friendly activities : purchasing bicycles fitness and gym club membership ski passes Social issues ( edit ) The HST increased the price of heating fuel ( previously exempted by the PST ) . The government claimed it planned to provide a tax credit to mitigate this effect . Housing ( edit ) Under HST , as it was under GST and PST , renting a home was exempt . The purchase of an existing home is exempt from the HST , while the purchase of a new home was subject to a GST rebate of 36 % if the purchase price was below $350,000 , up to a maximum rebate of $8,750 ( which made the tax rate effectively 3.2 % ) . Under the PST , the purchase of a new home was tax exempt . Under the BC HST , up to $200,000 of the provincial part of the HST could be refunded ( making the purchase of new home under $400,000 virtually tax free ) . Nevertheless , the service of real estate agents and home appraisals became subject to full HST , whereas before they were only subject to GST . The BC Liberal government argued the change would have little effect on the market : Realtor fees were traditionally paid by the seller , and tax increase would only affect its potential benefit ( that is assuming the cost of the home is fixed by the market ) . Cost of appraisal service can be considered negligible in a traditional home purchase . The government argued that HST effect on new home pricing would be mitigated by suppression of the PST on the construction inputs . Referendum ( edit ) Main article : British Columbia sales tax referendum , 2011 On 26 August 2011 Elections BC , the independent electoral overseer , announced that British Columbia voters , via a mail - in ballot , defeated the new tax in the binding referendum conducted in June and July 2011 . This was the first binding referendum on taxation in any state / provincial or national jurisdiction in the Commonwealth of Nations . The referendum results were as follows : % of valid votes voting Yes : 54.73 % ( to repeal the HST ) % of valid votes voting No : 45.27 % Elections BC compiled the vote totals by electoral district ; the HST was voted down in 60 of British Columbia 's 85 districts . The HST was rejected by local majorities in 27 of the 49 districts held by the governing Liberals , and in 33 of the 36 seats held by the opposition NDP . The HST was approved by local majorities in 22 of the Liberal - held districts , and in three NDP - held districts . There was considerable local variation in the vote results . The anti-HST vote was highest in Surrey - Green Timbers , where 75.51 % voted Yes ( and 24.49 % voted No ) . The anti-HST vote was lowest in West Vancouver - Sea to Sky , where 39.22 % voted Yes ( and 60.78 % voted No ) . As of April 2013 , the 5 % Federal GST and 7 % provincial PST are collected separately again . See also ( edit ) Sales taxes in Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ B.C. Social Service Tax Act . http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/00_96431_01 Jump up ^ BC Stats , `` The Hotel Room Tax Act -- A Brief History '' , Tourism Sector Monitor , September 1996 . http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/Files/e106df91-2e45-4a11-85fc-2be172d79128/TheHotelRoomTaxAct--ABriefHistory.pdf Jump up ^ BC budget , pg. 5 http://www.bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/2009/estimates/2009_Estimates.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/Fed_Prov_MOU_english_July23.pdf ^ Jump up to : Taxation and Economic Efficiency : Results from a Canadian CGE Model , par Maximilian Baylor et Louis Beauséjour , Canadian federal Finance Minister 2004 ^ Jump up to : http://hst.blog.gov.bc.ca/ BC Government HST Blog Jump up ^ `` Rebates & Exemptions '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Housing Rebate '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Vaughn Palmer Ambitious reforms by Liberal governments to be eclipsed by HST , VancouverSun , July 28th , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Public Accounts of Canada states the 5 % GST revenue for all of Canada was $29.9 billion for 2007 / 2008 , and considering the contributive part of British Columbia was 15.4 % in 2003 according to http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0610-e.htm , 29.9 * ( 15.4 % ) = $4.6 Billions not including the BC GDP growth ^ Jump up to : http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2009-2013/2009PREM0017-000141.htm Jump up ^ Budget and Fiscal Plan -- 2010 / 11 to 2012 / 13 http://www.bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/2010/bfp/2010_Budget_Fiscal_Plan.pdf . Jump up ^ http://www.fraserinstitute.org/Commerce.Web/product_files/JulAug06ffTaxCuts.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.vancouversun.com/business/good+business+business+should+tell/1872582/story.html Jump up ^ http://www.leg.bc.ca/hansard/39th1st/h90921p.htm#571 Jump up ^ http://electionsbcenr.blob.core.windows.net/electionsbcenr/REF-2011-001.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sales_taxes_in_British_Columbia&oldid=802251525 '' Categories : Taxation in Canada British Columbia law Sales taxes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses NPOV disputes from July 2011 All NPOV disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 23 : 31 . About Wikipedia	how much tax do you pay in british columbia	[ "The sales taxes levied in the province are the separate 7% PST and 5% GST." ]	[ "the separate 7% PST and 5% GST" ]
-8156172957681106155	Social model of disability	Social model of disability - wikipedia Social model of disability Jump to : navigation , search For specific activity related to implementation of certain aspects of this model , see the article Inclusion ( disability rights ) and the other articles and links there . It has been suggested that Social construction of disability be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since February 2016 . Disability Theory and models ( show ) Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education ( show ) Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy ( show ) Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications ( show ) Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance ( show ) Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance ( show ) Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations ( show ) National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports ( show ) Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture ( show ) Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists The social model of disability is a reaction to the dominant medical model of disability which in itself is a functional analysis of the body as machine to be fixed in order to conform with normative values . The social model of disability identifies systemic barriers , negative attitudes and exclusion by society ( purposely or inadvertently ) that mean society is the main contributory factor in disabling people . While physical , sensory , intellectual , or psychological variations may cause individual functional limitation or impairments , these do not have to lead to disability unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences . The origins of the approach can be traced to the 1960s ; the specific term emerged from the United Kingdom in the 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Components and usage 3 Law and public policy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1975 , the UK organization Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation ( UPIAS ) claimed : `` In our view it is society which disables physically impaired people . Disability is something imposed on top of our impairments by the way we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full participation in society . '' In 1983 , the disabled academic Mike Oliver coined the phrase `` social model of disability '' in reference to these ideological developments . Oliver focused on the idea of an individual model ( of which the medical was a part ) versus a social model , derived from the distinction originally made between impairment and disability by the UPIAS . The `` social model '' was extended and developed by academics and activists in Australia , the UK , US and other countries , and extended to include all disabled people , including those who have learning difficulties / learning disabilities / or who are mentally handicapped , or people with emotional , mental health or behavioural problems . Oliver did not intend the `` social model of disability '' to be an all encompassing theory of disability , rather a starting point in reframing how society views disability . Components and usage ( edit ) A fundamental aspect of the social model concerns equality . The struggle for equality is often compared to the struggles of other socially marginalized groups . Equal rights are said to give empowerment and the `` ability '' to make decisions and the opportunity to live life to the fullest . A related phrase often used by disability rights campaigners , as with other social activism , is `` Nothing About Us Without Us . '' The social model of disability focuses on changes required in society . These might be in terms of : Attitudes , for example a more positive attitude toward certain mental traits or behaviors , or not underestimating the potential quality of life of those with impairments , Social support , for example help dealing with barriers ; resources , aids or positive discrimination to overcome them , for example providing a buddy to explain work culture for an autistic employee , Information , for example using suitable formats ( e.g. braille ) or levels ( e.g. simplicity of language ) or coverage ( e.g. explaining issues others may take for granted ) , Physical structures , for example buildings with sloped access and elevators , or Flexible work hours for people with circadian rhythm sleep disorders or , for example , for people who experience anxiety / panic attacks in rush hour traffic . The social model of disability implies that attempts to change , `` fix '' or `` cure '' individuals , especially when used against the wishes of the patient , can be discriminatory and prejudiced . This attitude , which may be seen as stemming from a medical model and a subjective value system , can harm the self - esteem and social inclusion of those constantly subjected to it ( e.g. being told they are not as good or valuable , in an overall and core sense , as others ) . Some communities have actively resisted `` treatments '' , while , for example , defending a unique culture or set of abilities . In the deaf community , sign language is valued even if most people do not know it and some parents argue against cochlear implants for deaf infants who can not consent to them . People diagnosed as being on the autism spectrum may argue against efforts to change them to be more like others . They argue instead for acceptance of neurodiversity and accommodation to different needs and goals . Some people diagnosed with a mental disorder argue that they are just different and do n't necessarily conform . The biopsychosocial model of disease / disability is a holistic attempt by practitioners to address this . The social model implies that practices such as eugenics are founded on social values and a prejudiced understanding of the potential and value of those labeled disabled . `` Over 200,000 disabled people were the first victims of the Holocaust . '' A 1986 article stated : `` It is important that we do not allow ourselves to be dismissed as if we all come under this one great metaphysical category ' the disabled ' . The effect of this is a depersonalization , a sweeping dismissal of our individuality , and a denial of our right to be seen as people with our own uniqueness , rather than as the anonymous constituents of a category or group . These words that lump us all together - ' the disabled ' , ' spina bifida ' , ' tetraplegic ' , ' muscular dystrophy ' , - are nothing more than terminological rubbish bins into which all the important things about us as people get thrown away . '' The social model of disability is based on a distinction between the terms `` impairment '' and `` disability . '' Impairment is used to refer to the actual attributes ( or lack of attributes ) , the abnormality , of a person , whether in terms of limbs , organs or mechanisms , including psychological . Disability is used to refer to the restrictions caused by society when it does not give equivalent attention and accommodation to the needs of individuals with impairments . The social model also relates to economics . It proposes that people can be disabled by a lack of resources to meet their needs . It addresses issues such as the under - estimation of the potential of people to contribute to society and add economic value to society , if given equal rights and equally suitable facilities and opportunities as others . Economic research on companies that attempt to accommodate disability in their workforce suggest they outperform competitors . In Autumn 2001 , the UK Office for National Statistics identified that approximately one fifth of the working age population was disabled - 7.1 million disabled people as opposed to 29.8 million able people - and in this analysis also provided insight into some of the reasons why disabled people were unwilling to enter the labour market , such as that the reduction in disability benefits in entering the labour market would not make it worthwhile to enter into employment . A three - pronged approach was suggested : `` incentives to work via the tax and benefit system , for example through the Disabled Person 's Tax Credit ; helping people back into work , for example via the New Deal for Disabled People ; and tackling discrimination in the workplace via anti-discrimination policy . Underpinning this are the Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) 1995 and the Disability Rights Commission . '' Law and public policy ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the Disability Discrimination Act defines disability using the medical model - disabled people are defined as people with certain conditions , or certain limitations on their ability to carry out `` normal day - to - day activities . '' But the requirement of employers and service providers to make `` reasonable adjustments '' to their policies or practices , or physical aspects of their premises , follows the social model . By making adjustments , employers and service providers are removing the barriers that disable - according to the social model , they are effectively removing the person 's disability . In 2006 , amendments to the act called for local authorities and others to actively promote disability equality . This enforcement came in the shape of the Disability Equality Duty in December 2006 . In 2010 , The Disability Discrimination Act ( 1995 ) was amalgamated into the Equality Act 2010 along with other pertinent discrimination legislation . It extends the law on discrimination to indirect discrimination . For example , if a carer of a person with a disability is discriminated against , this is now also unlawful . Since October 2010 , when it came into effect , employers may not legally ask questions about illness or disability at interview for a job or for a referee to comment on such in a reference , except where there is a need to make reasonable adjustments for an interview to proceed . Following an offer of a job , an employer can lawfully ask such questions . In the United States , the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) , revision of 2008 effective in January 2009 , is a wide - ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability . It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which made discrimination based on race , religion , sex , national origin , and other characteristics illegal . Certain specific conditions are excluded , such as alcoholism and transsexualism . In 2007 , the European Court of Justice in the Chacon Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA court case , defined disability narrowly according to a medical definition that excluded temporary illness , when considering the Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation ( Council Directive 2000 / 78 / EC ) . The directive did not provide for any definition of disability , despite discourse in policy documents previously in the EU about endorsing the social model of disability . This allowed the Court of Justice to take a narrow medical definition . See also ( edit ) Ableism Models of deafness Equality Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paley , John ( 1 October 2002 ) . `` The Cartesian melodrama in nursing '' . Nursing Philosophy. 3 ( 3 ) : 189 -- 192 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1466 - 769X. 2002.00113. x . Jump up ^ `` THE UNION OF THE PHYSICALLY IMPAIRED AGAINST SEGREGATION and THE DISABILITY ALLIANCE discuss Fundamental Principles of Disability '' ( PDF ) . UPIAS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Principles of Disability - Comments on the discussion held between the Union and the Disability Alliance on 22nd November , 1975 '' ( PDF ) . UPIAS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Michael Oliver ; Bob Sapey ( 27 April 2006 ) . Social work with disabled people . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 1838 - 3 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ MIKE OLIVER ( 23 July 1990 ) . `` THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL MODELS OF DISABILITY '' ( PDF ) . leeds.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disabling Imagery ? Ways of thinking about disability : ' Medical Model ' vs ' Social Model ' Learning resources BFI '' . Old.bfi.org.uk. 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Goodley , Dan ( 1 March 2001 ) . `` ' Learning Difficulties ' , the Social Model of Disability and Impairment : Challenging epistemologies '' . Disability & Society . 16 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 231 . doi : 10.1080 / 09687590120035816 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mike . `` The social model of disability : thirty years on '' . Disability & Society . 28 ( 7 ) : 1024 -- 1026 . doi : 10.1080 / 09687599.2013. 818773 . Jump up ^ James I. Charlton ( 2000 ) . Nothing about us without us : disability oppression and empowerment . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22481 - 0 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EHRC - Examples of reasonable adjustments in the workplace '' . Equalityhumanrights.com. 2010 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ NASEO . `` Sound from Silence - Sidebar - Cochlear Implan '' . Beyonddiscovery.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Seidel , Kathleen ( 2004 - 08 - 20 ) . `` the autistic distinction '' . neurodiversity.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Engel , G. ( 8 April 1977 ) . `` The need for a new medical model : a challenge for biomedicine '' . Science . 196 ( 4286 ) : 129 -- 136 . Bibcode : 1977Sci ... 196 ... 129E . PMID 847460 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 847460 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brisenden , Simon ( 1 January 1986 ) . `` Independent Living and the Medical Model of Disability '' . Disability , Handicap & Society . 1 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 178 . doi : 10.1080 / 02674648666780171 . Jump up ^ Pam Thomas ; Lorraine Gradwell ; Natalie Markham . `` Defining Impairment within the Social Model of Disability '' ( PDF ) . leeds.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disability and business : The new green '' . The Economist . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 10 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Definition of disability under the Equality Act 2010 - GOV.UK '' . Direct.gov.uk. 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` コアサーバー dotheduty.org '' . Dotheduty.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Home Office '' . Equalities . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Issues of The Bottom Line Online '' . Thebottomlineonline.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990 , AS AMENDED '' ( PDF ) . Ada.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . External links ( edit ) UK Disability Rights Commission : The Social Model of Disability . Accessed 2009 - 10 - 15 . Article on Disability Perspectives and Data Sources from Government of Canada . Chapireau F , Colvez A ; Colvez ( July 1998 ) . `` Social disadvantage in the international classification of impairments , disabilities , and handicap '' . Soc Sci Med. 47 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 66 . PMID 9683379 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 9536 ( 98 ) 00033 - 1 . Kearney , PM ; Pryor , J ( April 2004 ) . `` The International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health ( ICF ) and nursing '' . J Adv Nurs. 46 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 70 . PMID 15056329 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2648.2003. 02976. x . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=775021792 '' Categories : Disability Disability rights Disability studies Accessibility Medical sociology Medical models Political theories Sociological theories Social theories Social constructionism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from February 2016 All articles to be merged Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2017 , at 04 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the social model of disability introduced	[ "The social model of disability is a reaction to the dominant medical model of disability which in itself is a functional analysis of the body as machine to be fixed in order to conform with normative values.[1] The social model of disability identifies systemic barriers, negative attitudes and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently) that mean society is the main contributory factor in disabling people. While physical, sensory, intellectual, or psychological variations may cause individual functional limitation or impairments, these do not have to lead to disability unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences. The origins of the approach can be traced to the 1960s; the specific term emerged from the United Kingdom in the 1980s." ]	[ "the 1980s" ]

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