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3517045755076838065 | El Cóndor Pasa (song) | El Cóndor Pasa ( song ) - wikipedia El Cóndor Pasa ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` El Cóndor Pasa '' Song Language English , Spanish Published 1913 Composer ( s ) Daniel Alomía Robles El Cóndor Pasa ( pronounced ( el ˈkondor pasa ) , Spanish for `` The Condor Passes '' ) is an orchestral musical piece from the zarzuela El Cóndor Pasa by the Peruvian composer Daniel Alomía Robles , written in 1913 and based on traditional Andean music , specifically folk music from Peru . Since then , it has been estimated that around the world , more than 4000 versions of the melody have been produced , along with 300 sets of lyrics . In 2004 , Peru declared this song as part of the national cultural heritage . This song is now considered the second national anthem of Peru . It is the best - known Peruvian song in the English - speaking world due to a 1970 cover by Simon & Garfunkel on their Bridge over Troubled Water album . Their version is called `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original zarzuela version 2 Simon and Garfunkel version 2.1 Chart performance 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Original zarzuela version ( edit ) In 1913 , Peruvian songwriter Daniel Alomía Robles composed `` El Cóndor Pasa '' , and the song was first performed publicly at the Teatro Mazzi in Lima . The song was originally a musical piece in the Peruvian zarzuela ( musical play ) , El Cóndor Pasa . Its music was composed by Daniel Alomía Robles in 1913 and its script was written by Julio de La Paz ( pseudonym of the Limenian dramatist Julio Baudouin ) . The piano arrangement of this play 's most famous melody was legally registered on May 3 , 1933 by The Edward B. Marks Music Corp. in the Library of Congress , under the number 9643 . The zarzuela is written in prose and consists of one musical play and two acts . In July 2013 , the Colectivo Cultural Centenario El Cóndor Pasa cultural association re-edited the original script which had been lost for a period of time , and published it together with a CD containing the recorded dialogues and seven musical pieces . The music from the original score was reconstructed by musicologist Luis Salazar Mejía with the collaboration of musicians Daniel Dorival and Claude Ferrier and the support of cultural promoter Mario Cerrón Fetta , and re-released on November 14 , 15 , and 16 , 2013 at the Teatro UNI in Lima to celebrate its first centenary . The zarzuela included the famous homonymous melody , without lyrics , based on the traditional Andean music of Peru , where it was declared a National Cultural Heritage in 2004 . Simon and Garfunkel version ( edit ) `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' Single by Simon & Garfunkel from the album Bridge Over Troubled Water B - side `` Why Do n't You Write Me '' Released September 1970 Format 7 '' single Recorded November 1968 and November 1969 Genre Folk rock , Worldbeat , Andean music Length 3 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Daniel Alomía Robles ( Music ) , Paul Simon ( English lyrics ) , Jorge Milchberg ( Arrangement ) Producer ( s ) Paul Simon , Art Garfunkel , Roy Halee Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology `` Cecilia '' ( 1970 ) `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' ( 1970 ) `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Cecilia '' ( 1970 ) `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' ( 1970 ) `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' ( 1970 ) Music video `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' ( audio ) on YouTube In 1965 , the American musician Paul Simon heard for the first time a version of the melody by the band Los Incas in a performance at the Théâtre de l'Est parisien in Paris in which both were participating . Simon became friendly with Los Incas band , later even touring with them and producing their first US - American album . He asked the band for permission to use the song in his production . The band 's director and founding member Jorge Milchberg , who was collecting royalties for the song as co-author and arranger , responded erroneously that it was a traditional Peruvian composition . Milchberg told Simon he was registered as the arrangement 's co-author and collected royalties . In 1970 , the Simon & Garfunkel duo covered the Los Incas version , adding some English lyrics which in turn added Paul Simon to the author credits under the song name `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' . The instrumental version by Los Incas was used as the base track . They included the song on the 1970 album Bridge Over Troubled Water . Simon & Garfunkel released their version as a single in the U.S. , which reached # 18 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and # 6 on the Easy Listening chart , in fall 1970 . This cover achieved major international success and fame . In regards to the Simon & Garfunkel version , Daniel Alomía Robles , Jorge Milchberg , and Paul Simon are now all listed as songwriters , with Simon listed alone as the author of the English lyrics . However , Daniel Alomía Robles was not originally listed as the composer because Jorge Milchberg had told Simon that the song was considered an Andean folk melody . He further stated that he was the registered co-author and arrangement of the composition . In late 1970 , Daniel Alomía Robles ' son Armando Robles Godoy , a Peruvian filmmaker , filed a successful copyright lawsuit against Paul Simon . The grounds for the lawsuit extended that the song had been composed by his father , who had copyrighted the song in the United States in 1933 . Armando Robles Godoy has said that he bears no ill will towards Paul Simon for what he considers a `` misunderstanding '' and an `` honest mistake '' . `` It was an almost friendly court case because Paul Simon was very respectful of other cultures . It was not carelessness on his part , '' says Armando Robles Godoy . `` He happened to hear the song in Paris from a vernacular group Los Incas . He liked it , he went to ask the band for permission and they gave him the wrong information . Jorge Milchberg told him it was a traditional folk song from the 18th century and not my father 's composition . It was a court case without further complications . '' Later that year , Perry Como released a cover of Paul Simon 's English version on his album It 's Impossible , while Julie Felix had a UK Top 20 hit with it , taking advantage of Simon & Garfunkel 's decision not to release their version as a UK single . Armando Robles Godoy subsequently wrote new Spanish lyrics for the song , taking Paul Simon 's version as a reference . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) Dutch Singles Chart New Zealand 14 Spanish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Billboard Easy Listening 6 West German Singles Chart Other versions ( edit ) Peruvian singer Yma Sumac recorded this song in 1959 in vocalise style without lyrics . In France , Marie Laforêt performed her `` Sur les chemins des Andes '' ( aka `` Sur le chemin des Andes '' aka `` La flûte magique '' ) in 1966 . It is said to be based on Jorge Milchberg 's adaptation . In 1969 a jazz version was recorded and arranged by Don Sebesky for Paul Desmond 's studio album Bridge over Troubled Water . In 1970 , Argentinean Quena virtuoso Facio Santillan recorded the piece for Riviera in Paris , France . It was a released as a single and on the album Flutes of the Andes Vol. 2 . In 1970 , Karel Gott recorded this song in Czech under the original name El Condor Pasa . The lyrics were written by Jiří Štaidl . Andy Williams released a version in 1970 on his album , The Andy Williams Show . In 1971 , Paul Mauriat and his orchestra covered this song on the album El Condor Pasa . Esther Ofarim recorded the song with its original Spanish lyrics for her 1972 self - titled album . In a 1980 episode of The Muppet Show , the song was given a parody treatment with nonsense rhymes by The Great Gonzo , earning the mock inspiration of guest star Paul Simon . George Wright covered the song in his 1984 album Red Hot and Blue . A Dutch rendering entitled `` Bouzouki 's Klinken Door De Nacht '' was recorded by Ciska Peters ( nl ) in 1984 . The Coolies cover it on their 1986 album dig ... ? , along with eight other tongue - in - cheek covers of Simon & Garfunkel classics . Argentinian pianist , Raul Di Blasio , included `` El Cóndor Pasa '' in his 1993 album Piano de América . In 1999 , after the 1999 F - 117A shootdown incident , Serbian media has made a parody of the song with lyrics that satirically describe the F - 117 's stealth technology . Romanian Pan flute musician , Gheorghe Zamfir , included `` El Cóndor Pasa '' in his 2008 album Spirit of the Andes . This song was used in the feature film Wild . In 2016 , German Celtic folk band Fiddlers Green created a medley of El Condor Pasa and Bella Ciao to create a song Down . Paul Simon himself performed the song on Sesame Street . Italian singer Gigliola Cinquetti performed a cover with Italian lyrics . The song was remixed for the Mushroom Gorge race track in Mario Kart Wii . Israeli folk duo The Parvarim released a Hebrew version of the song . Spanish Eurodance DJ , DJ Sammy , has a Eurodance version on his album Heaven . This version has lyrics , however they are spoken and not the Simon and Garfunkel ones . Twelve Girls Band recorded this song in the album `` Romantic Energy '' in 2004 . Brazilian Progressive Rock band , Vlad V , recorded this song on his album , Siga o Som in 2007 . ( Info by Luiz Mendes Tupã ) See also ( edit ) Andean condor / cóndor andino ( Vultur gryphus ) Paloma Blanca References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` musica musique musica '' . Latinoamerica-online.info. 2004 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' El Cóndor Pasa '' patrimonio cultural de la nación `` . Acuarela.se . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Carlos Bondy ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` El cine , los libros , la muerte ( an interview with Armando Robles Godoy ) '' ( PDF ) . Diario La Primera ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Simon & Garfunkel - El condor pasa '' . Swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Simon & Garfunkel - The Boxer '' . Austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ DeLay , Tom ( January 1985 ) . `` For the Records '' . Theatre Organ. 27 ( 1 ) : 19 . ISSN 0040 - 5531 . Jump up ^ Raul Di Blasio . `` El Piano De America '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` El kondor pada - NATO avion '' . YouTube . 2011 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gheorghe Zamfir . `` Gheorghe Zamfir - Spirit of the Andes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wild ' director Jean - Marc Vallee explains the movie 's memory music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mushroom Gorge - Mario Kart Wii '' . YouTube . 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Sources ( edit ) Colectivo Cultural Centenario El Cóndor Pasa , ed. ( 2013 ) . El cóndor pasa ... Cien años después . Lima . ISBN 9786124647208 . Registered in the National Library of Peru . Salazar Mejía , Luis ( 2013 ) . El misterio del cóndor : Memoria e historia de `` El cóndor pasa ... '' . Lima : Taky Onqoy Ediciones . ISBN 9786124660504 . Registered in the National Library of Peru . Cerrón Fetta , Mario ( 2014 ) . Cuadernos de Música Peruana No 12 . Lima. Editorial / Cuadernos de Música . Register : Legal deposit No2008 - 06894 . Registered in the National Library of Peru . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to El Cóndor Pasa . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Original version for piano ( recording from 1933 ) Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon Art Garfunkel Studio albums Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. Sounds of Silence Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme Bookends Bridge over Troubled Water Live albums The Concert in Central Park Live from New York City , 1967 Old Friends : Live on Stage Live 1969 Compilation albums Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits Collected Works The Simon and Garfunkel Collection 20 Greatest Hits The Definitive Simon and Garfunkel Old Friends The Best of Simon and Garfunkel Two Can Dream Alone Tales from New York : The Very Best of Simon & Garfunkel The Columbia Studio Recordings ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Tom & Jerry The Essential Simon & Garfunkel The Collection : Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel : The Complete Albums Collection Soundtrack albums The Graduate Videos The Concert in Central Park Old Friends : Live on Stage Discographies Simon & Garfunkel Art Garfunkel Paul Simon Other Songs recorded Paul Simon solo albums Paul Simon songs Art Garfunkel solo albums Bridge over Troubled Water ( Paul Desmond album ) Book Category Simon & Garfunkel singles Discography List of songs recorded Sounds of Silence `` The Sound of Silence '' / `` We 've Got A Groovey Thing Goin ' '' `` I Am a Rock '' / `` Flowers Never Bend With The Rainfall '' Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme `` Homeward Bound '' / `` Leaves That Are Green '' `` The Dangling Conversation '' / `` The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine '' `` Scarborough Fair / Canticle '' / `` April Come She Will '' Bookends `` A Hazy Shade of Winter '' / `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' `` At the Zoo '' / `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' `` Fakin ' It '' / `` You Do n't Know Where Your Interest Lies '' `` Mrs. Robinson '' / `` Old Friends '' / `` Bookends '' Bridge over Troubled Water `` The Boxer '' / `` Baby Driver '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' / `` Keep the Customer Satisfied '' `` Cecilia '' / `` The Only Living Boy in New York '' `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' / `` Why Do n't You Write Me '' Other singles Hey Schoolgirl Our Song This is my Song Surrender , Please Surrender I 'm Lonesome `` America '' `` My Little Town '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' Other songs `` Richard Cory '' `` Patterns '' `` A Simple Desultory Philippic ( or How I Was Robert McNamara 'd into Submission ) '' `` 7 O'Clock News / Silent Night '' `` Save the Life of My Child '' `` Overs '' `` Punky 's Dilemma '' `` So Long , Frank Lloyd Wright '' Category Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= El_Cóndor_Pasa_ ( song ) &oldid = 806079448 '' Categories : Andy Williams songs Columbia Records singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Switzerland Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Perry Como songs Peruvian music Simon & Garfunkel songs Song recordings produced by Art Garfunkel Song recordings produced by Paul Simon Song recordings produced by Roy Halee Songs about birds Songs about South America Spanish - language songs 1913 songs 1970 singles Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Runa Simi Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 15 : 15 . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of el condor pasa | [
"El Cóndor Pasa (pronounced [el ˈkondor pasa], Spanish for \"The Condor Passes\") is an orchestral musical piece from the zarzuela El Cóndor Pasa by the Peruvian composer Daniel Alomía Robles, written in 1913 and based on traditional Andean music, specifically folk music from Peru."
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"The Condor Passes"
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-4818951750772470722 | Buddhism in Senegal | Buddhism in Senegal - Wikipedia Buddhism in Senegal In Senegal , Mahayana Buddhism is followed by a very tiny portion of the Vietnamese community , but it is informal Buddhism because they only worship their ancestors by burning the incenses on a small altar and in the end of all prayers are : `` Nam mô A Di Đà Phật '' ( Mean : `` Glory to Buddha Amitabha '' ) as traditional of Vietnamese faith that is Bodhisattvas as Địa Tạng Vương Bồ tát and Quan Thế Âm Bồ tát will bless and teach the spirits of dead people how to take a better life in next incarnations or go to Nirvana forever . Total Buddhists in Senegal is around 0.01 % as maximum and 99 % of all Buddhists here is Vietnamese descents . Vietnamese people maybe the only one East Asian community in Senegal. With communities of European and Lebanese made - up about 1 % of total population in Senegal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tết của người Việt ở Sénégal Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Senegal - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Senegal&oldid=750180773 '' Categories : Buddhism by country Buddhism in Africa Buddhism stubs Senegal stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2016 , at 05 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does nam mo a di da phat mean | [
"In Senegal, Mahayana Buddhism is followed by a very tiny portion of the Vietnamese community,[1] but it is informal Buddhism because they only worship their ancestors by burning the incenses on a small altar and in the end of all prayers are: \"Nam mô A Di Đà Phật\" (Mean:\"Glory to Buddha Amitabha\") as traditional of Vietnamese faith[2] that is Bodhisattvas as Địa Tạng Vương Bồ tát and Quan Thế Âm Bồ tát will bless and teach the spirits of dead people how to take a better life in next incarnations or go to Nirvana forever.\n"
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"Glory to Buddha Amitabha"
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-6012737612227392703 | Green Monster | Green Monster - wikipedia Green Monster For other uses , see Green Monster ( disambiguation ) . The Green Monster as seen from the grandstand section on September 5 , 2006 . The ladder is visible to the right of the Red Sox Foundation logo . The Green Monster is a popular nickname for the 37.2 feet ( 11.3 m ) high left field wall at Fenway Park , home to the Boston Red Sox baseball team . The wall is 310 feet from home plate and is a popular target for right - handed hitters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Features 2.1 Duffy 's Cliff 2.2 Scoreboard 2.3 Morse Code 2.4 Right field 2.5 Green Monster seating 2.6 The ladder 2.7 Advertisements 3 Similar and related places 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The original ad - covered Green Monster in 1914 , with `` overflow '' fan seating in front of the wall 's base , atop `` Duffy 's Cliff '' ( seen in the distance , nearest the flagpole ) . The Green Monster in 1996 , seven seasons before seats were added on top . The wall was part of the original ballpark construction of 1912 , along Fenway 's north side facing Lansdowne Street . It is made of wood and was covered in tin and concrete in 1934 . It was then covered with hard plastic in 1976 . A manual scoreboard is set into the wall , which has been there , in one form or another , at least as far back as 1914 ( see photo at right ) . Despite the name , the Green Monster was not painted green until 1947 ; before that , it was covered with advertisements . The Monster designation is relatively new . For most of its history it was simply called `` The Wall . '' The Green Monster is the highest among the walls in current Major League Baseball fields , and is the second highest among all professional baseball fields ( including minor leagues ) , falling approximately 6 inches short of the left field wall at the PeoplesBank Park in York , Pennsylvania . Ballparks occupied by professional baseball teams have often featured high fences to hide the field from external viewers , particularly behind open areas of the outfield where bleacher seating is low - lying or non-existent . The wall might also reduce the number of `` cheap '' home runs due to the barrier 's relatively close distance to home plate . Fenway 's wall serves both purposes . Past ballparks of Fenway 's era or even later which featured high fences in - play included Baker Bowl , Washington Park , Ebbets Field , League Park , Griffith Stadium , Shibe Park , and more recently , Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Fenway is the last of the exceptionally high - walled major league ballparks . Relatively high walls in modern ballparks have been constructed for their novelty rather than by necessity , as Fenway 's wall had been . The Green Monster is famous for preventing home runs on many line drives that would clear the walls of other ballparks . A side effect of this is to increase the prevalence of doubles , since this is the most common result when the ball is hit off the wall ( often referred to as a `` wallball double '' ) . Some left fielders , predominantly those with vast Fenway experience , have become adept at fielding caroms off the wall to throw runners out at second base or hold the batter to a single . Compared with other current major league parks , the wall 's placement creates a comparatively shallow left field ; the wall falls approximately 304 -- 310 feet ( 93 -- 94 m ) from the plate along the left - field foul line . With this short distance , many deep fly balls that could be caught by the fielder in a deeper park rebound off the wall for base hits . And while the wall turns many would - be line - drive homers into doubles it also allows some high yet shallow fly balls to clear the field of play for a home run . During 2001 and 2002 , the Green Monster 's height record was temporarily beaten by the center field wall at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati , Ohio . During the construction of Great American Ball Park , located right next to Riverfront Stadium , a large section of seats was removed from the center field area to make room and a 40 - foot ( 12 m ) black wall was erected as a temporary batter 's eye . The entire wall was in play . This new wall was often called `` The Black Monster . '' When Riverfront Stadium was demolished in 2002 , the Green Monster reclaimed the record . In honor of the famed wall , the Red Sox mascot is a furry green monster named Wally the Green Monster . Features ( edit ) Duffy 's Cliff ( edit ) Duffy Lewis was famous for his ability to handle the Fenway outfield From 1912 to 1933 , a 10 - foot - high ( 3.0 m ) mound formed an incline in front of the Green Monster , extending from the left - field foul pole to the center field flag pole . This earthwork formed a `` terrace '' , a common feature of ballparks of the day , whose purpose was to make up the difference in grade between street level and field level , as with Cincinnati 's Crosley Field . It also served to double as a seating area to handle overflow crowds , another common practice of that era . As a result of the terrace , when overflow crowds were n't seated atop it , a left fielder in Fenway Park had to play the territory running uphill . Boston 's first star left fielder , Duffy Lewis , mastered the skill so well that the area became known as `` Duffy 's Cliff '' . In contrast , rotund outfielder Bob Fothergill , known by the indelicate nicknames of `` Fats '' or `` Fatty '' , reportedly once chased a ball up the terrace , slipped and fell , and literally rolled downhill . In 1934 , Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey arranged to flatten the ground in left field so that Duffy 's Cliff no longer existed , and it became part of the lore of Fenway Park . Scoreboard ( edit ) The scoreboard was added in 1934 . It forms the lower half of the Green Monster and is still updated by hand from behind the wall throughout the game . The American League scores are also updated from behind the wall . The National League scores need to be updated from the front of the wall between innings . There is also a board which shows the current American League East standings . There are 127 slots in the wall and a team of three score keepers move around two - pound , 13 - by - 16 - inch plates to represent the score . Yellow numbers are used to represent in - inning scores and white numbers are used to represent final inning tallies . The numbers of the current pitchers weigh three pounds and measure 16 by 16 inches . Carlton Fisk 's `` body English '' when he hit his game - winning home run in Game 6 of the 1975 World Series , `` waving '' the ball fair , was captured on a TV camera stationed in the scoreboard . An obviously apocryphal story states that the camera operator had abandoned his post when he saw a rat scurry by , and the camera remained trained on Fisk instead of trying to follow the flight of the ball . The actual video replay makes it obvious that it was a human camera operator tracked shot . Morse Code ( edit ) The Morse Code that appears from top to bottom in the white lines of the American League scoreboard are the initials of former owners Thomas A. Yawkey and Jean R. Yawkey . Right field ( edit ) Fenway 's left - field distortion is offset by the odd shape and generous size of right field , which is 302 feet ( 92 m ) ( although its actual distance has been disputed over the years ) along the line ( almost the same as in left ) , but 380 feet ( 120 m ) at its deepest . The bullpen was added along the right field wall in 1940 to shorten the distance for left - handed slugger Ted Williams ' home runs to clear the fence . For years afterward , the bullpens were known as `` Williamsburg '' . Green Monster seating ( edit ) Seats atop the Green Monster In 1936 , the Red Sox installed a 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) net above the Monster in order to protect the storefronts on adjoining Lansdowne Street from home run balls . The net remained until the 2002 -- 03 offseason , when the team 's new ownership constructed a new seating section atop the wall to accommodate 274 fans . Wildly popular , these `` Monster seats '' were part of a larger expansion plan for Fenway Park seating . The Red Sox later added a smaller seating section in 2005 , dubbed the `` Nation 's Nest , '' located between the main seating section and the center field scoreboard . The ladder ( edit ) Comprising yet another quirk , a ladder is attached to the Green Monster , extending from near the upper - left portion of the scoreboard , 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) above ground , to the top of the wall . Previously , members of the grounds crew would use the ladder to retrieve home run balls from the netting hung above the wall . After the net was removed for the addition of the Monster seats , the ladder ceased to have any real function , yet it still remains in place as a historic relic . The placement of the ladder is noteworthy given the fact that it is in fair territory ; it is the only such ladder in the major leagues . On many occasions , a batted ball has struck the ladder during game play , at least twice leading to an inside - the - park home run . During a 1950s game , Red Sox outfielders Ted Williams and Jimmy Piersall both tracked a fly ball in left center , but the ball struck the ladder and caromed into center field , giving batter Jim Lemon enough time to round the bases . Later , in 1963 , the slow - footed Dick Stuart hit a high fly that ricocheted first off the ladder , and then the head of outfielder Vic Davalillo , before rolling far enough away to allow Stuart to score . Advertisements ( edit ) After the wall was painted green in 1947 , advertisements did not appear on the wall until 1999 , when the All - Star Game at Fenway was being promoted . Various ads have appeared above the scoreboard since then , such as the Jimmy Fund , W.B. Mason , and Granite City Electric . The Coke Bottles on the left light tower were a target for power - hitters when they were placed in 1997 . These 3D advertisements were taken down before the 2008 season , when an LED sign was built above the new left - field upper deck seats . As a lead up to his 500th career home run , Manny Ramirez 's home run count was tallied on the bottom of the light tower . Ads beside the manual scoreboard were added when the scoreboard was expanded . Above the manual scoreboard , where a Jimmy Fund advertisement had remained for many years , the logo for Covidien is now a prominent aspect of Fenway Park . Outside of Fenway in Kenmore Square , but able to be seen in the view above the left - field wall , is the Boston Citgo sign . Similar and related places ( edit ) The Red Sox current spring training home , jetBlue Park at Fenway South in Fort Myers , Florida , features a replica of the Green Monster . JetBlue 's Green Monster even has Fenway Park 's 1934 - vintage , manually operated scoreboard installed in it . Fluor Field at the West End , home of the Greenville Drive , has a `` Greenville Monster '' as well ; much as jetBlue Park in Florida does , Fluor Field 's dimensions replicate exactly those of Fenway Park . The Drive is the lower - A affiliate of the Red Sox . Hadlock Field , home of the Portland Sea Dogs , the AA affiliates of the Boston Red Sox . This stadium boasts a replica of the Green Monster , nicknamed the `` Maine Monster '' . Hawkins Field , home of the Vanderbilt University Commodores baseball program features their own , 35 - foot ( 11 m ) , version of the Green Monster with a scoreboard on top . Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , former home of the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball program and the Minnesota Twins . A 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) - high blue tarp hung over the fold - away football seating in right field and was derisively referred to as the `` Hefty Bag '' or `` Baggie , '' and had been an attractive target for left - handed power hitters . Minute Maid Park , home of the Houston Astros , has a wall inspired by the Green Monster in left field , atop which is mounted a train reminiscent of the operating days of the adjacent Union Station . The wall is 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) deeper and 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) higher than the Green Monster , but in front of it is a section of stands called the Crawford Boxes , which are only 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) high and are 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) deeper . Pro Player Stadium , the former home of the Florida Marlins , featured a smaller ' Teal Monster ' in left field from the team 's original 1992 season until 2009 , when the display was replaced by ad hoardings for the remaining 2010 and 2011 seasons before their move to Marlins Park . The board started out as manual but eventually was converted to a digital eggcrate display with remote control . PeoplesBank Park , home of the York Revolution , has `` The Arch Nemesis '' that is 6 inches ( 152 mm ) taller than the Green Monster . RE / MAX Field , home of the Edmonton Prospects has a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) - high green monster 420 feet ( 130 m ) from home plate . Fukuoka Dome , home of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks , has a 5.84 - meter - high ( 19.2 - foot - high ) `` Green Monster '' in the outfield . The Kingdome in Seattle , Washington had a high right field wall that was dubbed `` The Walla - Walla '' after Walla Walla , Washington . Durham Bulls Athletic Park , home of the Durham Bulls , AAA affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays , has a 32 - foot ( 9.8 m ) wall in left field named the `` Blue Monster . '' Ogren Park at Allegiance Field , home of the Missoula Osprey , Rookie affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks , has a 27 - foot wall in right field , that is 287 feet from home plate . The park has a similar wall that is 309 feet from home plate , but not as tall . PNC Park , home of the Pittsburgh Pirates , has a 21 - foot ( 6.4 m ) - high right field wall , paying homage to the Pirates ' Hall of Fame right fielder Roberto Clemente , who wore # 21 . McCormick Field , home of the Asheville Tourists , has a 36 - foot ( 11 m ) - high right field wall . Page Stadium , the field for the Loyola Marymount University Lions baseball team , also boasts a replica of the Green Monster in left field . John F. Fitzgerald Expressway , a part of Interstate 93 through downtown Boston , now underground as a result of the construction project known as the `` Big Dig '' , was for many years an elevated expressway , held up with green girders , and was derided as `` Boston 's other Green Monster . '' AT&T Park , home of the San Francisco Giants , has a 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) high right field wall in honor of Willie Mays . Progressive Field , home of the Cleveland Indians , has a 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) high left field wall , nicknamed the `` little green monster '' . Yale Field , home of the Class - AA New Haven Ravens from 1994 - 2003 , and now only used by Yale University 's team , features a 35 - foot high green metal wall in center field , which not only features a manual scoreboard , but also displays balls , strikes and outs with colored lights , just like Fenway 's Green Monster . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Boston portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Paul ( 1989 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary . New York , United States of America : Facts On File . p. 140 . ISBN 0816017417 . Jump up ^ `` What makes Fenway Fenway '' . Red Sox die hard . Jump up ^ `` Technology '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fenway Park -- Questions , Answers , Fun Facts , Information '' . Fun trivia . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Features of Fenway Park '' . Graphics . Boston . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Manny ( 9 April 2010 ) . `` Teal Monster put to rest at Sun Life Stadium '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://unclebobsballparks17.tripod.com/yalefield/ External links ( edit ) Media related to Green Monster at Wikimedia Commons hide Boston Red Sox Established in 1901 Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how far away is the green monster from home plate | [
"The Green Monster is a popular nickname for the 37.2 feet (11.3 m) high left field wall at Fenway Park, home to the Boston Red Sox baseball team. The wall is 310 feet from home plate and is a popular target for right-handed hitters."
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"310 feet"
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-1563502525798581842 | Co-op City, Bronx | Co-op City , Bronx - wikipedia Co-op City , Bronx Neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City , New York , United States Co-op City Neighborhood of the Bronx Co-op City , as seen from the east , sits along the Hutchinson River . Co-op City Location of Co-op City in the Bronx Coordinates : 40 ° 52 ′ 26 '' N 73 ° 49 ′ 46 '' W / 40.8738889 ° N 73.8294444 ° W / 40.8738889 ; - 73.8294444 Coordinates : 40 ° 52 ′ 26 '' N 73 ° 49 ′ 46 '' W / 40.8738889 ° N 73.8294444 ° W / 40.8738889 ; - 73.8294444 Country United States State New York City New York City Borough The Bronx Community District The Bronx 10 Constructed 1973 Named for Short for Cooperative City Area Total 2.42 km ( 0.936 sq mi ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 43,752 Density 18,000 / km ( 47,000 / sq mi ) Ethnicity White 8.5 % African - American 60.5 % Hispanic and Latino Americans 27.7 % Asian 1.2 % Other 2.1 % Economics Median income $43,431 ZIP code 10475 Area code ( s ) 718 , 347 , 929 , and 646 Website http://www.coopcity.nyc/ Co-op City ( short for Cooperative City ) , located in the Baychester section of the borough of the Bronx in northeast New York City , is the largest cooperative housing development in the world . Situated at the intersection of Interstate 95 and the Hutchinson River Parkway , the community is part of Bronx Community District 10 . If it were a distinct municipality , it would be the 10th largest city in New York State . Nearby attractions include Pelham Bay Park , Orchard Beach and City Island . The community 's Zip code is 10475 . Contents 1 Area description 2 History 2.1 Development 2.2 Renovation era 3 Management 3.1 Qualifications for resident application 4 Security 5 Demographics 6 Transportation 7 In popular culture 8 Notable residents 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Area description ( edit ) Harry S. Truman High School is in Co-op City Originally a swamp , the site was formerly the home of a 205 - acre amusement park named Freedomland that operated from June 19 , 1960 to September 1964 . Construction on Co-op City began in May 1966 . Residents began moving in during December 1968 , and construction was completed in 1973 . Its 15,372 residential units , in 35 high rise buildings and seven clusters of townhouses , make it the largest single residential development in the United States . It sits on 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) but only 20 % of the land was developed , leaving many green spaces . The apartment buildings , referred to by number , range from 24 floors to as high as 33 . There are four types of buildings ; Triple Core ( 26 stories high with 500 apartment units per building ) , Chevron ( 24 stories ; 414 units ) , Tower ( 33 stories ; 414 units ) and Town House . The 236 townhouses , referred to by their street - name cluster , are three stories high and have a separate garden apartment and upper duplex three - bedroom apartment . Co-op City is divided into five sections . Sections one to four are connected and section five is separated from the main area by the Hutchinson River Parkway . Each street in a section is denoted by a letter of the alphabet . All streets in section one begin with the letter `` D '' , section two begins with the letter `` C '' , section three with the letter `` A '' , section four with the letter `` B '' and section five with the letter `` E '' . Most streets in the community are named after notable historical personalities such as Earhart Lane for Amelia Earhart , Einstein Loop for Albert Einstein , Casals Place for Pablo Casals and Dreiser Loop for Theodore Dreiser . This `` city within a city '' also has eight parking garages , three shopping centers , a 25 - acre ( 100,000 m ) educational park , including a high school , two middle schools and three grade schools ( the high school , Harry S. Truman High School , is unusual for having a planetarium on the premises ) , power plant , a 4 - story air conditioning generator and a firehouse . More than 40 offices within the development are rented by doctors , lawyers , and other professionals and there are at least 15 houses of worship . Spread throughout the community are six nursery schools and day care centers , four basketball courts and five baseball diamonds . The adjacent Bay Plaza Shopping Center has a 13 - screen multiplex movie theater , department stores , and a supermarket . The development was built on landfill ; the original marshland still surrounds it . The building foundations extend down to bedrock through 50,000 pilings , but the land surrounding Co-op's structures settles and sinks a fraction of an inch each year , creating cracks in sidewalks and entrances to buildings . History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Co-op City in 1973 ; the lot in the foreground is a dump Co-op City is on the site of Freedomland , a former amusement park which closed in 1964 . Prior to housing that theme park , the land north of the Hutchinson River Parkway was a large area known by residents as `` the dump '' . By the ' 50s , most of the land on the north side of the Hutchinson River was flat land used for recreation ; for example , model airplane flying meets were held there . It was possible to drive up to the Hutchinson River and walk along several paths through the reeds and swim in the Hutchinson River . The land to the south of the Hutchinson River ( Section 5 of Co-op City ) was unspoiled swamp land from the ' 50s up through the time Co-op City was constructed . A tidal estuary reached from the Hutchinson River at the New Haven Railroad along a route just north of Hunter and Boller Avenue to pass under the Hutchinson River Parkway . The estuary was the site of boat yards and canoe rental sites during the 1950s . A well - known restaurant at that site was Gus 's Barge , operated by Gus and Francis Erickson . Gus 's Barge was a restaurant and a night club featuring jazz combos and other forms of live music . The Ericksons also operated a boat yard that not only rented slips but specialized in refurbishing wooden boats , primarily motor boats made from teak and mahogany . The Ericksons sold their property in 1961 -- 62 . The project was sponsored and built by the United Housing Foundation , an organization established in 1951 by Abraham Kazan and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America . It was designed by cooperative architect Herman J. Jessor . The name of the complex 's corporation itself was later changed to RiverBay at Co-op City . The construction of the community was financed with a mortgage loan from New York State 's Housing Finance Agency ( HFA ) . The complex defaulted on the loan in 1975 and has had ongoing agreements to pay back HFA , until 2004 when it was financially unable to continue payments due to the huge costs of emergency repairs . New York Community Bank helped RiverBay satisfy its $57 million mortgage obligation , except for $95 million in arrears , by refinancing the loan later that same year . This led to the agreement that Co-op City would remain in the Mitchell - Lama Housing Program for at least seven more years as a concession on the arrears and that any rehabilitation that Co-op City took on to improve the original poor construction ( which happened under the State 's watch ) would earn credit toward eliminating the debt . By 2008 , RiverBay had submitted enough proof of construction repairs to pay off the balance of arrears to New York State . Mismanagement , shoddy construction and corruption led to the community defaulting on its loan in 1975 . The original Kazan board resigned and the state took over control . Cooperators were faced with a 25 percent increase in their monthly maintenance fees . Instead , a rent - strike was organized . New York State threatened to foreclose on the property , and evict the tenants -- which would mean the loss of their equity . But Cooperators stayed united and held out for 13 months ( the longest and largest rent - strike in United States history ) before a compromise was finally reached , with mediation from then Bronx Borough President , Robert Abrams , and then Secretary of State , Mario Cuomo . Cooperators would remit $20 million in back pay , but they would get to take over management of the complex and set their own fees . The shares of stock that prospective purchasers bought to enable them to occupy Co-op City apartments became the subject of protracted litigation culminating in a United States Supreme Court decision United Housing Foundation , Inc. v. Forman , 421 U.S. 837 ( 1975 ) . Renovation era ( edit ) View from corner of Asch Loop / Co-op City Boulevard in 2006 Co-op City in 2005 Co-op City in 2007 , from the east Within the first decade of the 2000s , the aging development began undergoing a complex - wide $240 million renovation , replacing piping and garbage compactors , rehabilitating garages and roofs , upgrading the power plant , making facade and terrace repairs , switching to energy - efficient lighting and water - conserving technologies , replacing all 130,000 windows and 4,000 terrace doors ( costing $57.9 million in material and labor ) and all 179 elevators . The word `` renaissance '' is being used to describe this period in Co-op City history . Many of these efforts are also helping in the `` greening '' of the complex : the power - plant will be less polluting , the buildings will be more efficient and recycling efforts will become more extensive . The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority ( NYSERDA ) awarded its largest ever grant -- $5.2 million -- to the community under its NY Energy $ mart Assisted Multifamily Program . In 2003 , after a partial collapse in one garage , inspectors found 5 of the 8 garages to be unsafe and ordered them closed for extensive repairs . The other 3 garages were able to remain partially open during repairs . To deal with the parking crisis , New York City allowed angled parking in the community , the large greenways in the complex were paved over to make outdoor parking lots and agreements were made with nearby shopping centers to use their extra parking spaces . January 2008 was the first time in over 4 ⁄ years that all the garages were back open . The greenways are in the process of being restored . Financial responsibility for these upgrades was the subject of a protracted dispute between RiverBay and the State of New York . Co-op City was developed under New York 's Mitchell - Lama Program , which subsidizes affordable housing . RiverBay charged that the state should help with the costs because of severe infrastructure failures stemming from the development 's original shoddy construction , which occurred under the supervision of the state . The state countered that RiverBay was responsible for the costs because of its lack of maintenance over the years . In the end , a compromise had the state supplying money and RiverBay refinancing the mortgage , borrowing $480 million from New York Community Bank in 2004 , to cover the rest of the capital costs . In 2007 , the power plant was in the process of upgrading from solely managing the electricity brought in from Con Edison to a 40 - megawatt tri-generation facility with the ability to use oil , gas or steam ( depending on market conditions ) to power turbines to produce its own energy . The final cost of this energy independence could be as much as $90 million , but it is hoped to pay for itself with the savings earned -- with conservative estimates at $18 million annually -- within several years . Also , whatever excess power generated after satisfying the community 's needs will be sold back to the electrical grid , adding another source of income for RiverBay . In September 2007 , a report by the New York Inspector General , Kristine Hamann , charged that the Division of Housing and Community Renewal ( DHCR ) , which is responsible for overseeing Mitchel - Lama developments , was negligent in its duties to supervise the contracting , financial reporting , budgeting and the enforcement of regulations in Co-op City ( and other M-L participants ) during the period of January 2003 to October 2006 . The report also chided Marion Scott management for trying to influence the RiverBay Board by financing election candidates and providing jobs and sports tickets to Board members and their family / friends -- all violations of DHCR and / or RiverBay regulations . The DHCR was instructed to overhaul its system of oversight to better protect the residents and taxpayer money . In October 2007 , a former board president , Iris Herskowitz Baez , and a former painting contractor , Nickhoulas Vitale , pleaded guilty to involvement in a kickback scheme . While on the RiverBay Board , Baez steered $3.5 million in subsidized painting contracts for needed work in Co-op City apartments , to Vitale 's company , Stadium Interior Painting , in exchange for $100,000 in taxpayer money . Ms. Herskowitz Baez was sentenced to 6 months in jail , 12 months probation and given a $10,000 fine in March 2008 . Management ( edit ) Aerial view in 2009 RiverBay Corporation is the corporation that operates the community and is led by a 15 - member board of directors . As a cooperative development , the tenants run the complex through this elected board . There is no pay for serving on the board . The corporation employs over 1000 people and has 32 administrative and operational departments to serve the development . The complex has its own Public Safety Department with more than 100 sworn officers , which include field patrol , plainclothes detectives and EMT / AED certified members of the force . All members have also attained peace officer status by NY State because of their special training . In December 2007 , the cable television company Cablevision gave RiverBay permission to use its fiber optic cables in order to install additional surveillance cameras throughout the complex to be viewed at the Public Safety Command Center . In 2008 , trained supervisors were granted the power to write summonses for parking and noise violations and Segways were acquired -- along with bikes -- to help the officers patrol during the warmer months . Co-op City was managed by Marion Scott Real Estate , Inc. from October 1999 to November 2014 . Before then the property was run by in - house general managers . The development is currently managed by Douglas Elliman Property Management . There are two weekly newspapers serving the community : Co-op City Times ( the official RiverBay paper ) and City News . Qualifications for resident application ( edit ) As of January 2010 , those who wish to move into Co-op City must meet the following requirements : Must not have felony conviction ( s ) Credit score of at least 650 for the one - bedroom and 700 for the two - and three - bedroom apartments Must not belong to the Section 8 program Must not have another primary residence Be subject to a home visit during the application process Depending on the number of rooms and occupants Sales prices : One - bedroom -- $13,500 -- $18,000 two - bedrooms -- $20,250 -- $22,500 three - bedrooms -- $27,000 -- $29,250 Income requirement : One - bedroom -- $24,444 minimum / $83,238 maximum Two - bedrooms -- $36,687 minimum / $121,868 maximum Three - bedrooms -- $48,888 minimum / $156,341 maximum Seniors have a reduced minimum income of between $21,999 and $47,684 Monthly maintenance : One - bedroom -- $675 -- $919 two - bedrooms -- $1023 -- $1465 three - bedrooms -- $1,355 -- $1,457 Security ( edit ) Main article : Co-op City Department of Public Safety The Co-op City Department of Public Safety , a private public safety force , enforces state and city laws on Co-op City property in order to protect them . The Co-op City Department of Public Safety currently employs more than 100 Public Safety officers and 10 civilian employees . Demographics ( edit ) Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Co-Op City was 43,752 , an increase of 3,076 ( 7.6 % ) from the 40,676 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 857.55 acres ( 347.04 ha ) , the neighborhood had a population density of 51.0 inhabitants per acre ( 32,600 / sq mi ; 12,600 / km ) . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 8.5 % ( 3,723 ) White , 60.5 % ( 26,452 ) African American , 0.2 % ( 108 ) Native American , 1.2 % ( 522 ) Asian , 0.0 % ( 7 ) Pacific Islander , 0.3 % ( 125 ) from other races , and 1.6 % ( 681 ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.7 % ( 12,134 ) of the population . Because of its large senior citizen block -- well over 8,300 residents above the age of sixty as of 2007 -- it is considered the largest naturally occurring retirement community ( NORC ) in the nation and its Senior Services Program has extensive outreach to help its aging residents , most of whom moved in as workers and remained after retiring . Co-op City was home to a large Jewish community during its early years , as well as Italian Americans and Irish Americans ; many of them had relocated from other areas of the Bronx , such as the Grand Concourse . With African Americans making up a large minority , the community became known for its ethnic diversity . As early tenants grew older and moved away , the newer residents reflected the current population of the Bronx , with African American and Hispanic residents comprising the majority of residents by 1987 . In the 1990s , after the fall of the Soviet Union , the neighborhood received an influx of former Eastern Bloc émigrés , especially from Russia and Albania . Transportation ( edit ) Co-op City is served by New York City Bus routes Bx5 , Bx12 , Bx26 , Bx28 , Bx29 , Bx30 , and MTA Bus routes Bx23 , Q50 , BxM7 . These local city buses , with the exception of the BxM7 , which is an express bus to Manhattan , connect Co-op City with subway services . While there are no subway or Metro - North commuter rail stations in Co-op City ( a plan to extend the IRT Pelham Line to Co-op City as part of the 1968 Program for Action ran out of money ) , the MTA is planning to extend Metro - North service to Penn Station , and included in that plan is a station at Co-op City , an idea that has been proposed since the 1970s . In popular culture ( edit ) On their 1996 album Factory Showroom , the band They Might Be Giants released a cover of a song called `` New York City '' ( originally by a Canadian band named Cub ) . In their version , TMBG changed the lyric `` Alphabet City '' to `` Co-op City '' . Robert Klein sings that the Bronx is beautiful and specifically mentions Co-op City in `` The Traveling Song '' . The hip - hop song `` Sometimes I Rhyme Slow '' by Nice & Smooth , released 1991 on the album Ai n't a Damn Thing Changed , contains the lyric `` I go to Bay Plaza and catch a flick '' . Bay Plaza is a large shopping mall adjacent to Co-op City , with a 13 - screen movie theater owned and operated by AMC Theatres . In the Dark Tower novels by Stephen King , the character Eddie Dean is portrayed as being from Co-op City . In Dean 's first appearance , in the second book , The Drawing of the Three , Co-op City is correctly identified as being in the Bronx , while in later novels it is incorrectly portrayed as being in Brooklyn . Central to the series is the concept of alternate realities , so in some such realities Co-op City may have been in Brooklyn . King rectifies the discrepancy in the final novels of the series . In the season - seven episode `` Gone '' of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , the detectives ' search for the body of a murdered witness leads them to a river in Co-op City . The novel Bloodbrothers by Richard Price takes place in Co-op City at a fictional address . Price 's novel Freedomland takes its title from the amusement park that previously occupied the site . The opening titles of the film Finding Forrester shows scenes in and around Co-op City . The end of the film The Seven - Ups depicts areas just outside Co-op City 's Section Five . An episode of Queer Eye For The Straight Guy was briefly filmed in Co-op City . The segment featured notable signage found in the community . Co-op City was featured in the second - season episode `` Home Wrecked Home '' of Life After People : The Series . A fictional representation of Co-op City named `` Northern Gardens '' is included in Grand Theft Auto IV 's `` Bohan '' , based on the Bronx . Notable residents ( edit ) Brian Ash ( born 1974 ) , screenwriter / producer ( resided in Co-op City from 1974 to 1993 ) Earl Battey ( 1935 - 2003 ) , former baseball player with the Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators ( later renamed the Minnesota Twins ) . David Berkowitz ( born 1953 ) , `` Son of Sam '' Killer ( resided in Co-op City from 1968 to 1971 ) Big Tigger ( born 1972 ) , radio and television personality Kurtis Blow ( born 1959 ) , old school hip hop pioneer ( resided in the Broun Place Townhouses during the mid-1980s ) Christopher Scott Cherot , screenwriter / director ( resided in Co-op City from 1970 to 1981 ) Cormega ( born 1970 ) , rapper Eliot Engel ( born 1947 ) , United States Congressman who represents New York 's 17th congressional district . Stan Jefferson ( born 1962 ) , professional baseball player from 1986 to 1991 . Queen Latifah ( born 1970 ) , actress and rapper ( resided in Co-op City from 1980 to 1984 ) Miles Marshall Lewis ( born 1970 ) , African - American author ( resided in Co-op City from 1974 to 1996 ) Richard Price ( born 1949 ) , novelist and screenwriter . Sally Regenhard -- mother of firefighter Christian Regenhard , and activist for families of the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks . Larry Seabrook -- former New York City councilman Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) , Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Rod Strickland ( born 1966 ) , former NBA basketball player Kenneth P. Thompson ( 1966 - 2016 ) , former District Attorney for Kings County See also ( edit ) Cooperative Village Mitchell Lama LeFrak City Parkchester , Bronx Parkfairfax , Virginia Parkmerced , San Francisco Park La Brea , Los Angeles Penn South Riverton Houses Rochdale Village , Queens Starrett City , Brooklyn Stuyvesant Town -- Peter Cooper Village 2015 New York Legionnaires ' disease outbreak Community Home Entertainment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NYC Planning Community Profiles '' . communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov . New York City Department of City Planning . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coop City neighborhood in New York '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Table PL - P5 NTA : Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas * , 2010 , Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning , February 2012 . Accessed June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Table PL - P3A NTA : Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas * , 2010 , Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning , March 29 , 2011 . Accessed June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Mass : A Look at Co-op City '' , The Cooperator . Accessed December , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Amusement Park Opens in Bronx ; Tells US History '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Associated Press . June 20 , 1960 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` 25,000 Tons of Cooling for Complex '' . Beaver County TImes . Beaver County , Pennsylvania . United Press International . December 12 , 1967 . p . B - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Freedomland Aides Get Paychecks Back '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Evans Asbury , Edith ( May 15 , 1966 ) . `` Ground Broken for Bronx Co-ops '' . The New York Times . p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` News Briefs '' . The Sumter Daily Item . Sumter , South Carolina . Associated Press . November 25 , 1968 . p. 7A . Jump up ^ A Walk Through the Bronx , WNET . Accessed June 18 , 2007 . `` Co-op City is a middle income cooperative located in the northeastern corner of the Bronx and is it the largest single residential development in the United States . Completed in 1971 , it consists of 15,372 residential units , in thirty - five high - rise buildings and seven clusters of townhouses . '' Jump up ^ Cheslow , Jerry . `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Co-op City ; A City , Bigger Than Many , Within a City '' , The New York Times , November 20 , 1994 . Accessed September 28 , 2017 . `` There are four building styles in Co-op City : the 26 - story Triple Core , which has three entrances and 500 units ; the 24 - story Chevron , with 414 units ; the 33 - story , 384 - unit Tower , and the three - story town - house buildings , with one - bedroom apartments on the ground floor and three - bedroom units on the other floors . In all , there are 35 high - rise buildings and seven town - house clusters , some of which have two , some three , buildings . '' Jump up ^ Cheslow , J. `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Co-op City '' New York Times , November 20 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Puza , D , and Breslin , R , `` Saving a Sinking City '' Civil Engineering -- ASCE , Vol. 67 , No. 2 , February 1997 , pp. 48 -- 51 Jump up ^ Elsa Brenner ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Evereything you need , in one giant package '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Bronx Odyssey : From Rebel to Executive to Felon '' , The New York Times , October 10 , 2006 . Accessed October 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Co-op City secures $480 m loan to pay mortgage , finance repairs '' New York Times . Accessed September 15 , 2004 . `` Many of the needed repairs stem from construction - related defects , and Co-op City residents and state officials have been arguing for years over who should pay for them . '' Jump up ^ `` Residential Real Estate ; Co-op City Hires Outside Managers '' The New York Times . Accessed November 5 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` An In - Depth Review of the Division of Housing and Community Renewal 's Oversight of the Mitchell - Lama Program '' . State of New York Office of the Inspector General . September 2007 Jump up ^ Cornell , Kati . `` PAINT MISBEHAVIN ' AT CO-OP '' , The New York Post , October 19 , 2007 . Accessed January 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FORMER CO-OP CITY BOARD PRESIDENT SENTENCED TO JAIL TIME FOR ACCEPTING KICKBACK PAYMENTS '' , United States Attorney Southern District of New York , MARCH 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Suggested Application effective January 2010 '' ( PDF ) . RiverBay Corporation . January 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uniformed Patrol '' . ccpd.us . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Community Policing '' . ccpd.us . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Organization '' . ccpd.us . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Identifying Risks to Healthy Aging in New York City 's Varied NORCs -- NORC Program Characteristics , 2007 '' `` Fredda Vladeck and Rebecca Segel , United Hospital Fund '' . Accessed August 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Haven for Workers in Bronx Evolves for Their Retirement '' The New York Times . Accessed August 5 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Co-op City Sets New Goal : Attract More Whites '' The New York Times . November 30 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Mass : A Look at Co-op City '' The Cooperator : The Co-op & Condo Monthly . December 2006 Jump up ^ `` Bronx Bus Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . September 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ nycsubway.org -- The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s Jump up ^ nycsubway.org -- The New York Transit Authority in the 1980s Jump up ^ Penn Station Access Project Overview , Metropolitan Transportation Authority , December 12 , 2016 . Accessed October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Armand . `` Stan Jefferson '' , Society for American Baseball Research . Accessed September 28 , 2017 . `` Jefferson 's baseball exploits attracted the attention of Earl Battey , the four - time All - Star catcher with the Minnesota Twins in the 1960s . Battey was also a resident of Co-op City and since 1968 had been running the Con Ed Answer Man community relations program for Consolidated Edison of New York . '' Jump up ^ Case File : David Berkowitz Archived 2000 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Radar : Big Tigger , SixShot.Com , date December 27 , 2007 , Retrieved June 17 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : On Da Come Up with Clap Cognac , HipHopRuckus.com , date February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ AN INTERVIEW WITH FILMMAKER CHRISTOPHER SCOTT CHEROT from The New Times Holler , April 7 , 2008 . Accessed June 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ Golianopoulos , Thomas . `` The Bridge Is Over ; The Queensbridge Houses were once at the center of the rap universe . What happened to hip - hop 's most storied housing project ? `` , Complex ( magazine ) , November 25 , 2014 . Accessed July 16 , 2017 . `` Born Cory McKay in Brooklyn , Cormega moved at an early age from Bedford - Stuyvesant to Co-Op City in the Bronx where he lived on a 22nd floor apartment with a balcony . '' Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra . `` Out of Cell ( and Sickbed ) , Biaggi Tries Anew '' , The New York Times , September 12 , 1992 . Accessed July 16 , 2017 . `` Mr. Engel , 45 , a former teacher and State Assemblyman who grew up in Co-op City , where he still lives , is so subdued and unflamboyant that on Capitol Hill , where he serves on the Foreign Affairs Committee , he is sometimes mistaken for a Congressional aide . '' Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne . Former Met Stanley Jefferson struggles to cope with horror of life as 9 / 11 cop `` , New York Daily News , March 9 , 2007 . Accessed June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Akashic Books : Miles Marshall Lewis Archived 2009 - 02 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , from www.akashicbooks.com Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Tom . `` CITY LORE ; Stagecoach Wreck Injures 10 in Bronx '' , The New York Times , September 1 , 2002 . Accessed September 28 , 2017 . `` After a few years , the world 's largest theme park , and New York 's last , gave way to the world 's largest housing development , Co-op City . Mr. Price , who joined the electrical workers ' union , helped build it ... A year later , Mr. Price got an apartment in Co-op City : I wound up living in Freedomland , so to speak . '' Jump up ^ Gest , Emily. `` 9 / 11 SURVIVORS FEEL DUTY TO KIN Mission of remembrance a cornerstone of their lives '' , New York Daily News , August 5 , 2002 . Accessed June 6 , 2016 . `` ally Regenhard , of Co-op City in the Bronx , who lost her son Christian , a firefighter , has quit her two jobs at nursing homes to devote herself full - time to her passion - improving skyscraper safety . '' Jump up ^ `` New York City Council : Larry Seabrook '' . Council.nyc.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ My Beloved World , 2013 Knopf , Chapter 11 Jump up ^ Sonia Sotomayor : At Last a Bronx Candidate ! Concurring Opinions , date May 2009 . Accessed June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Feuer , Alan . `` For Brooklyn 's District Attorney , Year One Is a Trial by Fire '' , The New York Times , March 13 , 2015 . Accessed September 28 , 2017 . `` He also noted that although he was raised in the Robert Wagner Houses , his mother , Clara , eventually moved the family to Co-op City in the Bronx , where they did not live in Section 5 -- ' where the black folk live , ' he said -- but in Section 2 , where he spent his teenage years as a bookworm and a paperboy for his neighbors , most of whom were Jewish . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Co-op City . Co-op City at RiverBay Corp The Co-op City Department of Public Safety Co-op City , Bronx , New York Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of The Bronx South Bronx Hunts Point Longwood Melrose Morrisania East Morrisania / Crotona Park East Mott Haven Port Morris West Bronx Bedford Park Belmont Concourse Village Fordham Highbridge Kingsbridge Kingsbridge Heights Van Cortlandt Village Morris Heights Norwood Riverdale North Riverdale Fieldston Hudson Hill Mosholu Spuyten Duyvil Tremont East Tremont University Heights West Farms Woodlawn East Bronx Allerton Baychester Bronx Manor Castle Hill City Island Clason Point Harding Park Co-op City Country Club Eastchester Morris Park Olinville Pelham Bay Pelham Gardens Parkchester Pelham Parkway Soundview Throggs Neck Edgewater Park Locust Point Schuylerville Van Nest Wakefield Westchester Square Williamsbridge Related areas Marble Hill Rikers Island Retail districts Arthur Avenue Fordham Plaza The Hub Community districts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Co-op_City,_Bronx&oldid=853889796 '' Categories : Neighborhoods in the Bronx Condominiums and housing cooperatives in the Bronx Multi-building developments in New York City Robert Moses projects Residential buildings in the Bronx Apartment buildings in New York City Residential skyscrapers in New York City Skyscrapers in the Bronx Co-op City , Bronx Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the population of co op city | [
"Co-op City\nNeighborhood of the Bronx\nCo-op City, as seen from the east, sits along the Hutchinson River.\nCo-op CityLocation of Co-op City in the Bronx\nCoordinates: 40°52′26″N 73°49′46″W / 40.8738889°N 73.8294444°W / 40.8738889; -73.8294444Coordinates: 40°52′26″N 73°49′46″W / 40.8738889°N 73.8294444°W / 40.8738889; -73.8294444Country\n United StatesState\n New YorkCity\nNew York CityBorough\nThe BronxCommunity District\nThe Bronx 10[1]Constructed\n1973Named for\nShort for Cooperative CityArea[2] • Total\n2.42 km2 (0.936 sq mi)Population (2010)[3] • Total\n43,752 • Density\n18,000/km2 (47,000/sq mi)Ethnicity[4] • White\n8.5% • African-American\n60.5% • Hispanic and Latino Americans\n27.7% • Asian\n1.2% • Other\n2.1%Economics[2] • Median income\n$43,431ZIP code\n10475Area code(s)\n718, 347, 929, and 646Website\nhttp://www.coopcity.nyc/"
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"43,752"
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-4614331387676132689 | Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 | Tax cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 - Wikipedia Tax cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2018 ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( February 2018 ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Full title An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 . Colloquial name ( s ) GOP Tax Reform ; Trump Tax Cuts Introduced in 115th United States Congress Introduced on November 2 , 2017 Citations Public Law 115 -- 97 Stat . 131 Stat. 2054 Effects and codifications Act ( s ) affected Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Agencies affected Internal Revenue Service Legislative history Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 1 by Kevin Brady ( R -- TX ) on November 2 , 2017 Committee consideration by : House Committee on Ways and Means ; passed committee on November 9 , 2017 , as `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' ( 24 -- 16 ) Passed the House of Representatives on November 16 , 2017 ( 227 -- 205 ) Passed the Senate on December 2 , 2017 ( 51 -- 49 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 15 , 2017 ; agreed to by the Senate on December 20 , 2017 ( 51 -- 48 ) and by the House of Representatives on December 19 , 2017 and December 20 , 2017 ( 227 -- 203 224 -- 201 ) Signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22 , 2017 Pub. L. 115 -- 97 , an Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 , is a congressional revenue act originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( TCJA ) . Public law no . 115 - 97 ( `` the Act '' ) amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 based on tax reform advocated by congressional Republicans and the Trump administration . Major elements include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals ; a personal tax simplification by increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits , but eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions ; limiting deductions for state and local income taxes ( SALT ) and property taxes ; further limiting the mortgage interest deduction ; reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations ; reducing the number of estates impacted by the estate tax ; and repealing the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported that under the Act individuals and pass - through entities like partnerships and S corporations would receive about $1,125 billion in net benefits ( i.e. net tax cuts offset by reduced healthcare subsidies ) over 10 years , while corporations would receive around $320 billion in benefits . The individual and pass - through tax cuts fade over time and become net tax increases starting in 2027 while the corporate tax cuts are permanent . This enabled the Senate to pass the bill with only 51 votes , without the need to defeat a filibuster , under the budget reconciliation process . The CBO estimated that implementing the Act would add an estimated $1.455 trillion to the national debt over ten years , or about $1.0 trillion after macroeconomic feedback effects , in addition to the $10 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt . CBO reported on December 21 , 2017 : `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units '' . The nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation also estimated that the GDP level would be 0.7 % percent higher , employment level would be 0.6 % higher and personal consumption level would be 0.6 % higher during the 2018 -- 2027 period on average due to the Act . These are higher levels , not higher annual growth rates , so these are relatively minor economic impacts over 10 years . The distribution of impact by individual income group varies significantly based on the assumptions involved and point in time measured . In general , businesses and upper income groups will mostly benefit regardless , while lower income groups will see the initial benefits fade over time or be adversely impacted . For example , the CBO and JCT estimated that : During 2019 , income groups earning under $20,000 ( about 23 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction ( i.e. incur a cost ) , mainly by receiving fewer subsidies due to the repeal of the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act . Other groups would contribute to deficit increases ( i.e. receive a benefit ) , mainly due to tax cuts . During 2021 , 2023 and 2025 , income groups earning under $40,000 ( about 43 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction , while income groups above $40,000 would contribute to deficit increases . During 2027 , income groups earning under $75,000 ( about 76 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction while income groups above $75,000 would contribute to deficit increases . The Tax Policy Center ( TPC ) estimated that the bottom 80 % of taxpayers ( income under $149,400 ) would receive 35 % of the benefit in 2018 , 34 % in 2025 and none of the benefit in 2027 , with some groups incurring costs . TPC also estimated 72 % of taxpayers would be adversely impacted in 2019 and beyond , if the tax cuts are paid for by spending cuts separate from the legislation , as most spending cuts would impact lower - to middle - income taxpayers and outweigh the benefits from the tax cuts . Bloomberg reported in March 2018 that an estimated 60 % of corporate tax savings were going to shareholders , while 15 % was going to employees , based on analysis of 51 S&P 500 companies . The law also impacts healthcare by repealing the ACA individual mandate , resulting in projections of up to 13 million fewer persons covered by health insurance as some younger , healthier persons will likely choose not to participate . Those in the remaining less healthy pool will pay higher insurance costs on the ACA exchanges , which will result in additional persons dropping coverage . Critics in the media , think tanks and academia assailed the law , mainly based on forecasts of its adverse impact ( e.g. , higher budget deficit , higher trade deficit , greater income inequality , lower healthcare coverage and higher healthcare costs ) , disproportionate impact on certain states and professions and the misrepresentations made by its advocates . Some of the reforms passed by the Republicans have become controversial within key states , particularly the $10,000 cap on state and local tax deductibility , and are being challenged in federal court . The House passed the penultimate version of the bill on December 19 , 2017 , though for Senate procedural reasons small changes were needed and a revote was held in the House . The Senate passed the final version on December 20 in a 51 -- 48 vote and that final version was passed by the House of Representatives on that same day . The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22 , 2017 . Most of the changes introduced by the bill went into effect on January 1 , 2018 and will not affect 2017 taxes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plan elements 1.1 Individual income tax 1.2 Estate tax 1.3 Pass - through business taxation 1.4 Corporate tax 1.5 University investment tax 1.6 Miscellaneous tax provisions 1.7 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling 1.8 Automatic spending cuts averted / PAYGO 2 Impact 2.1 Economy 2.2 Budget deficits and debt 2.3 Distribution 2.3. 1 By income level 2.3. 2 Individual vs. business 2.3. 3 By state 2.3. 4 If the tax cuts are paid for 2.4 Healthcare impact 3 Claims made by the Administration 4 Objections 4.1 Increases the budget deficit and debt 4.2 Increases taxes on the middle - class 4.3 Minor impact on economic growth 4.4 Limited or no wage impact 4.5 Benefits rich owners much more than workers 4.6 Increases income and wealth inequality 4.7 May increase the trade deficit , hurting employment 4.8 May trigger mandatory spending cuts 4.9 The Fed may counteract the stimulus 4.10 Taxes are already low by global standards 4.11 Personally enriches the Trump family and certain Republican congressmen 4.12 Impact on science and graduate education 4.13 Encourages tax avoidance , fails to simplify the tax code 4.14 Speed of process 4.15 Objections from foreign countries 4.16 Confusion about the name of the law 5 Polls 6 Passage through the House and Senate 6.1 Differences between the House and Senate bills 7 Support and opposition 7.1 Notable supporters 7.2 Notable opponents 7.3 Views of economists 7.4 Political significance 8 Congressional votes 8.1 Pre-conference vote 8.1. 1 House of Representatives 8.1. 2 Senate 8.2 Post-conference vote 8.2. 1 House of Representatives 8.2. 2 Senate 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 External links Plan elements ( edit ) Individual income tax ( edit ) Single filers ( 2018 ) Under previous law Under current law Rate Income bracket Rate Income bracket 10 % $0 -- $9,525 10 % $0 -- $9,525 15 % $9,525 -- $38,700 12 % $9,525 -- $38,700 25 % $38,700 -- $93,700 22 % $38,700 -- $82,500 28 % $93,700 -- $195,450 24 % $82,500 -- $157,500 33 % $195,450 -- $424,950 32 % $157,500 -- $200,000 35 % $424,950 -- $426,700 35 % $200,000 -- $500,000 39.6 % $426,700 and up 37 % $500,000 and up Married filing jointly ( 2018 ) Under previous law Under current law Rate Income bracket Rate Income bracket 10 % $0 -- $19,050 10 % $0 -- $19,050 15 % $19,050 -- $77,400 12 % $19,050 -- $77,400 25 % $77,400 -- $156,150 22 % $77,400 -- $165,000 28 % $156,150 -- $237,950 24 % $165,000 -- $315,000 33 % $237,950 -- $424,950 32 % $315,000 -- $400,000 35 % $424,950 -- $480,050 35 % $400,000 -- $600,000 39.6 % $480,050 and up 37 % $600,000 and up See also : Income tax in the United States Under the law , there are numerous changes to the individual income tax , including changing the income level of individual tax brackets , lowering tax rates , and increasing the standard deductions and family tax credits while the personal exemption and itemized deductions are reduced or eliminated . Most individual income taxes are reduced , until 2025 . The number of income tax brackets remain at seven , but the income ranges in several brackets have been changed and each new bracket has lower rates . These are marginal rates that apply to income in the indicated range as under current law ( i.e. , prior Public Law 115 - 97 or the Act ) , so a higher income taxpayer will have income taxed at several different rates . A different inflation measure ( Chained CPI or C - CPI ) will be applied to the brackets instead of the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) , so the brackets increase more slowly . This is effectively a tax increase over time , as people move more quickly into higher brackets as their income rises ; this element is permanent . The standard deduction nearly doubles , from $12,700 to $24,000 for married couples . For single filers , the standard deduction will increase from $6,350 to $12,000 . About 70 % of families choose the standard deduction rather than itemized deductions ; this could rise to over 84 % if doubled . The personal exemption is eliminated -- this was a deduction of $4,150 per taxpayer and dependent , unless it is in an estate or trust . The child tax credit is doubled from $1,000 to $2,000 , $1,400 of which will be refundable . There is also a $500 credit for other dependents , versus zero under current law . The lower threshold for the high - income phaseout for the Child Tax Credit changes from $110,000 AGI to $400,000 for married filers . Mortgage interest deduction for newly purchased homes ( and second homes ) would be lowered from total loan balances of $1 million under current law to $750,000 . Interest from home equity loans ( aka second mortgages ) will no longer be deductible , unless the money is used for home improvements . The deduction for state and local income tax , sales tax , and property taxes ( `` SALT deduction '' ) will be capped at $10,000 . This would have more impact on taxpayers with more expensive property , generally those who live in higher - income areas , or people in states with higher state tax rates . The act repeals the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act starting in 2019 . This is estimated to save the government over $300 billion , by reducing the number of people with coverage by up to 13 million over time along with related health insurance premium tax subsidies . It is estimated to increase premiums on the health insurance exchanges by up to 10 % . It also expands the amount of out - of - pocket medical expenses that may be deducted by lowering threshold from 10 % of adjusted gross income to 7.5 % , but only for 2017 ( retroactively ) and 2018 . For 2019 and later years , the threshold will increase to 10 % . No changes are made to major education deductions and credits , or to the teacher deduction for unreimbursed classroom expenses , which remains at $250 . The bill initially expanded usage of 529 college savings accounts for both K - 12 private school tuition and homeschools , but the provision regarding homeschools was overruled by the Senate parliamentarian and removed . The 529 savings accounts for K - 12 private school tuition provision was left intact . Taxpayers will only be able to deduct a casualty loss if it occurs in a disaster that is declared by the president . Alimony paid to an ex-spouse will no longer be deductible by the payer , and alimony payments will no longer be included in the recipient 's gross income . This effectively shifts the tax burden of alimony from the recipient to the payer . This provision is effective for divorce and separation agreements signed after December 31 , 2018 . Employment - related moving expenses will no longer be deductible , except for moves related to active - duty military service . The miscellaneous itemized deductions ( which included deductions for tax preparation fees , investment expenses , union dues , and unreimbursed employee expenses ) are eliminated . Fewer people will pay the Alternative minimum tax ( AMT ) because the act increases the exemption level ( from $84,500 to $109,400 for couples ; from $54,300 to $70,300 for singles ) . The act repeals the ability to recharacterize Roth conversions . Estate tax ( edit ) See also : Estate tax in the United States Under current law , estates that exceed $5.6 million are subject to a 40 % tax at time of death . The TCJA doubles the taxable threshold to $11.2 million . Pass - through business Taxation ( edit ) See also : S corporation and Limited liability company The final bill reduces pass - through taxes via a 20 % deduction , after which a lower rate of 29.6 % will be applied . This benefit phases out starting at $315,000 . Many businesses are incorporated as pass - through entities ( e.g. , partnerships , and S - corporations ) meaning the owners pay taxes at individual rates . These represent 95 % of businesses and most of corporate tax revenues . Approximately the largest 2 % of pass - through businesses represent 40 % of pass - through income and under current law are taxed at 39.6 % , the top individual rate . Corporate tax ( edit ) See also : Corporate tax in the United States The corporate tax rate would fall from 35 % to 21 % , while some related business deductions and credits would either be reduced or eliminated . The Act would also change the U.S. from a global to a territorial tax system with respect to corporate income tax . Instead of a corporation paying the U.S. tax rate ( 35 % ) for income earned in any country ( less a credit for taxes paid to that country ) , each subsidiary would pay the tax rate of the country in which it is legally established . In other words , under a territorial tax system , the corporation saves the difference between the generally higher U.S. tax rate and the lower rate of the country in which the subsidiary is legally established . Bloomberg Journalist Matt Levine explained the concept : `` If we 're incorporated in the U.S. ( under today 's global tax regime ) , we 'll pay 35 percent taxes on our income in the U.S. and Canada and Mexico and Ireland and Bermuda and the Cayman Islands , but if we 're incorporated in Canada ( under a territorial tax regime , proposed by the Act ) , we 'll pay 35 percent on our income in the U.S. but 15 percent in Canada and 30 percent in Mexico and 12.5 percent in Ireland and zero percent in Bermuda and zero percent in the Cayman Islands . '' In theory , the law would reduce the incentive for tax inversion , which is used today to obtain the benefits of a territorial tax system by moving U.S. corporate headquarters to other countries . One time repatriation tax of profits in overseas subsidiaries of 8 % , 15.5 % for cash . U.S. multinationals have accumulated nearly $3 trillion offshore , much of it subsidiaries in tax haven countries . The Act may encourage companies to bring the money home over time , but at these much lower rates . The corporate Alternative Minimum Tax would be eliminated . University investment tax ( edit ) The final bill includes a 1.4 % excise tax on investment income of private colleges with assets valued at $500,000 per full - time student , and with at least 500 students . This provision has been referred to as an endowment tax , and it has been estimated that it would apply to around 32 universities . Some provisions from the earlier House bill were dropped that would have taxed graduate student tuition waivers , tuition benefits for children and spouses of employees , and student loan interest . A Senate Parliamentarian ruling on December 19 changed the exemption threshold from 500 tuition - paying students to 500 total students . Endowment funds used to carry out a college 's tax - exempt purpose are excluded from the asset threshold , but IRS regulations specifically defining this have not yet been made . Miscellaneous tax provisions ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 ) The Act contains a variety of miscellaneous tax provisions , many advantaging particular special interests . Miscellaneous provisions include : Internal Revenue Code section 1031 , which allowed the deferment of capital gains taxes on so - called `` like - kind exchanges '' of a wide array of real , personal , and business property , was maintained for real property but repealed for other types of property . A tax break for citrus growers , allowing them to deduct the cost of replanting `` citrus plants lost or damaged due to causes like freezing , natural disaster or disease . '' The extension of `` full expensing , '' a favorable tax treatment provision for film and television production companies , to 2022 . The provision allows such companies `` to write - off the full cost of their investments in the first year . '' The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the extension will lead to the loss of about $1 billion in federal revenue per year . A provision ending a corporate tax exemption for certain international airlines with commercial flights to the United States ( specifically , in cases where `` the country where the foreign airline is headquartered does n't have a tax treaty with the U.S. , and if major U.S. airliners make fewer than two weekly trips to that foreign country '' ) . This provision is seen as likely to disadvantage Gulf airlines ( such as Etihad , Emirates and Qatar Airways ) ; major U.S. airlines have complained that the Gulf states provide unfair subsidies to those carriers . Reductions in excise taxes on alcohol for a two - year period . The Senate bill would reduce the tax on `` the first 60,000 barrels of beer produced domestically by small brewers '' from $7 to $3.50 and would reduce the tax on the first 6 million barrels produced from $18 to $16 per barrel . The Senate bill would also extend a tax credit on wine production to all wineries and would extend the credit to the producers and importers of sparkling wine as well . These provisions were supported by the alcohol lobby , specifically the Beer Institute , Wine Institute , and Distilled Spirits Council . Exempts private jet management companies from the 7.5 % federal excise tax that is levied on each ticket sales of commercial flights . A late change to the bill created what came to be called the `` grain glitch '' , which altered an existing deduction for U.S. production in a way that allows farmers to deduct 20 % of their total sales to agricultural cooperatives . According to The New York Times , this `` caused an uproar among independent agriculture businesses that say they can no longer compete with cooperatives . '' Because of a drafting error , businesses making renovations or other improvements must now use a 39 - year depreciation schedule for the cost of these improvements instead of the intended 15 - year period . Arctic national Wildlife Refuge drilling ( edit ) The Act contains provisions that would open 1.5 million acres in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and gas drilling . This major push to include this provision in the tax bill came from Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski . The move is part of the long - running Arctic Refuge drilling controversy ; Republicans had attempted to allow drilling in ANWR almost 50 times . Opening the Arctic Refuge to drilling `` unleashed a torrent of opposition from conservationists and scientists . '' Democrats and environmentalist groups such as the Wilderness Society criticized the Republican effort . Automatic spending cuts averted / PAYGO ( edit ) Under the Statutory Pay - as - You - Go Act of 2010 ( PAYGO ) , laws that increase the federal deficit will trigger automatic spending cuts unless Congress votes to waive them . Because the Act adds $1.5 trillion to the deficit , automatic cuts of $150 billion per year over ten years would have applied , including a $25 billion annual cut to Medicare . Because the PAYGO waiver is not allowed in a reconciliation bill , it requires separate legislation which requires 60 votes in the Senate to end a filibuster . If Congress had not passed the waiver , it would have been the first time that statutory PAYGO sequestration would have occurred . However , the PAYGO waiver was included in the continuing resolution passed by Congress on December 22 and signed by President Trump . Impact ( edit ) Economy ( edit ) Tax Policy Center estimate of the annual changes in GDP and budget deficit over the 2018 - 2027 period under the Senate version of the bill . The cumulative GDP increase of $961 billion is less than the deficit increase of $1,233 billion , including macroeconomic feedback effects . The non-partisan Joint Committee on Taxation of the U.S. Congress published its macroeconomic analysis of the final version of the Act , on December 22 , 2017 : Gross domestic product would be 0.7 % higher on average each year during the 2018 -- 2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast , a cumulative total of $1,895 billion , due to an increase in labor supply and business investment . The Act would increase the total budget deficits ( debt ) by about $1 trillion over ten years including macro-economic feedback effects . The effect of the tax cuts is only partially offset by incremental revenue due to the higher GDP levels . The initial deficit increase estimate without feedback effects of $1,456 billion , less $384 billion in feedback effects ( $451 billion less $66 billion in higher debt service costs ) , results in a $1,071 billion net debt increase over the 2018 -- 2027 period . This increase is in addition to the $10 trillion debt increase already in the CBO current law baseline projected over the 2018 -- 2027 period , and the approximately $20 trillion national debt that already exists . Employment would be about 0.6 % higher each year during the 2018 -- 2027 period than otherwise . The lower marginal tax rate on labor would provide `` strong incentives for an increase in labor supply . '' Personal consumption , the largest component of GDP , would increase by 0.7 % . Note that for GDP , employment , and consumption , these are higher levels , not higher annual growth rates , so these are relatively minor economic impacts over ten years . The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget ( CRFB ) summarized several studies that indicated a boost to annual GDP growth rates would be about 0.1 % each year rather than the Administration 's claims of 0.4 % per year . In other words , a 2.0 % annual GDP growth rate typical during the Obama era would rise to 2.1 % and not 2.4 % as claimed , other things equal . The CRFB estimated that the JCT analysis implied a 0.02 % annual growth rate increase , to arrive at a cumulative 0.7 % GDP increase . The Tax Policy Center ( TPC ) reported its macroeconomic analysis of the November 16 Senate version of the Act on December 1 , 2017 : Gross domestic product would be 0.4 % higher on average each year during the 2018 - 2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast , a cumulative total of $961 billion higher over ten years . TPC explained that since most tax reductions would benefit high - income households ( who spend a smaller share of tax reductions than lower - income households ) the effect on GDP would be modest . Further , TPC reported that : `` Because the economy is currently near full employment , the impact of increased demand on output would be smaller and diminish more quickly than it would if the economy were in recession . '' The Act would increase the total budget deficits ( debt ) by $1,412 billion , less $179 billion in feedback effects , for a $1,233 net debt increase ( excluding higher interest costs ) . The lower marginal tax rates would increase labor supply , mainly by encouraging lower - earning spouses to work more . This effect would reverse after 2025 due to expiration of individual tax provisions . The Penn Wharton Budget Model ( PWBM ) estimated relative to a prior law baseline that by 2027 : The GDP level would be between 0.6 % and 1.1 % higher . Debt would increase by between $1.9 trillion and $2.2 trillion , including macroeconomic feedback effects . Budget deficits and debt ( edit ) U.S. annual budget deficits under the `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' ( Conference Cmte . version ) vs. the CBO June 2017 current law baseline . CBO estimates the tax cuts would increase the annual deficits by a total of $1.45 trillion over ten years , an average of $145 billion per year . The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) estimated on December 15 , 2017 , that implementing the Act would add an estimated $1,455 billion to the national debt over ten years , in addition to the $10 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt . Analysis of the similar Senate version indicated the deficit increase from the Act would be $1.0 trillion after macroeconomic feedback effects . CBO reported on December 21 , 2017 , that : `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units . '' The Joint Committee on Taxation estimated the Act would add $1,456 billion total to the annual deficits ( debt ) over ten years and described the deficit effects of particular elements of the Act on December 18 , 2017 : Individual and Pass - Through ( total : $1,127 billion deficit increase ) Add to the deficit : Reducing / consolidating individual tax rates $1,214 billion ; doubling the standard deduction $720 billion ; modifying the Alternative Minimum Tax $637 billion ; reduce taxes for pass through business income $415 billion ; modification of child care tax credit $573 billion . Reduce the deficit : Repealing personal exemptions $1,212 billion , repeal of itemized deductions $668 billion ; reduce ACA subsidy payments $314 billion ; alternative ( slower ) inflation measure for brackets $134 billion . The pass through changes represent a net $265 billion deficit increase , so the remaining individual elements are a net $862 billion increase . Business / Corporate and International ( total : $330 billion deficit increase ) Add to the deficit : Reduce corporate tax rate to 21 % $1,349 billion ; deductions for certain international dividends received $224 billion ; repeal corporate AMT $40 billion . Reduce the deficit : Enact one - time tax on overseas earnings $338 billion ; and reduce limit on interest expense deductions $253 billion . In a November 2017 survey of leading economists , only 2 % agreed with the notion that a tax bill similar to those currently moving through the House and Senate would substantially increase U.S. GDP . The economists unanimously agreed that the bill would increase the U.S. debt . Distribution ( edit ) Average tax rate changes for various income groups , by year , under the Conference Agreement , as of December 15 , 2017 . The slope of each line down to the right indicates larger benefits for higher incomes , while the upward shift of the lines over time indicates fading benefits ( or increasing costs ) across all income levels . CBO and JCT estimate of the distribution of impact by income group ( average dollars per taxpayer ) under the Act . On average , taxpayers in the income groups highlighted in yellow will incur a net cost ( shown as a positive figure as this reduces the budget deficit ) , due in part to reduced healthcare subsidies . Higher income taxpayers receive a benefit via tax cuts ( shown as a negative number as this increases the budget deficit ) . The percent of taxpayers in each income group is also shown for the 2023 period . Distribution of benefits during 2018 by income percentile under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( Conf . Cmte . version ) based on data from the Tax Policy Center . The top 10 % of taxpayers ( incomes over $216,800 ) receive 52 % of the benefit , while the bottom 60 % ( incomes under $86,100 ) receive 17 % of the benefit . This excludes the impact of reduced ACA subsidies . See also : Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States By income level ( edit ) On December 21 , 2017 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) released its distribution estimate of the Act : During 2019 , income groups earning under $20,000 ( about 23 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction ( i.e. , incur a cost ) , mainly by receiving fewer subsidies due to the repeal of the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act . Other groups would contribute to deficit increases ( i.e. , receive a benefit ) , mainly due to tax cuts . During 2021 , 2023 , and 2025 , income groups earning under $40,000 ( about 43 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction , while income groups above $40,000 would contribute to deficit increases . During 2027 , income groups earning under $75,000 ( about 76 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction , while income groups above $75,000 would contribute to deficit increases . CBO stated that lower income groups will incur costs , while higher income groups will receive benefits : `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units . '' The Tax Policy Center ( TPC ) reported its distributional estimates for the Act . This analysis excludes the impact from repealing the ACA individual mandate , which would apply significant costs primarily to income groups below $40,000 . It also assumes the Act is deficit financed and thus excludes the impact of any spending cuts used to finance the Act , which also would fall disproportionally on lower income families as a percentage of their income . Compared to current law , 5 % of taxpayers would pay more in 2018 , 9 % in 2025 , and 53 % in 2027 . The top 1 % of taxpayers ( income over $732,800 ) would receive 8 % of the benefit in 2018 , 25 % in 2025 , and 83 % in 2027 . The top 5 % ( income over $307,900 ) would receive 43 % of the benefit in 2018 , 47 % in 2025 , and 99 % in 2027 . The top 20 % ( income over $149,400 ) would receive 65 % of the benefit in 2018 , 66 % in 2025 and all of the benefit in 2027 . The bottom 80 % ( income under $149,400 ) would receive 35 % of the benefit in 2018 , 34 % in 2025 and none of the benefit in 2027 , with some groups incurring costs . The third quintile ( taxpayers in the 40th to 60th percentile with income between $48,600 and $86,100 , a proxy for the `` middle class '' ) would receive 11 % of the benefit in 2018 and 2025 , but would incur a net cost in 2027 . The TPC also estimated the amount of the tax cut each group would receive , measured in 2017 dollars : Taxpayers in the second quintile ( incomes between $25,000 and $48,600 , the 20th to 40th percentile ) would receive a tax cut averaging $380 in 2018 and $390 in 2025 , but a tax increase averaging $40 in 2027 . Taxpayers in the third quintile ( incomes between $48,600 and $86,100 , the 40th to 60th percentile ) would receive a tax cut averaging $930 in 2018 , $910 in 2025 , but a tax increase of $20 in 2027 . Taxpayers in the fourth quintile ( incomes between $86,100 and $149,400 , the 60th to 80th percentile ) would receive a tax cut averaging $1,810 in 2018 , $1,680 in 2025 , and $30 in 2027 . Taxpayers in the top 1 % ( income over $732,800 ) would receive a tax cut of $51,140 in 2018 , $61,090 in 2025 , and $20,660 in 2027 . Individual vs. business ( edit ) TCJA Senate version , net tax benefits by type of taxpayer , in total over ten years . Businesses receive a $890 billion benefit or 63 % , individuals $441 billion or 31 % , and estates $83 billion or 6 % . According to the CBO , under the Senate version of the bill , businesses receive a $890 billion benefit or 63 % , individuals $441 billion or 31 % , and estates $83 billion or 6 % . U.S. corporations would likely use the extra after - tax income to repurchase shares or pay more dividends , which mainly flow to wealthy investors . According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) , `` Mainstream estimates conclude that more than one - third of the benefit of corporate rate cuts flows to the top 1 % of Americans , and 70 % flows to the top fifth . Corporate rate cuts could even hurt most Americans since they must eventually be paid for with other tax increases or spending cuts . '' Corporations have significant cash holdings ( $1.9 trillion in 2016 ) and can borrow to invest at near - record low interest rates , so a tax cut is not a prerequisite for investment or giving workers a raise . As of Q2 2017 , corporate profits after taxes were near record levels in dollar terms at $1.77 trillion annualized , and very high measured historically as a percentage of GDP , at 9.2 % . In 2017 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) compared the U.S. corporate tax rates ( statutory and effective rates ) as of 2012 across the G20 countries : The U.S. federal corporate statutory tax rate of 35 % ( combined with state elements that add another 4 % for a total of 39 % ) , was the highest in the G20 countries . It was 10 percentage points higher than the average . While the U.S. made no changes in federal corporate tax rates between 2003 and 2012 , nine of G20 countries reduced their rates . The U.S. average corporate tax rate of 29.0 % ( taxes actually paid as a share of income , after deductions and exemptions ) was the third highest in the G20 . The effective corporate tax rate of 18.6 % ( a measure of the percentage of income from a marginal investment ) was the fourth highest in the G20 . By state ( edit ) An Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy analysis indicated the Act has more of a tax increase impact on `` upper - middle - class families in major metropolitan areas , particularly in Democratic - leaning states where taxes , and usually property values , are higher . While only about one - in - five families between the 80th and 95th income percentiles in most red states would face higher taxes by 2027 under the House GOP bill , that number rises to about one - third in Colorado and Illinois , around two - fifths or more in Oregon , Virginia , Massachusetts , New York and Connecticut , and half or more in New Jersey , California and Maryland ... '' If the tax cuts are paid for ( edit ) If tax cuts are paid for by spending cuts borne evenly by all taxpayers , the bottom 60 % will incur a net cost , with reduced spending on their behalf outweighing tax cuts . For example , in Q3 ( 40th to 60th percentile ) the average taxpayer would incur a $370 cost . The scoring by the organizations above assumes the tax cuts are deficit - financed , meaning that over ten years the deficit rises by $1.4 trillion relative to the current law baseline ; or $1.0 trillion after economic feedback effects . However , if one assumes the tax cuts are paid for by spending cuts , the distribution is much more unfavorable to lower - and middle - income persons , as most government spending is directed to them ; the higher income taxpayers tend to get tax breaks , not direct payments . According to the Tax Policy Center , if the Senate bill were financed by a $1,210 per household cut in government spending per year ( a more likely scenario than focusing cuts proportionally by income or income taxes paid ) , then during 2019 : Approximately 72 % of taxpayers would be worse off than current law , meaning benefits from tax cuts would be more than offset by reduced spending on their behalf . The bottom 60 % of taxpayers would have lower after - tax income , paying a higher average federal tax rate . The benefits to the 60th to 80th percentiles would be minimal , a $350 net benefit on average or 0.3 % lower effective tax rate . Significant tax benefits would only accrue to the top 20 % of taxpayers . Republican politicians such as Paul Ryan have advocated for spending cuts to help finance the tax cuts , while the President Trump 's 2018 budget includes $2.1 trillion in spending cuts over ten years to Medicaid , Affordable Care Act subsidies , food stamps , Social Security disability insurance , Supplemental security income , and cash welfare ( TANF ) . Healthcare impact ( edit ) CBO forecast that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act would add up to 13 million more to the number of persons without health insurance by 2025 . The Senate bill repeals the individual mandate that requires all Americans under 65 to have health insurance or pay a penalty , effective starting in 2019 . The CBO estimated that 13 million fewer persons would have health insurance by 2025 , including 8 million fewer on the Affordable Care Act exchanges and 5 million fewer on Medicaid . Fewer persons with healthcare means lower costs for the government , so CBO estimated over $300 billion in savings . This allowed Republicans to increase the size of the tax cuts in the bill . Health insurance premiums on the exchanges could rise as much as 10 percentage points more than they would otherwise . Claims made by the administration ( edit ) The Administration and its Council of Economic Advisors have made several claims in advocating the Act during 2017 , including : Reduction in corporate tax rates from 35 % to 20 % and immediate full expensing of non-structure investments ( e.g. , IT investments ) will increase GDP growth rates by 3 to 5 percentage points over the current baseline projections of around 2 % . This could begin as early as 3 -- 5 years from the tax cuts or further out in time . This projection excludes other tax cuts in the Act , such as those for individuals and pass - through entities , which may have additional GDP impact . The mechanism for this increased growth is higher levels of business investment ( one of the components of GDP ) due to the additional after - tax income available . Further , this growth in GDP ( a measure of income as well as production ) would represent an average $4,000 annual increase in wage and salary income for households . President Trump and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin have stated the tax cuts would pay for themselves . Trump economic advisor Gary Cohn stated that `` The wealthy are not getting a tax cut under our plan . '' He also stated that the plan would cut taxes for low - income and middle - income households . Further , Trump stated that the tax plan `` ... was not good for me ( personally ) . '' Objections ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Objections to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . ( Discuss ) ( January 2018 ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( January 2018 ) Increases the budget deficit and debt ( edit ) CBO forecast that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( Conference version ) would add $1.455 trillion to the debt held by the public ( a subset of the national debt ) over the 2018 - 2027 period , excluding macroeconomic feedback effects . This is in addition to nearly $11 trillion in debt increases already in the June 2017 baseline and the $20.6 trillion national debt as of November 2017 . Maya MacGuineas of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget wrote that the tax cuts would add $1.5 trillion more to the debt over a decade , on top of $10 trillion already forecast . She explained that when the 2001 Bush tax cuts were passed , debt was 31 % GDP , while today it is 77 % GDP , `` higher than any time in history other than just after World War II . '' She concluded that : `` Instead of trickling down economic growth , the House plan will unleash a tidal wave of debt that will ultimately slow wage growth and hurt the economy . '' Increases taxes on the middle - class ( edit ) Both the House and Senate versions of the bill will raise taxes for middle - and lower - income persons , after initial cuts . For example , the Senate version of the bill will result in tax increases for those earning less than $75,000 by 2027 . David Leonhardt wrote : `` An assortment of middle - class tax increases -- again , to help cover the cost of the tax cuts for the wealthy -- last for the full life of the Senate bill . As a result , it ends up being a tax increase on households making less than $75,000 . '' Leonhardt explained that in 2027 , after - tax income falls between 0.1 -- 1.5 % for incomes below $75 k , while incomes above $500 k see benefits of 0.4 -- 0.6 % . Leonhardt referred to the JCT study of the Senate version of the bill , which indicated that : a ) Starting in 2021 those earning $10,000 -- 30,000 ( 24 % of taxpayers ) pay more in taxes ; b ) In 2023 and 2025 , those earning $0 -- $30,000 ( 34 % of taxpayers ) pay more in taxes ; and c ) In 2027 , income groups below $75,000 ( 65 % of taxpayers ) pay more in taxes , while tax cuts remain for those earning over $75,000 ( 35 % of taxpayers ) . Minor impact on economic growth ( edit ) Paul Krugman disputed the Administration 's primary argument that tax cuts for businesses will stimulate investment and higher wages : Foreigners own about 35 % of U.S. equities , so as much as $700 billion of the tax cut will go overseas , as corporate after - tax income will flow to these investors as stock buybacks and dividends . CEO 's indicate that tax cuts are n't a big factor in investment decisions . Significantly increasing capital expenditures requires an inflow of foreign capital , strengthening the dollar , increasing trade deficits and potentially costing up to 2.5 million manufacturing and supporting jobs . In November 2017 , the University of Chicago asked over 40 economists if U.S. GDP would be substantially higher a decade from now , if either the House or Senate bills were enacted , with the following results : 52 % either disagreed or strongly disagreed , while 36 % were uncertain and only 2 % agreed . The Tax Policy Center estimated that GDP would be 0.3 % higher in 2027 under the House bill versus current law , while the University of Pennsylvania Penn Wharton budget model estimates approximately 0.3 -- 0.9 % for both the House and Senate bills . The very limited effect estimated is due to the expectation of higher interest rates and trade deficits . These estimates are both contrary to the Administration 's claims of 10 % increase by 2027 ( about 1 % per year ) and Senator Mitch McConnell 's estimate of a 4.1 % increase . Federal Reserve Bank of NY President and CEO William C. Dudley stated in January 2018 : `` While this legislation will reduce federal revenues by about 1 percent of GDP in both 2018 and 2019 , I anticipate the boost to economic growth will be less than that . Most importantly , most of the tax cuts accrue to the corporate sector and to higher - income households that have a relatively low marginal propensity to consume . This suggests that a significant portion of the tax cuts will be saved , not spent . '' Limited or no wage impact ( edit ) Corporate after - tax profits ( real or adjusted for inflation ) have increased about 150 % since 2000 , yet real median household incomes are flat . The starting point is represented by 100 . U.S. corporate profits after - tax from 1970 to Q2 2017 . The dollars are near record level ( blue line , left axis ) , while the % GDP is high relative to historical levels ( red line , right axis ) . CBO data on share of U.S. federal revenues collected by tax type from 1967 - 2016 . Payroll taxes , paid by all wage earners , have increased as a share of total federal tax revenues , while corporate taxes have fallen . Income taxes have moved in a range , with Presidents Reagan and G.W. Bush lowering income tax rates , and Clinton and Obama raising them for the top incomes . Corporate executives indicated that raising wages and investment were not priorities should they have additional funds due to a tax cut . A survey conducted by Bank of America - Merrill Lynch of 300 executives of major U.S. corporations asked what they would do with a corporate tax cut . The top three responses were : 1 ) Pay down debt ; 2 ) Stock buybacks , which are a form of payment to shareholders ; and 3 ) Mergers . An informal survey of CEO 's conducted by Trump economic advisor Gary Cohn resulted in a similar response , with few hands raised in response to his request for them to do so if their company would invest more . Economist and former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers referred to the analysis provided by the Trump administration of its tax proposal as `` ... some combination of dishonest , incompetent , and absurd . '' Summers wrote that the Trump administration 's `` central claim that cutting the corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 20 percent would raise wages by $4,000 per worker '' lacked peer - reviewed support and was `` absurd on its face . '' On December 20 , 2017 , the day the final bill was passed by the House , Wells Fargo , Fifth Third Bancorp and Western Alliance Bancorp announced they would raise the minimum wage of its workers to $15 an hour upon signing of the bill . A number of companies announced bonuses for workers , including AT&T which said it will give a $1,000 bonus to every single one of its 200,000 employees as a result of the Tax Cut bill . Democratic Senator Chuck Schumer stated that these were the exception to the rule and that AT&T was in litigation with the government over a pending merger . He stated : `` There is a reason so few executives have said the tax bill will lead to more jobs , investments , and higher wages -- because it will actually lead to share buybacks , corporate bonuses , and dividends . '' In the immediate aftermath of the passage of the Act , a relatively small number of corporations -- many of them involved in mergers disputed by the government or regulatory difficulties -- raised wages or paid bonuses to employees . About 18 companies in the S&P did so ; when companies paid awards to employees , these were usually a small percentage of corporate savings from the Act . A January 2018 study from the firm Willis Towers Watson found that 80 % of companies were not `` considering giving raises at all . '' Bloomberg reported in March 2018 that an estimated 60 % of corporate tax savings were going to shareholders , while 15 % was going to employees , based on analysis of 51 S&P 500 companies . Benefits rich owners much more than workers ( edit ) Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin argued that the corporate income tax cut will benefit workers the most ; however , the nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation and Congressional Budget Office estimate that owners of capital benefit vastly more than workers . The New York Times compared average tax rates under the TCJA vs. current law for each income group over time using a series of charts . They show that the Senate version of the bill cuts taxes for lower income persons initially relative to a current law baseline , but by 2027 , those earning $50,000 or less would face a tax increase . In contrast , those earning $500,000 or more would have lower taxes initially as well as in 2027 . The effect on the lower income persons is more significant if the ACA individual mandate is repealed , as more persons would choose not to sign up for healthcare coverage and thus lose subsidies . The Act also lowers the taxes paid by pass through entities such as S - corporations , partnerships , and limited liability companies , even though pass - through income mainly flows to higher income owners : About 70 % of pass - through income flows to the top 1 % . The Tax Policy Center ( TPC ) estimated that only 19 % of middle - class taxpayers have pass - through income , while 77 % of the top 1 % do . Further , TPC estimated that 85 -- 88 % of the benefit from a 25 % cap on pass - through taxes ( similar to what the House version of the Act proposes ) would go to the top 1 % . Pass - through income is the majority of income for persons earning over $3.5 million per year , a subset of the top 0.1 % . Increases income and wealth inequality ( edit ) `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units. -- Congressional Budget Office '' The New York Times editorial board explained the tax bill as both consequence and cause of income and wealth inequality : `` Most Americans know that the Republican tax bill will widen economic inequality by lavishing breaks on corporations and the wealthy while taking benefits away from the poor and the middle class . What many may not realize is that growing inequality helped create the bill in the first place . As a smaller and smaller group of people cornered an ever - larger share of the nation 's wealth , so too did they gain an ever - larger share of political power . They became , in effect , kingmakers ; the tax bill is a natural consequence of their long effort to bend American politics to serve their interests . '' The corporate tax rate was 48 % in the 1970s and is 21 % under the Act . The top individual rate was 70 % in the 1970s and is 37 % under the Act . Despite these large cuts , incomes for the working class have stagnated and workers now pay a larger share of the pre-tax income in payroll taxes . The share of income going to the top 1 % has doubled , from 10 % to 20 % , since the pre-1980 period , while the share of wealth owned by the top 1 % has risen from around 25 % to 42 % . Despite President Trump promising to address those left behind , the House and Senate bills would increase economic inequality : Sizable corporate tax cuts would flow mostly to wealthy executives and shareholders ; In 2019 , a person in the bottom 10 % would average a $50 tax cut , while a person in the top 1 % gets a $34,000 tax cut ; Up to 13 million persons losing health insurance or subsidies are overwhelmingly in the bottom 30 % of the income distribution ; The top 1 % receives approximately 70 % of the pass - through income , which will be subject to much lower taxes ; Rolling back the estate tax , which only impacted the top 0.2 % of estates in 2016 , is a $150 billion benefit ( Note : $83 billion in final bill ) to the ultra-rich over ten years . The top 1 % of households by wealth own 40 % of stocks ; the bottom 80 % just 7 % , even when including indirect ownership through mutual funds . According to a Gallup survey , 52 % of Americans owned some stock in 2016 , down from 65 % in 2007 . In 2027 , if the tax cuts are paid for by spending cuts borne evenly by all families , after - tax income would be 3.0 % higher for the top 0.1 % , 1.5 % higher for the top 10 % , - 0.6 % for the middle 40 % ( 30th to 70th percentile ) and - 2.0 % for the bottom 50 % . May increase the trade deficit , hurting employment ( edit ) A potential consequence of the proposed tax reform , specifically lowering business taxes , is that ( in theory ) the U.S. would be a more attractive place for foreign capital ( investment money ) . This inflow of foreign capital would help fund the surge in investment by corporations , one of the stated goals of the legislation . However , a large inflow of foreign capital would drive up the price of the dollar , making U.S. exports more expensive , thus increasing the trade deficit . Paul Krugman estimated this could adversely impact up to 2.5 million U.S. jobs . According to The New York Times , `` wide range of experts agree that cutting taxes is likely to increase the trade deficit '' with other countries , which conflicts with the stated priority of the White House to reduce the trade deficit . However , Economists widely reject however that reducing the trade deficit necessarily has to be good for the economy . So the fact that this bill may increase the trade deficit will not necessarily decrease American welfare . May trigger mandatory spending cuts ( edit ) Paul Krugman wrote that deficits driven by tax cuts could trigger cuts in Medicare by law , opening the door to other safety net cuts to programs such as disability insurance . An estimated 13 million Americans could no longer have health insurance under the Senate version of the Act , which would repeal the ACA 's individual health insurance mandate , a provision in the ACA which imposes a tax penalty on those who choose not to buy health insurance . Neither the House nor the Senate versions of the Act specify how the approximately $1.7 trillion debt increase will be paid for . Therefore , the estimates of its impact on the lower - to middle - classes do not include future reductions in spending that Republicans may attempt to pass to offset the Act 's deficit impact . For example , David Leonhardt explained in The New York Times that : `` ( A ) ll of these estimates understate the long - term damage to the middle class , because they ignore the cuts to education , transportation , Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security that will eventually be necessary to reduce the deficit . '' Three former Secretaries of Defense ( Leon Panetta , Ash Carter , and Chuck Hagel ) wrote a letter to congressional leaders on November 15 , 2017 , arguing the additional deficits driven by the tax cuts would ultimately result in reduced military spending and endanger national security by forcing the reduction in funding `` for training , maintenance , force structure , flight missions , procurement and other key programs . '' Panetta , Carter , and Hagel wrote that the Act would increase the danger of a `` ' hollowed out ' military force that lacks the ability to sustain the intensive deployment requirements of our global defense mission . '' The Fed may counteract the stimulus ( edit ) Federal Reserve officials had indicated earlier in 2017 that aggressive tax cuts could increase the pace of interest rate increases already planned . Higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive , slowing economic growth ( GDP ) , other things equal . The Fed also raises interest rates to help offset the risk of inflation in a growing economy near full employment . However , as the tax plan became clearer and its impact on the economy was judged to be relatively minor , the Fed indicated that a plan to raise interest rates incrementally as many as three times in 2018 would not be changed . Taxes are already low by global standards ( edit ) In November 2017 , the OECD reported that the U.S. tax burden was lower in 2016 than the OECD country average , measured as a percentage of GDP : Overall taxes , including many state and local taxes , were 26.0 % GDP in 2016 , versus the OECD average of 34.3 % . Income taxes were 8.5 % GDP in 2016 , versus the OECD average of 8.9 % . Corporate taxes were 2.3 % GDP in 2011 , versus the OECD average of 3.0 % GDP . Journalist Justin Fox wrote in Bloomberg that Americans may feel financial pressure due to healthcare and college tuition costs , which are much higher than other OECD countries measured as a share of GDP , offsetting the benefit of the already lower tax structure . Personally enriches the Trump family and certain Republican congressmen ( edit ) Fact - checkers such as FactCheck.Org , PolitiFact and The Washington Post 's fact - checker have found that Trump 's claims that his economic proposal and tax plan would not benefit wealthy persons like himself are likely false . The elimination of the estate tax ( which only applies to inherited wealth greater than $11 million for a married couple ) benefits only the heirs of the very rich ( such as Trump 's children ) , and there is a reduced tax rate for people who report business income on their individual returns ( as Trump does ) . An analysis by The New York Times found that if Trump 's tax plan had been in place in 2005 ( the one recent year in which his tax returns were leaked ) , he would have saved $11 million in taxes . The analysis also found that Trump would save $4.4 million on his eventual estate tax bill . Experts say that the financial windfall for the President and his family from this bill is `` virtually unprecedented in American political history '' . A number of Republican congressmen also stand to benefit personally from the tax plan . Most notably , Tennessee Senator Bob Corker was for some time the sole Republican Senator to oppose the tax plan , having stated that he would not support a tax plan that would increase the deficit ; but Corker changed his vote to yes on the final version of the bill after a specific carved - out provision was added to the bill that Corker stood to benefit from . Corker rejected that he traded his vote for provisions that benefited him and said that he had no idea that there were provisions in the bill that he personally stood to benefit from . Impact on science and graduate education ( edit ) The bill that passed the House has been criticized for its significant negative impact on graduate students . Graduate students in private universities might see their effective tax rate go above 41.9 % , a rate higher than what even the richest of Americans typically pay . The change is due to one of the propositions in the bill that repeals the deduction for qualified tuition and related expenses , meaning that graduate students ' waived tuition would be viewed as taxable income . Given that their stipends are significantly less than the waived tuition , this would typically increase their taxes by 30 -- 60 % for public universities and hundreds of percent for private ones . The Senate version of the bill does not contain these provisions . The House bill 's disadvantageous treatment of graduate students was criticized because of its projected negative effect on the training of U.S. scientists . The bill 's impact on U.S. science and innovation has been criticized by Stanford professor emeritus Burton Richter , a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics and the National Medal of Science , who critiqued the bill 's negative impact on Americans seeking advanced degrees and wrote that the budget impact of the tax cuts would force a dramatic reduction in federal funding for scientific research . Encourages tax avoidance , fails to simplify the tax code ( edit ) According to The New York Times , `` economists and tax experts across the political spectrum warn that the proposed system would invite tax avoidance . The more the tax code distinguishes among types of earnings , personal characteristics or economic activities , the greater the incentive to label income artificially , restructure or switch categories in a hunt for lower rates . '' According to The Wall Street Journal , the bill 's changes to `` business and individual taxation could lead to a new era of business reorganization and tax - code gamesmanship with unknown consequences for the economy and federal revenue collection . '' Republicans justified the tax reform initially as an effort to simplify the tax code . Kevin Brady , the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee , and Speaker Paul Ryan said in November 2017 that they would simplify the tax code so much that 9 in 10 Americans would be able to file their taxes on a postcard . President Donald Trump said on December 13 , 2017 , that people would be able to file their taxes `` on a single , little , beautiful sheet of paper '' . However , when the final version of the tax legislation passed through houses of Congress , the legislation kept most loopholes intact and did not simplify the tax code . The announcements by the House leaders hurt the stock prices of tax preparers , but upon the release of the actual bill , the stock prices of tax preparers sharply increased . Speed of process ( edit ) The legislation was passed by Congress with little debate regarding the comprehensive reforming nature of the Act . The 400 - page House bill was passed two weeks after the legislation was first released , `` without a single hearing '' held . In the Senate , the final version of the bill did not receive a public hearing , `` was largely crafted behind closed doors , and was released just ahead of the final vote . '' Republicans rewrote major portions of tax bill just hours before the floor vote , making major changes in order to win the votes of several Republican holdouts . Many last - minute changes were handwritten on earlier drafts of the bill . The revisions appeared `` first in the lobbying shops of K Street , which sent back copies to some Democrats in the Senate , who took to social media to protest being asked to vote in a matter of hours on a bill that had yet to be shared with them directly . '' The rushed approval of the legislation prompted an outcry from Democrats . Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer ( D -- NY ) proposed giving senators more time to read the legislation , but this motion failed after every Republican voted no . Requests to wait until incoming Democratic senator Doug Jones of Alabama could vote on the bill were also denied . Some commentators also criticized the process . The New York Times editorial board wrote that the Senate 's move to rapidly approve the bill `` is not how lawmakers are supposed to pass enormous pieces of legislation '' and contrasted the bill to the 1986 tax bill , in which `` Congress and the Reagan administration worked across party lines , produced numerous drafts , held many hearings and struck countless compromises . '' Bloomberg columnist Al Hunt classified the legislation as a `` slipshod product , legislated with minimal transparency '' that was `` rushed so fast through a short - circuited lawmaking process '' in which many members of Congress who voted in favor of the bill did not fully understand what they had done . Objections from foreign countries ( edit ) The finance ministers of the five largest European economies ( Britain , Germany , France , Italy and Spain ) wrote a letter to U.S. Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin , expressing concern that the tax reforms could trigger a trade war , as they would violate World Trade Organization rules and distort international trade . Similar concerns were voiced by China . In response to the Act , German economists called for the German government to enact tax reform and additional subsidies to prevent a loss of jobs and investments to the US . Confusion about the name of the law ( edit ) The Short Title reference of `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' was not approved by Senate in the final enactment of the reconciliation law due to a dispute that was settled by the Senate Parliamentarian . The tax act is , officially , a set of tax law changes to the Internal Revenue Code that were appended to a budget reconciliation law without Short Title , and its proper reconciliation name ( either , the Long Title , or Public Law 115 - 97 , or some generic abbreviation ) is currently used in referring to the actual law . Nevertheless , as of early 2018 , the proposed rejected Short Title name had gained currency within some political and professional circles who continue to use `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' to refer to Public Law 115 - 97 , and so the Act may be inaccurately referred to by its rejected Short Title in some instances . Polls ( edit ) Poll source Fieldwork Support / Approve Oppose / Disapprove Ref . 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On November 9 , 2017 , the House Ways and Means Committee passed the bill on a party - line vote , advancing the bill to the House floor . The House passed the bill on November 16 , 2017 , on a mostly - party line vote of 227 -- 205 . No Democrat voted for the bill , while 13 Republicans voted against it . Companion legislation was passed by the Senate Finance Committee and Senate Budget Committee , both times on a straight party - line vote . In the early morning hours of December 2 , 2017 , the Senate passed their version of the bill by a 51 -- 49 vote . Bob Corker ( R -- TN ) was the only Republican senator to vote against the measure and it received no Democratic Party support . Differences between the House and Senate bills were reconciled in a conference committee that signed the final version on December 15 , 2017 . The final version contained relatively minor changes from the Senate version . The President then signed the bill into law on December 22 , 2017 . Differences between the House and Senate bills ( edit ) There were important differences between the House and Senate versions of the bills , due in part to the Senate reconciliation rules , which required that the bill impact the deficit by less than $1.5 trillion over ten years and have minimal deficit impact thereafter . For example : The House plan had four income tax brackets ranging from 12 % to 39.6 % , while the Senate bill kept seven brackets ranging from 10 % to 38.5 % . The House plan cut the corporate tax immediately , while the Senate plan delayed it until 2019 . The House plan made both individual and corporate taxes `` permanent '' ( i.e. , no set expiration ) while the Senate bill had most of the individual tax cuts expiring ( but not the business cuts ) . The House plan did not repeal the health insurance individual mandate , while the Senate bill did . The House plan eliminated deductions for state , local , and sales taxes paid , and capped property deductions at $10,000 . The Senate bill initially would have eliminated the state and local property tax deduction , but this was later changed to $10,000 as well . The House plan allowed parents to put aside money for an unborn child 's college education . The Senate bill did not include this provision . The House plan capped the deduction for mortgage interest to the first $500,000 mortgage debt versus the current $1 million , while the Senate did not change it . The House plan repealed the Johnson Amendment . The Senate version did not . The final Act as enacted did not include a repeal of the Johnson Amendment . In final changes prior to approval of the Senate bill on December 2 , additional changes were made ( among others ) that were reconciled with the House bill in a conference committee , prior to providing a final bill to the President for signature . The Conference Committee version was published on December 15 , 2017 . It had relatively minor differences compared to the Senate bill . Individual and pass - through tax cuts `` sunset '' ( expire ) after ten years , while the corporate tax changes are permanent . Support and opposition ( edit ) Notable supporters ( edit ) Leading Republicans support the bill , including President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence , and Republicans in Congress , such as : Paul Ryan , Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( R - WI ) Kevin Brady , United States congressman ( R -- TX ) Mitch McConnell , Senate Majority Leader , United States Senator ( R -- KY ) Kevin McCarthy , House Majority Leader ( R -- CA ) The House passed the bill on a mostly - party line vote of 227 -- 205 . No Democrat voted for the bill , while 13 Republicans voted against it . In the Senate , Republicans `` eager for a major legislative achievement after the Affordable Care Act debacle ... have generally been enthusiastic about the tax overhaul . '' A number of Republican senators who initially expressed trepidation over the bill , including Ron Johnson of Wisconsin , Susan Collins of Maine , and Steve Daines of Montana , ultimately voted for the Senate bill . The Senate passed the bill , with amendments , on a mostly - party line vote of 51 -- 49 . Every Democrat voted against the bill , while every Republican voted for it , except Senator Bob Corker of Tennessee . Republican supporters of the tax bill have characterized it as a simplification of the tax code . While some elements of the legislation would simplify the tax code , other provisions would add additional complexity . For most Americans , the process for filing taxes under the Republican legislation would be similar to what it is today . Notable opponents ( edit ) Democrats oppose the legislation , viewing it as a giveaway to corporations and high earners at the expense of the middle class . Every House Democrat voted against the bill when it came to the House floor ; they were joined by 13 Republicans who voted against it . The top congressional Democrats -- Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi -- strongly oppose the bill . Schumer said of the bill that `` The more it 's in sunlight , the more it stinks . '' Pelosi said the legislation was `` designed to plunder the middle class to put into the pockets of the wealthiest 1 percent more money ... It raises taxes on the middle class , millions of middle - class families across the country , borrows trillions from the future , from our children and grandchildren 's futures to give tax cuts to the wealthiest and encourages corporations to ship jobs overseas . '' The 13 House Republicans who voted against the bill were mostly from New York , New Jersey , and California , and were opposed to the bill 's elimination of the state and local income tax deduction in the bill , which benefits those states . Billionaire and former Mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg called this tax bill an `` economically indefensible blunder '' arguing that companies would not invest more because of the tax cuts : `` Corporations are sitting on a record amount of cash reserves : nearly $2.3 trillion . That figure has been climbing steadily since the recession ended in 2009 , and it 's now double what it was in 2001 . The reason CEOs are n't investing more of their liquid assets has little to do with the tax rate . '' Bill Gates and Warren Buffett also thought that Trump 's tax cut would not help businesses . In a CNBC interview , Buffett even said : `` I do n't need a tax cut in a society with so much inequality '' . In a letter made public on the November 12th , 2017 , more than 400 millionaires and billionaires ( which include George Soros and Steven Rockefeller ) asked Congress to reject the Republican tax plan . They note that it would disproportionately benefit the wealthy , while adding at least $1.5 trillion in tax cuts to the current national debt . This deficit `` would leave us unable to meet our country 's current needs and restrict us in advancing any future investments , '' the letter continues . Views of economists ( edit ) Most academic economists stated that there is no empirical evidence that the tax plan would benefit the economy as much as the Trump administration claimed it will . There is , however , a consensus that it will widen public deficits and economic inequalities . In a survey conducted by the University of Chicago 's Initiative on Global Markets , 37 out of 38 economists interviewed stated that they thought the Act would cause a rapid increase in the national debt . The one dissenting economist later changed his mind . Conversely , only one economist ( Stanford 's Darrell Duffie ) out of the 38 agreed with the statement : `` If the US enacts a tax bill similar to those currently moving through the House and Senate -- and assuming no other changes in tax or spending policy -- US GDP will be substantially higher a decade from now than under the status quo '' . Four winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics have spoken out against the legislation : Joseph Stiglitz , Paul Krugman , Richard Thaler , and Angus Deaton . A group of 137 economists signed an open letter expressing support for the bill ; the letter was touted by President Trump , House Speaker Paul Ryan and the Senate Finance Committee as support for the legislation among economists ; the letter was criticized by left - liberal publications that cited independent research which contradicted some of its claims and alleged that it contained signatories who did not exist . A group of nine economists ( largely from the Reagan and Bush administrations ) wrote a letter which estimated 3 percent growth from the reduction in the corporate tax rate within a decade ; the letter was challenged by Harvard economists Larry Summers and Jason Furman ( both of whom served in the Obama administration ) , and the nine economists appeared to back off from their original claims . Political significance ( edit ) In November 2017 , Senator Lindsey Graham ( R -- SC ) said that `` financial contributions will stop '' flowing to the Republican Party if tax reform is unable to be passed . This echoed comments by Representative Chris Collins ( R -- NY ) , who said , `` My donors are basically saying ' get it done or do n't ever call me again . ' '' Congressional votes ( edit ) Pre-conference vote ( edit ) It was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on November 2 , 2017 , by Congressman Kevin Brady , Republican of Texas . On November 9 , 2017 , the House Ways and Means Committee passed the bill on a party - line vote , advancing the bill to the House floor . The House passed the bill on November 16 , 2017 , on a mostly - party line vote of 227 -- 205 . No Democrat voted for the bill , while 13 Republicans voted against it . On the same day , companion legislation passed the Senate Finance Committee , again on a party - line vote , 14 -- 12 . On November 28 , the legislation passed the Senate Budget Committee , again on a party - line vote . On December 2 , the Senate passed its version by 51 -- 49 , with Bob Corker being the only Republican not to vote in support of the bill . The benefits of the individual tax cuts fade over time , so the Senate can attempt to pass the bill with only 51 votes under the budget reconciliation process . This is specifically to comply with the Byrd Rule , which allows Senators to block legislation if it would increase the deficit significantly beyond a ten - year term . House of Representatives ( edit ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act -- Vote in the House of Representatives ( November 16 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 240 ) 227 13 ( show ) Dan Donovan John Faso Rodney Frelinghuysen Darrell Issa Walter B. Jones Jr . Peter T. King Leonard Lance Frank LoBiondo Tom McClintock Dana Rohrabacher Chris Smith Elise Stefanik Lee Zeldin -- Democratic ( 194 ) -- 192 2 ( show ) Mark Pocan Frederica Wilson Total ( 434 ) 227 205 Senate ( edit ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act -- Vote in the Senate ( December 2 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 52 ) 51 1 ( show ) Bob Corker -- Democratic ( 46 ) -- 46 -- Independent ( 2 ) -- 2 ( show ) Angus King Bernie Sanders -- Total ( 100 ) 51 49 -- Post-conference vote ( edit ) The final version of the bill initially passed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 227 -- 203 on December 19 , 2017 . In the December 19 vote , the same Republicans who voted against the original House bill still voted against it , with the exception of Tom McClintock . However , several provisions of the bill violated the Senate 's procedural rules , causing the need for the House of Representatives to re-vote with the provisions removed . On December 20 , the Senate passed the bill by a party - line vote of 51 -- 48 . On the same day , the House of Representatives re-voted on the bill and passed it by a vote of 224 -- 201 . House of Representatives ( edit ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act -- Vote in the House of Representatives ( December 19 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 239 ) 227 12 ( show ) Dan Donovan John Faso Rodney Frelinghuysen Darrell Issa Walter B. Jones Jr . Peter T. King Leonard Lance Frank LoBiondo Dana Rohrabacher Chris Smith Elise Stefanik Lee Zeldin -- Democratic ( 193 ) -- 191 2 ( show ) Joe Kennedy III Mark Pocan Total ( 432 ) 227 203 Act to provide for reconciliation -- Vote in the House of Representatives ( December 20 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 239 ) 224 12 ( show ) Dan Donovan John Faso Rodney Frelinghuysen Darrell Issa Walter B. Jones Jr . Peter T. King Leonard Lance Frank LoBiondo Dana Rohrabacher Chris Smith Elise Stefanik Lee Zeldin 3 ( show ) Mo Brooks Jim Renacci Lamar Smith Democratic ( 193 ) -- 189 4 ( show ) Joe Kennedy III Grace Napolitano Mark Pocan Bennie Thompson Total ( 432 ) 224 201 7 Senate ( edit ) Act to provide for reconciliation -- Vote in the Senate ( December 20 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 52 ) 51 -- 1 ( show ) John McCain Democratic ( 46 ) -- 46 -- Independent ( 2 ) -- 2 ( show ) Angus King Bernie Sanders -- Total ( 100 ) 51 48 See also ( edit ) Bush tax cuts Reagan tax cuts Revenue Act of 1964 Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There was one vacant seat in the House of Representatives after Tim Murphy 's resignation on October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ There were three vacant seats in the House of Representatives after Tim Murphy 's resignation on October 21 , 2017 ; John Conyers ' resignation on December 5 , 2017 ; and Trent Franks ' resignation on December 8 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1 - An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 . '' Congress.gov . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Eli . `` Senate rules force Republicans to go with lengthy name for tax plan '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 # Confusion about the name of the law ^ Jump up to : CBO - Reconciliation Recommendations of the Senate Committee on Finance - November 26 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : CBO - Cost Estimate for the Conference Agreement on H.R. 1 - December 15 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Joint Committee on Taxation - Macroeconomic analysis of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act - December 22 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : CBO - The Budget and Economic Outlook 2017 to 2027 - January 24 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : CBO Distributional Effects of Changes in Taxes and Spending Under the Conference Agreement for H.R. 1 - December 21 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Tax Policy Center - Benjamin Page - Effects of Tax Policy , Growth versus Levels - December 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Joint Committee on Taxation - JCX - 58 - 17 - Distribution Effects of TCJA as of Nov 15 , 2017 - Nov 16 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Tax Policy Center - Analysis of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( Conference Agreement ) - December 18 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : VOX - Dylan Matthews - Republican Tax Plan leaves $1.5 trillion bill for the middle class to pay - December 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Bloomberg - Stephen Gandel - Five charts that show how companies are spending their tax savings - March 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : Vox - Sarah Kliff - Senate Tax Bill is Sweeping change to every part of federal health care - November 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ CBO - Repealing the Individual Health Insurance Mandate : An Updated Estimate - November 8 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : CRFB - House Passes Historic Debt Increase - November 16 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Appelbaum , Binyamin ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Trump 's Tax Cuts Are Likely to Increase Trade Deficit '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Vox - The Republican tax bill will exacerbate income inequality in America - December 2 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` the Tax Bill that Inequality Created '' . Editorial . The New York Times . December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/12/gop-tax-bill/549017/ Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/01/tax-reform-could-hit-certain-high-tax-states-harder-than-others.html ^ Jump up to : Summers , Lawrence ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's Top Economist 's Analysis Is n't Just Wrong , It 's Dishonest '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Everybody Hates the Trump Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-states-coalition/new-york-new-jersey-connecticut-to-sue-over-federal-tax-law-idUSKBN1FF273 Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ; Kaplan , Thomas ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Tax Bill Passes Senate in 51 - 48 Vote '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pullen , John Patrick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When the GOP Tax Reform Bill Will Take Effect '' . Fortune . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mercado , Darla ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Find your new tax brackets under the final GOP tax plan '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of the Treasury OTA - Summary of Treasury Distribution Analysis - November 12 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 IRS Tax '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 1 -- 115th Congress ( 2017 - 2018 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1 -- 115th Congress ( 2017 - 2018 ) - Sec. 11041 , subsection ( b ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` New Child Tax Credit : Changes for 2018 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.weeklystandard.com/updated-house-passes-tax-reform-but-will-have-to-revote/article/2010897 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Final GOP Tax Plan Summary : Tax Strategies Under TCJA 2017 '' . Nerd 's Eye View . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 '' . Lexology . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Matt ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Burger King May Move to Canada for the Donuts '' . Bloomberg View . Jump up ^ Drucker , Jesse ; Rappeport , Alan ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Tax Bill 's Winners and Losers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Andrews , Wilson ; Parlapiano , Alicia ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` What 's in the Final Republican Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kreighbaum , Andrew ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Large endowments would be taxed under final GOP tax plan '' . Inside Hgher Ed . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Bob ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) . `` The House will be forced to revote on the massive tax bill because of provisions that break Senate rules '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stratford , Michael ; Wermund , Benjamin ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) . `` The new tax on Harvard '' . Politico . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Petulla & Jennifer Hansler , Sparkling wine , jets , the unborn and other special - interest wins in the tax bill , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Tankersley , Jim ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` A Curveball From the New Tax Law : It Makes Baseball Trades Harder '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vinik , Danny ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Easter eggs hidden in the new Senate tax bill '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Smith , Cheers ! Senators propose lowering alcohol tax , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Matthews - King , Alex ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Private jet owners handed tax break in major Senate victory for Republicans '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Tax Plan Includes Exemption for Private Jet Management '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New Tax Plan Can Impact Victims of DUI Accidents '' . scalar.usc.edu . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tankersley , Jim ; Rappeport , Alan ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` G.O.P. Rushed to Pass Tax Overhaul . Now It May Need to Be Altered '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shankman , Sabrina ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` 12 House Republicans Urge Congress to Cut ANWR Oil Drilling from Tax Bill '' . InsideClimate News . Jump up ^ Natter , Ari ; Dlouhy , Jennifer A. ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Tax Bill Opens Arctic Refuge for Oil , But Years of Delay May Follow '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Detrow , Senate May Approve Drilling In Alaskan Wilderness With Tax Bill , NPR ( November 18 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Christopher ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ANWR Drilling Rights in the Tax - Reform Bill '' . Outside . ^ Jump up to : Shankman , Sabrina ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` At Stake in Arctic Refuge Drilling Vote : Money , Wilderness and a Way of Life '' . InsideClimate News . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Democrats have leverage in one part of the GOP tax cut process '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sanger - Katz , Margot ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) . `` The Tax Bill 's Automatic Spending Cuts '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cancryn , Adam ; Ferris , Sarah ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Tax bill could trigger historic spending cuts '' . Politico . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Edgerton , Anna ; Wasson , Erik ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) . `` House GOP Pushes Funding Gambit Day Ahead of Shutdown Deadline '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ CNBC - Christina Wilkie - Trump Signs GOP tax plan and short - term government funding bill on his way out of town - December 22 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Tax Policy Center - Macroeconomic Analysis of the TCJA as Passed by the Senate Finance Committee - December 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ CRFB - Official Analysis Finds Tax Bill Will Produce Marginal Growth , Cost $1.1 Trillion - January 3 , 2018 Jump up ^ University of Pennsylvania - Budget Model - The Tax cuts and Jobs Act as Reported by Conference Committee 12 / 15 / 17 - December 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ JCT - Estimated Budget Effects of the Conference Agreement for TCJA - JCX67 - 17 - December 18 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Tax Reform '' . igmchicago.org . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Jeff ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` 37 of 38 economists said the GOP tax plans would grow the debt . The 38th misread the question '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Taxation JCX - 68 - 17 Distributional Effects of the Conference Agreement for H.R. 1 TCJA - December 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - Corporate Tax Cuts Mainly Benefit Shareholders and CEO 's , not workers - October 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Davidson , Adam ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Why Are Corporations Hoarding Trillions ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ FRED Database - Corporate Profits After Taxes Dollars and % GDP - Q2 2017 Jump up ^ CBO - International Comparison of Corporate Income Tax Rates - March 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ CNN - Brownstein - GOP tax plans could fuel the suburban revolt against Trump - November 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ NYT - Steven Rattner - 2017 : The Year in Charts - December 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Tax Bill And The Individual Mandate : What Happened , And What Does It Mean ? '' . Jump up ^ CEA Report - The Growth Effects of Corporate Tax Reform and Implications for Wages - October 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ Politifact - Do tax cuts pay for themselves ? Evidence is thin - April 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Says His Tax Plan Wo n't Benefit the Rich -- He 's Exactly Wrong '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Treasury Direct - Public Debt Report for Month of November 2017 Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` The G.O.P. Is Fooling Itself on Taxes '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ JCT - Distribution of the Chairman 's Mark of the `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' - JCX - 58R - 17 - November 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's $700 Billion Gift to Wealthy Foreigners '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tax Cuts And the Trade Deficit '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ University of Chicago - IGM Panel - Tax Reform - November 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Republican Tax on the Future '' . Editorial . The New York Times . November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of NY - William C. Dudley - The Outlook for the U.S. Economy in 2018 and Beyond - January 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ Konczal , Mike ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans are Weaponizing the Tax Code '' . Vox . Jump up ^ CBO - An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook 2017 to 20127 - June 2017 Baseline Data - Retrieved December 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Why are n't the other hands up ? ' A top Trump adviser 's startling response to CEOs not doing what he 'd expect '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( October 29 , 2017 ) . Fareed Zakaria GPS , CNN . Jump up ^ `` Larry Summers on Trump 's tax plan '' CNN . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg - Wells Fargo , AT&T try to show unpopular tax cut helps workers - December 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ CNN - Matt Egan - Only a small slice of corporate America has shared tax savings with workers so far - January 3 , 2018 Jump up ^ Bloomberg - Rebecca Greenfield - What Companies Are Really Doing with Their Tax Windfall ( So Far ) - January 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Bloomberg - Stephen Gandel - Five charts that show how companies are spending their tax savings - March 5 , 2018 Jump up ^ Rubin , Richard ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Treasury Removes Paper at Odds With Mnuchin 's Take on Corporate - Tax Cut 's Winners '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Parlapiano , Alicia ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Would the Poor Pay More Under the G.O.P. Tax Plan ? Senators Disagree , and Here 's Why '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vox - Dylan Mathews - Pass - through companies - November 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Emmanuel Saez - Striking it Richer - June 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Saez&Zucman - Quarterly Journal of Economics - Wealth Inequality in the United States Since 1913 - May 2016 Jump up ^ NYT - Paul Krugman - Tax - Cut Santa Is Coming to Town - December 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ NPR - Danielle Kurtzleben - While Trump Touts Stock Market , Many Americans Are Left Out of the Conversation - March 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` A Plan to Turbocharge Inequality in Three Charts '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Four Big Tax Deceptions '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leon Panetta and Other Former Defense Secretaries : Debt - Increasing Tax Bill Threatens National Security , Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget ( November 17 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; Demirjian , Karoun ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Former Pentagon chiefs to Congress : If you 're serious about defense , do n't pass current GOP tax bill '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ NYT - Appelbaum - Fed Predicts Modest Economic Growth From Tax Cut - December 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum , A Trump Economic Boom ? The Fed May Stand in the Way , The New York Times ( December 13 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ OECD - Revenue Statistics : 1965 - 2016 - November 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Five Thirty Eight - U.S. Tax Rates - The Big Picture - April 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Fox , Justin ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taxes are Low in the U.S. , but other stuff is expensive '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ; Ye Hee Lee , Michelle ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fact - Checking President Trump 's tax speech in Indianapolis '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Trump Likely Benefits from Tax Bills - FactCheck.org '' . FactCheck.org. 2017 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Will the GOP tax bill cost Donald Trump ' a fortune ' ? No '' . @ politifact . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Barro , Josh ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's ' small business ' tax cut is actually for rich people like Trump '' . Businesss Insider . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wealthy financiers could gain from Trump 's proposed tax cut for small businesses '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drucker , Jesse ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Trump Could Save More Than $11 Million Under the New Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Harwell , Drew ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Trump stands to save millions under new tax measure , experts say '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , Lauren ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) . `` GOP tax bill includes a provision that could enrich Trump and Republican senators '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Mattingly , Phil . `` Tax voting starts Tuesday , why is Corker voting yes ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Iannelli , Jerry ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Miami Rep. Curbelo 's Wife Owns Assets That Benefit From GOP Tax Bill 's Last - Minute Provision '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` People Are Outraged About the GOP Tax Bill 's ' Corker Kickback . ' This Is Why '' . Money . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The GOP Tax Plan Will Destroy Graduate Education '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Republican tax plan could financially devastate graduate students '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taxing a Coupon ' '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Timmer , John ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Tax bill that passed the House would cripple training of scientists '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ S. Lubell , Michael ; Richter , Burton ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why the tax bill Is bad for science , innovation and America '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Cohen , Patricia ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Tax Plans May Give Your Co-Worker a Better Deal Than You '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Richard ; Simon , Ruth ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) . `` For Pass - Through Businesses , Let the ( Tax ) Games Begin '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Carmichael , Kevin ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Republican Tax Bill Does n't Actually Simplify The Tax Code '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne . `` New tax code will still be complicated despite GOP promise to simplify '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Peter S. ; Cohen , Patricia ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` It Started as a Tax Cut . Now It Could Change American Life '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Jim Tankersley & Alan Rappeport , A Hasty , Hand - Scribbled Tax Bill Sets Off an Outcry , The New York Times ( December 1 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Rappeport , Alan ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` House Passes Tax Bill , as Does Senate Panel '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Golshan , Tara ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans are handwriting their tax bill at the last minute '' . Vox . ^ Jump up to : Seung Min Kim & Colin Wilhelm , Republicans rewriting tax bill hours before possible vote : Senate GOP leaders are still making major changes to the plan in order to win over several hold - outs , Politico ( December 1 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : B. Wang , Amy ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats fume over ' absurd ' GOP tax bill full of last - minute handwritten edits '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Is Rushing to Pass Its Tax Bill Because It Stinks '' . Editorial . The New York Times . November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albert R. Hunt , Republican Haste Warps Tax Bills , Bloomberg View ( November 29 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon . `` Philip Hammond sides with EU to demand Donald Trump drops tax reforms that risk trade war '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Deen , Mark . `` Europeans Tell Mnuchin the GOP Tax Plan May Break Treaties , Hurt Trade '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Yurou . `` U.S. tax reform poses threat to German jobs , investment , say leading economists '' . Xinhua . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Casselman , Ben ; Tankersley , Jim ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Tax Overhaul Gains Public Support , Buoying Republicans '' . SurveyMonkey . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Trump Rating Ticks Up ; Support for Tax Plan Increases '' . Monmouth University . January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Harvard - Harris Poll : January 2018 Re-Field '' ( PDF ) . Harvard -- Harris Poll . January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Toby ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` GOP tax plan fails to crack a majority in new poll '' . Morning Consult . Politico . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Corps '' ( PDF ) . GQR Research . Jump up ^ Casselman , Ben ; Tankersley , Jim ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Poll Finds Upturn in Sentiment on Tax Overhaul and Economy '' . SurveyMonkey . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Economist / YouGov Poll '' ( PDF ) . YouGov . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` December National Survey Results '' . December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Voters split on GOP tax bill '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` CNN December 2017 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Study # 17505 '' ( PDF ) . NBC News . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drucker , David M. ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Republican poll shows political challenges , possible benefits , of passing tax bill '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Half The Public Say Their Taxes Will Go Up Under GOP Plan '' . West Long Branch : Monmouth University . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Support for GOP Tax Plan Could Hurt Candidates , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; U.S. Voters Say 7 - 1 DACA Immigrants Should Stay '' ( PDF ) . Quinnipiac University . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Most Americans doubt GOP bill will cut their taxes or boost the economy '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Shawna ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Why the GOP tax bill is so unpopular '' . Vice News . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ; Kahn , Chris ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Nearly half of Americans still oppose Republican tax bill : Reuters / Ipsos poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Pinto , Jennifer ; Backus , Fred ; Khanna , Kabir ; Salvanto , Anthony ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` CBS News poll : Americans say tax plan helps wealthy , not middle class '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saad , Lydia ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Independents , Democrats Not on Board With GOP Tax Plan '' . Gallup . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Tax Plan Benefits Rich , U.S. Voters Say Almost 3 - 1 , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; Trump Job Approval Stuck at 35 Percent '' ( PDF ) . Quinnipiac University . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ; Kahn , Chris ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Nearly half of Americans oppose Republican tax bill : Reuters / Ipsos poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Harvard CAPS - Harris Poll : November 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard -- Harris Poll . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Voters think Trump will benefit from tax plan '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Massacre Drives Gun Control Support to New High , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; Voters Reject GOP Tax Plan 2 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Quinnipiac University . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Economist / YouGov Poll '' ( PDF ) . YouGov . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Support for GOP tax plan ticks down but remains positive '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN November 2017 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clement , Scott ; Guskin , Emily ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans ' tax overhaul pitch faces skeptical public , Post-ABC poll finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Toby ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Voters like tax reform overall but cool to corporate cut '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ; Kahn , Chris ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Fewer than a third of Americans back Trump tax plan : Reuters / Ipsos poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN October 2017 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : 48 percent approve of Trump 's tax proposal '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Filer , Christine ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Two - thirds say large corporations pay too little in federal taxes ( POLL ) '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Siobhan ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` House Ways and Means Committee Approves GOP Tax Bill '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` $1.5 Trillion Tax Cut Passed by House in Mostly Party - Line Vote '' . The New York Times . November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : House Passes Historic Debt Increase ( press release ) , House Passes Historic Debt Increase ( November 16 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Faler , Brian ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Finance Committee approves GOP tax reform plan '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Seung Min Kim , Colin Wilhelm and Bernie Becker , Senate GOP gets breathing room as tax plan advances , Politico ( November 28 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Senate passes huge tax cuts after last - minute changes ; conference with House next '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : The Hill - Naomi Jagoda - Republicans unveil final version of tax bill - December 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ 9 Sticking Points The House And Senate Have To Work Out In Their Tax Bills Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The House and Senate Still Have Very Different Tax Bills . Here 's How They Compare '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ; Goodstein , Laurie ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` In Tax Debate , Gift to Religious Right Could Be Bargaining Chip '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Heather Long , In small win for Democrats , the final tax bill will not include a provision allowing churches to endorse political candidates , Washington Post ( December 14 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Taxation - Estimated Revenue Effects of Modifications - JCX - 62 - 17 - December 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Republicans roll out their long - awaited tax reform plan '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McCarthy guarantees middle class tax cut under House GOP plan '' . The Washington Examiner . November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ; Kaplan , Thomas ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tax Bill Thrown Into Uncertainty as First G.O.P. Senator Comes Out Against It '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Susan Collins says she supports Senate GOP 's tax bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Jump up ^ Jacob Pramuk , Ron Johnson and Steve Daines , two of the last Senate GOP holdouts , will back tax bill after pass - through tweak , CNBC ( December 1 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Senate passes tax reform bill : Here 's how it affects you '' . Fox News . December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinik , Danny ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Simpler taxes under the GOP plan ? Do n't count on it '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Tankersley , Jim ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Attack Tax Bill as a ' Middle - Class Con Job ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Paletta , Damian ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Public will turn against GOP tax bill , Schumer predicts : ' The more it 's in sunlight , the more it stinks ' '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript '' . At This Hour . CNN . November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sam Petulla , Sean O'Key and Hannah Lang , The House Republicans who voted ' no ' on tax reform , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Billionaire Michael Bloomberg : ' The Tax Bill Is an Economically Indefensible Blunder ' '' . Money . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Buffett and Bill Gates do n't think Trump 's tax cut will help business '' . Business Insider France ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Catherine ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Billionaire Warren Buffett : ' I do n't need a tax cut ' '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Read the Letter '' . Responsible Wealth Project . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` More than 400 millionaires and billionaires have called on Republicans not to cut their taxes '' . The Independent . 2017 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` More than 400 millionaires tell Congress : Do n't cut our taxes '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How to Improve the Trump Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most Economists Agree : Trump Tax Plan Will Widen Budget Deficit '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Soergel , Andrew ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Would a Trump Tax Cut Boost Economic Growth ? '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Stein , Jeff ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) . `` 37 of 38 economists said the GOP tax plans would grow the debt . The 38th misread the question '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Reform '' . www.igmchicago.org . November 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Déjà Voodoo by Joseph E. Stiglitz - Project Syndicate '' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Opinion Everybody Hates the Trump Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Winner Thaler Takes a Jab at Trump '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel winning economist says Trump 's plans aggravate income inequality '' . Newsweek. 2017 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ reform , The RATE Coalition , a group of businesses calling for tax ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) . `` 137 economists sign open letter to Congress supporting GOP tax reform bill '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pennyfarthing , Aldous J ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` How did Trump find 137 economists who support his tax plan ? '' . DailyKos . DailyKos . Jump up ^ Fang , Lee ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` GOP 's List of Economists Backing Tax Cut Includes Ghosts , Office Assistants , Ex-Felons , and a Sprinkling of Real Economists '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Economists Seem to Back Off Growth Claim for Tax Cuts '' . Bloomberg Quint . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca . `` Graham : ' Financial contributions will stop ' if GOP does n't pass tax reform '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Marcy ; Werner , Erica . `` Changes to House tax bill on child care benefits , credits '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jasmine C. ; Storey , Rachel ; Simon , Sara ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` See How Every Senator Voted on the Republican Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Preliminary Distributional Analysis of the `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' - November 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Levitz , Eric ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` The GOP Tax Plan Is Dead -- Unless the Filibuster Dies First '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Andrews , Wilson ; Parlapiano , Alicia ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` How Every Member Voted on the House Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faler , Brian ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` House passes tax overhaul , teeing up final Senate vote '' . Politico . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tatum , Sophie ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` These are the Republicans who voted ' no ' on the tax bill '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jasmine C. ; Simon , Sara ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Every Senator Voted on the Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seipel , Arnie ; Kurtzleben , Danielle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Congress Passes $1.5 Trillion Tax Cut Bill , A Legislative Win For Trump '' . NPR . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Almukhtar , Sarah ; Carlsen , Audrey ; Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Migliozzi , Blacki ; Parlapiano , Alicia ; Patel , Jugal K. ; Shorey , Rachel ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Each House Member Voted on the Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for Roll Call 699 '' . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Law ( hide ) Tax Acts of the United States Internal Revenue 1861 1862 1864 1913 1916 1917 1918 1921 1924 1926 1928 1932 1934 1935 1936 1940 1940 ( 2nd ) 1941 1942 1943 1943 1944 1945 1948 1950 1950 1951 1954 1954 Code 1962 1964 1968 1969 1971 1976 1977 1978 1981 1982 Gas Tax 1984 COBRA 1986 1986 Code 2008 Crisis 2012 2017 Tariffs 1789 : Hamilton I 1790 : Hamilton II 1792 : Hamilton III 1816 : Dallas 1824 : Sectional 1828 : `` Abominations '' 1832 1833 : Compromise 1842 : Black 1846 : Walker 1857 1861 : Morrill 1872 1875 1883 : Mongrel 1890 : McKinley 1894 : Wilson -- Gorman 1897 : Dingley 1909 : Payne -- Aldrich 1913 : Underwood 1921 : Emergency 1922 : Fordney -- McCumber 1930 : Smoot -- Hawley 1934 : Reciprocal 1948 : GATT 1962 1974 / 75 1979 1984 1988 : Canada FT 1993 : NAFTA 1994 : WTO 2002 : Steel 2018 : Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017&oldid=835638914 '' Categories : 2017 in economics Presidency of Donald Trump Acts of the 115th United States Congress United States federal taxation legislation Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles that may be too long from February 2018 Use mdy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be split from January 2018 All articles to be split Pages with Split section templates needing conversion of 2 to discuss Articles needing POV - check from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the 2017 tax plan take effect | [
"The House passed the penultimate version of the bill on December 19, 2017, though for Senate procedural reasons small changes were needed and a revote was held in the House.[25] The Senate passed the final version on December 20 in a 51–48 vote and that final version was passed by the House of Representatives on that same day. The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22, 2017. Most of the changes introduced by the bill went into effect on January 1, 2018 and will not affect 2017 taxes.[26]"
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-5028329011114666038 | Roman de la Rose | Roman de la Rose - wikipedia Roman de la Rose Jump to : navigation , search For the poem by Jean Renart named Romans de la Rose in the manuscript , see Guillaume de Dole . Mirth and Gladness lead a Dance in this miniature from a manuscript of the Roman de la Rose in the Bodleian Library ( MS Douce 364 , folio 8r ) . The Roman de la Rose ( Romance of the Rose ) , is a medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision . It is a notable instance of courtly literature . The work 's stated purpose is to both entertain and to teach others about the Art of Love . At various times in the poem , the `` Rose '' of the title is seen as the name of the lady , and as a symbol of female sexuality in general . Likewise , the other characters ' names function both as regular names and as abstractions illustrating the various factors that are involved in a love affair . The poem was written in two stages . The first 4,058 lines , written by Guillaume de Lorris circa 1230 , describe the attempts of a courtier to woo his beloved . This part of the story is set in a walled garden or locus amoenus , one of the traditional topoi of epic and chivalric literature . Around 1275 , Jean de Meun composed an additional 17,724 lines . In this enormous coda , allegorical personages ( Reason , Genius , and so on ) hold forth on love . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 1.1 Early 1.2 Modern 2 Manuscripts and incunabula 3 Translation and influence 4 Gallery 5 Editions 6 English translations 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Reception ( edit ) Genius of love , Meister des Rosenromans , 1420 - 1430 Early ( edit ) The work was both popular and controversial . It was one of the most widely read works in France for three centuries , and it was possibly the most read book in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries . Its emphasis on sensual language and imagery provoked attacks by Jean Gerson , Christine de Pizan and many other writers and moralists of the 14th and 15th centuries . Historian Johan Huizinga writes : `` It is astonishing that the Church , which so rigorously repressed the slightest deviations from dogma of a speculative character , suffered the teaching of this breviary of the aristocracy ( for the Roman de la Rose was nothing else ) to be disseminated with impunity . '' Modern ( edit ) Later reactions suggested that it had a tenuous encyclopedic quality . The nineteenth century scholar and writer Gaston Paris wrote that it was `` an encyclopedia in disorder '' and British author C.S. Lewis described it as having an `` encyclopedic character '' . One historian wrote that while Roman de la Rose is obviously not an encyclopedia , `` it evokes one , represents one , dreams one , perhaps , with all its aspirations and limitations '' . Manuscripts and incunabula ( edit ) Author of a 14th - century copy of Roman de la Rose at his writing desk . NLW MS 5016D About 300 manuscripts are extant , one of the highest figures for a secular work . Many of these are illustrated , most with fewer than ten remaining illustrations , but there are a number with twenty or more illustrations , and the exceptional Burgundian British Library Harley MS 4425 has 92 large and high quality miniatures , despite a date around 1500 ; the text was copied by hand from a printed edition . These are by the artist known as the Master of the Prayer Books of around 1500 , commissioned by Count Engelbert II of Nassau The peak period of production was the 14th century , but manuscript versions continued to be produced until the advent of printing , and indeed afterwards - there are at least seven manuscripts dated after 1500 . There are also seven incunabula printed editions before 1500 , the first from Geneva in about 1481 , followed by two from Lyons in the 1480s and four from Paris in the 1490s . An edition from Lyons in 1503 is illustrated with 140 woodcuts . Digital images of more than 140 of these manuscripts are available for study in the Roman de la Rose Digital Library . Translation and influence ( edit ) Part of the story was translated from its original Old French into Middle English as The Romaunt of the Rose , which had a great influence on English literature . Chaucer was familiar with the original French text , and a portion of the Middle English translation is thought to be his work . Critics suggest that the character of `` La Vieille '' acted as source material for Chaucer 's Wife of Bath . There were several other early translations into languages including Middle Dutch ( Heinrik van Aken , c. 1280 ) . Il Fiore is a `` reduction '' of the poem into 232 Italian sonnets by a `` ser Durante '' , sometimes thought to have been Dante , although this is generally thought unlikely . Dante never mentions the Roman , but is often said to have been highly conscious of it in his own work . In 1900 , the pre-Raphaelite F.S. Ellis translated the whole of the poem into English verse . C.S. Lewis 's 1936 study The Allegory of Love renewed interest in the poem . Gallery ( edit ) Miniature from a manuscript of the Roman de la Rose ( Oxford , Bodleian Library , Douce 195 ) , folio 1r , portrait of Guillaume de Lorris . Abélard and Héloïse in a 14th - century manuscript of the Roman de la Rose The God of Love locks the Lover 's heart . f. 15r. b , Roman de la Rose MS NLW 5016D Editions ( edit ) Roman de la Rose ( ed. 1914 ) Langlois , Ernest , ed . Le Roman de la Rose par Guillaume de Lorris et Jean de Meun. 5 vols . Société des Anciens Textes Français . Paris : Firmin Didot , 1914 -- 24 . Lecoy , Félix , ed . Le Roman de la Rose par Guillaume de Lorris et Jean de Meun. 3 vols . Classiques français du Moyen Âge . Paris : Champion , 1965 -- 70 . Strubel , Armand , ed. , trans , and annot . Le Roman de la Rose . Lettres gothiques , 4533 . Paris : Librairie Générale Française -- Livre de Poche , 1992 . ISBN 2 - 253 - 06079 - 8 English translations ( edit ) Robbins , Harry W. , trans . The Romance of the Rose . New York : Dutton , 1962 . Dahlberg , Charles , trans . The Romance of the Rose . Princeton : Princeton UP , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06197 - 1 Horgan , Frances , trans . and annot . The Romance of the Rose . Oxford World 's Classics . Oxford : Oxford UP , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283948 - 9 See also ( edit ) Ars Amatoria - the ' art of love ' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth . `` Civilisation 03 : Romance and Reality '' . YouTube . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Huizinga , Johann , The Waning of the Middle Ages ( New York : Anchor Books , 1989 ) p. 334 ISBN 0 - 385 - 09288 - 1 Jump up ^ Doody , Aude ( 2010 ) . Pliny 's encyclopedia : the reception of the Natural history . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 67707 - 6 . Jump up ^ Franklin - Brown 2012 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Roman de la Rose Digital Library , Project History Jump up ^ Roman de la Rose Digital Library ; not complete Jump up ^ British Library Jump up ^ Roman de la Rose Digital Library Jump up ^ British Library , Incunabula Short Title Catalogue Jump up ^ Rosenwald 917 , Library of Congress Further reading ( edit ) Arden , Heather M. The Roman de la Rose : An Annotated Bibliography . New York : Garland , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 5799 - 6 Gunn , Alan M.F. The Mirror of Love : A Reinterpretation of `` The Romance of the Rose '' . Lubbock , TX : Texas Tech P , 1951 . Huot , Sylvia . The Romance of the Rose and Its Medieval Readers : Interpretation , Reception , Manuscript Transmission . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 41713 - 9 Kelly , Douglas . Internal Difference and Meanings in the Roman de la rose . Madison , WI : U of Wisconsin P , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 14780 - 0 McWebb , Christine , ed . Debating the Roman de la Rose : A Critical Anthology . Routledge Medieval Texts . New York : Routledge , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96765 - 5 Minnis , Alastair . Magister Amoris : The Roman de la Rose and Vernacular Hermeneutics . Oxford : Oxford UP , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 818754 - 8 External links ( edit ) French Wikisource has original text related to this article : Le Roman de la Rose Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman de la Rose manuscripts . Full text from Project Gutenberg : Vol. 1 , Vol. 2 Roman de la Rose Digital Library at Johns Hopkins University 12 Ms on Digital Scriptorium Roman de la rose at Somni Editions from the Library of Congress Le Rommant de la Rose ( Lyons , Guillaume Le Roy , ca . 1487 ) Cest le Romant de la Rose . ( Lyon , Imprime par G. Balsarin , 1503 ) `` Roman de la Rose '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_la_Rose&oldid=825354969 '' Categories : 13th - century poems Medieval literature French poems Medieval French literature Visionary poems Allegory Types of illuminated manuscript Courtly love Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who translated romance of the rose into english | [
"Part of the story was translated from its original Old French into Middle English as The Romaunt of the Rose, which had a great influence on English literature. Chaucer was familiar with the original French text, and a portion of the Middle English translation is thought to be his work. Critics suggest that the character of \"La Vieille\" acted as source material for Chaucer's Wife of Bath. There were several other early translations into languages including Middle Dutch (Heinrik van Aken, c. 1280). Il Fiore is a \"reduction\" of the poem into 232 Italian sonnets by a \"ser Durante\", sometimes thought to have been Dante, although this is generally thought unlikely. Dante never mentions the Roman, but is often said to have been highly conscious of it in his own work. In 1900, the pre-Raphaelite F. S. Ellis translated the whole of the poem into English verse. C. S. Lewis's 1936 study The Allegory of Love renewed interest in the poem."
] | [
"F. S. Ellis"
] |
-2418710067876574635 | When I Was Your Man | When I Was Your Man - wikipedia When I Was Your Man Jump to : navigation , search `` When I Was Your Man '' Single by Bruno Mars from the album Unorthodox Jukebox Released January 15 , 2013 Format CD digital download Genre Pop Length 3 : 34 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Andrew Wyatt Producer ( s ) The Smeezingtons Bruno Mars singles chronology `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` When I Was Your Man '' ( 2013 ) `` Treasure '' ( 2013 ) `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` When I Was Your Man '' ( 2013 ) `` Treasure '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` When I Was Your Man '' on YouTube `` When I Was Your Man '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album , Unorthodox Jukebox ( 2012 ) . Atlantic Records released the song as the third promotional single and as the second official single , taken from the album , to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . `` When I Was Your Man '' was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine and Andrew Wyatt ; with Mars , Lawrence and Levine credited for composing the song as well . The pop song is an emotional piano ballad with lyrics describing the heartbreak and regret Mars felt from letting his lover get away , and his expressed hope that her new man will give her all the love and attention that he failed to provide . It features Mars singing and a piano accompaniment as the sole instrumentation . `` When I Was Your Man '' received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who generally praised Mars ' vocal prowess ; calling it a `` vulnerable and emotional ballad '' . The song won `` Favorite Hit '' at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . `` When I Was Your Man '' topped the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , and reached the top ten on the singles chart of Australia , Canada , Denmark , France , Ireland , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , South Korea and the United Kingdom . It was certified quadruple - platinum in Australia and in the US ; while in Canada , it was certified six times platinum . `` When I Was Your Man '' was the worlds eighth best selling digital single of 2013 , with sales of 8.3 million copies ; joining an elite group of the best - selling singles worldwide . Cameron Duddy and Mars directed the ballad 's accompanying music video . It portrays Mars as a `` lonely balladeer '' who sits at his piano donned in a pair of sunglasses while setting a half - full glass of whiskey atop it . Critics resoundingly complimented the simplicity of the video 's production . The song has been covered by artists , including Mike Ward , who released a studio version of the song after he performed it on The Voice UK . Ward 's cover peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . `` When I Was Your Man '' was also added to the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Mars performed the song on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) and at the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 -- 18 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical 4.2 Awards and recognition 5 Chart performance 5.1 North America 5.2 International 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions and usage in media 8 Music video 8.1 Development and synopsis 8.2 Reception 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Other versions 11.3 Year - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 13.1 Promotional release 13.2 Single release 14 References 15 External links Writing and production ( edit ) While working on the album , Mars said : `` I 'm never singing another ballad again , '' but that came from the gut -- it 's the most honest , real thing I 've ever sung , '' he says . `` When there are no safe bets , that 's when I feel my blood move . '' He also shared how important the lyrics to this song are for him when he posted a photograph of Unorthodox Jukebox 's artwork via his Twitter account . `` Soon you guys will hear a song I wrote called When I Was Your Man . I 've never been this nervous . Ca n't explain it , '' he tweeted . Philip Lawrence explained the inspiration of the song : `` I think Bruno and I are both huge fans of older music , like Billy Joel and Elton John . We always loved those moments where you can sit at the piano and emote . Those intimate moments when an artist is so naked and vulnerable ; you ca n't help but be drawn to it . We always wanted to find a stripped down song like that , which is how that song came to be . The subject matter was real life ; Bruno had experienced that , so we tried to say it in the best and catchiest way we could . '' `` When I Was Your Man '' was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin . Bruno Mars played the piano , while the recording was done by Ari Levine at Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California . Charlez Moniz was responsible for providing additional engineering to the recording , while David Kutch mastered it at Mastering Palace . Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' A 20 - second sample of `` When I Was Your Man '' , where Mars sings about a lost love , while piano is playing on the background . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` When I Was Your Man '' was written by Andrew Wyatt , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine , while production was handled by the latter three production - team The Smeezingtons . Having chord progressions Am - C - Dm - G - G7 - C ( verse ) and F-G-C ( chorus ) , the song is written in the key of C Major , with Mars ' vocals range from the low note of G3 to the high note of C5 . The pop piano ballad finds Mars singing about a pre-fame heartbreak as he regrets letting his woman get away . It starts with a rolling piano riff ; unto a nearly scat `` vocal cadence '' : `` Same bed but it feels just a little bit bigger now / Our song on the radio but it do n't sound the same '' , as he laments the `` single state '' he created for himself . Next , he sings of his failings ; to do right by his woman , `` I shoulda bought you flowers / And held your hand / Shoulda gave you all my hours / When I had the chance '' . Its title phrase re-emerges in the final chorus , juxtaposed by Bruno from all the things he `` shoulda '' done , into things he hopes his ex 's new man will do ; concluding : `` Do all of the things I should have done / When I was your man '' . In an interview to Rolling Stone , Mars revealed , while reluctant , that he wrote the song for his girlfriend , model Jessica Caban , when he was worried about losing her . In contrast with the song , Mars and Caban stayed together ; remaining a couple as of 2014 . Mars also said , in the interview , that he finds it difficult to perform the song ; saying : `` You 're bringing up all these old emotions again , '' and that : `` It 's just like bleeding ! '' For Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust , the song `` starts out dangerously close to ' Drops of Jupiter ' territory , but luckily , there are no fried chicken or soy latte lyrics to be found here . '' He also noted that , `` ' When I Was Your Man ' goes minimal with the musical accompaniment , featuring just Bruno and his piano , sounding halfway between an Alicia Keys ballad and Prince 's ' How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? ' . '' Andy Gill of The Independent called it a `` McCartney-esque piano ballad . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix thought that the song `` sounds like a cross between Stevie Wonder and Elton John , '' also seeing `` a touch of Michael Jackson '' in his delivery . Sam Lansky of Idolator agreed , writing that `` while evoking Elton John , the track sounds like it was recorded live in a piano bar , with audible background noise , like the spooling of film on a projector . '' Robert Copsey of Digital Spy said that Mars lists everything he should have done for the one he loved before she broke up with him . Release ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was released as the third and final promotional single taken from Unorthodox Jukebox , on December 3 , 2012 . Later , it was reported by Mars that `` Young Girls '' was scheduled to be the second single from the album . However , a week later , while performing `` When I Was Your Man '' on a TV show , he announced that it would be the second official single from the album . To confirm the news , Mediabase also published that the song will be soon released to radio stations . `` When I Was Your Man '' was released as the second single from Unorthodox Jukebox . Atlantic Records serviced the song to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . The single was released on the United Kingdom on February 10 , 2013 via digital download by Atlantic Records . On March 8 , 2013 , Warner Music Group sent the song to mainstream radio in Italy . It was released as a CD single in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland on April 5 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The song has received generally positive reviews from most music critics . Sam Lanksy of Idolator gave the song a favorable review , calling it `` an emotional ballad that shows off Mars ' sweet vocals . '' Lansky also praised it , naming it `` another exceptional offering from Unorthodox Jukebox , which is shaping up to be one of the year 's best pop releases . '' Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust gave the song a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars , commenting that ' When I Was Your Man ' is `` a much more satisfying , less ostentatious ballad than ' Young Girls ' -- though maybe the lyrics are a little too clichéd to result in a classic soul ballad the way Bruno seems to be going for . '' However , he praised Mars , which according to him , `` nobody puts a song like this over quite like him , and when he hits the big high note on the song 's bridge , it 's about as striking a moment as you 're likely to hear on a pop record this year . It might be a little too perfect to be as devastating as a song like ' Someone Like You ' , but it might be a big hit just the same , and it 's guaranteed to absolutely slay in a live set . '' Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly was positive , writing that `` Old - school charm still gets Mars the furthest , and the best thing here is the classic torch song ' When I Was Your Man ' , which finds him at the piano listing all the ways he wronged an ex . ' Caused a good , strong woman like you to walk out my life , ' he cries in his Sinatra - smooth tenor , oozing charm . Maybe he 's a jerk . But he 's the jerk that girl 's going home with tonight . '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented that `` The piano tells it all on this song , which is one of the most certain on the album . '' Later , he stated , `` If this is n't the beginning of the Billy Joel comeback , people should lose their jobs . '' Jason Lipshut of Billboard wrote that `` it will make for a killer lighters - in - the - air moment in concert . Although it 's not quite an Alicia Keys-esque powerhouse , ' When I Was Your Man ' smartly allows Mars to momentarily remove his fedora and bare his soul . '' The Arizona Republic 's Ed Masley viewed `` When I Was Your Man '' as one of Unorthodox Jukebox best tracks and described it as `` stripped - down soul '' . Jim Farber of New York Daily News wrote that in the ballad , `` he matches his bravura performance to a tune stirring enough to inspire aspiring stars on the ' X Factor / Idol ' axis for years to come . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix called it a `` beautiful piano ballad , '' writing that `` There 's not a lot of embellishment , there are no samples and there is not a wasted note . '' Sandy Cohen of The Huffington Post wrote that `` Mars is at his best on the bare piano ballad ' When I Was Your Man ' . '' Andrew Chan of Slant Magazine gave a mixed review for the song , writing that `` his melody and lyrics end up sounding as slight as they did before -- an embarrassment for an artist who 's staked so much of his image on sturdy , old - fashioned songcraft . '' Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey preferred `` Locked Out of Heaven '' to `` When I Was Your Man '' , despite being `` a kind gesture and all '' . Awards and recognition ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' won `` Favorite Hit '' at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , and for Favorite Song at the 2014 People 's Choice Awards . The ballad was nominated for Break - Up Song at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards . The song was one of the several winners of the 2014 ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Most Performed Song . It was the fourth most played song on radio , the eighth most played on Top 40 and the eighth most played on Adult Contemporary radios , according to Nielsen SoundScan Mediabase ranked the song as the 15th most played on Top 40 radio stations in 2013 . In the UK , `` When I Was Your Man '' was the tenth pop track most played in 2013 . Chart performance ( edit ) North america ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was released on iTunes as a promotional single , leading the song to debut at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . His performance on The Voice re-entered the song at number 62 . `` When I Was Your Man '' entered the top 10 the week of February 13 , 2013 , charting at number 9 , becoming Mars ' 10th top 10 single . At that time , `` Locked Out of Heaven '' was at number 2 , and thus Mars became the first male artist to place two titles as a lead act in the Hot 100 's top 10 simultaneously since `` Grenade '' and `` Just the Way You Are '' doubled up for eight consecutive weeks . On February 27 , 2013 , the song jumped from number 8 to number 3 on the Hot 100 with `` Airplay Gainer '' honors for a seventh week in a row , tying it with Rihanna 's `` Rude Boy '' ( 2010 ) , T - Pain 's `` Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) , '' featuring Yung Joc ( 2007 ) , and Beyonce 's `` Baby Boy , '' featuring Sean Paul ( 2003 ) , for the longest streak dating to the award 's 1985 launch . The song reached number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , in its 16th week after being discounted to 69 cents on the iTunes music store , making it Mars ' slowest - peaking single . It also became the second number 1 song in the chart 's to feature exclusively piano and vocals . Mars , Adele and John Legend are the only who have been able to achieve this feat . With `` When I Was Your Man '' topping the Hot 100 , Mars reached the same mark as Diddy , Ludacris , Prince and Lionel Richie . Elvis Presley was the only male who reached five leaders more quickly than Mars . It stayed at number one for one week , before being replaced by P ! nk 's `` Just Give Me a Reason . '' On the Radio Songs chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number one , becoming Mars ' fifth number one on the chart . Among men , Mars tied 50 Cent and trailed Usher , Ludacris and Kanye West , the latter two with six number ones and the former with seven , since the chart 's 1990 start . At that time , Mariah Carey led the list with 11 songs peaking at number one on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number 1 , giving Mars the highest total among solo males of number one songs ( six ) on the chart ( only Katy Perry and Rihanna lead all acts with eleven number one 's each ) . After a year , Justin Timberlake 's `` Not a Bad Thing '' passed Mars for most number one songs on the Mainstream Top 40 . The song reached its one million downloads in the United States on February 27 , 2013 . It became the ninth best - selling song of 2013 in the US with 3,928,000 downloads sold . As of January 2014 , it has sold over 4,123,000 downloads in the US . On the Canadian Hot 100 chart , the song was a success by peaking at number 3 on March 23 , 2013 , and by having spent 32 weeks on the chart . `` When I Was Your Man '' topped the Canadian CHR / Top 40 and Hot AC charts . It was kept from the top spot on Canada AC . It was certified four times platinum by the Music Canada , indicating shipment of 320,000 copies . International ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number 2 , in the United Kingdom . The song was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting sales of 600,000 copies . On the Danish Singles Chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' debuted at number 23 on February 15 , 2013 . The song reached a high point of number 4 on March 8 , 2013 , and on March 22 , 2013 , it was certified double - platinum by the IFPI Denmark , indicating streams of 3,600,000 . `` When I Was Your Man '' entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on January 1 , 2013 . After three weeks the song jumped in the top ten , to number 4 , remaining for two non-consecutive weeks , becoming its highest peak . The single has received a double - platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30,000 copies . In Australia , the song debuted at number 44 on the ARIA Charts week of December 23 , 2012 . Later , it jumped to number 21 . In its third week , it dropped to number 29 , however , in its fourth week , the song climbed to number 18 , becoming his eighth top - twenty single in Australia . In its fifth week , the song gave a huge climb to number 6 , becoming his sixth top - ten single in Australia . In South Korea , the song peaked at number 7 on the `` International Download Chart '' . In 2012 , the single sold 38,178 copies and in 2013 it was able to sell 258,106 . Overall , the single sold 296,284 copies in both years . Worldwide , it was the eighth best selling digital single of 2013 with sales of 8.3 million copies As of January 2016 , the song has sold 8 , 9 million copies worldwide . Live performances ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was performed live for the first time on the season three finale of US The Voice . Mars performed the song with two piano players and no stage production except for blue lighting . Unlike , most performers he did not sing with a contestant from the show . Rap - Up considered that Mars `` rocked the stage '' during his performance , while EW 's Hillary Bussis found the crowd to `` go crazy '' because of his lyrics or persuading Mars `` to ditch those Cee Lo shades '' . He also performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on January 10 , 2013 . The performance had Mars with piano accompaniment . Kyle McGovern of Spin wrote that `` he swells and contracts with every new regret and heartbroken epiphany . '' McGovern also stated , `` Mars might still be locked out of heaven , but it sounds like he 's getting closer to the angels . '' `` When I Was Your Man '' was performed at The Jonathan Ross Show after an interview , on March 3 , 2013 . The song was performed at season five the finale of Let 's Dance for Comic Relief , on March 9 , 2013 . On April 3 , 2014 , Mars performed the song live on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Carl Williott called the performance `` flawless '' . It was sung on the show Vivement Dimanche , on April 7 , 2013 . On May 26 , 2013 , the single was performed at the Radio 1 's Big Weekend . It was the twelfth song of his second and third worldwide tours , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 - 2015 ) and 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 - 2018 ) , respectively . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) In 2013 , The Voice UK contestant Mike Ward performed the song during the competition . A studio version of his performance was released and peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . Country singer Thomas Rhett recorded a cover of the song as a ' thank - you ' to fans . The song was released for sale on February 3 , 2015 and it debuted at No. 27 on the Hot Country Songs chart and despite failing to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked inside of the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , which acts as an extension of the former chart , peaking at number 7 there . `` When I Was Your Man '' was included on the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Music video ( edit ) Development and synopsis ( edit ) The music video of the song was directed by Cameron Duddy and Mars , and was released February 5 , 2013 . The video portrays the taping of a TV special , in which Mars is playing a lonely balladeer on the ivories while sitting in front of a piano with sunglasses donned and a half - full glass of whiskey atop his instrument , wearing a suit with a carnation boutonnière , while he keeps reminding himself of what he could have done to keep his lover . The video is based on 70 's vibe and retro effects . The set and the idea of the video is similar to one used for `` Love in the Key of C '' , a 1997 Belinda Carlisle minor hit . Reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone , called the video `` powerful '' and a found `` the final crescendo reaching a breaking point of true sorrow '' . Chris Payne , from Billboard called the music video `` somber '' . Nicole Sia of Spin praised `` the song 's visual '' . According to Lansky of Idolator , `` the clip , which is basically just Mars ... sitting and singing at the piano ... works '' . He continued , `` While he certainly could have gone for something a little more high - concept , the clip 's elegant framing just draws attention to ... the song '' . Track listing ( edit ) Promotional CD single `` When I Was Your Man '' -- 3 : 34 Official CD single `` When I Was Your Man '' -- 3 : 36 `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( Cazzette 's Answering Machine Mix ) -- 5 : 04 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at : Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California ; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Bruno Mars -- lead vocals , songwriting , piano Philip Lawrence -- songwriting Andrew Wyatt -- songwriting The Smeezingtons -- production Ari Levine -- songwriting , recording Charles Moniz -- additional engineer Manny Marroquin -- mixing David Kutch -- mastering Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox , Atlantic Records Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 - 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 13 Brazil ( Crowley Broadcast Analysis ) 9 Brazil Hot Pop Songs Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Iceland ( RÚV ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 60 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Portugal ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) 7 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop / Rock General ( Record Report ) Other versions ( edit ) Mike Ward version Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 60 Thomas Rhett version Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 27 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 - 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 32 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 89 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 3,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Promotional release ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide December 3 , 2012 Digital download ( iTunes countdown single ) Atlantic Single release ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States January 15 , 2013 Mainstream radio Atlantic United Kingdom February 10 , 2013 Digital download Italy March 8 , 2013 Mainstream radio Warner Germany April 5 , 2013 CD single Atlantic Austria Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diehl , Matt ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Bruno Mars and Diplo Hit Paris Strip Club for ' Unorthodox ' Inspiration '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' When I Was Your Man ' - Bruno Mars Latest News '' . Bruno Mars . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ LeDonne , Rob ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Philip Lawrence : Bruno Mars ' Right Hand Man Goes Solo '' . American Songwriter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unorthodox Jukebox ( CD booklet ) . Bruno Mars . United States : Atlantic Records . 2012 . 533064 - 2 . 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Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . ARIA Charts . Australia : Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bruno Mars ; ' When I Was Your Man ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Photos de Certificados Musicales Amprofon '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bruno Mars ; ' When I Was Your Man ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Enter When I Was Your Man in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics When I Was Your Man ( Audio ) on YouTube ( hide ) Bruno Mars songs Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs written Doo - Wops & Hooligans `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Grenade '' `` The Lazy Song '' `` Talking to the Moon '' `` Marry You '' `` Count On Me '' Unorthodox Jukebox `` Locked Out of Heaven '' `` When I Was Your Man '' `` Treasure '' `` Gorilla '' `` Young Girls '' 24K Magic `` 24K Magic '' `` That 's What I Like '' `` Versace on the Floor '' `` Chunky '' `` Finesse '' Featured singles `` Nothin ' on You '' `` Billionaire '' `` Lighters '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' `` Mirror '' `` Bubble Butt '' `` Uptown Funk '' Other singles `` It Will Rain '' Promotional singles `` Liquor Store Blues '' `` Moonshine '' Other songs `` Runaway Baby '' Book Template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_I_Was_Your_Man&oldid=835108593 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2012 songs 2013 singles 2013 songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Bruno Mars songs Song recordings produced by The Smeezingtons Songs written by Andrew Wyatt Songs written by Ari Levine Songs written by Bruno Mars Songs written by Philip Lawrence ( songwriter ) Pop ballads Torch songs Soul ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song when i was your man | [
"\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bruno Mars\n\n\nfrom the album Unorthodox Jukebox\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 15, 2013\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:34\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBruno Mars\nPhilip Lawrence\nAri Levine\nAndrew Wyatt\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThe Smeezingtons\n\n\nBruno Mars singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bruno Mars\n\n\nfrom the album Unorthodox Jukebox\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 15, 2013\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:34\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBruno Mars\nPhilip Lawrence\nAri Levine\nAndrew Wyatt\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThe Smeezingtons\n\n\nBruno Mars singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bruno Mars\n\n\nfrom the album Unorthodox Jukebox\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 15, 2013\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:34\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBruno Mars\nPhilip Lawrence\nAri Levine\nAndrew Wyatt\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThe Smeezingtons\n\n\nBruno Mars singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bruno Mars\n\n\nfrom the album Unorthodox Jukebox\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 15, 2013\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nPop\n\n\nLength\n3:34\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nBruno Mars\nPhilip Lawrence\nAri Levine\nAndrew Wyatt\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThe Smeezingtons\n\n\nBruno Mars singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Locked Out of Heaven\"\n(2012)\n\"When I Was Your Man\"\n(2013)\n\"Treasure\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"When I Was Your Man\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Bruno Mars",
"Philip Lawrence",
"Ari Levine",
"Andrew Wyatt"
] |
4899273982923188024 | List of most-followed Instagram accounts | List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 137 million followers . This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 137 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 119 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 115 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 111 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 109 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 108 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 107 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 100 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 90 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 88 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 76 Reality TV personality USA 18 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 75 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 63 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 62 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 59 Comedian USA As of May 13 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 99 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 58 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 47 Musician 10 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 46 Actress 11 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 32 Footballer 13 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 27 Clothing retailer 14 . Indonesia @ raffinagita1717 Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina 22 Presenter and musician As of May 13 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=843654586 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most followers on instagram as of today | [
"This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of May 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 235 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 137 million followers.[2] Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site."
] | [
"Instagram"
] |
489442658528851696 | Impeachment in the United States | Impeachment in the United States - wikipedia Impeachment in the United States This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` House Manager '' redirects here . For theater operations , see House management . The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The House managers are seated beside the quarter - circular tables on the left and the president 's personal counsel on the right , much in the fashion of President Andrew Johnson 's trial . Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed . Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office , though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes . The actual trial on such charges , and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction , is separate from the act of impeachment itself . Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States . Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives , and both were later acquitted by the Senate . The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was never completed , as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment , but such a vote was widely expected to pass , and the threat of it and a subsequent conviction in the Senate was the impetus for Nixon 's departure . To date , no president has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction . The impeached official continues in office until conviction . Impeachment is analogous to indictment in regular court proceedings ; trial by the other house is analogous to the trial before judge and jury in regular courts . Typically , the lower house of the legislature impeaches the official and the upper house conducts the trial . At the federal level , Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that `` The President , Vice President , and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching , while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments . The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate . In Nixon v. United States ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary can not review such proceedings . Impeachment can also occur at the state level : state legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors , in accordance with their respective state constitutions . At the Philadelphia Convention , Benjamin Franklin noted that , historically , the removal of `` obnoxious '' chief executives had been accomplished by assassination . Franklin suggested that a proceduralized mechanism for removal -- impeachment -- would be preferable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal impeachment 1.1 House of Representatives 1.2 Senate 1.3 History 1.4 Federal officials impeached 1.5 Demands for impeachment 2 Impeachment in the states 2.1 State and territorial officials impeached 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Federal impeachment ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by a member of the House of Representatives on her or his own initiative , either by presenting a list of the charges under oath , or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee . The impeachment process may be initiated by non-members . For example , when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached , a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor , the President , or state or territorial legislature , grand jury , or by petition . The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred . A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary . A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules , and then to the Judiciary Committee . The House Committee on the Judiciary , by majority vote , will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist . If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment , it will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more articles of impeachment . The Impeachment Resolution , or Article ( s ) of Impeachment , are then reported to the full House with the committee 's recommendations . The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually . A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article for the resolution as a whole to pass . If the House votes to impeach , managers ( typically referred to as `` House managers '' , with a `` lead House manager '' ) are selected to present the case to the Senate . Recently , managers have been selected by resolution , while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution / district attorney in a standard criminal trial . Also , the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action . After receiving the notice , the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers . The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment . After the reading of the charges , the managers return and make a verbal report to the House . Senate ( edit ) Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . The proceedings unfold in the form of a trial , with each side having the right to call witnesses and perform cross-examinations . The House members , who are given the collective title of managers during the course of the trial , present the prosecution case , and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his own attorneys as well . Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence . After hearing the charges , the Senate usually deliberates in private . The U.S. Constitution requires a two - thirds majority for conviction . The Senate enters judgment on its decision , whether that be to convict or acquit , and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State . Upon conviction in the Senate , the official is automatically removed from office and may also be barred from holding future office . The removed official is also liable to criminal prosecution . The President may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case , but may in any resulting criminal case . Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne , the Senate began using `` Impeachment Trial Committees '' pursuant to Senate Rule XI . These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials , hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses . The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate ; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit . The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials , which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber 's time . Defendants challenged the use of these committees , claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as well as the Senate 's constitutional mandate , as a body , to have `` sole power to try all impeachments . '' Several impeached judges sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds , but the courts refused to become involved due to the Constitution 's granting of impeachment and removal power solely to the legislative branch , making it a political question . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , impeachment was a procedure whereby a member of the House of Commons could accuse someone of a crime . If the Commons voted for the impeachment , a trial would then be held in the House of Lords . Unlike a bill of attainder , a law declaring a person guilty of a crime , impeachments did not require royal assent , so they could be used to remove troublesome officers of the Crown even if the monarch was trying to protect them . The monarch , however , was above the law and could not be impeached , or indeed judged guilty of any crime . When King Charles I was tried before the Rump Parliament of the New Model Army in 1649 he denied that they had any right to legally indict him , their king , whose power was given by God and the laws of the country , saying : `` no earthly power can justly call me ( who is your King ) in question as a delinquent ... no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King . '' While the House of Commons pronounced him guilty and ordered his execution anyway , the jurisdictional issue tainted the proceedings . With this example in mind , the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention chose to include an impeachment procedure in Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution which could be applied to any government official ; they explicitly mentioned the President to ensure there would be no ambiguity . Opinions differed , however , as to the reasons Congress should be able to initiate an impeachment . Initial drafts listed only treason and bribery , but George Mason favored impeachment for `` maladministration '' ( incompetence ) . James Madison argued that impeachment should only be for criminal behavior , arguing that a maladministration standard would effectively mean that the President would serve at the pleasure of the Senate . Thus the delegates adopted a compromise version allowing impeachment for `` treason , bribery and other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' The precise meaning of the phrase `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' is somewhat ambiguous ; some scholars , such as Kevin Gutzman , argue that it can encompass even non-criminal abuses of power . Whatever its theoretical scope , however , Congress traditionally regards impeachment as a power to use only in extreme cases . The House of Representatives has actually initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 . Two cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office . Actual impeachments of 19 federal officers have taken place . Of these , 15 were federal judges : thirteen district court judges , one court of appeals judge ( who also sat on the Commerce Court ) , and one Supreme Court Associate Justice . Of the other four , two were Presidents , one was a Cabinet secretary , and one was a U.S. Senator . Of the 19 impeached officials , eight were convicted . One , former judge Alcee Hastings , was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives after being removed from office . The 1797 impeachment of Senator William Blount of Tennessee stalled on the grounds that the Senate lacked jurisdiction over him . No other member of Congress has ever been impeached . The Constitution does give authority to the Senate and House , so that each body may expel its own members . ( see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States Representatives expelled , censured , or reprimanded ) . Expulsion removes the individual from functioning as a representative or senator because of their misbehavior , but unlike impeachment , expulsion can not result in barring an individual from holding future office . Federal officials impeached ( edit ) # Date of Impeachment Accused Office Accusation ( s ) Result References July 7 , 1797 William Blount United States Senator ( Tennessee ) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate refused to accept impeachment of a Senator by the House of Representatives , instead expelling him from the Senate on their own authority March 2 , 1803 John Pickering Judge ( District of New Hampshire ) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Removed on March 12 , 1804 March 12 , 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice ( Supreme Court of the United States ) Political bias and arbitrary rulings , promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench Acquitted on March 1 , 1805 April 24 , 1830 James H. Peck Judge ( District of Missouri ) Abuse of power Acquitted on January 31 , 1831 5 May 6 , 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge ( Eastern , Middle , and Western Districts of Tennessee ) Supporting the Confederacy Removed and disqualified on June 26 , 1862 6 February 24 , 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act Acquitted on May 26 , 1868 7 February 28 , 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge ( District of Kansas ) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12 , 1873 8 March 2 , 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War Graft / corruption Acquitted after his resignation on August 1 , 1876 . 9 December 13 , 1904 Charles Swayne Judge ( Northern District of Florida ) Failure to live in his district , abuse of power Acquitted on February 27 , 1905 10 July 11 , 1912 Robert Wodrow Archbald Associate Justice ( United States Commerce Court ) Judge ( Third Circuit Court of Appeals ) Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys Removed and disqualified on January 13 , 1913 11 April 1 , 1926 George W. English Judge ( Eastern District of Illinois ) Abuse of power Resigned on November 4 , 1926 , proceedings dismissed on December 13 , 1926 12 February 24 , 1933 Harold Louderback Judge ( Northern District of California ) Corruption Acquitted on May 24 , 1933 13 March 2 , 1936 Halsted L. Ritter Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Champerty / corruption , tax evasion , practicing law while a judge Removed on April 17 , 1936 14 July 22 , 1986 Harry E. Claiborne Judge ( District of Nevada ) Tax evasion Removed on October 9 , 1986 15 August 3 , 1988 Alcee Hastings Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Accepting a bribe , and committing perjury during the resulting investigation Removed on October 20 , 1989 16 May 10 , 1989 Walter Nixon Chief Judge ( Southern District of Mississippi ) Perjury Removed on November 3 , 1989 17 December 19 , 1998 Bill Clinton President of the United States Perjury and obstruction of justice Acquitted on February 12 , 1999 18 June 19 , 2009 Samuel B. Kent Judge ( Southern District of Texas ) Sexual assault , and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation Resigned on June 30 , 2009 , proceedings dismissed on July 22 , 2009 19 March 11 , 2010 Thomas Porteous Judge ( Eastern District of Louisiana ) Making false financial disclosures Removed and disqualified on December 8 , 2010 Demands for impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials While the actual impeachment of a federal public official is a rare event , demands for impeachment , especially of presidents , are common , going back to the administration of George Washington in the mid-1790s . In fact , most of the 63 resolutions mentioned above were in response to presidential actions . While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced , several did have their intended effect . Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings , and , most famously , President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the House Judiciary Committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor . Impeachment in the States ( edit ) State legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors . The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model -- in New York , for instance , the Assembly ( lower house ) impeaches , and the State Senate tries the case , but the members of the seven - judge New York State Court of Appeals ( the state 's highest , constitutional court ) sit with the senators as jurors as well . Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States , usually for corruption charges . A total of at least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial ; a twelfth , Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma , escaped impeachment conviction by a single vote in 1912 . Several others , most recently Connecticut 's John G. Rowland , have resigned rather than face impeachment , when events seemed to make it inevitable . The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14 , 2009 , when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117 - 1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges ; he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29 . He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office . The procedure for impeachment , or removal , of local officials varies widely . For instance , in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor `` upon being heard '' on charges -- the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor . State and territorial officials impeached ( edit ) Date Accused Office Result 1804 William W. Irvin Associate Judge , Fairfield County , Ohio Court of Common Pleas Removed 1832 Theophilus W. Smith Associate Justice , Illinois Supreme Court Acquitted February 26 , 1862 Charles L. Robinson Governor of Kansas Acquitted February 26 , 1862 John Winter Robinson Secretary of State of Kansas Removed on June 12 , 1862 February 26 , 1862 George S. Hillyer Kansas State auditor Removed on June 16 , 1862 1871 William Woods Holden Governor of North Carolina Removed 1871 David Butler Governor of Nebraska Removed February 1872 Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Acquitted 1872 Henry C. Warmoth Governor of Louisiana `` suspended from office , '' though trial was not held 1876 Adelbert Ames Governor of Mississippi Resigned 1888 James W. Tate Kentucky State Treasurer Removed 1901 David M. Furches Chief Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted 1901 Robert M. Douglas Associate Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted August 13 , 1913 William Sulzer Governor of New York Removed on October 17 , 1913 July 1917 James E. Ferguson Governor of Texas Removed October 23 , 1923 John C. Walton Governor of Oklahoma Removed January 21 , 1929 Henry S. Johnston Governor of Oklahoma Removed April 6 , 1929 Huey P. Long Governor of Louisiana Acquitted May 1958 Raulston Schoolfield Judge , Hamilton County , Tennessee Criminal Court Removed on July 11 , 1958 March 14 , 1984 Paul Douglas Nebraska Attorney General Acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4 , 1984 February 6 , 1988 Evan Mecham Governor of Arizona Removed on April 4 , 1988 March 30 , 1989 A. James Manchin West Virginia State treasurer Resigned on July 9 , 1989 before trial started January 25 , 1991 Ward `` Butch '' Burnette Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Resigned on February 6 , 1991 before trial started May 24 , 1994 Rolf Larsen Associate Justice , Pennsylvania Supreme Court Removed on October 4 , 1994 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania October 6 , 1994 Judith Moriarty Secretary of State of Missouri Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12 , 1994 November 11 , 2004 Kathy Augustine Nevada State Controller Censured on December 4 , 2004 , not removed from office April 11 , 2006 David Hergert Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7 , 2006 January 8 , 2009 ( first vote ) Rod Blagojevich Governor of Illinois 95th General Assembly ended January 14 , 2009 ( second vote ) Removed on January 29 , 2009 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois February 11 , 2013 Benigno Fitial Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Resigned on February 20 , 2013 See also ( edit ) Censure in the United States Efforts to impeach George W. Bush Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials Impeachment investigations of United States federal judges Jefferson 's Manual List of federal political scandals in the United States Recall election Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Removed and disqualified '' indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , which provides , in pertinent part , that `` ( j ) udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor , trust or profit under the United States . '' Jump up ^ During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount , it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress ; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument , the House has never again impeached a member of Congress . The Constitution allows either House to expel one of its members by a two - thirds vote , which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him ( but before the Senate heard the case ) . Jump up ^ Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds ; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , J.P. ; Garvey , T. ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Impeachment and Removal '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Daniel H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton : Law As a Weapon for Political Reform '' . Washington University Global Studies Law Review . 7 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1546 - 6981 . Jump up ^ Josh Chafetz ( 2010 ) . `` Impeachment and Assassination '' . 95 . Minnesota Law Review . SSRN 1568950 Jump up ^ `` Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials '' ( PDF ) . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United States , Article 1 , Section 3 . `` Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . '' Jump up ^ http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/3_1986SenatesImpeachmentRules.pdf Jump up ^ Welcome to The American Presidency ^ Jump up to : Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Chapter 4 : Complete List of Senate Impeachment Trials '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Joint Committee on Printing ( September 2006 ) . `` Impeachment Proceedings '' . Congressional Directory . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . ( Archived by WebCite ) ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice '' . 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hinds ' Precedents , Volume 3 - Chapter 78 - The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne '' . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` White House accepts convicted judge 's resignation '' . AP . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Congress ends jailed judge 's impeachment '' . AP . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . `` U.S. House impeaches Kent '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803 , the House on Friday impeached a federal judge -- imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ; Jonathan Tilove ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tentative description of a dinner given to promote the impeachment of President Dwight Eisenhower : ( poem ) by Lawrence Ferlinghetti ; City Lights Books : ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Clark , Richard C. ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` McFadden 's Attempts to Abortababy the Federal Reserve System '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Though a Republican , he moved to impeach President Herbert Hoover in 1932 and introduced a resolution to bring conspiracy charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Texan , Texan & Texan '' . Time . January 25 , 1932 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NYS Constitution , Article VI , § 24 Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Embattled Conn. governor resigns '' . AP . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to impeach Blagojevich again '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bateman , Newton ; Paul Selby ; Frances M. Shonkwiler ; Henry L Fowkes ( 1908 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois . Chicago , IL : Munsell Publishing Company . p. 489 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impeachment of State Officials '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmar , Frank ( 1912 ) . Kansas : A Cyclopedia of State History . Standard Publishing Co. p. 598 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era '' . floridamemory.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State Governors of Louisiana : Henry Clay Warmoth '' . Enlou.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : News & Observer : NC 's dark impeachment history by Rob Christensen Jump up ^ `` SULZER IMPEACHED BY ASSEMBLY BUT REFUSES TO SURRENDER OFFICE '' , Syracuse Herald , August 13 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ `` HIGH COURT REMOVES SULZER FROM OFFICE BY A VOTE OF 43 TO 12 '' , Syracuse Herald , October 17 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ Block , Lourenda ( 2000 ) . `` Permanent University Fund : Investing in the Future of Texas '' . TxTell ( University of Texas at Austin ) . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana , April 6 , 1929 pp. 292 - 94 Jump up ^ `` Raulston Schoolfield , Impeached Judge , Dies '' . UPI . October 8 , 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty '' . AP . July 11 , 1958 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Attorney General is Impeached '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Nebraskan Found Not Guilty '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 02 - 06 ) . `` House Impeaches Arizona Governor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Arizona 's Senate Ousts Governor , Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1989 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Impeachment in West Virginia '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anise C. ( 1989 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund 's Losses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one - year sentence for a payroll violation . Jump up ^ `` Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Kentucky 's commissioner of agriculture , serving a one - year jail sentence for felony theft , resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate . Jump up ^ Hinds , Michael deCourcy ( 1994 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Moushey , Bill ; Tim Reeves ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , PA USA . p . A1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment . The state Senate , after six hours of debate , found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8 : 25 p.m , then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Moriarty Is Impeached -- Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO USA . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that `` breached the public trust . '' The move , the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years , came at 4 : 25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ; Kim Bell ( 1994 - 12 - 13 ) . `` High Court Ousts Moriarty '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . In a unanimous opinion Monday , the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Augustine impeached '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Sean ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Senate lets controller keep job '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nate ( 2006 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Hergert impeached '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . With the last vote and by the slimmest of margins , the Legislature did to University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert Wednesday what it had n't done in 22 years -- move to unseat an elected official . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hergert Convicted '' . WOWT - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert was convicted Friday of manipulating campaign - finance laws during his 2004 campaign and then lying to cover it up . The state Supreme Court ruling immediately removed Hergert , 66 , from office . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mckinney , Dave ; Jordan Wilson ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . Chicago Sun - Times ' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Ray ; Rick Pearson ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Blagojevich is removed from office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haidee V. Eugenio ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` CNMI governor impeached on 13 charges '' . Saipan Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Lichtman , Allan J. ( 2017 ) , The Case for Impeachment , Dey Street Books , ISBN 978 - 0062696823 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impeachment in the United States . An Overview of the Impeachment Process ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_in_the_United_States&oldid=811012795 '' Categories : Impeachment in the United States Clauses of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Português Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the last president of the us to be impeached | [
"Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed. Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office, though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes.[1] The actual trial on such charges, and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction, is separate from the act of impeachment itself. Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives, and both were later acquitted by the Senate.[2] The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was never completed, as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment, but such a vote was widely expected to pass, and the threat of it and a subsequent conviction in the Senate was the impetus for Nixon's departure. To date, no president has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction. The impeached official continues in office until conviction."
] | [
"Bill Clinton"
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8259515085209072737 | List of The 100 episodes | List of the 100 episodes - Wikipedia List of the 100 episodes The 100 ( pronounced `` The Hundred '' ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . As of August 7 , 2018 , 71 episodes of The 100 have aired , concluding the fifth season . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3.6 Summary 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , all known humans are residents of merged orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husband 's discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day . She is caught , and their mother is floated ( execution by being blown out of an airlock ) . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does not speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She is successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived , but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At the end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has not spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 Lexa decides to kill Octavia to protect the secret that she and Clarke knew about the missile strike in advance . Clarke stops her and Lexa reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Meanwhile , Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog ; Bellamy soon discovers it was a trick but radio contact has been cut and he has no way to warn the others . Lexa agrees to trust Clarke and not hurt Octavia , and Clarke notes there is more to life than survival . Lexa kisses Clarke who says that she is n't ready for a relationship . On Raven 's signal that the fog is disabled , Clarke and Lexa lead the army to Mount Weather . Bellamy manages to destroy the acid fog system just as the mountain men are deploying it . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew continue to search for the City of Light . They take casualties crossing a minefield and reach a lake where a mysterious boat appears . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Commander of Death ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E. at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother , and under the control of Pike . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . Pike and his group accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Meanwhile , Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks to 97 years earlier reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse by hacking all of the world 's computer launch codes , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the A.L.I.E. 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 Two grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer chip , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia as more people fall under the mind - controlling influence , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby 's life to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile , Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore of a vast ocean and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna of the ' boat people ' clan , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia brutally executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about A.L.I.E. 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 Ilian , a grounder who was under A.L.I.E. 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she is her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does not die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to A.L.I.E. 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from A.L.I.E. 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / A.L.I.E. in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a Nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 With little sense of the situation outside the bunker , Clarke and Jaha refuse to open the door and risk the future of humanity . Abby helps Bellamy unlock the door and Clarke is unable to use force to stop him from opening it . Echo is stopped from exposing Skaikru 's treachery when Octavia threatens to reveal her cheating and banishment . Octavia bars Echo from the bunker . By Octavia 's decision , Clarke is left with 12 hours to banish over 300 of her people to the surface , possibly leaving too few skilled workers to maintain the bunker . At Arkadia , Monty tries to save the others by explaining how horribly they 'll die , which convinces them to blissfully overdose -- except for Harper who decides that she loves Monty enough to live . Raven has hallucinations of Sinclair which convince her to undertake a risky procedure to stop her mental deterioration and live . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young Nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Shallow Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young Nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does not work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do not release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that the launch codes have been changed . Miles tells them it must be Raven . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march in the Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does not know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) T27. 13556 0.92 Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo and reiterates the latter 's banishment . Diyoza 's ship arrives , delivering apples and offering free passage to any Wonkru defectors . Octavia offers Echo a deal ; spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted . Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the firewall from the inside ; Echo , who has decided against Octavia 's plan , offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza 's camp . Octavia agrees , but has Cooper to shoot fleeing defectors , ostensibly for appearances . Murphy and Emori work to remove his shock collar and decide to use his collar to set up an explosive trap . During which time they discuss and rekindle their relationship . The two find McCreary survived the explosion and take him hostage . Clarke believing that Octavia will figure out and kill Madi for her natural Nightblood status , plans to leave with the defectors . Madi objects , fearing for Clarke 's safety , and reveals her status to Octavia . Octavia tells Clarke that nothing bad will happen to Madi and that Madi will train as a Wonkru warrior . Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza 's camp . 65 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' Mairzee Almas Jeff Vlaming June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) T27. 13557 0.83 Kane finds Abby huddled on the floor by a dead patient and deduces she was high on pills during the surgery despite her denials . Later , Kane gives Abby an ultimatum ; him or the pills . Diyoza interviews the Wonkru defectors to determine their use and trustworthiness . In order to gain Diyoza 's trust , Echo reports Shaw as the one to shutdown the systems despite Raven 's initial protests . Echo uses Raven 's demonstration about the shutdown to Diyoza to install Monty 's backdoor into the prisoner 's system . A bloodied , collared Shaw later appears in the defector 's room . In the bunker , Clarke and Bellamy discover Cooper 's human experimentation to breed the parasitic worms as a weapon . Octavia reveals her plan to release the worms with the next group of Defectors . Diyoza reveals her pregnancy to Abby . Madi , at the urging of Clarke and Gaia , initially hides her aptitude in hand - to - hand combat , but drops the charade during a class presentation to Octavia and is designated Octavia 's second . Clarke attempts to negotiate a nonviolent settlement of the valley with Diyoza . The only term Diyoza will agree to is Wonkru 's unconditional surrender , to which Octavia will never agree . Clarke declares the need to assassinate Octavia . 66 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' Antonio Negret Lauren Muir June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) T27. 13558 0.73 Octavia is ready to prepare for an all - out war against Diyoza which Clarke opposes . Despite perfecting the algae , Monty 's request to end the war and forget about the valley is ignored . Monty , sick of the unending violence , resolves to not go with his friends to the valley . Due to Octavia 's unwillingness to listen to reason , Clarke and Bellamy decide to sabotage Wonkru 's plan to attack the valley . Clarke and Bellamy enlist the help of Indra to sabotage Octavia 's plan . They use the worms to kill Cooper , and attempt to make her death look like an accident . At the camp , Diyoza reveals to Kane that she is pregnant while the two discuss their plans for a better world . Raven finds out about Abby 's addiction to pills , and feels betrayed when Abby tricks her into creating a device that can cure the lung disease of the Eligius prisoners . Later , Octavia finds Cooper 's body , and immediately deduces Cooper was murdered and she reveals to Indra that she had planned to use the worm 's eggs on the camp instead of the worms . Octavia arrests Clarke for treason and plans to have her executed . Bellamy and Octavia have dinner where Bellamy uses Monty 's algae to poison her food . 67 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' Ian Samoil Miranda Kwok July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) T27. 13559 0.89 Indra announces her intentions to surrender to Diyoza to Wonkru , only to be challenged by Miller for leadership . Wonkru takes Miller 's side and Indra tells Bellamy that Madi ascending is the only way that they can stop the war . Clarke opposes the plan but Bellamy leaves her chained up to carry it out . In Eden , Murphy successfully starts a civil war by telling McCreary that Diyoza has a cure for the lung disease . A battle breaks out , and McCreary takes over the valley with Diyoza escaping . Raven , Emori , Echo , and Shaw escape while Kane and Murphy stay behind to find Abby and Diyoza . Octavia wakes up and reports Bellamy 's betrayal , but Indra secures the room and will not let her leave . Niylah eventually rescues Clarke who goes to kill Octavia . Octavia convinces her that neither of them want Madi to ascend . However , Gaia performs the ascension on Madi ; Clarke then shows up and escapes with Madi in the rover . Octavia arrests Bellamy , Indra , and Gaia and sentences them to fight in the arena . Then , behind closed doors , Octavia sheds a tear . 68 10 `` The Warriors Will '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) T27. 13560 0.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke goes on the run with Madi and tells her she will remove the flame , but Madi insists that she needs to go back , because the flame is giving her visions of the previous commanders , specially Becca Pramheda . Bell tells Octavia that they must be shown what happens if they do n't march by making Bellamy , Indra and Gaia fight in the arena . Octavia goes to Indra to try and come up with another way , which Indra denies . She also says that if they fight , she will kill Bellamy and then ensure that Gaia kills her . Octavia remembers her childhood with Bellamy when she cut herself and was terrified someone would find her by the blood , but Bellamy was always there to help . She then asks how that led to him poisoning her and he states that was to protect her too . Octavia tells Bellamy of a weakness of Indra 's - because she still does n't want him to die . Monty shows Octavia that the Hydrofarm is working again and they could grow crops elsewhere than the Shallow Valley , but it makes no difference , she still makes Indra , Bellamy and Gaia fight . McCreary takes Abby 's pills away in order to make her cure him - sure she will break before she dies , so she enlists Vinson to get them back for her under the pretense of 2 hourly check - ups . By the time Vinson is back with the pills , he attacks the other guards , while Abby takes too many pills . Clarke and Madi find Diyoza 's men burying bodies in the woods and convince one to tell them where Abby is , where they find her unconscious . Monty stops the fight between Bellamy , Gaia and Indra by revealing the truth about the Hydrofarm to Wonkru , as well as Octavia 's knowledge of it . They turn against her , so she burns the Hydrofarm down , leaving everybody with one choice , stay behind and die , or march with her and live . 69 11 `` The Dark Year '' Alex Kalymnios Heidi Cole McAdams July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) T27. 13561 0.85 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke helps Abby after her overdose and McCreary orders her to get her mother operating again , and says that if she still refuses to cure them , they can both watch their daughters die . Raven , Emori , Murphy and Echo head out to scout ways into the valley ( Octavia 's army will arrive in 5 days ) . Raven tells Shaw to stay behind . Shaw follows the scouting group , and after Murphy suggests they steal the ammo rather than just scouting , they get ambushed , and Shaw saves them . The truth of the dark year in the bunker is revealed - they do not have enough protein until another year , so they have to get it from the fighting pits . Clarke and Abby cure McCreary 's people and Madi confronts Clarke , telling her they are on the wrong side of the war . Bellamy tells Octavia about the safe way into the valley , as long as she agrees to his terms - accept McCreary 's surrender and share the valley - to which Octavia agrees . Diyoza and Kane go to McCreary and tell him that Wonkru will win because they know every move he is going to make before he makes it but they will tell him how to win the war . 70 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' Dean White Justine Juel Gillmer July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) T27. 13562 0.88 McCreary 's men ambush Wonkru at the gorge , causing many fatalities and trapping Bellamy , Octavia , Indra , and Gaia . Madi hears the attack over the radio and tries to help , but Clarke forcibly detains her . The surviving Wonkru retreat to the wasteland and descend into disarray . Echo , Raven , and Shaw go into McCreary 's camp to recover Madi so she can lead Wonkru , however Clarke betrays them to McCreary . Vinson attacks Kane and grievously injures him , however Vinson is slain by Abby . Recalling Lexa 's memories from the flame , Madi sways Clarke to her side . Clarke kills McCreary 's guards and stays to prevent the launch of the transport ship while Madi and Echo return to Wonkru . Back at the gorge Octavia decides to draw the fire of McCreary 's men so that Bellamy and Indra can flee with Gaia , but before she gets gunned down they 're saved by the Rover carrying Bellamy 's group and Madi . 71 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) T27. 13563 0.99 Bellamy 's group along with Madi , Octavia , Gaia , and Indra return to Wonkru . Octavia publicly submits to Madi , unifying Wonkru under Madi 's command . Madi consults the previous commanders with Gaia 's help and devises a strategy to take the gorge . Clarke frees Diyoza and holds her and McCreary 's unborn child hostage , grounding the transport ship . Bellamy 's group freely enter the gorge and take out its defenses , clearing the way for Wonkru . Bellamy convinces Madi to spare the remainder of McCreary 's men . McCreary triggers a protocol that will destroy the valley before he 's killed by Clarke . Everyone on Earth flees the planet aboard the Eligius transport ship and head towards the mother ship before the valley is destroyed . Due to the limited rations , everyone decides to enter cryogenic sleep for 10 years in order to give Earth time to recuperate . Clarke and Bellamy are the first to awake and are greeted by a 27 - year old man named Jordan , Harper and Monty 's son , who informs them 125 years have passed . He shows them a series of video diaries recorded by Monty and Harper , in which Monty gives updates on Earth 's condition , their lives , and their son . As years go by , it became clear to him that Earth would not recuperate , so he put his son to sleep as well . Over decades , he managed to crack the Eligius III data and found a new planet to sustain the survivors , although Harper 's death due to her genetic illness and his own age left him unwilling to put himself to sleep . Bellamy and Clarke stare outside the ship 's window to the new planet , hoping that this time , things will be different . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 0.5 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 0.4 1.0 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 0.4 0.9 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 N / A N / A 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 0.4 1.0 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 N / A N / A 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 0.3 0.9 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 N / A N / A 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 N / A N / A 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 N / A N / A 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 0.3 0.8 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 N / A N / A `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 0.4 0.9 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.9 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 0.4 1.0 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.4 1.0 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 N / A N / A 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.4 0.9 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.9 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.4 0.9 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.9 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 0.4 0.9 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 0.3 0.8 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 0.4 0.9 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 0.4 0.8 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.54 0.6 1.42 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.52 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.2 0.57 0.5 1.40 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.50 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 0.94 0.7 1.87 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' June 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.70 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' June 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.73 0.4 0.86 0.6 1.59 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' July 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.69 10 `` The Warriors Will '' July 17 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.76 0.6 1.62 11 `` The Dark Year '' July 24 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.70 0.6 1.56 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' July 31 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.88 0.2 0.62 0.5 1.50 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' August 7 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.73 Summary ( edit ) The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.73 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.99 N / A Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' , ' Enlisted ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Parenthood ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Have Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Glee ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 34 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainers in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains +'Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 24 Ending March 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' triples in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' the Lone Telecast to Rise At Least 3 Million Viewers , Also Tops Scripted Fare in Adults 18 - 49 Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Bachelorette ' lead in 18 - 49 broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shades of Blue ' doubles in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' Series Finale Telecast Ranks as Fourth - Largest Percentage Gainer Among Broadcast Network Entries '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : Both ' Elementary ' Airings on CBS Lead in Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the second season , see `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the third season , see `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fourth season , see `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fifth season , see `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=856889389 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar मराठी Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 05 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when is episode 7 of the 100 coming out | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)591\"Eden\"Dean WhiteJason RothenbergApril 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)T27.135511.43[71]\nIn a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya, Clarke searches for food and water in the rover, first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker, then to Arkadia where she finds Maya's MP3 player among other people's possessions as well as Jasper's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty. She then drives to the Dead Zone, where the rover breaks down in a storm. She follows a bird, at one stage considering suicide, and discovers the Shallow Valley. She finds a room of dead people, then a young Nightblood girl who runs from her. Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her, which does not work until Clarke draws a sketch of her. The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya, where Clarke and the Nightblood, Madi, are living together. Raven and the other six on the Go-Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker, when they see the Eligius ship. Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship, where they roam the area and almost kill Madi, before Clarke jumps in. Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground. Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death.\n602\"Red Queen\"P. J. PesceTerri Hughes BurtonMay 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)T27.135521.02[72]\nShortly after Praimfaya, the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief. Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker, and when they try to open it, they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis. A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area. While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area, Jaha is stabbed. Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer. With Jaha, Indra, and Gaia's help, Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader. When many grounders question her leadership, she kills them, telling them they are Wonkru, or they are against Wonkru. Those remaining bow before her. After opening the door, Octavia, Kane, and Abby rush to Jaha's aid. As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer, Jaha dies of his injuries. As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup, Octavia instructs them to fight to the death. Kara emerges victorious. Six years later, Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death. The next batch of combatants are brought in, Kane among them.\n613\"Sleeping Giants\"Tim ScanlanAaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyreMay 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)T27.135531.08[73]\nClarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew, while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them. He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza. To make Clarke talk, she orders Madi shot on sight. Clarke promises to tell her everything. Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth. Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth, when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners. One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy, who kills him. In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza, Raven stays behind. Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth. Bellamy, Echo, Monty, Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground. Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped. The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others. Shortly after, Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke. McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke. Bellamy arrives, telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do not release Clarke.\n624\"Pandora's Box\"Dean WhiteCharmaine DeGrateMay 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)T27.135541.07[74]\nOctavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine, which is a crime against Wonkru. Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza. Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe. Bellamy and Clarke, with the help of Diyoza and McCreary, break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside. Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground. Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy, but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners. The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby. As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru, they find that the launch codes have been changed. Miles tells them it must be Raven. They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war.\n635\"Shifting Sands\"Omar MadhaNick BraggMay 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)T27.135550.94[75]\nDiyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson, while Octavia takes her people to march in the Shallow Valley. McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them. Abby tells Diyoza she does not know if she can help Vinson. Murphy escapes with Miles' help and Echo finds him. She, Murphy, Harper, Emori, Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy, but McCreary activates Murphy's shock collar, leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey. A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest. Octavia and Wonkru retreat, as the four in the van arrive. Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo's reunion, as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke.\n646\"Exit Wounds\"Michael BlundellDrew LindoJune 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)T27.135560.92[76]\nOctavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo and reiterates the latter's banishment. Diyoza's ship arrives, delivering apples and offering free passage to any Wonkru defectors. Octavia offers Echo a deal; spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted. Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the firewall from the inside; Echo, who has decided against Octavia's plan, offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza's camp. Octavia agrees, but has Cooper to shoot fleeing defectors, ostensibly for appearances. Murphy and Emori work to remove his shock collar and decide to use his collar to set up an explosive trap. During which time they discuss and rekindle their relationship. The two find McCreary survived the explosion and take him hostage. Clarke believing that Octavia will figure out and kill Madi for her natural Nightblood status, plans to leave with the defectors. Madi objects, fearing for Clarke's safety, and reveals her status to Octavia. Octavia tells Clarke that nothing bad will happen to Madi and that Madi will train as a Wonkru warrior. Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza's camp.\n657\"Acceptable Losses\"Mairzee AlmasJeff VlamingJune 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)T27.135570.83[77]\nKane finds Abby huddled on the floor by a dead patient and deduces she was high on pills during the surgery despite her denials. Later, Kane gives Abby an ultimatum; him or the pills. Diyoza interviews the Wonkru defectors to determine their use and trustworthiness. In order to gain Diyoza's trust, Echo reports Shaw as the one to shutdown the systems despite Raven's initial protests. Echo uses Raven’s demonstration about the shutdown to Diyoza to install Monty's backdoor into the prisoner's system. A bloodied, collared Shaw later appears in the defector's room. In the bunker, Clarke and Bellamy discover Cooper's human experimentation to breed the parasitic worms as a weapon. Octavia reveals her plan to release the worms with the next group of Defectors. Diyoza reveals her pregnancy to Abby. Madi, at the urging of Clarke and Gaia, initially hides her aptitude in hand-to-hand combat, but drops the charade during a class presentation to Octavia and is designated Octavia's second. Clarke attempts to negotiate a nonviolent settlement of the valley with Diyoza. The only term Diyoza will agree to is Wonkru’s unconditional surrender, to which Octavia will never agree. Clarke declares the need to assassinate Octavia.\n668\"How We Get to Peace\"Antonio NegretLauren MuirJune 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)T27.135580.73[78]\nOctavia is ready to prepare for an all-out war against Diyoza which Clarke opposes. Despite perfecting the algae, Monty's request to end the war and forget about the valley is ignored. Monty, sick of the unending violence, resolves to not go with his friends to the valley. Due to Octavia's unwillingness to listen to reason, Clarke and Bellamy decide to sabotage Wonkru's plan to attack the valley. Clarke and Bellamy enlist the help of Indra to sabotage Octavia's plan. They use the worms to kill Cooper, and attempt to make her death look like an accident. At the camp, Diyoza reveals to Kane that she is pregnant while the two discuss their plans for a better world. Raven finds out about Abby's addiction to pills, and feels betrayed when Abby tricks her into creating a device that can cure the lung disease of the Eligius prisoners. Later, Octavia finds Cooper's body, and immediately deduces Cooper was murdered and she reveals to Indra that she had planned to use the worm's eggs on the camp instead of the worms. Octavia arrests Clarke for treason and plans to have her executed. Bellamy and Octavia have dinner where Bellamy uses Monty's algae to poison her food.\n679\"Sic Semper Tyrannis\"Ian SamoilMiranda KwokJuly 10, 2018 (2018-07-10)T27.135590.89[79]\nIndra announces her intentions to surrender to Diyoza to Wonkru, only to be challenged by Miller for leadership. Wonkru takes Miller's side and Indra tells Bellamy that Madi ascending is the only way that they can stop the war. Clarke opposes the plan but Bellamy leaves her chained up to carry it out. In Eden, Murphy successfully starts a civil war by telling McCreary that Diyoza has a cure for the lung disease. A battle breaks out, and McCreary takes over the valley with Diyoza escaping. Raven, Emori, Echo, and Shaw escape while Kane and Murphy stay behind to find Abby and Diyoza. Octavia wakes up and reports Bellamy's betrayal, but Indra secures the room and will not let her leave. Niylah eventually rescues Clarke who goes to kill Octavia. Octavia convinces her that neither of them want Madi to ascend. However, Gaia performs the ascension on Madi; Clarke then shows up and escapes with Madi in the rover. Octavia arrests Bellamy, Indra, and Gaia and sentences them to fight in the arena. Then, behind closed doors, Octavia sheds a tear.\n6810\"The Warriors Will\"Henry Ian CusickJulie Benson & Shawna BensonJuly 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)T27.135600.86[80]\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Clarke goes on the run with Madi and tells her she will remove the flame, but Madi insists that she needs to go back, because the flame is giving her visions of the previous commanders, specially Becca Pramheda. Bell tells Octavia that they must be shown what happens if they don't march by making Bellamy, Indra and Gaia fight in the arena. Octavia goes to Indra to try and come up with another way, which Indra denies. She also says that if they fight, she will kill Bellamy and then ensure that Gaia kills her. Octavia remembers her childhood with Bellamy when she cut herself and was terrified someone would find her by the blood, but Bellamy was always there to help. She then asks how that led to him poisoning her and he states that was to protect her too. Octavia tells Bellamy of a weakness of Indra's- because she still doesn't want him to die. Monty shows Octavia that the Hydrofarm is working again and they could grow crops elsewhere than the Shallow Valley, but it makes no difference, she still makes Indra, Bellamy and Gaia fight. McCreary takes Abby's pills away in order to make her cure him- sure she will break before she dies, so she enlists Vinson to get them back for her under the pretense of 2 hourly check-ups. By the time Vinson is back with the pills, he attacks the other guards, while Abby takes too many pills. Clarke and Madi find Diyoza's men burying bodies in the woods and convince one to tell them where Abby is, where they find her unconscious. Monty stops the fight between Bellamy, Gaia and Indra by revealing the truth about the Hydrofarm to Wonkru, as well as Octavia's knowledge of it. They turn against her, so she burns the Hydrofarm down, leaving everybody with one choice, stay behind and die, or march with her and live.\n6911\"The Dark Year\"Alex KalymniosHeidi Cole McAdamsJuly 24, 2018 (2018-07-24)T27.135610.85[81]\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Clarke helps Abby after her overdose and McCreary orders her to get her mother operating again, and says that if she still refuses to cure them, they can both watch their daughters die. Raven, Emori, Murphy and Echo head out to scout ways into the valley (Octavia's army will arrive in 5 days). Raven tells Shaw to stay behind. Shaw follows the scouting group, and after Murphy suggests they steal the ammo rather than just scouting, they get ambushed, and Shaw saves them. The truth of the dark year in the bunker is revealed - they do not have enough protein until another year, so they have to get it from the fighting pits. Clarke and Abby cure McCreary's people and Madi confronts Clarke, telling her they are on the wrong side of the war. Bellamy tells Octavia about the safe way into the valley, as long as she agrees to his terms - accept McCreary's surrender and share the valley - to which Octavia agrees. Diyoza and Kane go to McCreary and tell him that Wonkru will win because they know every move he is going to make before he makes it but they will tell him how to win the war.\n7012\"Damocles – Part One\"Dean WhiteJustine Juel GillmerJuly 31, 2018 (2018-07-31)T27.135620.88[82]\nMcCreary's men ambush Wonkru at the gorge, causing many fatalities and trapping Bellamy, Octavia, Indra, and Gaia. Madi hears the attack over the radio and tries to help, but Clarke forcibly detains her. The surviving Wonkru retreat to the wasteland and descend into disarray. Echo, Raven, and Shaw go into McCreary's camp to recover Madi so she can lead Wonkru, however Clarke betrays them to McCreary. Vinson attacks Kane and grievously injures him, however Vinson is slain by Abby. Recalling Lexa's memories from the flame, Madi sways Clarke to her side. Clarke kills McCreary's guards and stays to prevent the launch of the transport ship while Madi and Echo return to Wonkru. Back at the gorge Octavia decides to draw the fire of McCreary's men so that Bellamy and Indra can flee with Gaia, but before she gets gunned down they're saved by the Rover carrying Bellamy's group and Madi.\n7113\"Damocles – Part Two\"Dean WhiteJason RothenbergAugust 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)T27.135630.99[83]\nBellamy's group along with Madi, Octavia, Gaia, and Indra return to Wonkru. Octavia publicly submits to Madi, unifying Wonkru under Madi's command. Madi consults the previous commanders with Gaia's help and devises a strategy to take the gorge. Clarke frees Diyoza and holds her and McCreary's unborn child hostage, grounding the transport ship. Bellamy's group freely enter the gorge and take out its defenses, clearing the way for Wonkru. Bellamy convinces Madi to spare the remainder of McCreary's men. McCreary triggers a protocol that will destroy the valley before he's killed by Clarke. Everyone on Earth flees the planet aboard the Eligius transport ship and head towards the mother ship before the valley is destroyed. Due to the limited rations, everyone decides to enter cryogenic sleep for 10 years in order to give Earth time to recuperate. Clarke and Bellamy are the first to awake and are greeted by a 27-year old man named Jordan, Harper and Monty's son, who informs them 125 years have passed. He shows them a series of video diaries recorded by Monty and Harper, in which Monty gives updates on Earth's condition, their lives, and their son. As years go by, it became clear to him that Earth would not recuperate, so he put his son to sleep as well. Over decades, he managed to crack the Eligius III data and found a new planet to sustain the survivors, although Harper's death due to her genetic illness and his own age left him unwilling to put himself to sleep. Bellamy and Clarke stare outside the ship's window to the new planet, hoping that this time, things will be different."
] | [
"June 19, 2018"
] |
4156693636138419512 | Hard Rock Stadium | Hard Rock stadium - Wikipedia Hard Rock stadium Jump to : navigation , search Hard Rock Stadium Exterior , August 2017 Former names Joe Robbie Stadium ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Pro Player Park ( 1996 ) Pro Player Stadium ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Dolphins Stadium ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Dolphin Stadium ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Land Shark Stadium ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dolphin Stadium ( 2010 ) Sun Life Stadium ( 2010 -- 2016 ) New Miami Stadium ( 2016 ) Address 347 Don Shula Drive Location Miami Gardens , Florida Coordinates 25 ° 57 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 20 '' W / 25.95806 ° N 80.23889 ° W / 25.95806 ; - 80.23889 Coordinates : 25 ° 57 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 20 '' W / 25.95806 ° N 80.23889 ° W / 25.95806 ; - 80.23889 Parking 26,718 cars Owner H. Wayne Huizenga ( 5 % ) Capacity 64,767 ( Football ) Record attendance 80,120 ( 2013 BCS National Championship Game ) Surface Platinum TE Paspalum Construction Broke ground December 1 , 1985 Opened August 16 , 1987 Construction cost US $115 million ( $242 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous ( then HOK Sport ) ; HOK ( 2016 renovation ) Project manager George A. Fuller Company Structural engineer Bliss & Nyitray Inc . Services engineer Blum Consulting Engineers General contractor Huber , Hunt & Nichols Tenants Miami Dolphins ( NFL ) ( 1987 -- present ) Russell Athletic Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Florida Marlins ( MLB ) ( 1993 -- 2011 ) Orange Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 1996 -- present ) Florida Atlantic Owls ( NCAA ) ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Miami Hurricanes ( NCAA ) ( 2008 -- present ) Website hardrockstadium.com Hard Rock Stadium is a multipurpose football stadium located in Miami Gardens , Florida , a suburb north of Miami . It is the home stadium of the Miami Hurricanes from the University of Miami and the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The facility also hosts the Orange Bowl , an annual college football bowl game . It was the home to the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1993 to 2011 . The stadium has hosted five Super Bowls ( XXIII , XXIX , XXXIII , XLI and XLIV ) , the 2010 Pro Bowl , two World Series ( 1997 and 2003 ) , four BCS National Championship Games ( 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) , the second round of the 2009 World Baseball Classic , and WrestleMania XXVIII . The stadium will host Super Bowl LIV in 2020 and the College Football Playoff National Championship in 2021 . The facility opened in 1987 as Joe Robbie Stadium and has been known by a number of names since : Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium , Dolphin Stadium , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and facts 1.1 Conception and construction 1.2 Dolphins 1.3 The Marlins move in 1.4 Renovations and configurations 1.5 Seating capacity 1.6 Permanent seating 1.7 Parking 2 Notable events 2.1 NFL 2.2 NCAA 2.3 WrestleMania XXVIII 2.4 Baseball 2.5 Concerts 2.6 Soccer 2.7 Monster Jam 2.8 In film 2.9 Other events 3 Naming rights 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History and Facts ( edit ) Conception and construction ( edit ) County officials check out the interior of the stadium , April 24 , 1987 For their first 21 seasons , the Miami Dolphins played at the Orange Bowl . Joe Robbie , the team 's founder , led the financing campaign to build a new home for the team . He believed it was only a matter of time before a Major League Baseball team came to South Florida . At his request , the stadium was built so only minimal renovations would be necessary to ready it for a baseball team . Most notably , the field was made somewhat wider than is normally the case for an NFL stadium . The wide field also made it fairly easy to convert the stadium for soccer . Because of this design decision , the first row of seats was 90 ft ( 27 m ) from the sideline in a football configuration , considerably more distant than the first row of seats in most football stadiums ( the closest seats at the new Soldier Field , for instance , are 55 ft ( 17 m ) from the sideline at the 50 - yard line ) . This resulted in a less intimate venue for football compared to other football facilities built around this time , as well as to the Orange Bowl . At the time it opened in 1987 , the stadium was located in an unincorporated area within Miami - Dade County , and had a Miami address . Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13 , 2003 . Dolphins ( edit ) The stadium before a Miami Dolphins game , 2007 The first preseason game for the Dolphins was played on August 16 , 1987 against the Chicago Bears . The first regular season game was scheduled for September 27 , a week 3 game against the New York Giants ; this game was canceled and not made up due to the 1987 players strike . The first regular season NFL game played there was a 42 -- 0 Dolphins victory over the Kansas City Chiefs on October 11 , 1987 . The game was in the middle of the 1987 NFL strike , and was played with replacement players . The first game with union players was on October 25 of that year , a 34 - 31 overtime loss to the Buffalo Bills . The stadium hosted its first Monday Night Football game on December 7 of that year , a 37 -- 28 Dolphins victory over the New York Jets . In addition to the Super Bowl , several other playoff games have been played in the stadium , including the 1992 AFC Championship Game , which the Dolphins lost to the Buffalo Bills , 29 -- 10 . The Dolphins are 5 -- 3 in playoff games held here , losing the most recent one in January 2009 , against the Baltimore Ravens . The team is unbeaten here against the Minnesota Vikings ( 3 -- 0 ) , Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers ( 7 -- 0 ) , Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams ( 4 -- 0 ) , and Washington Redskins ( 4 -- 0 ) ; they are winless here against the Dallas Cowboys ( 0 -- 3 ) and New York Giants ( 0 -- 3 ) . The Chargers are 0 - 8 overall in the stadium , also losing Super Bowl XXIX to the San Francisco 49ers . The Marlins move in ( edit ) A Florida Marlins baseball game , 2008 In 1990 , Wayne Huizenga purchased 50 % of then - Joe Robbie Stadium and became the point man in the drive to bring Major League Baseball ( MLB ) to South Florida . That effort was rewarded in July 1991 , when the Miami area was awarded an MLB expansion franchise . The new team was named the Florida Marlins , and placed in the National League . On January 24 , 1994 , Huizenga acquired the remaining 50 % of the stadium to give him 100 % ownership . Since 1991 , several million dollars have been spent to upgrade and renovate the stadium . The first Marlins game played at then - Joe Robbie Stadium was on April 5 , 1993 , a 6 -- 3 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers . Renovations and configurations ( edit ) After Huizenga bought part of the stadium , it was extensively renovated to accommodate a baseball team , as part of his successful bid to bring baseball to South Florida . Purists initially feared the result would be similar to Exhibition Stadium in Toronto ; when the Toronto Blue Jays played there from 1977 to 1989 , they were burdened with seats that were so far from the field ( over 800 feet in some cases ) that they were n't even sold during the regular season . However , Robbie had foreseen Miami would be a likely location for a new or relocated MLB team , and the stadium was designed to make any necessary renovations for baseball as seamless as possible . Interior of Hard Rock Stadium in 2009 , then named Land Shark Stadium . When the Marlins played there , the field was juggled among the Miami Dolphins , Miami Hurricanes , and Florida Marlins , making it an extremely used turf . Aside from baseball renovations , the stadium has undergone some permanent renovations . In April 2006 , the stadium unveiled two Daktronics large video boards , the largest in professional sports at the time . The east display measures 50 ft ( 15 m ) high by 140 ft ( 43 m ) wide , and the west end zone display measures 50 ft ( 15 m ) high by 100 ft ( 30 m ) wide . A new 2,118 - foot ( 646 m ) - long LED ribbon board , again the largest in the world at the time , was also installed . These have since been surpassed in size . In addition , the upgrades included vastly widened 40,000 - square - foot ( 3,700 m ) concourses on the stadium 's north and south sides . Bars , lounges and other amenities have also been added . The renovation had three phases , with the second and third phases of renovation taking place after the Marlins left the stadium . These remaining phases included adding a roof to shield fans from the rain , as well as remodeling the sidelines of the lower bowl to narrow the field and bring seats closer , ending its convertibility to baseball . The stadium contains 10,209 club seats and 216 suites . When the Marlins played at the stadium , 2,400 of the club seats and 216 suites were available . A privately funded $350 million stadium renovation project began in January 2015 . The project plan allowed the stadium to be used for football games during the 2015 season and was completed for the 2016 football season . Stadium upgrades included video boards in each corner of the stadium , additional suites , and an open - air canopy over the main seating areas . As part of the renovation , the stadium 's seating capacity was reduced from 75,000 to 65,000 seats . Personal seat licenses were not used , and a preview center opened at the stadium in February 2015 to help current and prospective season ticket holders select their ticket packages . Luxury packages were used in place of PSL revenue to help finance the stadium . 32 four - seat pods were installed located in the lower bowl at the south 30 - yard lines , with an additional 16 pods at the south end zone . The pods feature a living room arrangement , including premium furniture and television screens that show the NFL RedZone channel and NFL programming . Seating capacity ( edit ) Football Years Capacity 1987 -- 1988 74,993 1989 -- 1992 73,000 1993 -- 1997 74,916 1998 -- 2000 75,192 2001 -- 2014 75,540 2015 -- present 65,326 Baseball Years Capacity 1993 43,909 1994 47,662 1995 46,238 1996 -- 1997 41,855 1998 42,531 1999 35,521 2000 -- 2007 36,331 2008 -- 2011 38,560 Permanent seating ( edit ) The 65,326 permanent seats for football and soccer configurations break down as follows : For the general 19 '' seats with chair back and armrests , there are 27,397 in the lower deck and 34,736 in the upper deck . There are 10,209 of the bigger club 21 '' seats with chair back and armrests . In the 193 executive suites with 10 , 12 , 16 , 20 , and 24 seats , there are a total of 3,198 . There are also 300 seating locations for disabled persons , 150 seats for working press , and 10 radio / TV booths . Parking ( edit ) The parking around the stadium takes up 140 acres , featuring parking for 24,137 cars , 171 buses , 90 RVs , 85 limousines , and one helipad on site . The parking fee was $30 per car / truck / SUV for the 2013 and 2014 seasons . Notable events ( edit ) NFL ( edit ) An NFL game at then - named Dolphin Stadium in 2007 The stadium has played host to five Super Bowls ( 1989 , 1995 , 1999 , 2007 , and 2010 ) . There has been a kickoff return for a touchdown in each Super Bowl played at the stadium , except in the most recent game . The stadium also hosted the 2010 Pro Bowl . The 2007 Super Bowl at Dolphin Stadium -- when Indianapolis defeated Chicago 29 -- 17 -- was marred by heavy rains . An estimated 30 % of the lower - level seating was empty during the second half . Sun Life Stadium in 2012 In 2010 , the NFL threatened to take the stadium out of further consideration for a Super Bowl or Pro Bowl unless significant renovations were made . One of the upgrades desired was a roof to protect fans from the elements . In 2012 , the Dolphins scrapped plans for pitching a $200 - million hotel tax proposal that would have included a partial stadium roof . In 2016 , an open - air canopy that protects all fan seating areas from the rain and heat was constructed . The canopy however , does have a football - field sized hole in the middle , and does not protect the playing field itself from rain . The renovations were completed by the first Miami Dolphins pre-season home game in September 2016 . Previously , since the field runs east -- west ( rather than north -- south as is the case in most other stadiums ) , the north stands were exposed to the full force of South Florida 's oppressive heat early in the season . The issue became so problematic that Stephen Ross , who owns the Dolphins and the stadium , successfully petitioned the NFL to have all September home games start at 4 pm . Although the heat gave the Dolphins a substantial home - field advantage against opponents unaccustomed to the sweltering heat , Ross was willing to give that up in order to ensure a more comfortable environment for fans . Date Super Bowl Team ( Visitor ) Points Team ( Home ) Points Spectators January 22 , 1989 XXIII Cincinnati Bengals 16 San Francisco 49ers 20 75,597 January 29 , 1995 XXIX San Diego Chargers 26 San Francisco 49ers 49 74,107 January 31 , 1999 XXXIII Denver Broncos 34 Atlanta Falcons 19 74,803 February 4 , 2007 XLI Indianapolis Colts 29 Chicago Bears 17 74,512 February 7 , 2010 XLIV New Orleans Saints 31 Indianapolis Colts 17 74,059 Ncaa ( edit ) The stadium has hosted both the 2009 BCS National Championship Game and the 2013 BCS National Championship Game . The 2013 game between Alabama and Notre Dame set a new attendance record for the facility , with 80,120 on hand to witness Alabama 's third BCS Championship in four seasons . Hard Rock Stadium prior the November 11 , 2017 Miami Hurricanes vs. Notre Dame football game . The stadium has hosted the Miami Hurricanes beginning in 2008 . The stadium was the home field for the Florida Atlantic Owls ( 2001 -- 2002 ) . Between 1990 and 2000 , the stadium hosted a bowl game variously known as the Blockbuster Bowl , CarQuest Bowl , and MicronPC Bowl . After 2000 , that bowl was moved to Orlando , where it eventually became known as the Russell Athletic Bowl . The stadium has been the site of the Orange Bowl game since 1996 , except for the January 1999 contest between Florida and Syracuse , which had to be moved due to a conflict with a Dolphins playoff game . Until 2008 , the stadium was host ( in even numbered years ) to the annual Shula Bowl , a game played between the Florida Atlantic University Owls and the Florida International University Panthers , when the game was hosted by FAU as the home team ( FIU hosts the game at its own stadium , FIU Stadium , every other year ) . In 2010 , the game was moved to Fort Lauderdale 's Lockhart Stadium , and in 2011 the Owls opened FAU Stadium on its Boca Raton campus , and started hosting the Shula Bowl there biennially in 2012 . Coast Guard MH - 65 Dolphin helicopter flies over then - named Sun Life Stadium In 2017 it was announced that the stadium would host the 2021 College Football Playoff National Championship game . WrestleMania XXVIII ( edit ) On February 9 , 2011 , The Miami Herald announced that Miami had won the right to host WrestleMania in 2012 . WWE later officially announced the event in a press conference held at the Fontainebleau Miami Beach . WrestleMania XXVIII was the second Wrestlemania event that was hosted in the state of Florida , the fourth open - air event , and the third event to be held entirely outdoors . For hosting the event , WWE received a $250,000 cash incentive from the Miami - Dade Sports Commission raised through grants and sponsorships . A record attendance of 78,363 fans pack Sun Life Stadium for WrestleMania XXVIII The event , which took place on April 1 , 2012 , drew a record 78,363 fans in attendance . Also , at the time , the event set a new record for the highest - grossing live event in WWE history , grossing $8.9 million . The crowd witnessed the end of an era as The Undertaker defeated Triple H in a Hell in a Cell match , with WWE Hall of Famer Shawn Michaels as special guest referee . Also , CM Punk retained the WWE Championship against Chris Jericho . Miami native The Rock defeated John Cena in the ' Once in a Lifetime ' main event set one year in advance but , they would face each other again at Wrestlemania 29 for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship WrestleMania XXVIII earnered 1,217,000 buys , making it at the time , the most purchased wrestling event in history , surpassing WrestleMania 23 's buyrate of approximately 1.2 million , with global gross sales in excess of $67 million . Baseball ( edit ) Two National League Division Series have been played at the stadium : 1997 against the San Francisco Giants : Marlins win 3 games to 0 2003 against the San Francisco Giants : Marlins win 3 games to 1 Two National League Championship Series have been played at Hard Rock Stadium : 1997 against the Atlanta Braves : Marlins win 4 games to 2 2003 against the Chicago Cubs : Marlins win 4 games to 3 Two World Series have been played at Hard Rock Stadium : 1997 against the Cleveland Indians : Marlins win 4 games to 3 2003 against the New York Yankees : Marlins win 4 games to 2 When the Marlins began play in 1993 , baseball capacity was initially reduced to 47,662 , with most of the upper level covered with a tarp . In addition to Huizenga 's desire create a more intimate atmosphere for baseball , most of the seats in the upper level would have been too far from the field to be of any use during the regular season . The stadium 's baseball capacity was further reduced over the years , and finally settled at 38,560 seats . However , the Marlins would usually open the entire upper level for the postseason . In the 1997 World Series , the Marlins played before crowds of over 67,000 fans , some of the highest postseason attendance figures in MLB history , only exceeded by Cleveland Stadium , home of the Cleveland Indians during the 1948 and 1954 World Series , old Yankee Stadium prior to its mid 1970s renovation , and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers ( before Dodger Stadium was opened ) in the 1959 World Series . Although it was designed from the ground up to accommodate baseball , it was never a true multipurpose stadium . Rather , it was built as a football stadium that could convert into a baseball stadium . Most of the seats in the baseball configuration were pointed toward center field -- where the 50 - yard line would have been in the football configuration . As a result , even with the reduced capacity , the sight lines for baseball left much to be desired . This was particularly evident during the Marlins ' World Series appearances in 1997 and 2003 . Some portions of left and center field were not part of the football playing field , and fans sitting in the left field upper - deck seats were unable to see these areas except on the replay boards . Even with the reduced capacity , during years the Marlins were not contending , they often drew crowds of 5,000 or fewer -- a total that looked even smaller due to the cavernous environment . The stadium was notorious for its poor playing conditions . The lights were not located in optimal positions for baseball visibility . During August and September , when the Dolphins ( and later , the Hurricanes ) shared the stadium , the field conditions were , according to both Marlins and visiting players , among the worst in the majors . Indeed , several Marlins players said that at times , they `` could n't wait to go on the road . '' Visiting teams hated coming to the stadium as well . For instance , when the Atlanta Braves came to the stadium for the last time in 2011 , Dan Uggla , who played for the Marlins from 2006 to 2010 , said that he was probably the only Brave who was going to miss it . The stadium 's problems as a baseball venue became even more stark as time wore on , as the Marlins ' tenure in the stadium coincided with a wave of new , baseball - only parks . When the Marlins began play in 1993 , the stadium was one of 14 that hosted both a Major League Baseball team and a professional football team . But by the time the Marlins left the stadium , it was one of only three in the majors ( and the only National League stadium ) that played host to both a baseball team and an NFL or CFL team . The others were the Oakland Coliseum and Toronto 's Rogers Centre . For most of the Marlins ' tenure at the stadium , it was the hottest stadium in the major leagues . The Marlins played nearly all of their home games from late May through mid-September at night due to South Florida 's often oppressive heat and humidity . They also got waivers from MLB and ESPN to play on Sunday nights . The stadium was the venue where Mark McGwire hit his NL - record 57th home run to best Hack Wilson 's 68 - year - old record of 56 in 1998 . Ken Griffey Jr. hit his 600th career home run off Mark Hendrickson of the Marlins on June 9 , 2008 ; and where Roy Halladay of the Philadelphia Phillies pitched the 20th perfect game in Major League Baseball history on May 29 , 2010 , against the Marlins . Concerts ( edit ) Date Performer ( s ) Opening act ( s ) Tour / Event Attendance Revenue Notes July 3 , 1988 Rod Stewart Hall & Oates Chicago John Day and Full Circle Happy Birthday America ' 88 40,000 -- July 30 , 1989 The Who -- The Who Tour 1989 54,339 / 54,339 $1,222,628 April 14 , 1990 Paul McCartney -- The Paul McCartney World Tour 95,410 / 95,410 $2,862,300 April 15 , 1990 August 12 , 1990 New Kids on the Block The Magic Summer Tour 60,000 / 60,000 -- December 31 , 1991 Guns N ' Roses -- Use Your Illusion Tour -- -- May 16 , 1992 Genesis -- We Ca n't Dance Tour -- -- July 4 , 1992 Chicago -- -- -- -- September 26 , 1992 Crosby , Stills & Nash -- -- -- -- October 3 , 1992 U2 Big Audio Dynamite II Public Enemy Zoo TV Tour 45,244 / 46,000 $1,289,454 March 30 , 1994 Pink Floyd The Division Bell Tour 54,738 / 54,738 $1,975,665 November 25 , 1994 The Rolling Stones Bryan Adams Blind Melon Lenny Kravitz Voodoo Lounge Tour 55,935 / 55,935 $2,574,810 Special Guest Michael Hutchence . April 13 , 1995 Billy Joel Elton John -- Face to Face 1995 103,694 / 103,694 $4,385,725 April 14 , 1995 March 8 , 1997 The Three Tenors -- The Three Tenors World Tour -- -- November 14 , 1997 U2 Smash Mouth PopMart Tour 42,778 / 44,500 $2,158,988 July 10 , 2007 The Police Maroon 5 Fiction Plane The Police Reunion Tour 46,105 / 46,105 $5,094,870 November 26 , 2008 Madonna Paul Oakenfold Sticky & Sweet Tour 47,998 / 47,998 $6,137,030 Timbaland and Pharrell Williams were the special guests onstage . April 3 , 2010 Paul McCartney -- Up and Coming Tour 35,784 / 35,784 $4,325,859 June 29 , 2011 U2 Florence and the Machine U2 360 ° Tour 72,569 / 72,569 $6,799,670 The concert was originally scheduled to take place on July 9 , 2010 , but then it was postponed due to Bono 's back surgery . November 23 , 2011 The Black Eyed Peas Sean Kingston Jason Derulo T - Pain CeeLo Green Queen Latifah The Beginning -- -- August 16 , 2013 Justin Timberlake Jay - Z DJ Cassidy Legends of the Summer 46,366 / 46,366 $5,350,175 June 25 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay - Z -- On the Run Tour 49,980 / 49,980 $5,450,026 October 5 , 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer Where We Are Tour 53,914 / 53,914 $4,303,749 June 11 , 2017 U2 OneRepublic The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 48,494 / 48,494 $5,923,665 July 7 , 2017 Metallica Avenged Sevenfold Volbeat WorldWired Tour 32,168 / 45,433 $3,163,523 August 28 , 2017 Coldplay AlunaGeorge Izzy Bizu A Head Full of Dreams Tour 47,866 / 47,866 $6,446,966 August 18 , 2018 Taylor Swift TBA The Reputation Stadium Tour TBA TBA Soccer ( edit ) A number of soccer matches have been in the stadium , including a number of international friendlies featuring Central or South American sides . ( This is due to Miami being home to some of the largest populations of Central and South Americans in the United States . ) Hard Rock Stadium hosted the first - ever El Clasico Miami match between FC Barcelona and Real Madrid on July 29 , 2017 as part of the International Champions Cup . A sell - out crowd of 66,014 watched as Barcelona prevailed 3 - 2 in a thrilling Clasico encounter in the first - ever match between the two bitter Spanish rivals held in North America . The stadium hosted a match between FC Barcelona and C.D. Guadalajara on August 3 , 2011 , as part of the 2011 World Football Challenge . Guadalajara won the match , 4 -- 1 , in front of 70,080 attendees . Colombia beat Mexico , 2 -- 0 , in a friendly international in front of 51,615 spectators at the stadium on 29 February 2012 , and a year later they beat Guatemala , 4 -- 1 . A.C. Milan and Chelsea faced each other at the stadium on July 28 , 2012 . A.C. Milan won the match , 1 -- 0 , in front of 57,748 fans . Brazil beat Honduras , 5 -- 0 , in a friendly match in front of 71,124 spectators on November 16 , 2013 . The attendance was the highest for a soccer match at the stadium . Free Kick Masters 2013 Tournament and Entertainment Spectacular was held at the New Miami Stadium on 28 December 2013 . England played Ecuador and Honduras at the New Miami Stadium on 4 June 2014 and 7 June 2014 respectively . South Korea played against Ghana on 9 June 2014 . Brazil beat Colombia , 1 - 0 , in front of an announced attendance of 73,429 fans , a new attendance record for a soccer match at the stadium . The 2014 International Champions Cup preseason final was held at New Miami Stadium with Manchester United defeating Liverpool 3 -- 1 on 4 August 2014 to claim the tournament 's second title . Two 2017 International Champions Cup preseason matches were played at the Hard Rock , one of them the El Clásico between Barcelona and Real Madrid . Barcelona won America 's first El Clasico 3 -- 2 . 66,014 people , above current capacity , attended the match . Monster Jam ( edit ) The monster truck touring series Monster Jam used to go to the stadium every year . The last show performed there was in 2015 , and in 2018 the shows moved to Marlins Park . In 2012 , the show was filmed and shown on SPEED Channel . Year Date Racing Winner Freestyle Winner 2002 January 26 Gunslinger El Toro Loco 2003 January 25 El Toro Loco Grave Digger January 24 MADUSA Grave Digger 2005 February 5 Grave Digger El Toro Loco / Grave Digger ( tie ) 2006 February 4 Gunslinger Blue Thunder 2007 February 17 El Toro Loco Grave Digger 2008 February 2 Blue Thunder Grave Digger 2009 January 31 Stone Crusher Grave Digger February 20 Gunslinger Maximum Destruction 2011 February 12 Mohawk Warrior Grave Digger 2012 February 11 Bounty Hunter Advance Auto Parts Grinder 2013 February 9 Bounty Hunter Grave Digger 2014 February 8 Grave Digger The Legend El Toro Loco 2015 January 3 Grave Digger The Legend Grave Digger The Legend 2016 No Show ( Stadium Renovations ) 2017 No Show ( Unknown Reasoning ) 2018 No Show ( Moved to Marlins Park ) In film ( edit ) Movies have also been shot there , most notably Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , which starred Jim Carrey and featured Dolphins great Dan Marino as himself ; Marley and Me , starring Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston ; and the Oliver Stone - directed Any Given Sunday , starring Al Pacino . Other events ( edit ) Other events held at the stadium have included international soccer games , Hoop - It - Up Basketball , RV and boat shows , the UniverSoul Circus , Australian rules football exhibition matches ( including two Victorian Football League ( VFL ) post-season exhibitions ) and numerous trade shows . It has also hosted religious gatherings . In 2006 , it hosted the High School State Football Championships , sanctioned by the Florida High School Athletic Association ( FHSAA ) . Naming rights ( edit ) The stadium has gone through many name changes , bringing up a question of the value of corporate naming rights . During the planning and building phase of the stadium , the stadium was referred to as Dolphin Stadium . The stadium was named after Joe Robbie , the original and then - owner of the Miami Dolphins and stadium in 1987 , when it opened . In the early 1990s , Wayne Huizenga gained control of the stadium . Huizenga first sold the naming rights to Pro Player , the sports apparel division of Fruit of the Loom , and Joe Robbie Stadium became Pro Player Park on August 26 , 1996 and shortly later Pro Player Stadium . Fruit of the Loom filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1999 , and the Pro Player brand was ultimately liquidated in 2001 , but the stadium name held for several more years . In January 2005 , the Pro Player name was replaced with Dolphins Stadium , coinciding with a renovation of the stadium . Dolphins was changed to Dolphin in April 2006 , in an update of graphics and logos . From February 2008 through January 2009 , Stephen M. Ross gradually acquired 95 % of the stadium and surrounding land . He then partnered with Jimmy Buffett to change the name once more , this time to Land Shark Stadium after a beer brewed for Buffett 's Margaritaville restaurant chain . The renaming was announced on May 8 , 2009 , but would last less than a year as the deal did not include rights for the upcoming 2010 Pro Bowl and Super Bowl XLIV . On January 20 , 2010 , Canadian - based financial services company Sun Life Financial announced that it had acquired the naming rights . Sun Life Financial announced in 2012 , that it will be exiting the U.S. annuity business and focusing on its employee benefits business in the U.S. On August 14 , 2015 , the Dolphins told the Miami Herald that Sun Life 's deal would expire in January 2016 and that the team had no plans to renew , wanting to position their renovated stadium as a brand new entity . The team also stated that they would remove Sun Life 's signage upon expiration of the deal , regardless of their ability to find a replacement sponsor before then . On August 17 , 2016 , the Dolphins announced that the naming rights had been sold to Hard Rock Cafe International , and that the stadium would be renamed Hard Rock Stadium . The new name was notably ridiculed by fans of the Florida State Seminoles , as their namesake are the owners of the Hard Rock Cafe chain , but the stadium is actually the home field of their rivals , the University of Miami Hurricanes . Name Duration Joe Robbie Stadium August 16 , 1987 -- August 25 , 1996 Pro Player Park August 26 , 1996 -- September 9 , 1996 Pro Player Stadium September 10 , 1996 -- January 9 , 2005 Dolphins Stadium January 10 , 2005 -- April 7 , 2006 Dolphin Stadium April 8 , 2006 -- May 7 , 2009 Land Shark Stadium May 8 , 2009 -- January 5 , 2010 Dolphin Stadium January 6 , 2010 -- January 19 , 2010 Sun Life Stadium January 20 , 2010 -- January 31 , 2016 New Miami Stadium February 1 , 2016 -- August 16 , 2016 Hard Rock Stadium August 17 , 2016 -- present See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ross said the agreement to change the name from Dolphin Stadium is for this season only and expires before the stadium plays host to the Super Bowl in February . '' `` Dolphins ' home renamed Land Shark Stadium in deal with singer Buffett '' . National Football League . Associated Press . May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ross ' percentage is approximate . Small stakes are also known to be owned by the following sports and entertainment celebrities : Marc Anthony , Jennifer Lopez , Jimmy Buffett , Gloria and Emilio Estefan , Fergie , Serena Williams , Venus Williams Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Miami Dolphins . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akopyan , Manouk ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Dolphins unveil $400 M renovation plan for Sun Life Stadium '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Sun Life Stadium 's capacity will decrease from 76,018 to approximately 64,767 seats in 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cosco , Joseph ( August 2 , 1985 ) . `` Head Of Dolphin Stadium Project Quietly Resigns '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ballparks.com -- Sun Life Stadium . Football.ballparks.com . Retrieved on June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Pro Bowl moving to Miami , will be played before Super Bowl '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adam Stites ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` The South will host 2019 , 2020 Super Bowls '' . SB Nation . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Carroll ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` College Football Playoff Announces Site for 2021 - 2024 National Championship Games '' . si.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miami Gardens : Demographics Archived October 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Sun Life Stadium : Fast Facts '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plans Unveiled for Dolphin Stadium Renovation '' . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium renovations underway '' . January 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins show off Sun Life Stadium renovations '' . January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New pricing plan set for Miami Dolphins seats at Sun Life Stadium '' . February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins making fans feel at home '' . February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Edgar ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Miami Dolphins Propose Partial Roof for Stadium in Effort to Attract Future Super Bowls '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vikings among teams facing major stadium issues Archived July 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Fox Sports . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Bowl Committee -- Sun Life Stadium '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single Game Attendance Report '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Varsallone , Jim ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` WrestleMania 28 headed to Sun Life Stadium '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chang , Daniel ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` WWE 's WrestleMania heading to Sun Life Stadium in 2012 '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mrosko , Geno ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` WrestleMania 28 results : WWE breaks gate and attendance records in Miami '' . Cageside Seats . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Reports 2012 Second Quarter Results '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . WWE . August 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania XXVIII sets pay - per - view record '' . WWE.com. April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players Wo n't Miss Marlins ' old Home '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Marlins bid farewell to Sun Life Stadium '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Craig ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Marlins , Opponents Eager to Bid Adieu to Sun Life Stadium '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore '' . Billboard . New York City . 2009 - 01 - 03 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore '' . Billboard . October 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore -- Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . July 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore '' . Billboard . New York . October 2 , 2013 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August 3 , 2011 : Barcelona vs. CD Guadalajara '' . Major League Soccer . MLSsoccer.com . August 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Andre C. ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Alive and Well : AC Milan Tops Chelsea in Front of 57,748 Fans '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brazil routs Honduras 5 - 0 from Yahoo ! Sports , 16 November 2013 , retrieved 14 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : England 's friendlies will have a Latin accent '' . The Guardian . 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 66,014 is the official attendance for El Clásico Miami at the Hard Rock Stadium '' . 90Live . Jump up ^ Are Naming Rights Deals A Good Buy ? . CNBC ( January 20 , 2010 ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ History Archived February 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sun Life Stadium . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Simon ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Dolphin Stadium renamed Land Shark Stadium '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sun Life stadium named . Sunlifestadium.com . ( January 20 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sun Life Financial to sell U.S. annuity business for US $1.35 billion '' . Jump up ^ Jackson , Barry ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Heat adds center ; Dolphins Friday analysis , postscripts ; New stadium name coming ; Loria rejects overtures ; Marlins issues ; Heat '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Hard Rock International and Miami Dolphins Announce Stadium Naming Rights Agreement '' ( Press release ) . Miami Dolphins . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins sell stadium naming rights to Hard Rock International '' . Sun Sentinel . Tronc . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is Hard Rock Stadium a Strange Naming Rights Deal ? '' . Inc . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FSU Fans Are Already Trolling UM Over Hard Rock Stadium Name '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . New renovations and modernization project : http://www.miamidolphins.com/newstadium.html External links ( edit ) Miami portal Baseball portal National Football League portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hard Rock Stadium . Official website Hark Rock Stadium at StadiumDB.com Hard Rock Stadium -- Hurricanesports.com Hark Rock Stadium Seating Charts Preceded by Orange Bowl Home of the Miami Dolphins 1987 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by Orange Bowl Home of the Miami Hurricanes 2008 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by Orange Bowl Orange Bowl Host of the Orange Bowl 1996 -- 1998 2000 -- present Succeeded by Orange Bowl Current Preceded by first ballpark Home of the Florida Marlins 1993 -- 2011 Succeeded by Marlins Park Preceded by first stadium Host of the Champs Sports Bowl 1990 -- 2000 Succeeded by Citrus Bowl Preceded by Jack Murphy Stadium Georgia Dome Qualcomm Stadium Ford Field Raymond James Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Host of the Super Bowl XXIII 1989 XXIX 1995 XXXIII 1999 XLI 2007 XLIV 2010 LIV 2020 Succeeded by Louisiana Superdome Sun Devil Stadium Georgia Dome University of Phoenix Stadium Cowboys Stadium Raymond James Stadium Preceded by Louisiana Superdome Louisiana Superdome Louisiana Superdome Mercedes - Benz Superdome Host of the BCS National Championship Game 2001 2005 2009 2013 Succeeded by Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Preceded by Rich Stadium Host of AFC Championship Game 1993 Succeeded by Rich Stadium Preceded by Aloha Stadium Host of the Pro Bowl Succeeded by Aloha Stadium Preceded by Georgia Dome Host of WrestleMania XXVIII 2012 Succeeded by MetLife Stadium Articles and topics related to Hard Rock Stadium Greater Miami Area Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Miami metropolitan area Central business district Downtown Miami Brickell Central Business District Historic District Government Center Park West Omni Major urban areas Aventura Coconut Grove Coral Gables Dadeland Health District Hialeah Midtown Edgewater Wynwood South Beach Colleges and universities Barry University Carlos Albizu University Florida International University Florida Memorial University Johnson & Wales University University of Miami Miami Dade College Miami International University of Art & Design Nova Southeastern University St. Thomas University Parks and recreation Alice Wainwright Park Amelia Earhart Park Arch Creek The Barnacle Historic State Park Bayfront Park Big Cypress National Preserve Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park Biscayne National Park Chapman Field Park Crandon Park Dinner Key Everglades National Park Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Fort Dallas Fruit and Spice Park Greynolds Park Haulover Park Jungle Island The Kampong Margaret Pace Park Matheson Hammock Park Miami Seaquarium Monkey Jungle Museum Park Oleta River State Park Peacock Park Shark Valley Simpson Park Hammock South Pointe Park Tamiami Park Tropical Park Virginia Key Zoo Miami Attractions Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts American Airlines Arena Bass Museum Biltmore Hotel Bonita Chita Key Coral Castle Downtown Miami FIU Arena FIU Stadium Florida Grand Opera Fontainebleau Miami Beach Frost Art Museum Frost School of Music Hard Rock Stadium HistoryMiami Holocaust Memorial Homestead Jewish Museum of Florida Lowe Art Museum Lincoln Road Lummus Park MacFarlane Homestead Marlins Park Miami Beach Architectural District Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Children 's Museum Miami City Ballet Miami Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Art New World Symphony Orchestra Normandy Isles North Shore Ocean Drive Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Pérez Art Museum Miami South Beach The Miami Line Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Watsco Center Wolfsonian - FIU Wynwood Art District Major shopping centers Aventura Mall Bal Harbour Shops Bayside Marketplace CocoWalk Collins Avenue Dadeland Mall Dolphin Mall The Falls Flagler Street Lincoln Road The Mall at 163rd Street Mall of the Americas Mary Brickell Village Miami International Mall Midtown Miami Miracle Marketplace The Shops at Sunset Place Southland Mall Shops at Merrick Park Westland Mall Transportation Broward County Transit Government Center Miami Airport Station Miami - Dade Transit Metrorail Metrobus Metromover MIA Mover Miami International Airport Palm Tran Port of Miami Tri-Rail Amtrak Major thoroughfares East 6th Avenue North 36th Street North 54th Street North 79th Street North 103rd Street North 125th Street North 135th Street West 7th Avenue West 12th Avenue West 27th Avenue West 107th Avenue Allapattah Road Alton Road Bird Road Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Broad Causeway Collins Avenue Coral Reef Drive Coral Way County Line Road Douglas Road Flagler Street Galloway Road Gratigny Ives Dairy Road Julia Tuttle Causeway Kendall Drive John F. Kennedy Causeway Killian Krome Avenue William Lehman Causeway Le Jeune Road Ludlam Road MacArthur Causeway Miami Avenue Miami Gardens Drive Milam Dairy Road Miracle Mile Okeechobee Road Old Cutler Road Port Boulevard Quail Roost Drive Red Road Rickenbacker Causeway South Dixie Highway Sunset Drive Tamiami Trail Venetian Causeway West Dixie Highway Portal WikiProject Miami Gardens , Florida Geography Areas Andover Bunche Park Carol City Lake Lucerne Norland ( Norwood ) Opa - locka North Scott Lake Governance City agencies Miami Gardens Police Department Education Primary and secondary schools Miami - Dade County Public Schools Miami Carol City Senior High School Miami Norland Senior High School Other education Florida Memorial University St. Thomas University College of Business and Technology Miami - Dade Public Library System Other Landmarks Antioch Mission Baptist Church of Miami Gardens Calder Race Course Hard Rock Stadium History Earl Sampson Miami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based in Miami Gardens , Florida Headquartered in Davie , Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Honor roll Training facility Broadcasters Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture `` Fins '' ( Jimmy Buffett song ) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T.D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura : Pet Detective `` Only Wanna Be with You '' ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless Game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1979 1981 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships ( 2 ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold University of Miami Located in : Coral Gables , Florida Academics Undergraduate & Graduate : School of Architecture College of Arts and Sciences School of Business Administration School of Communication School of Education College of Engineering Frost School of Music School of Nursing and Health Studies Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Graduate : Graduate School Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine School of Law Athletics Hurricanes Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Atlantic Coast Conference Cobb Stadium Florida Cup Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park Hard Rock Stadium Orange Bowl Sebastian the Ibis Seminole War Canoe Watsco Center Places Jackson Memorial Hospital Jerry Herman Ring Theatre John C. Gifford Arboretum Little Salt Spring Miami Project to Cure Paralysis The Alamo University station Lowe Art Museum People Alumni Faculty Presidents Activities Band of the Hour Iron Arrow Honor Society The Miami Hurricane WVUM 90.5 FM Founded : 1925 Students : 16,848 Endowment : 844.6 million Florida Atlantic Owls football Venues Pro Player Stadium ( 2001 -- 02 ) Lockhart Stadium ( 2003 -- 10 ) FAU Stadium ( 2011 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games FIU : Shula Bowl Culture & lore Florida Atlantic Marching Owls People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Miami Hurricanes football Venues Orange Bowl ( 1937 -- 2007 ) Hard Rock Stadium ( 2008 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Florida ( Florida Cup ; Seminole War Canoe ) Florida State ( Florida Cup ) Nebraska Virginia Tech Culture & lore Sebastian the Ibis Band of the Hour The U Quarterback U Hail Flutie Catholics vs. Convicts Miami 4 -- 3 defense Wide Right I Wide Right II FIU -- Miami brawl 2011 athletics scandal People Head coaches NFL players Statistical leaders Seasons 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Current stadiums of the National Football League American Football Conference East Gillette Stadium Hard Rock Stadium MetLife Stadium New Era Field North FirstEnergy Stadium Heinz Field M&T Bank Stadium Paul Brown Stadium South EverBank Field Lucas Oil Stadium Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium West Arrowhead Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Sports Authority Field at Mile High StubHub Center National Football Conference East AT&T Stadium FedExField Lincoln Financial Field MetLife Stadium North Ford Field Lambeau Field Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium South Bank of America Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Raymond James Stadium West CenturyLink Field Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Levi 's Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium International Series Wembley Stadium Twickenham Stadium Estadio Azteca Both the New York Giants ( NFC ) and the New York Jets ( AFC ) share the same venue . Super Bowl stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( I ) Miami Orange Bowl ( II ) Miami Orange Bowl ( III ) Tulane Stadium ( IV ) Miami Orange Bowl ( V ) Tulane Stadium ( VI ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( VII ) Rice Stadium ( VIII ) Tulane Stadium ( IX ) Miami Orange Bowl ( X ) Rose Bowl ( XI ) Louisiana Superdome ( XII ) Miami Orange Bowl ( XIII ) Rose Bowl ( XIV ) Louisiana Superdome ( XV ) Pontiac Silverdome ( XVI ) Rose Bowl ( XVII ) Tampa Stadium ( XVIII ) Stanford Stadium ( XIX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XX ) Rose Bowl ( XXI ) San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium ( XXII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIII ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXIV ) Tampa Stadium ( XXV ) metrodome ( XXVI ) Rose Bowl ( XXVII ) Georgia Dome ( XXVIII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIX ) Sun Devil Stadium ( XXX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXII ) Pro Player Stadium ( XXXIII ) Georgia Dome ( XXXIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( XXXV ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXVI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXVII ) Reliant Stadium ( XXXVIII ) Alltell Stadium ( XXXIX ) Ford Field ( XL ) Dolphin Stadium ( XLI ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLII ) Raymond James Stadium ( XLIII ) Sunlife Stadium ( XLIV ) Cowboys Stadium ( XLV ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( XLVI ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( XLVII ) MetLife Stadium ( XLVIII ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLIX ) Levi 's Stadium ( 50 ) NRG Stadium ( LI ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( LII ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( LIII ) Hard Rock Stadium ( LIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( LV ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( LVI ) Football stadiums of the Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic Division Alumni Stadium ( Boston College ) Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium ( Florida State ) Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium ( Louisville ) Carter -- Finley Stadium ( NC State ) Carrier Dome ( Syracuse ) BB&T Field ( Wake Forest ) Coastal Division Wallace Wade Stadium ( Duke ) Bobby Dodd Stadium ( Georgia Tech ) Hard Rock Stadium ( Miami ) Kenan Memorial Stadium ( North Carolina ) Heinz Field ( Pittsburgh ) Scott Stadium ( Virginia ) Lane Stadium ( Virginia Tech ) Current NCAA Division I FBS bowl game stadiums Alamodome ( Alamo ) Albertsons Stadium ( Famous Idaho Potato ) Aloha Stadium ( Hawaii ) Amon G. Carter Stadium ( Armed Forces ) Arizona Stadium ( Arizona ) AT&T Stadium ( Cotton ) Bank of America Stadium ( Belk ) Camping World Stadium ( Cure , Russell Athletic , Citrus ) Chase Field ( Cactus ) Cotton Bowl ( Heart of Dallas ) Cramton Bowl ( Camellia ) Dreamstyle Stadium ( New Mexico ) EverBank Field ( TaxSlayer ) FAU Stadium ( Boca Raton ) Ford Field ( Quick Lane ) Hard Rock Stadium ( Orange ) Independence Stadium ( Independence ) Ladd -- Peebles Stadium ( Dollar General , Senior ) Legion Field ( Birmingham ) Levi 's Stadium ( Foster Farms ) Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium ( Liberty ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Peach ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans , Sugar ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( Military ) Nissan Stadium ( Music City ) NRG Stadium ( Texas ) Qualcomm Stadium ( Holiday ) Raymond James Stadium ( Outback ) Rose Bowl ( Rose ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) Sun Bowl ( Sun ) Thomas Robinson Stadium ( Bahamas ) Toyota Stadium ( Frisco ) Tropicana Field ( Gasparilla , East -- West Shrine ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Fiesta ) Yankee Stadium ( Pinstripe ) College Football Playoff games shown in italics College football venues in Florida Division I FBS ACC Doak Campbell Stadium ( Florida State ) Hard Rock Stadium ( Miami ) American Athletic Spectrum Stadium ( UCF ) Raymond James Stadium ( South Florida ) Conference USA FAU Stadium ( Florida Atlantic ) FIU Stadium ( FIU ) SEC Ben Hill Griffin Stadium ( Florida ) Division I FCS MEAC Municipal Stadium ( Bethune -- Cookman ) Bragg Memorial Stadium ( Florida A&M ) Pioneer D.B. Milne Field ( Jacksonville ) Spec Martin Stadium ( Stetson ) Division II Gulf South Florida Tech Panther Stadium ( Florida Tech ) Blue Wahoos Stadium ( West Florida ) NAIA Independent Earl Kitchings Stadium ( Edward Waters ) Legion Field ( Webber International ) Camping World Stadium EverBank Field WrestleMania venues Madison Square Garden X XX Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena VII Allstate Arena ( Rosemont , IL ) 13 22 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum Pontiac Silverdome III Atlantic City Boardwalk Hall IV V Rogers Centre VI X8 Hoosier Dome VIII Caesars Palace IX XL Center ( Hartford , CT ) XI Honda Center ( Anaheim ) XII 2000 TD Garden XIV Wells Fargo Center ( Philadelphia ) XV Reliant Astrodome X-Seven Safeco Field XIX Staples Center 21 Ford Field 23 Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) XXIV 33 NRG Stadium XXV University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , AZ ) XXVI Georgia Dome XXVII Hard Rock Stadium XXVIII MetLife Stadium 29 Mercedes - Benz Superdome XXX 34 Levi 's Stadium 31 AT&T Stadium 32 Blockbuster / Carquest / MicronPC / Tangerine / Champs Sports / Russell Athletic / Camping World Bowl 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 ( Jan ) 1995 ( Dec ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Hard Rock Stadium ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Camping World Stadium ( 2001 -- present ) Broadcasters Orange Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Miami Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Atlantic Coast Conference Big Ten Conference Southeastern Conference Notre Dame Games 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014 2015 2016 2017 Notes The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , or Bowl Championship Series in 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 2001 , and 2005 . There was an Orange Bowl in January and December in 1996 and 2014 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 edition . BCS National Championship Game History University of Phoenix Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Hard Rock Stadium Rose Bowl BCS Broadcasters Tie - ins BCS # 1 BCS # 2 Rotating bowl 1999 ( Fiesta ) 2000 ( Sugar ) 2001 ( Orange ) 2002 ( Rose ) 2003 ( Fiesta ) 2004 ( Sugar ) 2005 ( Orange ) 2006 ( Rose ) Game 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 AFCA National Championship Trophy Miami Marlins Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv . Jupiter Hammerheads Greensboro Grasshoppers Short A Batavia Muckdogs Rookie Gulf Coast League Marlins DSL Marlins Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2009 World Baseball Classic stadiums Tokyo Dome ( Tokyo ) Foro Sol ( Mexico City ) Rogers Centre ( Toronto ) Hiram Bithorn Stadium ( San Juan ) Petco Park ( San Diego ) Dolphin Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Dodger Stadium ( Los Angeles ) Multi-purpose baseball parks ( open air ) -- Major League Baseball American League Angel Stadium ( Angels ; Anaheim , California ) Arlington Stadium ( Rangers ; Arlington , Texas ) Cleveland Stadium ( Indians ; Cleveland , Ohio ) Canadian National Exhibition Stadium ( Blue Jays ; Toronto ) Memorial Stadium ( Orioles ; Baltimore ) Municipal Stadium ( Kansas City , Missouri ) ( Athletics and Royals ) Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( Athletics ; Oakland , California ) Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ( Senators and Nationals ; Washington , D.C. ) Rogers Centre ( Blue Jays ; Toronto ) National League Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( Braves ; Atlanta ) Busch Memorial Stadium ( Cardinals ; St. Louis ) Candlestick Park ( Giants ; San Francisco ) Mile High Stadium ( Rockies ; Denver ) Pro Player Stadium ( Marlins ; Miami Gardens , Florida ) Qualcomm Stadium ( Padres ; San Diego ) Riverfront Stadium ( Reds ; Cincinnati ) Shea Stadium ( Mets and Yankees ; Queens , New York City ) Three Rivers Stadium ( Pirates ; Pittsburgh ) Philadelphia Veterans Stadium ( Phillies ; Philadelphia ) Ballparks in bold are still in use for baseball . Venues of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) BBVA Compass Stadium ( Houston ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Sun Life Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Jeld - Wen Field ( Portland ) M&T Bank Stadium ( Baltimore ) Red Bull Arena ( Harrison , New Jersey ) Rentschler Field ( East Hartford , Connecticut ) Rio Tinto Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( Denver ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_Rock_Stadium&oldid=814845400 '' Categories : 1987 establishments in Florida American football venues in Florida Baseball venues in Florida CONCACAF Gold Cup stadiums Defunct baseball venues in the United States Defunct Major League Baseball venues Hard Rock Cafe Miami Dolphins stadiums Miami Gardens , Florida Miami Hurricanes football venues Miami Marlins stadiums Multi-purpose stadiums in the United States National Football League venues NCAA bowl game venues Orange Bowl Soccer venues in Florida Sports venues completed in 1987 Sports venues in Miami - Dade County , Florida Tourist attractions in Miami - Dade County , Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 07 : 39 . 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-276975526438392248 | HCPCS Level 2 | HCPCS Level 2 - wikipedia HCPCS Level 2 Jump to : navigation , search HCPCS Level II codes are alphanumeric medical procedure codes , primarily for non-physician services such as ambulance services and prosthetic devices , . They represent items , supplies and non-physician services not covered by CPT - 4 codes ( Level I ) . Level II codes are composed of a single letter in the range A to V , followed by 4 digits . Level II codes are maintained by the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) . There is some overlap between HCPCS codes and National Drug Code ( NDC ) codes , with a subset of NDC codes also in HCPCS , and vice versa . The CMS maintains a crosswalk from NDC to HCPCS in the form of an Excel file . The crosswalk is updated quarterly . Types of Level II codes ( edit ) The letters at the beginning of HCPCS Level II codes have the following meanings : A-codes ( example : A0021 ) : Transportation , Medical & Surgical Supplies , Miscellaneous & Experimental B - codes ( example : B4034 ) : Enteral and Parenteral Therapy C - codes ( example : C1300 ) : Temporary Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System D - codes : Dental Procedures E-codes ( example : E0100 ) : Durable Medical Equipment G - codes ( example : G0008 ) : Temporary Procedures & Professional Services H - codes ( example : H0001 ) : Rehabilitative Services J - codes ( example : J0120 ) : Drugs Administered Other Than Oral Method , Chemotherapy Drugs K - codes ( example : K0001 ) : Temporary Codes for Durable Medical Equipment Regional Carriers L - codes ( example : L0112 ) : Orthotic / Prosthetic Procedures M - codes ( example : M0064 ) : Medical Services P - codes ( example : P2028 ) : Pathology and Laboratory Q - codes ( example : Q0035 ) : Temporary Codes R - codes ( example : R0070 ) : Diagnostic Radiology Services S - codes ( example : S0012 ) : Private Payer Codes T - codes ( example : T1000 ) : State Medicaid Agency Codes V - codes ( example : V2020 ) : Vision / Hearing Services There are three important HCPCS Level 2 codes for digital mammograms that often used ( G0202 , G0204 and G0206 ) . The original mammogram codes ( film based mammograms ) are CPT codes ( 77055 , 77056 , and 77057 ) , so it would be easy to overlook the increasingly used digital mammogram codes that remain as HCPCS Level 2 codes if one did not know they existed ( and possibly under - report mammogram statistics ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Health Care Common Procedure Coding System ( HCPCS ) Level II Codes '' . American Speech - Language - Hearing Association ( ASHA ) . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is HCPCS ? '' . AAPC . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ State of Wisconsin , Department of Health Services , Clinical Advisory Committee on Health and Emerging Technology . Procedure Code Overview . March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 12 from http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/cachet/March2510mtg/3.25.10CACHETCPTandHCPCSOverview.doc . External links ( edit ) HCPCS by the AAPC HCPCS Complete Reference Medical classification Topographical codes Terminologia TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes general : ICD 11 ( not yet released ; in development ) 10 9 ICPC - 2 DRC NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized : ICD - O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM IV BPA CCMD - 3 Procedural codes HCPCS ( CPT , Level 2 ) ICD 10 PCS 9 - CM Volume 3 ICHI NIC SNOMED P axis OPS - 301 Read codes / OPCS - 4 CCAM LOINC Pharmaceutical codes ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes NOC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HCPCS_Level_2&oldid=787720937 '' Categories : Clinical procedure classification Medical manuals Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) American Medical Association Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 04 : 22 . About Wikipedia | what is unique about hcpcs codes that begin with the letter t | [
"\nA-codes (example: A0021): Transportation, Medical & Surgical Supplies, Miscellaneous & Experimental\nB-codes (example: B4034): Enteral and Parenteral Therapy\nC-codes (example: C1300): Temporary Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System\nD-codes: Dental Procedures\nE-codes (example: E0100): Durable Medical Equipment\nG-codes (example: G0008): Temporary Procedures & Professional Services\nH-codes (example: H0001): Rehabilitative Services\nJ-codes (example: J0120): Drugs Administered Other Than Oral Method, Chemotherapy Drugs\nK-codes (example: K0001): Temporary Codes for Durable Medical Equipment Regional Carriers\nL-codes (example: L0112): Orthotic/Prosthetic Procedures\nM-codes (example: M0064): Medical Services\nP-codes (example: P2028): Pathology and Laboratory\nQ-codes (example: Q0035): Temporary Codes\nR-codes (example: R0070): Diagnostic Radiology Services\nS-codes (example: S0012): Private Payer Codes\nT-codes (example: T1000): State Medicaid Agency Codes\nV-codes (example: V2020): Vision/Hearing Services\n"
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"State Medicaid Agency Codes"
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-34814835571487715 | Battle of Khanwa | Battle of Khanwa - Wikipedia Battle of Khanwa This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of Khanwa Part of Expansion of the Mughal Empire Mughal painting depicting the Rajput Army ( Left ) armed against Mughal Army ( Right ) Date 1527 Location Khanwa , Bharatpur , India Result Decisive victory of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and consolidation of Mughal power in India . Territorial changes Expansion of the Mughal Empire into north - east and central India . Belligerents Mughal Empire Rajput Confederation Lodi dynasty loyalists Commanders and leaders Babur Humayun Ustad Ali Quli Mustafa Rumi Chin Timur Khan Mir Mohib Ali Khalifa Mir Abdul Aziz Mir Muhammed Ali Khan Khusrau Shah Kokultash Kassim Husain Khan Muhammad Zaman Mirza Askari Mirza Hindal Mirza Sayyed Mehdi Khwaja Asad Malik Hast Raja Sanghar Ali Khan Raja Silhadi ( Switched Sides - Betrayed Rajput Confederate ) Rana Sanga ( WIA ) Sultan Mahmud Lodi Hasan Khan Mewati † Maldeo Rathore Uday Singh of Dungarpur † Raimal Rathore of Idar Manik Chand Chauhan † Chandrabhan Chauhan † Ratan Singh Chundawat † Raj Rana Ajja † Rao Ramdas † Gokaldas Parmar † Raja Silhadi Ratan Singh † Medini Rai Sultan Nusrat Shah Strength 40,000 Mughals 8,000 Kabul Reinforcements 50 Field Artillery defectors : 35,000 Purbiyas of Silhadi 57,000 Hindu Rajputs 35,000 Purbiyas ( defected under silhadi ) 12,000 Muslim Rajputs 10,000 Afghans 500 War Elephants ( Neutral claims ) Campaigns of Babur 1st Samarkand 2nd Samarkand 3rd Samarkand Sar - e-Pul 4th Samarkand Akhsi Kabul Masudi Hazaras 1st India Qalat - e Ghilji 1st Turkomen Hazaras 2nd Turkomen Hazaras Ghilji 1st Kandahar 2nd Kandahar Eastern Afghanistan 2nd India Mohmand Mughal Rebellion Ab Darrah Kul Malek Ghazdewan Bajaur Pharwala Milwat Punjab Panipat Sambhal Bayana Gwalior Khanwa Chanderi Ghaghra The Battle of Khanwa was fought near the village of Khanwa , in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan , on March 17 , 1527 . It was fought between the invading forces of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and the Rajput forces led by Rana Sanga of Mewar , after the Battle of Panipat . The victory in the battle consolidated the new Mughal dynasty in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Initial skirmishes 3 Rajput - Afghan alliance against Babur 4 Babur rallies his troops 5 The battle 6 Aftermath 7 See also 8 Notes Background ( edit ) Rajput ruler Rana Sanga had sent an ambassador to Babur at Kabul , offering to join in Babur 's attack on Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi . Sanga had offered to attack Agra while Babur would be attacking Delhi . However , while Babur did attack Lodi and took over Delhi and Agra , Sanga made no move , apparently having changed his mind . Babur had resented this backsliding ; in his autobiography , Babur accuses Rana Sanga of breach of agreement . Historian Satish Chandra speculates that Sanga may have imagined a long , drawn - struggle taking place between Babur and Lodi , following which he would be able to take control of the regions he coveted . Alternatively , writes Chandra , Sanga may have thought that in the event of a Mughal victory , Babur would withdraw from Delhi and Agra , like Timur , once he had seized the treasures of these cities . Once he realized that Babur intended to stay on in India , Sanga proceeded to build a grand coalition that would either force Babur out of India or confine him to Afghanistan . In early 1527 Babur started receiving reports of Sanga 's advance towards Agra . It was treachery of a section of Sanga 's army that resulted in his defeat . Initial skirmishes ( edit ) After the First Battle of Panipat , Babur had recognized that his biggest danger came from two quarters : Rana Sanga and the Afghans ruling eastern India at the time . In a council that Babur called , it was decided that the Afghans represented the bigger danger , and consequently Humayun was sent at the head of an army to fight the Afghans in the east . However , upon hearing of Rana Sanga 's advancement on Agra , Humayun was hastily recalled . Military detachments were then sent by Babur to conquer Dholpur , Gwaliyar and Bayana , strong forts forming the outer boundaries of Agra . The commanders of Dholpur and Gwaliyar surrendered their forts to Babur , accepting his generous terms . However , Nizam Khan , the commander of Bayana , opened negotiations with both Babur and Rana Sanga . The force sent by Babur to Bayana was defeated and dispersed by Rana Sanga 's forces . However , subsequently , Bayana surrendered to Babur . Rajput - Afghan alliance against Babur ( edit ) Rana Sanga had succeeded in building a formidable military alliance against Babur . He was joined by virtually all the leading Rajput kings from Rajasthan , including those from Harauti , Jalor , Sirohi , Dungarpur , Dhundhar and Amber . Rao Ganga of Marwar did not join personally , but sent a contingent on his behalf . Rao Medini Rao of Chanderi in Malwa also joined the alliance . Further , Mahmud Lodi , the younger son of Sikandar Lodi , whom the Afghans had proclaimed their new sultan also joined the alliance with a force of 10,000 Afghans under him . Khanzada Hasan Khan Mewati , the ruler of Mewat State , also joined the alliance with a force of 12,000 . Babur denounced the Afghans who joined the alliance against him as kafirs and murtads ( those who had apostatized from Islam ) . According to historian Satish Chandra , Babur allied Afghans to unite against Hindus ( kafirs ) , as it was a religious battle . Chandra also argues that the alliance weaved together by Sanga represented a Rajput - Afghan alliance with the proclaimed mission of expelling Babur and restoring the Lodi empire . Babur rallies his troops ( edit ) According to Babur , Rana Sanga 's army consisted of 200,000 soldiers . However , according to Alexander Kinloch , the army did not exceed 40,000 during his campaign in Gujarat . Even if this figure is exaggerated , Chandra comments that it is indisputable that Sanga 's army greatly outnumbered Babur 's forces . The greater numbers and reported courage of the Rajputs served to instill fear in Babur 's army . An astrologer added to the general unease by his foolish predictions . To raise the flagging morale of his soldiers , Babur proceeded to renounce future consumption of wine , broke his drinking cups , poured out all the stores of liquor on the ground and promulgated a pledge of total abstinence . In his autobiography , Babur writes that : It was a really good plan , and it had a favorable propagandistic effect on friend and foe . The Battle ( edit ) The Battle of Khanwa took place at Khanwa , near Fatehpur - Sikri , on 16 March 1527 . Before the battle Babur had carefully inspected the site . Like in Panipat , he strengthened his front by procuring carts that were fastened by iron chains ( not leather straps , as at Panipat ) in the Ottoman fashion . These were used for providing shelter to horses and for storing artillery . Gaps between the carts were used for horsemen to charge at the opponent at an opportune time . To lengthen the line , ropes made of rawhide were placed over wheeled wooden tripods . Behind the tripods , matchlockmen were placed who could fire and , if required , advance . The flanks were given protection by digging ditches . In addition to the regular force , small contingents were kept apart on the left flank and in front for the tulghuma ( flanking ) tactic . Thus , a strong offensive - defensive formation had been prepared by Babur . Rana Sanga , fighting in a traditional way , attacked the Mughal army 's flanks . He was prevented from breaking through by reinforcements dispatched by Babur . Once the advance of the Rajputs and their Afghan allies had been contained , Babur 's flanking tactic came into play . The carts and matchlockmen were ordered to advance , hemming in the Rajputs and their allies . At about this time Silhadi of Raisen deserted the Ranas army and went over to Babur 's . Despite putting up a gallant fight , Rana Sanga and his allies suffered a disastrous defeat . Following his victory , Babur ordered a tower of enemy skulls to be erected , a practice formulated by Timur against his adversaries , irrespective of their religious beliefs . According to Chandra , the objective of constructing a tower of skulls was not just to record a great victory , but also to terrorize opponents . Earlier , the same tactic had been used by Babur against the Afghans of Bajaur . Aftermath ( edit ) The Battle of Khanwa demonstrated that Rajput bravery was not enough to counter Babur 's superior generalship and organizational skills . Babur himself commented : Swordsmen though some Hindustanis may be , most of them are ignorant and unskilled in military move and stand , in soldierly counsel and procedure . Rana Sanga managed to evade capture and escape to Chittor , but the grand alliance he had built collapsed . Quoting Rushbrook Williams , Chandra writes : The powerful confederacy which depended so largely for its unity upon the strength and reputation of Mewar , was shattered by a single defeat and ceased henceforth to be a dominant factor in the politics of Hindustan . On 30 January 1528 Rana Sanga died in Chittor , apparently poisoned by his own chiefs , who held his plans of renewing the fight with Babur to be suicidal . It is suggested that had it not been for the cannon of Babur , Rana Sanga might have achieved victory . Pradeep Barua notes that Babur 's cannon put an end to outdated trends in Indian warfare . See also ( edit ) Battles of Rajasthan First Battle of Panipat Battle of Ghaghra Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An Advanced History of India , Dr K.K. Datta , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Journal of Indian history , Volume 66 , Dept. of History , University of Kerala , 1988 Jump up ^ An Advanced History of India , Dr K.K. Datta , p. 429 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra , Satish ( 2006 ) . Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals ( 1206 - 1526 ) . 2 . Har - Anand Publications . Jump up ^ 8 Chaturkula Charitra , p. 25 Jump up ^ Babur , Emperor of Hindustan ( 2002 ) . The Baburnama : Memoirs of Babur , Prince and Emperor . translated , edited and annotated by W.M. Thackston . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76137 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barua , Pradeep ( 2005 ) . The State at War in South Asia . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80321 - 344 - 9 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Khanwa . hide Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khanwa&oldid=848088171 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1527 Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Battles involving the Mughal Empire Mewar History of Rajasthan Battles involving the Rajputs 1527 in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the significance of the battle of khanwa | [
"The Battle of Khanwa was fought near the village of Khanwa, in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan, on March 17, 1527. It was fought between the invading forces of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and the Rajput forces led by Rana Sanga of Mewar, after the Battle of Panipat. The victory in the battle consolidated the new Mughal dynasty in India.[3]\n"
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"consolidated the new Mughal dynasty in India"
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4753594423805282633 | Storey | Storey - Wikipedia Storey For the bottom floor of a building with no basement , see Solid ground floor . For other uses , see Storey ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A storey plan A storey ( British English ) or story ( American English ) is any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people ( for living , work , storage , recreation ) . The plurals are `` storeys '' and `` stories '' , respectively . The terms `` floor '' , `` level '' , or `` deck '' are used in a similar way , except that it is usual to talk of a `` 24 - storey building '' , but `` the 13th floor '' . The floor at ground or street level is called the `` ground floor '' in many places . The words `` storey '' and `` floor '' exclude levels of the building that are not covered by a roof , such as the terrace on the top roof of many buildings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Numbering 2.1 Consecutive number floor designations 2.2 European scheme 2.3 Canadian schemes 2.4 Latin American schemes 2.5 East Asian schemes 2.6 Hawaiian scheme 2.7 Idiosyncrasies 3 Lift / elevator buttons 3.1 European scheme 3.2 North American scheme 3.3 Subterranean floors 3.4 Half - height / split - level parking garages 3.5 Other labels 4 Room numbering 4.1 Portugal 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Houses commonly have only one or two floors . Buildings are often classified as low - rise , mid-rise and high - rise according to how many levels they contain , but these categories are not well - defined . A single - storey house is often referred to , particularly in the United Kingdom , as a bungalow . The tallest skyscraper in the world , Burj Khalifa , has 163 floors . The height of each storey is based on the ceiling height of the rooms plus the thickness of the floors between each pane . Generally this is around 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) total ; however , it varies widely from just under this figure to well over it . Storeys within a building need not be all the same height -- often the lobby is taller , for example . Additionally , higher levels may have less floor area than the ones beneath them ( e.g. , the Willis Tower ) . In English , the principal floor or main floor of a house is the floor that contains the chief apartments ; it is usually the ground floor , or the floor above . In Italy the main floor of a home is usually above the ground level , and may be called the piano nobile ( `` noble floor '' ) . The attic or loft is a storey just below the building 's roof ; its ceiling is often pitched and / or at a different height than that of other floors . A penthouse is a luxury apartment on the topmost storey of a building . A basement is a storey below the main or ground floor ; the first ( or only ) basement of a home is also called the lower ground floor . Split - level homes have floors that offset from each other by less than the height of a full storey . A mezzanine , in particular , is typically a floor halfway between the ground floor and the next higher floor . Homes with a split - level entry have the entire main floor raised half a storey height above the street entrance level , and a basement that is half a storey below this level . In Macy 's Herald Square , there is a `` one - and - a-half '' floor between the first and second ; this can be considered a split level floor . There are also multi-storey car parks , also known as parking garages . Numbering ( edit ) Floor numbering is the numbering scheme used for a building 's floors . There are two major schemes in use across the world . In one system , used in the majority of European countries , the ground floor is the floor literally at ground level , usually having no number , and identified sometimes as `` G '' or `` 0 '' . The next floor up is assigned the number 1 and is the first floor , and so on . The other system , used primarily in the United States and Canada , counts the bottom floor as the first floor , the next floor up as the second floor , and so on . In both systems , the numbering of higher floors continues sequentially as one goes up , as shown in the following table : Consecutive number floor designations ( edit ) Height relative to ground ( storeys ) European / Australasian convention US / Canadian convention Russian / Soviet convention Japanese / Korean convention 4 Levels above ground storey 4 ( `` 4th floor '' ) 5 ( `` 5th floor '' ) 5 ( `` 5th floor '' ) 5F or 6F 3 Levels above ground storey 3 ( `` 3rd floor '' ) 4 ( `` 4th floor '' ) 4 ( `` 4th floor '' ) 4F or 5F 2 Levels above ground storey 2 ( `` 2nd floor '' ) 3 ( `` 3rd floor '' ) 3 ( `` 3rd floor '' ) 3F or 4F 1 Level above ground storey 1 ( `` 1st floor '' ) 2 ( `` 2nd floor '' ) 2 ( `` 2nd floor '' ) 2F or 3F Ground level storey 0 , G ( `` Ground floor '' ) 1 , L , G ( `` 1st floor '' , `` Lobby '' , or `` Ground floor '' ) 1 ( `` 1st floor '' ) 1F or 2F Partially below ground storey LG ( `` Lower Ground '' ) LL ( `` Lower Lobby '' or `` Lower Level '' ) 0 ( `` Semi-Basement '' ) GF or 1F 1 Level completely below ground storey − 1 , B1 ( `` 1st Basement '' ) − 1 , B1 ( `` Basement 1 '' or `` Basement '' ) − 1 , B1 ( `` 1st Basement '' ) B1F 2 Levels completely below ground storey − 2 , B2 ( `` 2nd Basement '' ) − 2 , B2 ( `` Basement 2 '' , or `` Sub-basement '' ) − 2 , B2 ( `` 2nd Basement '' ) B2F 3 Levels completely below ground storey − 3 , B3 ( `` 3rd Basement '' ) − 3 , B3 ( `` Basement 3 '' , or `` Sub-sub - basement '' ) − 3 , B3 ( `` 3rd Basement '' ) B3F Each scheme has further variations depending on how one refers to the ground floor and the subterranean levels . The existence of two incompatible conventions is a common source of confusion in international communication . In all English - speaking countries the storeys in a building are counted in the same way : a `` seven - storey building '' is unambiguous , although the top floor would be called `` 6th floor '' in Britain and `` 7th floor '' in America . Mezzanines may or may not be counted as storeys . European scheme ( edit ) In most of Europe , the `` first storey '' or `` first floor '' is the first level above ground level . This scheme is also used in many former British colonies , many Latin American countries ( including Argentina , Paraguay , Uruguay , and Brazil ) , in Hawaii ( when using Hawaiian language ) and in many of the Commonwealth nations ( including Malaysia , except Singapore and most of Canada ) . This convention can be traced back to Medieval European usage . In countries that use this system , the floor at ground level is usually referred to by a special name , usually translating as `` ground floor '' or equivalent . For example , Erdgeschoss ( `` ground floor '' ) in Germany , piano terra ( lit . `` ground floor '' ) in Italy , begane grond ( lit . `` trodden ground '' ) in the Netherlands , planta baja or planta baixa ( `` bottom floor '' ) in Spain , beheko solairua in Basque , andar térreo ( `` ground floor '' ) in Brazil , rés - do - chão ( `` adjacent to the ground '' ) in Portugal , földszint ( `` ground level '' ) in Hungary ( although in Budapest the `` fél szint '' or `` half floor '' is an extra level between the ground and first floors , apparently the result of a tax evasion trick in the 19th century ) , parter ( from French par terre , which means `` on the ground '' ) in Romania and Poland , prízemie ( `` by the ground '' ) in Slovakia and pritličje ( `` close to the ground '' ) in Slovenia . In some countries that use this scheme , the higher floors may be explicitly qualified as being above the ground level , such as in Slovenian `` prvo nadstropje '' ( literally `` first floor above ceiling ( of the ground storey ) '' ) . In Spain , the level above ground level ( the mezzanine ) is sometimes called `` entresuelo '' ( entresòl in Catalan , etc. , which literally means `` interfloor '' ) , and elevators may skip it . The next level is sometimes called `` principal '' . The `` first floor '' can therefore be three levels above ground level . In Italy , in the ancient palaces the first floor is called piano nobile ( `` noble floor '' ) , since the noble owners of the palace lived there . In France , there are two distinct names for storeys in buildings which have two `` ground floors '' at different levels ( on two opposite faces , usually ) . The lower one is called rez - de-chaussée ( lit . `` adjacent to the road '' ) , the upper one is rez - de-jardin ( lit . `` adjacent to the garden '' ) . The same differentiation is used as well in some buildings in Croatia . The lower level is called razizemlje ( abbr . RA ) , and the upper prizemlje ( PR ) . If there 's only one ground floor , it 's called prizemlje . The latter usage is standard for smaller buildings , such as single - family homes . Canadian schemes ( edit ) The English - speaking parts of Canada generally follow the American convention , where the `` first '' floor is the floor at the ground level and the floor above it is the `` second '' floor . Canada , however , uses the spelling `` storey '' , not `` story '' . In Quebec , the European scheme was formerly used ( as in France ) , but by now it has been mostly replaced by the US system , so that rez - de-chaussée and premier étage ( `` first stage '' ) are now generally equivalent in Quebec . Mexico , on the other hand , uses the European system . Latin American schemes ( edit ) In Latin America , planta baja and primer piso ( `` first floor '' ) , which are distinct in Spain and Mexico , are equivalent in Chile and Peru , and refer both to the ground - level floor ( although primer piso is used mainly for indoor areas , while planta baja is also used for areas outside the building ) . East Asian schemes ( edit ) Most parts of eastern Asia -- including China except for Hong Kong , Japan , Korea , and Singapore -- follow this system . In the grammar of the respective languages , the numbers precede the word `` floor '' , and are cardinals rather than ordinals , so they would translate literally as `` 1 floor , 2 floor '' ( etc . ) , rather than `` 1st floor , 2nd floor '' , or `` floor 1 , floor 2 '' . In Vietnam , the European scheme is used in the southern part of the country ( most notably in the country 's largest city , Ho Chi Minh City ) , but the American scheme is more prevalent in the northern and central regions ( including in Hanoi , the capital ) . Cardinal numbers usually follow the word `` floor '' ( i.e. floor 1 , floor 2 , or floor 3 ) . The northern Vietnamese system is also used in Indonesia . In Singapore , the British system of numbering originally prevailed . This was replaced in the 1980s with the North American scheme for compatibility with other Asian countries . To emphasise the difference from the original scheme , reference is frequently made to storeys rather than floors , where the third ( 3rd ) floor becomes either the fourth ( 4th ) storey ( or storey 4 ) or fourth ( 4th ) level ( or level 4 ) . Many buildings continue to label storeys or levels rather than floors . However , in the absence of clear official distinction between the terms , the meaning of `` floors '' and `` levels '' have become interchangeable with `` storey '' ; this is reflected in newer buildings . Some buildings in Singapore do use SL ( Street Level ) for ground level . In Japan and Korea , `` Floor 1 '' ( 1F ) is usually assigned to the lowest floor that is at least partially above the ground level , so occasionally , 1F in these countries corresponds to the `` lower ground floor '' in the UK . 2F then corresponds to the `` ground floor '' , 3F to the `` first floor '' , and so on . However , some buildings in Japan do adopt the semi-European scheme of floor numbering , with G or GL ( Ground Floor / Level ) as the lowest floor partially above ground level and its 1F / 1L is the lowest floor completely above ground level and so on . In the Philippines , the American scheme is widely used but some buildings ( including Ayala Malls developments and older government offices ) adopt the European scheme . The Lower and Upper Ground floor tagging is most used in shopping malls but , though rare , it can be used in office buildings . In these buildings , the word `` first floor '' means `` ikalawang palapag '' in Tagalog . Hawaiian scheme ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Hawaii , the Hawaiian - language floor label uses British floor numbering ; however , the English - language floor label use American floor numbering . Formerly , the English floor label also used British floor numbering ( Ground floor , First floor , Second floor , which in Hawaiian is ( Lepo papa , Papa akahi , Papa alua , respectively ) , but it was also replaced by North American scheme to make it the same as the rest of the US . To emphasise this difference , buildings in Hawaii use `` level '' rather than `` floor '' . Thus , Lepo papa = Ground floor = Level 1 , Papa akahi = First floor = Level 2 , etc . Idiosyncrasies ( edit ) Unusual floor numbering that reads B ( basement floor ) , LG ( lower ground floor ) , G , ( ground floor ) , UG ( upper ground floor ) , 1 ( first floor ) , L2 ( lower 2nd floor ) and 2 ( second floor ) . A large elevator panel in a North American high - rise omits several floors as well as designating three separate levels as penthouse floors . Some American high - rise buildings follow the British / European system , often out of a desire on the part of the building 's architect or owners . An arrangement often found in high rise public housing blocks , particularly those built in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s , is that elevators would only call at half the total number of floors , or at an intermediate level between a pair of floors ; for example a lift of a 24 - storey building would only stop at 12 levels , with staircases used to access the `` upper '' or `` lower '' level from each intermediate landing . This halves any building costs associated with elevator shaft doors . Where the total traffic necessitates a second lift the alternate floors strategy is sometimes still applied , not only for the doorway reduction but also , provisionally upon the passengers preferring no particular floor beyond capacity , it tends toward halving the total delay imposed by the stops en - route . A few buildings in the United States and Canada have both a `` first floor '' ( usually the main floor of the building ) and a `` ground floor '' below it . This typically happens when both floors have street - level entrances , as is often the case for hillside buildings . In the UK , the lower of these floors would be called the `` lower ground floor '' , while the upper would be called either the `` upper ground floor '' or simply the `` ground floor '' . Multi-storey car parks which have a staggered arrangement of parking levels sometimes use a convention where there may be an `` upper '' and `` lower '' level of the same floor number , ( e.g. : `` 1U / U1 '' = Upper 1st , `` L2 / 2L '' = `` Lower 2nd '' and so on ) , although the elevators will typically only serve one of the two levels , or the elevator lobby for each floor pair may be between the two levels . In 19th - century London , many buildings were built with the main entrance floor a metre above ground , and the floor below that being two metres below ground . This was done partly for aesthetics , and partly to allow access between the lower level and the street without going through the main floor . In this situation , the lower level is called Lower Ground , the main floor is called Upper Ground , and floors above it are numbered serially from 1 . There may also be a storage floor called `` Cellar '' below Lower Ground . Sometimes , floor number 1 may be the lowest basement level ; in that case the ground floor may be numbered 2 or higher . Sometimes two connected buildings ( such as a store and its car park ) have incongruent floor numberings , due to sloping terrain or different ceiling heights . To avoid this , shopping centres may call the main floors by names such as Upper Mall , Lower Mall & Toilet Mezzanine , with the parking floors being numbered Pn In Norway and Sweden the floors are numbered as in the North American scheme ( `` 1st '' = `` ground '' , `` 2nd '' , etc . ) , but one can also refer to them by how many flights of stairs one needs to climb to reach them from the ground floor . So , in Swedish 2 : a våningen ( `` 2nd floor '' ) is the same as 1 trappa upp ( `` 1 flight up '' ) ; 3 : e våningen ( `` 3rd floor '' ) is also 2 trappor upp ( `` 2 flights up '' ) ; and so on . In modern lifts , however , floors are usually numbered according to British convention , where the street level is referred to E ( for `` entré '' , or entrance ) or BV ( for bottenvåning , or bottom floor ) and the next floor is given the number 1 . There are some cases , especially in shopping malls in the Philippines , that the floor numbering in the elevator does not align with the floor numbering that is created by the management . However , in order to avoid confusion from mall visitors , the usage of the management 's floor numbering in advertising is more prevalent than the one posted in the elevators . There are some cases of odd floor numbering systems in the Philippines . In The Podium , the first basement of the expansion wing is called Lower Ground Floor , since the mall has a supermarket ( shared with parking ) ; however , its next basement is Basement 2 which serves the mall 's carpark , instead of Basement 1 to continue its floor numbering . In City of Dreams Manila Carpark Building , the 4th floor of the carpark is called Upper Ground Floor although the first three parking levels are from Ground to 3rd level . The parking floor actually serves the Upper Ground Floor of the resort . Its next level is 5th level to continue with its floor numbering . An elevator control panel in an apartment building in Shanghai . Floors 4 , 13 and 14 are missing . In some instances , buildings may omit the thirteenth floor in their floor numbering because of common superstition surrounding this number . The floor numbering may either go straight from 12 to 14 , or the floor may be given an alternative name such as `` Skyline '' or `` 14A '' . Letter boxes of a residential building built in the 1970s in Hong Kong . The Chinese and English floor numberings use the traditional Chinese and the British systems , respectively , resulting in different numbers . In Hong Kong the British numbering system is now generally used , in English and Chinese alike . In some older residential buildings , however , the floors are identified by signs in Chinese characters that say `` 二 樓 '' ( `` 2 floor '' ) at the floor just above ground , as in the North American system . For those buildings , the Chinese phrase `` 三 樓 '' or its English equivalent `` 3rd floor '' may refer either to the storey three levels above ground ( as in the modern numbering ) , which is actually labelled `` 四 樓 '' ( `` 4 floor '' ) , or to the storey with the sign `` 三 樓 '' ( `` 3 floor '' ) , which is only two levels above ground . This confusing state of affairs has led , for example , to numerous errors in utility billing . To avoid ambiguity , business forms often ask that storey numbers in address fields be written as accessed from a lift . In some mainland Chinese , Taiwanese and Indonesian buildings ( typically high - rises ) , the 4th floor is actually omitted or skipped , along with other floor numbers ending in 4 such as 14th and 24th . The floor above the third would be numbered as the fifth , and so on . This is because of tetraphobia : in many varieties of Chinese ( as well as the Chinese - derived numbers used in Korean , Japanese and Vietnamese ) the pronunciation of the character 四 ( `` four '' ) is very similar to the pronunciation of the character 死 ( `` dead '' or `` to die '' ) . Also for this reason , apartments on the 4th floor in Asian countries such as Taiwan have traditionally been cheaper to rent . It is also common in China for the thirteenth floor to also be omitted . In Hawaii , the Hawaiian - language floor label uses the British System , but the English - language floor label uses the American system . For example , Papa akolu ( P3 ) = Level 4 ( 4 or L4 ) . Lift / elevator buttons ( edit ) A Dover Custom Impulse Elevator control panel with floor numbering . In most buildings in the US and Canada , there is no thirteenth floor . The ☆ indicates the main entry floor . In most of the world , elevator buttons for storeys above the ground level are usually marked with the corresponding numbers . In many countries , modern elevators also have Braille numbers -- often mandated by law . European scheme ( edit ) In countries that use the European system , the ground floor is either marked 0 , or with the initial letter of the local word for ground floor ( G , E , etc . ) , successive floors are then marked 1 , 2 , etc . However , even when the ground floor button is marked with a letter , some digital position indicators may show 0 when the lift / elevator is on that floor . If the building also contains floors below ground , negative numbers are common . This then gives a conventional numbering sequence -- 2 , -- 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... In Spain and other countries whose official language is Spanish or Portuguese , the ground floor is usually marked PB ( planta baja , planta baixa , etc . ) , and in buildings where these exist , the entresuelo or entresòl and principal are marked E and P , respectively . In France , floors are usually marked the same way as in Spain ; however , the letters for the ground floor are RC ( rez - de-chaussée ) , seldom simplified to R. Where these exist , there are high ground RCH ( rez - de-chaussée haut ) and lower ground RCB ( rez - de-chaussée bas ) , or garden ground RJ ( rez - de-jardin ) and former ground RC . In Portugal , the letters corresponding to the ground floor are R / C ( rés - do - chão ) or simply R . For example , in the Polish language there is a clear distinction : the word parter means ground floor and piętro means a floor above the parter , usually with an ordinal : 1st piętro , 2nd piętro etc . Therefore , a parter is the zeroth piętro . Older elevators in Poland have button marked P for the ground floor ( parter ) and S for basement ( suterena ) . Elevators installed since 1990 have 0 for parter and - 1 , - 2 etc. for underground floors . In Hawaiian language , the labels , from the ground floor to the sixth ( UK ) / seventh ( US ) floor are , in order : LP , P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 and P6 . North American scheme ( edit ) In countries that use the North American system , where `` floor 1 '' is the same as `` ground floor '' , the corresponding button may be marked either with 1 or with a letter , as in the European scheme . In either case , the next button will be labelled 2 . In buildings that have both a `` 1st floor '' and a `` ground floor '' , they may be labelled 1 and G ( as in Russian scheme ) or M ( for `` Main '' ) and LM ( for `` Lower Main '' ) . M may also be used to designate a mezzanine level , when it is not counted as a separate floor in the building 's numbering scheme . In modern signage , at least in North America , a five - pointed star ( ) additionally appears beside the button for the main entry floor . In the United States , the five - pointed - star marking is mandated by Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) , as described in Section 4.10. 12 ( 2 ) of the ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities ( ADAAG ) . Subterranean floors ( edit ) There is no particular standard convention for the numbering of levels below ground . In English - speaking countries , the first level below ground may be labelled B for `` Basement '' , LL for `` Lower Level '' or `` Lower Lobby '' , C for `` Cellar '' or , in the case of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh , U for `` Underground '' . In British buildings , LG for `` Lower Ground '' is commonly encountered . If there is more than one basement , the next level down may be marked SB for `` Sub-Basement '' . The lower levels may also be numbered B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 , B5 , B6 , B7 , B8 , B9 , B10 , etc ... Negative numbers are sometimes used : − 1 for the first level below ground , − 2 for the second one , and so on . Letters are sometimes used : A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , J , etc . In Hawaii these levels are numbered I1 , I2 , I3 , ... ; `` I '' stands for `` ilelo '' , basement . Half - height / split - level parking garages ( edit ) In malls , one may find half - height parking garages , in which the floors are named after the mall , but the floors that between the mall 's floors may have suffixes like `` A '' or `` M '' added . For example , `` 1 '' , `` 1A '' , `` 2 '' , `` 2A '' , etc . The floors may be numbered as 1 , 11⁄2 , 2 , 21⁄2 , or `` 1 '' , `` 1.5 '' , `` 2 '' , `` 2.5 '' etc . Elevators in half - height parking garages in malls usually stop only at the mall levels and not the parking levels between the mall levels . In split - level parking garages , the lower level may have the suffix `` A '' and the upper level have the suffix `` B '' , like `` 1A '' , `` 1B '' , `` 2A '' , `` 2B '' , etc . Elevators in split - level parking garages normally stop at one of the two split levels or between the two split levels , and the levels in elevators may be named just `` 1 '' , `` 2 '' , etc . Other labels ( edit ) Elevator buttons may also be labelled according to their main function . In English - speaking countries , besides the common L for `` Lobby '' , one may find P for `` Pool '' or `` Parking '' ( and P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 , P6 , P7 , P8 , P9 , P10 , etc. for multiple parking floors ) , S for `` Skyway '' or `` Street '' , R for `` Restaurant '' or Roof , PH for `` Penthouse '' , OD for `` observation deck '' , W for Walkway , T for Tunnel , Ticketing or Trains , etc . In some US buildings , the label G on the elevator may stand for the building 's `` Garage '' , which need not be located on the `` Ground '' floor . Fairmont Royal York Hotel in Toronto marks the first six floors as A , L , MM , C , H and 1 ( for `` Arcade '' , `` Lobby '' , `` Main Mezzanine '' , `` Convention '' , `` Health Club '' and `` 1st floor '' ) . The North Carolina Museum of Art , whose entrance is on the third floor up , has the floors lettered C , B , A ( the main floor ) and O ( for `` Office '' ) . The Festival Walk mall in Hong Kong has floors labelled LG2 and LG1 ( `` Lower Ground 2 '' and `` 1 '' ) , G ( `` Ground '' ) and UG ( `` Upper Ground '' ) . Room numbering ( edit ) Main article : Room number In modern buildings , especially large ones , room or apartment numbers are usually tied to the floor numbers , so that one can figure out the latter from the former . Typically one uses the floor number with one or two extra digits appended to identify the room within the floor . For example , room 215 could be the 15th room of floor 2 ( or 5th room of floor 21 ) , but to avoid this confusion one dot is sometimes used to separate the floor from the room ( 2.15 refers to 2nd floor , 15th room and 21.5 refers to 21st floor , 5th room ) or a leading zero is placed before a single - digit room number ( i.e. the 5th room of floor 21 would be 2105 ) . Letters may be used , instead of digits , to identify the room within the floor -- such as 21E instead of 215 . Often odd numbers are used for rooms on one side of a hallway , even numbers for rooms on the other side . An offset may be used to accommodate unnumbered floors . For example , in a building with floors labelled G , M , 1 , 2 , ... , 11 and 12 , the fourth room in each of those floors could be numbered 104 , 114 , 124 , 134 , ... , 224 and 234 , respectively -- with an offset of 110 in the floor numbers . This trick is sometimes used to make the floor number slightly less obvious , e.g. for security or marketing reasons . In some buildings with numbered rooms , as in this Eastern European example , UK - like G , 1 , ... floor numbering is used , but with rooms numbered from 200 on the `` first floor '' ( above the ground floor ) , 300 on the 2nd floor , and so on . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , the rule ( official standard ) is : In buildings with only two corridors , all the apartments are marked as Esq . ( Esquerdo = Left ) or Dto . ( Direito = Right ) . So we have C / V Esq . ( Underground Floor Left ) , R / C Esq . ( Ground Floor Left ) , 1o . Esq ( 1st Floor Left ) , etc. ; and C / V Dto . ( Underground Floor Right ) , R / C Dto . ( Ground Floor Right ) 1o . Dto . ( 1st Floor Right ) , etc . Buildings with more than two apartments per floor , are marked with letters , clockwise within each deck . So apartment 8o - D ( not 8D ) means the 8th floor ( hence the character `` o '' meaning ordinal number ) , apartment D ( counting in clockwise direction , for those who are in the floor entrance ) . But a very common form for buildings with three apartments per floor is , Esq. - Frt. / Fte . ( Frente , en : Front - for the apartment located between left and right ) - Dto . These universal rules simplify finding an apartment in a building , particularly for blind people , who do not need to ask where a given apartment is . See also ( edit ) Deck Floor Mechanical floor Thirteenth floor List of buildings with 100 floors or more References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See spelling differences . Jump up ^ `` Story Define Story at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Jump up ^ Rick Steves ' Europe through the back door 2011 Jump up ^ What does LL stand for ? Jump up ^ sameish - Which Floor is Which ? Jump up ^ http://hk.news.yahoo.com/080409/12/2s3az.html Archived April 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Perkins , Broderick ( 2002 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Bottom Line Conjures Up Realty 's Fear Of 13 '' . Realty Times . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities ( ADAAG ) , Section 4.10 : Elevators Jump up ^ P may also stand for Parterre in some countries : http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/parterre . External links ( edit ) Look up storey in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Storey '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 968 . Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia South Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Real estate developments Commercial Airport Business park Commercial area Mixed - use development Office building Port inland Retail park Riverfront Shopping mall / center Shopping streets and districts Warehouse District Industrial Business cluster Industrial district Industrial park Technology centers Residential Bungalow court City block Company town Golf course community Gated community Housing estate Intentional community Mixed - use development Model dwellings for the poor Multi-family residential Private community Public housing Residential area Retirement community Revenue house Single room occupancy Subdivision Tract housing Science / Education Campus Research park list Satellite campus Science park Municipal Arcology Garden city movement Model village Planned cities Planned community Urban open space parks Buildings Apartment House types Skyscraper Tower block Villa Miscellaneous Brownfield land Cemetery Cluster development Construction Context theory Eminent domain Greenfield land Greyfield land Land - use planning Park Parking Playground Redevelopment Regional planning Urban design Urban planning Zoning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storey&oldid=844652399 '' Categories : Building Identifiers Floors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from December 2017 Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська 粵語 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 07 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is considered a story in a house | [
"A storey (British English) or story (American English)[1] is any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people (for living, work, storage, recreation). The plurals are \"storeys\" and \"stories\", respectively.\n"
] | [
"any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people (for living, work, storage, recreation)"
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2195324226537168557 | Linda Hunt | Linda Hunt - wikipedia Linda Hunt Jump to : navigation , search For the medical professor , see Linda M. Hunt . Linda Hunt Linda Hunt in September 2015 Lydia Susanna Hunter ( 1945 - 04 - 02 ) April 2 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Morristown , New Jersey , U.S. Residence Hollywood , California , U.S. Alma mater Interlochen Center for the Arts Goodman School of Drama Occupation Actress Years active 1976 -- present Height 1.45 m ( 4 ' 9 '' ft ) Spouse ( s ) Karen Klein ( m . 2008 ) Parent ( s ) Raymond Hunter Elsie Hunter ( née Doying ) Awards Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress ( 1983 ) Lydia Susanna Hunter ( born April 2 , 1945 ) , better known by her stage name Linda Hunt , is an American film , stage , and television actress . After making her film debut playing Mrs. Oxheart in Popeye ( 1980 ) , Hunt 's breakthrough came playing the male character Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously ( 1982 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , becoming the first person to win an Oscar portraying a character of the opposite sex . She has had great success in films such as The Bostonians ( 1984 ) , Dune ( 1984 ) , Silverado ( 1985 ) , Eleni ( 1985 ) , Waiting for the Moon ( 1987 ) , She - Devil ( 1989 ) , Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) , If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) , Rain Without Thunder ( 1992 ) , Twenty Bucks ( 1993 ) , Younger and Younger ( 1993 ) , Prêt - à - Porter ( 1994 ) , Pocahontas ( 1995 ) , The Relic ( 1997 ) , Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) , Dragonfly ( 2002 ) , Yours Mine and Ours ( 2005 ) , and Stranger Than Fiction ( 2006 ) . Hunt has also had a successful television career . She played Rose in the television movie Basements ( 1987 ) and narrated in the television movie The New Chimpanzees . She guest - starred on Hallmark Hall of Fame in both 1978 and 1987 , Space Rangers in 1993 , Carnivale in both 2003 and 2005 , Without a Trace in 2008 , The Unit in 2008 , and Nip Tuck in 2009 . From 1997 to 2002 , Hunt played the recurring role of Judge Zoey Hiller on The Practice . She currently portrays Henrietta `` Hetty '' Lange on the CBS television series NCIS : Los Angeles , a role she has held since the 2009 debut , for which she has received two Teen Choice Awards . She is also the narrator in the God of War video game franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Theatre 2.3 Television 2.4 Voice work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Video games 4.2 Television credits 4.3 Theatre 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunt was born on April 2 , 1945 in Morristown , New Jersey to Raymond Davy Hunter ( d . 1985 ) , the vice president of Harper Fuel Oil , and Elsie Doying Hunter ( d . ~ 1994 ) , a piano teacher who taught at the Westport School of Music and performed with the Saugatuck Congregational Church Choir in Westport , Connecticut , where Hunt was raised . She has one sibling , an older sister named Marcia ( b . 1940 ) . Hunt attended the Interlochen Arts Academy and the Goodman School of Drama in Chicago , Illinois , which now part of DePaul University . Career ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Hunt 's film debut in 1980 was in Robert Altman 's musical comedy Popeye . Two years later , she co-starred as Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously , Peter Weir 's film adaptation of the novel of the same name . For her role as the male Chinese - Australian photographer Billy Kwan , Hunt won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1983 , becoming the first person to win an Oscar for playing a character of the opposite sex . In addition , the character was Asian and had the condition of dwarfism . In her screen test , Hunt wore a hairpiece , a fake moustache , and `` paste - on pieces above her eyes to ( appear ) Oriental '' . To accomplish the role during production , Hunt shortened `` her hair and dye ( d ) it black ( , ) wore padding around her waist , shaved her eyebrows , and carried something in her shirt pocket . '' In her 1986 interview with the Bomb magazine , Hunt remarked that Billy Kwan `` is supra - personal ( with ) layers of sexual ambiguity ( . ) '' Hunt also played a nurse in She - Devil ( 1989 ) and the austere school principal opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in Kindergarten Cop in 1990 . Hunt played the assassin Ilsa Grunt in If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) opposite Richard Grieco and Roger Rees . Theatre ( edit ) Hunt was a well - known stage actress before she entered film and television . She made her Broadway debut in a 1975 production of Ah , Wilderness . She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her work in the 1984 play End of the World . She also received two ensemble Obie Awards for her work Off - Broadway in Top Girls and A Metamorphosis in Miniature . She created the role of Aunt Dan in Wallace Shawn 's play Aunt Dan and Lemon . She was a member of the Long Wharf Theatre Company in Connecticut . There she played the Player Queen in a production of Hamlet , among other roles . She portrayed Sister Aloysius in the Pasadena Playhouse production of John Patrick Shanley 's play Doubt . She was praised for her performance as the title character in Bertolt Brecht 's Mother Courage and Her Children . Hunt also appeared as Pope Joan in Caryl Churchill 's Top Girls when London 's Royal Court Theatre 's production was staged at the Public Theater in New York . In an interview with writer Craig Gholson and actor Vincent Caristi , Hunt discussed her experience acting in theatre , `` Acting onstage is like an explosion each night . And what comes in at you all the time as you are trying to ... create something which is a tremendous act of organization and concentration . '' . Television ( edit ) Her television appearances include recurring roles as Judge Zoey Hiller on David E. Kelley 's series The Practice and as Dr. Claire Bryson on Without a Trace . She has narrated several installments of The American Experience on PBS . Since 2009 , she has co-starred as Operations Manager Henrietta `` Hetty '' Lange , on the CBS show NCIS : Los Angeles with Chris O'Donnell , LL Cool J , Daniela Ruah , Eric Christian Olsen , and Barrett Foa . Voice work ( edit ) Hunt has a rich , resonant voice , which she has used in numerous documentaries , cartoons , and commercials . She is the on - air host for City Arts & Lectures , a radio program recorded by KQED public radio at the Nourse Theater in San Francisco , a program that presents interviews with celebrated writers , artists , and thinkers addressing contemporary ideas and values , often discussing the creative process . Hunt was chosen by Walt Disney Feature Animation to lend her enigmatic speaking and singing voice to Grandmother Willow in the animated musical film Pocahontas and its direct - to - video sequel Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World . Her voice work includes also the character of Management in Carnivàle , and the protogenoi Gaia , who serves as the narrator in the God of War series of video games . She narrated the introductory film at the International Spy Museum in Washington , D.C. , and has also been heard in various commercials of the late 1990s for Tylenol . Hunt narrated the PBS Nature special entitled Christmas in Yellowstone . She also narrated the National Geographic documentary The Great Indian Railway . Personal life ( edit ) Hunt is a lesbian , and has been with psychotherapist Karen Klein since 1978 . The two were married in 2008 . They currently reside in a historic neighborhood in Hollywood , California with their pet dogs , in an early 20th century American Craftsman style home . As a teenager , Hunt was diagnosed as having hypopituitary dwarfism . A person of short stature , Hunt stands at just 1.45 meters , or 4 ' 9 '' feet , tall . Hunt is an ambassador for the Best Friends Animal Society . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1980 Popeye Mrs. Holly Oxheart 1982 The Year of Living Dangerously Billy Kwan Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress ( tie with Mia Farrow for Zelig ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Australian Film Institute Jury Prize ( shared with Peter Weir ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Nominated -- National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress 1984 Dune Shadout Mapes The Bostonians Dr. Charlotte Prance 1985 Eleni Katina Silverado Stella Waiting for the Moon Alice B. Toklas She - Devil Hooper Kindergarten Cop Miss Ingrid Schlowski Carmilla Narrator 1991 If Looks Could Kill Ilsa Grunt Rain Without Thunder Atwood Society Director 1993 Younger and Younger Frances Twenty Bucks Angeline Prêt - à - Porter Regina Krumm National Board of Review Award for Best Acting Ensemble 1995 Pocahontas Grandmother Willow Voice The Relic Dr. Ann Cuthbert Eat Your Heart Out Kathryn 1998 Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World Grandmother Willow Voice 2002 Dragonfly Sister Madeline 2005 Auschwitz : The Nazis and the ' Final Solution ' Narrator Voice Yours , Mine and Ours Mrs. Edna Munion The Great Transatlantic Cable Narrator 2006 Stranger Than Fiction Dr. Jill Mittag - Leffler 2007 The Singing Revolution Narrator Video games ( edit ) God of War as Narrator God of War II as Gaia / Narrator God of War : Chains of Olympus as Narrator God of War III as Pre-title screen credits Narrator God of War : Ghost of Sparta as Narrator God of War : Ascension as Narrator Television credits ( edit ) This section is incomplete . ( June 2014 ) Year Title Role Notes 1978 Fame Mona Basements Rose Hudd Segment : `` The Room '' -- director : Robert Altman The Room Upstairs Mrs. Felicia Sanders TV movie 1993 Space Rangers Commander Chenault 1997 -- 2002 The Practice Judge Zoey Hiller 24 episodes 1998 -- 2006 The American Experience Narrator 2003 -- 2005 Carnivàle Management -- voice 9 episodes 2006 Nature Narrator Episode : `` Christmas in Yellowstone '' 2007 The Unit Dr. Eudora Hobbs 2 episodes 2008 Without a Trace Dr. Claire Bryson 3 episodes 2009 -- present NCIS : Los Angeles Henrietta `` Hetty '' Lange Main character 2011 , 2012 Teen Choice Awards Herself Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Action 2014 Scorpion Henrietta `` Hetty '' Lange Episode : `` True Colors '' Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1972 Hamlet Player Off - Broadway Ah , Wilderness ! Norah Broadway Little Victories N / A Off - Broadway Top Girls Pope Joan / Louise 1984 End of the World Audrey Wood Broadway 1985 Aunt Dan and Lemon Aunt Dan Off - Broadway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Linda Hunt '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linda Hunt '' . Fatctoidz . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Hunt Biography '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Family for Linda Hunt '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Byron . `` From the Archives with Byron Hanson : February 2010 '' . Interlochen Center for the Arts . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` The Cult of Linda Hunt '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Theatre School : History '' . DePaul University . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar trivia '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chung , Philip W ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` The 25 Most Infamous Yellow Face Film Performances '' . AsianWeek . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Unger , Bertil ( January 15 , 1986 ) . `` Size Is Small Problem for Hunt '' . New Straits Times . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Linda ( Summer 1986 ) . `` BOMB Magazine -- Linda Hunt by Craig Gholson '' . Bomb ( Interview ) . Interview with Vincent Caristi and Craig Gholson . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ End of the World accessed 11 / 23 / 2016 Jump up ^ Linda Hunt Awards Internet Broadway Database accessed 11 / 23 / 2016 Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( January 29 , 1984 ) . `` Theater : Mother Courage in Boston '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nourse Theater Jump up ^ `` Full Documentary Films Yellowstone National Park National Geographic Documentary '' . YouTube . 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ocamb , Karen ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` WeHo Marriages Go On '' . The BILERICO Project . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` Linda Hunt : A 4 - foot - 9 force of nature on ' NCIS : LA ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchalter , Gail . `` There are Always Answers '' Parade Magazine , 1991 https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19910502&id=UKpFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OocDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3689,6938803 Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Ambassadors -- Linda Hunt '' . Best Friends Animal Society . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Linda Hunt on IMDb Linda Hunt at the Internet Broadway Database Linda Hunt at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Linda Hunt at City Arts & Lectures Awards for Linda Hunt Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Melissa Jaffer / Jacki Weaver ( 1976 ) Veronica Lang ( 1977 ) Angela Punch McGregor ( 1978 ) Pat Evison ( 1979 ) Jill Perryman ( 1980 ) Judy Davis ( 1981 ) Kris McQuade ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Anna Maria Monticelli ( 1984 ) Annie Byron ( 1985 ) Lindy Davies ( 1986 ) Jan Adele ( 1987 ) Tina Bursill ( 1988 ) Victoria Longley ( 1989 ) Julia Blake ( 1990 ) Fiona Press ( 1991 ) Pat Thomson ( 1992 ) Judy Davis ( 1993 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 1994 ) Amanda Douge ( 1995 ) Toni Collette ( 1996 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1997 ) Toni Collette ( 1998 ) Sacha Horler ( 1999 ) Greta Scacchi ( 2000 ) Rachael Blake ( 2001 ) Judi Farr ( 2002 ) Sacha Horler ( 2003 ) Lynette Curran ( 2004 ) Noni Hazlehurst ( 2005 ) Susie Porter ( 2006 ) Emma Booth ( 2007 ) Toni Collette ( 2008 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 2009 ) Deborah Mailman ( 2010 ) Louise Harris ( 2011 ) Jessica Mauboy ( 2012 ) Elizabeth Debicki ( 2013 ) Susan Prior ( 2014 ) Judy Davis ( 2015 ) Miranda Otto ( 2016 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2017 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress 1980 - 2000 Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Kathy Baker ( 1987 ) Joan Cusack ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Rosie Perez ( 1993 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Courtney Love ( 1996 ) Sarah Polley ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) Frances McDormand ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Cameron Diaz ( 2001 ) Toni Collette ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Laura Dern / Sharon Warren ( 2004 ) Catherine Keener ( 2005 ) Shareeka Epps ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Juliette Lewis ( 2010 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2011 ) Sally Field ( 2012 ) June Squibb ( 2013 ) Emma Stone ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Lily Gladstone ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maureen Stapleton / Mona Washbourne ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Glenn Close ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Cathy Tyson / Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Lorraine Bracco ( 1990 ) Jane Horrocks ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin / Rosie Perez ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1996 ) Julianne Moore ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) Frances McDormand ( 2000 ) Kate Winslet ( 2001 ) Edie Falco ( 2002 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Catherine Keener ( 2005 ) Luminița Gheorghiu ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Amy Adams ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Agata Kulesza ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Lily Gladstone ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress Nina Foch ( 1954 ) Marjorie Rambeau ( 1955 ) Debbie Reynolds ( 1956 ) Sybil Thorndike ( 1957 ) Kay Walsh ( 1958 ) Edith Evans ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Ruby Dee ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Edith Evans ( 1964 ) Joan Blondell ( 1965 ) Vivien Merchant ( 1966 ) Marjorie Rhodes ( 1967 ) Virginia Maskell ( 1968 ) Pamela Franklin ( 1969 ) Karen Black ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Marisa Berenson ( 1972 ) Sylvia Sidney ( 1973 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1974 ) Ronee Blakley ( 1975 ) Talia Shire ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1980 ) Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Glenn Close ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Sabine Azéma ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Frances McDormand ( 1988 ) Mary Stuart Masterson ( 1989 ) Winona Ryder ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche / Kristin Scott Thomas ( 1996 ) Anne Heche ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Julianne Moore ( 1999 ) Lupe Ontiveros ( 2000 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2001 ) Kathy Bates ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Laura Linney ( 2004 ) Gong Li ( 2005 ) Catherine O'Hara ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Anna Kendrick ( 2009 ) Jacki Weaver ( 2010 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2011 ) Ann Dowd ( 2012 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2013 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2014 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 2015 ) Naomie Harris ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress 1969 -- 1980 Dyan Cannon ( 1969 ) Karen Black ( 1970 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1971 ) Jeannie Berlin ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1974 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1975 ) Talia Shire ( 1976 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1977 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Christine Lahti ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1987 ) Diane Venora ( 1988 ) Lena Olin ( 1989 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Gong Li ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Courtney Love ( 1996 ) Joan Cusack ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Catherine Keener ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Maria Bello ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Sally Field ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) Tiffany Haddish ( 2017 ) VIAF : 85079025 LCCN : n88100597 ISNI : 0000 0001 1476 3488 GND : 1061547094 SUDOC : 161990576 BNF : cb14014648j ( data ) NKC : pna2004259246 BNE : XX1305804 SNAC : w6c94tkd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Hunt&oldid=824042309 '' Categories : 1945 births Living people American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Best Supporting Actress AACTA Award winners DePaul University alumni Lesbian actresses LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from New Jersey Obie Award recipients People from Westport , Connecticut Interlochen Center for the Arts alumni 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Connecticut Actors with dwarfism Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles to be expanded from June 2014 Articles using small message boxes Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська اردو Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 23 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays hetty lange on ncis los angeles | [
"Hunt has also had a successful television career. She played Rose in the television movie Basements (1987) and narrated in the television movie The New Chimpanzees. She guest-starred on Hallmark Hall of Fame in both 1978 and 1987, Space Rangers in 1993, Carnivale in both 2003 and 2005, Without a Trace in 2008, The Unit in 2008, and Nip Tuck in 2009. From 1997 to 2002, Hunt played the recurring role of Judge Zoey Hiller on The Practice. She currently portrays Henrietta \"Hetty\" Lange on the CBS television series NCIS: Los Angeles, a role she has held since the 2009 debut, for which she has received two Teen Choice Awards. She is also the narrator in the God of War video game franchise."
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"Hunt"
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8671474029672839766 | The Way You Look Tonight | The Way You Look Tonight - wikipedia The Way You Look Tonight Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Jimmy McGriff , see The Way You Look Tonight ( album ) . For the song written by Elton John , see Something About the Way You Look Tonight . `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Single by The Lettermen from the album A Song for Young Love B - side `` That 's My Desire '' Released June 13 , 1961 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop , jazz Length 2 : 21 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Dorothy Fields Jerome Kern The Lettermen singles chronology `` The Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1961 ) `` When I Fall in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1961 ) `` When I Fall in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' is a song from the film Swing Time , written by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern , and originally performed by Fred Astaire . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1936 . In 2004 the Astaire version finished at # 43 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . The song was sung to Ginger Rogers as Penelope `` Penny '' Carroll by Astaire in character as John `` Lucky '' Garnett , while Penny was busy washing her hair in an adjacent room . The song was written by Jerome Kern with lyrics by Dorothy Fields , and has become a standard . Fields later remarked , `` The first time Jerry played that melody for me I went out and started to cry . The release absolutely killed me . I could n't stop , it was so beautiful . '' Fred Astaire topped the charts with his recording in 1936 and other popular versions that year were by Guy Lombardo and by Teddy Wilson with a vocal by Billie Holiday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Charts 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Cover versions ( edit ) The song was recorded on August 19 , 1936 as a duet between Bing Crosby and his then - wife Dixie Lee . Billie Holiday recorded this song in the same year as the film ; her version can be found on several collections including her Columbia box set from 2001 . It was also a big R&B hit for Los Angeles - based , multiracial group , The Jaguars in 1956 . The song also gave The Lettermen their first hit in 1961 , hitting # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and # 36 in the UK Singles Chart . Additional early covers include recordings by Leslie Hutchinson , Tony Bennett , Mel Torme , Chad & Jeremy , The Coasters , Perry Como in 1961 , James Darren , Doris Day , Ella Fitzgerald , Peggy Lee in 1941 , Johnny Maestro and The Crests , Johnny Pace , Frank Sinatra in 1964 , Arthur Tracy in 1937 , Sal Viviano , and Andy Williams . In 2004 , the song was recorded by Westlife in two versions on their album , Allow Us to Be Frank . During 2012 , UK - based indie band Tellison released a cover of The Way You Look Tonight on NaimEdge Records , as a B - Side to their single Freud Links The Teeth And The Heart . In 2013 , the renowned Spanish actress & singer Natalia Dicenta released a version of the song on her album Colours . Other modern covers include versions by Peter Skellern , Bryan Ferry , Phil Collins , Harry Connick , Jr. , Rod Stewart , Dexys Midnight Runners , Olivia Newton - John , Michael Bublé , Steve Tyrell , Joey McIntyre , Maroon 5 , Gideon Emery , Ray Quinn , Kris Allen , Chris Botti , Madeleine Peyroux , Susie Arioli , Gloria Estefan , Lynda Carter , and the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies . The song has become a jazz instrumental standard , inspiring numerous interpretations by a variety of jazz artists . Jazz pianist Art Tatum has an instrumental recording which appears on the 1990 collection The Complete Pablo Solo Masterpieces . Oscar Peterson also recorded a version on his 1959 album , Oscar Peterson Plays the Jerome Kern Songbook . Sonny Rollins and Thelonious Monk recorded it in 1954 . Saxophonist Johnny Griffin covered this song in the hard bop jazz style on his 1957 A Blowing Session album . Pianist Erroll Garner 's live version appeared on his `` One World Concert '' album in 1961 . Vibraphonist Cal Tjader recorded a Latin jazz version in 1964 . Guitarist Joe Pass recorded the song in 1975 , in a version published only in 2004 on the Virtuoso in New York album . Pianist Bradley Joseph performs his arrangement of `` The Way You Look Tonight '' on his 2006 album Piano Love Songs . In 2008 , contemporary jazz guitarist , Thom Rotella , covered the song on his album , Out of the Blues . In the 1942 film Once Upon a Honeymoon , Cary Grant says to Ginger Rogers he always wants to `` remember you just the way you look tonight -- er , today '' , a reference to Rogers ' appearance in the film in which the song was first heard . Edward Woodward performed the song on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1970 . `` The Way You Look Tonight '' is referenced in Harold Pinter 's 1971 play Old Times , in which two characters recite some of the lines . Greater use of `` The Way You Look Tonight '' is made in Brian Friel 's 1979 play Faith Healer , which quotes and makes repeated references to the song . The playing of the Fred Astaire original is the beginning of Teddy 's monologue in act two . The song was referenced in Friends , when Chandler gives Monica a romantic mixtape for Valentine 's Day ; the mixtape , however , had been given to him by his annoying ex Janice , and therefore had her voice on it . The song itself is featured in films including Chinatown , Hannah and Her Sisters , Father of the Bride ( 1991 ) , My Best Friend 's Wedding , First Daughter ( 2004 ) The Family Man , and the Kenneth Branagh films Peter 's Friends and Love 's Labour 's Lost ( 2000 ) . The song has also been featured in numerous TV series . James Darren , in his role as a holographic lounge singer Vic Fontaine , performed a rendition of the song in the final episode of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , `` What You Leave Behind , '' which also includes an instrumental version of the song during a montage . It is also sung by Allison Munn in the series finale of the WB sitcom What I Like About You and was used in the Friends episode `` The One With Unagi . '' The song was also performed by the band Mouse Rat on the Parks and Recreation episode `` Galentine 's Day '' , wherein Andy Dwyer dedicated it to April Ludgate . During the 85th Academy Awards , host Seth MacFarlane sang the song while Charlize Theron and Channing Tatum performed an old school dance number . The 1936 Crosby / Lee version figured in the season finale of the 2015 ABC / Marvel series Agent Carter . In 2015 , Amy Vachal covered this song live playoffs Top 24 on The Voice ( U.S. season 9 ) . In 2016 , Riley Elmore covered this song blind auditions on The Voice ( U.S. season 11 ) . In 2016 Violinist Vov Dylan did a cover of this song with his wife Toni Elsley in the album `` So In Love '' Alex Mendham & His Orchestra released a recording of this song on their 2017 album On With The Show . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 ) Peak position UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks See also ( edit ) List of 1930s jazz standards References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wilk , Max ( 1997 ) . They 're Playing Our Song . Da Capo Press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80746 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 604 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tellison - The Way You Look Tonight - YouTube '' . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Out of the Blues overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` CD Reviews of 2008 '' . BermanMusicFoundation.org . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` On with the Show - Alex Mendham and His Orchestra -- Listen and discover music at Last.fm '' . Last.fm . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . External Links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Jazz standards - The Way You Look Tonight Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Dorothy Fields Song lyrics `` Big Spender '' `` Do n't Blame Me '' `` Exactly Like You '' `` A Fine Romance '' `` Hooray for Love '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' `` I 'm in the Mood for Love '' `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' `` Never Gonna Dance '' `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' `` Pick Yourself Up '' `` Remind Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` You Could n't Be Cuter '' Musicals Books Let 's Face It ! ( 1941 ) Something for the Boys ( 1943 ) Mexican Hayride ( 1944 ) Up in Central Park ( 1945 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 ) Arms and the Girl ( 1950 ) By the Beautiful Sea ( 1954 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) Lyrics Blackbirds of 1928 ( 1928 ) Hello , Daddy ( 1928 ) Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic ( 1929 ) The International Review ( 1930 ) The Vanderbilt Revue ( 1930 ) Shoot the Works ( 1931 ) Singin ' the Blues ( 1931 ) Stars in Your Eyes ( 1939 ) Up in Central Park ( 1945 ) Arms and the Girl ( 1950 ) A Tree Grows in Brooklyn ( 1951 ) By the Beautiful Sea ( 1954 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) Sweet Charity ( 1966 ) Seesaw ( 1973 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1976 ) Sugar Babies ( 1979 ) Music The International Review ( 1930 ) The Vanderbilt Revue ( 1930 ) Family Lew Fields ( father ) Herbert Fields ( brother ) Joseph Fields ( brother ) The Coasters Carl Gardner Billy Guy Bobby Nunn Leon Hughes Adolph Jacobs Young Jessie Cornell Gunter Will `` Dub '' Jones Vernon Harrell Earl `` Speedo '' Carroll Ronnie Bright Jimmy Norman Thomas `` Curly '' Palmer Albert `` Sonny '' Forriest Alvin Morse Carl Gardner Jr J.W. Lance Primotivo Candelara Eddie Whitfield Dennis Anderson Studio albums The Coasters The Coasters One By One Coast Along with The Coasters It Ai n't Sanitary ( with Billy Guy ) Other albums The Coasters ' Greatest Hits Greatest Hits That Is Rock & Roll All Time Greatest Hits Their Greatest Recordings : The Early Years The Coasters On Broadway This Is the Coasters The World Famous Coasters 20 Great Originals 16 Greatest Hits What Is the Secret of Your Success ? Young Blood The Ultimate Coasters 20 Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits 50 Coastin ' Classics : Anthology The Very Best of the Coasters Golden Hits Great Yakety Yak & Other Favorites All Our Best The Best of the Coasters Yakety Yak : The Platinum Collection The Definitive Soul : The Coasters There 's a Riot Goin ' On : The Coasters on Atco Only the Best of the Coasters Singles `` Down in Mexico '' `` One Kiss Led to Another '' `` Young Blood '' `` Idol With The Golden Head '' `` Sweet Georgia Brown '' `` Gee , Golly '' `` Yakety Yak '' `` The Shadow Knows '' `` Charlie Brown '' `` Along Came Jones '' `` Poison Ivy '' `` What About Us '' `` Besame Mucho ( Part I ) '' `` Wake Me , Shake Me '' `` Shoppin ' for Clothes '' `` Wait A Minute '' `` Little Egypt ( Ying - Yang ) '' `` Girls Girls Girls ( Part I ) '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Just Like Me '' `` Ridin _́ Hood '' `` The Climb ( vocal ) '' `` The P.T.A. '' `` T'ai n't Nothin ' to Me '' `` Bad Detective '' `` Wild One '' `` Lady Like '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Crazy Baby '' `` She 's A Yum Yum '' `` Soul Pad '' `` She Can '' `` D.W. Washburn '' `` Act Right '' `` Love Potion Number Nine '' `` Cool Jerk '' `` Hush Do n't Talk About It '' B - sides `` Turtle Dovin '' `` Brazil '' `` Searchin ' '' `` ( When She Wants Good Lovin _́ ) My Baby Comes To Me '' `` What Is The Secret Of Your Success ? '' `` Dance ! '' `` Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart '' `` Sorry But I 'm Gonna Have To Pass '' `` Three Cool Cats '' `` That Is Rock & Roll '' `` I 'm A Hog For You '' `` Run Red Run '' `` Besame Mucho ( Part II ) '' `` Stewball '' `` The Snake And The Book Worm '' `` Thumbin _́ A Ride '' `` Keep On Rolling '' `` Girls Girls Girls ( Part II ) '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Teach Me How To Shimmy '' `` The Climb ( instrumental ) '' `` Bull Tick Waltz '' `` Speedo 's Back In Town '' `` Lovey Dovey '' `` I Must Be Dreaming '' `` Hongry '' `` Money Honey '' `` Bell Bottom Slacks And A Chinese Kimono ( She 's My Little Spodee - O ) '' `` Saturday Night Fish Fry '' `` Down Home Girl '' `` Everybody 's Woman '' `` The World Is Changing '' `` Talkin _́ _́ Bout A Woman '' Cover songs `` Autumn Leaves '' `` But Beautiful '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Easy Living '' `` Frosty the Snowman '' `` Gee , Baby , Ai n't I Good to You '' `` I Love Paris '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' ( by WIll Jones ) `` The ' In ' Crowd '' `` Moonglow '' `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` Mustang Sally '' `` My Babe '' `` On Broadway '' `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' `` Satin Doll '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` Willow Weep for Me '' `` You 'd Be So Nice to Come Home To '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Way_You_Look_Tonight&oldid=834323014 '' Categories : 1930s jazz standards 1936 songs 1961 singles Songs with lyrics by Dorothy Fields Songs with music by Jerome Kern Fred Astaire songs The Lettermen songs Bing Crosby songs Tony Bennett songs Chad & Jeremy songs The Coasters songs Perry Como songs Doris Day songs Peggy Lee songs Frank Sinatra songs Andy Williams songs Nat King Cole songs Olivia Newton - John songs Phil Collins songs Rod Stewart songs Dexys Midnight Runners songs The Jarmels songs Westlife songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Pop standards Debut singles Jazz compositions in E-flat major Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Kiswahili Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the original the way you look tonight | [
"\"The Way You Look Tonight\" is a song from the film Swing Time, written by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern, and originally performed by Fred Astaire.[1] It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1936.[1] In 2004 the Astaire version finished at #43 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema."
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"Fred Astaire"
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-4718792863606733375 | Servant leadership | Servant leadership - wikipedia Servant leadership Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy . Traditional leadership generally involves the exercise of power by one at the `` top of the pyramid . '' By comparison , the servant - leader shares power , puts the needs of others first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible . Servant leadership turns the power pyramid upside down ; instead of the people working to serve the leader , the leader exists to serve the people . When leaders shift their mindset and serve first , they unlock purpose and ingenuity in those around them , resulting in higher performance and engaged , fulfilled employees . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Robert K. Greenleaf and the modern movement 3 Formulations after Greenleaf 4 In the context of leadership styles 5 Link with leadership theory 6 Advantages 7 Disadvantages 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Servant leadership is an ancient philosophy . There are passages that relate to servant leadership in the Tao Te Ching , attributed to Lao - Tzu , who is believed to have lived in China sometime between 570 BCE and 490 BCE : The highest type of ruler is one of whose existence the people are barely aware . Next comes one whom they love and praise . Next comes one whom they fear . Next comes one whom they despise and defy . When you are lacking in faith , Others will be unfaithful to you . The Sage is self - effacing and scanty of words . When his task is accomplished and things have been completed , All the people say , ' We ourselves have achieved it ! ' Chanakya wrote , in the 4th century BCE , in his book Arthashastra : the king ( leader ) shall consider as good , not what pleases himself but what pleases his subjects ( followers ) the king ( leader ) is a paid servant and enjoys the resources of the state together with the people . Servant leadership can be found in many religious texts , though the philosophy itself transcends any particular religious tradition . In the Christian tradition , this passage from the Gospel of Mark is often quoted in discussions of servant leadership : 42 Jesus called them together and said , `` You know that those who are regarded as rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them , and their high officials exercise authority over them . 43 Not so with you . Instead , whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant , 44 and whoever wants to be first must be servant of all . 45 For even the Son of Man did not come to be served , but to serve , and to give his life as a ransom for many . '' ( Mark 10 : 42 - 45 . ) Robert K. Greenleaf and the modern movement ( edit ) While servant leadership is a timeless concept , the phrase `` servant leadership '' was coined by Robert K. Greenleaf in `` The Servant as Leader '' , an essay that he first published in 1970 . In that essay , Greenleaf said : `` The servant - leader is servant first ... It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve , to serve first . Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead . That person is sharply different from one who is leader first , perhaps because of the need to assuage an unusual power drive or to acquire material possessions ... The leader - first and the servant - first are two extreme types . Between them there are shadings and blends that are part of the infinite variety of human nature . '' `` The difference manifests itself in the care taken by the servant - first to make sure that other people 's highest priority needs are being served . The best test , and difficult to administer , is : Do those served grow as persons ? Do they , while being served , become healthier , wiser , freer , more autonomous , more likely themselves to become servants ? And , what is the effect on the least privileged in society ? Will they benefit or at least not be further deprived ? `` Robert Greenleaf recognized that organizations as well as individuals could be servant - leaders . Indeed , he had great faith that servant - leader organizations could change the world . In his second major essay , `` The Institution as Servant '' ( 1972 ) , Greenleaf articulated what is often called the `` credo . '' There he said : `` This is my thesis : caring for persons , the more able and the less able serving each other , is the rock upon which a good society is built . Whereas , until recently , caring was largely person to person , now most of it is mediated through institutions -- often large , complex , powerful , impersonal ; not always competent ; sometimes corrupt . If a better society is to be built , one that is more just and more loving , one that provides greater creative opportunity for its people , then the most open course is to raise both the capacity to serve and the very performance as servant of existing major institutions by new regenerative forces operating within them . '' Formulations after Greenleaf ( edit ) Most writers see servant leadership as an underlying philosophy of leadership , demonstrated through specific characteristics and practices . The foundational concepts are found in Greenleaf 's first three major essays , `` The Servant as Leader '' , `` The Institution as Servant '' , and `` Trustees as Servants . '' Building on Greenleaf 's work , these writers have offered a variety of formulations of servant leadership . Larry Spears identified ten characteristic of servant leaders in the writings of Greenleaf . The ten characteristics are listening , empathy , healing , awareness , persuasion , conceptualization , foresight , stewardship , commitment to the growth of others , and building community . Leadership experts such as Bolman , Deal , Covey , Fullan , Sergiovanni , and Heifitz also reference these characteristics as essential components of effective leadership . James Sipe and Don Frick , in their book The Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership , state that servant - leaders are individuals of character , put people first , are skilled communicators , are compassionate collaborators , use foresight , are systems thinkers , and exercise moral authority . Joe Iarocci , author of Servant Leadership in the Workplace , identifies 3 key priorities ( developing people , building a trusting team , achieving results ) , 3 key principles ( serve first , persuasion , empowerment ) and 3 key practices ( listening , delegating , connecting followers to mission ) that distinguish servant leadership in the workplace context . Kent Keith , author of The Case for Servant Leadership , states that servant leadership is ethical , practical , and meaningful . He identifies seven key practices of servant leaders : self - awareness , listening , changing the pyramid , developing your colleagues , coaching not controlling , unleashing the energy and intelligence of others , and foresight . ' The Center for Servant Leadership at the Pastoral Institute in Georgia defines servant leadership as a lifelong journey that includes discovery of one 's self , a desire to serve others , and a commitment to lead . Servant - leaders continually strive to be trustworthy , self - aware , humble , caring , visionary , empowering , relational , competent , good stewards , and community builders . In the context of leadership styles ( edit ) The most common division of leadership styles is the distinction between autocratic , participative and laissez - faire leadership styles . The authoritarian style of leadership requires clearly defined tasks and monitoring their execution and results . The decision - making responsibility rests with the executive . In contrast to the autocratic , the practice of a participative leadership style involves employees in decision - making . More extensive tasks are delegated . The employees influence and responsibility increases . The laissez - faire style of leadership is negligible in practice . Servant leadership can be most likely associated with the participative leadership style . The authoritarian leadership style does not correspond to the guiding principle . The highest priority of a servant leader is to encourage , support and enable subordinates to unfold their full potential and abilities . This leads to an obligation to delegate responsibility and engage in participative decision - making . In the managerial grid model of Blake and Mouton , the participative style of leadership is presented as the approach with the greatest possible performance and employee satisfaction . However , there is the question whether a leadership style can be declared as universal and universally applicable . Situational contexts are not considered . The servant leadership approach goes beyond employee - related behavior and calls for a rethinking of the hierarchical relationship between leader and subordinates . This does not mean that the ideal of a participative style in any situation is to be enforced , but that the focus of leadership responsibilities is the promotion of performance and satisfaction of employees . Unlike leadership approaches with a top - down hierarchical style , servant leadership instead emphasizes collaboration , trust , empathy , and the ethical use of power . At heart , the individual is a servant first , making the conscious decision to lead in order to better serve others , not to increase their own power . The objective is to enhance the growth of individuals in the organization and increase teamwork and personal involvement . A recent behavioral economics experiment demonstrates the group benefits of servant leadership . Teams of players coordinated their actions better with a servant leader resulting in improved outcomes for the followers ( but not for the selfless leaders ) . Link with leadership theory ( edit ) Some see a difference between a leadership philosophy ( e.g. `` servant leadership '' or `` ethical leadership '' ) and a leadership theory ( e.g. functional and situational leadership theories ) . The former is a values - based view of how leaders should act whereas the latter is usually a way of teaching leaders how to be more effective . For decades , the older leadership theories ( e.g. traits , behavioral / styles , situational and functional ) did not explicitly support or address the philosophy of servant leadership . However , this changed with the emergence of integrated psychological leadership theory -- as represented by James Scouller 's three levels of leadership model ( 2011 ) . Scouller 's model -- which attempts to integrate the older theories while addressing their limitations by focusing on the leader 's psychology -- emphasizes the idea that leaders should care as much about their followers ' needs as their own and view leadership as an act of service . Thus , the link between the philosophy of servant leadership and modern leadership theory has strengthened in the 21st century . Advantages ( edit ) This concept is seen as a long - term concept to life and work and therefore has the potential to influence the society in a positive way . The exemplary treatment of employees leads to an excellent treatment of customers by employees of the company and a high loyalty of the customers . There is a high employee identification with the enterprise . An excellent corporate culture is developed . Leaders of a company define themselves by their significance to the people . Servant leadership can be used as a principle to improve the return on investment of staff , in all economic sectors . Managers who empower and respect their staff get better performance in return . Disadvantages ( edit ) Servant leadership is seen as a long - term application and therefore needs time for applying . Servant leadership assumes low level of control over team . ( Considered an advantage in non-profit service group sector as it promotes open communication & group problem solving if combined with leadership accountability and delegating of work . Toastmasters International uses this model of leadership , called Service Leadership , as the type of leadership developed with the Toastmasters Educational programme ) See also ( edit ) John Adair ( author ) Three Levels of Leadership model Authentic leadership References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Is Servant Leadership '' . Servant Leadership Institute . Servant Leadership Institute . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lao Tzu , Tao Teh Ching , trans . John C.H. Wu ( Boston , Massachusetts : Shambhala , 2006 ) , 35 . Jump up ^ `` Mark 10 : 42 - 45 ( New International Version Bible ) '' . Bible Gateway ( in Latin ) . 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenleaf , R. ( 1991 ) . The servant as leader ( ( Rev. ed . ) . Indianapolis , IN : Robert K. Greenleaf Center . Jump up ^ `` What Is Servant Leadership ? '' . Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Iarocci , Servant Leadership in the Workplace : A Brief Introduction ( Atlanta : Cairnway , 2017 ) , chs. 5 , 6 , 7 . Jump up ^ Staehle , W.H. : Management , p. 842 Jump up ^ Neuberger , O. : Führen und führen lassen , S. 515 Jump up ^ Gillet , J. , Cartwright , E. , & Van Vugt , M. ( 2010 ) . Selfish or servant leadership : Testing evolutionary predictions about leadership in coordination games . Personality and Individual Differences . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2010.06. 003 Jump up ^ `` leadership terminology definitions -- models , philosophies , styles '' , Businessballs management information , website : Leadership Theories , 24 February 2012 , retrieved August 2012 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Scouller , J. ( 2011 ) . The Three Levels of Leadership : How to Develop Your Leadership Presence , Knowhow and Skill . Cirencester : Management Books 2000. , ISBN 9781852526818 ^ Jump up to : © 2008 12manage B.V. `` Dienende Führung ( Robert K. Greenleaf ) '' . 12manage.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Ways to Improve Employee Satisfaction '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Five Steps To Increasing Employee Motivation '' . Jpmaroney.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pink , D. ( 2012 ). To Sell Is Human : The Surprising Truth About Moving Others . New York : Riverbed Books . pp. 219 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cairnway Center for Servant Leadership Excellence What is servant leadership ? Further reading ( edit ) James Autry . The Servant Leader ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5473 - 7 Art Barter . Farmer Able ISBN 1 - 6278 - 7235 - 3 Art Barter . The Servant Leadership Journal : An 18 Week Journey to Transform You and Your Organization ISBN 978 - 0 - 998 - 67110 - 9 Ken Blanchard , Leading at a Higher Level ( Chapter 12 ) , ISBN 0 - 13 - 234772 - 5 Peter Block . Stewardship ISBN 1 - 881052 - 86 - 9 Jim Boyd , A Servant Leader 's Journey , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4568 - 3 Max DePree , Leadership is an Art ISBN 0 - 440 - 50324 - 8 Jerry Glashagel , Servant - Institutions in Business , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9822012 - 3 - 7 Robert Greenleaf . Servant Leadership ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0554 - 3 Denny Gunderson , The Leadership Paradox : A Challenge to Servant Leadership in a Power - Hungry World ISBN 978 - 1 - 57658 - 379 - 1 Trevor M. Hall , ed . Becoming Authentic : The Search for Wholeness and Calling as a Servant Leader ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 929569 - 36 - 6 Kent Halstead , Servant Leadership for Congregations James Hunter . the Servant ISBN 0 - 7615 - 1369 - 8 James Hunter . The World 's Most Powerful Leadership Principle ISBN 1 - 57856 - 975 - 38 Joseph J. Iarocci . Servant Leadership in the Workplace : A Brief Introduction ISBN 978 - 0 - 692 - 86126 - 4 Ken Jennings and John Stahl - Wert , The Serving Leader , ISBN 1 - 57675 - 265 - 8 Kent M. Keith . The Case For Servant Leadership Michael Parsons & David J. Cohen , eds . On Eagles ' Wings . An Exploration of Strength in the Midst of Weakness ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7188 - 9195 - 4 George SanFacon , A Conscious Person 's Guide to the Workplace , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 6680 - 9 James W. Sipe & Don M. Frick . Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4560 - 7 Larry Spears , ed . Reflections on Leadership ISBN 0 - 471 - 03686 - 2 Larry Spears , ed . Insights on Leadership ISBN 0 - 471 - 17634 - 6 Larry Spears , ed . Focus on Leadership ISBN 0 - 471 - 41162 - 0 Larry Spears & Michele Lawrence , ed . Practicing Servant - Leadership ISBN 0 - 7879 - 7455 - 2 John J. Sullivan , Servant First ! Leadership for the New Millennium ISBN 1 - 59467 - 227 - X Scott Ward , Servant Leadership Practice : 40 Days to Transform Your Leadership and Your Organization , BNID 2940012590022 , ASIN B005KLY8SY * External links ( edit ) Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership Servant Leadership Institute Servant Leadership : Theory & Practice Ken Jennings , PhD for The Serving Leader Servant Leaders World Cairnway Center for Servant Leadership Excellence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Servant_leadership&oldid=805177903 '' Categories : Leadership Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from December 2012 Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from December 2012 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles that may contain original research from December 2012 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the leadership approach that defines the leaders role as serving the needs of others is called | [
"Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy. Traditional leadership generally involves the exercise of power by one at the “top of the pyramid.” By comparison, the servant-leader shares power, puts the needs of others first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible. Servant leadership turns the power pyramid upside down; instead of the people working to serve the leader, the leader exists to serve the people. When leaders shift their mindset and serve first, they unlock purpose and ingenuity in those around them, resulting in higher performance and engaged, fulfilled employees.[1]"
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"Servant leadership"
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3518398517761797821 | History of Colorado | History of Colorado - wikipedia History of Colorado Jump to : navigation , search See also : Timeline of Colorado history Roxborough State Park East Spanish Peak , Sangre de Cristo Mountains This article covers Colorado 's historic period , when events were recorded . For Colorado 's prehistoric history , go to Prehistory of Colorado . Main articles : Colorado and History of the United States The human history of Colorado extends back more than 14,000 years . The region that is today the state of Colorado was first inhabited by American Indians . The Lindenmeier Site in Larimer County , Colorado , is a Folsom culture archaeological site with artifacts dating from approximately 8710 BCE . When explorers , early trappers and hunters and gold miners visited and settled in Colorado , the state was populated by American Indian nations . Westward expansion brought European settlers to the area and Colorado 's recorded history began with treaties and wars with Mexico and American Indian nations to gain territorial lands to support the transcontinental migration . In the early days of the Colorado gold rush , Colorado was a Territory of Kansas and Territory of Jefferson . On August 1 , 1876 , Colorado was admitted as a state , maintaining its territorial borders . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historic American Indian people 2 European settlement 3 Pike 's Peak Gold Rush 4 Territory of Jefferson 5 Territory of Colorado 6 Colorado War 7 Colorado becomes a state 8 Mining in Colorado 9 `` The World 's Sanitarium '' 10 Twentieth century 11 Twenty - first century 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Primary sources 15 External links Historic American Indian people ( edit ) Chief Ouray and Chipeta Ancient Pueblo Peoples -- A diverse group of peoples that lived in the valleys and mesas of the Colorado Plateau Apache Nation -- An Athabaskan - speaking nation that lived in the Great Plains in the 18th century , then migrated southward to Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , leaving a void on the plains that was filled by the Arapaho and Cheyenne from the east . Arapaho Nation -- An Algonquian - speaking nation that migrated westward to the base of the Rocky Mountains in the late 19th century and settled on the piedmont and the eastern plains . They were relocated entirely out of Colorado in 1865 following the Colorado War . Cheyenne Nation -- An Algonquian - speaking nation very closely related to the Arapaho . Like the Arapaho , they migrated westward in the 18th century to the base of the Rockies . They often lived in bands interspersed among the Arapaho , and were also relocated out of Colorado in the 1860s . Comanche Nation -- A Numic - speaking nation that lived on the High Plains of southeastern Colorado . Closely related to the Shoshone , they acquired the horse from the Spaniards and roamed the southern Great Plains . The Comanche were removed to Indian territory . Shoshone Nation -- A Numic - speaking nation that inhabited intermountain valleys along the north edge of the state , especially in the Yampa River valley , up through the late 19th century . Areas included North Park and Browns Park . Ute Nation -- A Numic - speaking nation that has lived in the Southern and the Western Rocky Mountains for many centuries . Their leaders were Chief Ouray and his wife Chipeta . They often clashed with the Arapaho and Cheyenne , and resisted the encroachment of these nations into the mountains . Until the 1880s , the Ute controlled nearly all of Colorado west of the continental divide , a situation that eroded after the silver boom of 1879 . After clashing with white settlers in the 1880s in the Meeker Massacre , they were nearly entirely relocated out of the state into Utah , except for two small reservations in southwestern Colorado . European settlement ( edit ) Juan De Oñate , first Governor of New Spain The first Europeans to visit the region were Spanish conquistadors . Juan de Oñate who lived until 1626 , founded what would become the Spanish province of Santa Fé de Nuevo México among the pueblos of the Rio Grande on July 11 , 1598 . In 1706 Juan de Ulibarri claimed the territory of Colorado . In 1787 Juan Bautista de Anza established the settlement of San Carlos near present - day Pueblo , Colorado , but it quickly failed . This was the only Spanish attempt to create a settlement north of the Arkansas River . Colorado became part of the Spanish province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . The Spaniards traded with Native Americans who lived there and established the Comercio Comanchero ( Comanche Trade ) among the Spanish settlements and the Native Americans . In 1803 the United States acquired a territorial claim to the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains by the Louisiana Purchase from France . However , the claim conflicted with Spain 's claim to sovereignty over the territory . Zebulon Pike led a U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition into the disputed region in 1806 . Pike and his men were arrested by Spanish cavalry in the San Luis Valley , taken to Chihuahua , then expelled from México . Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared Mexico 's independence from Spain on September 16 , 1810 . In 1819 , the United States ceded its claim to the land south and west of the Arkansas River to Spain with the Adams - Onís Treaty , at the same time purchasing Florida . Mexico finally won its independence with the Treaty of Córdoba signed on August 24 , 1821 , and assumed the territorial claims of Spain . Although Mexican traders ventured north , settlers stayed south of the 37th parallel north until the United States signed a peace treaty with the Ute Nation in 1850 . Trading posts such as Bent 's Old Fort served fur traders in the early 19th century . During the period 1832 to 1856 , traders , trappers , and settlers established trading posts and small settlements along the Arkansas River , and on the South Platte near the Front Range . Prominent among these were Bent 's Fort and Fort Pueblo on the Arkansas and Fort Saint Vrain on the South Platte . The main item of trade offered by the Indians was buffalo robes , see Early history of the Arkansas Valley in Colorado . In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico , and the defeated nation was forced to relinquish its northern territories by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 . This opened the Southern Rocky Mountains to American settlement , including what is now the lower portion of Colorado . The newly gained land was divided into the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah , both organized in 1850 , and the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska , organized in 1854 . Most settlers avoided the rugged Rocky Mountains and headed for Oregon , the Deseret , or California , usually following the North Platte River and the Sweetwater River to South Pass in what is now Wyoming . On April 9 , 1851 , Hispanic settlers from Taos , New Mexico , settled the village of San Luis , then in the New Mexico Territory , but now Colorado 's first permanent European settlement . Pike 's Peak gold Rush ( edit ) Main article : Pike 's Peak Gold Rush Pikes Peak , Albert Bierstadt On June 22 , 1850 , a wagon train bound for California crossed the South Platte River just north of the confluence with Clear Creek , and followed Clear Creek west for six miles . Lewis Ralston dipped his gold pan in a stream flowing into Clear Creek , and found almost $5 in gold ( about a quarter of a troy ounce ) in his first pan . John Lowery Brown , who kept a diary of the party 's journey from Georgia to California , wrote on that day : `` Lay bye . Gold found . '' In a notation above the entry , he wrote , `` We called this Ralston 's Creek because a man of that name found gold here . '' Ralston continued on to California , but returned to ' Ralston 's Creek ' with the Green Russell party eight years later . Members of this party founded Auraria ( later absorbed into Denver City ) in 1858 and touched off the gold rush to the Rockies . The confluence of Clear Creek and Ralston Creek , the site of Colorado 's first gold discovery is now in Arvada , Colorado . In 1858 , several parties of gold seekers bound for the California Gold Rush panned small amounts of gold from various streams in the South Platte River Valley at the foot of the Rocky Mountains in then western Kansas Territory , now northeast Colorado . The gold nuggets initially failed to impress the gold seekers , but rumors of gold in the Rocky Mountains persisted , and several small parties explored the region . In the summer of 1857 , a party of Spanish - speaking gold seekers from the New Mexico Territory worked a placer deposit along the South Platte River about 5 miles ( 8 km ) above Cherry Creek ( in what is today the Overland Park neighborhood of Denver . ) The following year , William Greeneberry `` Green '' Russell led a party of Cherokee gold seekers from the State of Georgia to search for gold along the South Platte River . In the first week of July 1857 , Green Russell and Sam Bates found a small placer deposit near the mouth of Little Dry Creek ( in present - day Englewood ) that yielded about 20 troy ounces ( 622 grams ) of gold , the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region . News of this discovery soon spread and precipitated the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush . An estimated 100,000 gold seekers flocked to the region over the next three years . The placer gold deposits along the rivers and streams of the region rapidly played out , but miners soon discovered far more valuable seams of hard rock gold , silver , and other minerals in the nearby mountains . This gold rush helped to attract people to the state and resulted in a population boom . Territory of Jefferson ( edit ) Main article : Territory of Jefferson The Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on October 24 , 1859 , but the new territory failed to secure federal sanction . The Provisional Government freely administered the region despite its lack of official status until the U.S. Territory of Colorado was organized in 1861 . Territory of Colorado ( edit ) Main article : Territory of Colorado William Gilpin , first Governor of Colorado Territory The Territory of Colorado was a historic , organized territory of the United States that existed between 1861 and 1876 . Its boundaries were identical to the current State of Colorado . The territory ceased to exist when Colorado was admitted to the Union as a state on August 1 , 1876 . The territory was organized in the wake of the 1859 Pike 's Peak Gold Rush , which had brought the first large concentration of white settlement to the region . The organic act creating the territory was passed by Congress and signed by President James Buchanan on February 28 , 1861 , during the secessions by Southern states that precipitated the American Civil War . The organization of the territory helped solidify Union control over a mineral rich area of the Rocky Mountains . Statehood was regarded as fairly imminent , as during the run - up to the 1864 presidential election the Republican -- controlled Congress was actually eager to get two more Republican senators and three more electoral votes for President Lincoln 's re-election bid . Territorial Governor John Evans persuaded Congress to adopt an enabling act , but a majority of the 6,192 Coloradoans who voted , in a population of around 35,000 , turned down the first attempt at a state constitution and the second attempt at statehood . Later , at the end of 1865 , territorial ambitions for statehood were thwarted again , this time by a veto by President Andrew Johnson . Statehood for the territory was a recurring issue during the Ulysses Grant administration , with Grant advocating statehood against a less willing Congress during Reconstruction . Colorado War ( edit ) Main article : Colorado War The Colorado War ( 1863 -- 1865 ) was an armed conflict between the United States and a loose alliance among the Kiowa , Comanche , Arapaho , and Cheyenne nations of Native Americans ( the last two were particularly closely allied ) . The war was centered on the Eastern Plains of the Colorado Territory and resulted in the removal of these four Native American peoples from present - day Colorado to present - day Oklahoma . The war included a particularly notorious episode in November 1864 known as the Sand Creek Massacre . The battle , initially hailed by the U.S. press as a great victory , was later learned to be one of genocidal brutality . The resulting hearings in the United States Congress regarding the malfeasance of the U.S. Army commander , John Chivington , were a watershed in the white views of the Indian Wars at the close of the American Civil War . In 1868 the U.S. Army , led by George Armstrong Custer , renewed the conflict against the Arapaho and Cheyenne at the Battle of Washita River . Colorado becomes a state ( edit ) The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3 , 1875 , specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state . On August 1 , 1876 ( 28 days after the Centennial of the United States ) , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting the state of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker `` Centennial State '' . The borders of the new state coincided with the borders established for the Colorado Territory . Women won the right to vote in Colorado in 1893 . Colorado was the first state in the union to grant this right to women through a popular election . ( Wyoming approved the right of women to vote in 1869 through a vote of the territorial legislature . ) Governor Davis H. Waite campaigned for the Constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote in Colorado . Governor Waite is also noted as one of the few elected officials ever to call out the state militia to protect miners from a force raised by mine owners . Governor Waite belonged to the Populist Party . Mining in Colorado ( edit ) Colorado Mineral Belt Participants in the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush from 1858 to 1861 were called Fifty - Niners and many of the new arrivals settled in the Denver area . Gold in paying quantities was also discovered in the Central City area . In 1879 , silver was discovered in Leadville , resulting in the Colorado Silver Boom . Many early mining efforts were cooperative ventures . However , as easy - to - reach surface deposits played out , miners increasingly turned to hard rock mining . Such industrial operations required greater capital , and the economic concept of mineral rights resulted in periodic conflicts between the mine owners , and the miners who increasingly sold their labor to work in the mines . As the mines were dug deeper , they became more dangerous , and the work more arduous , creating the conditions for conflict . In 1880 , Colorado Governor Pitkin , a Republican , declared martial law to suppress a violent mining strike at Leadville . In the 1890s many Colorado miners began to form unions in order to protect themselves . The mine operators often formed mine owners ' associations in response , setting up the conditions for a conflict . Notable labor disputes between hard rock miners and the mine operators included the Cripple Creek strike of 1894 and the Colorado Labor Wars of 1903 - 04 . Coal mining in Colorado began soon after the first settlers arrived . Although the discovery of coal did not cause boom cycles as did the precious metals , the early coal mining industry also established the conditions for violent confrontations between miners and mine owners . The usual issues were wages , hours , and working conditions , but miners were also concerned about issues of fairness , and company control over their personal lives . Early coal mining in Colorado was extremely dangerous , and the state had one of the highest death rates in the nation . During the three decades from 1884 to 1914 , more than 1700 men died in Colorado 's coal mines . Coal miners also resented having to pay for safety work such as timbering the mines , and they were sometimes paid in scrip that had value only in the company store , with the cost of goods set by the company . A strike in 1913 resulted in the 1914 Ludlow massacre . Another coal strike in 1927 is best known for Colorado 's first Columbine massacre . In 1933 , federal legislation for the first time allowed all Colorado coal miners to join unions without fear of retaliation . Like all resource extraction , mining is a boom or bust industry , and over the years many small towns were established , then abandoned when the ore ran out , the market collapsed , or another resource became available . There were once more than a hundred coal mines in the area north of Denver and east of Boulder . The mines began to close when natural gas lines arrived . Coal and precious metals are still mined in Colorado , but the mining industries have changed dramatically in recent decades . Tuberculosis patients lie in beds on the porch of a building at the Jewish Consumptive Relief Society ( J.C.R.S. ) sanatorium Reports of the revival of molybdenum mining in 2007 resulted in ambivalent responses with Leadville welcoming the opening of the mine at Climax , but strong opposition in Crested Butte over proposed operations at Mount Emmons . Opinion in Rico , site of the Silver Creek stockwork Molybdenum deposit is more divided . There , land slated for development is being bought up by a mining company . Today there are many small mining towns scattered throughout Colorado , such as Leadville , Georgetown , Cripple Creek , Victor , and Central City . Although many of the mines no longer operate , the remnants of the operations can be seen in the form of mine shafts , outbuildings , and mounds of rock extracted from the hills . Many former mining towns turned to gambling to draw visitors , with Blackhawk and Cripple Creek serving as good examples . The 19th century ended with a difficult law - and - order situation in some places , most notably , Creede , Colorado , where gunmen like Robert Ford ( the assassin of Jesse James ) and con men like Soapy Smith reigned . In `` The World 's Sanitarium '' ( edit ) Starting in the 1860s , when tuberculosis ( TB ) was a major deadly disease , physicians in the eastern United States recommended that their patients relocate to sunny , dry climates for their lungs . As a result , the number of people with tuberculosis , called `` lungers '' , in the state grew alarmingly and without the services or facilities to support their needs . Not knowing how to manage a population of homeless , ill people , many were taken to jail . Because of the number of people with TB and their families who came to Denver for their health , by the 1880s it was nicknamed the `` World 's Sanitarium '' . Cynthia Stout , a history scholar , asserted that by 1900 `` one - third of Colorado 's population were residents of the state because of tuberculosis . '' See also : Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs 86 Twentieth century ( edit ) Branding cattle on a Colorado ranch , c. 1900 In the early 1920s , the Ku Klux Klan was an important political force in Colorado , but it was unable to get any of its proposals enacted into law , and it died out by 1930 . The 1930s saw the beginning of the ski industry in Colorado . Resorts were established in areas such as Estes Park , Gunnison , and on Loveland Pass . During WWII , the 10th Mountain Division established Camp Hale to train elite ski troops . In the 1940s , the Republican governor of Colorado , Ralph Carr , spoke out against racial discrimination and against the federal internment of Japanese - Americans during World War II . In 1967 , Governor John A. Love signed the nation 's first liberalized abortion law . The late 1960s saw violence in Denver , in the form of race riots , and college buildings being burned by radicals . In 1972 , Colorado became the only state to reject the award of hosting the Olympic Games after they had been granted . When Representative Lamm led a successful movement to reject a bond issue for expenses related to hosting the event , the International Olympic Committee relocated the 1976 Winter Olympics to Innsbruck , Austria . No venue had rejected the award before nor has any venue since . In 1999 , the Columbine High School massacre became the most devastating high - school massacre in United States history until the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Shooting in 2018 . Twenty - first century ( edit ) On July 20 , 2012 , not far from the location of the aforementioned massacre at Columbine High School , 12 people were killed and 70 people were injured in the 2012 Aurora shooting , when James Eagan Holmes , a former neuroscience doctoral student , walked into an Aurora , Colorado Cinemark movie theater with multiple firearms and tear gas grenades , and started shooting at random at people trying to escape during a midnight Thursday showing of The Dark Knight Rises , killing 12 people and injuring 70 others . It was the deadliest shooting in Colorado since the Columbine High School massacre and , in terms of both the dead and wounded in the number of casualties , was the largest single mass shooting in U.S. history . Colorado is now 1 of 8 states that have legalized both medical and recreational marijuana , allowing them to tax the product . As of July 2014 , six months after recreational shops began sales of marijuana in Colorado , the state has enjoyed a tax revenue of 45 million with 98 million expected by the end of the calendar year . This is in addition to increased economic revenues from `` pot tourists . '' See also ( edit ) History portal North America portal United States portal Colorado portal Main articles : Historical outline of Colorado and Timeline of Colorado history Cuerno Verde Colorado counties Colorado municipalities Colorado Silver Boom Colorado 1870 - 2000 Constitution of the State of Colorado History Colorado ( aka the Colorado Historical Society ) History of Denver , Colorado History of the Colorado Plateau History of the Great Plains History of the Rocky Mountains Index of Colorado - related articles List of counties in Colorado List of ghost towns in Colorado List of Governors of Colorado List of Lieutenant Governors of Colorado Outline of Colorado Pike 's Peak Gold Rush Prehistory of Colorado State of Colorado Santa Fe de Nuevo Méjico Louisiane Luisiana District of Louisiana Territory of Missouri State of Deseret Territory of New Mexico Territory of Utah Territory of Kansas Territory of Nebraska Territory of Jefferson Territory of Colorado Territorial evolution of Colorado Territorial evolution of the United States U.S. congressional delegations from Colorado Category : History of Colorado commons : Category : History of Colorado References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carl Ubbelohde , Duane A. Smith , Maxine Benson : A Colorado History , Pruett Publishing , 2006 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Cardelús , Borja ( 2007 ) . La huella de España y de la cultura hispana en los Estados Unidos ( 2 . ed . ) . Madrid : Centro de Cultura Iberoamericana ( CCI ) . p. 174 . ISBN 9788461150366 . Jump up ^ Torres , Fernando Martínez Láinez , Carlos Canales ( 2008 ) . Banderas lejanas : la exploración , conquista y defensa por España del territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos ( 1 ̇ed . ed . ) . Madrid : Edaf . ISBN 9788441421196 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Janet Lecompte , Pueblo , Hardscrabble , Greenhorn : The Upper Arkansas , 1832 - 1856 , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , hardcover , 354 pages , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1462 - 2 Jump up ^ Thomas J. Noel . `` Denver History : The Arapaho Camp '' . City and County of Denver . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gehling , Richard ( 2006 ) . `` The Pike 's Peak Gold Rush '' . Richard Gehling . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado '' ( PDF ) . Thirty - sixth United States Congress . February 28 , 1861 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kopel , Jerry ( July 30 , 2000 ) . `` History of how Colorado finally became a state '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forty - third United States Congress ( 1875 - 03 - 03 ) . `` An Act to Enable the People of Colorado to Form a Constitution and State Government , and for the Admission of the Said State into the Union on an Equal Footing with the Original States '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ President of the United States of America ( 1876 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Proclamation of the Admission of Colorado to the Union '' ( php ) . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ James Whiteside , Regulating danger : the struggle for mine safety in the Rocky Mountain coal industry , U of Nebraska Press , 1990 , page xii ( preface ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado mining divided over molybdenum '' article by Jason Blevins in The Denver Post Last Updated : 12 / 09 / 2007 08 : 06 : 50 AM MST Jump up ^ `` Freeport - McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc . Announces Plans to Restart Climax Molybdenum Mine '' Archived 2008 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Press release by Freeport - McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc . December 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Many ready to again embrace old path to prosperity '' article by Jason Blevins in The Denver Post Last Updated : 12 / 09 / 2007 02 : 07 : 37 AM MST Jump up ^ `` Coalitions build to again keep mining off beloved peak '' article by Jason Blevins in The Denver Post Last Updated : 12 / 09 / 2007 02 : 09 : 08 AM MST Jump up ^ `` Hydrothermal alteration and mass exchange in the hornblende latite porphyry , Rico , Colorado '' Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , Springer Berlin / Heidelberg , ISSN 0010 - 7999 ( Print ) ISSN 1432 - 0967 ( Online ) , Volume 116 , Numbers 1 - 2 / March , 1994 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00310700 , Pages 199 - 215 , Wednesday , December 1 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Divided town weighs promise of jobs vs. peace and quiet '' article by Nancy Lofholm in The Denver Post Last Updated : 12 / 09 / 2007 02 : 07 : 13 AM MST Jump up ^ Tuberculosis in Colorado history , The Denver Post , 05 / 31 / 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 Jump up ^ Varnell , pp. 39 - 40 . Jump up ^ William Wyckoff ( 1999 ) . Creating Colorado : The Making of a Western American Landscape , 1860 - 1940 . Yale UP . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Colorado Ski History.com. 1930 - 1939 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 Jump up ^ 10th Mountain Division History Archived 2010 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Metropolitan State College of Denver , 2004 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Abortion Law is Signed by Gov. Love '' . Lincoln Evening Journal . April 26 , 1967 . p. 2 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Investigators focus on accomplices in school shooting '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel. April 28 , 1999 . p. 15 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Officials release complete list of injured victims in Aurora massacre '' Jump up ^ `` Officials release complete list of injured victims in Aurora massacre '' . Fox News Channel . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jennifer ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` 12 shot dead , 58 wounded in Aurora movie theater during Batman premier '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/marijuana-states-legalized-weed-2016-11 Further reading ( edit ) Abbott , Carl , et al. Colorado : A History of the Centennial State , 2005 , textbook ; 553 pages , ISBN 0 - 87081 - 800 - 7 Athearn , Robert G. Rebel of the Rockies : A History of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. 1962 . Baker , James H. , and Leroy R. Hafen , eds . History of Colorado . 5 vol State Historical Society of Colorado , 1927 , with many short biographical sketches Bancroft , Hubert Howe , History of Nevada , Colorado , and Wyoming , 1540 - 1888 ( 1890 ) 828 pages ; famous classic ; online edition Berwanger , Eugene W . The Rise of the Centennial State : Colorado Territory , 1861 -- 76 , ( 2007 ) 208 pages Cassels , E. Steve . The Archeology of Colorado . Boulder : Johnson Books , 1983 Cronin , Thomas E. and Robert D. Loevy . Colorado Politics & Government : Governing the Centennial State , ( 1993 ) online edition Ellis , Elmer . Henry Moore Teller : Defender of the West . 1941 . Ellis , Richard N. , and Duane A. Smith . Colorado : A History in Photographs. 1991 . Gulliford , Andrew . Boomtown Blues : Colorado Oil Shale , 1885 - 1985 . 1989 . Hafen , Le Roy R. Colorado : The Story of a Western Commonwealth . 1933 . Hogan , Richard . Class and Community in Frontier Colorado . 1990 . Lamm , Richard D. , and Duane A. Smith . Pioneers and Politicians : 10 Colorado Governors in Profile. 1981 . popular Lecompte , Janet . Pueblo , Hardscrabble , Greenhorn : The Upper Arkansas , 1832 - 1856 , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , hardcover , 354 pages , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1462 - 2 Lorch , Robert S. Colorado 's Government . 5th ed. 1991 . textbook Ormes , Robert M. Guide to the Colorado Mountains . 7th ed. 1979 . Parsons , Eugene . The Making of Colorado : A Historical Sketch ( 1908 ) 324 pages online edition Philpott , William . Vacationland : Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country ( University of Washington Press ; 2013 ) 488 pages ; the post 1945 transformation of a once isolated and little - visited region into a major ski and tourist destination Rohrbough , Malcolm J. Aspen : The History of a Silver Mining Town , 1879 - 1893 . 1986 . scholarly study Scamehorn , Lee . High Altitude Energy : A History of Fossil Fuels in Colorado ( 2002 ) online edition Scamehorn , Lee . Mill & Mine : The Cf&I in the Twentieth Century ( 1992 ) online edition Schulte , Steven C. Wayne Aspinall and the Shaping of the American West ( 2002 ) online edition Schulten , Susan . `` The Civil War and the Origins of the Colorado Territory , '' Western Historical Quarterly ( Spring 2013 ) 44 # 1 pp 21 -- 46 . Smith , Duane A . The Trail of Gold and Silver : Mining in Colorado , 1859 -- 2009 ( Boulder : University Press of Colorado , 2009 . xiv , 282 pp . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87081 - 957 - 5 Smith , Duane A. Henry M. Teller : Colorado 's Grand Old Man , 2002 online edition Sprague , Marshall . Money Mountain : The Story of Cripple Creek Gold ( 1979 ) online edition Ubbelohde , Carl , Maxine Benson , and Duane Smith . A Colorado History . 6th ed. 1988 . textbook Varnell , Jeanne . Women of Consequence : The Colorado Women 's Hall of Fame , Johnson Press , Boulder , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 55566 - 214 - 5 . Wiatrowski , Claude . Railroads of Colorado : Your Guide to Colorado 's Historic Trains and Railway Sites , Voyageur Press , 2002 , hardcover , 160 pages , ISBN 0 - 89658 - 591 - 3 Wickens , James F. `` The Depression and New Deal in Colorado , '' in John Braeman et al. eds . The New Deal : Volume Two - the State and Local Levels ( 1975 ) pp 269 -- 310 Wright , James Edward . The Politics of Populism : Dissent in Colorado . 1974 . on 1890s Wyckoff , William ( 1999 ) . Creating Colorado : The Making of a Western American Landscape , 1860 - 1940 . Yale UP . Primary sources ( edit ) Ubbelohde , Carl , ed . A Colorado Reader ( 2nd ed 1964 ) Fossett , Frank . Colorado : A Historical , Descriptive and Statistical Work on the Rocky Mountain Gold and Silver Mining Region ( 1878 ) 470 pages online edition Fossett , Frank . Colorado , Its Gold and Silver Mines : Farms and Stock Ranges , and Health and Pleasure Resorts ( 1880 ) , online edition Parsons , Eugene . A Guidebook to Colorado ( 1911 ) 390 pages online edition External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHistory of Coloradoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity State of Colorado History Colorado `` Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics '' from Denver Rocky Mountain News Capitol Bureau Old Photographs of Colorado Colorado Ski Museum Info Please : Colorado History Years in Colorado ( 1876 -- present ) 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 ( hide ) State of Colorado Denver ( capital ) Topics Index Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Highways History Timeline Images Law Military Mountains Museums Public Defender Paleontology Rivers Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Seal of Colorado Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Central Colorado Denver - Aurora - Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area Eastern Plains Front Range Grand Valley High Plains High Rockies Mineral Belt Northern Colorado Northwestern Colorado Piedmont Plateau Roan Plateau Roaring Fork Valley San Luis Valley Sangre de Cristo Mountains South - Central Colorado Southwest Colorado Uinta Mountains Uintah Basin Western Slope Municipalities Akron Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Boulder Breckenridge Brighton Broomfield Cañon City Castle Rock Centennial Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Delta Denver Durango Englewood Erie Evans Fairplay Federal Heights Fort Collins Fort Morgan Fountain Golden Glenwood Springs Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Leadville Littleton Longmont Louisville Loveland Montrose Northglenn Parker Platteville Pueblo Salida Steamboat Springs Sterling Superior Thornton Trinidad Vail Westminster Wheat Ridge Windsor Counties Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor Notable battles Old World Won Comuneros Bicocca Rome ( 1527 ) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna ( 1529 ) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan ( 1595 ) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros ( Paraguay ) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan ( 1797 ) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Comuneros ( New Granada ) Trinidad ( 1797 ) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante Spanish colonizations Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca The Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación ( which allowed slaves to buy their freedom , and that of others ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Colorado&oldid=841079251 '' Categories : History of Colorado Jefferson Territory Colorado Territory History of the United 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"The first Europeans to visit the region were Spanish conquistadors. Juan de Oñate who lived until 1626, founded what would become the Spanish province of Santa Fé de Nuevo México among the pueblos of the Rio Grande on July 11, 1598. In 1706 Juan de Ulibarri claimed the territory of Colorado.[citation needed] In 1787 Juan Bautista de Anza established the settlement of San Carlos near present-day Pueblo, Colorado, but it quickly failed.[1] This was the only Spanish attempt to create a settlement north of the Arkansas River. Colorado became part of the Spanish province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.[2] The Spaniards traded with Native Americans who lived there and established the Comercio Comanchero (Comanche Trade) among the Spanish settlements and the Native Americans.[3]"
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"the Spanish province of Santa Fé de Nuevo México among the pueblos of the Rio Grande"
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-2365207581873477869 | Bill Goldberg | Bill Goldberg - wikipedia Bill Goldberg Jump to : navigation , search Bill Goldberg Goldberg in January 2015 William Scott Goldberg ( 1966 - 12 - 27 ) December 27 , 1966 ( age 50 ) Tulsa , Oklahoma , United States Residence Bonsall , California , United States Occupation Professional wrestler , actor , football player , mixed martial artist color commentator Years active 1996 -- 2004 ; 2015 -- present ( wrestler ) 1998 -- present ( actor ) 1990 -- 1995 ( football player ) 2006 -- 2008 ( color commentator ) Spouse ( s ) Wanda Ferraton ( m . 2005 ) Children Professional wrestling career Alma mater University of Georgia Website www.billgoldberg.com Ring name ( s ) Bill Gold Bill Goldberg Goldberg Billed height 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Billed weight 270 lb ( 120 kg ) Billed from Atlanta , Georgia Dawsonville , Georgia Parts Unknown Trained by WCW Power Plant Debut June 23 , 1997 William Scott Goldberg ( born December 27 , 1966 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , former professional football player and former mixed martial arts color commentator known for his time in WWE and WCW under the ring name Goldberg . Regarded as one of the more popular professional wrestlers of the late 1990s , Goldberg was the top star and public face of World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) at the peak of the Monday Night Wars . Goldberg rose to fame in WCW with a lengthy undefeated streak in singles competition from 1997 to 1998 , which was considered the longest winning streak in professional wrestling until Asuka surpassed it in 2017 . During this time , he became WCW United States Champion and WCW World Heavyweight Champion . He was also a one - time WCW World Tag Team Champion ( with Bret Hart ) , making him along with Hart the fifth WCW Triple Crown winner . Following WCW 's closure in 2001 , Goldberg wrestled for All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) between 2002 and 2003 , and for WWE between 2003 and 2004 , becoming a one - time World Heavyweight Champion in the latter . After twelve years away from the company , he returned to WWE in 2016 and headlined Survivor Series against Brock Lesnar , and Fastlane against Kevin Owens , where he won the WWE Universal Championship , his third world title . Goldberg headlined multiple pay - per - view events for WCW and WWE , including closing WCW 's premier annual event , Starrcade , on two occasions ( 1998 and 1999 ) . He is the only person to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship , WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship , and the WWE Universal Championship . Before he was a professional wrestler , Goldberg was a professional football player . After first retiring from professional wrestling , he began working as a commentator for the mixed martial arts promotion EliteXC until its closure . He hosted 26 episodes of Garage Mahal on the DIY Network from 2009 to 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Football career 3 Professional wrestling career 3.1 World Championship Wrestling 3.1. 1 Training and early matches ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 3.1. 2 Undefeated streak ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 3.1. 3 Championship pursuits and final feuds ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 3.2 All Japan Pro Wrestling ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 3.3 World Wrestling Entertainment ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 3.4 Legends of Wrestling ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3.5 Return to WWE ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 4 Mixed martial arts 5 Other media 5.1 Film and television 5.2 Video games 6 Personal life 6.1 Philanthropy 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 8 In wrestling 9 Championships and accomplishments 9.1 1997 -- 1998 undefeated streak statistics 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 External links Early life Goldberg was born and raised in Tulsa , Oklahoma , where he had a bar mitzvah at Temple Israel and graduated from Tulsa Edison High School . He acquired a love for football early in life and was a bouncer at age 16 . Goldberg 's mother , Ethel , is a classical violinist , while his father , Jed , who attended Harvard University , was an obstetrician and gynecologist . They divorced , and Jed died in late 2006 . Ethel also breeds flowers and created an award - winning hybrid orchid , which she named after Goldberg . His brother , Michael , is the owner of a music club in Aspen , Colorado . Goldberg is proud of his Jewish heritage and refused to hide it in the wrestling world , including refusing to wrestle on Yom Kippur . His Romanian great - grandfather , Marcel , emigrated from Bucharest and came to the U.S. through Ellis Island . His other great - grandfather , Willie , was a Russian immigrant . Football career Bill Goldberg No. 71 , 73 Position : Defensive tackle Date of birth : ( 1966 - 12 - 27 ) December 27 , 1966 ( age 50 ) Place of birth : Tulsa , Oklahoma Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Weight : 255 lb ( 116 kg ) Career information High school : Tulsa ( OK ) Edison College : Georgia NFL Draft : 1990 / Round : 11 / Pick : 302 Career history Los Angeles Rams ( 1990 -- 1991 ) * Sacramento Surge ( 1992 ) Sacramento Gold Miners ( 1993 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Carolina Panthers ( 1995 ) * * Offseason and / or practice squad member only Career highlights and awards World Bowl champion ( II ) Career NFL statistics Games played : 14 Games started : 1 Player stats at NFL.com Goldberg earned a scholarship to play for the University of Georgia Bulldogs football team where he served as a defensive tackle . He was taken by the Los Angeles Rams in the 11th round , with the 302nd overall selection , in the 1990 NFL draft . He played for the Los Angeles Rams in the 1990 NFL season , followed by a stint with the CFL Sacramento Gold Miners and Atlanta Falcons from 1992 to 1994 . After being cut from the Falcons , in 1995 he was selected by the new expansion team , the Carolina Panthers , in the 1995 NFL expansion draft , but never played a game with the team . He was the first player to have been cut by the Panthers . Goldberg 's NFL career ended when he `` tore his lower abdomen off his pelvis '' . He had hopes of returning to the league after rehabilitation but , due to his lack of success , was n't considered a major asset . Goldberg has described playing in the NFL as `` a mixed emotional experience '' because , despite reaching the goal of simply playing in the NFL , he did n't obtain the level of achievement that he desired . Professional Wrestling career World Championship Wrestling Training and early matches ( 1996 -- 1997 ) During the rehab following his NFL injury , Goldberg began powerlifting and mixed martial arts training . He was spotted by Lex Luger and Sting who urged him to try professional wrestling . Although not a fan of professional wrestling , he saw it as an alternative to his fledgling football career and began training at the WCW Power Plant . Working as Bill Gold , Goldberg made five appearances . The first was on a dark match at a Monday Nitro event on June 23 , 1997 where he defeated Buddy Lee Parker . He also faced and defeated Buddy Landell ( Saturday Night dark match ) , Hugh Morrus ( house show ) , Chip Minton ( Nitro dark match ) and John Betcha ( house show ) . His final pre-televised appearance was in dark match on July 24 at Saturday Night taping , a loss to Chad Fortune . Undefeated streak ( 1997 -- 1998 ) On the September 22 episode of Nitro , Goldberg defeated Hugh Morrus in his debut match . Soon afterward , he began to score quick victories over his fellow WCW wrestlers in the range of 1 -- 2 minutes . Goldberg 's succession of wins saw him quickly advance up the card , and he was pushed as a singles wrestler . The newcomer captivated fans with his monstrous yet silent charisma , brute strength , and agility that saw him vault the ropes , perform high kicks and even the occasional backflip . Goldberg made his pay - per - view debut at Starrcade defeating Steve McMichael . In early 1998 , Goldberg squashed Brad Armstrong at SuperBrawl VIII and pinned Perry Saturn at Spring Stampede . In mid-March , WCW stopped referring to him by his full name , shortening it to simply Goldberg . Around this time , WCW began counting Goldberg 's consecutive wins on television as he continued to climb up the ranks . Goldberg 's win over Saturn was his 74th consecutive without a loss , and the next night on Nitro he challenged Raven for the United States Heavyweight Championship that Raven had won the night before at Spring Stampede . Despite interference from Raven 's Flock , Goldberg overpowered them all and defeated Raven to win his first professional wrestling championship . Two days later on the April 22 episode of Thunder , he made his first successful title defense against Mike Enos . Goldberg then started a feud with Raven and The Flock . At Slamboree , he ended his feud with The Flock after a successful title defense against Saturn . Goldberg continued to make successful title defenses against Konnan at The Great American Bash and Curt Hennig . By this time , he had adopted the catchphrase `` Who 's next ? '' in reference to his rapidly expanding winning streak . As Goldberg was getting over as a main eventer , he continued to defend the United States Heavyweight Championship and was slowly becoming a contender for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship that was held by New World Order ( nWo ) leader Hollywood Hogan . Hogan eventually promised Goldberg a title match . The match was scheduled for the July 6 , 1998 episode of Nitro held at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta with over 40,000 in attendance , but Hogan insisted that Goldberg first had to defeat his nWo stablemate Scott Hall . Goldberg won and later in the evening was also able to defeat Hogan to become the WCW World Heavyweight Champion , in turn vacating his United States Heavyweight Championship . At Road Wild , Goldberg won a battle royal , consisting of nWo members . After Diamond Dallas Page became the number one contender for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship , Goldberg and Page began a feud with each other . At Halloween Havoc , the feud was settled after Goldberg defeated Page to retain the title . According to Goldberg , his match against Page was the favourite match of his career . At Starrcade , Goldberg 's undefeated streak ended at an official count of 173 -- 0 , and after 174 days as champion when he lost the title to Kevin Nash after Scott Hall , disguised as a ringside security guard , made a run - in and shocked Goldberg with a taser gun . Goldberg , however , got his revenge at Souled Out , when he defeated Hall in a ladder taser match . Goldberg won when he used the taser , which was hung high above the ring , requiring the ladder to obtain it . At the same time , the WWF began mocking Goldberg with the character Gillberg , a perennial jobber who dressed similarly to Goldberg and mocked his signature entrance and mannerisms , but was small and scrawny , using the catchphrase `` Who 's First ? '' since he never won . Goldberg 's win -- loss record at WCW events from 1997 to 1998 differed from that which was perpetuated by the company , with the official figure exaggerating the number of matches in which he won to 173 . Nick Schwartz of Fox Sports wrote : `` No one really knows what Goldberg 's actual record was ... but it 's generally accepted that 173 -- 0 is an inflated number '' . Some of Goldberg 's industry peers have stated that the figure was exaggerated . His then - WCW colleague Chris Jericho stated : `` One week he 'd be 42 -- 0 and seven days later he 'd be 58 -- 0 . Did stepping on bugs count ? '' Manager Jimmy Hart , who also worked with Goldberg in WCW , regarded the level of embellishment as `` kind of funny '' , while professional wrestler The Miz said : `` The number would just go on and on and on , to where it was like , ' Wait a second . How did he get this many wins in such a short time ' ? '' This exaggeration damaged the streak 's credibility among the WCW audience : upon noticing that the figure had been falsified , fans began to withdraw homemade signs trumpeting Goldberg 's record . Championship pursuits and final feuds ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Goldberg posing with a fan in 1998 At Spring Stampede , Goldberg gained his revenge against Nash by defeating him . Then at Slamboree the following month , Goldberg was `` injured '' in an attack by Rick and Scott Steiner and took some time off to prepare for his movie debut in 1999 film Universal Soldier : The Return alongside Timecop film star Jean - Claude Van Damme . He returned two months later and defeated Rick Steiner at Road Wild . Goldberg then restarted his feud with DDP also involving Page 's allies , The Jersey Triad , which culminated in a match at Fall Brawl that Goldberg won . After Goldberg settled his rivalry with Page , he began focusing on Sid Vicious and challenged him to a match to end Sid 's winning streak . The two feuded with each other , which culminated in a match at Halloween Havoc for Sid 's United States Heavyweight title . Goldberg defeated Sid via referee stoppage , and thus won his second United States Heavyweight Championship . Later that night , he answered an open challenge from WCW World Heavyweight Champion Sting and defeated him to win the championship . On the next night 's episode of Nitro , commissioner J.J. Dillon ruled that the match had not been sanctioned by WCW and that , therefore , Goldberg 's victory was void . Sting , however , was not given the title back due to his attack on a referee during the event and Dillon announced a 32 - man tournament for the now - vacant title which included Goldberg . Goldberg wrestled Bret Hart on the same Nitro in the first round of the tournament in a match that also served as the first defense of his newly won United States Heavyweight Championship . Sid Vicious managed to interfere in the contest and cost Goldberg the match , thus giving him his second career loss , costing him the title , and eliminating him from the tournament which was eventually won by Hart at Mayhem in November . Goldberg continued his rivalry with Vicious and defeated him in an `` I Quit '' match at Mayhem to close their feud . Shortly thereafter , Goldberg joined forces with Hart , teaming with him to defeat Creative Control for the WCW World Tag Team Championship . One week later , they lost the title to The Outsiders ( Scott Hall and Kevin Nash ) . At Starrcade , Goldberg challenged Hart for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship ; in the course of the match , Goldberg delivered a stiff kick to Hart 's head , legitimately giving him a concussion and tearing a muscle in his neck . Hart continued on , suffering what he believed to be at least one other concussion when he hit his head on the floor while executing a ringpost - assisted figure - four leglock . The match ended when Roddy Piper , the special guest referee for the contest , declared Hart the winner despite Goldberg never having submitted to the Sharpshooter . Hart vacated the title the next night on Nitro , saying he did not want to win that way , and gave Goldberg a rematch . Goldberg was defeated again due to outside interference from Hall and Nash , who came to the ring brandishing baseball bats which they used to attack Goldberg . In a swerve , Hart took one of the bats from The Outsiders and began beating on Goldberg himself , doing enough damage to score the pin and regain his championship . After the match , Hall , Nash , Hart and Jeff Jarrett reformed the nWo and gave Goldberg a new target for a feud that , however , would not last long . Shortly after his title match loss , Goldberg injured himself on the December 23 , 1999 episode of Thunder , during a sequence where he chased the nWo limousine into the parking lot . A spot in the sequence called for Goldberg to pound on the windshield of the limousine with his hands . To ensure his safety , Goldberg had assistance from a piece of metal pipe and his hands were covered in black tape . After this , Goldberg was to break some of the vehicle 's windows . There were four windows on the side of the limousine and Goldberg broke the first two with his hands . He then got aggressive , putting his forearm through the third window and immediately gashing it . Goldberg finished the sequence by pounding on the hood of the limo with his bloody arm , but immediately after it ended he was taken from the arena and rushed to a nearby hospital where the wound was patched . Goldberg lost a large amount of blood due to the accident . The injury caused Goldberg to miss the January 4 , 2000 New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) Tokyo Dome show , where he was scheduled to face Manabu Nakanishi . After taking time off to recuperate , Goldberg returned to WCW on the May 29 , 2000 episode of Nitro interfering in a handicap match between Kevin Nash and the team of Tank Abbott and Rick Steiner . At The Great American Bash , Goldberg betrayed Nash during Nash 's world championship match against Jeff Jarrett and turned into a villain for the first time in his career , aligning himself with The New Blood faction . This did not last long , as Goldberg again was lost to injury and miss time . As a result of this betrayal , Goldberg feuded with Nash and defeated him at Bash at the Beach , with help from fellow New Blood member Scott Steiner . Goldberg participated in a triangle number one contender 's match against Nash and Steiner at New Blood Rising , which Nash won . Goldberg walked out of the match midway through while Nash had him ready for the Jackknife Powerbomb and swore at Vince Russo as he left the ring , turning face again . He then began a rivalry with Steiner , culminating in a no disqualification match at Fall Brawl which Goldberg lost due to outside interference . After his loss to Steiner , Goldberg 's rivalry with Russo accelerated and in October , having finally had enough , Russo gave Goldberg an ultimatum . If Goldberg was to lose another match at any point in time , unless he managed to duplicate his undefeated streak from 1997 to 1998 , he would be forced to retire from professional wrestling . Goldberg defeated KroniK ( Brian Adams and Bryan Clark ) at Halloween Havoc in a handicap elimination match . He then started a feud with Lex Luger . This culminated in a match at Mayhem , which Goldberg won . They continued their rivalry and battled in a rematch at Starrcade . Goldberg won the match , but afterwards he was attacked by Luger 's partner Buff Bagwell . Goldberg feuded with both Luger and Bagwell , who called themselves `` Totally Buffed '' . His streak was broken at Sin when Goldberg , teaming with his Power Plant trainer Dewayne Bruce , lost to Totally Buffed in a tag team no disqualification match after a `` fan '' maced him , enabling Totally Buffed to pin him . The storyline was intended to enable Goldberg to have shoulder surgery , but WCW was sold to the WWF in March 2001 , while Goldberg was still recuperating . The WWF did not buy out Goldberg 's contract with Time Warner ( the parent company of WCW ) as they had done with several other WCW employees , so he was not involved in the WWF `` Invasion '' angle . Goldberg instead remained under contract to Time Warner until May 2002 , when he agreed on a contract buyout . He was WCW 's highest paid athlete , alongside Bret Hart , earning 2.5 million dollars per year , a sum which would have risen to 3.5 million in the final year of his contract , due to have expired in July 2003 . All Japan Pro Wrestling ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Goldberg had suffered an arm injury during the Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race at the Long Beach Grand Prix in April 2002 . In August 2002 , he returned to the ring in Japan . He initially joined All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) , defeating Satoshi Kojima and Taiyō Kea . He went on to defeat Rick Steiner in a match for the W - 1 promotion , and teamed with Keiji Mutoh to defeat KroniK . His success in Japan led to the WWF -- now renamed World Wrestling Entertainment -- to begin contract negotiations with him . World Wrestling Entertainment ( 2003 -- 2004 ) After leaving Japan , Goldberg signed a one - year contract with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) in March 2003 , debuting on the March 31 episode of Raw ( the night after WrestleMania XIX ) and starting a feud with The Rock by performing a spear on him . Their rivalry intensified when The Rock held a segment entitled The Rock Concert , where he taunted Goldberg along with Gillberg , but Goldberg defeated him in his debut match at Backlash on April 27 , following three spears and a Jackhammer . Goldberg went undefeated over the subsequent half - year , defeating 3 - Minute Warning in his first match on Raw . Goldberg defeated Christian the following week on Raw in a steel cage match . Goldberg next feuded with Chris Jericho , when during Jericho 's first edition of the Highlight Reel , an interview show where Goldberg was the guest , he complained that no one wanted Goldberg in WWE and continued to insult him in the following weeks . On the May 12 episode of Raw , a mystery assailant attempted to run over Goldberg with a limousine . The following week on Raw , the Raw Co-General Manager Stone Cold Steve Austin interrogated several superstars to find out who was driving the car . One of the interrogatees was Lance Storm , who admitted that he was the assailant . Austin forced Storm into a match with Goldberg , who defeated Storm , immediately after which Goldberg forced Storm to admit that Jericho was the superstar who conspired Storm into running him over . On the May 26 episode of Raw , Goldberg was once again a guest on the Highlight Reel , where Jericho expressed jealousy towards Goldberg 's success in WCW and felt that since joining WWE , he had achieved everything he had ever wanted in his career and all that was left was to defeat Goldberg and challenged him to a match . At Bad Blood on June 15 , Goldberg defeated Jericho . Goldberg entered a rivalry with Triple H , challenging him for the World Heavyweight Championship at SummerSlam on August 23 in the second Elimination Chamber match in WWE . After eliminating Randy Orton , Shawn Michaels and Jericho , he was pinned by Triple H after Ric Flair threw a sledgehammer inside the chamber and Triple H hit Goldberg with it , meaning Triple H retained the title . Goldberg continued his feud with Triple H and defeated him for the World Heavyweight Championship at Unforgiven on September 21 , after agreeing to put his career on the line . The next night on Raw , Goldberg successfully retained the title against Chris Jericho . The following week on Raw , Triple H issued a $100,000 bounty to anybody who could take Goldberg out . Steven Richards , Mark Henry , La Résistance and Tommy Dreamer all attempted to collect the bounty , but they were unsuccessful . On the October 20 episode of Raw , Batista collected the bounty after he interfered in Goldberg 's title defense against Shawn Michaels and attacked Goldberg , placing a folding chair around Goldberg 's ankle and jumping off the middle rope onto the chair , shattering his ankle . Furious , Goldberg demanded a match against Batista , but Triple H got involved in the match by trying to cripple Goldberg , who executed a spear on Triple H and attacked Batista with a sledgehammer . At Survivor Series on November 16 , Goldberg retained the title against Triple H despite interference from Evolution . On the November 17 episode of Raw , Goldberg faced Triple H , Randy Orton and Batista in a handicap match , but he was pinned following an RKO , Batista Bomb and Pedigree . After the match , Kane unexpectedly came out to seemingly assist Goldberg after Evolution continued their assault on him following the match . After scaring off Evolution , he turned on Goldberg and executed a chokeslam on him . The following week on Raw , Kane attacked Goldberg again while he was defending the championship against Triple H in a rematch from Survivor Series and expressed his desire to face Goldberg for the title . Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff scheduled Goldberg to defend the championship against both Kane and Triple H in a triple threat match at Armageddon . Goldberg teamed with Shawn Michaels and Rob Van Dam to face and defeat Kane , Batista and Orton in a six - man tag team match . On the December 8 episode of Raw , Goldberg faced Kane in a lumberjack match which ended in a disqualification when Evolution and Mark Henry entered the ring and assaulted Goldberg . At Armageddon on December 14 , Goldberg lost the title when Triple H pinned him after interference from Evolution and a chokeslam from Kane , thus ending his reign at 84 days . Survivor Series also marked the first time Goldberg met the WWE Champion Brock Lesnar by interrupting Lesnar after the latter remarked that he could beat anyone in the world . The feud escalated at the 2004 Royal Rumble on January 25 , when Goldberg was in the midst of dominating the Royal Rumble match ( he eliminated Charlie Haas , Billy Gunn and Nunzio ) as the 30th entrant until Lesnar interfered in the match and executed the F - 5 on Goldberg that , angrily distracted at Lesnar 's attack , was eliminated by Kurt Angle . Vowing revenge after defeating Mark Henry and Jonathan Coachman in a no disqualification handicap match the following Raw , Goldberg declared Lesnar his next victim . On February 2 , Goldberg was given a front row ticket to No Way Out by Stone Cold Steve Austin . SmackDown ! General Manager Paul Heyman appeared on Raw , and along with Mr. McMahon attempted to get Goldberg to leave Lesnar , but Goldberg executed a spear on Heyman and accidentally executed a spear on Austin when he was aiming for McMahon . Goldberg attended No Way Out as a fan , confronting Lesnar at the event and , after several insults by Lesnar , entered the ring and countered a F - 5 from Lesner with a Jackhammer , before being detained and escorted out of the arena by security guards . During the main event between Lesnar and Eddie Guerrero on February 15 , Goldberg reemerged from the crowd and cost Lesnar the title . Lesnar then demanded a match with Goldberg at WrestleMania XX on March 14 , with Austin serving as special guest referee . Fans knew this would be the final WWE match for both Goldberg and Lesnar , and thus gave largely negative reactions throughout the performance . Goldberg won the match , causing Lesnar to show Austin a middle finger , but he instead received a Stone Cold Stunner in return , and as Goldberg celebrated his victory with Austin , he also received a Stone Cold Stunner . Legends of Wrestling ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Goldberg made his return to professional wrestling on June 7 , 2015 at the Legends of Wrestling show at Citi Field in New York . While he was not scheduled to wrestle at the event , Goldberg came to the aid of Rob Van Dam after his match with Scott Steiner . He performed a spear on Steiner and a Jackhammer on Doc Gallows . On January 23 , 2016 , Goldberg made a second return for the Legends of Wrestling event in Miami , where he delivered another spear to Steiner after his match with Chavo Guerrero . Return to WWE ( 2016 -- 2017 ) On May 31 , 2016 , Goldberg was announced as the pre-order bonus for the upcoming WWE 2K17 video game . Throughout the summer , Goldberg and WWE 2K17 cover star and former rival Brock Lesnar traded insults with each other through social media and WWE 2K events such as Gamescom . Goldberg would also appear at the WWE 2K SummerSlam event the weekend before the pay - per - view event took place , fueling speculation he would be appearing at the event to confront Lesnar . Goldberg then appeared on the October 10 episode of SportsCenter , where he contemplated a return to WWE . This led to Paul Heyman challenging Goldberg to face Lesnar on the October 10 episode of Raw , with Heyman stating that Goldberg was the one blemish on Lesnar 's WWE career , as Goldberg had defeated Lesnar at WrestleMania XX in 2004 . The following week on Raw , Goldberg returned to WWE for the first time in twelve years , accepting Heyman 's challenge and signaling that Lesnar would be next and last . On the October 24 episode of Raw , Lesnar returned with Heyman , who insulted Goldberg . It was then announed that their match was scheduled for Survivor Series . On the October 31 episode of Raw , Goldberg returned to address Lesnar 's comments from the previous week , only to be interrupted by Heyman , who teased that Lesnar was there , but Rusev came out instead . Goldberg executed a Jackhammer on Rusev and a spear on Heyman , who was rushed to hospital with bruised ribs . On the final Raw before Survivor Series , Goldberg and Lesnar had a face off , resulting in a brawl with security after Heyman insulted Goldberg 's family . At Survivor Series on November 20 , Goldberg defeated Lesnar after two consecutive spears and a Jackhammer in 1 minute and 26 seconds . The next night on Raw , Goldberg thanked the fans and his family before saying he has one more title run left in him while also declaring himself as the first participant in the 2017 Royal Rumble match . The following week on Raw , Heyman addressed the Survivor Series match , stating that they underestimated Goldberg and that the match was a humiliation and embarrassment for him and Lesnar , who would also be in the Royal Rumble match as he has something to prove . Goldberg returned on the January 2 , 2017 episode of Raw as the first guest on The Kevin Owens Show where he confronted Chris Jericho and WWE Universal Champion Kevin Owens , stating that he would win the Royal Rumble match and challenge for the world championship at WrestleMania 33 . However , Heyman on behalf of Lesnar , Braun Strowman and United States Champion Roman Reigns then came out to announce their intentions at the Royal Rumble , and after a stare down , Goldberg and Reigns performed a double - spear on Strowman . Goldberg appeared once more on the January 23 episode of Raw , where he was confronted by Lesnar and another Royal Rumble participant The Undertaker . During the Royal Rumble match on January 29 , Goldberg entered at number 28 and he confronted Lesnar , before delivering a spear and eliminating him . After taking out multiple opponents , Goldberg was confronted by the number 29 entrant , The Undertaker , and after Goldberg eliminated Rusev and Luke Harper , he was eliminated by The Undertaker himself . Lesnar then appeared on the following night 's episode of Raw and challenged Goldberg to one final match at WrestleMania 33 . Goldberg would go on to accept Lesnar 's challenge on the February 6 episode of Raw whilst interrupting WWE Universal Champion Kevin Owens and United States Champion Chris Jericho in the process . Goldberg would challenge Owens to a WWE Universal Championship match at Fastlane with Jericho accepting on Owens ' behalf and the match was made official later that night . On the February 27 episode of Raw , Goldberg and Owens had one final confrontation with Goldberg claiming that if he would win the WWE Universal Championship , he would defend it against Lesnar at WrestleMania 33 . At Fastlane on March 5 , after a distraction from Jericho ( who Owens turned on for accepting Goldberg challenge on Owens ' behalf since the February 13 episode of Raw ) , Goldberg defeated Owens after a Spear and a Jackhammer to win the WWE Universal Championship in 22 seconds . At WrestleMania 33 on April 2 , despite performing three spears and a Jackhammer , Goldberg lost the title to Lesnar ( marking his first loss to Lesnar ) in what was also his first clean singles loss . Goldberg appeared the following night on Raw Talk ( which aired on the WWE Network after the Raw broadcast ) to wish the fans farewell , but ultimately did not rule out a return in the future . Mixed martial arts Goldberg in May 2005 On July 22 , 2006 , Goldberg served as color commentator in mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion World Fighting Alliance ( WFA ) King of the Streets pay - per - view in Los Angeles , California . When asked whether he was interested in becoming a mixed martial artist , Goldberg stated , `` I 'd love to , especially if I was 21 or even 29 , but these guys are so far ahead of me in terms of experience . I never say never , though . But I do n't see myself stopping my movies , my shows , my commentating , or being a dad to do that '' . On June 2 , 2007 , Goldberg also commentated on K - 1 Dynamite USA . Goldberg became a color commentator for the EliteXC organization during their inaugural event . The event , EliteXC Destiny , was broadcast live on Showtime , on February 10 , 2007 . He continued in this role through all of EliteXC 's showcase and combined cards , including Dynamite ! ! USA , Strikeforce Shamrock vs. Baroni , EliteXC : Renegade , and EliteXC : Street Certified . Other media Goldberg in July 2009 Goldberg sponsored the Monster Jam truck `` Goldberg '' , which was driven by Tom Meents from 2000 to 2001 as part of a deal between WCW and FELD Motorsports . The truck was very successful winning the Monster Jam World Finals Racing championship in both 2000 and 2001 and the Freestyle championship in 2001 . The truck was retired after WCW was bought by WWE , thus ending the partnership . In 2014 , Goldberg started his own podcast entitled Who 's Next ? ! With Bill Goldberg , which includes weekly guest interviews . Film and television Goldberg began acting while working for WCW in 1999 . His appearance in Universal Soldier : The Return corresponded with him being featured in the music video . He was a special guest star on Hulk Hogan 's Celebrity Championship Wrestling . On the show he showed the contestants his various power moves and also how to hit an opponent with a steel chair . He went on to host three seasons of the Speed Channel show Bullrun . In 2005 , Goldberg also starred in the Happy Madison produced Adam Sandler movie The Longest Yard , as an inmate , along with fellow wrestlers Kevin Nash , The Great Khali , and Stone Cold Steve Austin , as well as actors Chris Rock and Burt Reynolds among others . In the same year he was also the host of The History Channel documentary series Auto - Maniac and later starred in the movie Santa 's Slay where he plays a homicidal Santa Claus who goes on a killing spree on Christmas . In 2007 , Goldberg starred in the thriller / drama film Half Past Dead 2 alongside rapper Kurupt . In March 2010 , Goldberg appeared on the ninth season of Donald Trump 's reality series The Celebrity Apprentice and was eliminated in the sixth episode . In 2016 , Goldberg starred in the documentary film Nine Legends alongside other notable wrestlers , former boxing star Mike Tyson and UFC fighter Randy Couture . Video games Goldberg is a playable character in numerous video games , including WCW Nitro , WCW / nWo Revenge , WCW / nWo Thunder , WCW Mayhem , WCW Backstage Assault , WWE WrestleMania XIX , WWE Raw 2 , WWE SmackDown ! Here Comes the Pain , WWE 2K14 and is the pre-order bonus for the WWE 2K17 game . Personal life Goldberg ( wearing cap ) during his tour of USS Ronald Reagan in 2005 On April 10 , 2005 , Goldberg married Wanda Ferraton , a stunt double whom he met while filming Santa 's Slay . They reside in Bonsall , California , and have one son together named Gage . Goldberg co-owns and operates the Extreme Power Gym Muay Thai and amateur boxing training facility in Oceanside , California . He also owns over 25 vintage cars , including a Plymouth Hemi Cuda Convertible , Shelby Cobra 427 , and a Mustang Boss 429 `` Lawman '' ( one of the two cars used in the Vietnam War to entertain the U.S. Army ) . Goldberg has a long scar on the right side of his torso from a tear suffered during a college football game that required surgery to repair . He also acquired a scar on his right forearm from an altercation in WCW which kept him out of action for quite some time due to the surgery needed to fix . He has a large tribal tattoo on his left upper shoulder ( which became his professional wrestling logo ) and a skull on the inside of his right biceps . Philanthropy In January 2016 , Goldberg and entertainment impresario Uncle Louie started a joint venture with disabled Air Force veteran Reinaldo Horday called `` Combat Crate '' , offering a crate of exclusive memorabilia with 100 % of the profit from the inaugural crate going to Wounded Warriors of South Florida . Goldberg is an animal welfare advocate and an American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( ASPCA ) spokesman , and has addressed the United States Congress in order to raise awareness of illegal animal fighting . Goldberg participated regularly in the Jimmy V Golf Classic , and visits with children in local hospitals who are undergoing cancer treatment . Filmography Goldberg signing autographs in 2010 Film Year Title Role 1999 The Jesse Ventura Story Luger Universal Soldier : The Return Romeo 2000 Ready to Rumble Himself 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Mr. Smith 2005 The Longest Yard Battle The Kid & I Himself Santa 's Slay Santa Claus 2007 Half Past Dead 2 William Burke Kill Speed Big Bad John Minkow Sax Holly , Jingles and Clyde 3D Gus 2016 Nine Legends Himself 2017 American Satan Hawk Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 The Love Boat : The Next Wave Lou `` The Pariah '' Maguire Episode : `` Captain Courageous '' 1999 Dennis Miller Live Himself Louis Theroux 's Weird Weekends Episode : `` Wrestling '' E ! True Hollywood Story Episode : `` Hulk Hogan '' 2000 The Daily Show The Man Show Episode : `` Holiday Show 2 '' 2002 Yes , Dear Big Guy Episode : `` Walk Like a Man '' Family Guy Angry bus passenger Episode : `` Family Guy Viewer Mail 1 '' Arliss Episode : `` In with the New '' Kim Possible Pain King Episode : `` Pain King vs. Cleopatra '' 2003 Punk 'd Himself Monster Garage Santa Claus Episode : `` Box - Truck Wrestling Ring '' 2005 Modern Marvels Episode : `` Private Collections '' Desperate Housewives Inmate Episode : `` My Heart Belongs to Daddy '' Biker Build - Off Host Automaniac The Contender Episode : `` Who 's Playing The Game ? '' 2006 Pros vs. Joes Episodes : `` Can You PVJ Champ ? '' and `` Can You Cover Jerry Rice ? '' 2007 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Cupid Episode : `` Loophole '' 2007 -- 2010 Bullrun Host 2008 Hulk Hogan 's Celebrity Championship Wrestling Himself Episode : `` In - Ring Psychology '' 2009 Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? 2009 -- 2011 Garage Mahal Host The Celebrity Apprentice Himself In wrestling Finishing moves Jackhammer ( Delayed vertical suplex powerslam ) Spear Signature moves Ankle lock Cross armbreaker Dragon screw Fireman 's carry slam Full nelson slam Kneebar Multiple kick variations Big boot Drop Hook Super Multiple military press variations , sometimes preceded by a left hand choke lifted into a Drop Flapjack Gutbuster Slam Spinebuster Multiple powerslam variations Belly - to - back side Front Military press Scoop Ura - nage Multiple suplex variations Belly - to - belly Pumphandle Underhook Pumphandle into either a slam or a fallaway slam Shoulder block , sometimes from the top rope Snap rolling neckbreaker Nicknames `` Da Man '' `` The Myth '' `` The Iconic '' Entrance themes World Championship Wrestling `` Twisted '' by Bobby Keyes ( September 29 , 1997 ) `` Invasion '' by Christian Poulet and Jean - Yves Rigo ( October 13 , 1997 -- May 9 , 1999 ; September 6 , 1999 -- January 14 , 2001 ) `` Crush ' Em '' by Megadeth ( July 26 , 1999 -- August 30 , 1999 ) Legends of Wrestling `` Invasion '' by Christian Poulet and Jean - Yves Rigo ( June 7 , 2015 ; January 23 , 2016 ) World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE `` Invasion '' by Christian Poulet and Jean - Yves Rigo ( March 31 , 2003 -- April 21 , 2003 ; October 17 , 2016 -- present ) `` Who 's Next ? '' ' by Jim Johnston ( April 27 , 2003 -- March 14 , 2004 ) Championships and accomplishments Pro Wrestling Illustrated Comeback of the Year ( 2016 ) Inspirational Wrestler of the Year ( 1998 ) Rookie of the Year ( 1998 ) Ranked No. 2 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1998 Ranked No. 75 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003 World Championship Wrestling WCW United States Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) WCW World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) WCW World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- with Bret Hart Fifth Triple Crown Champion -- with Bret Hart World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) WWE Universal Championship ( 1 time ) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Rookie of the Year ( 1998 ) 1 ^ Goldberg and Hart both became Triple Crown Champions upon winning the WCW World Tag Team Championship . 1997 -- 1998 undefeated streak statistics Date Location Arena Event Opponent Result Record September 22 , 1997 Salt Lake City , Utah E Center Nitro Hugh Morrus Won by pinfall 1 -- 0 September 29 , 1997 Worcester , Massachusetts Centrum Nitro The Barbarian Won by pinfall 2 -- 0 October 1 , 1997 Dalton , Georgia Saturday Night Roadblock Won by pinfall 3 -- 0 October 10 , 1997 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Manny Fernandez Won by pinfall 4 -- 0 October 13 , 1997 Tampa , Florida Ice Palace Nitro Scotty Riggs Won by pinfall 5 -- 0 October 14 , 1997 Fort Myers , Florida Saturday Night Mike Anthony Won by pinfall 6 -- 0 October 20 , 1997 Biloxi , Mississippi Mississippi Coast Coliseum Nitro Wrath Won by pinfall 7 -- 0 October 27 , 1997 San Diego , California Cox Arena Nitro WCW Television Champion Disco Inferno No contest 7 -- 0 October 28 , 1997 San Bernardino , California Saturday Night The Renegade Won by pinfall 8 -- 0 November 2 , 1997 Norfolk , Virginia Scope House show Bobby Eaton Won by pinfall 9 -- 0 November 8 , 1997 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Mark Starr Won by pinfall 10 -- 0 December 13 , 1997 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Frankie Lancaster Won by pinfall 11 -- 0 December 16 , 1997 Gainesville , Georgia Georgia Mountains Center Saturday Night The Renegade Won by pinfall 12 -- 0 December 28 , 1997 Washington , D.C. MCI Center Starrcade Steve McMichael Won by pinfall 13 -- 0 December 29 , 1997 Baltimore , Maryland Arena Nitro Glacier Won by pinfall 14 -- 0 January 3 , 1998 Columbia , South Carolina Township Auditorium House show Bobby Eaton Won by pinfall 15 -- 0 January 4 , 1998 Columbus , Georgia Civic Center House show Brad Armstrong Won by pinfall 16 -- 0 January 5 , 1998 Atlanta , Georgia Georgia Dome Nitro Stevie Ray Won by pinfall 17 -- 0 January 6 , 1998 Rome , Georgia Forum Saturday Night Barry Horowitz Won by pinfall 18 -- 0 January 8 , 1998 Daytona Beach , Florida Ocean Center Thunder Steve McMichael Won by pinfall 19 -- 0 January 12 , 1998 Jacksonville , Florida Coliseum Nitro Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 20 -- 0 January 15 , 1998 Lakeland , Florida Jenkins Arena Thunder Chavo Guerrero Jr . No contest 20 -- 0 January 20 , 1998 Thibodaux , Louisiana Civic Center Saturday Night Mike Tolbert Won by pinfall 21 -- 0 January 20 , 1998 Thibodaux , Louisiana Civic Center Saturday Night Meng Won by pinfall 22 -- 0 January 22 , 1998 Huntsville , Alabama Von Braun Civic Center Thunder Kendall Windham Won by pinfall 23 -- 0 January 26 , 1998 Fort Wayne , Indiana Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Nitro Brad Armstrong Won by pinfall 24 -- 0 January 29 , 1998 Memphis , Tennessee Mid-South Coliseum Thunder Yuji Nagata Won by pinfall 25 -- 0 January 31 , 1998 Boston , Massachusetts Fleet Center Boston Brawl Sgt . Buddy Lee Parker Won by pinfall 26 -- 0 February 2 , 1998 San Antonio , Texas AlamoDome Nitro Mark Starr Won by pinfall 27 -- 0 February 3 , 1998 Corpus Christi , Texas Saturday Night Disco Inferno Won by pinfall 28 -- 0 February 5 , 1998 Beaumont , Texas Civic Center Thunder Jim Powers Won by pinfall 29 -- 0 February 9 , 1998 El Paso , Texas Don Haskins Center Nitro Lord Steven Regal Won by pinfall 30 -- 0 February 12 , 1998 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Myriad Thunder Glacier Won by pinfall 31 -- 0 February 13 , 1998 Springfield , Missouri Shrine Mosque House show Steve McMichael Won by pinfall 32 -- 0 February 14 , 1998 Kansas City , Kansas Memorial Hall House show Steve McMichael Won by pinfall 33 -- 0 February 14 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Joey Maggs Won by pinfall 34 -- 0 February 16 , 1998 Tampa , Florida Fairgrounds Nitro Hugh Morrus Won by pinfall 35 -- 0 February 17 , 1998 Palmetto , Florida Manatee Civic Center Saturday Night Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 36 -- 0 February 19 , 1998 Birmingham , Alabama Jefferson Civic Center Thunder Fit Finlay Won by pinfall 37 -- 0 February 22 , 1998 San Francisco , California Cow Palace SuperBrawl VIII Brad Armstrong Won by pinfall 38 -- 0 February 26 , 1998 Cedar Rapids , Iowa Five Seasons Center Thunder Rick Fuller Won by pinfall 39 -- 0 March 2 , 1998 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Corestates Spectrum Nitro Sick Boy Won by pinfall 40 -- 0 March 3 , 1998 Johnstown , Pennsylvania Cambria County Civic Center Nitro Chase Tatum Won by pinfall 41 -- 0 March 5 , 1998 Columbus , Ohio Convention Center Thunder Vincent Won by pinfall 42 -- 0 March 6 , 1998 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Palumbo Center House show Yuji Nagata Won by pinfall 43 -- 0 March 7 , 1998 Charleston , West Virginia Civic Center House show Yuji Nagata Won by pinfall 44 -- 0 March 7 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios Saturday Night Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 45 -- 0 March 8 , 1998 Johnson City , Tennessee Freedom Hall House show Yuji Nagata Won by pinfall 46 -- 0 March 9 , 1998 Winston - Salem , North Carolina Lawrence Joel Memorial Coliseum Nitro Barry Darsow Won by pinfall 47 -- 0 March 16 , 1998 Panama City , Florida Club La Vela Nitro Lodi Won by pinfall 48 -- 0 March 18 , 1998 Terre Haute , Indiana Hulman Center Thunder Wayne Bloom Won by pinfall 49 -- 0 March 19 , 1998 Troy , Ohio Hobart Arena House show Brad Armstrong Won by pinfall 50 -- 0 March 20 , 1998 Hammond , Indiana House show Brad Armstrong Won by pinfall 51 -- 0 March 22 , 1998 Cincinnati , Ohio The Crown House show Brad Armstrong Won by pinfall 52 -- 0 March 23 , 1998 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall Nitro The Renegade Won by pinfall 53 -- 0 March 25 , 1998 Baltimore , Maryland House show Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 54 -- 0 March 26 , 1998 Fairfax , Virginia Patriot Center Thunder Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 55 -- 0 March 27 , 1998 Charlottesville , Virginia House show Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 56 -- 0 March 28 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Johnny Swinger Won by pinfall 57 -- 0 March 28 , 1998 Auburn Hills , Michigan Palace House show Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 58 -- 0 March 29 , 1998 Milwaukee , Wisconsin House show Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 59 -- 0 March 30 , 1998 Chicago , Illinois United Center Nitro Ray Traylor Won by pinfall 60 -- 0 April 2 , 1998 Tampa , Florida Ice Palace Thunder Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 61 -- 0 April 3 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 62 -- 0 April 4 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Terrance Black Won by pinfall 63 -- 0 April 4 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide John Nord Won by pinfall 64 -- 0 April 4 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Bobby Blaze Won by pinfall 65 -- 0 April 4 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Universal Studios WorldWide Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 66 -- 0 April 6 , 1998 Miami , Florida Miami Arena Nitro Van Hammer Won by pinfall 67 -- 0 April 10 , 1998 Montgomery , Alabama House show Fit Finlay Won by pinfall 68 -- 0 April 11 , 1998 Chattanooga , Tennessee UTC Arena House show Fit Finlay Won by pinfall 69 -- 0 April 13 , 1998 Minneapolis , Minnesota Target Center Nitro Rocco Rock Won by pinfall 70 -- 0 April 14 , 1998 Mankato , Minnesota Saturday Night Van Hammer Won by pinfall 71 -- 0 April 16 , 1998 Fargo , North Dakota FargoDome Thunder Barry Darsow Won by pinfall 72 -- 0 April 19 , 1998 Denver , Colorado Coliseum Spring Stampede Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 73 -- 0 April 20 , 1998 Colorado Springs , Colorado World Arena Nitro WCW United States Heavyweight Champion Raven Won by pinfall 74 -- 0 April 22 , 1998 Columbia , South Carolina Carolina Coliseum Thunder Mike Enos Won by pinfall 75 -- 0 April 27 , 1998 Norfolk , Virginia Scope Nitro Scott Norton Won by pinfall 76 -- 0 April 27 , 1998 Norfolk , Virginia Scope Nitro Jerry Flynn Won by pinfall 77 -- 0 April 28 , 1998 Salisbury , Maryland House show Scott Norton Won by pinfall 78 -- 0 May 5 , 1998 Springfield , Illinois Saturday Night Van Hammer Won by pinfall 79 -- 0 May 5 , 1998 Springfield , Illinois Saturday Night Yuji Nagata Won by pinfall 80 -- 0 May 6 , 1998 Des Moines , Iowa Veterans Memorial Coliseum House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 81 -- 0 May 9 , 1998 Wichita , Kansas House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 82 -- 0 May 11 , 1998 Kansas City , Missouri Kemper Arena Nitro Len Denton Won by pinfall 83 -- 0 May 14 , 1998 Durham , North Carolina Whittemore Center Arena Thunder Sick Boy Won by pinfall 84 -- 0 May 15 , 1998 Bangor , Maine House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 85 -- 0 May 16 , 1998 Amherst , Massachusetts Mullins Center House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 86 -- 0 May 17 , 1998 Worcester , Massachusetts Centrum Slamboree Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 87 -- 0 May 18 , 1998 Providence , Rhode Island Civic Center Nitro Glacier Won by pinfall 88 -- 0 May 25 , 1998 Evansville , Indiana Roberts Municipal Auditorium Nitro Johnny Attitude Won by pinfall 89 -- 0 May 26 , 1998 Memphis , Tennessee Mid-South Coliseum House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 90 -- 0 May 27 , 1998 Nashville , Tennessee Municipal Auditorium Thunder Barry Horowitz Won by pinfall 91 -- 0 June 1 , 1998 Washington , D.C. MCI Center Nitro La Parka Won by pinfall 92 -- 0 June 4 , 1998 Peoria , Illinois Civic Center Thunder The Barbarian and Hugh Morrus Won by pinfall 93 -- 0 June 5 , 1998 Muncie , Indiana House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 94 -- 0 June 6 , 1998 Fort Wayne , Indiana House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 95 -- 0 June 7 , 1998 Grand Rapids , Michigan Van Andel Arena House show Perry Saturn Won by pinfall 96 -- 0 June 8 , 1998 Auburn Hills , Michigan The Palace Nitro Chavo Guerrero Jr . Won by pinfall 97 -- 0 June 9 , 1998 Saginaw , Michigan Civic Center Saturday Night Raven Won by pinfall 98 -- 0 June 13 , 1998 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania House show Konnan Won by pinfall 99 -- 0 June 13 , 1998 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania House show Sting Won by pinfall 100 -- 0 June 14 , 1998 Baltimore , Maryland Arena The Great American Bash Konnan Won by pinfall 101 -- 0 June 17 , 1998 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Corestates Spectrum Thunder Reese Won by pinfall 102 -- 0 June 22 , 1998 Jacksonville , Florida Coliseum Nitro Rick Fuller Won by pinfall 103 -- 0 June 24 , 1998 Orlando , Florida Thunder dark match Fit Finlay Won by pinfall 104 -- 0 June 29 , 1998 Tampa , Florida Ice Palace Nitro Glacier Won by pinfall 105 -- 0 July 6 , 1998 Atlanta , Georgia Georgia Dome Nitro Scott Hall Won by pinfall 106 -- 0 July 6 , 1998 Atlanta , Georgia Georgia Dome Nitro WCW World Heavyweight Champion Hollywood Hogan Won by pinfall 107 -- 0 July 7 , 1998 Macon , Georgia Coliseum Saturday Night Scott Hall Won by pinfall 108 -- 0 July 8 , 1998 Birmingham , Alabama BJCC Thunder dark match Scott Hall Won by pinfall 109 -- 0 July 10 , 1998 Inglewood , California Great Western Forum LA Melee Curt Hennig Won by pinfall 110 -- 0 July 12 , 1998 San Diego , California Cox Arena Bash at the Beach Curt Hennig Won by pinfall 111 -- 0 July 13 , 1998 Las Vegas , Nevada MGM Grand Nitro Curt Hennig Won by pinfall 112 -- 0 July 16 , 1998 Oakland , California Coliseum Thunder dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 113 -- 0 July 17 , 1998 Sacramento , California House show Curt Hennig Won by pinfall 114 -- 0 July 18 , 1998 Spokane , Washington House show Curt Hennig Won by pinfall 115 -- 0 July 19 , 1998 Yakima , Washington Sun Dome House show Curt Hennig Won by pinfall 116 -- 0 July 20 , 1998 Salt Lake City , Utah E Center Nitro dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 117 -- 0 July 26 , 1998 New York City , New York Goodwill Games House show Curt Hennig Won by pinfall 118 -- 0 July 27 , 1998 San Antonio , Texas AlamoDome Nitro Brian Adams Won by pinfall 119 -- 0 July 27 , 1998 San Antonio , Texas AlamoDome Nitro dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 120 -- 0 August 3 , 1998 Denver , Colorado Coliseum Nitro dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 121 -- 0 August 5 , 1998 Casper , Wyoming Events Center Thunder dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 122 -- 0 August 8 , 1998 Sturgis , South Dakota Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Road Wild The Giant Won by pinfall 123 -- 0 August 10 , 1998 Rapid City , South Dakota Rushmore Plaza Civic Center Nitro Meng Won by pinfall 124 -- 0 August 13 , 1998 Fargo , North Dakota FargoDome Thunder dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 125 -- 0 August 17 , 1998 Hartford , Connecticut Civic Center Nitro The Giant Won by DQ 126 -- 0 August 26 , 1998 Peoria , Illinois Civic Center Thunder dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 127 -- 0 August 31 , 1998 Miami , Florida Miami Arena Nitro Al Green Won by pinfall 128 -- 0 September 7 , 1998 Pensacola , Florida Nitro Scott Putski Won by pinfall 129 -- 0 September 10 , 1998 Lexington , Kentucky Rupp Arena Thunder Rick Fuller Won by pinfall 130 -- 0 September 11 , 1998 Cincinnati , Ohio House show The Giant Won by pinfall 131 -- 0 September 14 , 1998 Greensville , South Carolina BiLo Center Nitro Sting Won by pinfall 132 -- 0 September 24 , 1998 Norfolk , Virginia Scope Thunder Chris Kanyon Won by pinfall 133 -- 0 September 24 , 1998 Norfolk , Virginia Scope Thunder Raven Won by pinfall 134 -- 0 September 25 , 1998 Baltimore , Maryland Arena House show The Giant Won by pinfall 135 -- 0 September 26 , 1998 Fairfax , Virginia Patriot Center House show Sting Won by pinfall 136 -- 0 October 1 , 1998 Norfolk , Virginia Thunder Raven Won by pinfall 137 -- 0 October 5 , 1998 Columbia , South Carolina Carolina Coliseum Nitro Disco Inferno Won by pinfall 138 -- 0 October 10 , 1998 Dayton , Ohio House show The Giant Won by pinfall 139 -- 0 October 10 , 1998 Columbus , Ohio House show The Giant Won by pinfall 140 -- 0 October 11 , 1998 Milwaukee , Wisconsin House show The Giant Won by pinfall 141 -- 0 October 12 , 1998 Chicago , Illinois United Center Nitro The Giant Won by countout 142 -- 0 October 20 , 1998 Mankato , Minnesota Thunder dark match Meng Won by pinfall 143 -- 0 October 21 , 1998 Duluth , Minnesota DECC House show Scott Hall Won by pinfall 144 -- 0 October 25 , 1998 Las Vegas , Nevada MGM Grand Halloween Havoc Diamond Dallas Page Won by pinfall 145 -- 0 November 6 , 1998 Charleston , West Virginia Civic Center House show The Giant Won by pinfall 146 -- 0 November 7 , 1998 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Palumbo Center House show The Giant Won by pinfall 147 -- 0 November 8 , 1998 Johnstown , Pennsylvania House show The Giant Won by pinfall 148 -- 0 November 9 , 1998 Long Island , New York Nassau Coliseum Nitro Meng Won by pinfall 149 -- 0 November 12 , 1998 Roanoke , Virginia Roanoke Civic Center Thunder dark match The Giant Won by pinfall 150 -- 0 November 23 , 1998 Grand Rapids , Michigan Universal Championship Van Andel Arena Nitro The Giant Won by pinfall 151 -- 0 December 7 , 1998 Houston , Texas AstroDome Nitro Bam Bam Bigelow No contest 151 -- 0 December 14 , 1998 Tampa , Florida Ice Palace Nitro Bam Bam Bigelow and Kevin Nash No contest 151 -- 0 December 18 , 1998 Tulsa , Oklahoma House show The Giant Won by pinfall 152 -- 0 December 19 , 1998 Springfield , Missouri Shrine Mosque House show The Giant Won by pinfall 153 -- 0 December 20 , 1998 Kansas City , Missouri Kemper Arena House show Bam Bam Bigelow Won by pinfall 154 -- 0 December 21 , 1998 St Louis , Missouri TWA Dome Nitro Scott Hall Won by DQ 155 -- 0 December 27 , 1998 Washington , D.C. MCI Center Starrcade Kevin Nash Lost by pinfall 155 -- 1 See also Professional wrestling portal List of select Jewish football players List of select Jewish professional wrestlers List of multi-sport athletes Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Goldberg 's OWOW Profile '' . Online World of Wrestling . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Goldberg 's Accelerator profile '' . Accelerator 's Wrestling Rollercoaster . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Goldberg 's Cagematch profile '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldberg bio '' . WWE . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Billgoldberg.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Road Wild report on August 8 , 1998 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW Nitro report on February 22 , 1999 '' . Jump up ^ `` WCW 1997 results '' . , Saturday Night taping , against Buddy Landel Jump up ^ `` How long was Goldberg 's undefeated streak ? '' . Fox Sports . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Owens : Being Universal champion is ' fulfilling ' '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg : I 'm going to win the Royal Rumble '' . Sports Illustrated . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Handler , Judd , `` The Hebrew Hulk '' , San Diego Jewish Journal . Jump up ^ Paul Farhi , `` Goldberg : A David in Goliath 's Shoes '' , The Washington Post , December 9 , 1999 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Farhi , `` Goldberg : A David in Goliath 's Shoes '' , Washington Post , December 9 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Crevar , Alex `` Goldberg Rules the Ring Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , University of Georgia ^ Jump up to : `` Eye to Eye With Goldberg '' . IGN . March 16 , 1999 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longtime obstetrician Jed Goldberg dies '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ Scheiber , Dave . `` The garden 's obsession '' . St. Petersburg Times . April 22 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Oksenhorn , Stewart . `` Rock Startup : Michael Goldberg Bellies up to the Music Business '' . Aspen Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Handler , Judd . `` The Hebrew Hulk '' . San Diego Jewish Journal . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick `` Wrestling with Their Son 's Career '' , Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ Bill Goldberg , Steve Goldberg ( 2000 ) I 'm Next : The Strange Journey of America 's Most Unlikely Superhero , ( Crown Publishers ) Page 160 -- 161 Jump up ^ Pope , Kristian ( 2005 ) . Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling Field Guide : Legend and Lore . Krause Publicati . p. 180 . ISBN 0896892670 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW 1997 '' . Thehistoryofwwe.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Nitro : March 16th 1998 : Goldberg vs. Lodi '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first United States Championship reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Thunder -- Wednesday , 04 / 22 / 98 '' . DDT Digest . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Ross ( 2002 ) . Bill Goldberg ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Rosen Publishing Group . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3495 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg Reveals Favorite Match In His Career , Why He Was Never Able To Replicate That Match , More '' . WrestlingInc.com . December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2000 ) . `` Gridiron Grapplers '' . Football 's Most Wanted ( 1st ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 309 - 1 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cragg , Oliver ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 2K17 : Goldberg set to return as marquee pre-order bonus for Xbox One and PS4 grappler '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scherer , Dave ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Is WWE dissing Undertaker , pushing Dean , Goldberg 's streak and more '' . PWInsider . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Bryan ; Reynolds , R.D. ( 2004 ) . The Death Of WCW . Toronto : ECW Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 661 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , Fin ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Mail '' . Power Slam . Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Nick ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` How long was Goldberg 's undefeated streak ? '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jericho , Chris ; Peter Thomas Fornatale ( 2008 ) . A Lion 's Tale : Around the World in Spandex . London : Orion Books . p. 369 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 8446 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Next ? '' . The Monday Night War : WWE vs. WCW . Season 1 . Episode 10 . October 21 , 2014 . 24 minutes in . WWE Network . WWE . Jump up ^ `` Road Wild 1999 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's second United States Championship reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW World Tag Team Championship history '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW Monday Nitro -- December 20 , 1999 '' . DDT Digest . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Talent Contract Database '' . Pt.scribd.com . May 23 , 2000 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg defeats The Rock '' . WWE . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H vs. Goldberg vs. Randy Orton vs. Kevin Nash vs. Shawn Michaels vs. Chris Jericho in the Elimination Chamber for the World Heavyweight Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H vs. Goldberg for the World Heavyweight Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first World Heavyweight Championship reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Heavyweight Championship Match : Goldberg def . Triple H to retain '' . WWE . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg vs. Triple H vs. Kane in a No Disqualification Triple Threat for the World Heavyweight Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar vs. Eddie Guerrero for the WWE Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2008 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , John ( March 15 , 2004 ) . `` WrestleMania XX bombs '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The WrestleMania Disaster - Brock Lesnar vs Bill Goldberg '' . cageseats.com . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faivish , Avi ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` 6 / 7 Legends of Wrestling at Citi Field in New York : Additional perspective on crowd size & event '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Goldberg Spears Scott Steiner at Legends of Wrestling '' . wrestlezone.com . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Artus , Matthew ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` 2K announces Goldberg as WWE 2K17 pre-order exclusive '' . WWE . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` '' WWE 2K17 '' official details -- Goldberg comments on lead role `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE RAW Results -- 10 / 10 / 16 ( Live from Oakland , Paul Heyman advertised to appear , Hell in a Cell hype ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWE News : Goldberg to promote WWE 2K17 during Summerslam weekend , possible return plans '' . sportskeeda.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWE `` Off The Top Rope '' segment on ESPN SportsCenter with Jonathan Coachman Featuring Goldberg `` . YouTube . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( March 14 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE WrestleMania XX PPV Results - 3 / 14 / 04 from Madison Square Garden '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE RAW Results -- 10 / 17 / 16 ( Live from Denver , Bill Goldberg returns to WWE answering Heyman 's challenge ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raw : Oct. 31 , 2016 '' . WWE . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Namako , Jason . `` Brock Lesnar vs. Goldberg made official for the WWE Survivor Series PPV on November 20 in Toronto '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE RAW Results -- 10 / 31 / 16 ( Live from Hartford , Goldberg returns , Hell in a Cell fallout , Survivor Series teams ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Heyman taken to hospital after Goldberg 's Spear '' . WWE . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` WWE RAW Results -- 11 / 14 / 16 ( Live from Buffalo , Survivor Series go - home , Lesnar , Goldberg , McMahon and Bryan ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg . `` Goldberg def . Brock Lesnar '' . WWE . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Survivor Series 2016 live review : Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar , three Team Raw vs. Team Smackdown elimination matches , IC and WWE Cruiserweight Title matches '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` WWE RAW Results -- 11 / 21 / 16 ( Live from Toronto , fallout from WWE Survivor Series PPV on Sunday night ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 11 / 28 : Live coverage -- Charlotte defends against Sasha Banks , New Day defends against Anderson & Gallows '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Goldberg appeared on `` The Kevin Owens Show '' `` . WWE . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 1 / 2 : Goldberg appearance , Sami vs. Braun in Last Man Standing match , Foley 's new haircut '' . pwtorch.com . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 1 / 23 : Final show before the Royal Rumble , Goldberg - Lesnar hype , Reigns confronted by Jericho & Owens '' . pwtorch.com . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ; Taylor , Scott . `` Randy Orton won the 30 - Superstar Royal Rumble Match '' . wwe.com . WWE . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2017 Royal Rumble Match statistics : entrants , eliminations , times and more '' . WWE . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 1 / 29 Powell 's WWE Royal Rumble 2017 live review : AJ Styles vs. John Cena for the WWE Championship , Kevin Owens vs. Roman Reigns in a No DQ match for the WWE Universal Championship with Chris Jericho in a shark cage '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 1 / 30 : Ongoing coverage of Royal Rumble fallout including Owens celebration cut short by ominous Strowman news '' . pwtorch.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 2 / 6 : Samoa Joe signs his Raw contract , Seth Rollins update , Bayley vs. Jax , Goldberg , more '' . pwtorch.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` WWE Universal Champion Kevin Owens vs. Goldberg '' . WWE . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 2 / 27 : Goldberg speaks , Seth Rollins speaks , Reigns - Braun contract signing , more Fastlane final hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 2 / 13 : Las Vegas Festival of Friendship , Emmalina 's debut , Fastlane developments , more '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Goldberg def . Kevin Owens to win the Universal Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 3 / 5 Powell 's WWE Fastlane Live Review : Kevin Owens vs. Goldberg for the WWE Championship , Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman , Bayley vs. Charlotte for the Raw Women 's Championship , Samoa Joe vs. Sami Zayn '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Brock Lesnar def . Goldberg to become new Universal Champion '' . WWE . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 33 live review : Undertaker vs. Roman Reigns , Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shane McMahon , Seth Rollins vs. Triple H in an unsanctioned match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elbe , Craig ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` 4 / 3 Raw Talk Review : Goldberg addresses family and fans after Raw goes off the air , plus Hardys , Bayley '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fin Martin and Antohy Evans ( August 2003 ) . `` Know their Roles '' . Power Slam Magazine . Lancaster , Lancashire , England : SW Publishing Ltd . pp. 26 -- 31 . 109 . Jump up ^ Forman , Ross . `` Exclusive interview '' . billgoldberg.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` '' Celebrity Apprentice : '' Goldberg Eliminated `` . CBS News . April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Werner , Barry ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Tyson , Bill Goldberg and Bret Hart are among the legends in ' Nine Legends . ' '' . foxsports.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Nitro Character Roster '' . mobygames . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bassave , Roy ( November 19 , 1998 ) . `` Wrestling 's Real Deal '' . The Buffalo News . Jump up ^ `` WCW / NWO Thunder review ( PlayStation ) '' . cnet . December 23 , 1998 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Mayhem review ( PlayStation ) '' . cnet . September 24 , 1999 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EA Begins The Assault ... WCW Backstage Assault ships for the PlayStation with Nintendo 64 to follow . '' . spong.com . December 13 , 2000 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Genno , Ryan ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` WWE Raw 2 '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WWE SmackDown ! Here Comes the Pain Announced Exclusively For Playstation 2 '' . gameinfowire.com/ . July 21 , 2003 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` WWE 2K14 roster revealed '' . videogamer.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 2K17 Preorders Come With Two Versions of Bill Goldberg '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ As stated in that movie 's audio commentary . Jump up ^ `` IGN Interview : Bullrun 's Bill Goldberg '' . IGN . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muay Thai Training San Diego '' . Extreme Power Gym . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I 'm Next : The Goldberg Autobiography Jump up ^ `` Goldberg , Uncle Louie , Rey Horday three - man tag to support Wounded Warriors of South Florida '' . Miami Herald . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurtzman , Daniels `` Jewish pro-wrestling star goes to the mat for animals '' , Jewish Telegraphic Agency Jump up ^ `` Goldberg : Bad Ass with A Big Heart '' . likethedew.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy V Celebrity Golf Classic a Great Success ! V Foundation '' . jimmyv.org . August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ RaleighLifestyleTV ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` Bill Goldberg Interview '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities tee it up at Pinehurst for V Foundation - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About Goldberg '' . cbslocal.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Monday Night Nitro - Monday , 09 / 29 / 97 '' . Ddtdigest.com . November 15 , 1997 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Genickbruch profile '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW Superbrawl VIII , Sunday , 02 / 22 / 98 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Monday Nitro , Monday , 04 / 20 / 98 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( March 26 , 1998 ) . `` Jerry Flynn vs Goldberg '' . WCW Thunder . Jump up ^ `` WCW Nitro - 1 / 25 / 99 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( February 21 , 1999 ) . `` Goldberg Vs Bam Bam Bigelow '' . WCW SuperBrawl IX . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling , TNT ( March 22 , 1999 ) . `` Hardcore Hak vs Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . ^ Jump up to : JPW ( January 19 , 2003 ) . `` KroniK vs. Keiji Mutoh & Goldberg '' . AJPW . Jump up ^ `` WCW Saturday Night -- Saturday , 05 / 16 / 98 '' . May 16 , 1998 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( March 19 , 1998 ) . `` Wayne Bloom vs Goldberg '' . WCW Thunder . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling TNT ( April 22 , 1998 ) . `` Mark Enos vs Goldberg '' . WCW Thunder . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( February 20 , 1998 ) . `` Fit Finlay vs Goldberg '' . WCW Thunder . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( December 28 , 1997 ) . `` Steve `` Mongo '' McMichael vs Goldberg `` . WCW Starrcade . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( April 20 , 1998 ) . `` Raven vs Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling , TNT ( September 22 , 1997 ) . `` Hugh Morrus Vs. Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling TNT ( April 14 , 1998 ) . `` Kenny Kaos vs Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling TNT ( September 14 , 1998 ) . `` Sting Vs. Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( September 12 , 1999 ) . `` DDP vs Goldberg '' . WCW Fall Brawl . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( April 11 , 1999 ) . `` Kevin Nash vs Goldberg '' . WCW Spring Stampede . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling ( December 27 , 1998 ) . `` Kevin Nash Vs. Goldberg ( c ) '' . WCW Starrcade . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( July 26 , 1999 ) . `` Bill Goldberg vs. Curt Hennig / w the West Texas Rednecks '' . WCW Monday Nitro . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling , TNT ( December 6 , 1999 ) . `` Jeff Jarrett vs Goldberg ; Lumberjack Match with Roddy Piper a special referee '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ `` WCW Thunder - Thursday , October 1st , 1998 '' . Ddtdigest.com . October 1 , 1998 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : World Wrestling Entertainment ( November 10 , 2003 ) . `` Batista vs Goldberg '' . WWE RAW . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling , TNT ( March 2 , 1998 ) . `` Sickboy vs Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ `` WCW Monday Nitro - Monday , 03 / 16 / 98 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling TNT ( February 22 , 1999 ) . `` Scott Steiner Vs. Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling , TNT ( October 20 , 1997 ) . `` Riggs vs Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling TNT ( June 19 , 2000 ) . `` Horace Hogan vs Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ `` Raw : Batista batters Goldberg '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raw : Benoit and Michaels align '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raw : Mrs. Foley 's little boy is back '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unforgiven : Goldberg wins Gold '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raw : Midgets , thongs and frying pans '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Armageddon a flop '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raw : Ultimate decision for Kane '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keller 's WWE Raw report 5 yrs . ago ( 1 -- 23 -- 04 ) : Trish Stratus , Lita , Jericho , Goldberg , Christian , RVD ... '' . PWTorch.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling TNT ( February 2 , 1998 ) . `` Mark Starr Vs. Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW Monday Nitro - Monday , 10 / 26 / 98 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Thunder - Wednesday , 04 / 22 / 98 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Thunder - Thursday , 03 / 19 / 98 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( October 25 , 1998 ) . `` DDP Vs. Goldberg '' . WCW Halloween Havoc . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling TNT ( November 20 , 2000 ) . `` Goldberg attacks Mike Sanders '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling TNT ( June 8 , 1998 ) . `` Chavo Guerrero Jr . Vs. Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling TNT ( November 13 , 2000 ) . `` Goldberg Vs . The Boogie Knights '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ `` Malice At The Palace Results , Wednesday , April 2nd , 1998 '' . Ddtdigest.com. April 2 , 1998 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Monday / Tuesday Nitro - 04 / 27 - 28 / 98 '' . Ddtdigest.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling , TNT ( July 27 , 1998 ) . `` Brian Adams Vs. Goldberg '' . WCW Monday Nitro . Jump up ^ World Championship Wrestling ( October 24 , 1999 ) . `` Sting vs Goldberg '' . WCW Halloween Havoc . Jump up ^ Aijaz , Rahul . `` Goldberg to make WWE return after 12 years - The Express Tribune '' . Tribune.com.pk . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TONIGHT : The iconic @ Goldberg returns to Monday Night # RAW for the first time in 12 YEARS to answer @ BrockLesnar 's challenge ! # RAWPreShow '' . WWE on Twitter . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The iconic @ Goldberg is LIVE on # RAW , and you better believe he has a message for his # SurvivorSeries opponent @ BrockLesnar ! '' . WWE on Twitter . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Goldberg `` Wrestler - Datenbank `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Cagematch.de . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WCW Monday Nitro - Monday , 08 / 02 / 99 '' . Ddtdigest.com . September 7 , 1999 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PWI Awards '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . Kappa Publishing Group . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 500 for 1998 '' . Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's Top 500 Wrestlers of the PWI Years '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first WCW United States Heavyweight Championship reign '' . WWE . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's second WCW United States Heavyweight Championship reign '' . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first WCW World Heavyweight Championship reign '' . WWE . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first World Heavyweight Championship ( WWE ) reign '' . WWE . Jump up ^ `` WWE Universal Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Championship Wrestling -- Goldberg 's Undefeated Streak '' . Genius . ^ Jump up to : `` In 1997 , fans of World Championship Wrestling were ... -- WCW WorldWide '' . wcwworldwide.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW 1998 '' . Thehistoryofwwe.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . References Goldberg , Bill and Goldberg , Steve ( 2000 ) I 'm Next : The Strange Journey of America 's Most Unlikely Superhero , ISBN 0 - 609 - 60780 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bill Goldberg . 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Keller Head Coach : Kay Stephenson Defensive Coordinator : Charlie Sumner ( 1991 ) Jim Haslett ( 1992 ) World Bowl appearances ( 1 ) 1992 League championships ( 1 ) World Bowl II : Sacramento 21 , Orlando Thunder 17 ( at Montreal ) WLAF seasons ( 2 ) 1991 1992 See also Sacramento Gold Miners National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame Baseball Brad Ausmus Moe Berg Ron Blomberg Harry Danning Thelma Eisen Mike Epstein Sid Gordon Shawn Green Hank Greenberg Ken Holtzman Sandy Koufax Elliott Maddox Saul Rogovin Al Rosen Art Shamsky Basketball David Bluthenthal Tal Brody Jack Garfinkel Hy Gotkin Leo Gottlieb Ernie Grunfeld Sonny Hertzberg Art Heyman Nat Holman Ralph Kaplowitz Nat Militzok Steve Nisenson Donna Orender Hank Rosenstein Dan Schayes Dolph Schayes Ossie Schectman Jon Scheyer Sid Tanenbaum Neal Walk Max Zaslofsky Bowling Marshall Holman Boxing Harry Haft Benny Leonard Barney Ross Canadian football Noah Cantor Canoeing Joe Jacobi Cycling Doug Shapiro Dressage Robert Dover Fencing Cliff Bayer Tamir Bloom Daniel Bukantz Sada Jacobson Figure Skating Sarah Hughes Football Harris Barton Hayden Epstein Jay Fiedler John Frank Benny Friedman Lennie Friedman Sid Gillman Marshall Goldberg Sid Luckman Josh Miller Ron Mix Ed Newman Sage Rosenfels Mike Rosenthal Allie Sherman Bob Stein Josh Taves Andre Tippett Alan Veingrad Gary Wood Golf Amy Alcott Gymnastics Mitch Gaylord Kerri Strug Handball Vic Hershkowitz Horseracing Walter Blum Ice hockey Sara DeCosta - Hayes Eric Nystrom Bob Nystrom Mathieu Schneider Judo / Karate Bob Berland Charlee Minkin Lacrosse William Beroza Pole Vault Jillian Schwartz Racquetball Marty Hogan Rugby Shawn Lipman Shot put Gary Gubner Skiing Carrie Sheinberg Soccer Jeff Agoos Yael Averbuch Shep Messing Sara Whalen Swimming Anthony Ervin Scott Goldblatt Lenny Krayzelburg Jason Lezak Marilyn Ramenofsky Mark Spitz Dara Torres Tennis Julie Heldman Ilana Kloss Dick Savitt Track Deena Drossin Irving Mondschein Zhanna Pintusevich - Block Triathlete Joanna Zeiger Weightlifting Isaac Berger Wrestling Bill Goldberg Henry Wittenberg Other Ray Arcel ( boxing trainer ) Senda Berenson Abbott ( women 's basketball pioneer ) Red Auerbach ( basketball coach ) Gary Bettman ( NHL commissioner ) Al Blau ( lacrosse official ) Ed Block ( football trainer ) Larry Brown ( basketball coach ) Herb Brown ( basketball coach ) Norm Drucker ( basketball official ) Aerial Gilbert ( blind rower ) Sada Jacobson ( fencing ) Seth Greenberg ( basketball coach ) Gladys Heldman ( women 's tennis magazine founder ) Helene Hines ( wheelchair marathoner ) Red Holzman ( basketball coach ) Neila Jacobson ( football trainer ) Fran Kalafer ( volleyball coach ) Fred Lebow ( NYC marathon founder ) Ryan Levinson ( cyclist w / muscular dystrophy ) Marv Levy ( football coach & executive ) Jerry Markbreit ( football referee ) Marvin Miller ( baseball player association executive ) Debbie Rademacher ( soccer coach ) Abe Saperstein ( basketball owner & coach ) Red Sarachek ( basketball coach ) Gary Wichard ( football player & sports agent ) Writer / Broadcaster / Columnist / Photographer / Executive Marv Albert Mel Allen Marty Appel Len Berman Linda Cohn Howard Cosell Marty Glickman Roger Kahn George Kalinsky Bill Mazer Shirley Povich ( columnist ) Milton Richman ( columnist ) Sam Rosen Dick Schaap ( columnist ) Suzyn Waldman Warner Wolf Paul Zimmerman Awards Marty Glickman Award ; Outstanding Jewish Scholastic ( College ) Athlete of the Year Charles Altchek ( soccer ) Yael Averbuch ( soccer ) Cliff Bayer ( fencing ) Matt Bernstein Shay Doron ( basketball ) David Ettinger ( football ) Jay Fiedler ( football ) Loren Galler Rabinowitz ( figure skating ) Rebekah Green ( shot put ) Bess Greenberg ( basketball ) Dustin Greenhill ( gymnastics ) Dan Grunfeld ( basketball ) Damion Hahn ( wrestling ) Dan Helmer ( gymnastics ) Anita Kaplan ( basketball ) Brie Katz ( volleyball ) Chad Levitt ( football ) Jessica Levy Samantha Marder ( softball ) Boyd Melson ( boxer ) Neil Ravitz ( football ) Amy Rosson ( softball ) Rebekah Rottenberg ( lacrosse ) Mike Saffer ( football ) Jon Scheyer ( basketball ) Laine Selwyn ( basketball ) Marc Siegel ( ice hockey ) Jules D. Mazor Award ; Outstanding Jewish High School Scholar Athlete of the Year Adam Balkan ( baseball ) Stephanie Barnet ( squash ) Ben Belmont ( lacrosse ) Rachel Blume ( softball ) Dannielle Diamant ( basketball ) Hillary Framson ( soccer ) Zachary Greenberg ( basketball ) Ben Herman ( swimming ) Emily Jacobson ( fencing ) David Kahn ( swimming ) Jesse Koller ( soccer ) Jarryd Levine ( soccer ) Max Levine ( baseball ) Jason Liberman ( basketball ) Sarah Lowenthal ( gymnastics ) Adam Mahfouda ( lacrosse ) Samantha Marder ( softball ) Chad Prince ( soccer ) Jon Scheyer ( basketball ) Jodi Schlesinger ( track ) Justin Simon ( basketball ) Mark Wohlstadter ( football ) Courtney Zale ( basketball ) Dick Steinberg Award ; `` Good Guy '' Award Andy Bloom ( shot put ) Ron Carner ( executive ) Dave Cohen ( football coach ) Gerald Eskanezi ( columnist ) Jay Fiedler ( football ) Ken Fiedler ( basketball coach ) Stan Fischler ( broadcasting ) Alan Freedman ( executive ) Nicole Freedman ( bicycling ) Margie Goldstein - Engle ( horse showing ) Stan Isaacs ( columnist ) James Jacobs ( handball ) Steve Jacobson ( columnist ) Barry Landers ( broadcaster ) Nancy Moloff ( wheelchair discus ) Marty Riger ( basketball coach ) Arthur Richman ( baseball writer & executive ) Dick Steinberg ( football general manager ) Herb Turetzky ( basketball ) Lisa Winston ( columnist ) George Young Award Ernie Accorsi ( football ) Lou Carnesecca ( basketball ) Preston Robert Tisch ( football ) George Young ( football ) VIAF : 70722532 LCCN : n99043282 ISNI : 0000 0001 1474 5087 BNF : cb15585926r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Goldberg&oldid=802494492 '' Categories : 1966 births Living people American male professional wrestlers American football defensive tackles American football linebackers American podcasters American television hosts Atlanta Falcons players Georgia Bulldogs football players Sacramento Surge players Los Angeles Rams players Carolina Panthers players American color commentators American male film actors American male television actors Mixed martial arts broadcasters Participants in American reality television series Sportspeople from Tulsa , Oklahoma Players of American football from Oklahoma Sportspeople from Atlanta Jewish American sportspeople Jewish professional wrestlers SEMA members Professional wrestlers from Oklahoma American memoirists American people of Romanian - Jewish descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent Sportspeople from Oceanside , California Professional wrestlers from California American car collectors American actor - athletes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2013 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter Articles with hCards NFL player missing current team parameter Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 14 : 28 . 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-1803114621028070863 | King James Version | King James Version - wikipedia King James Version Jump to : navigation , search `` KJB '' redirects here . For other uses , see KJB ( disambiguation ) and King James Version ( disambiguation ) . King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text , which is flanked by Moses and Aaron . In the four corners sit Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , authors of the four gospels , with their symbolic animals . The rest of the Apostles ( with Judas facing away ) stand around Peter and Paul . At the very top is the Tetragrammaton `` יְהֹוָה '' written with Hebrew diacritics . Abbreviation KJV , KJB , or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT : Masoretic Text , some LXX and Vulgate influence . NT : Textus Receptus , similar to the Byzantine text - type ; some readings derived from the Vulgate . Apocrypha : Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate . Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age , publication restrictions in the United Kingdom ( See Copyright status ) Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 ( show ) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth . And the earth was without form , and void ; and darkness was upon the face of the deep . And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters . And God said , Let there be light : and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 ( show ) For God so loved the world , that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish , but have everlasting life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The Bible in English Title page to the King James Version List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Main category : Bible translations into English Bible portal The King James Version ( KJV ) , also known as the King James Bible ( KJB ) or simply the Authorized Version ( AV ) , is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 . The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament , an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha ( most of which correspond to books in the Vulgate Deuterocanon adhered to by Roman Catholics ) , and the 27 books of the New Testament . It was first printed by the King 's Printer Robert Barker and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities . The first had been the Great Bible , commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ) , and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible of 1568 . In January 1604 , James VI and I convened the Hampton Court Conference , where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England . The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '' , and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world . James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy . The translation was done by 47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England . In common with most other translations of the period , the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter , which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ) and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches , except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English - speaking scholars . With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century , this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history , almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha . Today the unqualified title `` King James Version '' usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorized Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes 3.1 Translation 3.1. 1 Old Testament 3.1. 2 New Testament 3.1. 3 Apocrypha 3.1. 4 Sources 3.2 Variations from recent translations 3.3 Style and criticism 3.4 Mistranslations 4 Influence 4.1 Copyright status 4.1. 1 Permission 4.2 Apocrypha 4.3 King James Only movement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) 1612 First KJV bible in quarto size The title of the first edition of the translation , in Early Modern English , was `` THE HOLY BIBLE , Conteyning the Old Testament , AND THE NEW : Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues : & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised , by his Maiesties speciall Comandement '' . The title page carries the words `` Appointed to be read in Churches '' , and F.F. Bruce suggests it was `` probably authorised by order in council '' but no record of the authorisation survives `` because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 '' . For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name . In his Leviathan of 1651 , Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James . A 1761 `` Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' refers to the 1611 version merely as a new , compleat , and more accurate Translation , despite referring to the Great Bible by its name , and despite using the name `` Rhemish Testament '' for the Douay - Rheims Bible version . Similarly , a `` History of England '' , whose fifth edition was published in 1775 , writes merely that ( a ) new translation of the Bible , viz. , that now in Use , was begun in 1607 , and published in 1611 . King James 's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation ( on a par with the `` Genevan Bible '' or the `` Rhemish Testament '' ) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae ( first published 1797 ) . Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a `` Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' published in Massachusetts in 1815 , and in an English publication from 1818 , which explicitly states that the 1611 version is `` generally known by the name of King James 's Bible '' . This name was also found as King James ' Bible ( without the final `` s '' ) : for example in a book review from 1811 . The phrase `` King James 's Bible '' is used as far back as 1715 , although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description . The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version , capitalized and used as a name , is found as early as 1814 . For some time before this , descriptive phrases such as `` our present , and only publicly authorised version '' ( 1783 ) , `` our Authorised version '' ( 1792 ) , and `` the authorized version '' ( 1801 , uncapitalized ) are found . The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824 . In Britain , the 1611 translation is generally known as the `` Authorised Version '' today . As early as 1814 , we find King James ' version , evidently a descriptive phrase , being used . `` The King James Version '' is found , unequivocally used as a name , in a letter from 1855 . The next year King James Bible , with no possessive , appears as a name in a Scottish source . In the United States , the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually editions following the standard text of 1769 , see below ) is generally known as the King James Version today . History ( edit ) Earlier English translations ( edit ) See also : English translations of the Bible The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century . These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form , often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban . As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate , and as it contained no heterodox readings , there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version ; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries ( such as Thomas More ) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation . William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525 . In 1525 , William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook a translation of the New Testament . Tyndale 's translation was the first printed Bible in English . Over the next ten years , Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship , and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament . Despite some controversial translation choices , and in spite of Tyndale 's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated bible , the merits of Tyndale 's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English . With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale , in 1539 , Tyndale 's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first `` authorised version '' issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII . When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553 , she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country , some establishing an English - speaking colony at Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship . These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . This translation , dated to 1560 , was a revision of Tyndale 's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages . Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558 , the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible ( namely , that the Geneva Bible did not `` conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy '' ) became painfully apparent . In 1568 , the Church of England responded with the Bishops ' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version . While officially approved , this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age -- in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds . Accordingly , Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version -- small editions were available at a relatively low cost . At the same time , there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay -- Rheims New Testament of 1582 , undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics . This translation , though still derived from Tyndale , claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate . In May 1601 , King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba 's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English . Two years later , he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England . Considerations for a New Version ( edit ) The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 . That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England . Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First , Galatians iv. 25 ( from the Bishops ' Bible ) . The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is , bordereth neither expressing the force of the word , nor the apostle 's sense , nor the situation of the place . Secondly , psalm cv. 28 ( from the Great Bible ) , ' They were not obedient ; ' the original being , ' They were not disobedient . ' Thirdly , psalm cvi. 30 ( also from the Great Bible ) , ' Then stood up Phinees and prayed , ' the Hebrew hath , ' executed judgment . ' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation . The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes ( which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ) . King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1 : 19 , where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15 : 16 , where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous ' mother ' , Queen Maachah ( Maachah had actually been Asa 's grandmother , but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary , Queen of Scots ) . Further , the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England . Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church . For example , old ecclesiastical words such as the word `` church '' were to be retained and not to be translated as `` congregation '' . The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy . James ' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers . The text of the Bishops ' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators , and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained . If the Bishops ' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation , the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list : the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew 's Bible , the Great Bible , and the Geneva Bible . In addition , later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner 's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay -- Rheims Bible . It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been `` translated out of the original tongues , and with the former translations diligently compared and revised , by His Majesty 's special commandment . '' As the work proceeded , more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated , including the requirement that words supplied in English to ' complete the meaning ' of the originals should be printed in a different type face . The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars , although 54 were originally approved . All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy . The scholars worked in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies , as well as High Churchmen . Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops ' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins . The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other . The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work , instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well - paid livings as these fell vacant . Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge , while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . The committees started work towards the end of 1604 . King James I of England , on 22 July 1604 , sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project . Right trusty and well beloved , we greet you well . Whereas we have appointed certain learned men , to the number of 4 and 50 , for the translating of the Bible , and in this number , divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all , or else so very small , as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time can not well remedy it , therefor we do hereby require you , that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York , as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. ( erbury ) signifying unto them , that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that ( all excuses set apart ) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men , as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West. ( minister ) on 2 and 20 July , in the 2nd year of our reign of England , France , and of Ireland , and of Scotland xxxvii . '' They had all completed their sections by 1608 , the Apocrypha committee finishing first . From January 1609 , a General Committee of Review met at Stationers ' Hall , London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees . The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes and John Harmar , and others known only by their initials , including `` AL '' ( who may be Arthur Lake ) , and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers ' Company . John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations ( in Latin ) -- which has partly survived in two later transcripts . Also surviving of the translators ' working papers are a bound - together set of marked - up corrections to one of the forty Bishops ' Bibles -- covering the Old Testament and Gospels , and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops ' Bible . Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes , of which one was the term `` bishopricke '' at Acts 1 : 20 . Translation committees ( edit ) First Westminster Company , translated Genesis to 2 Kings : Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company , translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon : Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing ; First Oxford Company , translated Isaiah to Malachi : John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne ; Second Oxford Company , translated the Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , and the Book of Revelation : Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten ; Second Westminster Company , translated the Epistles : William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) ; Second Cambridge Company , translated the Apocrypha : John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft . Printing ( edit ) Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the `` chief overseer '' of the production of the Authorized Version . The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , in 1611 as a complete folio Bible . It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve . Robert Barker 's father , Christopher , had , in 1589 , been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer , with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England . Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition , and consequently ran into serious debt , such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers , Bonham Norton and John Bill . It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text , share printed sheets with the others , and split the proceeds . Bitter financial disputes broke out , as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits , while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money . There followed decades of continual litigation , and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties , while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible . In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing , for their own university presses -- and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629 , and 1638 . The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators . This did not , however , impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers , especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version . Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611 , which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3 : 15 ; the first edition reading `` he went into the city '' , where the second reads `` she went into the city . '' ; these are known colloquially as the `` He '' and `` She '' Bibles . The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface . Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages . Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents . There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter , and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book , but no illustrations in the text . The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized , and when printers , as a matter of course , expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places , so as to achieve an even column of text . They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else . They used long s for non-final s . The glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral . Punctuation was relatively heavy , and differed from current practice . When space needed to be saved , the printers sometimes used ye for the , ( replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y ) , set ã for an or am ( in the style of scribe 's shorthand ) , and set & for and . On the contrary , on a few occasions , they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded . Later printings regularized these spellings ; the punctuation has also been standardized , but still varies from current usage norms . The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface , which itself made a political and a religious statement . Like the Great Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , the Authorized Version was `` appointed to be read in churches '' . It was a large folio volume meant for public use , not private devotion ; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it . However , smaller editions and roman - type editions followed rapidly , e.g. quarto roman - type editions of the Bible in 1612 . This contrasted with the Geneva Bible , which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface ( although black - letter editions , particularly in folio format , were issued later ) . In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , which had both been extensively illustrated , there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version , the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters -- together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself , and to the New Testament . In the Great Bible , readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . In the Geneva Bible , a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators , or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew ; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purposed , albeit sparsely and inconsistently . This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text . When , from the later 17th century onwards , the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type , the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics , this application being regularised and greatly expanded . This was intended to de-emphasise the words . The original printing contained two prefatory texts ; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to `` the most high and mighty Prince '' King James . Many British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . The second preface was called Translators to the Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version . It observes the translators ' stated goal , that they , `` never thought from the beginning that ( they ) should need to make a new translation , nor yet to make of a bad one a good one , ... but to make a good one better , or out of many good ones , one principal good one , not justly to be excepted against ; that hath been our endeavour , that our mark . '' They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations , stating , `` We do not deny , nay , we affirm and avow , that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English , set forth by men of our profession , ( for we have seen none of theirs ( Roman Catholics ) of the whole Bible as yet ) containeth the word of God , nay , is the word of God . '' As with the first preface , some British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first . The first printing contained a number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances . Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752 , and thus modern editions invariably omit it . So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage , each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers . Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries , or omitted such material entirely . Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts . Authorized Version ( edit ) The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorization exists ; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom . The King 's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops ' Bible , so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England . In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings -- though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version . The case was different in Scotland , where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible . It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed -- in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However , official policy favoured the Authorized Version , and this favour returned during the Commonwealth -- as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell -- and the `` New Translation '' was the only edition on the market . F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the `` Old Translation '' ( i.e. Geneva ) as being in 1674 . The Authorized Version 's acceptance by the general public took longer . The Geneva Bible continued to be popular , and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam , where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint . However , few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616 , and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation . In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called `` The Soldiers ' Bible '' . In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as `` The Bible without notes '' , thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva `` Bible with notes '' . There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam -- one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes ; one such edition was printed in London in 1649 . During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes , but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text . After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era . Furthermore , disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century , so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation . The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English - speaking people . A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation . Hugh Broughton , the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time ( but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament ) , issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version , criticizing especially the translators ' rejection of word - for - word equivalence and stated that `` he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation ( KJV ) should ever be foisted upon the English people '' . Walton 's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version ( and indeed the English language ) entirely . Walton 's reference text throughout is the Vulgate . The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651 , indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers ( e.g. , Job 41 : 24 , not Job 41 : 33 ) for his head text . In Chapter 35 : ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19 : 5 , first in his own translation of the ' Vulgar Latin ' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms `` ... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James '' , and `` The Geneva French '' ( i.e. Olivétan ) . Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred . For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that , while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people , nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so , Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin . It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles . In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges , successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been -- compositors freely varying spelling , capitalization and punctuation -- and also , over the years , introducing about 1,500 misprints ( some of which , like the omission of `` not '' from the commandment `` Thou shalt not commit adultery '' in the `` Wicked Bible '' , became notorious ) . The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text -- while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators ' work , chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note . A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches , and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay - Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original . However , general standards of spelling , punctuation , typesetting , capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version , and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice -- and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew , Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines , and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself -- so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture . This has been contemptuously labelled `` AVolatry '' , a play on the name `` Authorized Version '' ( AV ) and idolatry . Standard text of 1769 ( edit ) Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version , combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints , had reached the proportion of a scandal , and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text . First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760 , the culmination of 20 - years work by Francis Sawyer Parris , who died in May of that year . This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 and in John Baskerville 's fine folio edition of 1763 . This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition , edited by Benjamin Blayney , though with comparatively few changes from Parris 's edition ; but which became the Oxford standard text , and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings . Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers , while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 , and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own . They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original , making many thousands of minor changes to the text . In addition , Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of `` supplied '' words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts . Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus , rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured ; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ . Like the 1611 edition , the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha , although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators . Altogether , the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney 's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places . Since that date , a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text . The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the `` Authorized King James Version '' provides Oxford 's standard text , and also includes the prefatory section `` The Translators to the Reader '' . The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below . ( 1611 ) 1 . Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels , and haue not charity , I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie , and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge : and though I haue all faith , so that I could remooue mountaines , and haue no charitie , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore , and though I giue my body to bee burned , and haue not charitie , it profiteth me nothing . ( 1769 ) 1 . Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels , and have not charity , I am become as sounding brass , or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy , and understand all mysteries , and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith , so that I could remove mountains , and have not charity , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned , and have not charity , it profiteth me nothing . There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses : 11 changes of spelling , 16 changes of typesetting ( including the changed conventions for the use of u and v ) , three changes of punctuation , and one variant text -- where `` not charity '' is substituted for `` no charity '' in verse two , in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint . A particular verse for which Blayney 's 1769 text differs from Parris 's 1760 version is Matthew 5 : 13 , where Parris ( 1760 ) has Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out , and to be troden under foot of men . Blayney ( 1769 ) changes ' lost his savour ' to ' lost its savour ' , and troden to trodden . For a period , Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text , but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney 's work , but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings . By the mid-19th century , almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text -- increasingly without Blayney 's variant notes and cross references , and commonly excluding the Apocrypha . One exception to this was a scrupulous original - spelling , page - for - page , and line - for - line reprint of the 1611 edition ( including all chapter headings , marginalia , and original italicization , but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original ) , published by Oxford in 1833 . Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible , thoroughly revised , modernized and re-edited by F.H.A. Scrivener , who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes . Scrivener , like Blayney , opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty . In 2005 , Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha , edited by David Norton , which followed in the spirit of Scrivener 's work , attempting to bring spelling to present - day standards . Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks , while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text , so far as possible , to the wording used by its translators , especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents . This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books . From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged -- and since , due to advances in printing technology , it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale , it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English - speaking Protestant world . Academic debate through that century , however , increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars : ( a ) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible -- both in terms of specific vocabulary , and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names ; ( b ) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English , especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and ( c ) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries , the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text . Responding to these concerns , the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version , intending to retain the original text `` except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary '' . The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 ( New Testament ) , 1885 ( Old Testament ) and 1894 ( Apocrypha ) ; but , although it sold widely , the revision did not find popular favour , and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches . By the early 20th century , editing had been completed in Cambridge 's text , with at least 6 new changes since 1769 , and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings . The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions , and after the Second World War `` the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset . '' The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars . The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century . New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance ( roughly 1700 to 1950 ) , but groups do exist -- sometimes termed the King James Only movement -- that distrust anything not in agreement with the Authorized Version . Editorial criticism ( edit ) F.H.A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769 . In the 19th century , there were effectively three main guardians of the text . Norton identified five variations among the Oxford , Cambridge and London ( Eyre and Spottiswoode ) texts of 1857 , such as the spelling of `` farther '' or `` further '' at Matthew 26 : 39 . In the 20th century , variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford . Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included `` or Sheba '' ( Joshua 19 : 2 ) , `` sin '' ( 2 Chronicles 33 : 19 ) , `` clifts '' ( Job 30 : 6 ) , `` vapour '' ( Psalm 148 : 8 ) , `` flieth '' ( Nahum 3 : 16 ) , `` further '' ( Matthew 26 : 39 ) and a number of other references . In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford . These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney 's 1769 Edition . The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate , and a potential theological issue , particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition . Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5 : 8 in 1985 , reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word `` spirit '' in lower case by using a capital letter `` S '' . A Rev. Hardin of Bedford , Pennsylvania , wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse , and subsequently received a reply from Dr. Cooper on June 3 , 1985 , admitting that it was a `` matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case ' s ' in Spirit '' . Literary attributes ( edit ) Translation ( edit ) Like Tyndale 's translation and the Geneva Bible , the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic texts , although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate , and to more recent scholarly Latin versions ; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source . Following the example of the Geneva Bible , words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type ( albeit inconsistently ) , but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word - for - word equivalence . F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5 : 2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith , into this grace wherein wee stand , and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God . 3 And not onely so , but we glory in tribulations also , knowing that tribulation worketh patience : The English terms `` rejoice '' and `` glory '' stand for the same word in the Greek original . In Tyndale , Geneva and the Bishops ' Bibles , both instances are translated `` rejoice '' . In the Douay -- Rheims New Testament , both are translated `` glory '' . Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses . In obedience to their instructions , the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text , but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording . The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original ( introduced as `` Heb '' , `` Chal '' , `` Gr '' or `` Lat '' ) , but others indicate a variant reading of the source text ( introduced by `` or '' ) . Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages , or from variant forms quoted in the fathers . More commonly , though , they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators ' preferred recent Latin versions : Tremellius for the Old Testament , Junius for the Apocrypha , and Beza for the New Testament . At thirteen places in the New Testament ( e.g. Luke 17 : 36 and Acts 25 : 6 ) a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies ; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza 's editions . A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency . Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants -- although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible . In addition , there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references , in which one text was related to another . Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles , and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition . Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references -- e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms . At the head of each chapter , the translators provided a short précis of its contents , with verse numbers ; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions . Also in obedience to their instructions , the translators indicated ' supplied ' words in a different typeface ; but there was no attempt to regularise the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies ; and especially in the New Testament , it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case . In one verse , 1 John 2 : 23 , an entire clause was printed in roman type ( as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop 's Bible ) ; indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate , albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text . In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by `` the LORD '' ( in later editions in small capitals as LORD ) , or `` the LORD God '' ( for YHWH Elohim , יהוה אלהים ) , except in four places by `` IEHOVAH '' ( Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 ) and three times in a combination form . ( Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 , Judges 6 : 24 ) However , if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai ( Lord ) then it is rendered not as the `` Lord LORD '' but as the `` Lord God '' . ( Psalm 73 : 28 , etc . ) In later editions as `` Lord GOD '' with `` GOD '' in small capitals indicating to the reader that God 's name appears in the original Hebrew . Old Testament ( edit ) For their Old Testament , the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg ( 1524 / 5 ) , but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation . For example , the Septuagint reading `` They pierced my hands and my feet '' was used in Psalm 22 : 16 ( vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew `` like lions my hands and feet '' ) . Otherwise , however , the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation -- especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries , such as Kimhi , in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places . Following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the Old Testament were renamed ' Ezra ' and ' Nehemiah ' ; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed ' 1 Esdras ' and ' 2 Esdras ' . New Testament ( edit ) For their New Testament , the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588 / 89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza , which also present Beza 's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate . Both of these versions were extensively referred to , as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin . F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza 's Greek text , generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop 's Bible and other earlier English translations . In about half of these instances , the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus . For the other half , Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus , or in the Complutensian Polyglot . However , in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version , which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate . For example , at John 10 : 16 , the Authorized Version reads `` one fold '' ( as did the Bishops ' Bible , and the 16th century vernacular versions produced in Geneva ) , following the Latin Vulgate `` unum ovile '' , whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek , `` one flocke '' ( μία ποίμνη ) . The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament ; still , at least 80 % of the text is unaltered from Tyndale 's translation . Apocrypha ( edit ) Unlike the rest of the Bible , the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes . From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint -- primarily , from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot -- but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text , and to Junius 's Latin translation . The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587 , which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius . They had , however , no Greek texts for 2 Esdras , or for the Prayer of Manasses , and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript . Sources ( edit ) The translators appear to have otherwise made no first - hand study of ancient manuscript sources , even those that -- like the Codex Bezae -- would have been readily available to them . In addition to all previous English versions ( including , and contrary to their instructions , the Rheimish New Testament which in their preface they criticized ) ; they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available , including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573 . In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee , Hebrew , Syrian , Greek , Latin , Spanish , French , Italian , and German . The translators took the Bishop 's Bible as their source text , and where they departed from that in favour of another translation , this was most commonly the Geneva Bible . However , the degree to which readings from the Bishop 's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company , as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own . John Bois 's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources ; including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament , which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes . Variations from recent translations ( edit ) Main article : List of major textual variants in the New Testament See also : List of Bible verses not included in modern translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations , where these are based on modern critical texts . In the early seventeenth century , the source Greek texts of the New Testament used for the production of Protestant bible versions depended mainly on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text - type , and with minor variations contained what became known as the Textus Receptus . With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts , most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors , without giving it , or any family , automatic preference . Style and criticism ( edit ) A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible , dignified and resonant in public reading . Although the Authorized Version 's written style is an important part of its influence on English , research has found only one verse -- Hebrews 13 : 8 -- for which translators debated the wording 's literary merits . While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation , finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition , in practice they also did the opposite ; for example , 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word `` prince '' . In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms , tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic , like verily and it came to pass . The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively , even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage , especially when addressing a social superior ( as is evidenced , for example , in Shakespeare ) . For the possessive of the third person pronoun , the word its , first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598 , is avoided . The older his is usually employed , as for example at Matthew 5 : 13 : `` if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? '' ; in other places of it , thereof or bare it are found . Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of - eth for the third person singular present form of the verb , as at Matthew 2 : 13 : `` the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame '' . The rival ending - ( e ) s , as found in present - day English , was already widely used by this time ( for example , it predominates over - eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ) . Furthermore , the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons , as in Genesis 13 : 5 : `` And Lot also which went with Abram , had flocks and heards , & tents '' although who ( m ) is also found . The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions , especially the Geneva Bible . This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators -- several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English -- but was also , in part , a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes . Hence , where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word -- and gloss its particular application in a marginal note -- the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term , frequently in Anglicized Latin . Consequently , although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops ' Bible as a base text , the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament , whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology . In addition , the translators of the New Testament books habitually quote Old Testament names in the renderings familiar from the Vulgate Latin rather than in forms closer to the original Hebrew ( e.g. `` Elias '' and `` Jeremias '' for `` Elijah '' and `` Jeremiah '' , respectively ) . While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold , modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages , primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to ( or not then highly regarded by ) early 17th - century Biblical scholarship . In the Old Testament , there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences , but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators . For example , in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 : 1 -- 11 is referring throughout to mining operations , which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version . Mistranslations ( edit ) The King James version contains several mistranslations ; especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time . Most of these are minor and do not significantly change the meaning compared to the source material . Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy , where רֶאֵם `` Re'em '' with the probable meaning of `` wild - ox , aurochs '' , is translated in the KJV as `` unicorn '' ; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators . The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering , `` rhinocerots '' ( sic ) in the margin at Isaiah 34 : 7 . On a similar note Martin Luther 's German translation had also relied on the Vulgate Latin on this point , consistently translating רֶאֵם using the German word for unicorn , `` Einhorn . '' Otherwise , the translators on several occasions mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name ( or vice versa ) ; as at 2 Samuel 1 : 18 where ' the Book of Jasher ' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name , but should rather be rendered as `` the Book of the Upright . '' Influence ( edit ) Despite royal patronage and encouragement , there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation . It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer , and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter . In 1763 The Critical Review complained that `` many false interpretations , ambiguous phrases , obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner '' . Blayney 's 1769 version , with its revised spelling and punctuation , helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language . By the 19th century , F.W. Faber could say of the translation , `` It lives on the ear , like music that can never be forgotten , like the sound of church bells , which the convert hardly knows how he can forego . '' The Authorized Version has been called `` the most influential version of the most influential book in the world , in what is now its most influential language '' , `` the most important book in English religion and culture '' , and `` the most celebrated book in the English - speaking world '' . David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English , examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind . Furthermore , prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being `` a giant step in the maturing of English literature '' and `` a great work of literature '' , respectively , with Dawkins then adding , `` A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian '' . Although the Authorized Version 's former monopoly in the English - speaking world has diminished -- for example , the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it -- it is still the most used translation in the United States , especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals . In addition , in the Orthodox Church in America , the King James Version is used liturgically , and was made `` the ' official ' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox '' . The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , in vogue today , also uses the King James Version . The King James Version is also one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion , as it is the historical Bible of this Church . Copyright status ( edit ) The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world . However , in the United Kingdom , the right to print , publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent . In England , Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen 's Printer , and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board . The office of Queen 's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries , the earliest known reference coming in 1577 . In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett . The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and , in England , Wales and Northern Ireland , the Queen 's Printer is now Cambridge University Press , who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990 . Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen 's Printer . In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board . The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders , or those authorized by the holders , from printing , publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom . The protection that the Authorized Version , and also the Book of Common Prayer , enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom . Almost all provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , but because the Authorized Version is protected by royal prerogative rather than copyright , it will remain protected , as specified in CDPA s171 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Permission ( edit ) Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for `` liturgical and non-commercial educational use '' if their prescribed acknowledgement is included , the quoted verses do not exceed 25 % of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book . For use beyond this , the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case - by - case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used . Apocrypha ( edit ) For more details on the Apocrypha , see Biblical canon . Translations of the books of the Biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version , as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer . Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha -- generally , following the Luther Bible , in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text -- and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature , especially in Puritan circles ; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the Apocrypha of the Bishop 's Bible ; however , following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the first two books of the Apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras , as compared to the names in the Thirty - nine Articles , with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah . Starting in 1630 , volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded . In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound . The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print - runs at very low unit prices . For commercial and charitable publishers , editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost , while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers . With the rise of the Bible societies , most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books . The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826 , under the following resolution : That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture , to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal ; The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy . Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th century ecumenical efforts on translations , the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966 . King James only movement ( edit ) Main article : King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the superiority of the King James Version over all other English translations . Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close , if not identical , to the original autographs thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation . They argue that most modern English translations are based on a corrupted New Testament text that relies primarily on the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus manuscripts . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Bible errata Bible translations Dynamic and formal equivalence List of books of the King James Version Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives Red letter edition Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` And now at last , ... it being brought unto such a conclusion , as that we have great hope that the Church of England ( sic ) shall reape good fruit thereby ... '' Jump up ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1833 ( reprints , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 0041 - 5 , 1565631625 ) . According to J.R. Dore , the edition `` so far as it goes , represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original . The spelling , punctuation , italics , capitals , and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care . It is , however , printed in Roman instead of black letter type . '' Jump up ^ Genesis 4 : 1 Jump up ^ Genesis 2 : 4 `` אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים '' Jump up ^ e.g. Matthew 7 : 27 : `` great was the fall of it . '' , Matthew 2 : 16 : `` in Bethlehem , and in all the coasts thereof '' , Leviticus 25 : 5 : `` That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest '' . ( Leviticus 25 : 5 is changed to its in many modern printings ) . Jump up ^ e.g. at Genesis 3 : 12 : `` The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee '' Jump up ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version . It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America . Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century , and Isabel Hapgood 's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the `` official '' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox . Unfortunately , both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms ( that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ) , thereby giving us two translations in the same services . This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections . This beautiful translation , reproducing the stately prose of 1611 , was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas . It is still in widespread use to this day , and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV . Jump up ^ The only other perpetual copyright grants Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children `` a right to a royalty in respect of the public performance , commercial publication or communication to the public of the play ' Peter Pan ' by Sir James Matthew Barrie , or of any adaptation of that work , notwithstanding that copyright in the work expired on 31st December 1987 '' . See CDPA 1988 s301 Citations Jump up ^ Cloud 2006 . Jump up ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Hill 1997 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` 400 years of the King James Bible '' . The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King James Bible : The Book That Changed the World - BBC Two '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974 , Authorised Version of the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1974 , Bible ( English Versions ) . Jump up ^ Hobbes 2010 , Chapter XXXV . Jump up ^ Pearse 1761 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kimber 1775 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Butler 1807 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1815 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Horne 1818 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Adams , Thacher & Emerson 1811 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hacket 1715 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Anon 1814 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Anon 1783 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Newcome 1792 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Anon 1801 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Authorized Version '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith 1814 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chapman 1856 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Anon 1856 , pp. 530 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` How the mighty has fallen : The King James Bible turns 400 '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 433 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ DeCoursey 2003 , pp. 331 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , pp. 223 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 4557 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Anon 1996 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , pp. 313 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Procter & Frere 1902 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hague 1948 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 147 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 619 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1196 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dore 1888 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 691 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Norton 2006 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 685 . Jump up ^ Chadwick 1970 , pp. 40 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , pp. 115 , 126 . ^ Jump up to : White 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Settings of the King James Bible '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ tbsbibles.org ( 2013 ) . `` Editorial Report '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Record . Trinitarian Bible Society . 603 ( 2nd Quarter ) : 10 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` CUP letter '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 792 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1968 ) . Historical and Literary Studies . Brill . p. 144 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh , copyright 1985 Jump up ^ Daiches 1968 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 243 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 153 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Barber 1997 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the King James Version ? by William W. Combs '' ( PDF ) . DBSJ. 1999 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway - : Einhorn '' . www.biblegateway.com . Jump up ^ Hall 1881 . Jump up ^ `` When the King Saved God '' . Vanity Fair . 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Studies '' . Department of Christian Education -- Orthodox Church in America . 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church : Canon 2 : Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ `` Bibles '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . We grant permission to use the text , and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK , as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hill 1993 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1909 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Browne 1859 , pp. 362 -- . Jump up ^ Melton 2005 , p. 38 . References ( edit ) Adams , David Phineas ; Thacher , Samuel Cooper ; Emerson , William ( 1811 ) . The Monthly Anthology , and Boston Review . Munroe and Francis . Anon ( 1783 ) . A call to the Jews . J. Johnson . Anon ( 1801 ) . The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine . J. Whittle . Anon ( 1814 ) . Missionary Register . Seeley , Jackson , & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society . Anon ( 1856 ) . The Original Secession Magazine . vol . ii . Edinburgh : Moodie and Lothian . Anon ( 1996 ) . The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection : A Checklist . Bridwell Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941881 - 19 - 7 . Barber , Charles Laurence ( 1997 ) . Early modern English ( second ed . ) . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0835 - 4 . Bobrick , Benson ( 2001 ) . Wide as the waters : the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84747 - 7 . Bois , John ; Allen , Ward ; Walker , Anthony ( 1969 ) . Translating for King James ; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James 's Bible , the Authorized Version , as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers ' Hall in London in 1610 -- 1611 . Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost , and only now are come to light , through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman . Here translated and edited by Ward Allen . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . OCLC 607818272 . Browne , George ( 1859 ) . History of the British and Foreign Bible Society . Bruce , Frederick Fyvie ( 2002 ) . History of the Bible in English . Cambridge : Lutterworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9032 - 9 . Butler , Charles ( 1807 ) . Horae Biblicae . Vol 1 ( fourth ed . ) . London : J. White . OCLC 64048851 . Chadwick , Owen ( 1970 ) . The Victorian Church Part II . Edinburgh : A&C Black . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02410 - 2 . Chapman , James L. ( 1856 ) . Americanism versus Romanism : or the cis - Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope . Nashville , TN : the author . OCLC 1848388 . Cloud , David ( 2006 ) . `` Is n't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand ? '' . Way of Life Literature . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Daiches , David ( 1968 ) . The King James Version of the English Bible : An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition . Hamden , Conn : Archon Books . ISBN 0 - 208 - 00493 - 9 . Daniell , David ( 2003 ) . The Bible in English : its history and influence . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09930 - 4 . DeCoursey , Matthew ( 2003 ) . Edward A. Malone , ed . British Rhetoricians and Logicians , 1500 - 1660 : Second series . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6025 - 3 . Dore , John Read ( 1888 ) . Old Bibles : An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible . 2nd edition . Eyre and Spottiswoode . Douglas , James Dixon , ed. ( 1974 ) . New International Dictionary of the Christian Church . Zondervan . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6983 - 5 . Hacket , John ( 1715 ) . Bishop Hacket 's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg 'd : With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State . Sam . Briscoe . Hague , Dyson ( 1948 ) . Through the Prayer Book . Church Book Room Press . Hall , Isaac Hollister ( 1881 ) . The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions . Hubbard Bros . Herbert , A.S. ( 1968 ) . Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible , 1525 - 1961 , Etc . British and Foreign Bible Society . Hill , Christopher ( 1993 ) . The English Bible and the seventeenth - century revolution . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9078 - 3 . Hill , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17432 - 2 . Hobbes , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Leviathan . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1 . Holmes , A. ( 1815 ) . `` An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' . In Worcester , Noah . The Christian Disciple . Vol . iii . Boston , MA : Cummings & Hilliard . Horne , Thomas Hartwell ( 1818 ) . An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures , Volume 2 . London : T. Cadell and A Davies . Kenyon , Sir Frederic G. ( 1909 ) . `` English Versions '' . In James Hastings . Hastings ' Dictionary of the Bible . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 915 - 7 . Kimber , Isaac ( 1775 ) . The history of England , from the earliest accounts , to the accession of his present Majesty King George III ( fifth ed . ) . London : J. Buckland . OCLC 14263883 . `` Epistle Dedicatorie '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . `` Translators to the Reader '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1964 ) . The Text of the New Testament . Clarendon . Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504645 - 5 . Procter , Francis ; Frere , Walter Howard ( 1902 ) . A New History of the Book of Common Prayer . MacMillan & Co . Newcome , William ( 1792 ) . Historical View of the English Biblical Translations . Norton , David ( 2005 ) . A Textual History of the King James Bible . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77100 - 5 . Norton , David , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Bible . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 144151 - 8 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1974 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . Pearse , Salem ( 1761 ) . `` A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' . The Second Part of the Celestial Diary . London : Robert Brown . p. 79 . Prickett , Stephen ; Carroll , Robert P. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Bible : Authorized King James Version . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953594 - 9 . Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1884 ) . The Authorized Edition of the English Bible , 1611 , its subsequent reprints and modern representatives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Smith , William ( 1814 ) . The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God : according to the usage of the primitive church . New York : T. and J. Swords . OCLC 3512140 . Story , G.M. ( 1967 ) . Lancelot Andrewes Sermons . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1975 ) . The People 's Almanac . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04186 - 7 . White , James R. ( 2009 ) . The King James Only Controversy : Can You Trust Modern Translations ? . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7642 - 0605 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( newest first ) Burke , David G. , John F. Kutsko , and Philip H. Towner , eds . The King James Version at 400 : Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence ( Society of Biblical Literature ; 2013 ) 553 pages ; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th - century religious lyric , the KJV and the language of liturgy , and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective . McGrath , Alister E. ( 2002 ) . In the beginning : the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation , a language and a culture . New York : Anchor Books , a Division of Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 385 - 72216 - 8 . Nicolson , Adam ( 2003 ) . Power and Glory : Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710893 - 1 . In US : ( 2003 ) . God 's secretaries : the making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018516 - 3 . Paperback : ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen , contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward 's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632 . Ward , Thomas ( 1903 ) . Errata of the Protestant Bible ( i.e. mostly of the Authorized `` King James '' Version ) ; or , The Truth of the English Translations Examined , in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures , Used by Protestants ... A new ed. , carefully rev. and corr. , in which are add ( itions ) ... New York : P.J. Kennedy and Sons . N.B. : A polemical Roman Catholic work , first published in the late 17th century . Keay , Julia ( 2005 ) . Alexander the Corrector : the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible . London : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713196 - 8 . Hallihan , C.P. ( 2010 ) . Authorized Version : A Wonderful and Unfinished History . Trinitarian Bible Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86228 - 049 - 6 . Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication , in 1611 , of the Authorized ( `` King James '' ) Version of the Bible Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : the story behind who changed the Bible and why . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702 -- 1835 . 1761 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : King James Version Wikisource has original text related to this article : Authorized King James Version Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bible . `` King James Version ( text of original 1611 Bible ) '' . kingjamesbibleonline.org . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Online searchable database of the original 1611 text , including the Apocrypha and introductory text . It also contains the 1769 standard edition . `` Online gallery : Sacred texts : King James Bible '' . British Library . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line image of a page ( beginning of St John 's gospel ) with a written description by the British Library . `` The Holy Bible , conteyning the Old Testament , and the New . Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker ... , 1611 '' . Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging , University of Pennsylvania Library . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible , `` He '' Bible variant . `` King James Version ( facsimile of alternative 1611 edition , `` She '' Bible ) `` . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who introduced the authorised version of the bible | [
"The committees started work towards the end of 1604. King James I of England, on 22 July 1604, sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project."
] | [
"King James I of England"
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-3168122406599735517 | A Million Love Songs | A Million Love Songs - wikipedia A Million Love Songs Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` A Million Love Songs '' Single by Take That from the album Take That & Party Released 5 October 1992 Format 7 '' vinyl , CD single Genre Pop Length 3 : 52 ( album version ) 6 : 12 ( Lovers ' Mix ) Label Sony Music Songwriter ( s ) Gary Barlow Producer ( s ) Billy Griffin , Ian Levine Take That singles chronology `` I Found Heaven '' ( 1992 ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( 1992 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1992 ) `` I Found Heaven '' ( 1992 ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( 1992 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1992 ) Music video `` A Million Love Songs '' on YouTube `` A Million Love Songs '' is the penultimate single released by English boy band Take That from their debut studio album , Take That & Party . It was written by lead vocalist Gary Barlow . It was released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1992 and peaked at number 7 on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Track listings 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Official versions 7 References 8 External links Song information ( edit ) Written by lead vocalist Gary Barlow at the age of 15 , it was released as the sixth single from the band 's debut studio album , Take That & Party , peaking at number 7 in the UK Singles Chart . The two primary instruments are piano , played by Barlow , with a saxophone in the bridges originally scored , performed and recorded by Snake Davis . Take That 's longtime saxophonist and music director , Mike Stevens went on to perform these sax parts live , many of them using the extended saxophone part written by Davis , at the end of the song . In January 1993 , the song entered the Dutch chart and peaked at # 50 . The song was released for airplay in the United States in September 1993 , but it failed to chart . The song was performed in the final of The X Factor 's third series in 2006 by eventual winner Leona Lewis , who was joined on stage halfway through the song by all four members of Take That . It was also performed in the second series of The X Factor by eventual winner Shayne Ward and by JLS on the fifth series of X Factor and in sixth series by Lloyd Daniels . Ward 's version was released as a B - side to his single `` No Promises '' . The song was also covered by Alexander O'Neal on his 2008 album , Alex Loves ... On the ninth series of The X Factor , the song was performed by eventual winner James Arthur at the bootcamp , playing an uptempo rendition on acoustic guitar . The song has also been voted by critics and music fans as the greatest ballad of all time . Music video ( edit ) The music video is shot in black and white , and makes use of the ' watercolour ' video editing effect which effectively blurs the image . The video is simple and shows the band performing the song with Barlow at the piano performing the song . Personnel ( edit ) Gary Barlow -- lead vocals Howard Donald -- backing vocals Jason Orange -- backing vocals Mark Owen -- backing vocals Robbie Williams -- backing vocals Track listings ( edit ) UK / EU CD single ( 74321 11600 2 ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( 7 '' edit ) -- 3 : 53 `` Still Ca n't Get Over You '' -- 4 : 10 `` How Can It Be '' -- 4 : 57 `` Do n't Take Your Love '' -- 4 : 04 UK cassette ( 74321 11600 4 ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( 7 '' edit ) -- 3 : 53 `` A Million Love Songs '' ( Lovers ' Mix ) -- 6 : 12 UK 7 '' vinyl EP ( 74321 11630 7 ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( 7 '' edit ) -- 3 : 53 `` Still Ca n't Get Over You '' -- 4 : 10 `` How Can It Be '' -- 4 : 57 `` Do n't Take Your Love '' -- 4 : 04 UK 7 '' vinyl - Limited Edition ( 74321 11600 7 ) ( with transfer tattoos ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( 7 '' edit ) -- 3 : 53 `` A Million Love Songs '' ( Lovers ' Mix ) -- 6 : 12 Japanese CD single ( BVCP - 1022 ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( live version ) -- 6 : 06 `` Satisfied '' ( live version ) `` Take That Medley '' ( live version ) `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 38 `` A Million Love Songs '' ( Lovers ' Mix ) -- 6 : 12 Japanese 3 '' CD single ( BVDP - 85 ) `` A Million Love Songs '' ( 7 '' edit ) -- 3 : 53 `` A Million Love Songs '' ( Lovers ' Mix ) -- 6 : 12 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 34 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 69 Official versions ( edit ) Album version ( 3 : 52 ) 7 '' edit ( 3 : 53 ) Live version ( 6 : 06 ) Lovers ' Mix ( 6 : 12 ) Extended Mix ( 6 : 10 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 547 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Take That Track Tops Love Songs Poll '' . Contactmusic.com. 2010 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Take That - A Million Love Songs '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Charts Company - A Million Love Songs ( EP ) by Take That Search '' . The Official Charts Company . 6 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Take That Gary Barlow Howard Donald Mark Owen Jason Orange Robbie Williams Studio albums Take That & Party ( 1992 ) Everything Changes ( 1993 ) Nobody Else ( 1995 ) Beautiful World ( 2006 ) The Circus ( 2008 ) Progress ( 2010 ) III ( 2014 ) Wonderland ( 2017 ) Other albums The Greatest Day -- Take That Present : The Circus Live ( 2009 ) Progressed ( 2011 ) Progress Live ( 2011 ) Compilation albums Take That : Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) The Best of Take That ( 2001 ) Forever ... Greatest Hits ( 2002 ) Never Forget -- The Ultimate Collection ( 2005 ) The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) Singles `` Do What U Like '' `` Promises '' `` Once You 've Tasted Love '' `` It Only Takes a Minute '' `` I Found Heaven '' `` A Million Love Songs '' `` Could It Be Magic '' `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You '' `` Pray '' `` Relight My Fire '' `` Babe '' `` Everything Changes '' `` Love Ai n't Here Anymore '' `` Sure '' `` Back for Good '' `` Never Forget '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Patience '' `` Shine '' `` I 'd Wait for Life '' `` Reach Out '' `` Rule the World '' `` Greatest Day '' `` Up All Night '' `` The Garden '' `` Said It All '' `` Hold Up a Light '' `` The Flood '' `` Kidz '' `` Happy Now '' `` Love Love '' `` When We Were Young '' `` These Days '' `` Let in the Sun '' `` Higher Than Higher '' `` Hey Boy '' `` Cry '' `` Giants '' Tours Party Tour Everything Changes Tour Pops Tour Nobody Else Tour The Ultimate Tour Beautiful World Tour 2007 Take That Present : The Circus Live Progress Live Take That Live Wonderland Live Television Take That : For the Record Take That 's Countdown to Midnight Theatre Never Forget : The Musical The Band Related articles Discography Songs Nigel Martin - Smith John Shanks Stuart Price SingStar Take That Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Million_Love_Songs&oldid=804012591 '' Categories : 1992 singles Take That songs Pop ballads Songs written by Gary Barlow 1992 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from January 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 03 : 33 . About Wikipedia | who played sax on a million love songs | [
"Written by lead vocalist Gary Barlow at the age of 15, it was released as the sixth single from the band's debut studio album, Take That & Party, peaking at number 7 in the UK Singles Chart. The two primary instruments are piano, played by Barlow, with a saxophone in the bridges originally scored, performed and recorded by Snake Davis. Take That's longtime saxophonist and music director, Mike Stevens went on to perform these sax parts live, many of them using the extended saxophone part written by Davis, at the end of the song. In January 1993, the song entered the Dutch chart and peaked at #50. The song was released for airplay in the United States in September 1993, but it failed to chart."
] | [
"Snake Davis"
] |
3479452763636334764 | The Rocky Horror Picture Show | The Rocky Horror Picture Show - wikipedia The Rocky Horror Picture Show Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1975 motion picture . For other uses , see The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( disambiguation ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Theatrical release poster Directed by Jim Sharman Produced by Lou Adler Michael White Screenplay by Richard O'Brien Jim Sharman Based on The Rocky Horror Show by Richard O'Brien Starring Tim Curry Susan Sarandon Barry Bostwick Narrated by Charles Gray Music by Richard Hartley Songs : Richard O'Brien Cinematography Peter Suschitzky Edited by Graeme Clifford Production company Michael White Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 14 August 1975 ( 1975 - 08 - 14 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget US $1.4 million Box office US $140.2 million The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 British - American musical science - fiction horror - comedy film by 20th Century Fox produced by Lou Adler and Michael White and directed by Jim Sharman . The screenplay was written by Sharman and actor Richard O'Brien , who is also a member of the cast . The film is based on the 1973 musical stage production The Rocky Horror Show , with music , book , and lyrics by O'Brien . The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1970s . Along with O'Brien , the film stars Tim Curry , Susan Sarandon , and Barry Bostwick and is narrated by Charles Gray with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre , Roxy Theatre , and Belasco Theatre productions . The story centres on a young engaged couple whose car breaks down in the rain near a castle where they seek a telephone to call for help . The castle or country home is occupied by strangers in elaborate costumes celebrating an annual convention . They discover the head of the house is Dr. Frank N. Furter , an apparent mad scientist who actually is an alien transvestite who creates a living muscle man in his laboratory . The couple are seduced separately by the mad scientist and eventually released by the servants who take control . The film was shot in the United Kingdom at Bray Studios and on location at an old country estate named Oakley Court , best known for its earlier use by Hammer Film Productions . A number of props and set pieces were reused from the Hammer horror films . Although the film is both a parody of and tribute to many of the kitsch science fiction and horror films , costume designer Sue Blane conducted no research for her designs . Blane stated that costumes from the film have directly affected the development of punk rock fashion trends such as ripped fishnets and dyed hair . Although largely critically panned on initial release , it soon became known as a midnight movie when audiences began participating with the film at the Waverly Theater in New York City in 1976 . Audience members returned to the cinemas frequently and talked back to the screen and began dressing as the characters , spawning similar performance groups across the United States . At almost the same time , fans in costume at the King 's Court Theater in Pittsburgh began performing alongside the film . This `` shadow cast '' mimed the actions on screen above and behind them , while lip - syncing their character 's lines . Still in limited release four decades after its premiere , it is the longest - running theatrical release in film history . It is often shown close to Halloween . Today , the film has a large international cult following . It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2005 . The film 's creative team also produced Shock Treatment in 1981 , a standalone feature using the characters of Brad and Janet and featuring some of the same cast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Concept and development 3.2 Filming and locations 3.3 Costumes , make - up , and props 3.4 Title sequence 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception , reaction and legacy 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Cult phenomenon 6.2. 1 New York City origins 6.2. 2 Los Angeles , Hollywood 6.2. 3 San Francisco 6.2. 4 Fan following 6.3 Cultural influence 7 Sequels 8 Remake 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) A criminologist narrates the tale of the newly engaged couple Brad Majors and Janet Weiss who find themselves lost and with a flat tire on a cold and rainy late November evening , somewhere near Denton , Ohio . Seeking a telephone , the couple walk to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange and outlandish people who are holding an Annual Transylvanian Convention . They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank N. Furter , a self - proclaimed `` sweet transvestite from Transsexual , Transylvania '' . The ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff , his sister Magenta , and a groupie named Columbia . In his lab , Frank claims to have discovered the `` secret to life itself '' . His creation , Rocky , is brought to life . The ensuing celebration is soon interrupted by Eddie ( an ex-delivery boy , both Frank and Columbia 's ex-lover , as well as partial brain donor to Rocky ) who rides out of a deep freeze on a motorcycle . Eddie then proceeds to seduce Columbia , get the Transylvanians dancing and singing and intrigue Brad and Janet . When Rocky starts dancing and enjoying the performance , a jealous Frank kills Eddie with a pick . Columbia screams in horror , devastated by Eddie 's death . Frank justifies killing Eddie as a `` mercy killing '' to Rocky and they depart to the bridal suite . Brad and Janet are shown to separate bedrooms , where each is visited and seduced by Frank , who poses as Brad ( when visiting Janet ) and then as Janet ( when visiting Brad ) . Janet , upset and emotional , wanders off to look for Brad , who she discovers , via a television monitor , is in bed with Frank . She then discovers Rocky , cowering in his birth tank , hiding from Riff Raff , who has been tormenting him . While tending to his wounds , Janet becomes intimate with Rocky , as Magenta and Columbia watch from their bedroom monitor . After discovering that his creation is missing , Frank returns to the lab with Brad and Riff Raff , where Frank learns that an intruder has entered the building . Brad and Janet 's old high school science teacher , Dr. Everett Scott , has come looking for his nephew , Eddie . Frank suspects that Dr. Scott investigates UFOs for the government . Upon learning of Brad and Janet 's connection to Dr. Scott , Frank suspects them of working for him . Frank , Dr. Scott , Brad , and Riff Raff then discover Janet and Rocky together under the sheets in Rocky 's birth tank , upsetting Frank and Brad . Magenta interrupts the reunion by sounding a massive gong and stating that dinner is prepared . Rocky and the guests share an uncomfortable dinner , which they soon realize has been prepared from Eddie 's mutilated remains . Janet runs screaming into Rocky 's arms , provoking Frank to chase her through the halls . Janet , Brad , Dr. Scott , Rocky , and Columbia all meet in Frank 's lab , where Frank captures them with the Medusa Transducer , transforming them into nude statues . After dressing them in cabaret costume , Frank `` unfreezes '' them , and they perform a live cabaret floor show , complete with an RKO tower and a swimming pool , with Frank as the leader . Riff Raff and Magenta interrupt the performance , revealing themselves and Frank to be aliens from the planet Transsexual in the galaxy of Transylvania . They stage a coup and announce a plan to return to their home planet . In the process , they kill Columbia and Frank , who has `` failed his mission '' . An enraged Rocky , impervious to Riff Raff 's raygun , gathers Frank in his arms , climbs to the top of the tower , and plunges to his death in the pool below . Riff Raff and Magenta release Brad , Janet , and Dr. Scott , then depart by lifting off in the castle itself . The survivors are then left crawling in the dirt , and the narrator concludes that the human race is equivalent to insects crawling on the planet 's surface , `` lost in time , and lost in space ... and meaning '' . Cast ( edit ) Tim Curry as Dr. Frank N. Furter , a scientist . Susan Sarandon as Janet Weiss , a heroine . Barry Bostwick as Brad Majors , a hero . Richard O'Brien as Riff Raff , a handyman . Patricia Quinn as Magenta , a domestic . Nell Campbell as Columbia , a groupie ( credited as Little Nell ) . Jonathan Adams as Dr. Everett V. Scott , a rival scientist . Peter Hinwood as Rocky Horror , a creation . Meat Loaf as Eddie , an ex-delivery boy . Charles Gray as The Criminologist , an expert . Jeremy Newson as Ralph Hapschatt . Hilary Farr as Betty Munroe ( credited as Hilary Labow ) . Production ( edit ) Concept and development ( edit ) Little Nell , Patricia Quinn , Tim Curry , and Richard O'Brien in `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . All were in the original stage show . Production design by Brian Thomson , costumes by Sue Blane , and musical arrangement by Richard Hartley , all reunited alumni of the London stage production . Richard O'Brien was living as an unemployed actor in London during the early 1970s . He wrote most of The Rocky Horror Show during one winter just to occupy himself . Since his youth , O'Brien had loved science fiction and B horror movies . He wanted to combine elements of the unintentional humour of B horror movies , portentous dialogue of schlock - horror , Steve Reeves muscle flicks , and fifties rock and roll into his musical . O'Brien conceived and wrote the play set against the backdrop of the glam era that had manifested itself throughout British popular culture in the 1970s . Allowing his concept to come into being , O'Brien states `` glam rock allowed me to be myself more '' . O'Brien showed a portion of the unfinished script to Australian director Jim Sharman , who decided to direct it at the small experimental space Upstairs at the Royal Court Theatre , Sloane Square , Chelsea , London , which was used as a project space for new work . O'Brien had appeared briefly in Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Jesus Christ Superstar , directed by Sharman , and the two also worked together in Sam Shepard 's The Unseen Hand . Sharman would bring in production designer Brian Thomson . The original creative team was then rounded out by costume designer Sue Blane , musical director Richard Hartley , and stage producer Michael White , who was brought in to produce . As the musical went into rehearsal , the working title , They Came from Denton High , was changed just before previews at the suggestion of Sharman to The Rocky Horror Show . Having premiered in the small sixty - seat Royal Court Theatre , it quickly moved to larger venues in London , transferring to the 230 - seat Chelsea Classic Cinema on Kings Road on 14 August 1973 , before finding a quasi-permanent home at the 500 - seat King 's Road Theatre from 3 November 1973 , running for six years . The musical made its U.S. debut in Los Angeles in 1974 before being played in New York City as well as other cities . Producer and Ode Records owner Lou Adler attended the London production in the winter of 1973 , escorted by friend Britt Ekland . He immediately decided to purchase the U.S. theatrical rights . His production would be staged at his Roxy Theatre in L.A. In 1975 , The Rocky Horror Show premiered on Broadway at the 1,000 - seat Belasco Theatre . Filming and locations ( edit ) Oakley Court The film was shot at Bray Studios and Oakley Court , a country house near Maidenhead , Berkshire , England , and at Elstree Studios for post production , from 21 October to 19 December 1974 . Oakley Court , built in 1857 in the Victorian Gothic style , is known for a number of Hammer films . Much of the location shooting took place there , although at the time the manor was not in good condition . Much of the cast were from the original London stage production , including Tim Curry , who had decided that Dr Frank N. Furter should speak like the Queen of England , extravagantly posh . Fox insisted on casting the two characters of Brad and Janet with American actors , Barry Bostwick and Susan Sarandon . Filming took place during autumn , which made conditions worse . During filming , Sarandon fell ill with pneumonia . Filming of the laboratory scene and the title character 's creation occurred on 30 October 1974 . The film is both a parody and tribute to many of the science fiction and horror movies from the 1930s up to the 1970s . The film production retains many aspects from the stage version such as production design and music , but adds new scenes not featured in the original stage play . The film 's plot , setting , and style echo those of the Hammer Horror films , which had their own instantly recognizable style ( just as Universal Studios ' horror films did ) . The originally proposed opening sequence was to contain clips of various films mentioned in the lyrics , as well as the first few sequences shot in black and white , but this was deemed too expensive and scrapped . Costumes , make - up , and props ( edit ) In the stage productions , actors generally did their own make - up ; however , for the film , the producers chose Pierre La Roche , who had previously been a make - up artist for Mick Jagger and David Bowie , to redesign the make - up for each character . Production stills were taken by rock photographer Mick Rock , who has published a number of books from his work . In Rocky Horror ; From Concept to Cult , designer Sue Blane discusses the Rocky Horror costumes ' influence on punk music style . `` ( It was a ) big part of the build - up ( to punk ) . '' She states that ripped fishnet stockings , glitter , and coloured hair were directly attributable to Rocky Horror . Gold sequined swallow - tail coat and top hat created and worn by fan Mina Credeur of Houston , Texas for amateur productions of the show . Some of the costumes from the film had been originally used in the stage production . Props and set pieces were reused from old Hammer Horror productions and others . The tank and dummy used for Rocky 's birth originally appeared in The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) . These references to earlier productions , in addition to cutting costs , enhanced the cult status of the film . Costume designer Sue Blane was not keen on working for the film until she became aware that Curry , an old friend , was committed to the project . Curry and Blane had worked together in Glasgow 's Citizens Theatre in a production of The Maids , for which Curry had worn a woman 's corset . Blane arranged for the theatre to loan her the corset from the other production for Rocky Horror . Blane admits that she did not conduct research for her designing , had never seen a science fiction film , and is acutely aware that her costumes for Brad and Janet may have been generalizations . `` When I designed Rocky , I never looked at any science fiction movies or comic books . One just automatically knows what spacesuits look like , the same way one intuitively knows how Americans dress . I had never been to the United States , but I had this fixed idea of how people looked there . Americans wore polyester so their clothes would n't crease , and their trousers were a bit too short . Since they 're very keen on sports , white socks and white T - shirts played an integral part in their wardrobe . Of course , since doing Rocky I have been to the United States and admit it was a bit of a generalization , but my ideas worked perfectly for Brad and Janet . '' The budget for the film 's costumes was US $1,600 , far more than the stage production budget , but having to double up on costumes for filming was expensive . For filming , corsets for the finale had to be doubled for the pool scene , with one version drying while the other was worn on set . While many of the costumes are exact replicas from the stage productions , other costumes were new to filming , such as Columbia 's gold sequined swallow - tail coat and top hat and Magenta 's maid 's uniform . Blane was amazed by the recreation and understanding of her designs by fans . When she first heard that people were dressing up , she thought it would be tacky , but was surprised to see the depth to which the fans went to recreate her designs . Rocky Horror fan Mina Credeur , who designs costumes and performed as Columbia for Houston 's performance group , states that `` the best part is when everyone leaves with a big smile on their face '' , noting that there 's `` such a kitschiness and campiness that it seems to be winking at you '' . The film still plays at many theatre locations and Rocky Horror costumes are often made for Halloween , although many require much time and effort to make . Title sequence ( edit ) The iconic `` Lips '' poster , with Lorelei Shark 's lips , a parody of the 1975 film poster for Jaws The film starts with the screen fading to black and oversized , disembodied female lips appear overdubbed with a male voice , establishing the androgynous theme to be repeated as the film unfolds . The opening scene and song , `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' , consists of the lips of Patricia Quinn ( who appears in the film later as the character Magenta ( in addition to the latter , appeared as ' Trixie ' the Usherette in the original London production who sang the song ) ) , but has the vocals of actor and Rocky Horror creator , Richard O'Brien ( who appears as Magenta 's brother Riff Raff ) . The lyrics refer to science fiction and horror films of the past and list several film titles from the 1930s to the 1970s , including The Day the Earth Stood Still , Flash Gordon , The Invisible Man , King Kong , It Came from Outer Space , Doctor X , Forbidden Planet , Tarantula , The Day of the Triffids , Curse of the Demon , and When Worlds Collide . The disembodied lips of model Lorelei Shark are featured on posters and other merchandise for the film , with the tagline `` A Different Set of Jaws '' , a spoof of the poster for the film Jaws ( which was also released in 1975 ) . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack was released in 1975 by Ode Records and produced by Richard Hartley . The album peaked at No. 49 on the Billboard 200 in 1978 . It reached No. 12 on the Australian albums chart and No. 11 on the New Zealand albums chart . The album is described as the `` definitive version of the ( Rocky Horror ) score . '' `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' -- The Lips ( those of Patricia Quinn ; voice of Richard O'Brien ) `` Dammit Janet '' -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus `` There 's a Light ( Over at the Frankenstein Place ) '' -- Janet , Brad , Riff Raff , and Chorus `` The Time Warp '' -- Riff Raff , Magenta , The Criminologist , Columbia , and Transylvanians `` Sweet Transvestite '' -- Frank `` The Sword of Damocles '' -- Rocky and Transylvanians `` I Can Make You a Man '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Riff Raff , Magenta , and Columbia `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' -- Eddie and Transylvanians `` I Can Make You a Man ( Reprise ) '' -- Frank , Janet , and Transylvanians `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' -- Janet with Magenta , Columbia , Rocky , Brad , Frank , and Riff Raff `` Once in a While '' ( deleted scene ) -- Brad `` Eddie '' -- Dr. Scott , The Criminologist , Janet , Columbia , Frank , Rocky , Brad , Riff Raff , and Magenta `` Planet Schmanet Janet ( Wise Up Janet Weiss ) '' -- Frank `` Planet Hot Dog '' -- Janet , Brad , and Dr. Scott `` Rose Tint My World '' -- Columbia , Rocky , Janet , and Brad `` Fanfare / Do n't Dream It , Be It '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , and Columbia `` Wild and Untamed Thing '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , Columbia , and Riff Raff `` I 'm Going Home '' -- Frank and Chorus `` The Time Warp ( Reprise ) '' -- Riff Raff and Magenta `` Super Heroes '' ( only present in the original UK release ) -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus `` Science Fiction / Double Feature ( Reprise ) '' -- The Lips Release ( edit ) London release poster for 14 August 1975 premiere The film opened in the United Kingdom at Rialto Theater in London 14 August 1975 and in the United States on 26 September at the UA Westwood in Los Angeles , California . It did well at that location , but not elsewhere . Before the midnight screenings ' success , the film was withdrawn from its eight opening cities due to very small audiences , and its planned New York City opening on Halloween night was cancelled . Fox re-released the film around college campuses on a double - bill with another rock music film parody , Brian De Palma 's Phantom of the Paradise , but again it drew small audiences . With Pink Flamingos ( 1972 ) and Reefer Madness ( 1936 ) making money in midnight showings nationwide , a Fox executive , Tim Deegan , was able to talk distributors into midnight screenings , starting in New York City on April Fools ' Day of 1976 . The cult following started shortly after the film began its midnight run at the Waverly Theater in New York City. , then spread to other counties in NYC , and to Uniondale , L.I. Rocky Horror was not only found in the larger cities but throughout the United States where many attendees would get in free if they arrived in costume . The western division of the film 's release included The U.A. Cinemas in Fresno and Merced , The Cinema J in Sacramento , California , and the Covell in Modesto . In New Orleans , an early organised performance group was active with the release there as well as in such cities as Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Chicago ( at the Biograph Theater ) . Before long nearly every screening of the film was accompanied by a live fan cast . 19 January 1978 , opening at the UA Cinema , Merced , California The film is considered to be the longest - running release in film history . It has never been pulled by 20th Century Fox from its original 1975 release , and it continues to play in cinemas . Home media ( edit ) A Super 8 version of selected scenes of the film was made available . In 1983 , Ode Records released `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show , Audience Par - Tic - I - Pation Album '' , recorded at the 8th Street Playhouse . The recording consisted of the film 's audio and the standardised call - backs from the audience . A home video release was made available in 1987 in the UK . In the US , the film ( including documentary footage and extras ) was released on VHS in 1990 , retailing for $89.95 and had its US broadcast premiere on the Fox Broadcasting Company , including audience participation edited into the film , on 25 October 1993 . The film was released on DVD in 2000 for the film 's 25th anniversary . A 35th Anniversary edition Blu - ray was released in the US on 19 October 2010 . The disc includes a newly created 7.1 surround sound mix , the original theatrical mono sound mix , and a 4K / 2K image transfer from the original camera negative . In addition , new content featuring karaoke and a fan performance were included . Reception , reaction and Legacy ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert noted that when first released , The Rocky Horror Picture Show was `` ignored by pretty much everyone , including the future fanatics who would eventually count the hundreds of times they 'd seen it '' . He considered it more a `` long - running social phenomenon '' than a movie , rating it 2.5 out of 4 stars . Bill Henkin noted that Variety thought that the `` campy hijinks '' of the film seemed labored , and also mentioned that the San Francisco Chronicle 's John Wasserman , who had liked the stage play in London , found the film `` lacking both charm and dramatic impact '' . Newsweek called the film `` tasteless , plotless and pointless '' in 1978 . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 80 % based on 41 reviews . A number of contemporary critics find it compelling and enjoyable because of its offbeat and bizarre qualities ; the BBC summarised : `` for those willing to experiment with something a little bit different , a little bit outré , The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a lot to offer '' . The New York Times called it a `` low - budget freak show / cult classic / cultural institution '' and considered the songs featured in the film to be `` catchy '' . Geoff Andrew of Time Out noted that the `` string of hummable songs gives it momentum , Gray 's admirably straight - faced narrator holds it together , and a run on black lingerie takes care of almost everything else '' , rating it 4 out of 5 stars . Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader on the other hand considered the wit to be `` too weak to sustain a film '' and thought that the `` songs all sound the same '' . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Cult phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following New York City origins ( edit ) Dori Hartley and Sal Piro at the Waverly Theatre in New York in 1977 The Rocky Horror Picture Show helped shape conditions of cult film 's transition from art - house to grind - house style . The film developed a cult following in 1976 at the Waverly Theatre in New York , which developed into a standardised ritual . According to J. Hoberman , author of Midnight Movies , it was after five months into the film 's midnight run when lines began to be shouted by the audience . Louis Farese Jr. , a normally quiet teacher who , upon seeing the character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain , yelled , `` Buy an umbrella , you cheap bitch '' . Originally Louis and other Rocky Horror pioneers , including Amy Lazarus , Theresa Krakauskas , and Bill O'Brian , did this to entertain each other , each week trying to come up with something new to make each other laugh . This quickly caught on with other theater goers and thus began this self - proclaimed `` counter point dialogue '' , which became standard practice and was repeated nearly verbatim at each screening . Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in part to the prominent New York City fan cast . The New York City cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand - up comic Sal Piro and his friend Dori Hartley . Hartley who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter , was one of several performers , including Will Kohler as Brad Majors , Nora Poses as Janet , and Lilias Piro as Magenta in a flexible rotating cast . The performances of the audience was scripted and actively discouraged improvising , being conformist in a similar way to the repressed characters . On Halloween in 1976 , people attended in costume and talked back to the screen , and by mid-1978 , Rocky Horror was playing in over 50 locations on Fridays and Saturdays at midnight . Newsletters were published by local performance groups , and fans gathered for Rocky Horror conventions . By the end of 1979 , there were twice - weekly showings at over 230 theatres . The National Fan Club was established in 1977 and later merged with the International Fan Club . The fan publication The Transylvanian printed a number of issues , and a semi-regular poster magazine was published as well as an official magazine . Los Angeles , Hollywood ( edit ) D. Garrett Gafford and Terri Hardin , Tiffany Theater Hollywood , 1978 The Los Angeles area performance groups originated in 1977 at the Fox Theatre , where Michael Wolfson won a look - alike contest as Frank N. Furter , and won another at the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Boulevard . Wolfson 's group eventually performed in all of the L.A. area theaters screening Rocky Horror , including the Balboa Theater in Balboa , The Cove at Hermosa Beach , and The Sands in Glendale . He was invited to perform at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix , Arizona . At the Tiffany Theatre , the audience performance cast had the theater 's full cooperation ; the local performers entered early and without charge . The fan playing Frank for this theatre was a transgender performer , D. Garret Gafford , who was out of work in 1978 and trying to raise the funds for a gender reassignment while spending the weekends performing at the Tiffany . Presently , The live action rendition of The Rocky Horror Picture Show is available for attendance in various locations in Los Angeles , typically Saturday nights at Midnight . San Francisco ( edit ) In 1978 San Francisco , Rocky Horror moved from an earlier location to the Strand Theatre located near the Tenderloin on Market Street . The performance group there , Double Feature / Celluloid Jam , was the first to act out and perform almost the entire film , unlike the New York cast at that time . The Strand cast was put together from former members of an early Berkeley group , disbanded due to less than enthusiastic management . Frank N. Furter was portrayed by Marni Scofidio , who , in 1979 , attracted many of the older performers from Berkeley . Other members included Mishell Erickson and her twin sister Denise Erickson as Columbia and Magenta , Kathy Dolan as Janet , and Linda `` Lou '' Woods as Riff Raff . The Strand group performed at two large science fiction conventions in Los Angeles and San Francisco , were offered a spot at The Mabuhay , a local punk club , and performed for children 's television of Argentina . San Francisco 's Strand Theatre , 1979 . Linda Woods , Marni Scofidio , Denise Erickson , and Jim Curry Fan following ( edit ) Rocky Horror is one of the last few western rites left that pertain to the carnivalesque . Annual Rocky Horror conventions are held in varying locations lasting days . Tucson , Arizona has been host a number of times , including 1999 with `` El Fishnet Fiesta '' , and `` Queens of the Desert '' held in 2006 . Vera Dika wrote that to the fans , Rocky Horror is ritualistic and comparable to a religious event , with a compulsive , repeated cycle of going home and coming back to see the film each weekend . The audience call backs are similar to responses in church during a mass . Many theatre troupes exist across the United States that produce shadow - cast performances where the actors play each part in the film in full costume and props as the movie plays on the big screen in a movie theatre . These showings are typically once a week or once a month on a Saturday at midnight . The film has a global following and remains popular . Sub cultures such as Rocky Horror have also found a place on the internet . Audience participation scripts for many cities are available to download on the Internet . The internet has a number of Rocky Horror fan run websites with various quizzes and information specializing in different content allowing fans to participate at a unique level . Cultural influence ( edit ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show has been featured in a number of other feature films and television series over the years . Episodes of The Simpsons , The Venture Bros. , The Boondocks , Glee , The Drew Carey Show , That ' 70s Show , and American Dad ! spotlight Rocky Horror , as well as films like Vice Squad , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , and The Perks of Being a Wallflower . The 1980 film Fame featured the audience reciting their callback lines to the screen and dancing the Time Warp , the dance from the stage show and film , which has become a novelty dance at parties . `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' aired on 26 October 2010 , as part of the second season of the TV series Glee , which recreated several scenes from the film , including the opening credits . It featured Barry Bostwick and Meat Loaf in cameo roles . `` Bisexuality , The Rocky Horror Picture Show , and Me '' , by Elizabeth Reba Weise , is a piece in Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out ( 1991 ) , an anthology edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu which is one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement . The Rocky Horror Picture Show remains a cultural phenomenon in both the U.S. and U.K. Cult film participants are often people on the fringe of society that find connection and community at the screenings although the film attracts fans of differing backgrounds all over the world . Comments and jokes shouted out by the audience can also be seen in the `` riffing '' of awful films in Mystery Science Theater 3000 and its spinoffs RiffTrax and Cinematic Titanic . These have also been featured in theatre appearances by the cast , reacting to movies being shown . Sequels ( edit ) In 1981 , Sharman reunited with O'Brien to do Shock Treatment , a stand - alone feature that was not a direct sequel to the original film . This film reunites characters Brad and Janet and was originally conceived and written to depict the characters filmed in normal settings until the production changed to work around a Screen Actor 's Guild strike . The eventual production would now entail the full film being shot entirely within a sound stage and purposely blending that into the story line . Shock Treatment has a cult following but not nearly as strong as the first film , and was a commercial failure in no small part due to the principal cast of Curry , Sarandon and Bostwick not returning . Ten years later , O'Brien wrote another script intended as a direct sequel to the cult classic entitled Revenge of the Old Queen . Producer Michael White had hoped to begin work on the production and described the script as being `` in the same style as the other one . It has reflections of the past in it . '' Although the script has not been published , bootleg copies can be read on the Internet . The script is currently owned by Fox , which produced the two original films . Most individuals associated with the project , including O'Brien , agree that the film will probably never be made , owing to the failure of Shock Treatment and the aging of the cast . In 2014 , it was announced that O'Brien would produce Shock Treatment for the theatrical stage . The production will premiere at the King 's Head theatre in Islington , London in the United Kingdom in the spring of 2015 . Remake ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again On 10 April 2015 , it was announced that the Fox Broadcasting Company would air a modern - day reimagining of the film , titled The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . On 22 October 2015 , it was announced that the role of Dr. Frank N. Furter would be played by actress Laverne Cox . Ryan McCartan and Victoria Justice play the roles of Brad and Janet , alongside Reeve Carney as Riff Raff and singer / model Staz Nair as Rocky . Adam Lambert portrays Eddie . Tim Curry , who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter in the film , portrays The Criminologist . On 1 February 2016 , it was announced that Broadway veteran Annaleigh Ashford would portray Columbia . On 5 February 2016 , Ben Vereen joined the cast as Dr. Everett von Scott . Kenny Ortega , best known for the High School Musical franchise and Michael Jackson 's This Is It , directed , choreographed and executive - produced the remake ; Lou Adler , who was an executive producer of the original film , has the same role for the new film . The film premiered on Fox on 20 October 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black 's Laverne Cox To Star In Rocky Horror Picture Show Remake '' . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Armstrong , Richard ; Charity , Tom ; Hughes , Lloyd ; Winter , Jessica ( 2007 ). he Rough Guide to Film . London : Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . Batchelor , Bob ( 2012 ) . Cult pop culture : how the fringe became mainstream . Santa Barbara , Calif : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . Blackshaw , Tony ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . Dika , Vera ( 2003 ) . Recycled culture in contemporary art and film : the uses of nostalgia . Cambridge New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . Hallenbeck , Bruce ( 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3332 - 2 . Harpole , Charles ( 1990 ) . History of the American Cinema . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80463 - 7 . Henkin , Bill ( 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . New York : Hawthorn Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8015 - 6436 - 9 . Hitchcock , Susan ( 2007 ) . Frankenstein : a cultural history . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06144 - 4 . Lancaster , Kurt ( 2001 ) . Performing the force : essays on immersion into science fiction , fantasy , and horror environments . Jefferson , N.C : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . Lippy , Charles ( 2006 ) . Faith in America changes , challenges , new directions . Westport , Conn : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . Leitch , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Crime Films . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64671 - 0 . Mathijs , Ernest ( 2011 ) . Cult cinema an introduction . Malden , Mass : John Wiley & Sons Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . Mathijs , Ernest ( 2008 ) . The cult film reader . Maidenhead , Berkshire , England New York : Open University Press / McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . Miller , Scott ( 2011 ) . Sex , drugs , rock & roll , and musicals . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . Peraino , Judith ( 2006 ) . Listening to the sirens musical technologies of queer identity from Homer to Hedwig . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . Picart , Caroline ( 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein myth on film : between laughter and horror . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . Piro , Sal ; Hess , Michael ( 1991 ) . The Official Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Par - tic - i - pation Guide . London : Stabur Press . ISBN 0 - 941613 - 16 - X . Samuels , Stuart ( 1983 ) . Midnight Movies . New York : Collier Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 081450 - X . Sandys , Jon ( 2007 ) . Movie Mistakes Take 5 . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1113 - 8 . Santino , Jack ( 1994 ) . Halloween and other festivals of death and life . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . Smith , Justin ( 2010 ) . Withnail and us cult films and film cults in British cinema . London New York : I.B. Tauris Distributed in the United States and Canada exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . Stewart , Jim ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street blues : a memoir of 1970s SoMa and leatherfolk in gay San Francisco . San Francisco , CA : Palm Drive Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . Silvester , Delia ( 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . City : Jessica Kingsley Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . Tucker , Betty ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : a true maverick . Tucson , Ariz : Hats Off . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . Ross , Sharon ( 2011 ) . Beyond the Box Television and the Internet . Chicester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rocky Horror Picture Show Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Official website The Rocky Horror Picture Show on IMDb The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Box Office Mojo The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Rotten Tomatoes The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Metacritic The Rocky Horror Picture Show official trailer at YouTube The Rocky Horror Picture Show Stage shows The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) The Rocky Horror Show Live ( 2015 ) Films The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) Soundtrack Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) Soundtrack Songs `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' `` Dammit Janet '' `` Over at the Frankenstein Place '' `` The Time Warp '' `` Sweet Transvestite '' `` I Can Make You a Man '' `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' `` Rose Tint My World '' `` I 'm Going Home '' Related The Rocky Horror Show ( video game ) Cult following Sequels and other media The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' ( EP ) A Regular Frankie Fan Sal Piro Films directed by Jim Sharman Shirley Thompson vs. the Aliens ( 1972 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) Summer of Secrets ( 1976 ) The Night the Prowler ( 1978 ) Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show&oldid=834126125 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films Rocky Horror 1970s comedy horror films 1970s LGBT - related films 1970s musical comedy films 1970s musical films 20th Century Fox films British films British comedy horror films British LGBT - related films British musical comedy films Alien visitations in films American films American comedy horror films American LGBT - related films American musical comedy films Cannibalism in fiction Cross-dressing in American films Dance films Films based on musicals Films directed by Jim Sharman Films set in country houses Films set in 1974 Films set in the 1970s Films shot in Berkshire Incest in film Transgender in film LGBT - related comedy films LGBT - related horror films LGBT - related musical films Mad scientist films Mannequins in films United States National Film Registry films Screwball comedy films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use British English from March 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played janet in rocky horror picture show | [
"\nTim Curry as Dr. Frank N. Furter, a scientist.\nSusan Sarandon as Janet Weiss, a heroine.\nBarry Bostwick as Brad Majors, a hero.\nRichard O'Brien as Riff Raff, a handyman.\nPatricia Quinn as Magenta, a domestic.\nNell Campbell as Columbia, a groupie (credited as Little Nell).\nJonathan Adams as Dr. Everett V. Scott, a rival scientist.\nPeter Hinwood as Rocky Horror, a creation.\nMeat Loaf as Eddie, an ex-delivery boy.\nCharles Gray as The Criminologist, an expert.\nJeremy Newson as Ralph Hapschatt.\nHilary Farr as Betty Munroe (credited as Hilary Labow).\n"
] | [
"Susan Sarandon"
] |
-7077492690886055299 | List of African countries by population | List of African countries by population - wikipedia List of African countries by population Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of African countries and dependent territories sorted by population , which is sorted by the 2015 mid-year normalized demographic projections . Table ( edit ) Rank Country ( or dependent territory ) July 1 , 2015 projection % of pop . Average relative annual growth ( % ) Average absolute annual growth Estimated doubling time ( Years ) Official figure ( where available ) Date of last figure Source Nigeria 181,563,000 15.98 2.91 4,731,000 24 173,000,000 2013 Official estimate Ethiopia 103,764,000 7.81 2.41 2,424,000 29 99,391,000 2015 Official estimate Egypt 89,125,000 7.68 2.29 2,028,000 31 94,408,000 April 12 , 2018 Official population clock Democratic Republic of the Congo 77,267,000 6.70 3.13 2,390,000 22 86,026,000 July 1 , 2015 Official estimate South Africa 54,957,000 4.77 1.61 873,000 43 54,956,900 July 1 , 2015 Official estimate 6 Tanzania 51,046,000 4.23 2.97 1,414,000 24 51,046,000 2015 Official estimate 7 Kenya 45,533,000 3.84 2.87 1,196,000 24 45,533,000 2015 Official estimate 8 Sudan 40,235,000 3.33 3.07 912,000 23 40,235,000 2015 Official estimate 9 Algeria 39,670,000 3.46 2.07 768,000 34 40,100,000 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 10 Uganda 37,102,000 3.10 3.09 1,201,000 23 34,856,813 August 28 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 11 Morocco 34,380,000 3.33 1.24 412,000 56 33,337,529 September 1 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 12 Mozambique 28,013,000 2.23 2.74 702,000 26 28,013,000 2015 Official estimate 13 Ghana 27,414,000 2.40 2.48 621,000 28 27,043,093 2014 Official estimate 14 Angola 25,326,000 2.20 3.43 839,000 21 24,383,301 May 16 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 15 Ivory Coast 23,126,000 2.02 2.55 451,000 27 22,671,331 May 15 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 16 Madagascar 23,043,000 2.00 2.71 609,000 26 22,434,363 2014 Official estimate 17 Cameroon 21,918,000 1.90 2.65 565,000 27 21,917,602 2015 Official estimate 18 Niger 18,880,000 1.64 3.86 701,000 18 17,138,707 December 10 , 2012 Final 2012 census result 19 Burkina Faso 18,450,000 1.60 3.26 582,000 22 18,450,494 2015 Official estimate 20 Mali 17,796,000 1.54 3.30 568,000 21 14,528,662 April 1 , 2009 Final 2009 census result 21 Malawi 16,307,000 1.41 3.18 502,000 22 16,832,900 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 22 Zambia 15,474,000 1.34 3.00 451,000 23 15,473,905 2015 Official estimate 23 Somalia 14,317,996 0.95 1.54 166,000 45 12,316,895 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 24 Senegal 14,150,000 1.23 2.92 401,000 24 14,354,690 2015 Official estimate 25 Chad 13,675,000 1.19 3.57 471,000 20 11,039,873 May 20 , 2009 Final 2009 census result 26 Zimbabwe 13,503,000 1.17 1.17 156,000 60 13,061,239 August 17 , 2012 Final 2012 census result 27 South Sudan 12,519,000 1.09 5.95 703,000 12 8,260,490 April 22 , 2008 2008 census result 28 Rwanda 11,324,000 0.98 2.61 288,000 27 10,515,973 August 15 , 2012 Final 2012 census result 29 Tunisia 11,118,000 0.96 1.04 114,000 67 10,982,754 April 23 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 30 Guinea 10,935,000 0.95 2.30 246,000 30 10,628,972 April 2 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 31 Benin 10,782,000 0.93 3.54 369,000 20 10,008,749 May 11 , 2013 Final 2013 census result 32 Burundi 9,824,000 0.85 2.93 280,000 24 9,823,828 2015 Official estimate 33 Togo 7,065,000 0.61 2.87 197,000 25 6,191,155 November 6 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 34 Eritrea 6,895,000 0.60 5.49 359,000 13 6,536,000 July 1 , 2014 Official estimate 35 Sierra Leone 6,513,000 0.56 2.57 163,000 27 6,348,350 2014 Official estimate 36 Libya 6,278,000 0.54 1.13 70,000 62 5,298,152 April 15 , 2006 2006 census result 37 Republic of the Congo 4,706,000 0.41 2.98 136,000 24 3,697,490 April 28 , 2007 2007 census result 38 Central African Republic 4,659,080 0.42 2.00 96,000 35 3,859,139 2017 ( 1 ) 39 Liberia 4,046,000 0.35 2.09 83,000 33 3,476,608 March 21 , 2008 Final 2008 census result 40 Mauritania 3,632,000 0.31 2.43 86,000 29 3,718,678 2016 Official estimate 41 Namibia 2,281,000 0.20 2.01 45,000 35 2,280,700 July 1 , 2015 Official estimate 42 Botswana 2,176,000 0.19 1.92 41,000 36 2,024,904 August 22 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 43 Gambia 2,022,000 0.18 3.27 64,000 22 1,882,450 April 15 , 2013 Preliminary 2013 census result 44 Equatorial Guinea 1,996,000 0.17 4.23 81,000 17 1,222,442 July 4 , 2015 Preliminary 2015 census result 45 Lesotho 1,908,000 0.17 0.21 4,000 330 1,894,194 2011 Official estimate 46 Gabon 1,873,000 0.16 1.85 34,000 38 1,802,278 October 5 , 2013 Preliminary 2013 census result 47 Guinea - Bissau 1,788,000 0.16 2.58 45,000 27 1,530,673 2015 Official estimate 48 Mauritius 1,263,000 0.11 0.16 2,000 437 1,261,208 July 1 , 2014 Official estimate 49 Swaziland 1,119,000 0.10 1.18 13,000 59 1,119,375 2015 Official estimate 50 Djibouti 961,000 0.08 2.67 25,000 26 864,618 July 1 , 2011 Official estimate 51 Réunion ( France ) 853,000 0.07 0.71 6,000 98 840,974 January 1 , 2013 Official estimate 52 Comoros 783,000 0.07 2.62 20,000 27 806,200 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 53 Cape Verde 525,000 0.05 1.35 7,000 52 491,875 June 16 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 54 Western Sahara 509,000 0.04 1.80 9,000 39 510,713 September 2 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 55 Mayotte ( France ) 229,000 0.02 2.69 6,000 26 212,600 August 21 , 2012 2012 census result 56 São Tomé and Príncipe 194,000 0.02 2.65 5,000 27 179,200 May 13 , 2012 Final 2012 census result 57 Seychelles 97,000 0.01 1.04 1,000 67 90,945 August 26 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 58 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( UK ) 4,000 < 0.01 0.0 0 - 5,633 June 2016 2016 census result Total 1,153,308,000 100.00 2.68 30,155,000 26 African population by country ( top 8 ) . Nigeria ( 15.38 % ) Ethiopia ( 8.37 % ) Egypt ( 7.65 % ) Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 6.57 % ) Tanzania ( 4.55 % ) South Africa ( 4.47 % ) Kenya ( 3.88 % ) Sudan ( 3.38 % ) Other ( 45.75 % ) See also ( edit ) Demographics of Africa List of countries by population List of countries by population in 2010 List of Middle East countries by population List of countries by past and future population Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calculated , when available , from the latest national censuses or most recent official estimates ( many of which are cited in their respective column ) , using the exponential formula shown on the List of countries by past and future population article . This is done to normalize the different populations to a unique date , so that they are really comparable . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula : projection / projection x100 - 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation : projection * annual_growth / 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula : LN ( 2 ) / LN ( growth / 100 + 1 ) , which produces exactly the same result as LOG ( 2 ) / LOG ( growth / 100 + 1 ) . Jump up ^ It excludes the population of the disputed territory of the Western Sahara ( the so - called Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . If it was included , the Moroccan September 2014 census would result in 33,848,242 inhabitants and its mid-2015 demographic projection would give some 34,198,000 inhab . Jump up ^ Administration is split between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , both of which claim the entire territory . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African_countries_by_population&oldid=835692548 '' Categories : Demographics of Africa Lists of countries in Africa Lists of countries by continent Lists of countries by population Lists of countries by continent , by population Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu پنجابی Português Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 05 : 59 . About Wikipedia | which country in africa has the largest population | [
"\n\nRank\nCountry\n(or dependent territory)\nJuly 1, 2015\nprojection[1]\n% of\npop.\nAverage\nrelative\nannual\ngrowth\n(%)[2]\nAverage\nabsolute\nannual\ngrowth\n[3]\nEstimated\ndoubling\ntime\n(Years)[4]\nOfficial\nfigure\n(where\navailable)\nDate of\nlast figure\nSource\n\n\n1\n Nigeria\n181,563,000\n15.98\n2.91\n4,731,000\n24\n173,000,000\n2013\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n2\n Ethiopia\n103,764,000\n7.81\n2.41\n2,424,000\n29\n99,391,000\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n3\n Egypt\n89,125,000\n7.68\n2.29\n2,028,000\n31\n94,408,000\nApril 12, 2018\nOfficial population clock\n\n\n4\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n77,267,000\n6.70\n3.13\n2,390,000\n22\n86,026,000\nJuly 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n5\n South Africa\n54,957,000\n4.77\n1.61\n873,000\n43\n54,956,900\nJuly 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n6\n Tanzania\n51,046,000\n4.23\n2.97\n1,414,000\n24\n51,046,000\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n7\n Kenya\n45,533,000\n3.84\n2.87\n1,196,000\n24\n45,533,000\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n8\n Sudan\n40,235,000\n3.33\n3.07\n912,000\n23\n40,235,000\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n9\n Algeria\n39,670,000\n3.46\n2.07\n768,000\n34\n40,100,000\nJanuary 1, 2016\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n10\n Uganda\n37,102,000\n3.10\n3.09\n1,201,000\n23\n34,856,813\nAugust 28, 2014\nPreliminary 2014 census result\n\n\n11\n Morocco[5]\n34,380,000\n3.33\n1.24\n412,000\n56\n33,337,529\nSeptember 1, 2014\nPreliminary 2014 census result\n\n\n12\n Mozambique\n28,013,000\n2.23\n2.74\n702,000\n26\n28,013,000\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n13\n Ghana\n27,414,000\n2.40\n2.48\n621,000\n28\n27,043,093\n2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n14\n Angola\n25,326,000\n2.20\n3.43\n839,000\n21\n24,383,301\nMay 16, 2014\nPreliminary 2014 census result\n\n\n15\n Ivory Coast\n23,126,000\n2.02\n2.55\n451,000\n27\n22,671,331\nMay 15, 2014\nPreliminary 2014 census result\n\n\n16\n Madagascar\n23,043,000\n2.00\n2.71\n609,000\n26\n22,434,363\n2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n17\n Cameroon\n21,918,000\n1.90\n2.65\n565,000\n27\n21,917,602\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n18\n Niger\n18,880,000\n1.64\n3.86\n701,000\n18\n17,138,707\nDecember 10, 2012\nFinal 2012 census result\n\n\n19\n Burkina Faso\n18,450,000\n1.60\n3.26\n582,000\n22\n18,450,494\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n20\n Mali\n17,796,000\n1.54\n3.30\n568,000\n21\n14,528,662\nApril 1, 2009\nFinal 2009 census result\n\n\n21\n Malawi\n16,307,000\n1.41\n3.18\n502,000\n22\n16,832,900\nJuly 1, 2016\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n22\n Zambia\n15,474,000\n1.34\n3.00\n451,000\n23\n15,473,905\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n23\n Somalia\n14,317,996\n0.95\n1.54\n166,000\n45\n12,316,895\nJanuary 1, 2016\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n24\n Senegal\n14,150,000\n1.23\n2.92\n401,000\n24\n14,354,690\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n25\n Chad\n13,675,000\n1.19\n3.57\n471,000\n20\n11,039,873\nMay 20, 2009\nFinal 2009 census result\n\n\n26\n Zimbabwe\n13,503,000\n1.17\n1.17\n156,000\n60\n13,061,239\nAugust 17, 2012\nFinal 2012 census result\n\n\n27\n South Sudan\n12,519,000\n1.09\n5.95\n703,000\n12\n8,260,490\nApril 22, 2008\n2008 census result\n\n\n28\n Rwanda\n11,324,000\n0.98\n2.61\n288,000\n27\n10,515,973\nAugust 15, 2012\nFinal 2012 census result\n\n\n29\n Tunisia\n11,118,000\n0.96\n1.04\n114,000\n67\n10,982,754\nApril 23, 2014\nPreliminary 2014 census result\n\n\n30\n Guinea\n10,935,000\n0.95\n2.30\n246,000\n30\n10,628,972\nApril 2, 2014\nPreliminary 2014 census result\n\n\n31\n Benin\n10,782,000\n0.93\n3.54\n369,000\n20\n10,008,749\nMay 11, 2013\nFinal 2013 census result\n\n\n32\n Burundi\n9,824,000\n0.85\n2.93\n280,000\n24\n9,823,828\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n33\n Togo\n7,065,000\n0.61\n2.87\n197,000\n25\n6,191,155\nNovember 6, 2010\nFinal 2010 census result\n\n\n34\n Eritrea\n6,895,000\n0.60\n5.49\n359,000\n13\n6,536,000\nJuly 1, 2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n35\n Sierra Leone\n6,513,000\n0.56\n2.57\n163,000\n27\n6,348,350\n2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n36\n Libya\n6,278,000\n0.54\n1.13\n70,000\n62\n5,298,152\nApril 15, 2006\n2006 census result\n\n\n37\n Republic of the Congo\n4,706,000\n0.41\n2.98\n136,000\n24\n3,697,490\nApril 28, 2007\n2007 census result\n\n\n38\n Central African Republic\n4,659,080\n0.42\n2.00\n96,000\n35\n3,859,139\n2017\n[1]\n\n\n39\n Liberia\n4,046,000\n0.35\n2.09\n83,000\n33\n3,476,608\nMarch 21, 2008\nFinal 2008 census result\n\n\n40\n Mauritania\n3,632,000\n0.31\n2.43\n86,000\n29\n3,718,678\n2016\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n41\n Namibia\n2,281,000\n0.20\n2.01\n45,000\n35\n2,280,700\nJuly 1, 2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n42\n Botswana\n2,176,000\n0.19\n1.92\n41,000\n36\n2,024,904\nAugust 22, 2011\nFinal 2011 census result\n\n\n43\n Gambia\n2,022,000\n0.18\n3.27\n64,000\n22\n1,882,450\nApril 15, 2013\nPreliminary 2013 census result[permanent dead link]\n\n\n44\n Equatorial Guinea\n1,996,000\n0.17\n4.23\n81,000\n17\n1,222,442\nJuly 4, 2015\nPreliminary 2015 census result\n\n\n45\n Lesotho\n1,908,000\n0.17\n0.21\n4,000\n330\n1,894,194\n2011\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n46\n Gabon\n1,873,000\n0.16\n1.85\n34,000\n38\n1,802,278\nOctober 5, 2013\nPreliminary 2013 census result\n\n\n47\n Guinea-Bissau\n1,788,000\n0.16\n2.58\n45,000\n27\n1,530,673\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n48\n Mauritius\n1,263,000\n0.11\n0.16\n2,000\n437\n1,261,208\nJuly 1, 2014\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n49\n Swaziland\n1,119,000\n0.10\n1.18\n13,000\n59\n1,119,375\n2015\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n50\n Djibouti\n961,000\n0.08\n2.67\n25,000\n26\n864,618\nJuly 1, 2011\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n51\n Réunion (France)\n853,000\n0.07\n0.71\n6,000\n98\n840,974\nJanuary 1, 2013\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n52\n Comoros\n783,000\n0.07\n2.62\n20,000\n27\n806,200\nJuly 1, 2016\nOfficial estimate\n\n\n53\n Cape Verde\n525,000\n0.05\n1.35\n7,000\n52\n491,875\nJune 16, 2010\nFinal 2010 census result\n\n\n54\nWestern Sahara[6]\n509,000\n0.04\n1.80\n9,000\n39\n510,713\nSeptember 2, 2014\nPreliminary 2014 census result\n\n\n55\n Mayotte (France)\n229,000\n0.02\n2.69\n6,000\n26\n212,600\nAugust 21, 2012\n2012 census result\n\n\n56\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n194,000\n0.02\n2.65\n5,000\n27\n179,200\nMay 13, 2012\nFinal 2012 census result\n\n\n57\n Seychelles\n97,000\n0.01\n1.04\n1,000\n67\n90,945\nAugust 26, 2010\nFinal 2010 census result\n\n\n58\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (UK)\n4,000\n\n0.0\n0\n-\n5,633\nJune 2016\n2016 census result\n\n\n\nTotal\n1,153,308,000\n100.00\n2.68\n30,155,000\n26\n\n\n"
] | [
"Nigeria"
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6386457030522066722 | Rawlings Gold Glove Award | Rawlings Gold Glove Award - wikipedia Rawlings Gold Glove Award For the amateur boxing competition , see Golden Gloves . The Gold Glove Award given to Eric Chavez for his performance during the 2005 season The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . It is also awarded to women fastpitch softball players in the National Pro Fastpitch as of 2016 . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Additionally , a sabermetric component provided by Society for American Baseball Research ( SABR ) accounts for approximately 25 percent of the vote . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 and 2007 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé - tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in Major League Baseball ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Contents 1 History 2 Winners 3 All - time Gold Glove Team 4 Teammates 4.1 Middle infield duos 4.2 Batteries 5 Platinum Glove Award 6 Footnotes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) For the first four seasons of the award ( 1957 to 1960 ) , individual awards were presented to left fielders , center fielders , and right fielders . From 1961 through 2010 , the phrase `` at each position '' was no longer strictly accurate , since the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position . Any combination of outfielders , often three center fielders , could win the award in the same year . Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position , arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively . Starting in 2011 , separate awards for each outfield position were once again presented . In the 1985 American League voting , a tie for third - place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders ( Dwayne Murphy , Gary Pettis , Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield ) ; this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 ( Andruw Jones , Carlos Beltrán , Aaron Rowand , and Jeff Francoeur ) . Before SABR 's involvement in the voting process , The Boston Globe writer Peter Abraham said the Fielding Bible Awards `` are far more accurate ( and accountable ) '' than the Gold Glove awards since statistics are used along with the opinions of an expert panel . The Gold Gloves are selected by managers and coaches that may have seen a player as few as six times during the season . Bill Chuck of Comcast SportsNet New England wrote that Gold Glove voters frequently counted only errors to determine winners . Geoff Baker of The Seattle Times said the votes for the Gold Gloves rely largely on a player 's past reputation . The Associated Press wrote that `` some fans have viewed the Gold Gloves as mostly a popularity contest , even suggesting that a player 's performance at the plate helped draw extra attention to his glove . '' After winning the AL Gold Glove at first base in both 1997 and 1998 , Rafael Palmeiro won again in 1999 with the Texas Rangers while only appearing in 28 games as a first baseman ; he played in 128 games as a designated hitter that season , resulting in a controversy . Derek Jeter , winner of five Gold Gloves , believes that many defensive factors can not be quantified . In 2013 , Rawlings collaborated on the Gold Glove Award with SABR , who provided the SABR Defensive Index ( SDI ) to add a sabermetric component to the selection process . The index accounted for 25 percent of the vote , while managers and coaches continued to provide the majority . Afterwards , Jay Jaffe of Sports Illustrated wrote that the Gold Gloves `` appear to have significantly closed the gap on their more statistically - driven counterparts . '' SABR and FiveThirtyEight believed that the impact to the voting results by SDI , which is also included on the voters ' ballots , went beyond its 25 own percent weight and also influenced the managers ' and coaches ' voting . The most Gold Gloves ever won by one player is 18 by pitcher Greg Maddux . He won 13 consecutive awards from 1990 to 2002 , all in the National League . Brooks Robinson has the most wins as a third baseman , with 16 Gold Gloves , and is tied for the second - highest total overall with pitcher Jim Kaat , who won his 16 awards consecutively . Iván Rodríguez has won the most Gold Gloves as a catcher , with 13 career awards in the American League . Ozzie Smith has 13 wins at shortstop ; he and Rodríguez are tied for the fourth - highest total among all winners . Among outfielders , Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays , who played primarily right field and center field , respectively , are tied for the lead with 12 Gold Gloves . Keith Hernandez , the leader at first base , has won 11 times , and Roberto Alomar leads second basemen with 10 wins . Other players with 10 or more wins include shortstop Omar Vizquel ( 11 ) , catcher Johnny Bench ( 10 ) , third baseman Mike Schmidt ( 10 ) , and outfielders Ken Griffey Jr. , Ichiro Suzuki , Andruw Jones , and Al Kaline ( 10 each ) . The only player to win Gold Gloves as an infielder and outfielder is Darin Erstad , who won Gold Gloves as an outfielder in 2000 and 2002 and as a first baseman in 2004 , all with the Anaheim Angels . The only other player to win Gold Gloves at multiple positions is Plácido Polanco , who won at second base ( 2007 , 2009 AL ) and third base ( 2011 NL ) . Family pairs to win Gold Gloves include brothers Ken and Clete Boyer ( third base ) , brothers Sandy Alomar , Jr. ( catcher ) and Roberto Alomar ( second base ) , Bengie and Yadier Molina ( catcher ) , father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds ( outfield ) , and father and son Bob ( catcher ) and Bret Boone ( second base ) . In 2016 , Rawlings announced it would begin awarding a gold glove annually to a female fastpitch softball player in the National Pro Fastpitch league . NPF coaches and managers vote for a winner ( excluding those on their respective teams ) . This award is in addition to the collegiate and high school awards added in 2007 , its 50th anniversary . Greg Maddux won 18 Gold Gloves , the most of any player . Winners ( edit ) Key to symbols and headers in player lists Year Links to the corresponding Major League Baseball season 1B First baseman ( list of winners ) 2B Second baseman ( list of winners ) 3B Third baseman ( list of winners ) SS Shortstop ( list of winners ) OF Outfielder ( list of winners ) Catcher ( list of winners ) Pitcher ( list of winners ) * or * * Winner of the most Gold Glove Awards at his position ( * * indicates tie ) Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gold Glove winners in the American League , listed by position Year 1B 2B 3B SS OF OF OF 1957 Gil Hodges Nellie Fox Frank Malzone Roy McMillan Willie Mays * * Al Kaline Minnie Miñoso Sherm Lollar Bobby Shantz 1958 Vic Power Frank Bolling Frank Malzone Luis Aparicio Norm Siebern Al Kaline Jimmy Piersall Sherm Lollar Bobby Shantz 1959 Vic Power Nellie Fox Frank Malzone Luis Aparicio Jackie Jensen Al Kaline Minnie Miñoso Sherm Lollar Bobby Shantz 1960 Vic Power Nellie Fox Brooks Robinson * Luis Aparicio Jim Landis Roger Maris Minnie Miñoso Earl Battey Bobby Shantz 1961 Vic Power Bobby Richardson Brooks Robinson * Luis Aparicio Jim Landis Al Kaline Jimmy Piersall Earl Battey Frank Lary 1962 Vic Power Bobby Richardson Brooks Robinson * Luis Aparicio Jim Landis Al Kaline Mickey Mantle Earl Battey Jim Kaat 1963 Vic Power Bobby Richardson Brooks Robinson * Zoilo Versalles Jim Landis Al Kaline Carl Yastrzemski Elston Howard Jim Kaat 1964 Vic Power Bobby Richardson Brooks Robinson * Luis Aparicio Jim Landis Al Kaline Vic Davalillo Elston Howard Jim Kaat 1965 Joe Pepitone Bobby Richardson Brooks Robinson * Zoilo Versalles Tom Tresh Al Kaline Carl Yastrzemski Bill Freehan Jim Kaat 1966 Joe Pepitone Bobby Knoop Brooks Robinson * Luis Aparicio Tommie Agee Al Kaline Tony Oliva Bill Freehan Jim Kaat 1967 George Scott Bobby Knoop Brooks Robinson * Jim Fregosi Paul Blair Al Kaline Carl Yastrzemski Bill Freehan Jim Kaat 1968 George Scott Bobby Knoop Brooks Robinson * Luis Aparicio Reggie Smith Mickey Stanley Carl Yastrzemski Bill Freehan Jim Kaat 1969 Joe Pepitone Davey Johnson Brooks Robinson * Mark Belanger Paul Blair Mickey Stanley Carl Yastrzemski Bill Freehan Jim Kaat 1970 Jim Spencer Davey Johnson Brooks Robinson * Luis Aparicio Paul Blair Mickey Stanley Ken Berry Ray Fosse Jim Kaat 1971 George Scott Davey Johnson Brooks Robinson * Mark Belanger Paul Blair Amos Otis Carl Yastrzemski Ray Fosse Jim Kaat 1972 George Scott Doug Griffin Brooks Robinson * Ed Brinkman Paul Blair Bobby Murcer Ken Berry Carlton Fisk Jim Kaat 1973 George Scott Bobby Grich Brooks Robinson * Mark Belanger Paul Blair Amos Otis Mickey Stanley Thurman Munson Jim Kaat George Scott Bobby Grich Brooks Robinson * Mark Belanger Paul Blair Amos Otis Joe Rudi Thurman Munson Jim Kaat George Scott Bobby Grich Brooks Robinson * Mark Belanger Paul Blair Fred Lynn Joe Rudi Thurman Munson Jim Kaat 1976 George Scott Bobby Grich Aurelio Rodríguez Mark Belanger Dwight Evans Rick Manning Joe Rudi Jim Sundberg Jim Palmer 1977 Jim Spencer Frank White Graig Nettles Mark Belanger Juan Beníquez Al Cowens Carl Yastrzemski Jim Sundberg Jim Palmer 1978 Chris Chambliss Frank White Graig Nettles Mark Belanger Dwight Evans Fred Lynn Rick Miller Jim Sundberg Jim Palmer 1979 Cecil Cooper Frank White Buddy Bell Rick Burleson Dwight Evans Fred Lynn Sixto Lezcano Jim Sundberg Jim Palmer 1980 Cecil Cooper Frank White Buddy Bell Alan Trammell Willie Wilson Fred Lynn Dwayne Murphy Jim Sundberg Mike Norris 1981 Mike Squires Frank White Buddy Bell Alan Trammell Dwight Evans Rickey Henderson Dwayne Murphy Jim Sundberg Mike Norris 1982 Eddie Murray Frank White Buddy Bell Robin Yount Dwight Evans Dave Winfield Dwayne Murphy Bob Boone Ron Guidry Eddie Murray Lou Whitaker Buddy Bell Alan Trammell Dwight Evans Dave Winfield Dwayne Murphy Lance Parrish Ron Guidry 1984 Eddie Murray Lou Whitaker Buddy Bell Alan Trammell Dwight Evans Dave Winfield Dwayne Murphy Lance Parrish Ron Guidry 1985 Don Mattingly Lou Whitaker George Brett Alfredo Griffin Dwight Evans Dave Winfield & Gary Pettis Dwayne Murphy Lance Parrish Ron Guidry 1986 Don Mattingly Frank White Gary Gaetti Tony Fernández Kirby Puckett Gary Pettis Jesse Barfield Bob Boone Ron Guidry Don Mattingly Frank White Gary Gaetti Tony Fernández Kirby Puckett Dave Winfield Jesse Barfield Bob Boone Mark Langston 1988 Don Mattingly Harold Reynolds Gary Gaetti Tony Fernández Kirby Puckett Gary Pettis Devon White Bob Boone Mark Langston 1989 Don Mattingly Harold Reynolds Gary Gaetti Tony Fernández Kirby Puckett Gary Pettis Devon White Bob Boone Bret Saberhagen 1990 Mark McGwire Harold Reynolds Kelly Gruber Ozzie Guillén Gary Pettis Ellis Burks Ken Griffey Jr . Sandy Alomar Jr . Mike Boddicker 1991 Don Mattingly Roberto Alomar * Robin Ventura Cal Ripken Jr . Kirby Puckett Devon White Ken Griffey Jr . Tony Peña Mark Langston 1992 Don Mattingly Roberto Alomar * Robin Ventura Cal Ripken Jr . Kirby Puckett Devon White Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mark Langston 1993 Don Mattingly Roberto Alomar * Robin Ventura Omar Vizquel Kenny Lofton Devon White Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mark Langston 1994 Don Mattingly Roberto Alomar * Wade Boggs Omar Vizquel Kenny Lofton Devon White Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mark Langston 1995 J.T. Snow Roberto Alomar * Wade Boggs Omar Vizquel Kenny Lofton Devon White Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mark Langston J.T. Snow Roberto Alomar * Robin Ventura Omar Vizquel Kenny Lofton Jay Buhner Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mike Mussina 1997 Rafael Palmeiro Chuck Knoblauch Matt Williams Omar Vizquel Bernie Williams Jim Edmonds Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mike Mussina 1998 Rafael Palmeiro Roberto Alomar * Robin Ventura Omar Vizquel Bernie Williams Jim Edmonds Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mike Mussina 1999 Rafael Palmeiro Roberto Alomar * Scott Brosius Omar Vizquel Bernie Williams Shawn Green Ken Griffey Jr . Iván Rodríguez * Mike Mussina 2000 John Olerud Roberto Alomar * Travis Fryman Omar Vizquel Bernie Williams Jermaine Dye Darin Erstad Iván Rodríguez * Kenny Rogers 2001 Doug Mientkiewicz Roberto Alomar * Eric Chavez Omar Vizquel Torii Hunter Mike Cameron Ichiro Suzuki Iván Rodríguez * Mike Mussina 2002 John Olerud Bret Boone Eric Chavez Alex Rodriguez Torii Hunter Darin Erstad Ichiro Suzuki Bengie Molina Kenny Rogers 2003 John Olerud Bret Boone Eric Chavez Alex Rodriguez Torii Hunter Mike Cameron Ichiro Suzuki Bengie Molina Mike Mussina Darin Erstad Bret Boone Eric Chavez Derek Jeter Torii Hunter Vernon Wells Ichiro Suzuki Iván Rodríguez * Kenny Rogers 2005 Mark Teixeira Orlando Hudson Eric Chavez Derek Jeter Torii Hunter Vernon Wells Ichiro Suzuki Jason Varitek Kenny Rogers 2006 Mark Teixeira Mark Grudzielanek Eric Chavez Derek Jeter Torii Hunter Vernon Wells Ichiro Suzuki Iván Rodríguez * Kenny Rogers 2007 Kevin Youkilis Plácido Polanco Adrián Beltré Orlando Cabrera Torii Hunter Grady Sizemore Ichiro Suzuki Iván Rodríguez * Johan Santana 2008 Carlos Peña Dustin Pedroia Adrián Beltré Michael Young Torii Hunter Grady Sizemore Ichiro Suzuki Joe Mauer Mike Mussina 2009 Mark Teixeira Plácido Polanco Evan Longoria Derek Jeter Torii Hunter Adam Jones Ichiro Suzuki Joe Mauer Mark Buehrle Mark Teixeira Robinson Canó Evan Longoria Derek Jeter Carl Crawford Franklin Gutiérrez Ichiro Suzuki Joe Mauer Mark Buehrle 2011 Adrian Gonzalez Dustin Pedroia Adrián Beltré Erick Aybar Alex Gordon Jacoby Ellsbury Nick Markakis Matt Wieters Mark Buehrle 2012 Mark Teixeira Robinson Canó Adrián Beltré J.J. Hardy Alex Gordon Adam Jones Josh Reddick Matt Wieters Jeremy Hellickson & Jake Peavy 2013 Eric Hosmer Dustin Pedroia Manny Machado J.J. Hardy Alex Gordon Adam Jones Shane Victorino Salvador Pérez R.A. Dickey 2014 Eric Hosmer Dustin Pedroia Kyle Seager J.J. Hardy Alex Gordon Adam Jones Nick Markakis Salvador Pérez Dallas Keuchel 2015 Eric Hosmer José Altuve Manny Machado Alcides Escobar Yoenis Céspedes Kevin Kiermaier Kole Calhoun Salvador Pérez Dallas Keuchel 2016 Mitch Moreland Ian Kinsler Adrián Beltré Francisco Lindor Brett Gardner Kevin Kiermaier Mookie Betts Salvador Pérez Dallas Keuchel 2017 Eric Hosmer Brian Dozier Evan Longoria Andrelton Simmons Alex Gordon Byron Buxton Mookie Betts Martín Maldonado Marcus Stroman Gold Glove winners in the National League , listed by position Year 1B 2B 3B SS OF OF OF 1957 Gil Hodges Nellie Fox Frank Malzone Roy McMillan Minnie Miñoso Al Kaline Willie Mays * * Sherm Lollar Bobby Shantz 1958 Gil Hodges Bill Mazeroski Ken Boyer Roy McMillan Hank Aaron Frank Robinson Willie Mays * * Del Crandall Harvey Haddix 1959 Gil Hodges Charlie Neal Ken Boyer Roy McMillan Hank Aaron Jackie Brandt Willie Mays * * Del Crandall Harvey Haddix 1960 Bill White Bill Mazeroski Ken Boyer Ernie Banks Hank Aaron Wally Moon Willie Mays * * Del Crandall Harvey Haddix 1961 Bill White Bill Mazeroski Ken Boyer Maury Wills Vada Pinson Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Johnny Roseboro Bobby Shantz 1962 Bill White Ken Hubbs Jim Davenport Maury Wills Bill Virdon Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Del Crandall Bobby Shantz 1963 Bill White Bill Mazeroski Ken Boyer Bobby Wine Curt Flood Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Johnny Edwards Bobby Shantz 1964 Bill White Bill Mazeroski Ron Santo Rubén Amaro Sr . Curt Flood Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Johnny Edwards Bobby Shantz 1965 Bill White Bill Mazeroski Ron Santo Leo Cárdenas Curt Flood Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Joe Torre Bob Gibson 1966 Bill White Bill Mazeroski Ron Santo Gene Alley Curt Flood Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Johnny Roseboro Bob Gibson 1967 Wes Parker Bill Mazeroski Ron Santo Gene Alley Curt Flood Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Randy Hundley Bob Gibson 1968 Wes Parker Glenn Beckert Ron Santo Dal Maxvill Curt Flood Roberto Clemente * * Willie Mays * * Johnny Bench Bob Gibson 1969 Wes Parker Félix Millán Clete Boyer Don Kessinger Curt Flood Roberto Clemente * * Pete Rose Johnny Bench Bob Gibson 1970 Wes Parker Tommy Helms Doug Rader Don Kessinger Tommie Agee Roberto Clemente * * Pete Rose Johnny Bench Bob Gibson 1971 Wes Parker Tommy Helms Doug Rader Bud Harrelson Willie Davis Roberto Clemente * * Bobby Bonds Johnny Bench Bob Gibson 1972 Wes Parker Félix Millán Doug Rader Larry Bowa Willie Davis Roberto Clemente * * César Cedeño Johnny Bench Bob Gibson 1973 Mike Jorgensen Joe Morgan Doug Rader Roger Metzger Willie Davis Bobby Bonds César Cedeño Johnny Bench Bob Gibson Steve Garvey Joe Morgan Doug Rader Dave Concepción César Gerónimo Bobby Bonds César Cedeño Johnny Bench Andy Messersmith Steve Garvey Joe Morgan Ken Reitz Dave Concepción César Gerónimo Garry Maddox César Cedeño Johnny Bench Andy Messersmith 1976 Steve Garvey Joe Morgan Mike Schmidt Dave Concepción César Gerónimo Garry Maddox César Cedeño Johnny Bench Jim Kaat 1977 Steve Garvey Joe Morgan Mike Schmidt Dave Concepción César Gerónimo Garry Maddox Dave Parker Johnny Bench Jim Kaat 1978 Keith Hernandez * Davey Lopes Mike Schmidt Larry Bowa Ellis Valentine Garry Maddox Dave Parker Bob Boone Phil Niekro 1979 Keith Hernandez * Manny Trillo Mike Schmidt Dave Concepción Dave Winfield Garry Maddox Dave Parker Bob Boone Phil Niekro 1980 Keith Hernandez * Doug Flynn Mike Schmidt Ozzie Smith * Dave Winfield Garry Maddox Andre Dawson Gary Carter Phil Niekro 1981 Keith Hernandez * Manny Trillo Mike Schmidt Ozzie Smith * Dusty Baker Garry Maddox Andre Dawson Gary Carter Steve Carlton 1982 Keith Hernandez * Manny Trillo Mike Schmidt Ozzie Smith * Dale Murphy Garry Maddox Andre Dawson Gary Carter Phil Niekro Keith Hernandez * Ryne Sandberg Mike Schmidt Ozzie Smith * Dale Murphy Willie McGee Andre Dawson Tony Peña Phil Niekro 1984 Keith Hernandez * Ryne Sandberg Mike Schmidt Ozzie Smith * Dale Murphy Bob Dernier Andre Dawson Tony Peña Joaquín Andújar 1985 Keith Hernandez * Ryne Sandberg Tim Wallach Ozzie Smith * Dale Murphy Willie McGee Andre Dawson Tony Peña Rick Reuschel 1986 Keith Hernandez * Ryne Sandberg Mike Schmidt Ozzie Smith * Dale Murphy Willie McGee Tony Gwynn Jody Davis Fernando Valenzuela Keith Hernandez * Ryne Sandberg Terry Pendleton Ozzie Smith * Eric Davis Andre Dawson Tony Gwynn Mike LaValliere Rick Reuschel 1988 Keith Hernandez * Ryne Sandberg Tim Wallach Ozzie Smith * Eric Davis Andre Dawson Andy Van Slyke Benito Santiago Orel Hershiser 1989 Andrés Galarraga Ryne Sandberg Terry Pendleton Ozzie Smith * Eric Davis Tony Gwynn Andy Van Slyke Benito Santiago Ron Darling 1990 Andrés Galarraga Ryne Sandberg Tim Wallach Ozzie Smith * Barry Bonds Tony Gwynn Andy Van Slyke Benito Santiago Greg Maddux * 1991 Will Clark Ryne Sandberg Matt Williams Ozzie Smith * Barry Bonds Tony Gwynn Andy Van Slyke Tom Pagnozzi Greg Maddux * 1992 Mark Grace José Lind Terry Pendleton Ozzie Smith * Barry Bonds Larry Walker Andy Van Slyke Tom Pagnozzi Greg Maddux * 1993 Mark Grace Robby Thompson Matt Williams Jay Bell Barry Bonds Larry Walker Marquis Grissom Kirt Manwaring Greg Maddux * 1994 Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Matt Williams Barry Larkin Barry Bonds Darren Lewis Marquis Grissom Tom Pagnozzi Greg Maddux * 1995 Mark Grace Craig Biggio Ken Caminiti Barry Larkin Raúl Mondesí Steve Finley Marquis Grissom Charles Johnson Greg Maddux * Mark Grace Craig Biggio Ken Caminiti Barry Larkin Barry Bonds Steve Finley Marquis Grissom Charles Johnson Greg Maddux * 1997 J.T. Snow Craig Biggio Ken Caminiti Rey Ordóñez Barry Bonds Larry Walker Raúl Mondesí Charles Johnson Greg Maddux * 1998 J.T. Snow Bret Boone Scott Rolen Rey Ordóñez Barry Bonds Larry Walker Andruw Jones Charles Johnson Greg Maddux * 1999 J.T. Snow Pokey Reese Robin Ventura Rey Ordóñez Steve Finley Larry Walker Andruw Jones Mike Lieberthal Greg Maddux * 2000 J.T. Snow Pokey Reese Scott Rolen Neifi Pérez Steve Finley Jim Edmonds Andruw Jones Mike Matheny Greg Maddux * 2001 Todd Helton Fernando Viña Scott Rolen Orlando Cabrera Larry Walker Jim Edmonds Andruw Jones Brad Ausmus Greg Maddux * 2002 Todd Helton Fernando Viña Scott Rolen Édgar Rentería Larry Walker Jim Edmonds Andruw Jones Brad Ausmus Greg Maddux * 2003 Derrek Lee Luis Castillo Scott Rolen Édgar Rentería José Cruz Jr . Jim Edmonds Andruw Jones Mike Matheny Mike Hampton Todd Helton Luis Castillo Scott Rolen César Izturis Steve Finley Jim Edmonds Andruw Jones Mike Matheny Greg Maddux * 2005 Derrek Lee Luis Castillo Mike Lowell Omar Vizquel Bobby Abreu Jim Edmonds Andruw Jones Mike Matheny Greg Maddux * 2006 Albert Pujols Orlando Hudson Scott Rolen Omar Vizquel Mike Cameron Carlos Beltrán Andruw Jones Brad Ausmus Greg Maddux * 2007 Derrek Lee Orlando Hudson David Wright Jimmy Rollins Aaron Rowand & Jeff Francoeur Carlos Beltrán Andruw Jones Russell Martin Greg Maddux * 2008 Adrian Gonzalez Brandon Phillips David Wright Jimmy Rollins Nate McLouth Carlos Beltrán Shane Victorino Yadier Molina Greg Maddux * 2009 Adrian Gonzalez Orlando Hudson Ryan Zimmerman Jimmy Rollins Michael Bourn Matt Kemp Shane Victorino Yadier Molina Adam Wainwright Albert Pujols Brandon Phillips Scott Rolen Troy Tulowitzki Michael Bourn Carlos González Shane Victorino Yadier Molina Bronson Arroyo 2011 Joey Votto Brandon Phillips Plácido Polanco Troy Tulowitzki Gerardo Parra Matt Kemp Andre Ethier Yadier Molina Clayton Kershaw 2012 Adam LaRoche Darwin Barney Chase Headley Jimmy Rollins Carlos González Andrew McCutchen Jason Heyward Yadier Molina Mark Buehrle 2013 Paul Goldschmidt Brandon Phillips Nolan Arenado Andrelton Simmons Carlos González Carlos Gómez Gerardo Parra Yadier Molina Adam Wainwright 2014 Adrian Gonzalez DJ LeMahieu Nolan Arenado Andrelton Simmons Christian Yelich Juan Lagares Jason Heyward Yadier Molina Zack Greinke 2015 Paul Goldschmidt Dee Gordon Nolan Arenado Brandon Crawford Starling Marte A.J. Pollock Jason Heyward Yadier Molina Zack Greinke 2016 Anthony Rizzo Joe Panik Nolan Arenado Brandon Crawford Starling Marte Ender Inciarte Jason Heyward Buster Posey Zack Greinke 2017 Paul Goldschmidt DJ LeMahieu Nolan Arenado Brandon Crawford Marcell Ozuna Ender Inciarte Jason Heyward Tucker Barnhart Zack Greinke Gold Glove winners in the National Pro Fastpitch league , listed by position Year 1B 2B 3B SS OF OF OF 2016 AJ Andrews 2017 Chelsea Goodacre All - time Gold Glove team ( edit ) Willie Mays won 12 Gold Gloves and was elected to the all - time team . On February 20 , 2007 , Major League Baseball and Rawlings announced that an all - time Gold Glove Team would be named during the 50th anniversary of the first Gold Glove Awards . Rawlings asked 70 baseball reporters , former players and former managers to select 50 names for the ballot , from an initial selection of 250 names . The team was selected by fans , who voted at the Rawlings Gold Glove website , at United States Postal Service offices , and at sporting goods stores . The results were announced at the 2007 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . All - time Gold Glove Team members by position First base Wes Parker Second base Joe Morgan Third base Brooks Robinson * Shortstop Ozzie Smith * Outfield Willie Mays * * Roberto Clemente * * Ken Griffey Jr . Catcher Johnny Bench Pitcher Greg Maddux * Teammates ( edit ) Middle infield duos ( edit ) In the history of the Gold Glove Award , there have been eleven double - play combinations , or pairs of middle infielders , that have won awards in the same year . Shortstops and second basemen depend upon each other for the majority of double plays . The most common type of double play occurs with a runner on first base and a ground ball hit towards the middle of the infield . The player fielding the ball ( generally the shortstop or second baseman ) throws to the fielder covering second base , who steps on the base before the runner from first arrives to force that runner out , and then throws the ball to the first baseman to force out the batter for the second out . Mark Belanger won four Gold Gloves with the Baltimore Orioles alongside winning partner Bobby Grich , and Joe Morgan paired with Dave Concepción for four combination wins with the Cincinnati Reds . The most recent teammates to accomplish the feat are Brandon Crawford and Joe Panik , who won with the San Francisco Giants in 2016 . Double - play combinations to win Gold Gloves for the same team in the same season Shortstop Second baseman Team Times won Years Ref ( s ) Luis Aparicio Nellie Fox Chicago White Sox 1959 -- 1960 Gene Alley Bill Mazeroski Pittsburgh Pirates 1966 -- 1967 Jim Fregosi Bobby Knoop California Angels 1967 Mark Belanger Davey Johnson Baltimore Orioles 1969 , 1971 Mark Belanger Bobby Grich Baltimore Orioles 1973 -- 1976 Dave Concepción Joe Morgan Cincinnati Reds 1974 -- 1977 Alan Trammell Lou Whitaker Detroit Tigers 1983 -- 1984 Omar Vizquel Roberto Alomar * Cleveland Indians 1999 -- 2001 Édgar Rentería Fernando Viña St. Louis Cardinals 2002 Derek Jeter Robinson Canó New York Yankees Brandon Crawford Joe Panik San Francisco Giants 2016 Batteries ( edit ) Iván Rodríguez and Kenny Rogers won Gold Gloves as batterymates in 2000 , 2004 , and 2006 . Since 1957 , there have been five Gold Glove batteries . The pitcher and catcher , collectively known as the battery , are the only two players on the field involved in every pitch . In particular , the pitcher and catcher control the running game with tools such as pickoffs or the strength of the catcher 's throwing arm . The first pitcher and catcher on the same team to win Gold Gloves in the same year were Jim Kaat and Earl Battey , with the Minnesota Twins in 1962 . Only two pairs of batterymates have won Gold Gloves together more than once : Iván Rodríguez and Kenny Rogers won with the Texas Rangers in 2000 , and again with the Detroit Tigers in 2004 and 2006 . Yadier Molina and Adam Wainwright matched the feat , winning in both 2009 and 2013 . Batterymates to win Gold Gloves for the same team in the same season Pitcher Catcher Teams Times won Year Ref Jim Kaat Earl Battey Minnesota Twins 1962 Rick Reuschel Tony Peña Pittsburgh Pirates 1985 Bret Saberhagen Bob Boone Kansas City Royals 1989 Kenny Rogers Iván Rodríguez * Texas Rangers 2000 Detroit Tigers 2004 , 2006 Adam Wainwright Yadier Molina St. Louis Cardinals 2009 , 2013 Platinum Glove Award ( edit ) See also : Wilson Overall Defensive Player of the Year Award In 2011 , Rawlings added an annual Platinum Glove Award awarded to the best defensive player in each league as voted by fans . Year American League National League Player Team Position Player Team Position 2011 Adrián Beltré Texas Rangers 3B Yadier Molina St. Louis Cardinals 2012 Adrián Beltré ( 2 ) Texas Rangers 3B Yadier Molina ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals 2013 Manny Machado Baltimore Orioles 3B Andrelton Simmons Atlanta Braves SS 2014 Alex Gordon Kansas City Royals LF Yadier Molina ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 2015 Kevin Kiermaier Tampa Bay Rays CF Yadier Molina ( 4 ) St. Louis Cardinals 2016 Francisco Lindor Cleveland Indians SS Anthony Rizzo Chicago Cubs 1B 2017 Byron Buxton Minnesota Twins CF Nolan Arenado Colorado Rockies 3B Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 1957 to 1960 , and since 2011 , individual awards were specified for left fielder , center fielder , and right fielder . From 1961 to 2010 , the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position . ^ Jump up to : In 1957 , Gold Gloves were given to the top fielders in Major League Baseball , instead of separate awards for the National and American Leagues ; therefore , the winners are the same in each table . ^ Jump up to : Won as a center fielder ^ Jump up to : Won as a right fielder ^ Jump up to : Won as a left fielder See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Defensive Player Fielding Bible Award Rawlings Woman Executive of the Year Award -- a minor league award also presented by Rawlings Baseball awards § United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A-Rod breaks Vizquel 's streak ; AL West earns eight of nine '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . November 13 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A.J. Andrews is first woman to win Gold Glove '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rawlings Gold Glove Award Finalists Announced '' ( Press release ) . Rawlings . October 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rawlings to Unveil Ballot '' . Rawlings . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Members of the original 1957 Rawlings Gold Glove Team : Willie Mays , CF ( New York Giants ) ; Al Kaline , RF ( Detroit Tigers ) ; Minnie Minoso , LF ( Chicago White Sox ) ; Frank Malzone , 3B ( Boston Red Sox ) ; Nellie Fox , 2B ( Chicago White Sox ) ; Gil Hodges , 1B ( Dodgers ) ; Roy McMillan , SS ( Cincinnati Reds ) ; Sherm Lollar C ( Chicago White Sox ) ; and Bobby Shantz , P ( New York Yankees ) . Jump up ^ `` About the Award '' . Rawlings . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National League Gold Glove Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American League Gold Glove Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Gary ; Palmer , Pete ; Gammons , Peter ( 2007 ) . The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia , Fourth Edition . Sterling Publishing . p. 1770 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4771 - 7 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Dan ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Orioles ' Markakis and Wieters win Gold Gloves '' . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kurkjian , Tim ( 2007 ) . Is this a Great Game , Or What ? . Macmillan . pp. 218 -- 219 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36223 - 4 . Jump up ^ Abraham , Peter ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Yadier Molina leads fifth annual `` Fielding Bible Awards '' `` . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . These awards are far more accurate ( and accountable ) than the Gold Gloves in that statistics are employed along with the opinions of a large panel of experts . ^ Jump up to : Chuck , Bill ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Nation STATion : Playing the field '' . CSNNE.com . New England Cable News . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baker , Geoff ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Mariners eye Durham , Datz for coaching positions ; Ichiro wins Fielding Bible Award '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Unlike the Gold Glove awards , chosen by coaches and based largely on reputation , the Fielding Bible Awards are picked by a panel of experts relying heavily on new - wave statistical analysis for defense . Jump up ^ `` AL Gold Glove winners named '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . For years , some fans have viewed the Gold Gloves as mostly a popularity contest , even suggesting that a player 's performance at the plate helped draw extra attention to his glove . Jump up ^ Luft , Jacob ( September 17 , 2003 ) . `` Baseball 's rubber stamp '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dierker , Larry ( 2006 ) . My Team . Simon and Schuster . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7513 - 6 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKelvey , G. Richard ( 2004 ) . All bat , no glove : A history of the designated hitter . McFarland . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1944 - X . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Jeter 's Gold Glove an Error , Metric Indicates '' . The New York Times . p . B19 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jeter -- like many players -- dismisses defensive statistics as meaningless because of the many factors that can not be quantified . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Jeff ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Gold Gloves join the stat revolution and it 's harder to quibble with the winners '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neal ; Bialik , Carl ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Gold Gloves Are Finally Going To The Best Fielders '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Kaat Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iván Rodríguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Smith Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Clemente History and Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Hernandez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roberto Alomar Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omar Vizquel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Bench Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Schmidt Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Griffey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andruw Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Al Kaline Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Darin Erstad Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Polanco 's Gold Glove puts him in elite company '' . Phillies.MLB.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Boyer Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clete Boyer Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bengie Molina Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yadier Molina Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Boone Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Boone Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Former Countryside softball star A.J. Andrews first female Gold Glove winner Tampa Bay Times '' . Tampabay.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` First - Ever Female Athlete to Win Rawlings Gold Glove Award ® '' . PR Newswire. 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Stier , Kit ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` All - time Gold Glove team to be named '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fans to vote on all - time Gold Glove team '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Parker surprise addition to all - time Rawlings Gold Glove team '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Paul ( 2009 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . W.W. Norton and Company . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06681 - 4 . Jump up ^ Curran , Mike ; Newman , Ross & Lopez , Andy ( 2007 ) . Coaching Baseball Successfully . Human Kinetics . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 6520 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Chicago White Sox Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Pittsburgh Pirates Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Pittsburgh Pirates Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 California Angels Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Baltimore Orioles Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Cincinnati Reds Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Cleveland Indians Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Bailey ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Ichiro wins 10th straight Gold Glove '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stallings , Jack ; Bennett , Bob ( 2003 ) . Baseball strategies : American Baseball Coaches Association . American Baseball Coaches Association . Human Kinetics . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 4218 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Minnesota Twins Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Pittsburgh Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Kansas City Royals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Texas Rangers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Detroit Tigers Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Glove Award '' . BaseballAlmanac . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rawlings Gold Glove Award . MLB Awards ( Gold Glove Winners ) Rawlings Gold Glove Award website Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball Rawlings Gold Glove Award First basemen Second basemen Third basemen Shortstops Outfielders Catchers Pitchers American League Platinum Glove Award 2011 : Beltré 2012 : Beltré 2013 : Machado 2014 : Gordon 2015 : Kiermaier 2016 : Lindor 2017 : Buxton National League Platinum Glove Award 2011 : Molina 2012 : Molina 2013 : Simmons 2014 : Molina 2015 : Molina 2016 : Rizzo 2017 : Arenado Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawlings_Gold_Glove_Award&oldid=840743872 '' Categories : Gold Glove Award Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Simple English Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 21 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most gold gloves in mlb history | [
"The most Gold Gloves ever won by one player is 18 by pitcher Greg Maddux. He won 13 consecutive awards from 1990 to 2002, all in the National League.[21] Brooks Robinson has the most wins as a third baseman, with 16 Gold Gloves,[22] and is tied for the second-highest total overall with pitcher Jim Kaat, who won his 16 awards consecutively.[23] Iván Rodríguez has won the most Gold Gloves as a catcher, with 13 career awards in the American League.[24] Ozzie Smith has 13 wins at shortstop; he and Rodríguez are tied for the fourth-highest total among all winners.[25] Among outfielders, Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays, who played primarily right field and center field, respectively, are tied for the lead with 12 Gold Gloves.[26][27] Keith Hernandez, the leader at first base, has won 11 times,[28] and Roberto Alomar leads second basemen with 10 wins.[29] Other players with 10 or more wins include shortstop Omar Vizquel (11),[30] catcher Johnny Bench (10),[31] third baseman Mike Schmidt (10),[32] and outfielders Ken Griffey Jr., Ichiro Suzuki, Andruw Jones, and Al Kaline (10 each).[33][34][35][36]\n"
] | [
"pitcher Greg Maddux"
] |
8049326733971935476 | Constitution of India | Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constitution of India Original text of the preamble Original title भारतीय संविधान code : hin promoted to code : hi ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) code : hin promoted to code : hi Jurisdiction India Ratified November 26 , 1949 ; 68 years ago ( 1949 - 11 - 26 ) Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) System Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republic Branches Three ( executive , legislature and judiciary ) Executive Prime minister - led cabinet responsible to the lower house of the parliament Judiciary Supreme court , high courts and district courts Federalism Unitary ( Quasi-federal ) Electoral college Yes , for presidential and vice-presidential elections Entrenchments Amendments 101 Last amended 1 July 2017 ( 101st ) Location Parliament House , New Delhi , India Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Supersedes Government of India Act 1935 Indian Independence Act 1947 Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) is the supreme law of India . The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code , structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It the longest written constitution of any country on earth . B.R. Ambedkar , chairman of the drafting committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy ( not parliamentary supremacy , since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament ) , and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 , and became effective on 26 January 1950 . The constitution replaced the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document , and the Dominion of India became the republic of India . To ensure constitutional autochthony , its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395 . India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day . The constitution declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens justice , equality and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation 2 Constituent Assembly 2.1 Membership 2.2 Drafting 3 Influence of other constitutions 4 Structure 4.1 Parts 4.2 Schedules 4.3 Appendices 5 Constitution and government 6 Constitution and legislature 6.1 Amendments 6.2 Limitations 7 Constitution and judiciary 7.1 Judicial review 8 Flexibility 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Notes on Article 21 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Background Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the drafting committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . The constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act , 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950 . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 , and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation The constitution was drawn from a number of sources . Mindful of India 's needs and conditions . its framers borrowed features of previous legislation , such as the Government of India Act 1858 , the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 , 1892 and 1909 , the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 , and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The latter , which led to the creation of India and Pakistan , divided the former Constituent Assembly in two . Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states . Constituent assembly 1950 Constituent Assembly meeting Main article : Constituent Assembly of India The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 - member assembly ( reduced to 299 after the partition of India ) took almost three years to draft the constitution , holding eleven sessions over a 165 - day period . Membership B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly , which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian assembly vice-president , chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo - Indian Christians . Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community . Judges , such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau , K.M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly . Female members included Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit . The first , two - day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha ; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president . It met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting Benegal Narsing Rau , a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council , was appointed as the assembly 's constitutional adviser in 1946 . Responsible for the constitution 's general structure , Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . At the 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly , committees were proposed . Rau 's draft was considered , debated and amended by the eight - person drafting committee , which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B.R. Ambedkar as chair . A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947 . While deliberating the revised draft constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 . Before adopting the constitution , the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days . On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution , which was signed by 284 members . The day is celebrated as National Law Day , or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the constitution The assembly 's final session convened on 24 January 1950 . Each member signed two copies of the constitution , one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution is hand - written , with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada . The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India . Production of the original constitution took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , it became the law of India . The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹ 6.3 crore ( ₹ 63 million ) . The constitution has had a number of amendments since it was enacted . The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium - filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi . Influence of other constitutions United Kingdom Parliamentary government Concept of single citizenship Rule of law The legislative speaker and their role Legislative procedure United States Bill of Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independent judiciary and separation of powers Judicial review President as commander - in - chief of the armed forces Equal protection under law Ireland Directive principles of state policy Australia Freedom of trade between states National legislative power to implement treaties , even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Preamble terminology France Ideals of liberté , égalité , fraternité Canada Quasi-federal government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central and state governments Residual powers , retained by the central government Soviet Union Fundamental Duties under article 51 - A Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development Other constitutions The emergency provision under article 356 ( from the Weimar Constitution ) Amending the constitution ( from South Africa ) Due process ( from Japan ) Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest for a sovereign nation . At its enactment , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . At about 145,000 words , it is the second - longest active constitution -- after the Constitution of Alabama -- in the world . The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles , which are grouped into 25 parts . With 12 schedules and five appendices , it has been amended 101 times ; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017 . Parts The constitution 's articles are grouped into the following parts : Preamble , with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment Part I -- States and union territories Part II -- Citizenship Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The union Part VI -- The states Part VII -- States in the B part of the first schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- Union territories Part IX -- Panchayats Part IXA -- Municipalities Part IXB -- Co-operative societies Part X -- Scheduled and tribal areas Part XI -- Relations between the union and the states Part XII -- Finance , property , contracts and suits Part XIII -- Trade and commerce within India Part XIV -- Services under the union and states Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special provisions relating to certain classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amending the constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , transitional and special provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , authoritative text in Hindi and repeals Schedules Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- Lists India 's states and territories , changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- Lists the salaries of public officials , judges , and the Comptroller and Auditor General . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of oaths -- Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of Parliament ) by state or union territory . Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes requiring special protection ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- Central government , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- Official languages Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain acts and regulations Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 Appendix II -- Re-statement , referring to the constitution 's present text , of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 Constitution and government The executive , legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of its constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . The President of India is head of the executive branch , under Articles 52 and 53 , with the duty of preserving , protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60 . Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers , which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties . The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75 ( 3 ) . The constitution is considered federal in nature , and unitary in spirit . It has features of a federation ( a codified , supreme constitution , a three - tier governmental structure ( central , state and local ) , division of powers , bicameralism and an independent judiciary ) and unitary features such as a single constitution , single citizenship , an integrated judiciary , a flexible constitution , a strong central government , appointment of state governors by the central government , All India Services ( the IAS , IFS and IPS ) and emergency provisions . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and union territory has its own government . Analogous to the president and prime minister , each has a governor or ( in union territories ) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister . Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government can not be conducted in accordance with constitution . This power , known as president 's rule , was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons . After the S.R. Bommai v. Union of India decision , such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas . Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir . Constitution and legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendments Amendments are additions , variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament . The procedure is detailed in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a with a two - thirds majority of its total membership when at least two - thirds are present and vote . Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution 's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 ( except for money bills ) , there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment . During a parliamentary recess , the president can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123 , Chapter III . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368 ( 1 ) in the Twenty - fourth Amendment . By July 2018 , 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament ; of these , 101 became Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Indian constitution is the world 's most frequently - amended national governing document . The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies . In 2000 , the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update . The government of India establishes term - based law commissions to recommend legal reforms , facilitating the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify ; it can not tinker with the constitution 's basic structure or framework , which are immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid , although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment ; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution . According to the doctrine , the constitution 's basic features ( when `` read as a whole '' ) can not be abridged or abolished . These `` basic features '' have not been fully defined , and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a `` basic feature '' is decided by the courts . The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution 's basic structure : Supremacy of the constitution Republican , democratic form of government Its secular nature Separation of powers Its federal character This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure . The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , after a judicial review . This is typical of parliamentary governments , where the judiciary checks parliamentary power . In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision , the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession , in this case , were considered fundamental rights . The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . Constitution and judiciary The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution . Its duty ( mandated by the constitution ) is to act as a watchdog , preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds . The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people ( enshrined in the constitution ) from infringement by any state body , and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state ( or states ) . The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution , which can not be changed by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , judicial review is dealt with in Article 13 . The constitution is the supreme power of the nation , and governs all laws . According to Article 13 , All pre-constitutional laws , if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict ; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended ( the Doctrine of Eclipse ) . Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it , or they will be deemed void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court ( or a high court ) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency ( and where separation is possible ) , the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void . In addition to Article 13 , Articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review . Due to the adoption of the Thirty - eighth Amendment , the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 ( the right to constitutional remedies ) . The Forty - second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) , stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court . The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution , overturning Articles 368 ( 4 ) , 368 ( 5 ) and 31C . Flexibility According to Granville Austin , `` The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities ( not in vague terms ) to ensure its flexibility . John Marshall , the fourth Chief Justice of the United States , said that a constitution 's `` great outlines should be marked , its important objects designated , and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves . '' A document `` intended to endure for ages to come '' , it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers , but in the existing social and political context . The `` right to life '' guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights , including the right to a speedy trial , ; the right to water ; the right to earn a livelihood , the right to health , and the right to education . At the conclusion of his book , Making of India 's Constitution , retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote : If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' -- Khanna , Hans Raj ( 2008 ) . Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed . ) . Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . OCLC 294942170 . See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code Notes Jump up ^ The Constitution of India was originally written in Hindi and English , so , both Hindi and English are its ' original ' languages . ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 until it split up in 1990 . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395 , the total number in March 2013 was 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution . To not disturb the original numbering , new articles are inserted alphanumerically ; Article 21A , pertaining to the right to education , was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , who are struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Krithika , R. ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Celebrate the supreme law '' . The Hindu . N. Ram . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pylee , Moolamattom Varkey ( 1994 ) . India 's Constitution ( 5th rev. and enl . ed . ) . New Delhi : R. Chand & Company . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 8121904032 . OCLC 35022507 . ^ Jump up to : Nix , Elizabeth ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Which country has the world 's shortest written constitution ? '' . History . A&E Networks . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India ( Reprint ed . ) . New Delhi : Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 8174884961 . Jump up ^ Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . , WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( Supreme Court of India September 12 , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : Yellosa , Jetling ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Making of Indian Constitution '' . The Hans India . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dhavan , Rajeev ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Document for all ages : Why Constitution is our greatest achievement '' . Hindustan Times . OCLC 231696742 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Patnaik , Biswaraj ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` BN Rau : The Forgotten Architect of Indian Constitution '' . The Pioneer . Bhubaneswar : Chandan Mitra . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . The Hindu . Internet Desk . N. Ram . November 26 , 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bahl , Raghav ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` How India Borrowed From the US Constitution to Draft its Own '' . The Quint . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lockette , Tim ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` Is the Alabama Constitution the longest constitution in the world ? Truth Rating : 4 out of 5 '' . The Anniston Star . Josephine Ayers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds . Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , V. ( March 10 -- 23 , 2012 ) . `` Three doctrines '' . Frontline . Vol. 29 no . 05 . ISSN 0970 - 1710 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Jain , Mahabir Prashad ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law ( 6th ed . ) . Gurgaon : LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . OCLC 650215045 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0674047662 . OCLC 939085793 . Jump up ^ Chandrachud , Chintan ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` India 's deceptive Constitution '' . The Hindu . N. Ram . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316 , 407 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ) . Text Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316 , 415 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ) . Text Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Hans Raj ( 2008 ) . Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed . ) . Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . OCLC 294942170 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 . Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . 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Ambedkar Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date format Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking reliable references from July 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Hindi - language text Lang and lang - xx code promoted to ISO 639 - 1 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikisource Languages অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the chairman of the constituent assembly when our constitution was enacted | [
"The Constitution of India (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of India.[1] The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. It the longest written constitution of any country on earth.[b][2][3][4] B. R. Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.\n"
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"B. R. Ambedkar"
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2965087187846306956 | Curiosity killed the cat | Curiosity killed the cat - wikipedia Curiosity killed the cat Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the proverb . For other uses , see Curiosity killed the cat ( disambiguation ) . `` Curiosity killed the cat '' is a proverb used to warn of the dangers of unnecessary investigation or experimentation . A less frequently - seen rejoinder to `` curiosity killed the cat '' is `` but satisfaction brought it back '' . The original form of the proverb , now little used , was `` Care killed the cat '' . In this instance , `` care '' was defined as `` worry '' or `` sorrow . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Transformation 3 References 4 External links Origin ( edit ) The earliest printed reference to the original proverb is attributed to the British playwright Ben Jonson in his 1598 play , Every Man in His Humour , which was performed first by William Shakespeare . ... Helter skelter , hang sorrow , care will kill a cat , up - tails all , and a pox on the hangman . Shakespeare used a similar quote in his circa 1599 play , Much Ado About Nothing : What , courage man ! what though care killed a cat , thou hast mettle enough in thee to kill care . The proverb remained the same until at least 1898 . Ebenezer Cobham Brewer included this definition in his Dictionary of Phrase and Fable : Care killed the Cat . It is said that `` a cat has nine lives , '' yet care would wear them all out . Transformation ( edit ) The origin of the modern variation is unknown . The earliest known printed reference to the actual phrase `` Curiosity killed the cat '' is in James Allan Mair 's 1873 compendium A handbook of proverbs : English , Scottish , Irish , American , Shakesperean , and scriptural ; and family mottoes , where it is listed as an Irish proverb on page 34 . In the 1902 edition of Proverbs : Maxims and Phrases , by John Hendricks Bechtel , the phrase `` Curiosity killed the cat '' is the lone entry under the topic `` Curiosity '' on page 100 . O. Henry 's 1909 short story `` Schools and Schools '' includes a mention that suggests knowledge of the proverb had become widespread by that time : Curiosity can do more things than kill a cat ; and if emotions , well recognized as feminine , are inimical to feline life , then jealousy would soon leave the whole world catless . The actual phrase appeared as the headline to a story in The Washington Post on 4 March 1916 ( page 6 ) : CURIOSITY KILLED THE CAT . Four Departments of New York City Government Summoned to Rescue Feline . From the New York World . Curiosity , as you may recall -- On the fifth floor of the apartment house at 203 West 130th street lives Miss Mable Godfrey . When she came to the house about seven months ago she brought Blackie , a cat of several years ' experience of life . The cat seldom left the apartment . He was a hearth cat , not a fence cat , and did not dearly love to sing . In other respects he was normal and hence curious . Last Tuesday afternoon when Miss Godfrey was out Blackie skipped into the grate fireplace in a rear room . He had done this many times before . But he had not climbed up the flue to the chimney . This he did Tuesday . Blackie there remained , perched on the top of the screen separating the apartment flue from the main chimney , crying for assistance . Miss Godfrey , returning , tried to induce her pet to come down . If you are experienced in felinity , you know that Blackie did n't come down . On Wednesday the cat , curiosity unsatisfied , tried to climb higher -- and fell to the first floor . His cries could still be heard by Miss Godfrey ; who , to effect Blackie 's rescue , communicated with the following departments : 1 . Police department . 2 . Fire department . 3 . Health department . 4 . Building department . 5 . Washington Heights court . Among them they lowered a rope to Blackie . But it availed neither the cat nor them anything . Thursday morning , just before noon , a plumber opened the rear wall back of the chimney . Blackie was taken out . His fall had injured his back . Ten minutes later Blackie died . Despite these earlier appearances , the proverb has been wrongly attributed to Eugene O'Neill , who included the variation , `` Curiosity killed a cat ! '' in his play Diff'rent from 1920 : BENNY -- ( with a wink ) Curiosity killed a cat ! Ask me no questions and I 'll tell you no lies . Curiosity killed Schrödinger 's Cat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Curiosity killed the cat '' . Gary Martin . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Look up curiosity killed the cat in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Curiosity Killed The Cat '' at GoEnglish.com ( with illustration ) Henry , O. Schools and Schools . ( Gutenberg text ) Jonson , Ben . Every Man in His Humour . ( Gutenberg text ) O'Neill , Eugene . Diff'rent . ( Gutenberg text ) Shakespeare , William . Much Ado About Nothing . ( Gutenberg text ) Brewer , E. Cobham . Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Mair , J.A. ( ed . ) . A handbook of proverbs : English , Scottish , Irish , American , Shakesperean , and scriptural ; and family mottoes . ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing Characters Don Pedro Dogberry Adaptations Screen 1984 ( TV ) 2005 ( TV ) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict ( 1862 ) Much Ado About Nothing ( opera ) ( 1901 ) Musical Much Ado ( 1995 ) The Boys Are Coming Home ( 2005 ) Adaptations The Law Against Lovers ( 1662 ) Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) Related Dogberryism `` Curiosity killed the cat '' Pleaching Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_killed_the_cat&oldid=799979486 '' Categories : English proverbs English - language idioms Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 23 : 27 . About Wikipedia | where did the phrase curiosity killed the cat come from | [
"The origin of the modern variation is unknown. The earliest known printed reference to the actual phrase \"Curiosity killed the cat\" is in James Allan Mair's 1873 compendium A handbook of proverbs: English, Scottish, Irish, American, Shakesperean, and scriptural; and family mottoes, where it is listed as an Irish proverb on page 34."
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"in James Allan Mair's 1873 compendium A handbook of proverbs: English, Scottish, Irish, American, Shakesperean, and scriptural; and family mottoes"
] |
-7111639455703316723 | Back to the Future | Back to the Future - Wikipedia Back to the Future Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first film in the trilogy . For the franchise , see Back to the Future ( franchise ) . For other uses , see Back to the Future ( disambiguation ) . Back to the Future Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Bob Gale Neil Canton Written by Robert Zemeckis Bob Gale Starring Michael J. Fox Christopher Lloyd Lea Thompson Crispin Glover Thomas F. Wilson Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Arthur Schmidt Harry Keramidas Production company Amblin Entertainment Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 3 , 1985 ( 1985 - 07 - 03 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $381.1 million Back to the Future is a 1985 American science - fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale . It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly , who is sent back in time to 1955 , where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mother 's romantic interest . Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown , Marty 's friend who helps him repair the damage to history by helping Marty cause his parents to fall in love . Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985 . Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale mused upon whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school together . Various film studios rejected the script until the financial success of Zemeckis ' Romancing the Stone . Zemeckis approached Steven Spielberg , who agreed to produce the project at Amblin Entertainment , with Universal Pictures as distributor . The first choice for the role of Marty McFly was Michael J. Fox . However , he was busy filming his television series Family Ties and the show 's producers would not allow him to star in the film . Consequently , Eric Stoltz was cast in the role . During filming , Stoltz and the filmmakers decided that the role was miscast , and Fox was again approached for the part . Now with more flexibility in his schedule and the blessing of his show 's producers , Fox managed to work out a timetable in which he could give enough time and commitment to both . Back to the Future was released on July 3 , 1985 , grossing over $381 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing film of 1985 . It won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film , and the Academy Award for Best Sound Effects Editing , as well as receiving three additional Academy Award nominations , five BAFTA nominations , and four Golden Globe nominations , including Best Motion Picture ( Musical or Comedy ) . Ronald Reagan even quoted the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address . In 2007 , the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry , and in June 2008 the American Film Institute 's special AFI 's 10 Top 10 designated the film as the 10th - best film in the science fiction genre . The film marked the beginning of a franchise , with two sequels , Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) and Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) , as well as an animated series , theme park ride , several video games and a forthcoming musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Legacy 7 Sequels 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenager Marty McFly is an aspiring musician dating his girlfriend Jennifer Parker in Hill Valley , California . His nerdy father George is bullied by his supervisor , Biff Tannen , while his mother Lorraine is an overweight , depressed alcoholic . Lorraine is dissatisfied with Marty 's relationship with Jennifer , and recalls at the dinner table one night how she met George when her father hit him with a car . On October 26 , 1985 , Marty meets his scientist friend , Dr. Emmett Brown , in a shopping mall parking lot in the early morning hours . Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from Libyan terrorists . Doc demonstrates the time navigation system by punching in the date November 5 , 1955 : the day he invented time travel . A moment later , the Libyans arrive and shoot Doc . Marty escapes in the DeLorean , but inadvertently activates the time machine , and arrives in 1955 without enough plutonium to return . There , Marty encounters the teenaged George , who is bullied by his classmate Biff . After Marty saves George from an oncoming car and is knocked unconscious , he awakens to find himself tended to by an infatuated Lorraine . Marty leaves and tracks down Doc 's younger self to help him return to 1985 . With no plutonium , Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electricity for the time machine is a bolt of lightning . Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the town 's courthouse the coming Saturday night . Doc instructs Marty to not leave his house or interact with anyone , as he could inadvertently change the course of history and alter the future ; because of this , Doc refuses to heed warnings from Marty about his death in 1985 . Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting and Doc warns Marty that he will be erased from existence if he does not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine . Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning while Marty sets about introducing his parents , but he antagonizes Biff and his gang in the process . When Lorraine asks Marty to the upcoming school dance , Marty concocts a plan for George to `` rescue '' her from his feigned inappropriate advances . The plan goes awry when a drunken Biff attempts to force himself on Lorraine . George arrives to rescue her from Marty , but finds Biff instead . George knocks out Biff and Lorraine follows George to the dance floor , where they kiss and fall in love while Marty plays music with the band . Satisfied that he has secured his future existence , Marty leaves to meet Doc . As the storm arrives , Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes on cue , sending Marty back to October 1985 . He finds that Doc is not dead , as he had listened to Marty 's warnings and worn a bullet - proof vest . Doc takes Marty home , then departs to 2015 . Marty awakens the next morning to find his family changed : George is a self - confident , successful author , Lorraine is physically fit and happy , his brother David is a successful businessman , his sister Linda works in a boutique and has many `` boyfriends '' and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet . As Marty reunites with Jennifer , the DeLorean appears with Doc , dressed in a futuristic outfit , insisting they accompany him to 2015 to fix a problem with their future children . The trio gets inside the DeLorean and disappear into the future . Cast ( edit ) Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett `` Doc '' Brown Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines - McFly Crispin Glover as George McFly Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland Marc McClure as Dave McFly Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Writer and producer Bob Gale conceived the idea after he visited his parents in St. Louis , Missouri after the release of Used Cars . Searching their basement , Gale found his father 's high school yearbook and discovered he was president of his graduating class . Gale thought about the president of his own graduating class , who was someone he had nothing to do with . Gale wondered whether he would have been friends with his father if they went to high school together . When he returned to California , he told Robert Zemeckis his new concept . Zemeckis subsequently thought of a mother claiming she never kissed a boy at school when , in fact , she was highly promiscuous . The two took the project to Columbia Pictures , and made a development deal for a script in September 1980 . Zemeckis and Gale said that they had set the story in 1955 because a 17 - year - old traveling to meet his parents at the same age arithmetically required the script to travel to that decade . The era also marked the rise of teenagers as an important cultural element , the birth of rock n ' roll , and suburb expansion , which would flavor the story . In an early script , the time machine was designed as a refrigerator , and its user needed to use the power of an atomic explosion at the Nevada Test Site to return home . Zemeckis was `` concerned that kids would accidentally lock themselves in refrigerators '' , and found that it would be more convenient if the time machine were mobile . The DeLorean DMC - 12 was chosen because its design made the gag about the family of farmers mistaking it for a flying saucer believable . Zemeckis and Gale found it difficult to create a believable friendship between Marty and Brown before they created the giant guitar amplifier , and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with his mother when they wrote the line `` It 's like I 'm kissing my brother . '' Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen , who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for I Wanna Hold Your Hand . The first draft of Back to the Future was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia , who put the film in turnaround . `` They thought it was a really nice , cute , warm film , but not sexual enough , '' Gale said . `` They suggested that we take it to Disney , but we decided to see if any other of the major studios wanted a piece of us . '' Every major film studio rejected the script for the next four years , while Back to the Future went through two more drafts . During the early 1980s , popular teen comedies ( such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Porky 's ) were risqué and adult - aimed , so the script was commonly rejected for being too light . Gale and Zemeckis finally decided to pitch Back to the Future to Disney . `` They told us that a mother falling in love with her son was not appropriate for a family film under the Disney banner , '' Gale said . The two were tempted to ally themselves with Steven Spielberg , who produced Used Cars and I Wanna Hold Your Hand , which were both box office bombs . Zemeckis and Gale initially had shown the screenplay to Spielberg , who had `` loved '' it . Spielberg , however , was absent from the project during development because Zemeckis felt if he produced another flop under him , he would never be able to make another film . Gale said `` we were afraid that we would get the reputation that we were two guys who could only get a job because we were pals with Steven Spielberg . '' Zemeckis chose to direct Romancing the Stone instead , which was a box office success . Now a high - profile director , Zemeckis reapproached Spielberg with the concept . Agreeing to produce Back to the Future , Spielberg set the project up at his production company , Amblin Entertainment , with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall joining Spielberg as executive producers on the film . The script remained under Columbia 's shelf until legal issues forced them to withdraw . The studio was set to begin shooting a comedic send - up of Double Indemnity entitled Big Trouble . Columbia 's legal department determined that the film 's plot was too similar to Double Indemnity and they needed the permission of Universal Pictures , owners of the earlier film , if the film was ever to begin shooting . With Big Trouble already set to go , desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal 's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork . Price was a former Columbia executive who had been quite fond of the script for Back to the Future during his tenure there . As a result , Universal agreed to trade the Double Indemnity license in exchange for the rights to Back to the Future . Thus , the film finally had a home at Universal . Executive Sidney Sheinberg made some suggestions to the script , changing Marty 's mother 's name from Meg to Lorraine ( the name of his wife , actress Lorraine Gary ) , to change Brown 's name from Professor Brown to Doc Brown and replace his pet chimpanzee with a dog . Sheinberg also wanted the title changed to Spaceman from Pluto , convinced no successful film ever had `` future '' in the title . He suggested Marty introduce himself as `` Darth Vader from the planet Pluto '' while dressed as an alien forcing his dad to ask out his mom ( rather than `` the planet Vulcan '' ) , and that the farmer 's son 's comic book be titled Spaceman from Pluto rather than Space Zombies from Pluto . Appalled by the new title that Sheinberg wanted to impose , Zemeckis asked Spielberg for help . Spielberg subsequently dictated a memo back to Sheinberg , wherein Spielberg convinced him they thought his title was just a joke , thus embarrassing him into dropping the idea . In addition , the original climax was deemed too expensive by Universal executives and was simplified by keeping the plot within Hill Valley and incorporating the clocktower sequence . Spielberg later used the omitted refrigerator and Nevada nuclear site elements in his film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Casting ( edit ) Eric Stoltz as originally cast for Marty McFly Michael J. Fox as McFly in the finished film Michael J. Fox was the first choice to play Marty McFly , but he was committed to the show Family Ties . Family Ties producer Gary David Goldberg felt that Fox was essential to the show 's success . With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave , he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film . Back to the Future was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film . Zemeckis ' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz . Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in Mask ( which had yet to be released ) that they selected him to play Marty McFly . Because of the difficult casting process , the start date was pushed back twice . Four weeks into filming , Zemeckis determined Stoltz had been miscast . Although he and Spielberg realized re-shooting the film would add $3 million to the $14 million budget , they decided to recast . Spielberg explained Zemeckis felt Stoltz was not comedic enough and gave a `` terrifically dramatic performance '' . Gale further explained they felt Stoltz was simply acting out the role , whereas Fox himself had a personality like Marty McFly . He felt Stoltz was uncomfortable riding a skateboard , whereas Fox was not . Stoltz confessed to director Peter Bogdanovich during a phone call , two weeks into the shoot , that he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale 's direction , and concurred that he was wrong for the role . Fox 's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to Family Ties following her pregnancy . The Back to the Future crew met with Goldberg again , who made a deal that Fox 's main priority would be Family Ties , and if a scheduling conflict arose , `` we win '' . Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale 's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz , because they nevertheless `` spoke very highly of him '' . Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes . Fox found his portrayal of Marty McFly to be very personal . `` All I did in high school was skateboard , chase girls and play in bands . I even dreamed of becoming a rock star . '' Christopher Lloyd was cast as Doc Brown after the first choice , John Lithgow , became unavailable . Having worked with Lloyd on The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai ( 1984 ) , producer Neil Canton suggested him for the part . Lloyd originally turned down the role , but changed his mind after reading the script and at the persistence of his wife . He improvised some of his scenes , taking inspiration from Albert Einstein and conductor Leopold Stokowski . Brown pronounces gigawatts as `` jigawatts '' , which was the way a physicist said the word when he met with Zemeckis and Gale as they researched the script , rather than with an initial hard `` g '' , although both pronunciations are acceptable . Doc Brown 's notable hunch came about because at 6'1 '' Lloyd was considerably taller than Fox at 5'5 `` , and they needed to look closer in height . Crispin Glover played George McFly . Zemeckis said Glover improvised much of George 's nerdy mannerisms , such as his shaky hands . The director joked he was `` endlessly throwing a net over Crispin because he was completely off about fifty percent of the time in his interpretation of the character '' . Due to a contract disagreement , Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in Part II and Part III . Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in The Wild Life ; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz . Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film , set in 1985 , took three and a half hours to apply . Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice , J.J. Cohen , was n't physically imposing enough to bully Stoltz. Cohen was recast as Skinhead , one of Biff 's cohorts . Had Fox been cast from the beginning , Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox . Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty 's girlfriend Jennifer , but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed , with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox . Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells . Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty 's girlfriend . Filming ( edit ) Courthouse Square as it appeared in Back to the Future on Universal Studios backlot Following Stoltz 's departure , Fox 's schedule during weekdays consisted of filming Family Ties during the day , and Back to the Future from 6 : 30 pm to 2 : 30 am . He averaged five hours of sleep each night . During Fridays , he shot from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am , and then moved on to film exterior scenes throughout the weekend , as only then was he available during daytime hours . Fox found it exhausting , but `` it was my dream to be in the film and television business , although I did n't know I 'd be in them simultaneously . It was just this weird ride and I got on . '' Zemeckis concurred , dubbing Back to the Future `` the film that would not wrap '' . He recalled that because they shot night after night , he was always `` half asleep '' and the `` fattest , most out - of - shape and sick I ever was '' . Lyon Estates set used in the film The Hill Valley town square scenes were shot at Courthouse Square , located in the Universal Studios backlot ( 34 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 59 '' W / 34.141417 ° N 118.349771 ° W / 34.141417 ; - 118.349771 ) . Gale explained it would have been impossible to shoot on location `` because no city is going to let a film crew remodel their town to look like it 's in the 1950s . '' The filmmakers `` decided to shoot all the 50s stuff first , and make the town look real beautiful and wonderful . Then we would just totally trash it down and make it all bleak and ugly for the 1980s scenes . '' The interiors for Doc Brown 's house were shot at the Robert R. Blacker House , while exteriors took place at Gamble House . The exterior shots of the Twin Pines Mall , and later the Lone Pine Mall ( from 1985 ) were shot at the Puente Hills Mall in City of Industry , California . The exterior shots and some interior scenes at Hill Valley High School were filmed at Whittier High School in Whittier , California . The Battle of the Bands tryout scene was filmed at the McCambridge Park Recreation Center in Burbank , and the `` Enchantment Under the Sea '' dance was filmed in the gymnasium at Hollywood United Methodist Church . The scenes outside of the Baines ' house in 1955 were shot at Bushnell Avenue , South Pasadena , California . Filming wrapped after 100 days on April 20 , 1985 , and the film was delayed from May to August . But after a highly positive test screening ( `` I 'd never seen a preview like that , '' said Frank Marshall , `` the audience went up to the ceiling '' ) , Sheinberg chose to move the release date to July 3 . To make sure the film met this new date , two editors , Arthur Schmidt and Harry Keramidas , were assigned to the picture , while many sound editors worked 24 - hour shifts on the film . Eight minutes were cut , including Marty watching his mom cheat during an exam , George getting stuck in a telephone booth before rescuing Lorraine , as well as much of Marty pretending to be Darth Vader . Zemeckis almost cut out the `` Johnny B. Goode '' sequence as he felt it did not advance the story , but the preview audience loved it , so it was kept . Industrial Light & Magic created the film 's 32 effects shots , which did not satisfy Zemeckis and Gale until a week before the film 's completion date . The compositing involved for the film 's time travel sequences , as well as for the lightning effects in the climactic clock tower scene , was handled by animation supervisor Wes Takahashi , who would also work on the subsequent two Back to the Future films with the rest of the ILM crew . Music ( edit ) See also : Back to the Future : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Alan Silvestri collaborated with Zemeckis on Romancing the Stone , but Spielberg disliked that film 's score . Zemeckis advised Silvestri to make his compositions grand and epic , despite the film 's small scale , to impress Spielberg . Silvestri began recording the score two weeks before the first preview . He also suggested Huey Lewis and the News create the theme song . Their first attempt was rejected by Universal , before they recorded `` The Power of Love '' . The studio loved the final song , but were disappointed it did not feature the film 's title , so they had to send memos to radio stations to always mention its association with Back to the Future . In the end , the track `` Back in Time '' was featured in the film , playing during the scene when Marty wakes up after his return to 1985 and also during the end credits . Although it appears that Fox is actually playing a guitar , music supervisor Bones Howe hired Hollywood guitar coach and musician Paul Hanson to teach Fox to simulate playing all the parts so it would look realistic , including playing behind his head . Fox lip - synched `` Johnny B. Goode '' to vocals by Mark Campbell ( of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack fame ) , with the guitar solo played by Tim May . The original 1985 soundtrack album only included two tracks culled from Silvestri 's compositions for the film , both Huey Lewis tracks , the songs played in the film by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters ( and Marty McFly ) , one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie , and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film . On November 24 , 2009 , an authorized , limited - edition two - CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records . Release ( edit ) Back to the Future opened on July 3 , 1985 , on 1,200 screens in North America . Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a Family Ties special in London and was unable to promote the film . Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures ' tagline `` Are you telling me my mother 's got the hots for me ? '' . When the film was released on VHS in 1986 , Universal added a `` To be continued ... '' graphic at the end to increase awareness of production on Part II . This caption is omitted on the film 's DVD release in 2002 and on subsequent Blu - ray and DVD releases . In October 2010 , in commemoration for the film 's 25th anniversary , Back to the Future was digitally restored and remastered for a theatrical re-release in the US , the UK and Italy . The release also coincided with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment 's Blu - ray Disc releases of the trilogy . On October 21 , 2015 , the futuristic date depicted in Part II , the entire trilogy was re-released theatrically for one day in celebration of the film 's 30th anniversary . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Back to the Future spent 11 weeks at number one . Gale recalled `` Our second weekend was higher than our first weekend , which is indicative of great word of mouth . National Lampoon 's European Vacation came out in August and it kicked us out of number one for one week and then we were back to number one . '' The film went on to gross $210.61 million in North America and $173.2 million in foreign countries , accumulating a worldwide total of $383.87 million . Back to the Future had the fourth - highest opening weekend of 1985 and was the top - grossing film of the year . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 59 million tickets in the US . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 , the film received an average score of 86 / 100 , which indicates `` universal acclaim '' , based on 12 reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96 % of critics gave the film a positive review , based on 77 reviews , certifying it `` Fresh '' , with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 and the consensus : `` Inventive , funny , and breathlessly constructed , Back to the Future is a rousing time - travel adventure with an unforgettable spirit . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times felt Back to the Future had similar themes to the films of Frank Capra , especially It 's a Wonderful Life . Ebert commented `` ( Producer ) Steven Spielberg is emulating the great authentic past of Classical Hollywood cinema , who specialized in matching the right director ( Robert Zemeckis ) with the right project . '' He gave the film 3 1 / 2 out of 4 stars . Janet Maslin of The New York Times believed the film had a balanced storyline : `` It 's a cinematic inventing of humor and whimsical tall tales for a long time to come . '' Christopher Null , who first saw the film as a teenager , called it `` a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction , action , comedy , and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour . '' Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction , seriousness and humor . Variety praised the performances , arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown 's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin . BBC News lauded the intricacies of the `` outstandingly executed '' script , remarking that `` nobody says anything that does n't become important to the plot later . '' Back to the Future appeared on Gene Siskel 's top ten film list of 1985 . Accolades ( edit ) At the 58th Academy Awards , Back to the Future won for Best Sound Effects Editing , while Zemeckis and Gale were nominated for Best Original Screenplay , `` The Power of Love '' was nominated for Best Original Song , and Bill Varney , B. Tennyson Sebastian II , Robert Thirlwell and William B. Kaplan were nominated for Best Sound Mixing . The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . Michael J. Fox and the visual effects designers won categories at the Saturn Awards . Zemeckis , composer Alan Silvestri , the costume design and supporting actors Christopher Lloyd , Lea Thompson , Crispin Glover and Thomas F. Wilson were also nominated . The film was nominated for numerous BAFTAs at the 39th British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film , original screenplay , visual effects , production design and editing . At the 43rd Golden Globe Awards , Back to the Future was nominated for Best Motion Picture ( Musical or Comedy ) , original song ( for `` The Power of Love '' ) , Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Fox ) and Best Screenplay for Zemeckis and Gale . Legacy ( edit ) President Ronald Reagan , a fan of the film , referred to the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address when he said , `` Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive , a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement . As they said in the film Back to the Future , ' Where we 're going , we do n't need roads ' . '' When he first saw the joke about him being president , he ordered the projectionist of the theater to stop the reel , roll it back , and run it again . The film ranked number 28 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . In 2008 , Back to the Future was voted the 23rd greatest film ever made by readers of Empire . It was also placed on a similar list by The New York Times , a list of 1000 movies . In January 2010 , Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time . In 2007 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2006 , the original screenplay for Back to the Future was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 56th best screenplay of all time . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed the AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- the best ten films in ten classic American film genres -- after polling more than 1,500 people from the creative community . Back to the Future was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the science fiction genre . A musical theater production , also called Back to the Future , is in development for a debut in London 's West End theatre during the film 's 30th anniversary in 2015 . Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play , while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music . The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film occurred during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders , as well as companies in the industry , pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard . Examples can be seen in promotional material , in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport , and in the public 's recognition of the film 's influence . Back to the Future is also among Film4 's 50 Films to See Before You Die , being ranked 10th . Sequels ( edit ) Back to the Future 's success led to two film sequels : Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . Part II was released on November 22 , 1989 , to similar financial and critical success as the original , finishing as the third highest - grossing film of the year worldwide . The film continues directly from the ending of Back to the Future and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015 , an alternative 1985 , and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original film . Part II became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards . Part III , released on May 25 , 1990 , continued the story , following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time - stranded Doc . Part III , however , was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than Part II . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BACK TO THE FUTURE ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 8 , 1985 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the Future - Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future ( 2010 re-release ) ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . `` Back To The Future ( 2014 re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 1986 '' . Reagan 2020 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . And tonight I want to speak directly to America 's younger generation , because you hold the destiny of our nation in your hands . With all the temptations young people face , it sometimes seems the allure of the permissive society requires superhuman feats of self - control . But the call of the future is too strong , the challenge too great to get lost in the blind alleyways of dissolution , drugs , and despair . Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive , a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement . As they said in the film `` Back to the Future , '' ' Where we 're going , we do n't need roads . ' Jump up ^ State of the Union : President Reagan 's State of the Union Speech ( Speech ) . State Of The Union 1986 . YouTube . February 4 , 1986 . Event occurs at 19 : 58 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Back to the Future , The Complete Trilogy - `` The Making of the Trilogy , Part 1 '' ( DVD ) . Universal Home Video . 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Klastornin , Hibbin ( 1990 ) , pp. 1 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Ian Freer ( January 2003 ) . `` The making of Back to the Future '' . Empire . pp. 183 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Klastornin , Hibbin ( 1990 ) , pp. 61 -- 70 Jump up ^ `` Back To The Future : Ten Things To Know About The Movie '' . Movie Fanfare . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` How we made Back to the Future '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Holleran ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` Brain Storm : An Interview with Bob Gale '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koknow , David ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` How Back to the Future Almost Did n't Get Made '' . Esquire . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Sarah ( February 2016 ) . `` Meet the Most Powerful Woman in Hollywood '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Blast from the past on `` Back to the Future '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Back to the Future almost had a really bad title : Here 's a memo to prove it ... '' . London : Radio Times . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ McBride ( 1997 ) , pp. 384 -- 385 Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` How Back To The Future Almost Nuked The Fridge '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klastornin , Hibbin ( 1990 ) , pp. 11 -- 20 Jump up ^ Kagan ( 2003 ) , pp. 63 -- 92 ^ Jump up to : Robert Zemeckis , Bob Gale. ( 2005 ) . Back to the Future : The Complete Trilogy DVD commentary for part 1 ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Klastornin , Hibbin ( 1990 ) , pp. 31 -- 40 Jump up ^ Matt Gouras ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Lloyd : ` Back to the Future ' still gratifying '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale Q&A , Back to the Future ( 2002 DVD ) , recorded at the University of Southern California Jump up ^ `` Back to The Future Script '' ( PDF ) . imsdb.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gigawatt '' . Merriam Webster . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gigawatt '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Things You ( Probably ) Did n't Know About Back To The Future '' . ShortList . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickerson , Michael ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Glover Says Why He Was Left Out of ' Back to the Future ' Sequels '' . Slice of Sci - Fi . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Will ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Random Roles : Lea Thompson '' . avclub.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Klastornin , Hibbin ( 1990 ) , pp. 21 -- 30 Jump up ^ Mattise , Nathan ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Marty McFly 's Original Girlfriend Goes Back to the Future '' . Wired . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jill 's Spielberg Memories '' . Fangoria . June 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Christopher ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Surprising History Of The ' Back To The Future ' Clock Tower '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michael J. Fox , Robert Zemeckis , Bob Gale , Steven Spielberg , Alan Silvestri , The Making of Back to the Future ( television special ) , 1985 , NBC Jump up ^ Klastornin , Hibbin ( 1990 ) , pp. 41 -- 50 Jump up ^ Back to the Future Trilogy DVD , Production Notes Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` The future is today : how ILM made time travel possible '' . FXGuide . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack Back To The Future '' . discogs.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FSM BBoard : New Intradata : Back to the Future '' . Film Score Message Board . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Back to the Future ' 25 years later '' . The Independent . London . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cericola , Rachel ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Back to the Future : 25th Anniversary Trilogy Coming to Blu - ray '' . Big Picture Big Sound . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Back to the Future ' To Receive 25th Anniversary Theatrical Re-Release '' . Icon vs. Icon . September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` These Chicago theaters are showing ' Back to the Future ' trilogy on Wednesday '' . chicago.suntimes.com . October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin Liebman . `` Back to the Future Trilogy Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Domestic Totals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 3 , 1985 ) . `` Back to the Future '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( July 3 , 1985 ) . `` Back to the Future '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Null , Christopher . `` Back to the Future '' . FilmCritic.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Back to the Future '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future '' . Variety . Reed Elsevier Inc . December 31 , 1984 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( August 2007 ) . `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Inner Mind ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` These ten best lists for movie critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert have been collected from various postings in the Usenet newsgroup rec. arts. movies '' . The Inner Mind . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 58th Academy Awards ( 1986 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards.org . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` President Ronald Reagan 's Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union '' . C - SPAN . February 4 , 1986 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert . `` The 50 Best High School Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film features : 100 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry 2007 , Films Selected for the 2007 National Film Registry '' . loc.gov . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Screenplays as Chosen by the Writers Guild of America , West '' . wga.org . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . June 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future musical announced '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Sieben ; Stacey Lowery ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Welcome Back to the Future Of Radical '' . Roger Skateboards . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry Hanks ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Going ' Back to the Future , ' 25 years later '' . CNN Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Film4 's 50 Films To See Before You Die '' . Film4 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part II '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Ever Movie Sequels : Back To The Future Part II '' . Empire . 2009 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricken , Rob ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` 20 Lies Back to the Future II Told Us ( Besides the Hoverboard ) '' . io9 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We rode a $10,000 hoverboard , and you can too '' . Engadget. 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Bibliography ( edit ) Kagan , Norman ( 2003 ) . `` Back to the Future I ( 1985 ) , II ( 1989 ) , III ( 1990 ) '' . The Cinema of Robert Zemeckis . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 293 - 6 . Klastornin , Michael ; Hibbin , Sally ( 1990 ) . Back to the Future : The Official Book to the Complete Movie Trilogy . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57104 - 1 . Gale , Bob & Robert Zemeckis ( 1990 ) . `` Foreword '' . Back to the Future : The Official Book to the Complete Movie Trilogy . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57104 - 1 . Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) George Gipe . Back to the Future : A Novel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 08205 - 8 . Shail , Andrew ; Stoate , Robin ( 2010 ) . Back to the Future . BFI Film Classic . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 293 - 9 . Ni Fhlainn , Sorcha ( 2010 ) . The Worlds of Back to the Future : Critical Essays on the Films . McFarland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4400 - 7 . Ni Fhlainn , Sorcha ( 2015 ) . `` ' There 's Something Very Familiar About This ' : Time Machines , Cultural Tangents and Mastering Time in H.G. Wells ' The Time Machine and the Back to the Future Trilogy '' . Adaptation . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / adaptation / apv028 . Rich Handley . A Matter of Time : The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon . Hasslein Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 11344 - 9 . Greg Mitchell & Rich Handley . Back in Time : The Unauthorized Back to the Future Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 13085 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Official website Back to the Future on IMDb Back to the Future at the TCM Movie Database Back to the Future at the American Film Institute Catalog Back to the Future at Box Office Mojo Back to the Future at Rotten Tomatoes Back to the Future at Metacritic Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... 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Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Portals Access related topics 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Definitions from Wiktionary Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata VIAF : 201891914 LCCN : no96055682 GND : 7527011 - 0 BNF : cb164623994 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_the_Future&oldid=809056157 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films American films 1980s comedy films 1980s science fiction films Science fiction adventure films American high school films American teen comedy films Back to the Future films Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films set in 1955 Films set in 1985 Films set in California Films shot in Los Angeles Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Time travel films United States National Film Registry films Amblin Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Screenplays by Bob Gale Screenplays by Robert Zemeckis Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 40 . 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"Back to the Future is a 1985 American science-fiction adventure comedy film[6] directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who is sent back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett \"Doc\" Brown, Marty's friend who helps him repair the damage to history by helping Marty cause his parents to fall in love. Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985."
] | [
"1985"
] |
-3437647847774590540 | Quints by Surprise | Quints by Surprise - wikipedia Quints by Surprise Quints by Surprise Also known as Quintuplet Surprise Created by Jeff Keels Tom Mireles Jonathan Nowzaradan Directed by Jeff Keels Tom Mireles Starring The Jones family Composer ( s ) David Hamburger Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeff Keels Tom Mireles Jonathan Nowzaradan Alon Orstein Wendy Douglas Production location ( s ) Austin , Texas , United States Editor ( s ) Louisiana Kreutz Julian Londoño Ian Prikryl Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Megalomedia Release Original network TLC Original release August 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) -- November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) Chronology Related shows Kate Plus 8 Table for 12 External links permanent dead link ) Website Quints by Surprise is a reality television show produced in the United States by Megalomedia about the Jones family , consisting of parents Ethan and Casey and their six children , including quintuplets . The show follows the family through their daily lives , focusing on the challenges of raising multiple children . The show premiered on TLC on August 30 , 2010 . The family originally appeared in two one - hour specials titled Too Many Babies ? and Too Many Babies : How They Do It on Discovery Health , which were later re-aired on TLC under the names Quintuplet Surprise and Quintuplet Surprise : The First 16 Months . The third season premiered on November 8 , 2011 . Contents 1 Family history 2 Family 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Specials 4.2 Season 1 4.3 Season 2 4.4 Season 3 5 References 6 External links Family history ( edit ) Ethan and Casey were childhood sweethearts . They first met at a school dance in 7th Grade in Denton , Texas , and married at the age of 23 at Grace Temple Baptist Church in Denton , on June 19 , 1999 . Ethan owns the remodelling company Eliot J Construction and attended Executive MBA program by Baylor University , graduating in May 2010 . Since 2005 , the couple has lived in the Steiner Ranch community of Texas . Their desire to start a family was impeded by infertility . It was discovered Ethan suffered an extremely low sperm count . They turned to fertility treatments , using a sperm donor along with intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) . Their first daughter Eliot McKenna was born on July 14 , 2004 . A different sperm donor was used when the couple decided to conceive a younger sibling for Eliot . Casey underwent IUI for the second time in July 2008 . In August 2008 , they discovered they were expecting higher order multiples ( originally six fetuses were present ; one failed to develop ) . The couple refused selective reduction . The quintuplets were born on January 16 , 2009 at Seton Medical Center in Austin , Texas : Brooklyn Faith , Britton Grace , Jack William , Lila Addison and Ryan Elizabeth . Over 25 physicians , nurses , and technicians were present for the birth . Family ( edit ) Parents Ethan Eliot Jones -- born February 21 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Casey Ann Jones ( née Krueger ) -- born September 18 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Anniversary : June 19 , 1999 Children # Names Date of Birth Eliot McKenna ( 2004 - 07 - 14 ) July 14 , 2004 ( age 14 ) Brooklyn Faith ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) January 16 , 2009 ( age 9 ) Britton Grace Jack William 5 Lila Addison 6 Ryan Elizabeth Production ( edit ) Filming on the first season occurred in late Spring and Summer 2010 . The family filmed on average three to four days per week . Season 2 was filmed during December 2010 and January 2011 , and included the quintuplets ' second birthday . The third season filmed through October 2011 , and premiered on November 8 . It consists of 6 episodes . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Specials March 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 10 August 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) November 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 08 ) 6 May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) June 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) 6 June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) Specials ( edit ) No . Title Original air date S - 01 `` Quintuplet Surprise '' March 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) Meet Casey and Ethan Jones , already parents to four - year - old Eliot , who decide to try for just one more baby . Instead , they 're shocked to find themselves expecting quintuplets . S - 02 `` Quintuplet Surprise : The First 16 Months '' September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) A behind the scenes look at the Jones quintuplets ' first year with never - before - seen footage , and an update on what 's new as the babies grow older . S - 03 `` Quints By Surprise : Turning 2 '' April 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) Casey and Ethan Jones celebrate their quintuplets ' second birthday with a snow themed party , but will rain ruin their plans ? Meanwhile , guests are encouraged to donate to Coats for Kids instead of bringing gifts . S - 04 `` Quints By Surprise : The 5 Turn 5 '' May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) Season 1 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Meet the Joneses '' August 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) Struggling with the cost of a sudden family of eight , the Joneses decide to put their house on the market . `` No Time to Play '' September 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) The whole family attends Ethan 's graduation ceremony as he completes his MBA at Baylor University . `` Family First '' September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) The Jones family make a trip to Iowa so the quintuplets can meet their great - grandparents for the very first time . `` Flying Solo '' September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) When Ethan must make a ten - day trip to China , Casey is left to care for all six children by herself . 5 5 `` Fireworks and Short Fuses '' October 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) The Joneses spend Fourth of July at a lake house . Meanwhile , the hunt for a new home continues . 6 6 `` Packing and Puppies '' October 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) The Jones family finally find a new home , but will Ethan grant Eliot 's wish for a puppy ? 7 7 `` Moving Day '' October 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) The day to move into their new home has arrived , and the Jones family must enlist the help of family and friends . 8 8 `` Busting at the Seams '' October 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) Following the move , Ethan and Casey realize their new home is n't big enough for all their belongings . 9 9 `` Picture Perfect '' November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) Casey tries to get the perfect shot of her growing family . 10 10 `` Summer 's End '' November 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 08 ) The family celebrates the end of summer at a water park before Eliot prepares to start first grade . Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 11 `` Mr. Mom '' May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) With Casey and Eliot off on a girls only vacation , Ethan must take care of the quintuplets by himself . 12 `` Camping Out '' May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) The Jones family is going camping ! Ethan teaches the quintuplets about living in the outdoors , but Casey struggles to keep them safe and clean . 13 `` First Zoo Visit '' May 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) The Jones family make a special delivery to a military family . Later , they stop by the Alamo and take the babies on their very first trip to the zoo . 14 `` Quints on the Run '' May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) When Casey decides to enter a 5 kilometer race pushing the quintuplets in their stroller , she may have taken on more than she can handle . 15 5 `` Dog Daze '' June 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) When Eliot finally receives her long awaited puppy , the family realize that dogs mean a lot of cleaning up , responsibility , and a few surprises too . 16 6 `` A Quints Christmas '' June 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) The Quints second Christmas has arrived and Ethan goes overboard with the decorations , while Casey celebrates with a few new traditions . Season 3 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 17 `` Freedom '' November 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) Ethan and Casey introduce the quintuplets to `` big kid '' beds and chairs , but can they deal with the chaos of five loose toddlers at dinner and bedtime ? 18 `` Stop , Drop , and Roll '' November 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) The Joneses visit a local fire station to learn about fire safety after a wildfire comes close to their neighborhood . At home , Ethan performs a fire drill . 19 `` Touchdowns and Toddlers '' November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) Casey surprises Ethan with a family ticket to a college football game to see his alma mater play , in their first football game together since the quintuplets were born . 20 `` Bikes and Ballet '' November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) The quintuplets tag along to Eliot 's activities , from ballet to gymnastics , and end up joining in . Can Casey find one sport that all six kids enjoy ? 21 5 `` A Day in the Life '' November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) Cameras capture an action - packed day in the life of the Jones family , as Casey and Ethan try to keep up with the quints and Eliot from breakfast to bedtime . 22 6 `` Halloween '' November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) The Jones family decorates the house for a trip to the pumpkin patch . Later , the kids do the quints experience . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Quints by Surprise at TLC '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quints by Surprise features Austin Family '' . Austin360 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eliot J Construction '' . eliotjconstruction.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Successes '' . emba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Seton Welcomes Second Set of Central Texas Quintuplets '' . GoodHealth.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` JonesLife Blog : Summer of Fun '' . JonesLife . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` JonesLife Blog : Happy Birthday to the Fab Five '' . JonesLife . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` TLC Set to Premiere New Season of Fan Favorite Quints by Surprise '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . External links ( edit ) TLC : Quints by Surprise JonesLife.net Quintuplet Surprise on IMDb Former TLC original programming 19 Kids and Counting Abby & Brittany The Adam Carolla Project Addicted Alaskan Women Looking for Love All - American Muslim Amazing Vacation Homes American Chopper American Hot Rod A Baby Story BBQ Pitmasters Ballroom Bootcamp Best Funeral Ever The Big Garage Big Hair Alaska Big Sexy Cheer Perfection Clean Sweep The Day the Universe Changed DC Cupcakes Everyday Exotic Extreme Couponing Extreme Machines Flip That House Freaky Eaters The Good Buy Girls Great Books Here Comes Honey Boo Boo Hoarding : Buried Alive Home Made Simple Homemade Millionaire Hometime Honey , We 're Killing the Kids I Did n't Know I Was Pregnant In a Fix Inedible to Incredible Kids by the Dozen LA Ink Little Chocolatiers Little Parents , Big Pregnancy Little Parents , First Baby Livin ' for the Apocalypse Mall Cops : Mall of America A Makeover Story Miami Ink Miss America Pageant A Model Life Mostly True Stories ? : Urban Legends Revealed Moving Up My Five Wives NY Ink One Big Happy Family On the Fly Overhaulin ' Paleoworld Pawn Queens Pete Rose : Hits & Mrs . Police Women of Broward County Police Women of Cincinnati Police Women of Dallas Police Women of Maricopa County Police Women of Memphis Property Ladder Quints by Surprise Ready Set Learn Sarah Palin 's Alaska Sex in Public Sextuplets Take New York Sin City Rules The Sisterhood Skinnamarink TV Strange Sex Starter Wives Confidential Street Customs Table for 12 Take Home Chef Toddlers & Tiaras Totally T - Boz Trading Spaces : Family Trading Spouses Tuckerville Ultimate Cake Off Undercover Boss Urban Legends Welcome to Myrtle Manor What Not to Wear While You Were Out See also Template : TLC Programming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quints_by_Surprise&oldid=849815129 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2011 American television series endings 2010s American television series American reality television series English - language television programs Multiple births Television shows set in Texas TLC ( TV network ) programs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 14 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the quints by surprise family live | [
"Quints by SurpriseAlso known as\nQuintuplet SurpriseCreated by\nJeff KeelsTom MirelesJonathan NowzaradanDirected by\nJeff KeelsTom MirelesStarring\nThe Jones familyComposer(s)\nDavid HamburgerCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n3No. of episodes\n22 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\nJeff KeelsTom MirelesJonathan NowzaradanAlon OrsteinWendy DouglasProduction location(s)\nAustin, Texas, United StatesEditor(s)\nLouisiana KreutzJulian LondoñoIan PrikrylRunning time\n23 minutesProduction company(s)\nMegalomediaReleaseOriginal network\nTLCOriginal release\nAugust 30, 2010 (2010-08-30) – November 15, 2011 (2011-11-15)ChronologyRelated shows\nKate Plus 8Table for 12External links\n[permanent dead link] Website"
] | [
"Austin, Texas, United States"
] |
-2792496951443633928 | Rogue One | Rogue One - wikipedia Rogue One Jump to : navigation , search Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Gareth Edwards Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Screenplay by Chris Weitz Tony Gilroy Story by John Knoll Gary Whitta Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Felicity Jones Diego Luna Ben Mendelsohn Donnie Yen Mads Mikkelsen Alan Tudyk Jiang Wen Forest Whitaker Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by John Gilroy Colin Goudie Jabez Olssen Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) ( Pantages Theatre ) December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $265 million ( gross ) $200 million ( net ) Box office $1.056 billion Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , or simply Rogue One , is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards . The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta . It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the first installment of the Star Wars Anthology series , set immediately before the events of the original Star Wars film , and follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's superweapon . The cast includes Felicity Jones , Diego Luna , Ben Mendelsohn , Donnie Yen , Mads Mikkelsen , Alan Tudyk , Riz Ahmed , Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker . Based on an idea first pitched by Knoll , 10 years before it entered development , the film was made to be different in tone and style from the traditional Star Wars films , including omitting the customary opening crawl and transitional screen wipes . Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios near London in early August 2015 and wrapped in February 2016 . The film then went through extensive reshoots and additional filming in mid-June 2016 , with Gilroy acting as director of them . The film premiered in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 16 , 2016 . Rogue One received positive reviews , with praise for its acting , action sequences , score , visuals , and darker tone , although it received criticism for its underdeveloped characters , and generated controversy for its use of CGI in the recreation of specific characters and performers . The film has grossed over $1 billion worldwide , making it the 23rd highest - grossing film of all - time unadjusted for inflation , the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , and the third highest - grossing film in the Star Wars franchise . It received two Academy Awards nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Views on CGI 5.3 Accolades 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Tie - in novels 6.3 Comics 6.4 Video games 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Research scientist Galen Erso and his family are in hiding on the planet Lah'mu when Imperial weapons developer Orson Krennic arrives to press him into completing the Death Star , a space station - based superweapon capable of destroying entire planets . Galen 's wife , Lyra , is killed in the confrontation while their daughter , Jyn , escapes and is rescued by rebel extremist Saw Gerrera . Fifteen years later , cargo pilot Bodhi Rook defects from the Empire , taking a holographic message recorded by Galen to Gerrera on the desert moon Jedha . After learning about the Death Star from an agent at the trading outpost Ring of Kafrene , Rebel Alliance intelligence officer Cassian Andor frees Jyn from an Imperial labor camp at Wobani before bringing her to the Rebel leader Mon Mothma , who convinces her to find and rescue Galen so the Alliance can learn more about the Death Star . Cassian is covertly ordered to kill Galen rather than extract him . Jyn , Cassian , and reprogrammed Imperial droid K - 2SO travel to Jedha , where the Empire is removing kyber crystals from the holy city to power the Death Star while Gerrera and his partisans are engaged in an armed insurgency against them . With the aid of blind spiritual warrior Chirrut Îmwe and his mercenary friend Baze Malbus , Jyn makes contact with Gerrera , who has been holding Rook captive . Gerrera shows her the message , in which Galen reveals he has secretly built a vulnerability into the Death Star and directs them to retrieve the schematics from an Imperial data bank on the planet Scarif . On the Death Star , Krennic orders a low - powered test shot which destroys Jedha 's capital . Jyn and her group take Rook and flee the moon , but Gerrera remains to die with the city . Grand Moff Tarkin congratulates Krennic before using Rook 's defection and security leak as a pretext to take control of the project . Rook leads the group to Galen 's Imperial research facility on the planet Eadu , where Cassian chooses not to kill Galen . Jyn makes her presence known moments before Rebel bombers attack the facility . Galen is wounded and dies in his daughter 's arms , before she escapes with her group on board a stolen Imperial cargo shuttle . Krennic is summoned by Darth Vader to answer for the attack on Eadu . Krennic seeks his support for an audience with the Emperor , but Vader instead orders him to ensure no further breaches occur . Jyn proposes a plan to steal the Death Star schematics using the Rebel fleet but fails to gain approval from the Alliance Council , who feel victory against the Empire is now impossible . Frustrated at their inaction , Jyn 's group lead a small squad of Rebel volunteers to raid the databank themselves . Arriving at Scarif on the stolen Imperial ship , which Rook dubs `` Rogue One '' , a disguised Jyn and Cassian enter the base with K - 2SO while the other Rebels attack the resident Imperial garrison as a diversion . The Rebel fleet learns of the raid from intercepted Imperial communications and deploy in support . K - 2SO sacrifices himself so Jyn and Cassian can retrieve the data . Îmwe is killed after activating the master switch to allow communication with the Rebel fleet , and Malbus dies in battle shortly afterwards . Rook is killed by a grenade after informing the Rebel fleet that it must deactivate the shield surrounding the planet to allow the transmission of the schematics . Jyn and Cassian obtain the schematics , but they are ambushed by Krennic , who is eventually shot and wounded by Cassian . Jyn transmits the schematics to the Rebel command ship . The Death Star enters orbit above Scarif , where Tarkin uses another low - power shot to destroy the compromised base , killing Krennic , Cassian , and Jyn . The Rebel fleet prepares to jump to hyperspace , but many of the fleet 's ships are intercepted by Vader 's flagship . Vader boards the Rebel command ship and attempts to regain the schematics , but a small starship escapes with the plans on board . Aboard the fleeing ship , Princess Leia declares that the schematics will provide hope for the Rebellion . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Star Wars cast members Felicity Jones as Jyn Erso , a young renegade woman who is detained for her crimes against the Empire until she is freed by the Rebel Alliance . She has used many aliases during her life such as Lianna Hallik , Tanith Pontha , and Kestrel Dawn , while her father affectionately calls her `` Stardust '' . Beau and Dolly Gadsdon as a young Jyn Erso at different points in her life . Diego Luna as Cassian Andor , a Rebel Alliance Captain and Intelligence officer . Ben Mendelsohn as Orson Krennic , the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military . Donnie Yen as Chirrut Îmwe , a blind warrior who believes in the Force . He is said to be one of the Guardians of the Whills . Mads Mikkelsen as Galen Erso , Jyn 's father and a research scientist . Alan Tudyk as K - 2SO , a former Imperial enforcer droid who was reprogrammed by Cassian Andor to serve the Rebellion . Riz Ahmed as Bodhi Rook , a former Imperial cargo pilot who defects to the Rebels under the influence of Galen Erso . Jiang Wen as Baze Malbus , a longtime companion of Chirrut Îmwe and one - time devoted Guardian of the Whills , now a Rebel warrior and mercenary . Forest Whitaker as Saw Gerrera , a veteran of the Clone Wars and a friend of the Erso family who had mentored Jyn in her later childhood years . Jimmy Smits , Genevieve O'Reilly , and Anthony Daniels reprise their roles from previous films as Bail Organa , Mon Mothma , and C - 3PO , respectively . James Earl Jones also reprises his role from previous films as the voice of Darth Vader , who is physically portrayed by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous , replacing David Prowse who played the role in the original films . Grand Moff Tarkin and Princess Leia Organa are played by Guy Henry and Ingvild Deila , respectively , with the digital likenesses of Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher superimposed . Henry also provides the voice for Tarkin , while archival audio of Fisher is used for Leia . Angus MacInnes and Drewe Henley are featured as Gold Leader Dutch Vander and Red Leader Garven Dreis , respectively , via unused footage from A New Hope ; MacInnes returned to record new dialogue for Vander , while new dialogue for the deceased Henley was assembled from archival material . David Ankrum , who voiced Wedge Antilles in A New Hope , reprises his role in a vocal cameo . Ian McElhinney , Michael Smiley , Andy de la Tour and Tim Beckmann play General Jan Dodonna , Dr. Evazan , General Hurst Romodi and Captain Raymus Antilles , respectively . Warwick Davis plays Weeteef Cyubee , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Additionally , Alistair Petrie plays General Davits Draven , Ben Daniels plays General Antoc Merrick , and Valene Kane plays Lyra Erso , Jyn 's mother . Jonathan Aris , Fares Fares and Sharon Duncan - Brewster appear as Senators Nower Jebel , Vasp Vaspar , and Tynnra Pamlo , respectively . Simon Farnaby plays a member of Blue Squadron . Jordan Stephens appears as Rebel Alliance member Corporal Tonc . Nick Kellington plays Bistan , the door gunner on a U-wing during the battle on Scarif . Ian Whyte plays Moroff , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Daniel Mays appears as Tivik . Rian Johnson and Ram Bergman , director and producer of Star Wars : The Last Jedi , respectively , cameo as two Death Star technicians . Richard Franklin plays one of the Death Star engineers . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Rogue One is the first film in the Star Wars Anthology series , a series of stand - alone spin - off films in the Star Wars franchise . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the stand - alone films would not cross over with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spinoff movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the stand - alone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . John Knoll , visual effects supervisor for the Star Wars prequel trilogy , pitched the idea for the film 10 years before its development ; after the Disney acquisition he felt as if he had to pitch it again or forever wonder `` what might 've happened if I had '' . In May 2014 , Disney announced that Gareth Edwards would direct the film and Gary Whitta would write the script . That October , cinematographer Greig Fraser revealed that he would work on the film . In January 2015 , it was revealed that Whitta had completed his work on the script , and would no longer be with the project . Simon Kinberg was considered as a replacement . Later in the month , it was announced that Chris Weitz had signed to write the script for the film . In March 2015 , the title was announced . In July 2016 , discussing whether the film would feature an opening crawl , Kennedy said , `` we 're in the midst of talking about it , but I do n't think these ( Anthology ) films will have an opening crawl . '' Edwards said : `` The idea is this film is supposed to be different than the saga films ... ( however , ) this film is born out of a crawl . The thing that inspired this movie was a crawl and what was written in that . There 's this feeling that if we did a crawl , then it 'll create another movie . And so the honest answer is you 'll have to wait and see . '' That same month , at the 2016 Star Wars Celebration , Edwards said the title had three meanings : `` a military sign '' , referring to the Red Squadron from A New Hope ; `` the ' rogue ' one '' of the franchise , given that it is the first film to not be part of the main saga ; and a description of Jyn Erso 's personality . In November 2016 , Kennedy confirmed that the film would not feature an opening crawl , instead beginning in `` a way that is traditional , with just the title . '' Edwards stated that the style of the film would be similar to that of a war film , stating , `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that numerous actresses , including Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara , and Felicity Jones were being tested for the film 's lead . In February 2015 , it was announced that Jones was in final talks to star in the film , while Aaron Paul and Édgar Ramírez were being eyed for the male lead role . In March 2015 , Jones was officially cast . In March 2015 , Deadline.com reported a rumor that Ben Mendelsohn was being considered for a lead role . The next month , TheWrap reported that Sam Claflin was being eyed for a role , while Riz Ahmed was in negotiations to join the film . In May , Mendelsohn , Ahmed , and Diego Luna were added to the cast of the film , in the lead roles . Forest Whitaker was added to the cast in June 2015 . In July 2015 , Jonathan Aris was cast to play Senator Jebel . Genevieve O'Reilly was cast as Mon Mothma , reprising her role from Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . James Earl Jones was confirmed to return as the voice of Darth Vader in June 2016 . Filming ( edit ) Laamu Atoll in the Maldives , was used as a filming location for the planet Scarif Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios , in Hertfordshire , on August 8 , 2015 . Much of the other photography was completed at or near Pinewood Studios at Buckinghamshire , UK where huge sets were built to complement scenes filmed elsewhere in the world . The film was shot using Ultra Panavision 70 lenses with Arri Alexa 65 large format digital 6K cameras . Canary Wharf tube station was used as a location for interior shots of the Imperial security complex on Scarif Filming locations were used around the world . In Iceland , the crew shot in Reynisfjara , and around the mountains of Hjörleifshöfði and Hafursey at Mýrdalssandur , which were used to represent Lah'mu and Eadu . Also used were the Krafla area with its volcanic crater and around Lake Mývatn 's rock formations . The islands of Gan and Baresdhoo of the Laamu Atoll in the Maldives , as well as RAF Bovingdon , were used to represent Scarif . Wadi Rum in Jordan was used to represent Jedha . Pymmes Park in Edmonton , London was also used for location filming , and scenes set on Yavin 4 were filmed at RAF Cardington . Gareth Edwards selected the London Underground 's Canary Wharf station as a location for a chase scene in an Imperial base ; the location shoot took place between midnight and 4 am , when the station was closed to the public . The film spent a total of $265 million and received a $45 million subsidy from the United Kingdom 's film incentive program . Post-production ( edit ) On February 11 , 2016 , Disney executives stated that the film was `` virtually completed '' . Several weeks of pre-scheduled reshoots began in mid-June 2016 . In August 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Tony Gilroy had spearheaded the reshoots , in lieu of Edwards , and that Gilroy would have just as much say in the final cut of the film as Edwards . Gilroy was initially brought on in order to retool the ending of the film , which was not coming together as hoped under Edwards 's direction . Fearing that Disney would require the survival of at least some of the new characters , an alternate , happier ending was conceived with characters Jyn and Cassian escaping the destruction of Scarif ; when it became apparent that Disney would accept the deaths of those characters , the producers opted for the more tragic ending they had envisioned . At least some footage from the unused ending was produced and made it into early trailers . Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) produced the film 's visual effects . ILM used CGI and digitally altered archive footage to insert Peter Cushing 's likeness over the body of actor Guy Henry . Lucasfilm secured permission from the late actor 's estate to include him in the film . The team reportedly searched through countless hours of Cushing footage in order to find suitable material to build from , then Henry provided the motion capture and voice work with the reference material augmented and mapped over his performance like a digital body mask . Cushing 's family were heavily involved with the creation and had input right down to `` small , subtle adjustments '' . Cushing 's mannerisms , including his manner of speaking and facial tics , were studied by the visual effects artists and applied to the digital Tarkin . A similar process was used in the portrayal of Princess Leia ; Carrie Fisher 's appearance as Leia in the first film was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face and archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Post-production wrapped on November 28 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) It does borrow from traditions that both John Williams and George Lucas borrowed from when they made the original Star Wars , you know . George was looking at Flash Gordon , the old serials , and John was looking at Gustav Holst and different composers along the way to get a baseline for what he wanted to communicate . There is a wonderful musical language that John put together for the original films . I wanted to honor that vernacular but still do something new with it , something that was still me in a way . -- Michael Giacchino on balancing the musical traditions of Star Wars with his original music for Rogue One . In March 2015 , it was reported that Alexandre Desplat , who had worked with Edwards on Godzilla , would compose the score for Rogue One . Despite rumors that a contract had not been initially set in place by Lucasfilm , Desplat confirmed in an April 2016 interview that he would serve as composer for the film . Concerning the film , Desplat commented that `` ( Edwards and I ) had a great partnership on Godzilla , and I ca n't wait to be starting with him . It will be in a few weeks from now , and it is very exciting and frightening at the same time because it 's such a legendary project . To be called to come after John Williams ... it 's a great challenge for me . '' However , in September 2016 , it was announced that Michael Giacchino would be replacing Desplat as composer , after the film 's reshoots altered the post-production schedule , and reportedly left Desplat no longer available . Giacchino only had four and a half weeks to compose the music for the film , beginning almost immediately after finishing production on Doctor Strange . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly in November 2016 , Giacchino stated : `` It is a film that is in many ways a really great World War II movie , and I loved that about it . But it also has this huge , huge heart at the center of it , and that was the one thing I just did n't want to discount . Yes , it 's an action movie , and it 's a Star Wars film , and it has all the things that you would come to expect and love about that , but I did n't want to forget that it was also an incredibly emotional movie as well . That was what really pulled me in . '' Giacchino incorporated John Williams ' themes from previous films into the score . The official soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 16 , 2016 . All music was composed by Giacchino except where noted . Giacchino , who has a history of using track titles that contain wordplay , shared his alternate list in the liner notes of the soundtrack release . These names are listed in the notes . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Michael Giacchino Released December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Studio Sony Scoring Stage Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 09 : 18 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino Michael Giacchino chronology Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Doctor Strange 2016 Rogue One ( 2016 ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) The Book of Henry 2017 Star Wars soundtrack chronology The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Force Awakens 2015 Rogue One ( 2016 ) Rogue One2016 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) The Last Jedi 2017 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks Movie - Wave Movie Music UK Positive Soundtrack Geek No . Title Length 1 . `` He 's Here for Us '' ( `` A Krennic Connection '' ) 3 : 20 2 . `` A Long Ride Ahead '' ( `` Jyn and Scare It '' ) 3 : 56 3 . `` Wobani Imperial Labor Camp '' ( `` Jyncarcerated '' ) 0 : 54 4 . `` Trust Goes Both Ways '' ( `` Going to See Saw '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 45 5 . `` When Has Become Now '' ( `` That New Death Star Smell '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 1 : 59 6 . `` Jedha Arrival '' ( `` Jedha Call Saw '' ) 2 : 48 7 . `` Jedha City Ambush '' ( `` When Ambush Come to Shove '' ) 2 : 19 8 . `` Star - Dust '' ( `` Erso - Facto '' ) 3 : 47 9 . `` Confrontation on Eadu '' ( `` Go Do , That Eadu , That You Do , So Well '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 8 : 05 10 . `` Krennic 's Aspirations '' ( `` Have a Choke and a Smile '' ; includes `` Imperial Motif '' and `` The Imperial March '' by John Williams ) 4 : 16 11 . `` Rebellions Are Built on Hope '' ( `` Erso in Vain '' ) 2 : 56 12 . `` Rogue One '' ( `` Takes One to Rogue One '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 04 13 . `` Cargo Shuttle SW - 0608 '' ( `` World 's Worst Vacation Destination '' ) 3 : 59 14 . `` Scrambling the Rebel Fleet '' ( `` Scarif Tactics '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 33 15 . `` AT - ACT Assault '' ( `` Bazed and Confused '' ; includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' and `` Imperial Walkers '' by John Williams ) 2 : 55 16 . `` The Master Switch '' ( `` Switch Hunt '' ) 4 : 02 17 . `` Your Father Would Be Proud '' ( `` Transmission Impossible '' ) 4 : 51 18 . `` Hope '' ( `` Live and Let Jedi '' ; includes `` The Imperial March '' , `` Death Star Motif '' , `` Rebel Blockade Runner '' , and `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 37 19 . `` Jyn Erso and Hope Suite '' 5 : 51 20 . `` The Imperial Suite '' 2 : 29 21 . `` Guardians of the Whills Suite '' 2 : 52 Total length : 69 : 18 Release ( edit ) Rogue One premiered at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 . The film was released in certain European countries on December 14 , 2016 , and was released in North America on December 16 , with China getting the film on January 6 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Promotion of Rogue One was initially delayed by the release of the film Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation in July 2015 , because the titles are similar . Paramount Pictures registered and cleared the title with the Motion Picture Association of America in January 2015 , well before Disney announced the title of its forthcoming Star Wars spinoff . Disney and Lucasfilm had to reach an agreement with Paramount over promotion in order to avoid any confusion in the public mind . Disney agreed to embargo promotion on Rogue One until after mid-2015 , with the exception of a very short teaser which was screened at Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim that year . A teaser trailer for Rogue One , released by Lucasfilm on April 7 , 2016 , was praised by reviewers for its portrayal of strong female characters . The Daily Telegraph described Jyn Erso 's character as `` a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' , calling the film `` progressive '' , while noting its painstaking faithfulness to the production design style of the original Star Wars trilogy . The Hollywood Reporter also noted the visual nods to the original trilogy , and examined the film 's possible narrative direction , considering that the outcome is to some extent already revealed in the opening crawl of A New Hope . The Atlantic writer David Sims stated that the trailer brought `` back some memorable pieces of architecture , from the lumbering AT - AT walkers to the Death Star itself , not to mention the glorious 70s costuming of Star Wars . '' He added that the trailer has `` the look '' , blending the old with the new . The trailer was viewed close to 30 million times in its first 29 hours , at a rate of 800,000 views per hour , from Facebook and YouTube , which is 200,000 views shy of what the first teaser trailer for Star Wars : The Force Awakens was receiving in November 2014 . In June 2016 , Rogue One was promoted at the Star Wars Celebration Europe III event in London . During the event , a new official poster was unveiled , which depicts a battle taking place on the tropical planet Scarif , with the Death Star looming large in a blue sky , above which is printed the tagline `` A Rebellion Built on Hope '' . A second teaser trailer was also unveiled , screened exclusively for the Celebration audience , and not streamed online . This new trailer was reviewed favorably by critics ; The Daily Telegraph noted that the trailer revealed new locations such as the planets Jedha and Scarif , and that its most significant revelation came in the final seconds of the teaser , with the appearance of Darth Vader , reflected in a computer screen and accompanied by his classic breathing sound effect . Variety also hailed the Vader reveal , and noted that the emphasis of the production was much more on the kinetic depiction of large battle sequences and full - on warfare , comparing it to Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now . A showreel was also shown during the event , which featured footage from the film , cut with behind - the - scenes shots and interviews with the director and cast members . The second trailer was shown publicly during a broadcast of the 2016 Summer Olympics and received favourable media reviews ; Wired stated that the trailer was `` littered with nostalgic throwbacks to the original trilogy '' , while Rolling Stone described the CGI landscape shots seen in the footage as `` eye - poppingly gorgeous '' . A further trailer released in October 2016 prompted The Hollywood Reporter to comment that the newly revealed footage looked like `` a trailer to a different movie than the one advertised earlier '' , remarking that Jyn Erso appeared to be portrayed as a more vulnerable character , and highlighting the appearance of Galen Erso as a protective father figure . Vanity Fair also commented on the emphasis given to Jyn 's relationship with her father , suggesting that Rogue One was drawing on `` the Star Wars franchise 's greatest natural resource : daddy issues '' . The film 's publicity tour began in Mexico on November 23 , 2016 . In Asia , Disney focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen , where his individual poster is used for marketing in territories including Japan , Singapore , Indonesia , Thailand , Hong Kong , China , Vietnam and Malaysia . The official Star Wars Facebook page of the respective Asian countries also featured clips and videos of Donnie Yen speaking various languages , greeting fans and telling them to support the film . In addition , Disney also released various versions of international trailers with more footage of Yen . Home media ( edit ) Rogue One was released on Digital HD on March 24 , 2017 , and by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on April 4 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Rogue One grossed $532.2 million in the United States and Canada and $523.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.056 billion . On January 21 , 2017 , the film became Disney 's fourth of 2016 to earn $1 billion in ticket sales , joining Captain America : Civil War , Zootopia and Finding Dory . It is the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , the third highest - grossing Star Wars film , and the 22nd highest - grossing film of all time , all unadjusted for inflation . It is also the third Star Wars film to gross over $1 billion worldwide , following The Phantom Menace and The Force Awakens . In the United States , it was the top - grossing film of 2016 . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $319.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 3rd most profitable release of 2016 . In late November 2016 , box office projections for the United States and Canada had the film grossing $100 -- 150 million during its opening weekend . Disney chairman Bob Iger noted that Disney and Lucasfilm did not expect Rogue One to match The Force Awakens ' total gross of $2.1 billion , nor its $248 million opening . Pre-sale tickets for the film went on sale at 12 : 01 AM EST on November 28 , 2016 . Within 10 minutes , ticket sale sites such as Fandango crashed , much like they had in advance of The Force Awakens the year prior . In its first 24 hours , the film had the second - highest number of pre-sale tickets ever sold , behind only The Force Awakens . Worldwide , the film was expected to gross $280 -- 350 million in its opening weekend . In the United States , the film made $29 million from its Thursday night previews , making it the highest grossing Thursday opening of 2016 . On Friday , the film earned $71.1 million , earning the 12th highest grossing opening day of all time . The film grossed $46.3 million on Saturday , securing a total of $155.1 million in its opening weekend , the third biggest debut of 2016 . It topped the box office once again in its second weekend , grossing $64 million ( down 58.7 % ) over the three day weekend , and $96.1 million over the four day weekend . On Christmas Day , it grossed $25.9 million . It finished first at the box office again in its third weekend , grossing $49.6 million ( - 22.5 % ) over the three day weekend and $65.5 million over the four day weekend , becoming the seventh film of 2016 to top the box office three times , following Deadpool , Zootopia , The Jungle Book , Finding Dory , Suicide Squad , and Moana . In its fourth weekend , Sunday projections had the film grossing $22 million , besting newcomer Hidden Figures ' $21.8 million . However , final figures the following day revealed the film tallied a weekend total of $21.9 million , falling to second place behind Hidden Figures ' $22.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) Rogue One received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 370 reviews with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Rogue One draws deep on Star Wars mythology while breaking new narrative and aesthetic ground -- and suggesting a bright blockbuster future for the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score 65 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN reviewer Eric Goldman gave the film 9 / 10 , saying , `` Rogue One is a movie crammed with fan service , but when fan service is done this well , there 's little to complain about and much to adore . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , writing , `` this spin - off / prequel has the same primitive , lived - in , emotional , loopy , let 's - put - on - a-show spirit that made us fall in love with the original trilogy . '' / Film gave Rogue One 8 / 10 , writing that the film is enjoyable but does not have the emotional weight of The Force Awakens , because `` no character in Rogue One was strongly compelling '' . PopMatters wrote , `` Rogue One seems to enjoy spending time on a whole new batch of moons and planets we have n't seen before , reveling in the clutter and clamor of far - flung settlements where anti-Imperial sentiments fester . But the film is bogged down in engineering the complex maneuverings of spy games , dogfights , and the most sprawling Rebel - versus - Empire land battle scene since the opening of The Empire Strikes Back . '' Justin Chang , writing for the Los Angeles Times , called Rogue One `` a swiftly paced , rough - and - ready entertainment . '' The New York Times wrote , `` All the pieces are there , in other words , like Lego figures in a box . The problem is that the filmmakers have n't really bothered to think of anything very interesting to do with them . A couple of 9 - year - olds on a screen - free rainy afternoon would come up with better adventures , and probably also better dialogue . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film `` lobotomized and `` depersonalized '' , and wrote it `` is n't so much a movie as a feature - length promotional film for itself ; it 's a movie that is still waiting to be made . '' The Washington Post wrote `` Rogue One represents an unobjectionable exercise in franchise extension . It 's fine . It 'll do . For now . '' IndieWire 's David Ehrlich gave the film a C+ rating , calling it `` a spirited but agonizingly safe attempt to expand cinema 's most holy blockbuster franchise and keep the wheels greased between proper installments ( ... ) just a glorified excuse to retcon some sense into one of the silliest things about the original . '' While he praised the set design and visuals , calling them `` gorgeous '' , he criticized a lack of interesting character development and a script that felt `` completely constricted by its purpose . '' Peter Bradshaw , film critic of The Guardian says `` Rogue One does n't really go rogue at any stage , and it is n't a pop culture event like The Force Awakens , in whose slipstream this appears ; part of its charm resides in the eerie , almost dreamlike effect of continually producing familiar elements , reshuffled and reconfigured , a reaching back to the past and hinting at a preordained future . There are some truly spectacular cameos from much - loved personae , involving next - level digital effects -- almost creepily exact , so that watching feels at various stages like going into a time machine , back to the 80s and 70s '' . Rogue One introduced many new characters into the Star Wars mythology , with Chirrut Îmwe , played by Donnie Yen , and K - 2SO , played by Alan Tudyk , being the most popular . Yen 's performance , in particular , was also applauded by audiences worldwide . In a poll on the official Star Wars website in May 2017 , in which more 30,000 people voted , Chirrut Îmwe was voted as the most popular Rogue One character . Views on CGI ( edit ) While much of the computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) received plaudits , some news organizations published criticism about certain aspects , including the visual effects ( VFX ) that were used to revive Peter Cushing , who died in 1994 , as Grand Moff Tarkin . The Guardian 's Catherine Shoard described the `` resurrection '' as a `` digital indignity '' . Joseph Walsh of The Guardian raised legal and ethical issues about bringing a long - dead actor to life . However , Lucasfilm had obtained permission from Peter Cushing 's estate before deciding to use his likeness . The Washington Times 's Eric Althoff rejected the entire concept of using CGI to recreate a deceased actor : `` Alas , what we get is , basically , not a simulation , but an approximation of a simulation -- a dead character portrayed by a living actor inhabiting not the character , but imitating the dead actor . '' Some journalists also criticized the quality of the CGI that was used to represent a younger Carrie Fisher in order to portray Princess Leia at an earlier time , as well as its suitability in movie - making . Eliana Dockterman of Time wrote that `` there was something particularly plastic about this version of the young Carrie Fisher -- so smooth and so perfect it could n't be real -- that pulled me out of the moment . '' Kelly Lawler of USA Today said : `` ... while Tarkin is merely unnerving , the Leia cameo is so jarring as to take the audience completely out of the film at its most emotional moment . Leia 's appearance was meant to help the film end on a hopeful note ( quite literally , as ' hope ' is her line ) , but instead it ends on a weird and unsettling one . '' Michael Cavna of The Washington Post described the facial effect as feeling `` distractingly artificial and nearly alien , like a plastered death mask robbed of authentic actorly effect , well beyond the usual artifice of Botox . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards February 26 , 2017 Best Sound Mixing David Parker , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Best Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 12 , 2017 Best Makeup and Hair Amanda Knight , Neal Scanlan and Lisa Tomblin Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll , Mohen Leo and Nigel Sumner Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards February 18 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Live Action Joel Iwataki , Nick Kray , David Parker , Frank Rinella , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 21 , 2017 Excellence in Fantasy Film David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Rogue One Nominated Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Film Rogue One Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Won Best Male Newcomer Riz Ahmed Nominated Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Costume Design Rogue One Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Make - Up and Hairstyling Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Hugo Awards August 11 , 2017 Best Dramatic Presentation - Long form Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards April 8 , 2017 Outstanding Locations in Period Film Mark Somner and David O'Reily Nominated Outstanding Film Commission `` Jedha '' - Royal Film Commission Jordan Won MTV Movie & TV Awards May 17 , 2017 Movie of the Year Rogue One Nominated Best Hero Felicity Jones Nominated Ray Bradbury Award May 20 , 2017 Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Chris Weitz , Tony Gilroy and Gareth Edwards Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Science Fiction Film Rogue One Won Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Writing Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Best Supporting Actor Diego Luna Nominated Best Music Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Editing John Gilroy , Colin Goudie and Jabez Olssen Nominated Best Production Design Doug Chiang and Neil Lamont Nominated Best Costume Design David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Best Make - up Amy Byrne Nominated Best Special Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Sci - Fi Movie Rogue One Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Diego Luna Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 7 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Neil Corbould , Erin Dusseault , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Nigel Sumner Nominated Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature `` Grand Moff Tarkin '' -- Cyrus Jam , Sven Jensen , Jee Young Park and Steve Walton Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature `` Scarif Complex '' -- Enrico Damm , Yanick Dusseault , Kevin George and Olivier Vernay - Kim Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project `` Space Battle '' -- Steve Ellis , Barry Howell , Euising Lee and John Levin Nominated Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project `` Princess Leia '' -- Paul Giacoppo , Gareth Jensen , James Tooley and Todd Vaziri Nominated `` Star Destroyer '' -- Marko Chulev , Steven Knipping , Jay Machado and Akira Orikasa Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature `` Jedha Destruction '' -- Luca Mignardi , Ciaran Moloney , Matt Puchala and Miguel Perez Senent Nominated Jump up ^ Each date is linked to the article about the awards held that year , wherever possible . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Characters from the film appeared in the second half of the animated television series Star Wars Rebels , starting with Saw Gerrera in the Season 3 mid-season one - hour special episode `` Ghosts of Geonosis '' . The Imperial Death Troopers appeared in that season 's one - hour finale , `` Zero Hour '' . More characters and vehicles that were first introduced in the film appear in the series ' fourth and final season , while the film 's main antagonist , Orson Krennic , is mentioned by name . Tie - in novels ( edit ) A tie - in novel to the film , Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel , was released on November 15 , 2016 . Written by veteran Star Wars novelist James Luceno , the story is set some years before the events of Rogue One , and provides a backstory to the 2016 film . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was written by Alexander Freed , and was released on December 16 , 2016 . Months after the film was released , Disney Lucasfilm Press published another novel titled Star Wars : Rebel Rising on May 2 , 2017 . Written by Beth Revis , the novel explains what happened to Jyn Erso between the time her mother died and the day when Rebel agents freed her from an Imperial labor camp , a time period that the film skips over in its opening minutes . Comics ( edit ) Months after the film was released , Marvel Comics adapted the film into a six - part comic book miniseries , which adds extra content . The miniseries ' complete collection was released on December 12 , 2017 . In August 2017 , IDW Publishing announced that it will make a one - shot graphic novel adaptation of the film , which was released one day after the Marvel miniseries ' collection was released . Unlike the Marvel miniseries , this graphic novel will have slightly more cartoony visuals . Video games ( edit ) A downloadable expansion pack was released for the Star Wars Battlefront reboot , titled Rogue One : Scarif , that allows players the ability to play through the various locations , characters and set pieces from the planet introduced in Rogue One . A free virtual reality mission for PlayStation 4 was also released alongside the expansion . Several characters and concepts from the film were also included in the mobile games Star Wars : Force Arena , Star Wars Commander and Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , all available on iOS and Android . See also ( edit ) 2016 in science fiction List of films featuring eclipses List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring space stations List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : could Disney want to cap the success of Star Wars spin - off ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One trailer released '' . BBC News . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hildago , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars : Rogue One : The Ultimate Visual Guide . Dorling Kindersley . p. 35 . ISBN 9780241232422 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leak Reveals New Characters , Names , Vehicles '' . IGN . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saavedra , John ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - First Trailer Analysis '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' First Trailer Arrives '' . Variety . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Heroes , Villains , and Badass Droid of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( UPDATED ) '' . io9 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Rogue One 's Plot Ties Directly into The Force Awakens '' . TheWrap . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mads Mikkelsen Playing `` Galen '' in Star Wars Anthology : Rogue One ? `` . Star Wars News Net . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ SkyNews ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Danish actor Mads Mikkelsen reveals that he 's playing the father of the main character in Star Wars film Rogue One '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wicksell , Dustin ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' : Alan Tudyk 's character revealed ? ( Spoilers ) '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 's new droid sidekick description & quick sketches '' . Making Star Wars . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sprrentino , Mike . `` Alan Tudyk on using motion capture for ' Rogue One ' : Anthony Daniels was envious '' . CNET . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riz Ahmed '' . Gordon and French . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Character Names , Descriptions and New Images Revealed for Rogue One '' . IGN . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Forest Whitaker 's character has a rich Star Wars history '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story : Jimmy Smits confirms he has a cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crookes , Del ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story - the new ) ) trailer dissected and storylines revealed '' . BBC Newsbeat . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Every Rogue One Cameo You Wo n't Want To Miss '' . CBR.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader Lives ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : Darth Vader storms Rhyl for Star Wars showing '' . BBC Wales . December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . While the actor has the body role , just like his predecessor in the original Star Wars films David Prowse , the voice of Lord Vader is actor James Earl Jones . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spencer Wilding to play Darth Vader in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . MakingStarWars.net . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Why it took multiple actors to play Darth Vader ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About the Ending of Rogue One '' . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Rogue One ' Sound Editors Reveal How They Found Princess Leia 's ' Hope ' and More Production Secrets '' . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's How Rogue One Got Its Hands on Unseen Star Wars Footage '' . io9.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbeater , Alex ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One : 15 Cameos You Missed '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw . `` Original Star Wars actor reveals how his character was brought back for Rogue One '' . Radio Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Regular Warwick Davis Returns For ' Rogue One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doran , Sarah ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did You Spot All These British and Irish Actors in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` ' Rogue One ' Actor Valene Kane Confirmed as Playing Jyn Erso 's Mother '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Preview - 13 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Empire . United Kingdom . February 2016 . p. 89 . Jonathan Aris will play Senator Jebel . Nope , we have no idea who that is either . Jump up ^ Åberg , Erik ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fares Fares gör roll i nya `` Star wars '' '' ( Fares Fares makes role in the new `` Star Wars '' ) . Aftonbladet ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindholm , Emilie ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fares Fares med i nya Star wars - trailern '' ( Fares Fares in the new Star Wars trailer ) . GP ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Rogue One Images and Details from Empire Magazine ! '' . Star Wars News Net . August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prometheus ' and ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Ian Whyte Plays Moroff In ' Rogue One ' '' . Omega Underground . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Updates on Episode VIII and young Han Solo movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One ( Feature film ) . Credits : Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia . `` Rogue One is bucking a Star Wars tradition '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SWCE 2016 : 15 THINGS WE LEARNED FROM THE ROGUE ONE : A STAR WARS STORY PANEL '' . Star Wars.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` What Happens When ' Star Wars ' Is Just a War Film ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Cinematographer Greig Fraser talks ' Foxcatcher , ' ' Gambler ' and NOT ' Star Wars ' '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Standalone Movie Loses Writer Gary Whitta '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rumor : Simon Kinberg Will Take Over Writing First ' Star Wars ' Standalone Film '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie Hiring Oscar - Nominated Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Kathleen Kennedy and Gareth Edwards Tease ' Rogue One ' Opening Crawl -- See What They Said ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Rogue One 's Gareth Edwards explains the movie 's title '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Lucasfilm Chief Previews ' Rogue One ' and Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara Testing for ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie to Star Felicity Jones ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ' Rogue One ' ? '' . deadline.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Eyed to Star in ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' ; Riz Ahmed in Talks ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Diego Luna Joins Felicity Jones in Lead Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Forest Whitaker Joins Standalone Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sherlock ' Actor Jonathan Aris Joins ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' '' . / Film.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' : ' Darth Vader is Back ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Janine ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - The Force Awakens but the Storm Troopers are just chilling '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relaxing in a galaxy far , far away ! Off - duty Stormtroopers are pictured on desert set during filming of spin - off movie Star Wars Anthology : Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` First Photos of Stormtroopers on set from Star Wars : Anthology Rogue One '' . makingstarwars.net . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take a walk on the Darth side : Event reveals the secrets of the new -- very British -- Star Wars blockbuster , Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Not only was Rogue One filmed at Pinewood and Elstree Studios , now home to the ongoing franchise Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming behind the scenes with Rogue One '' . KFTV . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Among the largest sets built at Pinewood was the mountainous planet of Eadu Jump up ^ Miller , Neil ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Amazing Camera Technology Behind The Look of Rogue One '' . FSR . FSR . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . During our sit down with ... Gareth Edwards ... old lenses and new digital environments . Jump up ^ Fish , Andrew ( February 2016 ) . `` Interview with Kathleen Kennedy '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit On Vacation '' . Movie Pilot . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Everything We Know ( So Far ) '' . / Film . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Niall ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` A Look At The Real Star Wars Universe ( Infographic ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Meredith ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` 6 Star Wars ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit Right Now '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Alex ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` World In a galaxy far , far away -- the real - life locations of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story that travellers can visit '' . Lonely Planet . Lonely Planet . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deluyas , Elyssa ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' News : Visit These Stunning Filming Locations To Have The Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Journey '' . Travelers Today . Travelers Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HaveeruOnline - Cast heads to Maldives for Star Wars shooting '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` 11 things you may not have known about Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Metro . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Bits : New Details on Jedha , a Mysterious New Planet Name , and a First Look at New LEGO Sets '' . / Film . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Owen Williams , Cameron Mcculloch - Keeble ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story - everything you need to know '' . Empire . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- The complete history , Part III '' . Empire . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Re-shoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . The Knowledge . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Cameron K ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's what we know about the new Star Wars film '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Limited . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Director Gareth Edwards told thousands of fans at Star Wars Celebration in London earlier this year he had always wanted to film a sci - fi movie there . ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2016_film_study_WEB.pdf Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One virtually finished , Disney ' absolutely love ' what they 've seen '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` What 's true and false about the reshoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Andrew ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Rogue One 's reshoots show how Disney saved the first standalone Star Wars movie '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One director says its original ending was very different '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Rogue One 's original ending was one such cutting - room casualty . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's Original Ending May Explain Where All Those Deleted Trailer Scenes Went '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . The revelation that the original ending was much different probably explains a lot about how different the trailers were from the final product . Fans have noticed that many scenes in the original spots did not appear in the final film . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` They are going through hours and hours of old footage from the horror movies to recreate his legs and feet ... '' Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry , Variety , December 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Telegraph Film . `` ' Morbid and off - putting ' or ' convincing ' ? Rogue One 's CGI Peter Cushing gets a mixed response from Star Wars fans '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kristopher Tapley ; Peter Debruge ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry '' . Variety . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Rogue One ' Brought Back Familiar Faces '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's CGI Princess Leia : The sands of time are so cruel you ca n't even do motion capture for your younger self '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Finishes Post-Production '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One composer Michael Giacchino describes music of the Star Wars standalone '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One Composer Is Alexandre Desplat , Not John Williams '' . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One Bits : Mads Mikkelsen Sheds More Light on His Character , Alexandre Desplat Talks , Disneyland Releases First Merch - Page 2 of 3 '' . / Film . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Replaces Its Composer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Releases Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Today '' ( Press release ) . PRNewsire . Burbank , California . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ GoSoundtracks ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` All right . I 'm renaming my soundtrack titles '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Is ROGUE ONE The End Of Michael Giacchino 's Punny Track Titles ? '' . Birth . Movies . Death . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` How Disney And Dolby Brought ' Rogue One ' To Historic Pantages '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pressberg , Matt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why ' Rogue One ' Failed to Take Off in China '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' Gets a ' Rogue ' Name , Trumps ' Star Wars ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story trailer : Felicity Jones makes a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' . The Telegraph . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Brings Hope of a Subversive ' Star Wars ' Prequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Star Wars Empire Rolls on With Rogue One '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Blasts Off With Close To 30M Online Views Since Thursday Debut '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ; Freer , Ian ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : ' Star Wars ' Film Releases New Footage , Poster '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woollaston , Victoria ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader returns in the new trailer for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Wired . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : 5 Things We Learned From New Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : How the New Trailer Looks Like It 's for a Different Movie Than Before '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Rogue One Trailer Taps into the Star Wars Franchise 's Greatest Natural Resource '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery Box is Dead : Lucasfilm Shows Fans 20 Minutes of Rogue One '' . Furious Fanboys . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese Rogue One trailer has lots of new Donnie Yen footage '' . AV Club . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' China Trailer Lands With More Footage Of Chinese Stars '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One 's Digital And Blu - ray / DVD Release Dates Announced , Bonus Features Revealed '' . GameSpot.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasts Past $1 B At Global Box Office ; ' Moana ' Sails To $500 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' maintains stellar course at box office '' . Samaa Web Desk . Samaa TV . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` No. 3 ' Rogue One ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Hits Tracking With $100 M - $140 M ; UK Tickets Available , So When Do U.S. Sales Begin ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Tracking for Huge $130 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Not Expected to Do ' Force Awakens ' Business , Disney CEO Says '' . Variety . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grauso , Alisha ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pre-Sales For ' Rogue One ' Crash Fandango 's Site -- And Disney Benefits From It '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Has Second - Highest First Day of Ticketing Pre-Sales '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasting Off To Est . $30 M Thursday Night -- B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollwyood . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Christmas Juggernaut Leaves Room For Specialty Films -- Final Weekend Update '' . Deadline Hollwyood . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Threepeats at # 1 , ' La La Land ' Opens Big in Limited Release '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Does n't Want To Fall To ' Hidden Figures ' As Winter Storm Helena Closes Theaters '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Travers : ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Spoiler Free Review : Finally A Good Star Wars Prequel '' . / Film . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Shows There 's Life in Star Wars Yet ... Barely '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' adds an uneven but thrilling wrinkle to the mythology of ' Star Wars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Rogue One ' Leaves ' Star Wars ' Fans Wanting More and Less '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` '' Rogue One '' Reviewed : Is it Time to Abandon the `` Star Wars '' Franchise ? `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' does n't offer much joy , but Star Wars fans will enjoy it anyway '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David . `` ' Rogue One ' Review : The First ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Is a Scrappy Space Adventure That Plays Things Painfully Safe '' . Indiewire . Indiewire . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story review -- a sleek addition to the fleet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars ( May 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Who is your favorite Rogue One Character '' . Star Wars . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` From Rogue One 's Peter Cushing to Audrey Hepburn : 6 stars who were digitally brought back to life '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Cushing is dead . Rogue One 's resurrection is a digital indignity '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : the CGI resurrection of Peter Cushing is thrilling -- but is it right ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry , Variety , December 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Althoff , Eric ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Force reawakens deceased cast -- probably for years to come '' . The Washington Times . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About Grand Moff Tarkin in Rogue One '' . Time . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 ... the effect ends up showing the limitations of the technology . It 's also distracting : As you ponder what , exactly , is off about this not - human - enough figure -- something in the facial movements -- you begin to lose track of the plot . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` How the ' Rogue One ' ending went wrong '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` One of the best performances in ' Rogue One ' is by an actor who died in 1994 '' . The Washington Post . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excellence in Fantasy Film '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Women swept nearly every category at the 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - The Nebula Awards '' . The Nebula Awards . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards winners '' . Saturn Awards official website . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy . `` Rogue One Character Joins Star Wars Rebels , and More TV News '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ryan . `` The Unexpected Ways ' Star Wars Rebels ' Season 4 Connects to ' Rogue One ' '' . CheatSheet . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Synopsis for Star Wars Catalyst novel offers background details on Rogue One '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star '' . MovieWeb.com . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One : A Star Wars Story by Alexander Freed PenguinRandomHouse.com . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy . `` Star Wars Novel Rebel Rising To Explore Jyn Erso 's Backstory '' . Nerdist . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran . `` New ' Rogue One ' Scenes in the Comic Adaptation Flesh Out The Movie 's Story '' . / Film . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Wars : Rogue One Graphic Novel Adaptation ( Preview ) '' . CBR . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Rogue One Graphic Novel Adaptation Coming from IDW '' . Star Wars . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront : Rogue One : Scarif '' . Starwars.ea.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront Rogue One : X-wing VR Mission '' . EA Star Wars Games . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Force Arena '' . Netmarble Games . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 -- via StarWarsForceArena.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Content Comes to Star Wars : Commander '' . Jump up ^ Westenberg , Jimmy . `` Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes goes rogue with new characters from Rogue One '' . AndroidAuthority . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . 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"\n\nRogue One: A Star Wars Story\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nGareth Edwards\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nKathleen Kennedy\nAllison Shearmur\nSimon Emanuel\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nChris Weitz\nTony Gilroy\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\n\n\n\nJohn Knoll\nGary Whitta\n\n\n\n\n\nBased on\nCharacters\nby George Lucas\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nFelicity Jones\nDiego Luna\nBen Mendelsohn\nDonnie Yen\nMads Mikkelsen\nAlan Tudyk\nJiang Wen\nForest Whitaker\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nMichael Giacchino\n\n\nCinematography\nGreig Fraser\n\n\nEdited by\n\n\n\nJohn Gilroy\nColin Goudie\nJabez Olssen\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nLucasfilm Ltd.\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nWalt Disney Studios\nMotion Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nDecember 10, 2016 (2016-12-10) (Pantages Theatre)\nDecember 16, 2016 (2016-12-16) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n\n\n\n$265 million (gross)[2]\n$200 million (net)[1][3]\n\n\n\n\n\nBox office\n$1.056 billion[1]\n\n"
] | [
"December 16, 2016"
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8353455509848529156 | Romeo + Juliet | Romeo + Juliet - wikipedia Romeo + Juliet This article is about the film . For Hamza Nadeem ' 2007 ballet , see Romeo + Juliet ( ballet ) . For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . `` Verona Beach '' redirects here . For the park in Upstate New York , see Verona Beach State Park . Romeo + Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Baz Luhrmann Produced by Baz Luhrmann Gabriella Martinelli Screenplay by Craig Pearce Baz Luhrmann Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Claire Danes Brian Dennehy John Leguizamo Pete Postlethwaite Paul Sorvino Paul Rudd Diane Venora Music by Nellee Hooper Marius de Vries Craig Armstrong Cinematography Donald M. McAlpine Edited by Jill Bilcock Production company Bazmark Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 27 ) ( Mann 's Chinese Theatre ) November 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14.5 million Box office $147.5 million William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( shortened to Romeo + Juliet ) is a 1996 American romantic crime film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Baz Luhrmann , co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli , and co-written by Craig Pearce , being an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet , who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her , despite their being members of the Montague and Capulet family ; Brian Dennehy , John Leguizamo , Pete Postlethwaite , Paul Sorvino , and Diane Venora star in supporting roles . While it retains the original Shakespearean dialogue , the film represents the Montagues and the Capulets as warring mafia empires ( with legitimate business fronts ) during 1990s America , and swords are replaced with guns ( with brand names such as `` Dagger '' and `` Sword '' ) . Some characters ' names are also changed . Lord and Lady Montague and Lord and Lady Capulet are given first names ( in the original , their first names are never mentioned ) ; Friar Laurence becomes Father Laurence , and Prince Escalus is renamed Captain Prince . The adaptation eliminates the character of Friar John , and some characters change families -- in the original , Gregory and Sampson are Capulets , but in the film , they are Montagues ( Abram , as Abra , and Petruchio , conversely , are shifted from the Montague to the Capulet family ) . In addition , a few plot details are shifted , most notably toward the ending . The film was released on November 1 , 1996 by 20th Century Fox to commercial success , and was met with generally positive reviews . The film grossed over $147.5 million over a $14.5 million budget . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . In 2005 , the film was included on the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In Verona Beach , the Capulets and the Montagues are arch - rivals . The animosity of the older generation -- Fulgencio and Gloria Capulet and Ted and Caroline Montague -- is felt by their younger relatives . A gunfight between the Montague boys led by Benvolio , Romeo 's cousin , and the Capulet boys led by Tybalt , Juliet 's cousin , creates chaos in the city . The Chief of Police , Captain Prince , reprimands the families , warning them that if such behavior continues , their lives `` shall pay the forfeit of the peace '' . Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach . While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate - crash . Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline , with whom he is in love , is attending . Later , the Montague boys meet their friend , Mercutio , who has tickets to the party . Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet mansion . The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo , who goes to the restroom . While admiring an aquarium , he sees Juliet on the other side , and the two instantly fall in love . Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family 's home , but Fulgencio stops him . Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss . The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away , telling her that Romeo is a Montague . At the same time , Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet . Mercutio removes Romeo from the party , but he sneaks back to the mansion , hiding under Juliet 's balcony . Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her . Juliet warns him that he is risking his life , but Romeo tells her he does n't care whether he is caught . Knowing her nurse is looking for her , Juliet tells him that , if he sends word by the following day , they will be betrothed . The next day , Romeo visits Father Laurence , telling him he wants to marry Juliet . He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families . Romeo passes the word on to Juliet 's nurse and the lovers are married . Tybalt encounters Mercutio at the beach just as Romeo arrives . Romeo attempts to make peace , but Tybalt assaults him . Mercutio intervenes and batters Tybalt , and is about to finish him off when Romeo stops him . Tybalt then slashes Mercutio with a shard of glass in his stomach . Mercutio curses both the Montagues and the Capulets before dying in Romeo 's arms . Enraged , Romeo chases after a fleeing Tybalt and guns him down . Captain Prince banishes Romeo from the city . Romeo goes into hiding with Father Laurence , who treats his injuries and says that , after some time passes , he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends . The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him . When Romeo climbs over Juliet 's balcony , she kisses him and they consummate their marriage . Meanwhile , Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris , the governor 's son . The next morning , Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris . She refuses , and Fulgencio threatens to disown her . Her mother and nurse insist it would be in her best interest to marry Paris . To get out of this , Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence , imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide . Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later . Romeo will be told of the plot , sneak into the vault , and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua . He gives her a potion which mimics death . After saying goodnight to her mother , Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma . She is found in the morning , declared dead , and placed in the vault . Balthasar , one of Romeo 's cousins , learns that Juliet is dead and tells Romeo , who is not home when the messenger arrives with a letter from Father Laurence . Romeo returns to Verona and buys a vial of poison . As he goes to the church , Captain Prince finds out he is back , and tries to capture him , without success . Father Laurence learns that Romeo never got his letter and has no idea Juliet is alive . Romeo enters the church where Juliet lies and bids her goodbye . She awakens just as Romeo takes the poison ; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies . A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo 's gun and shoots herself in the head , dying instantly . The two lovers are soon discovered in each other 's arms . Prince condemns both families , whose feuding led to such tragedy , while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue . Cast ( edit ) The House of Montague Brian Dennehy as Ted Montague , Romeo 's father Christina Pickles as Caroline Montague , Romeo 's mother Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo Montague Dash Mihok as Benvolio Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jesse Bradford as Balthasar Montague , Romeo 's cousin Zak Orth as Gregory Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jamie Kennedy as Sampson Montague , Romeo 's cousin The House of Capulet Paul Sorvino as Fulgencio Capulet , Juliet 's father Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet , Juliet 's mother Claire Danes as Juliet Capulet / Juliet Capulet - Montague John Leguizamo as Tybalt Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Vincent Laresca as Abra Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Carlos Martín Manzo Otálora as Petruchio Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Miriam Margolyes as Nurse , Juliet 's nanny Others Harold Perrineau as Mercutio , Romeo 's best friend Pete Postlethwaite as Father Laurence , the priest who marries Romeo and Juliet Paul Rudd as Dave Paris , the governor 's son and Juliet 's fiance Vondie Curtis - Hall as Captain Prince , the chief of police M. Emmet Walsh as Apothecary Quindon Tarver as Choir Boy , the singer at Romeo and Juliet 's wedding Edwina Moore as the Anchorwoman , who assumes the role of the Chorus Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but , during rehearsals , it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was `` molesting '' her . Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time , and made DiCaprio look older than intended . He was 21 at the time of filming and Portman was only 14 . After Sarah Michelle Gellar turned down the role due to scheduling conflicts , DiCaprio proclaimed that Danes should be cast , as he felt she was genuine in her line delivery and did not try to impress him by acting flirtatious . Production ( edit ) After the success of Strictly Ballroom , Luhrmann took some time over deciding what his next project would be : Our philosophy has always been that we think up what we need in our life , choose something creative that will make that life fulfilling , and then follow that road . With Romeo and Juliet what I wanted to do was to look at the way in which Shakespeare might make a movie of one of his plays if he was a director . How would he make it ? We do n't know a lot about Shakespeare , but we do know he would make a ' movie ' movie . He was a player . We know about the Elizabethan stage and that he was playing for 3000 drunken punters , from the street sweeper to the Queen of England - and his competition was bear - baiting and prostitution . So he was a relentless entertainer and a user of incredible devices and theatrical tricks to ultimately create something of meaning and convey a story . That was what we wanted to do . Luhrmann obtained some funds from Fox to do a workshop and shoot some teaser footage in Sydney . Leonardo DiCaprio agreed to pay his own expenses to fly to Sydney and be part of it . Once Fox saw footage of the fight scene , they agreed to support it . All of the development was done in Australia , with pre-production in Australia and Canada and post-production in Australia . While some parts of the film were shot in Miami , most of the film was shot in Mexico City and Boca del Rio , Veracruz . For instance , the Capulet mansion was set at Chapultepec Castle while the ballroom was built on Stage One of Churubusco Studios ; and the church is Immaculate Heart of Mary in the Del Valle neighborhood . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film premiered on November 1 , 1996 in the United States and Canada , in 1,276 theaters , and grossed $11.1 million its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the box office . It went on to gross $46.3 million in the United States and Canada , with a worldwide total of USD $147,554,998 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the film `` Fresh '' , with 72 % of 53 critics giving positive reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 with the consensus that says , `` Baz Luhrmann 's visual aesthetic is as divisive as it is fresh and inventive '' . James Berardinelli gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Ultimately , no matter how many innovative and unconventional flourishes it applies , the success of any adaptation of a Shakespeare play is determined by two factors : the competence of the director and the ability of the main cast members . Luhrmann , Danes , and DiCaprio place this Romeo and Juliet in capable hands . '' Leonardo DiCaprio won Favorite Actor and Claire Danes won Favorite Actress in a Romance at the 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards . At the 1997 MTV Movie Awards , Danes won Best Female Performance . DiCaprio was nominated for Best Male Performance , and DiCaprio and Danes were both nominated for Best Kiss and Best On - Screen Duo . At the 51st BAFTA Film Awards , director Baz Luhrmann won Best Direction , Luhrmann and Mary Haile won the Best Adapted Screenplay , Nellee Hooper won the Best Film Music , and Catherine Martin won the Best Production Design . The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography , Best Editing , and Best Sound . The film won several awards . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . Conversely , Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed review of only 2 stars out of 4 , saying , `` I 've seen `` King Lear '' as a samurai drama and `` Macbeth '' as a Mafia story , and two different `` Romeo and Juliets '' about ethnic difficulties in Manhattan ( `` West Side Story '' and `` China Girl '' ) , but I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of `` Romeo & Juliet '' makes of Shakespeare 's tragedy . '' The film was nominated to appear on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions list in 2002 . Home media ( edit ) The film was originally released on VHS and DVD in 1997 . A 10th anniversary special edition DVD containing extra features and commentary was released on February 6 , 2007 , while a Blu - ray edition was released on October 19 , 2010 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Romeo + Juliet ( soundtrack ) `` # 1 Crush '' -- Garbage `` Local God '' -- Everclear `` Angel '' -- Gavin Friday `` Pretty Piece of Flesh '' -- One Inch Punch `` Kissing You ( Love Theme from Romeo & Juliet ) '' -- Des'ree `` Whatever ( I Had a Dream ) '' -- Butthole Surfers `` Lovefool '' -- The Cardigans `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Kym Mazelle `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' -- Quindon Tarver `` To You I Bestow '' -- Mundy `` Talk Show Host '' -- Radiohead `` Little Star '' -- Stina Nordenstam `` You and Me Song '' -- The Wannadies `` Layers of Darkness '' - Marching Show Concept 's Recording `` Exit Music ( For a Film ) '' - Radiohead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 'S ROMEO + JULIET ( 12 ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 1996 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlinale : 1997 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) : Awards '' . IMDb.com . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Packard , Kim . `` CONSIDERING ' THE BFI LIST OF 50 FILMS YOU SHOULD WATCH BY THE AGE OF 14 ' '' . MUBI . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitington , Paul ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` From stage to screen '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lahr , John ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . New Yorker Magazine . New Yorker Magazine . p. 2 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , James ( February 25 , 1996 ) . `` UP AND COMING : Natalie Portman ; Natalie Portman ( Not Her Real Name ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lahr , John . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . NewYorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Baz Luhrmann '' , Signet , 19 December 1996 accessed 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet - Official Website , Production Notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) - Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare 's Romeo & Juliet - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1996 ) . `` Review : Romeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . ReelReviews.net . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Romeo + Juliet Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1996 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . General Lehmann , Courtney . `` Strictly Shakespeare ? Dead Letters , Ghostly Fathers , and the Cultural Pathology of Authorship in Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . 52.2 ( Summer 2001 ) pp. 189 -- 221 . Malone , Toby . Behind the Red Curtain of Verona Beach : Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' Shakespeare Survey . 65 ( 1 ) , 2012 . pp 398 - 412 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Romeo + Juliet Official website ( Archive ) Romeo + Juliet on IMDb Romeo + Juliet at Box Office Mojo Romeo + Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Romeo + Juliet at Metacritic Romeo + Juliet at Virtual History William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet hide Baz Luhrmann Film Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Australia ( 2008 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Television The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Music Something for Everybody `` Everybody 's Free ( To Wear Sunscreen ) '' Related Red Curtain Trilogy No. 5 the Film Strictly Ballroom ( musical ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_%2B_Juliet&oldid=846597723 '' Categories : 1996 films English - language films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s teen drama films 1990s teen romance films 20th Century Fox films American films American romantic drama films American teen drama films American teen romance films Dolce & Gabbana Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films directed by Baz Luhrmann Films scored by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) Films shot in California Films shot in Mexico City Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award Mafia films Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare Teen films based on works by William Shakespeare Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 Film articles using image size parameter All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from December 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 19 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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7299824938242430931 | Worst Cooks in America | Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Jump to : navigation , search Worst Cooks in America Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 - present ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America External links Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM WIN BTM BTM IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM BTM IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : celebrity edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor & Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM IN OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : celebrity edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : celebrity edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT Lacey IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Spencer BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT Lily IN WIN IN OUT Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT Skyler IN BTM OUT Priscilla IN OUT Kevin IN OUT Jonathan OUT Kayrene OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . The season will premiere on April 15 , 2018 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Maria Bamford 47 Actress & Comedianne Catherine Bach 64 Star of The Dukes of Hazzard Nolan Gould 19 Star of Modern Family La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Businesswoman Oscar Nunez 59 Actor & Comedian Bronson Pinchot 58 Star of Perfect Strangers Ian Ziering 53 Actor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/worst-cooks-in-america/episodes/social-media-food-failures Jump up ^ http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/worst-cooks-in-america/photos/worst-cooks-in-america-season-11-meet-the-celebrity-recruits Jump up ^ https://www.foodnetwork.com/fn-dish/shows/2018/3/a-fresh-batch-of-cooking-challenged-celebrities-enter-boot-camp External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2010 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guilty Pleasures ( since 2015 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( since 2006 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( since 2015 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) Iron Chef America ( 2005 -- 2014 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes 2008 -- 2013 Paula 's Home Cooking 2002 -- 2012 Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Buddy 's Family Vacation ( 2016 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Duff Till Dawn ( 2015 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) See also : Food Network pilots and specials Food Network Canada programming Current Bake with Anna Olson ( since 2012 ) The Baker Sisters ( since 2017 ) Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2016 ) Cake Hunters ( since 2016 ) Cake Wars : Christmas ( since 2015 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Carnival Eats ( since 2014 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped Canada ( since 2014 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cooks vs. Cons ( since 2016 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) David Rocco 's Dolce Vita ( since 2010 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Donut Showdown ( since 2013 ) Food Factory ( since 2012 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Giada Entertains ( since 2016 ) Giada in Italy ( since 2015 ) Ginormous Food ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Family Road Trip ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( since 2015 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) You Gotta Eat Here ! 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( 2007 -- 2009 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2009 -- unknown ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Calling All Cooks ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Canadian Living Cooks ( unknown -- 2005 ) Chef Abroad ( 2007 or 2008 -- 2009 ) Chef at Home ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Chef at Large ( 2000 -- unknown ) Chef vs. City ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef School ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Christine Cushing Live ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Christine Cushing : Cook with Me ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Chuck 's Day Off ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Cooking for Real ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cook Like a Chef ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Crash My Kitchen ( 2005 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Eat , Shrink , and Be Merry ( since 2007 -- 2011 ) Everyday Exotic ( since 2008 -- 2009 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) The F Word ( 2008 -- 2011 ) The Family Restaurant ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Hunter ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Food Jammers ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) French Food at Home ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Fresh with Anna Olson ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( since 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- unknown ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) The Heat with Mark McEwan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Honey , We 're Killing the Kids ( 2005 -- unknown ) How 'd That Get On My Plate ? ( 2008 ) I Do , Let 's Eat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) In Search of Perfection ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Iron Chef America ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Jamie at Home ( 2008 ) Jamie 's Great Italian Escape ( 2005 ) Jamie 's Kitchen Australia ( 2008 ) Just One Bite ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Kitchen Crimes ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Kitchen Nightmares ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Kitchen Equipped ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Kylie Kwong : Simply Magic ( 2006 ) Licence to Grill ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Made to Order ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Man - Made Food ( 2004 -- unknown ) The Manic Organic ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Martin Yan 's Chinatown ( 2002 ) New Classics With Chef Rob Feenie ( 2000 -- 2004 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Nigella Express ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Nigella Feasts ( 2006 ) Opening Soon ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Party Dish ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Quick Fix Meals with Robin Miller ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Ramsay 's Kitchen Nightmares ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Makeover ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Return to Tuscany ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Ricardo and Friends ( 2006 -- 2009 ) River Cottage Treatment ( 2006 ) Road Grill ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Simply Delicioso ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Sugar ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Summer 's Best ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Supersizers Go ... ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Surfing the Menu ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Surreal Gourmet ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Thirsty Traveler ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Top Chef Masters ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) Buddy 's Family Vacation ( 2016 ) CheF * OFF ( 2010 ) Chef in Your Ear ( 2015 -- 2016 ) The Delinquent Gourmet ( 2011 ) Dinner Party Wars ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Duff Till Dawn ( 2015 ) Eat St. ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Family Cook Off ( 2012 ) Food 's Greatest Hits ( 2016 ) Food Fighters ( 2014 -- 2015 ) From Spain with Love with Annie Sibonney ( 2011 ) Gordon Ramsay 's Ultimate Home Cooking ( 2015 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Ice Cold Cash ( 2012 ) The Incredible Food Race ( 2015 ) Jamie 's 30 - Minute Meals ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Jamie 's Comfort Food ( 2014 ) Jamie 's Super Food ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Mexican Made Easy ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Nadia G 's Bitchin ' Kitchen ( 2010 -- 2013 ) The Opener ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Outrageous Food ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Pitchin ' In ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Kids Cook - Off ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recipe for Success ( 2004 -- unknown ) Recipe to Riches ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Takeover ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Sandwich King ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Secrets of a Restaurant Chef ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Spice Goddess ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Sugar High ( 2011 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Top Chef Canada ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Top Chef Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 2011 ) World 's Weirdest Restaurants ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_Cooks_in_America&oldid=831623339 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Television series by All3Media Food reality television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 13 : 42 . 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"\n\nContestant\nAge\nHometown\nOccupation\nStatus\n\n\nKristen Redmond\n25\nAustin, Texas\nSinger/Songwriter\nWinner February 15\n\n\nGenique Freeman\n33\nFayetteville, North Carolina\nEsthetician\nRunner-up February 15\n\n\nLeopold \"Leo\" Nunan\n36\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\nPerformance Artist\nEliminated February 8\n\n\nSarah Bettendorf\n33\nLos Angeles, California\nArt Teacher\n\n\nNorman Wilson\n46\nDetroit, Michigan\nExecutive Protection\nEliminated February 1\n\n\nSharif Dean\n27\nLos Angeles, California\nPersonal Trainer\n\n\nDavid Eric Rosenberg\n51\nLas Vegas, Nevada\nTheatre Usher\nEliminated January 25\n\n\nKortni Montgomery\n25\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nCustomer Service Rep\n\n\nMichael \"Six\" Muldoon\n25\nQueens, New York\nMagician\nEliminated January 18\n\n\nMike Kennedy\n45\nScottsdale, Arizona\nPrivate Investigator\n\n\nStephanie Streisand*\n25\nLos Angeles, California\nWriter\nWithdrew January 11\n\n\nSusie Babin\n61\nBush, Louisiana\nRetired\nEliminated January 11\n\n\nJason Dixon\n30\nChicago, Illinois\nArtist\nEliminated January 5\n\n\nChristina Oster\n38\nZion, Illinois\nSingle Mom\n\n"
] | [
"Kristen Redmond"
] |
1328201362612038061 | NCIS (season 8) | NCIS ( season 8 ) - wikipedia NCIS ( season 8 ) NCIS ( season 8 ) Season 8 U.S. DVD cover Starring Mark Harmon Michael Weatherly Cote de Pablo Pauley Perrette Sean Murray Rocky Carroll David McCallum Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network CBS Original release September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of NCIS episodes The eighth season of the police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 21 , 2010 in the same time slot as the previous season . The season story arc involves Ziva 's largely - unseen boyfriend , Ray , and the CIA continuing to meddle in NCIS 's day - to - day workings . Notable events include the terrorism and internal affairs threat during the `` Enemies '' two - parter , and the arrival of another Major Case Response Team from Rota , Spain , the team that Tony was offered to be lead of in the beginning of season four . The season ends on a five - part story arc involving the Port - to - Port killer that menaced both teams . The finale aired on May 17 , 2011 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Also starring 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest appearances 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs , NCIS Senior Special Agent ( SSA ) assigned to Washington 's Navy Yard Michael Weatherly as Anthony DiNozzo , NCIS Special Agent , second in command Cote de Pablo as Ziva David , NCIS Special Agent Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto , Forensic Specialist attached to NCIS Sean Murray as Timothy McGee , NCIS Special Agent Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance , NCIS Director David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard , Chief Medical Examiner for NCIS Also starring ( edit ) Brian Dietzen as Jimmy Palmer , Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS Recurring ( edit ) Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell , FBI Senior Special Agent Muse Watson as Mike Franks , retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS ( Gibbs ' old boss ) David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort , CIA Agent Michael Nouri as Eli David , Mossad Director ( Ziva 's father ) Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs ( Gibbs ' father ) Jude Ciccolella as Phillip Davenport , departing Secretary of the Navy Arnold Vosloo as Amit Hadar , Mossad Agent Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. ( Tony 's father ) Diane Neal as Abigail Borin , CGIS Senior Special Agent TJ Ramini as Malachi Ben - Gidon , Mossad Agent Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera Jacqueline Obradors as Paloma Reynosa Wendy Makkena as Dr. Rachel Cranson , a psychiatrist and Kate 's sister Michael O'Neill as Riley McCallister , retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS Sarah Jane Morris as E.J. Barrett , NCIS Senior Special Agent Matt Willig as Simon Cade , NCIS Special Agent Alimi Ballard as Gayne Levin , NCIS Special Agent Matt Craven as Clayton Jarvis , new Secretary of the Navy Enrique Murciano as Ray Cruz , CIA Agent Tamer Hassan as Agah Bayar , NCIS target Kerr Smith as Jonas Cobb , NCIS target and killer of Mike Franks Guest appearances ( edit ) Sasha Alexander as Caitlin Todd , deceased NCIS Special Agent who was killed by Ari Haswari Tim Kelleher as Chris Pacci , deceased NCIS Special Agent Meredith Monroe as April Ferris Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 163 `` Spider and the Fly '' Dennis Smith Gary Glasberg September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) 801 19.41 Following Jackson Gibbs ' ( guest star Ralph Waite ) confrontation with Paloma Reynosa ( guest star Jacqueline Obradors ) , he is placed in NCIS protective custody at his son 's house . A few months later , the death of a helicopter pilot embroils the team in the Reynosa Cartel 's vendetta with Gibbs , making each team member a target . Paloma Reynosa , head of the cartel , plays a game of cat and mouse with NCIS as she makes a wide trail through the US , expanding her cartel 's influence . Tensions erupt when Alejandro Rivera ( guest star Marco Sanchez ) , calls Abby on her bluff to send the report on the Pedro Hernandez murder and threatens her in front of Gibbs . Aware of his involvement in the Reynosa Cartel , NCIS leads Rivera into a trap at a safehouse , tricking him into thinking his sister is dead and those responsible are in protective custody . Rivera takes the bait and intends to exact revenge , but ends up fatally shooting his own sister . Meanwhile , Leon Vance , whilst putting the report implicating Gibbs in a place no one will find it , receives a mysterious text message from Eli David , Director of Mossad claiming `` I found him '' . 164 `` Worst Nightmare '' Tony Wharmby Steven D. Binder September 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) 802 19.15 A teenage girl is kidnapped from her middle school on the Quantico marine base , prompting NCIS to investigate . Nicholas Mason , the missing girl 's grandfather ( William Devane ) , complicates matters when he arranges a ransom drop without informing NCIS . While the team are working to find out the identity of the kidnapper and motive , Gibbs is worried Mason will take the law into his own hands and potentially cause more damage . Using an elaborate ploy , the team manages to trick the kidnapper into revealing where he was hiding the girl and arrest him . Meanwhile , three interns are assigned to NCIS ; Abby is suspicious after her last assistant 's ( Chip Sterling in Season 3 ) attempt to kill her , Palmer feels ineffective after Ducky bonds with his intern , and McGee must contend with an intern who shows no interest in law enforcement or field work at all . 165 `` Short Fuse '' Leslie Libman George Schenck & Frank Cardea October 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) 803 19.81 NCIS responds to an emergency phone call after Heather Dempsey , a Marine bomb technician , shoots and kills an intruder in her home . Dempsey initially evades the investigation , but the team quickly find evidence she was not alone at the time . Her lover is revealed to be a senior FBI agent ; the intruder a hit man . They learn that Dempsey 's brother was shot and paralyzed by a man named Abbott in a gang war , and that the FBI lover recommended protective custody for him after he testified to escape jail time . Dempsey started a relationship with the agent to learn Abbott 's new identity and location . When he learned that Dempsey was searching for him , Abbott hired the hitman to kill her before she could kill him . Because hiring the hitman was not part of his immunity deal , Abbott is arrested . Meanwhile , Tony is excited to be chosen as the face of NCIS ' new recruitment campaign , but Director Vance decides Gibbs promotes the qualities NCIS is looking for more than Tony does . 166 `` Royals and Loyals '' Arvin Brown Reed Steiner October 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) 804 19.20 The team is involved in an international incident as they investigate the murder of an American petty officer whose case is connected with a Royal Navy ship . Complications ensue when someone tries to get the ship to depart before NCIS can properly investigate . They discover that the murder was over a large amount of stolen CIA money , used to pay off warlords and dictators in Afghanistan . At first , the team suspects that the Royal Navy liaison officer is responsible , but quickly find out that he is actually an MI6 agent who was framed for the theft . With his help , they track down the real culprit , the corrupt CIA handler who was in charge of the money . 167 5 `` Dead Air '' Terrence O'Hara Christopher J. Waild October 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) 805 19.41 The team investigates the death of a radio DJ and a naval officer who were both killed live on air , and their job becomes more difficult by the discovery of various suspects . While searching for the murderer , they inadvertently uncover a large domestic terrorist group composed mostly of wealthy homeowners living in a gated community . The terrorist group feel that America should be spending more money defending itself rather than on foreign wars , and attempted to recruit the DJ to their cause . When the DJ refused , they had him killed to silence him . The NCIS team raids the community and arrests all of the members , only to find out that they have something much more sinister planned . 168 6 `` Cracked '' Tony Wharmby Nicole Mirante - Matthews October 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) 806 20.18 The NCIS team investigate the death of a Navy researcher who was hit by a bus in the middle of a busy street . They are surprised to find that her entire body is covered in elaborate chemical formulae , but begin to suspect her death was nothing more than an accident after finding evidence that she was becoming increasingly paranoid . Recognizing the researcher as a kindred spirit because they share similar thought processes , Abby becomes fixated on solving her equations and vows to finish the work that the victim originally started . Unfortunately her new - found obsession soon begins driving a wedge between her and the rest of the team but thanks to Gibbs and the victim 's mother , Abby eventually regains her priorities and resumes working on the case . As the team discover that the researcher was being poisoned , Abby deduces that the formula is a method of converting bacteria into fuel . The trail leads back to a jealous co-worker , who poisoned the researcher in order to take her job . Meanwhile , Tony 's latest fling causes trouble when she suggests role playing , but refuses to tell Tony what she has in mind . Her fantasy is later revealed to be Tony Manero from Saturday Night Fever , evidenced by a very uncomfortable Tony attempting to sneak out of the Navy yard in a white disco suit . 169 7 `` Broken Arrow '' Arvin Brown George Schenck & Frank Cardea November 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) 807 19.87 When investigating a murder of a former Navy Commander and friend of Vice Admiral Chase , the team stumbles across a piece of an old nuclear bomb that had been lost during the Cold War . Because the victim had connections to Tony 's father , they track him down and question him . Eventually , much to Tony 's annoyance , Gibbs recruits DiNozzo Sr. to use his contacts to infiltrate a private party attended by arms dealers . They discover that the CEO of a salvage company stumbled across the nuclear bomb and plans to sell it on the black market . The CEO is arrested , and both DiNozzos finally reconcile their differences with one another . 170 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' Dennis Smith Jesse Stern November 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) 808 19.43 The team is designated to protect Eli David ( Mossad Director & Ziva 's father ) during a NCIS conference . They must deal with three Palestinian terrorists trying to kill him . The episode ends on a cliffhanger when , after an attack by the terrorists at the conference apparently fails , Vance and David go to a safe house . Gibbs can not reach them on the radio and Officer Hadar is shown to be lying dead at the safe house . 171 9 `` Enemies Domestic '' Mark Horowitz Jesse Stern November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 809 18.78 Gibbs arrives at the scene to find Hadar dead , Vance critically injured , and Eli missing . Eventually , the team tracks down Eli , who had gone into hiding to elude his assassins . They then deduce that the man who planted the bomb is an insider at NCIS . During the episode , Gibbs revisits Operation Trident , Vance 's first job with NIS and when he met Eli David . Gibbs originally comes to the conclusion that Eli tried to have Vance killed during the op by tipping off his primary target : a Soviet operative called the Russian . When Eli is found , it is revealed that Vance and Eli had actually worked together during the op to stop the Russian and his hit team which was the career builder for Vance . The insider in NCIS was the same person who mounted the operation in Amsterdam and whose plan was foiled by Vance and Eli . It is revealed that the insider is Riley McAllister , former head of the San Diego field office , and that he mounted the operation so that his area of expertise , Russia , would come back into a post-Cold War play which would have allowed him to become Director . He had hired the Russian , the same man that he later sent Gibbs to assassinate in Paris along with Jenny Shepard , to kill Vance and he had set up the bomb at the safe house to have revenge on Vance and Eli . He then tries to kill Vance in his hospital room but Vance stabs him with a knife that Gibbs had given him to defend himself . Before he returns to Israel , Eli makes peace with Ziva . 172 10 `` False Witness '' James Whitmore , Jr . Steven D. Binder December 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ) 810 19.87 The NCIS team investigates the disappearance of a Navy Petty Officer who is the sole witness in an upcoming murder trial . Meanwhile , Ziva and McGee attempt to discover the reason for Tony 's strange behavior . 173 11 `` Ships in the Night '' Thomas J. Wright Reed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild January 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 11 ) 811 21.93 Gibbs and the NCIS team partner with Coast Guard Investigative Service ( CGIS ) Agent Abigail Borin to investigate the murder of a Marine First Lieutenant on a dinner cruise . The team learns of the victim 's wealth , opening up new lines of investigation . The victim was the heir of a multimillion dollar corporation , and was intending to use his ownership to turn the corporation into a charity organization . Piecing together the clues , the team discovers that the victim 's death was the result of a conspiracy between his sister , the family lawyer , and the corporation 's CFO . Later , one of the victim 's squadmates , who is also a lawyer , arrives at NCIS to deliver his last will and testament , which was intended to carry out the victim 's wishes to reform his company . 174 12 `` Recruited '' Arvin Brown Gary Glasberg January 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) 812 21.09 A petty officer 's recruitment session at a college fair comes to a fatal end , prompting the NCIS team to solve his murder . The team learns of the petty officer 's homosexuality , leading Gibbs to classify the murder as a possible hate crime . Ducky 's predecessor at NCIS , Dr. Walter Magnus ( Bob Newhart ) , pays a visit . The team tracks down several suspects , but Gibbs eventually figures out that the killer was the father of one of the students the petty officer was advising . The father did not realize the petty officer was trying to help his son deal with his homosexuality , and feared he was attempting to start a relationship with him . Meanwhile , Magnus reveals the true reason for his visit ; he is suffering from Alzheimer 's disease and he was hoping that coming back to NCIS would help him regain his memories . To help Magnus , Ducky with McGee aiding him gives Magnus a collection of pictures of all of the people Magnus had helped during his time in NCIS . 175 13 `` Freedom '' Craig Ross , Jr . Nicole Mirante - Matthews February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) 813 22.85 The team investigates the death of a marine , which reveals that his wife has been abused . 176 14 `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' James Whitmore , Jr . Gary Glasberg February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) 814 20.35 A naval commander is found dead in his rack aboard ship , apparently murdered . The NCIS team investigates while having to deal with mandatory psychological evaluations conducted by Dr. Rachel Cranston , who is eventually revealed to be the older sister of their former colleague and friend , Agent Caitlin Todd . It is discovered that the commander had actually committed suicide due to facing mandatory retirement and having no life other than the Navy . His colleagues had disguised the suicide out of respect for him . 177 15 `` Defiance '' Dennis Smith George Schenck & Frank Cardea February 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 15 ) 815 19.40 A botched assassination attempt in Belgravia forces NCIS to protect the Defense Minister 's daughter Adriana , who is studying in the U.S. While the team is busy guarding Adriana , Gibbs attempts to investigate the death of the Marine who was killed protecting the minister . Meanwhile , Adriana begins developing a crush on McGee , but she is suddenly kidnapped by two armed attackers . Furious at their failure , Vance orders the team to solve the case in 48 hours or he will take McGee and Dinozzo 's badges . The team discovers that Adriana , who disagreed with her father 's policies , arranged her own kidnapping to pressure him . However , one of the conspirators becomes greedy and decides to hold her for ransom . Fortunately , the team is able to rescue her , but are unable to arrest her for her role in the plot due to diplomatic immunity . McGee is left to wonder if Adriana really did have feelings for him or if it was all just an act . 178 16 `` Kill Screen '' Tony Wharmby Teleplay by : Steven D. Binder Story by : Steven Kriozere February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) 816 21.32 The discovery of some extracted teeth and dismembered digits in a purse results in an NCIS investigation when they are identified as belonging to a Marine . As the team tries to track down the killer , an investigator from an electronic security firm ( guest star Jason Beghe ) arrives , having traced the source of a number of computer hackings to NCIS . This makes McGee nervous as he had regularly illegally hacked into government computers under Gibbs ' orders . The team manages to track down Maxine ( guest star Beth Riesgraf ) , who is the dead Marine 's girlfriend and is an avid gamer and computer expert . She begins to take a liking to McGee . However , McGee tries to maintain his distance due to the events in `` Defiance '' . She reveals that she had accidentally uncovered some sort of encrypted code in an MMORPG which turns out to be a program capable of hacking the Pentagon . The team tracks down the programmer responsible and shuts down his program , but he is found dead . Gibbs and McGee deduce that the investigator that arrived earlier was behind the killings , since news of such a threat to American security could ruin his career . Later , DiNozzo manipulates events to get McGee to start dating Maxine . 179 17 `` One Last Score '' Michael Weatherly Jesse Stern March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) 817 19.21 NCIS discovers that one of its former investigative assistants found brutally stabbed to death was selling details for how to rob a warehouse full of valuable possessions . 180 18 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Terrence O'Hara Teleplay by : Reed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild Story by : Leon Carroll , Jr . March 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) 818 19.46 Director Vance has Gibbs and his team assigned to the case of a drug - addicted teenager accused of patricide . Gibbs begins to question Vance 's motives when the NCIS team begin to find inconsistencies in the investigation that lead him to believe his suspect is innocent . Tensions between Gibbs and Vance -- fuelled by budget cuts and re-assignments in previous episodes -- come to a head when Vance admits the victim was a close friend . After a lengthy investigation , NCIS discover that the boy 's runaway mother had recently tried to re-enter his life , and killed his father in a rage when he refused to let the two meet . 181 19 `` Tell - All '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Andrew Bartels March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) 819 18.73 A dying message from a naval officer attached to the Defense Intelligence Agency leads Gibbs ' team in search of a manuscript containing military information . As the team investigates further , they find the body of a murdered FBI agent , and discover that both victims were involved in the writing of a book exposing secret anti-terrorist operations . However , the team is forced to track down the anonymous author of the book when Navy intelligence officers destroy all copies of the book . With the author 's help ( who is also a former Marine Lieutenant who was discharged for a failed anti-terrorist operation ) , they manage to arrest an arms dealer who had stolen a shipment of military weapons , but find out that she was n't the killer . With this new information , as well as new evidence from Abby , Gibbs deduces that the FBI agent 's husband is the killer , since he mistakenly believed that his wife was having an affair . As a minor story , Gibbs gets an invitation to a wedding , and throws it in the bin . Tony spends the entire episode trying to figure out who it is from . It turns out it was from one of his ex-wives ( the same wife who married and divorced Fornell ) . 182 20 `` Two - Faced '' Thomas J. Wright Nicole Mirante - Matthews & Reed Steiner April 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) 820 19.40 The body of a seaman is found wrapped in plastic and doused with a hospital - grade cleanser , hallmarks of a serial killer known as the `` Port - to - Port '' killer who kills service personnel when they make landfall . Vance creates a task force to catch the killer , appointing Barrett as lead investigator as she had been tracking the killer since he struck in Rota , Spain . Tensions arise within the MCRT when Gibbs suspects Barret and DiNozzo are sleeping together , compromising the loyalties of the team . Ziva discovers her boyfriend Ray is a secret CIA liaison to NCIS and questions the entire nature of their relationship when she catches him in a lie . After several dead ends and the discovery of another victim ( bringing the known total to five ) , the episode ends with Ziva and DiNozzo in a bar , discovering a human eyeball floating in a glass of gin and tonic sent by an unidentified patron . 183 21 `` Dead Reflection '' William Webb George Schenck & Frank Cardea April 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 12 ) 821 19.87 The Major Case Response Team investigates a murder in the Pentagon that was caught on camera . Complications arise when the killer himself is found dead in an apparent car accident , but Ducky claims it was impossible for him to have committed the murder that was caught on tape as he died two days earlier ; eventually the team discovers the real killer was using an advanced silicone mask to impersonate the deceased so he could tamper with evidence implicating him in a botched special forces mission . Meanwhile , after trying to figure out the mystery of the eye from `` Two - Faced '' , E.J. and Palmer discover that the eye from the previous episode can open MTAC when scanned , leaving everyone including Gibbs and the team shocked at the revelation . 184 22 `` Baltimore '' Terrence O'Hara Steven D. Binder May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) 822 17.87 Special agent Anthony DiNozzo must dig into his past as a cop at Baltimore Police District when his old partner is murdered . 185 23 `` Swan Song '' Tony Wharmby Jesse Stern May 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) 823 17.62 While chasing the Port to Port Killer , NCIS is placed on high alert when evidence comes to light that he has infiltrated the Navy Yard . They learn that his latest victim survived because somebody intervened and lost an eye in the process : the team 's on - again , off - again enemy , Trent Kort . Kort names the Port to Port Killer as Lt. Jonas Cobb ( Kerr Smith ) , the first member of a CIA assassination team who cracked under inhumane training . Kort was sent to locate Cobb and eliminate him . As the NCIS team close in on Cobb , they suffer a personal tragedy when Mike Franks is killed after attempting to apprehend him . With Cobb injured , armed and unaccounted for , Gibbs confronts Leon Vance over his decisions in recent weeks . Vance admits that the decision to put E.J. Barrett in charge of the case came from higher up . Gibbs realizes that Cobb identifies with him , and is likely targeting E.J. The episode ends with E.J. ignoring Vance 's orders and attempting to apprehend Cobb . However , Cobb ambushes E.J. and they both get into a struggle , which E.J. begins to slowly lose . 186 24 `` Pyramid '' Dennis Smith Gary Glasberg May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 824 18.62 Having finally learned the identity of the Port - to - Port killer after the death of Mike Franks , Gibbs and his team prepare for the worst when he makes his final strike close to the heart of NCIS , leading Ziva into a trap . When Ziva is found by McGee , DiNozzo , Gibbs and Ray Cruz , she reveals that it was misdirection while the killer , Lt. Jonas Cobb , infiltrates NCIS to target the people he holds responsible for turning him into a killer as a part of `` Operation Frankenstein '' : Leon Vance , Trent Kort and the Secretary of the Navy . Everything he has done since killing his first victim in Spain has been with the sole intention of finding them -- but knowing that the Secretary of the Navy is under twenty - four - hour protection , Cobb changes tactics and instead targets E.J. Barrett who is not only the person who has been investigating him from the beginning of his killing spree , but is also the Secretary of the Navy 's niece . The NCIS team are able to track Cobb back to the facility where he was put through his training and is seen `` training '' Trent Kort , Jimmy Palmer and Barrett . He claims he only ever did what he thought was right , but refuses to surrender and is shot and killed by Gibbs and Vance . The Secretary of the Navy resigns over the affair , Trent Kort goes into hiding in Israel and Mike Franks is given a military funeral in a coffin built by Gibbs . The episode ends with the new Secretary of the Navy Clayton Jarvis ( Matt Craven ) giving DiNozzo a classified assignment to `` handle '' an unknown person and informing him that an NCIS agent is suspected of selling classified information . Ratings ( edit ) Episode Ratings Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) Rank Night Week `` Spider and the Fly '' September 21 , 2010 19.41 `` Worst Nightmare '' September 28 , 2010 19.15 `` Short Fuse '' October 5 , 2010 19.81 `` Royals & Loyals '' October 12 , 2010 19.20 `` Dead Air '' October 19 , 2010 19.41 `` Cracked '' October 26 , 2010 20.18 `` Broken Arrow '' November 9 , 2010 19.87 `` Enemies Foreign '' November 16 , 2010 19.43 `` Enemies Domestic '' November 23 , 2010 18.78 `` False Witness '' December 14 , 2010 19.87 `` Ships in the Night '' January 11 , 2011 21.93 `` Recruited '' January 18 , 2011 21.09 5 `` Freedom '' February 1 , 2011 22.85 5 `` A Man Walks Into A Bar ... '' February 8 , 2011 20.35 `` Defiance '' February 15 , 2011 19.40 `` Kill Screen '' February 22 , 2011 21.32 5 `` One Last Score '' March 1 , 2011 19.21 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' March 22 , 2011 19.46 `` Tell - All '' March 29 , 2011 18.73 5 `` Two - Faced '' April 5 , 2011 19.40 5 `` Dead Reflection '' April 12 , 2011 19.87 `` Baltimore '' May 3 , 2011 17.87 `` Swan Song '' May 10 , 2011 17.62 `` Pyramid '' May 17 , 2011 18.62 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2010 -- 2011 Primetime Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Week 2 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , No Ordinary Family , NCIS , Dancing , Parenthood Up ; Raising Hope , Detroit 1 -- 8 -- 7 , Running Wilde Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , Dancing Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 , Good Wife , Raising Hope , Running Wilde , Life Unexpected Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : NCIS , DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; Detroit 1 -- 8 -- 7 , Running Wilde Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , Dancing Adjusted Up ; Detroit 1 -- 8 -- 7 , Raising Hope Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : NCIS , Glee , Life Unexpected Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 , Raising Hope Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee Sings Louder , Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : The Biggest Loser Sheds a Tenth ; Raising Hope Gains It '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : ' The Good Wife , ' ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Detroit 187 ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS : LA ' Hits Viewer Highs '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Life Unexpected ' Finale Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up For Women 18 -- 34 , No 18 - 49 Adjustments '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up , ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up , Ties ' NCIS ' ; ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down ; ' Glee ' Repeat Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Body Of Proof , ' 2x ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing with the Stars Results , ' ' Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Body of Proof ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Parenthood , ' ' Biggest Loser , ' ' Food Revolution , ' ' Dancing Results ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Hellcats ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Glee , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Breaking In , ' ' The Good Wife , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . General references `` NCIS Season 8 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z -- ncis on cbs '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . `` NCIS Season 8 Episode Recaps '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 `` Boom Boom '' ( theme song ) Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCIS_(season_8)&oldid=848479547 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons NCIS ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2012 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Íslenska Italiano Magyar Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 04 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who dies in season 8 episode 23 of ncis | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1631\"Spider and the Fly\"Dennis SmithGary GlasbergSeptember 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)80119.41[2]\nFollowing Jackson Gibbs' (guest star Ralph Waite) confrontation with Paloma Reynosa (guest star Jacqueline Obradors), he is placed in NCIS protective custody at his son's house. A few months later, the death of a helicopter pilot embroils the team in the Reynosa Cartel's vendetta with Gibbs, making each team member a target. Paloma Reynosa, head of the cartel, plays a game of cat and mouse with NCIS as she makes a wide trail through the US, expanding her cartel's influence. Tensions erupt when Alejandro Rivera (guest star Marco Sanchez), calls Abby on her bluff to send the report on the Pedro Hernandez murder and threatens her in front of Gibbs. Aware of his involvement in the Reynosa Cartel, NCIS leads Rivera into a trap at a safehouse, tricking him into thinking his sister is dead and those responsible are in protective custody. Rivera takes the bait and intends to exact revenge, but ends up fatally shooting his own sister. Meanwhile, Leon Vance, whilst putting the report implicating Gibbs in a place no one will find it, receives a mysterious text message from Eli David, Director of Mossad claiming \"I found him\".\n1642\"Worst Nightmare\"Tony WharmbySteven D. BinderSeptember 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)80219.15[3]\nA teenage girl is kidnapped from her middle school on the Quantico marine base, prompting NCIS to investigate. Nicholas Mason, the missing girl's grandfather (William Devane), complicates matters when he arranges a ransom drop without informing NCIS. While the team are working to find out the identity of the kidnapper and motive, Gibbs is worried Mason will take the law into his own hands and potentially cause more damage. Using an elaborate ploy, the team manages to trick the kidnapper into revealing where he was hiding the girl and arrest him. Meanwhile, three interns are assigned to NCIS; Abby is suspicious after her last assistant's (Chip Sterling in Season 3) attempt to kill her, Palmer feels ineffective after Ducky bonds with his intern, and McGee must contend with an intern who shows no interest in law enforcement or field work at all.\n1653\"Short Fuse\"Leslie LibmanGeorge Schenck & Frank CardeaOctober 5, 2010 (2010-10-05)80319.81[4]\nNCIS responds to an emergency phone call after Heather Dempsey, a Marine bomb technician, shoots and kills an intruder in her home. Dempsey initially evades the investigation, but the team quickly find evidence she was not alone at the time. Her lover is revealed to be a senior FBI agent; the intruder a hit man. They learn that Dempsey's brother was shot and paralyzed by a man named Abbott in a gang war, and that the FBI lover recommended protective custody for him after he testified to escape jail time. Dempsey started a relationship with the agent to learn Abbott's new identity and location. When he learned that Dempsey was searching for him, Abbott hired the hitman to kill her before she could kill him. Because hiring the hitman was not part of his immunity deal, Abbott is arrested. Meanwhile, Tony is excited to be chosen as the face of NCIS' new recruitment campaign, but Director Vance decides Gibbs promotes the qualities NCIS is looking for more than Tony does.\n1664\"Royals and Loyals\"Arvin BrownReed SteinerOctober 12, 2010 (2010-10-12)80419.20[5]\nThe team is involved in an international incident as they investigate the murder of an American petty officer whose case is connected with a Royal Navy ship. Complications ensue when someone tries to get the ship to depart before NCIS can properly investigate. They discover that the murder was over a large amount of stolen CIA money, used to pay off warlords and dictators in Afghanistan. At first, the team suspects that the Royal Navy liaison officer is responsible, but quickly find out that he is actually an MI6 agent who was framed for the theft. With his help, they track down the real culprit, the corrupt CIA handler who was in charge of the money.\n1675\"Dead Air\"Terrence O'HaraChristopher J. WaildOctober 19, 2010 (2010-10-19)80519.41[6]\nThe team investigates the death of a radio DJ and a naval officer who were both killed live on air, and their job becomes more difficult by the discovery of various suspects. While searching for the murderer, they inadvertently uncover a large domestic terrorist group composed mostly of wealthy homeowners living in a gated community. The terrorist group feel that America should be spending more money defending itself rather than on foreign wars, and attempted to recruit the DJ to their cause. When the DJ refused, they had him killed to silence him. The NCIS team raids the community and arrests all of the members, only to find out that they have something much more sinister planned.\n1686\"Cracked\"Tony WharmbyNicole Mirante-MatthewsOctober 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)80620.18[7]\nThe NCIS team investigate the death of a Navy researcher who was hit by a bus in the middle of a busy street. They are surprised to find that her entire body is covered in elaborate chemical formulae, but begin to suspect her death was nothing more than an accident after finding evidence that she was becoming increasingly paranoid. Recognizing the researcher as a kindred spirit because they share similar thought processes, Abby becomes fixated on solving her equations and vows to finish the work that the victim originally started. Unfortunately her new-found obsession soon begins driving a wedge between her and the rest of the team but thanks to Gibbs and the victim's mother, Abby eventually regains her priorities and resumes working on the case. As the team discover that the researcher was being poisoned, Abby deduces that the formula is a method of converting bacteria into fuel. The trail leads back to a jealous co-worker, who poisoned the researcher in order to take her job.\n\nMeanwhile, Tony's latest fling causes trouble when she suggests role playing, but refuses to tell Tony what she has in mind. Her fantasy is later revealed to be Tony Manero from Saturday Night Fever, evidenced by a very uncomfortable Tony attempting to sneak out of the Navy yard in a white disco suit.\n1697\"Broken Arrow\"Arvin BrownGeorge Schenck & Frank CardeaNovember 9, 2010 (2010-11-09)80719.87[8]\nWhen investigating a murder of a former Navy Commander and friend of Vice Admiral Chase, the team stumbles across a piece of an old nuclear bomb that had been lost during the Cold War. Because the victim had connections to Tony's father, they track him down and question him. Eventually, much to Tony's annoyance, Gibbs recruits DiNozzo Sr. to use his contacts to infiltrate a private party attended by arms dealers. They discover that the CEO of a salvage company stumbled across the nuclear bomb and plans to sell it on the black market. The CEO is arrested, and both DiNozzos finally reconcile their differences with one another.\n1708\"Enemies Foreign\"Dennis SmithJesse SternNovember 16, 2010 (2010-11-16)80819.43[9]\nThe team is designated to protect Eli David (Mossad Director & Ziva's father) during a NCIS conference. They must deal with three Palestinian terrorists trying to kill him. The episode ends on a cliffhanger when, after an attack by the terrorists at the conference apparently fails, Vance and David go to a safe house. Gibbs cannot reach them on the radio and Officer Hadar is shown to be lying dead at the safe house.\n1719\"Enemies Domestic\"Mark HorowitzJesse SternNovember 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)80918.78[10]\nGibbs arrives at the scene to find Hadar dead, Vance critically injured, and Eli missing. Eventually, the team tracks down Eli, who had gone into hiding to elude his assassins. They then deduce that the man who planted the bomb is an insider at NCIS. During the episode, Gibbs revisits Operation Trident, Vance's first job with NIS and when he met Eli David. Gibbs originally comes to the conclusion that Eli tried to have Vance killed during the op by tipping off his primary target: a Soviet operative called the Russian. When Eli is found, it is revealed that Vance and Eli had actually worked together during the op to stop the Russian and his hit team which was the career builder for Vance. The insider in NCIS was the same person who mounted the operation in Amsterdam and whose plan was foiled by Vance and Eli. It is revealed that the insider is Riley McAllister, former head of the San Diego field office, and that he mounted the operation so that his area of expertise, Russia, would come back into a post-Cold War play which would have allowed him to become Director. He had hired the Russian, the same man that he later sent Gibbs to assassinate in Paris along with Jenny Shepard, to kill Vance and he had set up the bomb at the safe house to have revenge on Vance and Eli. He then tries to kill Vance in his hospital room but Vance stabs him with a knife that Gibbs had given him to defend himself. Before he returns to Israel, Eli makes peace with Ziva.\n17210\"False Witness\"James Whitmore, Jr.Steven D. BinderDecember 14, 2010 (2010-12-14)81019.87[11]\nThe NCIS team investigates the disappearance of a Navy Petty Officer who is the sole witness in an upcoming murder trial. Meanwhile, Ziva and McGee attempt to discover the reason for Tony's strange behavior.\n17311\"Ships in the Night\"Thomas J. WrightReed Steiner & Christopher J. WaildJanuary 11, 2011 (2011-01-11)81121.93[12]\nGibbs and the NCIS team partner with Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS) Agent Abigail Borin to investigate the murder of a Marine First Lieutenant on a dinner cruise. The team learns of the victim's wealth, opening up new lines of investigation. The victim was the heir of a multimillion dollar corporation, and was intending to use his ownership to turn the corporation into a charity organization. Piecing together the clues, the team discovers that the victim's death was the result of a conspiracy between his sister, the family lawyer, and the corporation's CFO. Later, one of the victim's squadmates, who is also a lawyer, arrives at NCIS to deliver his last will and testament, which was intended to carry out the victim's wishes to reform his company.\n17412\"Recruited\"Arvin BrownGary GlasbergJanuary 18, 2011 (2011-01-18)81221.09[13]\nA petty officer's recruitment session at a college fair comes to a fatal end, prompting the NCIS team to solve his murder. The team learns of the petty officer's homosexuality, leading Gibbs to classify the murder as a possible hate crime. Ducky's predecessor at NCIS, Dr. Walter Magnus (Bob Newhart), pays a visit. The team tracks down several suspects, but Gibbs eventually figures out that the killer was the father of one of the students the petty officer was advising. The father did not realize the petty officer was trying to help his son deal with his homosexuality, and feared he was attempting to start a relationship with him.\n\nMeanwhile, Magnus reveals the true reason for his visit; he is suffering from Alzheimer's disease and he was hoping that coming back to NCIS would help him regain his memories. To help Magnus, Ducky with McGee aiding him gives Magnus a collection of pictures of all of the people Magnus had helped during his time in NCIS.\n17513\"Freedom\"Craig Ross, Jr.Nicole Mirante-MatthewsFebruary 1, 2011 (2011-02-01)81322.85[14]\nThe team investigates the death of a marine, which reveals that his wife has been abused.\n17614\"A Man Walks Into a Bar...\"James Whitmore, Jr.Gary GlasbergFebruary 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)81420.35[15]\nA naval commander is found dead in his rack aboard ship, apparently murdered. The NCIS team investigates while having to deal with mandatory psychological evaluations conducted by Dr. Rachel Cranston, who is eventually revealed to be the older sister of their former colleague and friend, Agent Caitlin Todd. It is discovered that the commander had actually committed suicide due to facing mandatory retirement and having no life other than the Navy. His colleagues had disguised the suicide out of respect for him.\n17715\"Defiance\"Dennis SmithGeorge Schenck & Frank CardeaFebruary 15, 2011 (2011-02-15)81519.40[16]\nA botched assassination attempt in Belgravia forces NCIS to protect the Defense Minister's daughter Adriana, who is studying in the U.S. While the team is busy guarding Adriana, Gibbs attempts to investigate the death of the Marine who was killed protecting the minister. Meanwhile, Adriana begins developing a crush on McGee, but she is suddenly kidnapped by two armed attackers. Furious at their failure, Vance orders the team to solve the case in 48 hours or he will take McGee and Dinozzo's badges. The team discovers that Adriana, who disagreed with her father's policies, arranged her own kidnapping to pressure him. However, one of the conspirators becomes greedy and decides to hold her for ransom. Fortunately, the team is able to rescue her, but are unable to arrest her for her role in the plot due to diplomatic immunity. McGee is left to wonder if Adriana really did have feelings for him or if it was all just an act.\n17816\"Kill Screen\"Tony WharmbyTeleplay by: Steven D. BinderStory by: Steven KriozereFebruary 22, 2011 (2011-02-22)81621.32[17]\nThe discovery of some extracted teeth and dismembered digits in a purse results in an NCIS investigation when they are identified as belonging to a Marine. As the team tries to track down the killer, an investigator from an electronic security firm (guest star Jason Beghe) arrives, having traced the source of a number of computer hackings to NCIS. This makes McGee nervous as he had regularly illegally hacked into government computers under Gibbs' orders. The team manages to track down Maxine (guest star Beth Riesgraf), who is the dead Marine's girlfriend and is an avid gamer and computer expert. She begins to take a liking to McGee. However, McGee tries to maintain his distance due to the events in \"Defiance\". She reveals that she had accidentally uncovered some sort of encrypted code in an MMORPG which turns out to be a program capable of hacking the Pentagon. The team tracks down the programmer responsible and shuts down his program, but he is found dead. Gibbs and McGee deduce that the investigator that arrived earlier was behind the killings, since news of such a threat to American security could ruin his career. Later, DiNozzo manipulates events to get McGee to start dating Maxine.\n17917\"One Last Score\"Michael WeatherlyJesse SternMarch 1, 2011 (2011-03-01)81719.21[18]\nNCIS discovers that one of its former investigative assistants found brutally stabbed to death was selling details for how to rob a warehouse full of valuable possessions.\n18018\"Out of the Frying Pan\"Terrence O'HaraTeleplay by: Reed Steiner & Christopher J. WaildStory by: Leon Carroll, Jr.March 22, 2011 (2011-03-22)81819.46[19]\nDirector Vance has Gibbs and his team assigned to the case of a drug-addicted teenager accused of patricide. Gibbs begins to question Vance's motives when the NCIS team begin to find inconsistencies in the investigation that lead him to believe his suspect is innocent. Tensions between Gibbs and Vance – fuelled by budget cuts and re-assignments in previous episodes – come to a head when Vance admits the victim was a close friend. After a lengthy investigation, NCIS discover that the boy's runaway mother had recently tried to re-enter his life, and killed his father in a rage when he refused to let the two meet.\n18119\"Tell-All\"Kevin Rodney SullivanAndrew BartelsMarch 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)81918.73[20]\nA dying message from a naval officer attached to the Defense Intelligence Agency leads Gibbs' team in search of a manuscript containing military information. As the team investigates further, they find the body of a murdered FBI agent, and discover that both victims were involved in the writing of a book exposing secret anti-terrorist operations. However, the team is forced to track down the anonymous author of the book when Navy intelligence officers destroy all copies of the book. With the author's help (who is also a former Marine Lieutenant who was discharged for a failed anti-terrorist operation), they manage to arrest an arms dealer who had stolen a shipment of military weapons, but find out that she wasn't the killer. With this new information, as well as new evidence from Abby, Gibbs deduces that the FBI agent's husband is the killer, since he mistakenly believed that his wife was having an affair. As a minor story, Gibbs gets an invitation to a wedding, and throws it in the bin. Tony spends the entire episode trying to figure out who it is from. It turns out it was from one of his ex-wives (the same wife who married and divorced Fornell).\n18220\"Two-Faced\"Thomas J. WrightNicole Mirante-Matthews & Reed SteinerApril 5, 2011 (2011-04-05)82019.40[21]\nThe body of a seaman is found wrapped in plastic and doused with a hospital-grade cleanser, hallmarks of a serial killer known as the \"Port-to-Port\" killer who kills service personnel when they make landfall. Vance creates a task force to catch the killer, appointing Barrett as lead investigator as she had been tracking the killer since he struck in Rota, Spain. Tensions arise within the MCRT when Gibbs suspects Barret and DiNozzo are sleeping together, compromising the loyalties of the team. Ziva discovers her boyfriend Ray is a secret CIA liaison to NCIS and questions the entire nature of their relationship when she catches him in a lie. After several dead ends and the discovery of another victim (bringing the known total to five), the episode ends with Ziva and DiNozzo in a bar, discovering a human eyeball floating in a glass of gin and tonic sent by an unidentified patron.\n18321\"Dead Reflection\"William WebbGeorge Schenck & Frank CardeaApril 12, 2011 (2011-04-12)82119.87[22]\nThe Major Case Response Team investigates a murder in the Pentagon that was caught on camera. Complications arise when the killer himself is found dead in an apparent car accident, but Ducky claims it was impossible for him to have committed the murder that was caught on tape as he died two days earlier; eventually the team discovers the real killer was using an advanced silicone mask to impersonate the deceased so he could tamper with evidence implicating him in a botched special forces mission. Meanwhile, after trying to figure out the mystery of the eye from \"Two-Faced\", E.J. and Palmer discover that the eye from the previous episode can open MTAC when scanned, leaving everyone including Gibbs and the team shocked at the revelation.\n18422\"Baltimore\"Terrence O'HaraSteven D. BinderMay 3, 2011 (2011-05-03)82217.87[23]\nSpecial agent Anthony DiNozzo must dig into his past as a cop at Baltimore Police District when his old partner is murdered.\n18523\"Swan Song\"Tony WharmbyJesse SternMay 10, 2011 (2011-05-10)82317.62[24]\nWhile chasing the Port to Port Killer, NCIS is placed on high alert when evidence comes to light that he has infiltrated the Navy Yard. They learn that his latest victim survived because somebody intervened and lost an eye in the process: the team's on-again, off-again enemy, Trent Kort. Kort names the Port to Port Killer as Lt. Jonas Cobb (Kerr Smith), the first member of a CIA assassination team who cracked under inhumane training. Kort was sent to locate Cobb and eliminate him. As the NCIS team close in on Cobb, they suffer a personal tragedy when Mike Franks is killed after attempting to apprehend him. With Cobb injured, armed and unaccounted for, Gibbs confronts Leon Vance over his decisions in recent weeks. Vance admits that the decision to put E.J. Barrett in charge of the case came from higher up. Gibbs realizes that Cobb identifies with him, and is likely targeting E.J. The episode ends with E.J. ignoring Vance's orders and attempting to apprehend Cobb. However, Cobb ambushes E.J. and they both get into a struggle, which E.J. begins to slowly lose.\n18624\"Pyramid\"Dennis SmithGary GlasbergMay 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)82418.62[25]\nHaving finally learned the identity of the Port-to-Port killer after the death of Mike Franks, Gibbs and his team prepare for the worst when he makes his final strike close to the heart of NCIS, leading Ziva into a trap. When Ziva is found by McGee, DiNozzo, Gibbs and Ray Cruz, she reveals that it was misdirection while the killer, Lt. Jonas Cobb, infiltrates NCIS to target the people he holds responsible for turning him into a killer as a part of \"Operation Frankenstein\": Leon Vance, Trent Kort and the Secretary of the Navy. Everything he has done since killing his first victim in Spain has been with the sole intention of finding them – but knowing that the Secretary of the Navy is under twenty-four-hour protection, Cobb changes tactics and instead targets E.J. Barrett who is not only the person who has been investigating him from the beginning of his killing spree, but is also the Secretary of the Navy's niece. The NCIS team are able to track Cobb back to the facility where he was put through his training and is seen \"training\" Trent Kort, Jimmy Palmer and Barrett. He claims he only ever did what he thought was right, but refuses to surrender and is shot and killed by Gibbs and Vance. The Secretary of the Navy resigns over the affair, Trent Kort goes into hiding in Israel and Mike Franks is given a military funeral in a coffin built by Gibbs. The episode ends with the new Secretary of the Navy Clayton Jarvis (Matt Craven) giving DiNozzo a classified assignment to \"handle\" an unknown person and informing him that an NCIS agent is suspected of selling classified information."
] | [
"Mike Franks"
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-7464348521305164211 | You'll Never Walk Alone | You 'll Never Walk Alone - wikipedia You 'll Never Walk Alone For other uses , see You 'll Never Walk Alone ( disambiguation ) . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Song Published 1945 Genre Show tune Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers Lyricist ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel . In the second act of the musical , Nettie Fowler , the cousin of the protagonist Julie Jordan , sings `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' to comfort and encourage Julie when her husband , Billy Bigelow , the male lead , commits suicide after a failed robbery attempt . It is reprised in the final scene to encourage a graduation class of which Louise ( Billy and Julie 's daughter ) is a member . The now invisible Billy , who has been granted the chance to return to Earth for one day in order to redeem himself , watches the ceremony and is able to silently motivate the unhappy Louise to join in the song . The song is also sung at association football clubs around the world , where it is performed by a massed chorus of supporters on matchday ; this tradition began at Liverpool F.C. in the early 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Subsequent history 3 Sporting anthem 4 Recorded versions 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Christine Johnson , who created the role of Nettie Fowler , introduced the song in the original Broadway production . Later in the show Jan Clayton , as Julie Jordan , reprised it , with the chorus joining in . In the film , it is first sung by Claramae Turner as Nettie . The weeping Julie Jordan ( Shirley Jones ) tries to sing it but can not ; it is later reprised by Julie and those attending the graduation . Subsequent History ( edit ) Besides the recordings of the song on the Carousel cast albums and the film soundtrack , the song has been recorded by many artists , with notable hit versions made by Roy Hamilton , Frank Sinatra , Gerry and the Pacemakers , Judy Garland , Elvis Presley , Johnny Cash , Andy Williams , Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge , Olivia Newton - John and Doris Day . Progressive rock group Pink Floyd took a recording by the Liverpool Kop choir , and `` interpolated '' it into their own song , `` Fearless '' , on their 1971 album Meddle . From 1964 through 2010 , Jerry Lewis concluded the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon by singing the song . After the end of a concert by the rock band Queen , the audience spontaneously sang this song , according to lead guitarist Brian May , and this helped to inspire the creation of their songs `` We Are the Champions '' and `` We Will Rock You '' . Italian - American tenor Sergio Franchi sang a notable version accompanied by the Welsh Men 's Choir on the June 9 , 1968 telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show . He also covered this song in his 1964 RCA Victor album The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi . American singer and songwriter Barbra Streisand sang this song in a surprise appearance at the close of the 2001 Emmy Awards , in honor of the victims of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . In 1990 at the Nelson Mandela : An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium London , the audience spontaneously broke out into a mass rendition . Mandela turned to Adelaide Tambo who accompanied him onto the stage and asked what the song was . She replied , `` A football song '' . Renée Fleming sang the song at the Concert for America , which marked the first anniversary of 9 / 11 , and for the Inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20 , 2009 . In 2010 , this was sung during the festivities of the Last Night of the Proms , with the choir at the Royal Albert Hall joined by crowds of the public from Hillsborough Castle , Northern Ireland ; Caird Hall , Dundee ; Hyde Park , London ; Salford , Greater Manchester ; and Wales , to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Oscar Hammerstein II . In the second season of American Horror Story , this song was recited as a poem . It has been the song of the Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps song since 1954 , where they first performed it as a part of their first field show in 1954 . Challenged by the Rosemont Cavaliers singing `` Over the Rainbow '' in 1957 , the corps responded with `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' , and it has been the official corps song ever since . Punk band Dropkick Murphys covered the song for their 2017 album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory . Vocalist / bassist Ken Casey said in a December 2016 interview discussing the reason behind their version . `` As you may know , opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in ( the Boston ) area . I 've been to thirty wakes in two years , three this week , one being my cousin , Al 's lost a brother in law . It 's hit home close to us . I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling . Sad , but knowing there is hope . You never have to be alone . I hope you like our version '' . Sporting anthem ( edit ) `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers from the album How Do You Like It Released October 1963 Recorded July 2 , 1963 Studio EMI Studios , London Genre Merseybeat , baroque pop Length 2 : 40 Label Columbia ( EMI ) ( UK ) , Laurie Records ( US ) Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers Lyricist ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II Producer ( s ) George Martin In the UK , the song 's most successful cover was released in 1963 by the Liverpudlian Merseybeat group Gerry and the Pacemakers , peaking at number one on the UK singles chart for four consecutive weeks . Sung by Liverpool fans in 1963 , the song quickly became the anthem of Liverpool F.C. and is sung by its supporters moments before the start of each home game with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the public address system . According to former player Tommy Smith , lead vocalist Gerry Marsden presented Liverpool manager Bill Shankly with a recording of his forthcoming cover single during a pre-season coach trip in the summer of 1963 . `` Shanks was in awe of what he heard ... Football writers from the local newspapers were travelling with our party and , thirsty for a story of any kind between games , filed copy back to their editors to the effect that we had adopted Gerry Marsden 's forthcoming single as the club song . '' The squad was subsequently invited to perform the track with the band on The Ed Sullivan Show with Marsden stating , `` Bill came up to me . He said , ' Gerry my son , I have given you a football team and you have given us a song ' . '' The ' Shankly Gates ' entrance to Liverpool 's home stadium Anfield Shankly picked the song as his eighth and final selection for the BBC 's Desert Island Discs on the eve of the 1965 FA Cup Final . As Liverpool fans sang `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' at Wembley during the 1965 FA Cup Final win over Leeds , commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme referred to it as `` Liverpool 's signature tune '' . Marsden told BBC Radio how , in the 1960s , the disc jockey at Anfield would play the top - ten commercial records in descending order , with the number one single played last , shortly before kickoff . Liverpool fans on the Kop would sing along , but unlike with other hit singles , once `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' dropped out of the top - ten , instead of disregarding the song , supporters continued to sing it . The song was adopted by Scottish team Celtic after a 1966 Cup Winners Cup semi-final against Liverpool at Anfield . It is now sung by Celtic fans prior to every home European tie . The song has also been adopted by Dutch team Feyenoord , SC Cambuur , Germany 's Borussia Dortmund , 1 . FSV Mainz 05 , TSV 1860 Munich , Japan 's F.C. Tokyo , Spain 's CD Lugo . the Marist St. Pats MSP 80 / 80 Blues , and Bali United . In ice hockey , the song has been adopted by German Deutsche Eishockey Liga side Krefeld Pinguine and Croatian Medveščak Zagreb . A special recording of the song was made in solidarity with Bradford City following the Valley Parade fire in 1985 , when 56 spectators died and many more were seriously injured . The song was performed by The Crowd , which was a supergroup featuring Gerry Marsden , Paul McCartney and others , and spent two weeks at number - one in the UK . Some years later , after witnessing a rendition of `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' at Anfield in 2007 , the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee , Alejandro Blanco , said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to his country 's wordless national anthem , the Marcha Real , ahead of Madrid 's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games . During the 2014 Hong Kong protests , legislator Tam Yiu Chung quoted the song during a Legislative Council of Hong Kong meeting , to salute the Hong Kong Police , who had received widespread criticism for using excessive force against pro-democracy protesters . More than 2,000 Liverpool Football Club fans in Hong Kong condemned his inappropriate use of the song , comparing his support of the police action to the police actions in the 1989 Hillsborough disaster , where South Yorkshire Police were found to have distorted facts relating to the unlawful killing by negligence of 96 Liverpool supporters . On March 13 , 2016 , after Borussia Dortmund 's 2 - 0 win against 1 . FSV Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga , supporters of both teams performed the song to commemorate a Dortmund fan who died from a cardiac arrest in the stands during the game . Recorded versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Adicts Alfie Boe ( `` Onward '' ) ( 2007 ) Alicia Keys ( Hurricane Katrina disaster relief , 2005 ) André Rieu ( 2009 Maastricht concert ) Andy Williams ( with orchestra conducted by Archie Bleyer ) Aretha Franklin ( 1972 , on the live album Amazing Grace ) Barry Manilow & Cilla Black ( 1993 ) Bela B. & the Tikiwolves feat . Gary'o'Wolf ( official FC St. Pauli Stadionhymn , 1992 ) Bernadette Peters Billy Eckstine ( 1960 ) : Live album No Cover , No Minimum , recorded in Las Vegas . Production was by Teddy Reig . The album was originally released by Roulette Records , but is also available on the Blue Note label . Bryn Terfel ( 1996 ) -- Something Wonderful : Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Charice ( 2008 ) Celtic Woman ( Believe 2011 ) Chris de Burgh ( 2008 ) Christy Gibson ( Thai Language Version ) ( 2001 ) -- Soo Yod Kao Christine Johnson on the Carousel Original Cast Album ( 1945 ) Claramae Turner on the Carousel film soundtrack ( 1956 ) The Crowd ( 1985 ) The Crusaders ( 1966 ) David Campbell ( 2010 ) David Phelps on the album Classic ( 2012 ) Die Toten Hosen ( 2000 , Bayern ep ) Dionne Warwick ( 1967 , On Stage and in the Movies album track ) Doris Akers ( 1963 ) Doris Day ( on the You 'll Never Walk Alone album ) ( 1962 ) Dropkick Murphys ( appears on their album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ) ( 2017 ) Dudu Fisher ( 2006 ) Elha Mae Nympha ( 2015 , performed on the Live Semi-finals on the second season of The Voice Kids , and was moved to the grand finals ) Elvis Presley ( 1968 single release ) Engelbert Humperdinck ( 1972 album `` Live at the Riviera '' , in Las Vegas ) Frank Sinatra ( 1945 ) ( 1963 ) Frankie Vaughan ( 1979 ) Gene Vincent ( 1958 ) ( Gene Vincent Rocks and the Blue Caps Roll album track ) Gerry & The Pacemakers ( 1963 ) Glen Campbell ( 1970 ) Hayley Westenra ( 2001 ) Il Divo ( A Musical Affair , 2013 ) Jackie Wilson ( 1965 ) Jerry Reed ( 1971 ) ( Ko - Ko Joe album track ) Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae ( 1963 ) John Barrowman ( 2010 ) ( John Barrowman album track ) John Farnham ( 1998 ) - The Spirit of Christmas ( compilation album ) Johnny Cash ( 2003 ) Johnny Preston ( 1960 ) Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge ( 1969 ) Joseph Calleja ( Last Night of the Proms , 2012 ) Josh Groban ( 2015 ) Joyce DiDonato ( 2012 ) Juan Diego Flórez ( Live 8 -- Berlin ) ( 2005 ) Judy Garland ( 1960 ) Katherine Jenkins ( 2005 ) Kevin Rowland ( 1999 ) Kiri Te Kanawa with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir ( 1990 ) -- Songs of Inspiration The Knickerbockers ( 1966 ) Lee Greenwood Lee Towers ( 1976 ) The Lettermen ( 1964 ) Tammy Wynette ( 1969 Inspiration ) Liverpool F.C. ( 1977 ) ( FA Cup single : A-side - `` We Can Do It '' / `` Liverpool Lou '' B - side - `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' / `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ) Los Fastidios Louis Armstrong ( 1954 ) in a medley with Tenderly Mahalia Jackson Malena Ernman ( 2013 ) Malcolm Vaughan ( 1959 ) Mark Vincent ( 2010 ) Mario Lanza ( 1952 and 1956 ) Maureen Forrester on the Carousel MCA Classics album ( 1987 ) Melanie Chisholm ( 2012 ) Michael Crawford ( 1987 ) Mormon Tabernacle Choir ( 1971 ) Nina Simone ( 1960 , At Newport ) Olivia Newton - John ( 1989 ) -- Warm and Tender Patricia Neway in the soundtrack of the 1967 television adaptation of Carousel ( 1967 ) Patti Labelle & The Blue Belles ( 1964 ) Patti LaBelle ( 1980 's ) Pink Floyd ( 1971 ) -- `` Fearless '' Pips , Chips & Videoclips ( Dernjava album , 1995 ) The Priests ( 2009 ) Perry Como ( 1951 ) ( with Mitchell Ayres Orchestra ) Ray Charles ( Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul album track , July 1963 ) Regine Velasquez ( 1992 ) Renée Fleming ( 2003 ) The Righteous Brothers ( 1965 ) Riverdale Cast featuring main vocals of Madelaine Petsch ( 2018 ) , appeared on Riverdale Robin S ( appears on the 1998 movie soundtrack , Welcome to Woop Woop ) Robson & Jerome ( 1996 ) Roy Hamilton ( 1954 ) Samuel Ramey ( 1989 ) Sergio Franchi recorded on 1964 RCA album , The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi The Shadows ( Reflection album track , 1990 ) Shirley Bassey ( 1962 , single B - side to `` Ave Maria '' ) Shirley Jones recorded it on the original movie soundtrack of Carousel and again on her 1989 album Silent Strength Sissel Kyrkjebø ( 2004 ) Smoking Popes The Soldiers ( 2011 ) Steven Houghton ( 1997 ) -- Steven Houghton Susan Boyle ( Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage , 2012 ) The Three Tenors ( The Three Tenors : Paris 1998 , 1998 ) Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra ( 2009 ) -- Paradise Blue Tom Jones ( 1969 ) Trisha Yearwood ( 2016 ) - The Passion Vocal Majority ( 1997 ) -- How Sweet the Sound Wayne Hussey and Julianne Regan ( as Hussey - Regan ) ( 2011 ) ( in support of Liverpool F.C. 's disability charity , Respect 4 All ) Keith Jack ( 2008 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , Simon ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Anfield 's 50 years of never walking alone '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Walk Alone ( original version 1945 ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 3 - The Tribal Drum : The rise of rhythm and blues . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : Retiring : Jerry Lewis '' , Time magazine , May 30 , 2011 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Interview with Tom Browne for BBC Radio One , broadcast Christmas Eve and Boxing Day 1977 Jump up ^ `` SOFA Entertainment - Ed Sullivan Show '' . www.edsullivan.com . Jump up ^ `` Discogs - Database and Marketplace for Music on Vinyl , CD , Cassette a ... '' . July 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Streisand 's stage fright spiked with thought of terror , By Edna Gundersen , USA Today , December 12 , 2001 Jump up ^ Scott Simon ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Carousel ' Returns To Broadway '' . Weekend Edition Saturday . NPR . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . : `` SIMON : ... ' You 'll Never Walk Alone ' - you sang this at the Obama inauguration too , did n't you ? FLEMING : Yes , and also the 9 / 11 memorial a year after the attacks . '' Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration '' . Variety . RBI . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry 's Datebook '' . www.britbands.bravepages.com . Jump up ^ Nik Brumsack . The story of ' You 'll Never Walk Alone ' , independent.co.uk , April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liverpool vs. Leeds United on YouTube , F.A. Cup Final , BBC , 1965 . `` The song was covered by Liverpool group Gerry & The Pacemakers in 1963 . At this time , supporters standing on the Spion Kop terrace at Anfield began singing popular chart songs of the day . The mood was captured on camera by a BBC Panorama camera crew in 1964 . One year later , when Liverpool faced Leeds in the cup final , the travelling Kop sang the same song and match commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme commended the ' Liverpool signature tune ' . '' Paul Coslett , You 'll Never Walk Alone BBC Online . June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tommy . Anfield Iron , Bantam Press , p. 68 - 69 Jump up ^ Bill Shankly , Desert island Discs BBC , Mon April 26 , 1965 . ^ Jump up to : Why Liverpool fans sing ' You 'll Never Walk Alone ' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 10 October 2016 Jump up ^ Cavanagh , John . `` The History of You 'll Never Walk Alone '' , BBC Songlines , 2006 . Jump up ^ Morgan , John . `` The Other Mersey Sound '' , BBC Panorama , 1964 . Jump up ^ Aldred , Jessica . Liverpool or Celtic : who Walked Alone first ? The Guardian . March 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Whyatt , Chris . McClaren 's new charges BBC . August 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bela B . & The Tikiwolves feat . Gary ' O ' Wolf : You 'll Never Walk Alone ( FC St. Pauli hymn ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Jump up ^ Nagatomo tells Japan `` You 'll never walk alone '' , The mainichi Daily News . March 2011 . Jump up ^ anfieldcarro ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` '' You _́ ll never walk alone '' polo Anfield Carro PUNTO PELOTA '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Chants , North Side Boys 12 . `` Bali United YNWA '' . Youtube . Youtube . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Liverpool fans inspire Spain to write words to anthem , Reuters . June 5 , 2005 Jump up ^ Spain to add lyrics to wordless national anthem , MSNBC . June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Legistrative Council Record . Jump up ^ 香港 特別 行政區 立法 會 ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` 立法 會 會議 ( 2014 / 10 / 16 ) - IV . 立法 會 休會 待 續 議案 - 根據 《 議事 規則 》 第 16 ( 2 ) 條 動議 的 立法 會 休會 待 續 議案 ( 第 五 部分 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` 利 迷 聯 署 強烈 譴責 : 譚耀宗 勿 侮辱 YNWA - Yahoo 奇摩 新聞 '' . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Legislative Council Record 08 : 07 : 18 - 08 : 07 : 35 Jump up ^ Whaling , James ( 13 March 2016 ) . `` Borussia Dortmund fan dies from heart attack during Bundesliga match against Mainz '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ John The Punk . `` Welcome to The Adicts Official Website ! '' . Adicts.us . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cilla Black Discography : You 'll Never Walk Alone ( duet with Barry Manilow ) -- Single '' . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnny Preston , Running Bear Retrieved September 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Richard Rogers : You 'll Never Walk Alone - Last Night of the BBC Proms 2012 '' . BBC YouTube channel . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stages -- Josh Groban '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joyce contributes to highly anticipated new recording : Rogers & Hammerstein at the Movies '' ... joycedidonato.com . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Recorded for Capitol Records Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Judy Garland with Orchestra conducted , by Norrie Paramor , August 3 , 1960 . Jump up ^ It 's Raining In My Heart ( LP / MC ) ( Goud & Platina ) 1976 Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . Thelettermen.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://genius.com/Riverdale-cast-youll-never-walk-alone-lyrics Jump up ^ Columbia Catalog Number DB4816 '' Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . Youtube.com ( Liverpool FC 's Channel ) . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! 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'' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` The Unicorn '' `` I 'll Walk with God '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` Where the Blue of the Night ( Meets the Gold of the Day ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ll_Never_Walk_Alone&oldid=845429150 '' Categories : 1945 songs 1964 singles Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs from Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals Shirley Jones songs Gerry and the Pacemakers songs Barbra Streisand songs Labelle songs Andy Williams songs Jane Morgan songs Johnny Preston songs Glen Campbell songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Liverpool F.C. songs Feyenoord songs Celtic F.C. songs Football songs and chants Protest songs Mahalia Jackson songs Roy Hamilton songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles Laurie Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 18 : 51 . 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-4988997158727003305 | The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror | The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror - Wikipedia The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Attraction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Hollywood Studios Area Sunset Boulevard Coordinates 28 ° 21 ′ 31 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 52 '' W / 28.35861 ° N 81.56444 ° W / 28.35861 ; - 81.56444 Status Operating Cost US $ 140 million Opening date July 22 , 1994 Disney California Adventure Park Area Hollywood Land Coordinates 33 ° 48 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 03 '' W / 33.8065479 ° N 117.9174805 ° W / 33.8065479 ; - 117.9174805 Status Closed Opening date May 5 , 2004 Closing date January 3 , 2017 Replaced by Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Tokyo DisneySea Name Tower of Terror ( Japanese : タワー ・ オブ ・ テラー , Hepburn : Tawā Obu terā ) Area American Waterfront Coordinates 35 ° 37 ′ 32 '' N 139 ° 53 ′ 07 '' E / 35.6254767 ° N 139.8851705 ° E / 35.6254767 ; 139.8851705 Status Operating Opening date September 22 , 2006 Walt Disney Studios Park Name French : La Tour de la Terreur -- Un Saut dans la Quatrième Dimension Area Production Courtyard Coordinates 48 ° 52 ′ 00 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 37 '' E / 48.8666589 ° N 2.7768075 ° E / 48.8666589 ; 2.7768075 Status Operating Opening date December 22 , 2007 General statistics Attraction type Drop tower dark ride Manufacturer Otis Elevator Company Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Theme The Twilight Zone ( except Tokyo ) Music Richard Bellis `` The Twilight Zone Theme '' by Marius Constant Joel McNeely ( Tokyo ) Height 199 ft ( 61 m ) Drop 130 ft ( 40 m ) G - force 1.3 Vehicle type Automated Guided Vehicle ( AGV ) / Elevator Vehicles WDW versions 8 Other versions 6 Rows Riders per row 7 Duration 2 - 3 minutes Height restriction 40 in ( 102 cm ) Hosted by Rod Serling ( voice of Mark Silverman in English versions ) Drop speed 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) Fastpass available FastPass+ available Must transfer from wheelchair The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , also known as Tower of Terror , is an accelerated drop tower dark ride located at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Tokyo DisneySea , Walt Disney Studios Park , and formerly located at Disney California Adventure Park . Except for the Tokyo DisneySea version , the attractions are inspired by Rod Serling 's anthology television series , The Twilight Zone , and take place in the fictional Hollywood Tower Hotel in Hollywood , California . The Tokyo version , which features an original story line not related to The Twilight Zone , takes place in the fictional Hotel Hightower . All three versions place riders in a seemingly ordinary hotel elevator , and present the riders with a fictional backstory in which people have mysteriously disappeared from the elevator under the influence of some supernatural element many years previously . The original version of the attraction opened at Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in July 1994 , and was the basis of the 1997 television film of the same name , several scenes of which were shot at the attraction . A decade later , Disney began plans to add similar versions of the attraction to their newest parks at the Disneyland Resort in California , Tokyo Disney Resort in Japan , and Disneyland Paris . In California and Paris , Disney sought to use the popular attraction to boost attendance at the respective resorts ' struggling new theme parks . The California and Tokyo versions of Tower of Terror opened in 2004 and 2006 , respectively , while financial problems delayed the opening of the Paris version until 2008 . The California version closed in January 2017 . The Tower of Terror buildings are among the tallest structures found at their respective Disney resorts . At 199 feet ( 60.7 m ) , the Florida version is the second tallest attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort , with only Expedition Everest 199.5 feet ( 60.8 m ) being taller . At the Disneyland Resort , the 183 - foot ( 55.8 m ) structure ( which now houses Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! ) is the tallest building at the resort , as well as one of the tallest buildings in Anaheim . At Disneyland Paris , it is the second tallest attraction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Queue and preshow 2 Disney 's Hollywood Studios version 2.1 History 2.2 Technical details 2.3 Ride experience 2.3. 1 Corridor scene 2.3. 2 Fifth Dimension scene 2.3. 3 Drop sequence 2.3. 4 Ride exit and shop 2.4 Summer Nightastic update 3 Disney California Adventure version 3.1 New ride operation system 3.2 Ride experience 3.3 Closure 4 Tokyo DisneySea version 4.1 Queue and preshow 4.2 Ride experience 5 Walt Disney Studios Park version 6 The Twilight Zone references and design information 6.1 References in the Disney California Adventure version 7 Soundtrack 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Queue and preshow ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the American and European versions of the attraction , guests make their way to the Hollywood Tower Hotel through the front gate . Guests then walk along a cracked , curved pathway that leads to the hotel . The pathway goes past overgrown gardens , signs pointing to the stables , a bowling green , tennis courts , swimming pools , and a vine - covered pavilion . In most parks , 1930s jazz music plays in the queue area . Entering through the hotel 's front doors , guests encounter an interior designed to give the impression that the Hollywood Tower Hotel has been left untouched since the night of its closure . The lobby is covered in dust and draped with cobwebs , and throughout there are other signs of the hotel 's abrupt closure . Past the front desk , the main elevators are in a dilapidated state , and a sign reads `` Out of Order '' . Guests are informed by bellhops that their rooms are not ready yet , and they are then ushered into the hotel library , which houses the hotel 's collection of books , antiques , an old television set , and various pieces of Twilight Zone memorabilia scattered about the room . Through the library window , guests can observe a severe thunderstorm raging outside . With a crash of thunder and lightning , the power suddenly goes out , except for the television set which crackles into life and plays the opening sequence from the fourth and fifth seasons of The Twilight Zone , hosted by Rod Serling . The episode goes on to depict the events of a stormy night in 1939 when a lightning bolt struck the tower and caused five people -- a celebrity couple , a rising child star , her nanny , and a hotel bellhop -- to vanish from the elevator . The television then turns off and the guests are directed through to the boiler room , where they await the maintenance service elevator 's arrival . Disney 's Hollywood Studios version ( edit ) The original Tower of Terror , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios History ( edit ) In the late 1980s , a second phase of development was being designed for Disneyland Paris ( then Euro Disney ) . Included was a free - fall type ride in Frontierland that was to be named Geyser Mountain . It would have been part roller coaster , part free - fall ride that shot guests up a vertical shaft . The plan was scrapped , but was picked up by Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( then Disney - MGM Studios ) as part of a massive expansion to their U.S. park . Several attractions had already been proposed , including `` Dick Tracy 's Crimestoppers '' , which would be later made into Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland . Still needing a major `` E-ticket '' attraction , the idea of a drop - shaft ride came up and was chosen . There had been several proposed ideas for haunted attractions , including a ride based on Stephen King 's novels , a Vincent Price ghost tour , a Mel Brooks - narrated ride , a real hotel , and a whodunit murder mystery , but none progressed into development . Walt Disney Imagineering eventually took inspiration from Rod Serling 's anthology stories featured in The Twilight Zone , as a foundation for their original story . Imagineers mused that the attraction would be able to take guests into the Fifth Dimension that Serling always described as unlocking in every episode of the series . With the project in firm development , Disney licensed the rights to use The Twilight Zone intellectual property from CBS Inc . The Imagineering team settled on a 1930s - era Hollywood hotel with a Twilight Zone theme , but a new ride system had to be built , which would allow both more capacity inside the ride and make the drop fast . Otis Elevator Company created the vertical ride system , and Eaton - Kenway a ride vehicle that could drive itself horizontally . Joe Dante directed the ride 's short preshow film . The archival footage of Rod Serling used in the preshow was taken from the episode , `` It 's a Good Life '' . Mark Silverman provided the voice for Serling in the attraction ; Serling 's wife , Carol Serling , approved the casting of Silverman after several auditions . Site - clearing and prep began early 1992 . A sinkhole led to the site 's being moved slightly . The tower 's interior and exterior design took inspiration from existing Southern California landmarks , including the Biltmore Hotel and Mission Inn . The distinctive Spanish Colonial Revival architectural features on and around the attraction 's roof were designed so that the rear facade , which is visible from Epcot , would blend seamlessly with the skyline of the Morocco Pavilion in Epcot 's World Showcase Lagoon . After construction ended , the ride was set to open on July 4 , 1994 ; but the Tower of Terror opened on July 22 , 1994 , along with the Sunset Boulevard thoroughfare . Technical details ( edit ) The ride system of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney 's Hollywood Studios employs specialized technology developed by Walt Disney Imagineering , particularly the ability to move the vehicle in and out of the vertical motion shaft . The elevator cabs are self - propelled automated ride vehicles , also known as automated guided vehicles , which lock into separate vertical motion cabs . The cabs can move into and out of elevators horizontally , move through the `` Fifth Dimension '' scene , and on to the drop shaft . In order to achieve the weightless effect the Imagineers desired , cables attached to the bottom of the elevator car pull it down at a speed slightly faster than what a free fall would provide . Two enormous motors are located at the top of the tower , measuring 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall , 35 feet ( 11 m ) long , and weighing 132,000 pounds ( 60,000 kg ) . They are able to accelerate 10 short tons ( 9.1 t ) at 15 times the speed of normal elevators . They generate 275 times the torque of a Corvette engine , reaching top speed in 1.5 second . The ride 's slogan , `` Never the Same Fear Twice ! '' , refers to the drop pattern being randomly selected by a computer before the ride begins . The drop reaches a top speed of 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) . After the elevator cab has completed the ride , it propels itself to the unload dock and then back to the show shaft . The Florida ride runs on a unique loop system different from the versions used in California , Paris and Tokyo . Ride experience ( edit ) Corridor scene ( edit ) In this version of the attraction , Rod Serling 's voice greets passengers the moment the elevator doors close , saying : You are the passengers on a most uncommon elevator about to ascend into your very own episode of The Twilight Zone . The elevator rises for a few seconds before coming to its first stop . The doors open to reveal a long , dimly lit hotel corridor , with overgrown plants and doors to guest rooms , with morning newspapers and room - service trays outside , along its length . There is a single window at the opposite end of the corridor . A violent thunderstorm is raging and lightning flashes outside the window . The five missing passengers from 1939 appear for several moments , turning to face the elevator and beckoning the guests to join them . Then they disappear in a burst of electricity . The corridor fades away , but the window remains until it appears to be floating in a dark field of stars . The window morphs into the window from the Season 5 opening sequence , and breaks . Fifth Dimension scene ( edit ) The lobby of The Hollywood Tower Hotel at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , May 2010 The elevator doors close and the car continues its ascent . Serling 's narration goes on , saying : One stormy night long ago , five people stepped through the door of an elevator and into a nightmare . That door is opening once again , and this time , it 's opening for you . The elevator stops once more . The doors open to what at first looks like a maintenance room , but slowly transforms into a field of stars . The elevator car emerges horizontally from the lift shaft and enters a section of the ride called `` The Fifth Dimension '' , which is a collection of sights and sounds and star fields , again in the style of the television show 's opening sequence . A rendition of The Twilight Zone theme plays throughout . The scene ends as the elevator reaches another star field which splits and opens much like elevator doors . The elevator enters another vertical shaft , this one pitch black . Serling 's voice is heard again , saying : You are about to discover what lies beyond the fifth dimension , beyond the deepest , darkest corner of the imagination , in the Tower of Terror . Drop sequence ( edit ) On the last word of Serling 's narration , the elevator starts its drop sequence . Rather than a simple gravity - powered drop , however , the elevator is pulled downwards , causing most riders to rise off their seats , held down by a seat belt . At least once during the drop sequence , wide elevator doors in front of the riders open to reveal a view of the park from a height of 157 ft ( 48 m ) , however the drop is only 130 ft ( 40 m ) , the height of a 13 - story building . The elevator drops at a top speed of 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) . In the Hollywood Studios version , the back of the `` Hollywood Tower Hotel '' sign partially obstructs the view ( the on - ride camera is located here , recording the ride for video or a photograph to be purchased later ) . Randomized patterns of drops and lifts have been added , where the ride vehicle will drop or rise various distances at different intervals . Other added effects include projected images of the breaking window , wind effects , lightning flashes , and ominous blue - lit figures of the five ghostly original riders . These changes were made so that each trip on The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is a slightly different experience . The ride system was reprogrammed , in its fourth conversion , so that the ride allows for any number Template : Exaggeration of randomized drops and lifts . When guests enter the drop shaft , a computer randomly chooses one of four drop profiles , one of which is a modified version of the ride 's third incarnation . Regardless of the number of randomized drops and lifts , each drop sequence always features one `` faux drop '' meant to startle the riders , and one complete drop through the entire tower at the top speed of 39 miles per hour ( 63 km / h ) . After a series of these drops have been made , the elevator returns to the basement of the decrepit Hollywood Tower Hotel , past a curious array of abandoned items . A short clip plays , showing elements from the Season 5 opening sequence , along with the 1939 elevator passengers and Rod Serling falling into the `` vortex '' seen in the Season 3 opening sequence . Serling 's voice says : A warm welcome back to those of you who made it , and a friendly word of warning , something you wo n't find in any guidebook . The next time you check into a deserted hotel on the dark side of Hollywood , make sure you know just what kind of vacancy you 're filling . Or you may find yourself a permanent resident ... of the Twilight Zone . Guests then exit the elevator , leaving the hotel through the gift shop . Ride exit and shop ( edit ) On leaving the elevator , guests are led through a hotel corridor towards what would appear to be the old `` Lost & Found '' desk of the hotel ; however , it is now where photos taken on the ride may be purchased . Beyond this desk , guests pass a cracked fountain to the left and on the right can be seen the Hollywood Tower Hotel 's dining room , previously called The Sunset Room . The menu , placed outside the closed double - doors , is dated October 31 , 1939 . Guests then enter the shop which is called Tower Merchandise . The shop , in keeping with the theme of the hotel , has cracked walls and is dimly lit . There , guests may purchase Twilight Zone merchandise and Hollywood Tower Hotel - themed souvenirs , including hotel bathrobes and slippers . On August 13 , 2014 , the ride 's on - ride camera began recording video , so that riders could purchase a photograph or video of their ride . This was the first ride at Walt Disney World to offer on - ride videos . On September 18 , 2014 , the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ride at the Magic Kingdom began offering on - ride videos and pictures as well , making these the only two rides at Walt Disney World to offer videos and pictures . Summer Nightastic update ( edit ) In February 2010 , Disney announced that the Tower of Terror would receive `` new lighting effects and a new addition '' as part of a summer entertainment package called `` Summer Nightastic ! '' . The Fifth Dimension scene is changed , mostly covered by black tarps with fiber - optic stars , and Serling 's voice is removed from just before the drop profile . Replacing it is music played in the drop shaft , along with a projected picture of the riders just before they enter the drop shaft . Similar to the Disney California Adventure and Walt Disney Studios Park versions of the ride , the riders disappear , leaving an empty elevator . A new drop profile was created for `` Summer Nightastic ! '' , and replaces the other drop profiles on all rides . The profile mainly consisted of utilizing the entire tower for the drop sequences , as compared to the numerous faux and shortened drops in the randomized version . The changes were implemented on June 5 , 2010 , but were officially introduced the day after . All changes were temporary , and lasted until August 14 , 2010 . Disney California Adventure version ( edit ) Tower of Terror at Disney California Adventure in 2006 . While similar in concept and theme to the original attraction in Florida , the attraction at Disney California Adventure , which opened in 2004 and closed in 2017 , featured some significant differences . The exterior of Disney California Adventure 's tower had architectural features reminiscent of Pueblo Deco styles found throughout Southern California during the Golden Age of Hollywood . The California version also had a slightly different queue area . The boiler room scene in the queue area had two floors , instead of the one floor in the original Florida version . The two floors allowed for one elevator in one shaft to have guests on ride , while the other elevator of the same shaft was loading guests . There were three elevator shafts in the Disney California Adventure version , with two elevators per shaft , for a total of six elevators operating New ride operation system ( edit ) Imagineers redesigned the ride system for the attraction at Disney California Adventure and made some changes to the show scenes . The attraction featured three elevator shafts . Each shaft was its own separate ride with its own separate operating system . This made it easier to repair individual areas of the attraction without causing the entire attraction to go down . Each shaft had the capacity to accommodate two vehicles operating from two load levels , each vehicle loading and unloading at the same point . The ride was designed so that one vehicle could be in its ride profile while the other was at its loading level , giving each ride shaft the ability to accommodate more riders . Disney used this ride system again for Walt Disney Studios Park 's version of the ride , and for Tokyo DisneySea 's Hotel Hightower . Ride experience ( edit ) Instead of the autonomous vehicle found in the original incarnation , the Disney California Adventure attraction limited a car to a single shaft . As the elevator doors closed , the lights of the service elevator flickered out . The redesigned , multiple - cars - per - shaft , multilevel - boarding ride system for the California version of the tower required that one elevator load while another be in the drop shaft progressing through the ride cycle . As such , the first movement guests experienced is horizontal , as the elevator itself was pulled back from the doors as Rod Serling 's voice was heard : You are the passengers on a most uncommon elevator ... With a flash of lightning , the walls of the basement disappeared altogether , leaving only a starfield around the service doors with a rotating purple spiral . ... about to take the strangest journey of your lives . Your destination ? Unknown . But this much is clear : a reservation has been made in your name for an extended stay . The elevator rose quickly to the fifth floor . Because the dark - ride portion of California 's tower took place in the drop shaft , the physical vertical vehicle conveyance system moved more quickly and nimbly than Florida 's ( in which the first tower functions only as a dark ride and is not built for the quick movements that the drop portion requires ) . As such , visitors felt a moment of weightlessness as the elevator quickly ascended and then stopped on the fifth floor , where when the doors opened , an ornate , wood - framed mirror stood in a brightly lit hallway of the hotel and riders saw their reflection in its glass . Serling then said : Wave goodbye to the real world . Suddenly , lightning struck the hotel and the lights of both the hallway and elevator flickered out . A ghostly wind blows through a window and the reflection of riders in the elevator became distorted . With another blast , the elevator rumbled and shook and with a final blast of lightning the electrified reflection disappeared , leaving only the image of the empty elevator in the mirror as the doors closed . For you have just entered the Twilight Zone . The elevator descended and opened to reveal the `` hallway '' scene with an image of another elevator at the other end of the hallway , unlike Florida 's version which shows a window . Serling delivered his next narration : What happened here to dim the lights of Hollywood 's brightest showplace is about to unfold once again . The five missing guests appeared in the hallway , crackling with electricity and beckoning riders to follow them . They disappeared , and the walls of the hotel became a starfield , leaving just the other elevator , as Serling said : One stormy night long ago , five people stepped through the door of an elevator and into a nightmare . The other elevator doors opened to reveal the lost passengers inside as both elevators appeared to float through space . That door is opening once again , but this time it 's opening for you . The distant guests fell , then the distant elevator , followed immediately by the ride elevator . California 's version did not have a randomized drop sequence . The ride experience was identical in every drop shaft , regardless of which floor passengers boarded on . Two small drops occurred in pitch - black darkness , followed by a rise to the top of the tower as in - cabin lights flickered . The doors then opened out to reveal the view from the top floor before the ride drops briefly , pauses , and drops along the remainder of the shaft . The elevator then raised and immediately dropped without stopping , in complete darkness . The elevator then was raised to the top of the tower , shuddered , and fell to the bottom of the shaft , to the area in between the two loading floors ( to assure each ride is identical ) , with the elevator being finally returned to its load level and horizontally pushed back into place at the boiler room service doors . The height of the ride is 130 feet ( 40 m ) and the elevator drop 124 feet ( 38 m ) in total . As the elevator was pushed back into place , Serling delivered his final narration : The next time you check into a deserted hotel on the dark side of Hollywood , make sure you know just what kind of vacancy you 're filling . Or you may find yourself a permanent resident ... of the Twilight Zone . After which , the service doors opened and guests exited the hotel through the basement and the gift shop . Closure ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , at San Diego Comic - Con , Disney announced that the California version would be replaced by an attraction based on Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy film series , titled Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! , which opened in May 2017 and utilizes the same structure and ride system . This is the first American Disney attraction to be based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( Marvel Entertainment having been wholly acquired by Disney in 2009 ) . The Tower of Terror 's final day of operation was January 2 , 2017 ; the ride then closed January 3 . In preparation for the closure , Disney began a `` farewell '' promotion of the ride on September 9 , 2016 , which featured a `` Late Check Out '' option to experience the drop portion of the ride in total darkness . On the night of September 19 and early morning of September 20 , the `` Hollywood Tower Hotel '' sign was removed to prepare for the new attraction . The other three Disney parks with versions of the Tower of Terror are unaffected , and Disney has stated that there are no plans to change the ride in its other locations . Tokyo DisneySea version ( edit ) Tower of Terror at Tokyo DisneySea The attraction at Tokyo DisneySea omits any connection or tie - in whatsoever with The Twilight Zone , as the television series is not well known in Japan . Instead , the attraction is themed as the fictional Hotel Hightower . The ride tower , its facade an example of Moorish Revival architecture , is located in the American Waterfront area of the park , close to the S.S. Columbia cruise liner . The ride system for this version is similar to that of the Disney California Adventure and Walt Disney Studios Park versions . The story line of the attraction is more complex than that of its American and European counterparts . The scenario involves the adventures of the hotel 's famous builder and owner , Harrison Hightower III ( modeled after Walt Disney Imagineering executive Joe Rohde ) , who went on many expeditions throughout the world and collected thousands of priceless artifacts . Most of these artifacts were stolen for personal gain and stored in his hotel . After one such expedition to Africa , he brought home an idol with the name of Shiriki Utundu . Hightower claimed that the natives were angry to have their beloved god taken , and that they threatened that the idol would curse him . On New Year 's Eve , 1899 , Hightower held a press conference about his expedition to Africa , followed by a huge party . Hightower boasted about how he acquired the idol and denied claims of it being cursed . Just as he left the party , he mocked the idol , using its head to put out his cigar . Around midnight , he entered the elevator to retire to his private apartments in the hotel penthouse . As the elevator neared the top , the idol came to life . The idol 's immense rage and power caused the elevator to plummet and crash on the ground floor . When the doors were pried open , only Hightower 's hat and the idol were recovered . The hotel was abruptly closed and condemned for more than a decade , rumored by locals to be haunted . In 1912 , following pressure to demolish the hotel , a New York restoration company reopened it because of its historical significance . The company now offers paid tours of the building . It is on these `` tours '' that guests embark when they enter the hotel . Queue and preshow ( edit ) The queue area winds through gardens filled with statues from many different countries up to the Hotel Hightower , where guests can see that the windows are almost completely shattered . Signs are posted all over the hotel front advertising the tour . Guests then enter the lobby , an elaborate and well - decorated room filled with plush furniture and beautiful art . On each ceiling arch is painted a mural of Hightower on one of his adventures , showing him escaping native people with a valuable artifact or item in his possession . At the end of the lobby is the elevator in its destroyed state , its doors left open with only a single plank of wood holding them together , a broken cable visible inside . Guests are then ushered into a room filled with many pictures of Hightower , his expeditions , and his hotel . Guests enter one of two rooms that are Hightower 's office . In each room a large stained glass window depicts a confident Hightower with Shiriki Utundu sitting on a pedestal nearby . A tour guide talks about Hightower , then winds up an old gramophone that plays a recording of Hightower 's last interview . At this point , the lights dim . Suddenly , the stained glass window changes to show a frightened Hightower holding the idol and then entering the elevator on that fateful night . It then shows the outside of the hotel as the elevator ascends . Suddenly , all the lights in the hotel go out , and there is a flash of green lightning , shattering the bottom of the window . At this point , Shiriki Utundu comes to life , looks around , laughs mischievously at the guests , and then vanishes into a star - field . A gray fog covers the window , which remains the same when the fog lifts . Guests are then ushered into an enormous storage room where Hightower kept his treasures . There are multiple loading rooms on the second floor , each themed to a different type of item . One has swords , another has tapestries , the third has stone tablets and other valuable artifacts . Ride experience ( edit ) The mechanics of the DisneySea tower are identical to those of the Californian and Parisian towers , with dual loading floors , horizontal push - back from the doors and into the drop tower , a `` hallway '' scene , and a mirror scene , but with thematic changes . The order of the mirror and `` hallway '' scenes is reversed compared to the American and European counterparts . As the ride begins , a flash of electricity appears on the top of the elevator doors . The lights flicker , then go out . Hightower explains what happened to him , then the elevator is pulled backwards . The glowing green eyes of the idol appear in the darkness as the elevator enters the drop shaft . The elevator begins its ascent , stopping at the first scene . The elevator doors open to reveal the private apartments of Harrison Hightower , the idol sitting on a table in the center . Hightower 's ghost , glowing blue , appears beside it and reaches out to touch it . The idol zaps him with a bolt of green electricity , blasting him backwards past open elevator doors at the opposite end of the apartments , where Hightower falls down the shaft , which then fades away , replaced by a star field . The idol turns toward the guests ' elevator and laughs before the doors close . The elevator ascends to another level . The doors open , revealing a large , ornate mirror . Hightower tells the guests to wave and say `` good bye to themselves '' . As they do , the lighting of the hotel is replaced with an eerie green glow , which makes the reflections of the guests ghostlike , an effect similar to the California and Paris rides , but absent the lightning strike . The ghostly reflection of the riders disappears and leaves the idol alone in the empty elevator . The idol laughs menacingly at the riders , and suddenly shoots forward at them . The elevator vibrates , then begins the drop sequence . The sequence is identical to the US version except the first two drops are missing ( the ascent comes first ) and the final drop takes place from the bottom set of doors rather than the top of the shaft . At the end of the drop sequence , the elevator returns to its loading level , where the idol 's green eyes glare a new time in the dark , which then disappear , replaced by the service doors through which guests entered . Walt Disney Studios Park version ( edit ) La Tour de la Terreur -- Un Saut dans la Quatrième Dimension ( English : The Tower of Terror -- A Jump into the Fourth Dimension ) , at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris , is similar to the version at Disney California Adventure , which used the designs for the Paris park to construct its ride first , when it was needed as an additional crowd - puller . When financial troubles hit Disney 's Parisian resort , the attraction had to be put on hold . The attraction was finally green - lit in 2005 and was under construction in the center of the park , behind the La Terrasse seating area , by early 2006 . Upon completion , it was joined by a new Hollywood Boulevard lined by faux movie sets . Unlike its American cousins , the Paris Tower was constructed using concrete rather than steel due to French construction guidelines and standards , at a total cost exceeding € 180 million . The Paris version opened in 2007 . The Paris and California versions were originally intended to be almost identical upon completion , but there are differences , notably the height of the building and the location of some rooms backstage , as well as other differences due to different construction and work regulations in France . The default language for the pre-show library video and the ride is French , but can be changed to English by the Cast Member upon request . The library video is the same as the American version , but is dubbed in French and subtitled in English . The Twilight Zone references and design information ( edit ) In an effort to be true to the spirit of The Twilight Zone , Disney Imagineers reportedly watched every episode of the original television show at least twice . The attraction buildings are littered with references to Twilight Zone episodes , including : At Walt Disney Studios ( Paris ) , in the lobby of the hotel , on a couch , sits a dusty old doll . Some say the doll is supposed to be Talky Tina from the Twilight Zone episode `` Living Doll '' , but others say it is Sally Shine , the little girl in the pre-show and ride experience , from the 1997 movie Tower of Terror . Others think the doll is simply a Shirley Temple doll . It is in fact a Shirley Temple doll , despite reasonable suspicion that it is a Twilight Zone reference . Talky Tina can be found in the library of Disney 's Hollywood Studios version in Florida . At all rides besides Tokyo 's , the preshow includes a little girl holding a Mickey Mouse plush toy , along with her still holding it on the hallway scene . In the library , the Mystic Seer machine from the episode `` Nick of Time '' can be seen sitting on the high shelf . In the Florida library , there is the book titled To Serve Man from the episode of the same name . The trumpet from `` A Passage for Trumpet '' can be seen in the display while exiting the libraries . The queue of the Disneyland Paris version features a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` Little Girl Lost '' . Chalk marks on the walls are in the same style as those in the episode , when people were trying to find the portal to the girl . This can be found in the upper level of the boiler room next to the attraction warning signage . Periodically the girl 's voice can be heard calling out for help from the wall and from the radios around the boiler room . The elevator has a plaque that gives the last time the elevator was checked . Its number is 10259 , which is a nod to the date October 2 , 1959 , when The Twilight Zone first aired . The plaque also states the elevator was checked by Mr. Cadwallader , the sinister deal - maker from the episode `` Escape Clause '' . After guests are loaded on the elevator , the needle indicating which floor the elevator is on moves past the 12th floor . This is a reference to the 9th floor in the episode `` The After Hours '' . As the ride comes to a stop in Florida , the slot machine from the Twilight Zone episode `` The Fever '' can be seen . Upon exiting the Disneyland Paris venue , the display cases on the ground floor contain advertisements for , among other things , a `` Housemaid Wanted '' ( a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` I Sing The Body Electric '' ) and for `` A Pair of Reading Glasses Wanted '' ( `` Time Enough At Last '' ) . There are some 20 advertisements of this nature at the exit of the Paris venue . As the ride comes to a stop , the flying saucer from the Twilight Zone episode `` The Invaders '' is hanging from the ceiling . The eponymous characters of that same episode can be found on display in the libraries at the Florida and Paris attraction . Both of the elevator exit areas of the Florida ride contain a display featuring , among other things , the ventriloquist dummy `` Caesar '' from the Twilight Zone episode `` Caesar and Me '' . `` Picture If You Will ... '' , a phrase Rod Serling used in more than one Twilight Zone episode , appears in the gift shop where guests can buy their on - ride photo . The ride appeared on the Disney Channel 's 1994 Halloween edition of Walt Disney World Inside Out with guest star Gilbert Gottfried . Scott Herriott was the host . Following the ride 's success , Disney produced the TV film , Tower of Terror , based on the attraction in 1997 , starring Steven Guttenberg and Kirsten Dunst . Many shots were filmed at the Orlando theme park , while others were filmed on Burbank movie sets . As of October 2015 , a theatrical film based on the ride , with a script by John August , is in the works . References in the Disney California Adventure version ( edit ) In the Hollywood Tower Hotel 's lobby at California Adventure , there was a door with 22 in brass numbering . This was a reference to the episode `` Twenty Two '' . Similar to the version at Walt Disney Studios ( Paris ) , at California Adventure in the lobby of the hotel , on a couch , sat a Shirley Temple doll . At California Adventure there was a picture , behind the counter in the gift shop , that is said to be of Walt Disney at a Tip Top Club party holding a Mickey Mouse plush toy . Outside the library in the glass case adjacent to the doors , there is a gold thimble accompanied by a card that reads , `` Looking for a gift for Mother ? Find it in our Gift Shop ! '' This is a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` The After Hours '' . Envelopes with the names Rod Serling and Victoria West could be found in both libraries at California Adventure , near the sliding wall , a reference to the episode `` A World of His Own '' . In Library 1 , it stuck out of the top of the green books . In Library 2 , it sat in front of the books . The green books contained titles of selected Twilight Zone episodes . Other books in the libraries were in various languages from around the world , including German and Danish . Similar to the Disneyland Paris venue , the California Adventure queue featured a reference to the Twilight Zone episode `` Little Girl Lost '' . Chalk marks on the walls were in the same style as in the episode when trying to find the portal to the girl . This could be found in the upper level of the boiler room next to the attraction warning signage at each of the 2 venues . Periodically the girl 's voice could be heard calling out for help from the wall and from the radios around the boiler room . There was a display case in the photo gallery of the Tower of Terror attraction at Disney California Adventure that contained two items relating to the `` A Thing about Machines '' episode . One was a typewriter ( with the GET OUT OF HERE FINCHLEY message ) ; the card next to it read `` Almost Writes By Itself '' . There was also an electric razor ; its card read `` Has A Long Cord - Can Follow You Everywhere '' . There was also a toy telephone from the episode `` Long Distance Call '' with a card saying `` Perfect for the children 's room and those late night calls from Grandma . '' Whilst exiting the Disney California Adventure ride , there was a display window for `` Willoughby Travel '' , a nod to the episode `` A Stop at Willoughby '' . In the photo gallery of the Tower of Terror attraction at Disney California Adventure , there was a poster advertising `` Anthony Fremont 's Orchestra '' . Anthony Fremont was the young boy with god - like powers from the episode `` It 's a Good Life '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) In the queue for the Tower of Terror at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , music from the 1930s is played . The ride 's score was composed by Richard Bellis , and incorporates the main Twilight Zone theme composed by Marius Constant . The attraction 's theme and can be found on several theme park albums : Disneyland / Walt Disney World Music Vacation ( as part of a medley ) Walt Disney World Resort : The Official Album ( 1999 CD ) Walt Disney World Resort : Official Album ( 2000 CD ) Official Album : Walt Disney World Resort Celebrating 100 Years of Magic ( 2001 CD ) The Official Album of the Disneyland Resort ( 2005 CD ) Disneyland Resort : Official Album ( 2013 CD ) Walt Disney World : Official Album ( 2013 CD ) Walt Disney Records : The Legacy Collection -- Disneyland ( 2015 CD ) The Tokyo DisneySea version of the attraction is scored by Joel McNeely , who has released the overture on his site . See also ( edit ) Tower of Terror , a 1997 television movie based on the attraction . Incidents at Walt Disney World ( Info on 2005 incident ) List of amusement rides based on television franchises References ( edit ) `` Operating Guideline for The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney 's California Adventure '' Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tower of Terror to get superhero makeover at Disney California Adventure Park '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rohde , Joe ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : BREAKOUT ! Coming to Disney California Adventure Park Summer 2017 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glover , Erin ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Check Into Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Before it Checks Out of Disney California Adventure Park on January 2 , 2017 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dix , Jeff ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland fans say good - bye to Tower of Terror at its final check - out '' . themeparkinsider . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , The '' . D23 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror '' . HiddenMickeys.org . ^ Jump up to : Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` 20 Facts For The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror 's 20th Anniversary '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's California Adventure Tower of Terror Secrets '' . TowerofTerror.org . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Disney Tower of Terror Secrets '' . TowerofTerror.org . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disneyland Paris To Build New Rides For Both Parks '' . Ultimate Rollercoaster . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest Buildings in Orange County '' . Orange County Almanac . ^ Jump up to : Twilight Zone Tower of Terror WDW HD - Ultimate Tribute . Vimeo . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` 13 Stories Down : On the Anniversary of Twilight Zone Tower of Terror '' . Disney Insider . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Headless Horseman Haunts Mickey 's Halloween Party As Halloween Time Returns to the Disneyland Resort , Sept. 9 through Oct. 31 '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . Disneyland Resort . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . The Twilight Zone ® is a registered trademark of CBS , Inc. and is used with permission pursuant to a license from CBS , Inc . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` 13 STORIES DOWN : ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF TWILIGHT ZONE TOWER OF TERROR '' . Disney Insider . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Disney voice - over actors bring theme park rides to life '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sim , Nick ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` 30 Hidden Secrets on the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Theme Park Tourist . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam . `` The surprisingly cutthroat race to build the world 's fastest elevator '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . The Shanghai Tower 's elevator goes even faster than the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , a Disney haunted - elevator amusement - park ride that hurls thrill - seekers at 39 mph . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Zone Tower of Terror WDW HD -- Ultimate Tributes '' . Martin 's Videos . Jump up ^ Glassburn , Kelly . `` MyMagic+ : Video Captures Your Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Drop at Walt Disney World Resort '' . disneyparks.disney.go.com . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glassburn , Kelly . `` Photos , Videos Capture Your Seven Dwarfs Mine Train Ride at Walt Disney World Resort '' . disneyparks.disney.go.com . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sandi . `` Disney PhotoPass Service Simplifies Access to Walt Disney World Photos , Videos '' . disneyparks.com . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Main Street Electrical Parade Returns to Walt Disney World Resort This Summer '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED ( 2 : 41pm ) Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Summer Nightastic drop profile details '' . WDWMagic . June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Step into Blockbuster Super Hero Stories at Disney California Adventure Park ! Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : BREAKOUT ! Opens May 27 with Summer of Heroes and All - New Epic Experiences '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Terror to close for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Ride '' . ABC 7 News , Chicago . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight Zone Tower of Terror ride closing at Disneyland '' . ABC 5 News , Boston . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland removes sign to Tower of Terror , signaling switch to Guardians of the Galaxy '' . San Jose Mercury News . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Disney : ' Avatar ' land to open next summer at Animal Kingdom '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror ( Around The World ) - 15th Anniversary - Disneyland Resort Paris '' . DLRP Magic ! . 2007 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Boulevard '' . DLRP Today . 2007 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror '' . DLP Guide - Disneyland Paris at the click of a mouse ! . Jump up ^ `` Spotting the details of a Twilight Zone redux '' . DLP Today . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror - Hollywood Studios Attractions - Walt Disney World Resort '' . Walt Disney World . Jump up ^ ' Tower Of Terror ' Getting Movie Treatment ; Venerable Disney Theme Park Fright Ride Deadline , Retrieved October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Richard Bellis : : Filmography '' . richardbellis.com . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was tower of terror built in disneyland | [
"The original version of the attraction opened at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in July 1994, and was the basis of the 1997 television film of the same name, several scenes of which were shot at the attraction. A decade later, Disney began plans to add similar versions of the attraction to their newest parks at the Disneyland Resort in California, Tokyo Disney Resort in Japan, and Disneyland Paris. In California and Paris, Disney sought to use the popular attraction to boost attendance at the respective resorts' struggling new theme parks. The California and Tokyo versions of Tower of Terror opened in 2004[8] and 2006,[9] respectively, while financial problems delayed the opening of the Paris version until 2008.[10] The California version closed in January 2017.[3]"
] | [
"July 1994"
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-7278017269503586487 | Constituent Assembly of India | Constituent Assembly of India - Wikipedia Constituent Assembly of India This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constituent Assembly of India Seal of the Constituent Assembly . Type Type Unicameral History Founded 6 December 1946 ( 1946 - 12 - 06 ) Disbanded 24 January 1950 ( 1950 - 01 - 24 ) Preceded by Imperial Legislative Council Succeeded by Parliament of India Leadership Temporary Chairman Sachchidananda Sinha , INC President Dr. Rajendra Prasad , INC Chairman of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , SCF Vice Presidents Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari Structure Seats 389 ( Dec. 1946 - June 1947 ) 299 ( June 1947 - Jan. 1950 ) Political groups INC : 208 seats AIML : 73 seats Others : 15 seats Princely States : 93 seats Elections Voting system First past the post Meeting place House of Parliament , New Delhi The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India . Following India 's independence from Great Britain in 1947 , its members served as the nation 's first Parliament . An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M.N. Roy , a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy . It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935 , C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a Constituent Assembly on 15 November 1939 based on adult franchise , and was accepted by the British in August 1940 . On 8 August 1940 , a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor - General 's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council . This offer , known as the August Offer , included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution . Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 , elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly . The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946 . The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single , transferable - vote system of proportional representation . The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 : 292 were representatives of the states , 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi , Ajmer - Merwara , Coorg ( Near Madikeri ) and British Baluchistan . The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946 . Congress won 208 seats , and the Muslim League 73 . After this election , the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress , and the political situation deteriorated . Hindu - Muslim riots began , and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India . On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten , the last British Governor - General of India , announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan ; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan . The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and , although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948 , this event led to independence on 15 August 1947 . The Constituent Assembly ( elected for an undivided India ) met for the first time on 9 December 1946 , reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament 's authority in India . As a result of the partition , under the Mountbatten plan a separate Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was established on 3 June 1947 . The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India . New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal ( which became part of Pakistan , although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh ) ; the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization , and it met on 31 December 1947 . Contents 1 Description 2 Background and election 3 Constitution and elections 4 Organization 4.1 Timeline 5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly 6 Prominent members 7 Members ( by province / state ) 7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading Description ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly , consisting of indirectly elected representatives , was established to draft a constitution for India ( including the now - separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) . It existed for approximately three years , the first parliament of India after independence in 1947 . The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage , and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities . The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation . Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one - party environment , the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions -- from conservative industrialists to radical Marxists , to Hindu revivalists . The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946 , and its last session was held on 24 January 1950 . The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru : The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution , to feed the starving people , and to clothe the naked masses , and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity . This is certainly a great task . Look at India today . We , are sitting here and there in despair in many places , and unrest in many cities . The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances , and unfortunately we sometimes can not avoid them . But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving . Wherever we turn , we are confronted with this problem . If we can not solve this problem soon , all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless . Keeping this aspect in view , who could suggest to us to postpone and wait ? -- Jawaharlal Nehru , Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) , Vol. II Background and election ( edit ) India was still under British rule when the Constituent Assembly was established following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom . Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946 . Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies , and initially included representatives for those provinces that formed part of Pakistan ( some of which are now in Bangladesh ) . The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives , including nine women . The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly . The Congress Party held a large majority in the Assembly ( 69 percent of the seats ) , and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims . There were also members of smaller parties , such as the Scheduled Caste Federation , the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party . In June 1947 delegations from Sindh , East Bengal , Baluchistan , West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan , meeting in Karachi . On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations , and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India 's Parliament . Twenty - eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly , and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states ; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent . Constitution and elections ( edit ) See also : Constitution of India At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session , with 208 members attending . By early 1947 , representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined , and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949 . On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect ( commemorated as Republic Day ) , and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India ( continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952 ) . Organization ( edit ) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman ( temporary ) of Constituent Assembly . Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University . Also chairing the assembly 's Minorities Committee , Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic . Jurist B.N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly ; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution , and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague . The assembly 's work had five stages : Committees presented reports on issues . B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations . The drafting committee , chaired by B.R. Ambedkar , presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion . The draft constitution was discussed , and amendments proposed and enacted . The constitution was adopted , with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party ( known as the Congress Assembly Party ) played a pivotal role . Timeline ( edit ) 9 December 1946 : The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall ( now the Central Hall of Parliament House ) . Demanding a separate state , the Muslim League boycotted the meeting . Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly , in accordance with French practice . 11 December 1946 : Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H.C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly . B.N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser . 13 December 1946 : An ' Objective Resolution ' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly , laying down the underlying principles of the constitution . It finally became the Preamble of the constitution . 22 January 1947 : Objective resolution unanimously adopted . 22 July 1947 : National flag adopted . 15 August 1947 : Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India . 29 August 1947 : Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman . 16 July 1948 : Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly . 26 November 1949 : Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly . 24 January 1950 : `` Jana Gana Mana '' adopted as the national anthem , with the first two verses of `` Vande Mataram '' the national song . Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India . The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body , and by G.V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body . It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years , eleven months and eighteen days , at a total expenditure of ₹ 6.4 million . Committees of the Constituent Assembly ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution - making . Out of these , eight were major committees and the others were minor committees . Major Committees Drafting Committee -- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Union Powers Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Union Constitution Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Provincial Constitution Committee -- Sardar Patel Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights , Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas -- Sardar Patel . This committee had the following subcommittees : Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee -- J.B. Kripalani Minorities Sub-Committee -- Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , North - East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee -- Gopinath Bardoloi Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas ( Other than those in Assam ) Sub-Committee -- AV Thakkar Rules of Procedure Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad States Committee ( Committee for Negotiating with States ) -- Jawaharlal Nehru Steering Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Prominent members ( edit ) B.R. Ambedkar , Minister for Law ; Chairman of Drafting Committee . B.N. Rau , Constitutional Advisor Jawaharlal Nehru , first Prime Minister of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister J.B. Kriplani , President of Indian National congress at the time of independence Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Minister for Education Rajendra Prasad , President of Constituent Assembly C. Rajagopalachari , Governor - General of India Sarat Chandra Bose , Barrister and Indian independence activist Krishna Sinha , first Chief Minister , Bihar Binodanand Jha , Minister , Bihar Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister , Bihar Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Asaf Ali Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Industries Minister , President , Hindu Mahasabha Moturi Satyanarayana , Freedom Fighter Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , Health Minister Hansa Mehta , President , All India Women 's Conference N.G. Ranga Deep Narayan Singh , Minister , Bihar Gopinath Bordoloi , Prime Minister of Assam Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla , Assam P. Subbarayan Kailashnath Katju N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar T.T. Krishnamachari Rameshwar Prasad Sinha Durgabai Deshmukh K.M. Munshi Krishana Ballabh Sahay Frank Anthony , Anglo - Indian representative Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan John Mathai , first railway minister of India Pratap Singh Kairon L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province Chidambaram Subramaniam Jaipal Singh Munda , Former Indian Hockey captain , and Tribal leader Hargovind Pant Members ( by province / state ) ( edit ) Madras : Annie Mascarene , O.V. Alagesan , Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan , M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar , Moturi Satyanarayana , Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan , Mrs. G. Durgabai , Kala Venkatarao , N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar , D. Govinda Das , Revd . Jerome D'Souza , P. Kakkan , T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder , K. Kamaraj , V.C. Kesava Rao , T.T. Krishnamachari , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi , P. Kunhiraman , Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao , V.I. Munuswamy Pillai , M.A. Muthiah Chettiar , V. Nadimuthu Pillai , S. Nagappa , P.L. Narasimha Raju , B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya , C. Perumalswamy Reddy , T. Prakasam , S.H. Prater , Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili , R.K. Shanmukham Chetty , T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar , Ramnath Goenka , O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiar , N.G. Ranga , Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy , Sheik Galib Sahib , K. Santhanam , B. Shiva Rao , Kallur Subba Rao , U. Srinivasa Mallya , P. Subbarayan , C. Subramaniam , V Subramaniam , M.C. Veerabahu Pillai , P.M. Velayudapani , A.K. Menon , T.J.M. Wilson , Mohamed Ismail Sahib , K.T.M. Ahmed Ibrahim , Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur , B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur , pattam Tanupillai Bombay : Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte , Hansa Mehta , Hari Vinayak Pataskar , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , Joseph Alban D'Souza , Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai , Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe , Khandubhai Kasanji Desai , Bal Gangadhar Kher , M.R. Masani , K.M. Munshi , Narahar Vishnu Gadgil , S. Nijalingappa , S.K. Patil , Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade , R.R. Diwakar , Shankarrao Deo , G.V. Mavalankar , Vallabhbhai Patel , Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh , A.A. Khan West Bengal : Monomohan Das , Arun Chandra Guha , Lakshmi Kanta Maitra , Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay , Satis Chandra Samanta , Suresh Chandra Majumdar , Upendranath Barman , Prabhudayal Himatsingka , Basanta Kumar Das , Renuka Ray , H.C. Mukherjee , Surendra Mohan Ghose , Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Ari Bahadur Gurung , R.E. Platel , K.C. Neogy , Raghib Ahsan , Somnath Lahiri , Jasimuddin Ahmad , Naziruddin Ahmad , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Halim Ghuznavi United Provinces : Ajit Prasad Jain , Algu Rai Shastri , Balkrishna Sharma , Banshi Dhar Misra , Bhagwan Din , Damodar Swarup Seth , Dayal Das Bhagat , Dharam Prakash , A. Dharam Dass , R.V. Dhulekar , Feroz Gandhi , Gopal Narain , Krishna Chandra Sharma , Govind Ballabh Pant , Govind Malviya , Har Govind Pant , Harihar Nath Shastri , Hriday Nath Kunzru , Jaspat Roy Kapoor , Jagannath Baksh Singh , Jawaharlal Nehru , Jogendra Singh , Jugal Kishore , Jwala Prasad Srivastava , B.V. Keskar , Kamala Chaudhry , Kamalapati Tripathi , J.B. Kripalani , Mahavir Tyagi , Khurshed Lal , Masurya Din , Mohan Lal Saksena , Padampat Singhania , Phool Singh , Paragi Lal , Purnima Banerjee , Purushottam Das Tandon , Hira Vallabha Tripathi , Ram Chandra Gupta , Shibban Lal Saxena , Satish Chandra , John Matthai , Sucheta Kripalani , Sunder Lall , Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari , Mohanlal Gautam , Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi , Vishnu Sharan Dublish , Begum Aizaz Rasul , Hyder Hussain , Hasrat Mohani , Abul Kalam Azad , Muhammad Ismail Khan , Rafi Ahmad Kidwai , Mohd . Hifzur Rahman , ZH Lari East Punjab : Bakshi Tek Chand , Jairamdas Daulatram , Thakurdas Bhargava , Bikramlal Sondhi , Yashwant Rai , Ranbir Singh Hooda , Lala Achint Ram , Nand Lal , Baldev Singh , Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir , Sardar Hukam Singh , Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann , Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal Bihar : Nasif Arafat , Amiyo Kumar Ghosh , Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala , Bhagwat Prasad , Boniface Lakra , Brajeshwar Prasad , Chandika Ram , K.T. Shah , Devendra Nath Samanta , Dip Narain Sinha , Guptanath Singh , Jadubans Sahay , Jagat Narain Lal , Jagjivan Ram , Jaipal Singh Munda , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga , Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav , Mahesh Prasad Sinha , Krishna Ballabh Sahay , Raghunandan Prasad , Rajendra Prasad , Rameshwar Prasad Sinha , Ramnarayan Singh , Sachchidananda Sinha , Sarangdhar Sinha , Satyanarayan Sinha , Binodanand Jha , P.K. Sen , Sri Krishna Sinha , Sri Narayan Mahtha , Syamanandan Mishra , Hussain Imam , Syed Jafar Imam , Latifur Rahman , Mohammad Tahir , Tajamul Hussain , Choudhry Abid Hussain . Hargovind Mishra Central Provinces and Berar : Ambica Charan Shukla , Raghu Vira , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , B.A. Mandloi , Brijlal Nandlal Biyani , Thakur Cheedilal , Seth Govind Das , Hari Singh Gour , Hari Vishnu Kamath , Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar , Ghanshyam Singh Gupta , Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar , Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh , Ravi Shankar Shukla , R.K. Sidhva , Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari , Frank Anthony , Kazi Syed Karimuddin , Ganpatrao Dani Assam : Nibaran Chandra Laskar , Dharanidhar Basu - Matari , Gopinath Bardoloi , J.J.M. Nichols - Roy , Kuladhar Chaliha , Rohini Kumar Chaudhury , Muhammad Saadulla , Abdur Rouf Orissa : Biswanath Das , Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev , Harekrushna Mahatab , Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra , Nandkishore Das , Rajkrishna Bose , Santanu Kumar Das , Yudhishir Mishra Delhi : Deshbhandhu Gupta Ajmer - Merwara : Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava Coorg : C.M. Poonacha Mysore : K.C. Reddy , T. Siddalingaiya , H.R. Guruv Reddy , S.V. Krishnamurthy Rao , K. Hanumanthaiya , H. Siddaveerappa , T. Channiah Jammu and Kashmir : Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah , Motiram Baigra , Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg , Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi Travancore - Cochin : Pattom A. Thanu Pillai , R. Sankar , P.T. Chacko , Panampilly Govinda Menon , Annie Mascarene , P.S. Nataraja Pillai , K.A. Mohamed Madhya Bharat : Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate , Brijraj Narain , Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya , Ram Sahai , Kusum Kant Jain , Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya , Sitaram S. Jajoo Saurashtra : Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta , Jaisukhlal Hathi , Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar , Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah , Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi Rajasthan : V.T. Krishnamachari , Hiralal Shastri , Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri , Jaswant Singhji , Raj Bhadur , Manikya Lal Varma , Gokul Lal Asava , Ramchandra Upadhyaya , Balwant Sinha Mehta , Dalel Singh , Jainarain Vyas Patiala and East Punjab States Union : Ranjit Singh , Sochet Singh , Bhagwant Roy Bombay States : Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya , B.N. Munavalli , Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt , Jivraj Narayan Mehta , Gopaldas A. Desai , Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi , B.H. Khardekar , Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar B.N Datar Orissa States : Lal Mohan Pati , N. Madhava Rau , Raj Kunwar , Sarangadhar Das , Yudhishthir Mishra Central Provinces States : R.L. Malaviya , Kishorimohan Tripathi , Ramprasad Potai United Provinces States : B.H. Zaidi , Krishna Singh Madras States : V. Ramaiah , Ramakrishna Ranga Rao Vindhya Pradesh : Avdesh Pratap Singh , Shambu Nath Shukla , Ram Sahai Tiwari , Mannulalji Dwidedi Cooch Behar : Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari Tripura and Manipur : Girja Shankar Guha Bhopal : Lal Singh Kutch : Bhawani Arjun Khimji Himachal Pradesh : Yashwant Singh Parmar Members who later withdrew after partition ( edit ) East Bengal : Abdullah al Mahmood , Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Kasem Khan , Mohammad Akram Khan , A. Hamid , Azizuddin Ahmad , Muhammad Habibullah Bahar , Prem Hari Barma , Raj Kumar Chakraverty , Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya , Abdul Matin Chaudhary , Murtaza Raza Choudhry , Hamidul Haq Chowdhury , Akhay Kumar Das , Dhirendra Nath Datta , Bhupendra Kumar Datta , Ebrahim Khan , Fazlul Huq , Fazlur Rahman , Ghayasuddin Pathan , Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah , Liaquat Ali Khan , Mafizuddin Ahmad , Mahmud Hussain , Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar , A.M. Malik , Birat Chandra Mandal , Jogendra Nath Mandal , Mohammed Ali , Khwaja Nazimuddin , M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed , Nurul Amin , Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi , Sri Dhananjoy M.A.B.L. Roy , Maudi Bhakesh Chanda , B.L. Serajul Islam , Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani , Shahabudin Khwaja , H.S. Suhrawardy , Harendra Kumar Sur , Tamizuddin Khan , Kawivi Kerwar Datta , Ghulam Mohammed West Punjab : Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana , Ganga Saran , Zafarullah Khan , Iftikhar Hussain Khan , Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Sheikh Karamat Ali , Nazir Ahmad Khan , Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar , Feroz Khan Noon , Omar Hayat Malik , Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara , Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan , Northwest Frontier Province : Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan , Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan , Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan Sindh : Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman , Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder , M.A. Khuhro Balochistan : S.B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai Gallery ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman , Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29 , 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November , 1949 . B.R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India . Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth , Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations , 3rd ed. , ( New Delhi : Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited , 2011 ) , p. 2.3 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Baruah , L.M. ( 1992 ) . Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi , an Architect of Modern India . Gyan Publishing House . ISBN 81 - 212 - 0404 - 6 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Granville . The Indian Constitution , Cornerstone of a Nation . New Delhi : OUP India , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564959 - 1 . Bipan Chandra , Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee . India Since Independence : Revised Edition . New Delhi : Penguin Books India , 2008 . An Indian 10 - episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called `` SAMVIDHAN '' described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constituent_Assembly_of_India&oldid=866272290 '' Categories : Constitutional history of India Central Legislative Assembly of India Political history of India Constituent Assembly of India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 10 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | presented the idea of indian constituent assembly in pre independence day | [
"An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935, C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a Constituent Assembly on 15 November 1939 based on adult franchise, and was accepted by the British in August 1940. On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor-General's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council. This offer, known as the August Offer, included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution. Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389: 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg (Near Madikeri) and British Baluchistan.\n"
] | [
"M. N. Roy"
] |
4766552582432847734 | NBA regular season records | NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 20 by Ben Wallace , Detroit Pistons ( at Los Angeles Clippers ) on December 11 , 2005 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 363 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant ( 18 years , 158 days ) Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey ( 45 years , 363 days ) Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish ( 43 years , 118 days ) Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double LeBron James is the youngest , doing so on January 19 , 2005 for the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers at the age of 20 years , 20 days . He had 27 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 7004128450000000000 ♠ 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 37 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics at the age of 18 years , 348 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Memphis Grizzlies against the Utah Jazz at the age of 39 years , 293 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Clyde Drexler is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Houston Rockets against the Sacramento Kings at the age of 34 years , 132 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record a triple - double and every point milestone from 1,000 to 25,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- Kobe Bryant ( 34 years , 104 days ) on December 5 , 2012 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Other than the longest game , all records in this section are since the 1954 -- 55 season ( the first season with a shot clock ) . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 39 -- The Dallas Mavericks ( 18 ) vs. the Golden State Warriors ( 21 ) on March 25 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,108 games : Dallas Mavericks ( February 27 , 1999 -- December 14 , 2012 ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . C1 control character in title = at position 26 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UNC in the NBA : Vince Carter breaks record held by Michael Jordan '' . KeepingItHeel.com. 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Warriors become 2nd team with back - to - back 65 - win seasons Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/gamenotes/mavericks.pdf Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=803515505 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 00 : 29 . 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-3746156439021883796 | Environmental impact statement | Environmental impact statement - wikipedia Environmental impact statement This article is about environmental impact statements under United States federal law . For worldwide perspective on environmental impact statements , see Environmental impact assessment . An environmental impact statement ( EIS ) , under United States environmental law , is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) for certain actions `` significantly affecting the quality of the human environment '' . An EIS is a tool for decision making . It describes the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed action , and it usually also lists one or more alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS . Several U.S. state governments require that a document similar to an EIS be submitted to the state for certain actions . For example , in California , an Environmental Impact Report ( EIR ) must be submitted to the state for certain actions , as described in the California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA ) . One of the primary authors of the act is Lynton K. Caldwell . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Layout 3 NEPA process 3.1 Tiering 4 Strengths 5 Limitations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Purpose ( edit ) The purpose of the NEPA is to promote informed decision - making by federal agencies by making `` detailed information concerning significant environmental impacts '' available to both agency leaders and the public . The NEPA was the first piece of legislation that created a comprehensive method to assess potential and existing environmental risks at once . It also encourages communication and cooperation between all the actors involved in environmental decisions , including government officials , private businesses , and citizens . In particular , an EIS acts as an enforcement mechanism to ensure that the federal government adheres to the goals and policies outlined in the NEPA . An EIS should be created in a timely manner as soon as the agency is planning development or is presented with a proposal for development . The statement should use an interdisciplinary approach so that it accurately assesses both the physical and social impacts of the proposed development . In many instances an action may be deemed subject to NEPA 's EIS requirement even though the action is not specifically sponsored by a federal agency . These factors may include actions that receive federal funding , federal licensing or authorization , or that are subject to federal control . Not all federal actions require a full EIS . If the action may or may not cause a significant impact , the agency can first prepare a smaller , shorter document called an Environmental Assessment ( EA ) . The finding of the EA determines whether an EIS is required . If the EA indicates that no significant impact is likely , then the agency can release a finding of no significant impact ( FONSI ) and carry on with the proposed action . Otherwise , the agency must then conduct a full - scale EIS . Most EAs result in a FONSI . A limited number of federal actions may avoid the EA and EIS requirements under NEPA if they meet the criteria for a categorical exclusion ( CATEX ) . A CATEX is usually permitted when a course of action is identical or very similar to a past course of action and the impacts on the environment from the previous action can be assumed for the proposed action , or for building a structure within the footprint of an existing , larger facility or complex . For example , two proposed sections of Interstate 69 in Kentucky were granted a CATEX from NEPA requirements as these portions of I - 69 will be routed over existing freeways requiring little more than minor spot improvements and a change of highway signage . Additionally , a CATEX can be issued during an emergency when time does not permit the preparation of an EA or EIS . An example of the latter is when the Federal Highway Administration issued a CATEX to construct the replacement bridge in the wake of the I - 35W Mississippi River Bridge Collapse . Contrary to a widespread misconception , NEPA does not prohibit the federal government or its licensees / permittees from harming the environment , but merely requires that the prospective impacts be understood and disclosed in advance . The intent of NEPA is to help key decisionmakers and stakeholders balance the need to implement an action with its impacts on the surrounding human and natural environment , and provide opportunities for mitigating those impacts while keeping the cost and schedule for implementing the action under control . However , many activities require various federal permits to comply with other environmental legislation , such as the Clean Air Act , the Clean Water Act , Endangered Species Act and Section 4 ( f ) of the Federal Highway Act to name a few . Similarly , many states and local jurisdictions have enacted environmental laws and ordinances , requiring additional state and local permits before the action can proceed . Obtaining these permits typically requires the lead agency to implement the Least Environmentally Damaging Practicable Alternative ( LEDPA ) to comply with federal , state , and local environmental laws that are ancillary to NEPA . In some instances , the result of NEPA analysis leads to abandonment or cancellation of the proposed action , particularly when the `` No Action '' alternative ends up being the LEDPA . Layout ( edit ) An EIS typically has four sections : An Introduction including a statement of the Purpose and Need of the Proposed Action . A description of the Affected Environment . A Range of Alternatives to the proposed action . Alternatives are considered the `` heart '' of the EIS . An analysis of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives . This section covers topics such as : Impacts to threatened or endangered species Air and water quality impacts Impacts to historic and cultural sites , particularly sites of significant importance to Indigenous peoples . Social and Economic impacts to local communities , often including consideration of attributes such as impacts to available housing stock , economic impacts to businesses , property values , aesthetics and noise within the affected area Cost and Schedule Analyses for each alternative , including costs and timeline to mitigate expected impacts , to determine if the proposed action can be completed at a acceptable cost and within a reasonable amount of time While not required in the EIS , the following subjects may be included as part of the EIS or as separate documents based on agency policy . Financial Plan for the proposed action identifying the sources of secured funding for the action . For example , the Federal Highway Administration has started requiring states to include a financial plan showing that funding has been secured for major highway projects before it will approve an EIS and issue a Record of Decision . An Environmental Mitigation Plan is often requested by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) if substantial environmental impacts are expected from the preferred alternative . Additional documentation to comply with state and local environmental policy laws and secure required federal , state , and local permits before the action can proceed . Every EIS is required to analyze a No Action Alternative , in addition to the range of alternatives presented for study . The No Action Alternative identifies the expected environmental impacts in the future if existing conditions were left as is with no action taken by the lead agency . Analysis of the No Action Alternative is used to establish a baseline upon which to compare the proposed `` Action '' alternatives . NEPA process ( edit ) The NEPA process is designed to involve the public and gather the best available information in a single place so that decision makers can be fully informed when they make their choices . This is the process of EIS Proposal : In this stage , the needs and objectives of a project have been decided , but the project has not been financed . Categorical Exclusion ( CATEX ) : As discussed above , the government may exempt an agency from the process . The agency can then proceed with the project and skip the remaining steps . Environmental Assessment ( EA ) : The proposal is analyzed in addition to the local environment with the aim to reduce the negative impacts of the development on the area . Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) : Occurs when no significant impacts are identified in an EA . A FONSI typically allows the lead agency to proceed without having to complete an EIS . Environmental Impact Statement Scoping : The first meetings are held to discuss existing laws , the available information , and the research needed . The tasks are divided up and a lead group is selected . Decision makers and all those involved with the project can attend the meetings . Notice : The public is notified that the agency is preparing an EIS . The agency also provides the public with information regarding how they can become involved in the process . The agency announces its project proposal with a notice in the Federal Register , notices in local media , and letters to citizens and groups that it knows are likely to be interested . Citizens and groups are welcome to send in comments helping the agency identify the issues it must address in the EIS ( or EA ) . Draft EIS ( DEIS ) : Based on both agency expertise and issues raised by the public , the agency prepares a Draft EIS with a full description of the affected environment , a reasonable range of alternatives , and an analysis of the impacts of each alternative . Comment : Affected individuals then have the opportunity to provide feedback through written and public hearing statements . Final EIS ( FEIS ) and Proposed Action : Based on the comments on the Draft EIS , the agency writes a Final EIS , and announces its Proposed Action . The public is not invited to comment on this , but if they are still unhappy , or feel that the agency has missed a major issue , they may protest the EIS to the Director of the agency . The Director may either ask the agency to revise the EIS , or explain to the protester why their complaints are not actually taken care of . Re-evaluation : Prepared following an approved FEIS or ROD when unforeseen changes to the proposed action or its impacts occurs , or when a substantial period of time has passed between approval of an action and the planned start of said action . Based on the significance of the changes , three outcomes may result from a re-evaluation report : ( 1 ) the action may proceed with no substantive changes to the FEIS , ( 2 ) significant impacts are expected with the change that can be adequately addressed in a Supplemental EIS ( SEIS ) , or ( 3 ) the circumstances force a complete change in the nature and scope of the proposed action , thereby voiding the pre-existing FEIS ( and ROD , if applicable ) , requiring the lead agency to restart the NEPA process and prepare a new EIS to encompass the changes . Supplemental EIS ( SEIS ) : Typically prepared after either a Final EIS or Record of Decision has been issued and new environmental impacts that were not considered in the original EIS are discovered , requiring the lead agency to re-evaluate its initial decision and consider new alternatives to avoid or mitigate the new impacts . Supplemental EISs are also prepared when the size and scope of a federal action changes , when a significant period of time has lapsed since the FEIS was completed to account for changes in the surrounding environment during that time , or when all of the proposed alternatives in an EIS are deemed to have unacceptable environmental impacts and new alternatives are proposed . Record of Decision ( ROD ) : Once all the protests are resolved the agency issues a Record of Decision which is its final action prior to implementation . If members of the public are still dissatisfied with the outcome , they may sue the agency in Federal court . Often , the agencies responsible for preparing an EA or EIS do not compile the document directly , but outsource this work to private - sector consulting firms with expertise in the proposed action and its anticipated effects on the environment . Because of the intense level of detail required in analyzing the alternatives presented in an EIS or EA , such documents may take years or even decades to compile , and often compose of multiple volumes that can be thousands to tens of thousands of pages in length . To avoid potential conflicts in securing required permits and approvals after the ROD is issued , the lead agency will often coordinate with stakeholders at all levels , and resolve any conflicts to the greatest extent possible during the EIS process . Proceeding in this fashion helps avoid interagency conflicts and potential lawsuits after the lead agency reaches its decision . Tiering ( edit ) On exceptionally large projects , especially proposed highway and railroad corridors that cross long distances , the lead agency may use a two - tiered process prior to implementing the proposed action . In such cases , the Tier I EIS would analyze the potential socio - environmental impacts along a general corridor , but would not identify the exact location of where the action would occur . A Tier I ROD would be issued approving the general area where the action would be implemented . Following the Tier I ROD , the approved Tier I area is further broken down into subareas , and a Tier II EIS is then prepared for each subarea , that identifies the exact location of where the proposed action will take place . The preparation of Tier II EISs for each subarea proceeds at its own pace , independent from the other subareas within the Tier I area . For example , parts of the proposed Interstate 69 extension in Indiana and Texas are being studied through a two - tiered process Strengths ( edit ) By requiring agencies to complete an EIS , the act encourages them to consider the environmental costs of a project and introduces new information into the decision - making process . The NEPA has increased the influence of environmental analysts and agencies in the federal government by increasing their involvement in the development process . Because an EIS requires expert skill and knowledge , agencies must hire environmental analysts . Unlike agencies who may have other priorities , analysts are often sympathetic to environmental issues . In addition , this feature introduces scientific procedures into the political process . Limitations ( edit ) The differences that exist between science and politics limit the accuracy of an EIS . Although analysts are members of the scientific community , they are affected by the political atmosphere . Analysts do not have the luxury of an unlimited time for research . They are also affected by the different motives behind the research of the EIS and by different perspectives of what constitutes a good analysis . In addition , government officials do not want to reveal an environmental problem from within their own agency . Citizens often misunderstand the environmental assessment process . The public does not realize that the process is only meant to gather information relevant to the decision . Even if the statement predicts negative impacts of the project , decision makers can still proceed with the proposal . Environmental impact statements presented to citizens and government officials frequently include very precise data . However , the quality and context of the data , such as the margin of error and the range , is omitted . See also ( edit ) Natural environment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 , as amended , 42 USC Sections 4321 - 4347 Archived 2008 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ( enacted 1970 - 01 - 01 ) from Council on Environmental Quality NEPAnet Archived 2008 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See the Supreme Court decision : Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council , 490 U.S. 332 , 349 ( 1989 ) . ^ Jump up to : Felleman , John ( April 5 , 2013 ) , `` Environmental Impact Assessment '' , The Encyclopedia of Earth Jump up ^ `` Part 1502 -- Environmental Impact Statement '' . U.S. Council on Environmental Quality . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Eccleston , Charles H. ( 2008 ) . NEPA and Environmental Planning : Tools , Techniques , and Approaches for Practitioners , pp 148 - 149 . CRC Press . ISBN 9780849375590 . Jump up ^ Eccleston , Charles H. ( 2014 ) . The EIS Book : Managing and Preparing Environmental Impact Statements . Chapter 6 . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1466583634 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Serge. 1984 . `` Making Bureaucracies Think : The Environmental Impact Statement Strategy of Administrative Reform '' . Stanford University Press : Stanford , CA . External links ( edit ) Knowledge Mosaic 's environmental blog , The Green Mien , provides a weekly round - up of recently released environmental impact statements . Northwestern University Transportation Library has one of the world 's largest collections of hard copy environmental impact statements . United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Human impact on the environment General Anthropocene Environmental issues List of issues Human impact Impact assessment Planetary boundaries Causes Agriculture fishing irrigation meat production cocoa production palm oil Energy industry biofuels biodiesel coal electricity generation nuclear power oil shale petroleum reservoirs wind power Genetic pollution Industrialization Land use Manufacturing cleaning agents concrete plastics nanotechnology paint paper pesticides pharmaceuticals and personal care Mining Overdrafting Overfishing Overgrazing Overexploitation Overpopulation Particulates Pollution Quarrying Reservoirs Tourism Transport aviation roads shipping Urbanization urban sprawl war Effects Biodiversity threats Biodiversity loss Climate change Global warming Runaway climate change Coral reefs Deforestation Defaunation Desertification Ecocide Erosion Environmental degradation Freshwater cycle Habitat destruction Holocene extinction Nitrogen cycle Land degradation Land surface effects on climate Loss of green belts Phosphorus cycle Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Resource depletion Water degradation Water scarcity Mitigation Birth control Cleaner production Climate change mitigation Climate engineering Ecological engineering Environmental engineering Environmental mitigation Industrial ecology Mitigation banking Organic farming Reforestation urban Restoration ecology Sustainable consumption Waste minimization Commons by country assessment mitigation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_statement&oldid=847744810 '' Categories : Environmental science Environmental law in the United States Statements ( law ) Environmental impact assessment Environmental impact in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 13 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what elements must be present in an environmental impact statement issued by the epa | [
"An environmental impact statement (EIS), under United States environmental law, is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for certain actions \"significantly affecting the quality of the human environment\".[1] An EIS is a tool for decision making. It describes the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed action, and it usually also lists one or more alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS. Several U.S. state governments require that a document similar to an EIS be submitted to the state for certain actions. For example, in California, an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) must be submitted to the state for certain actions, as described in the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). One of the primary authors of the act is Lynton K. Caldwell.\n",
"An environmental impact statement (EIS), under United States environmental law, is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for certain actions \"significantly affecting the quality of the human environment\".[1] An EIS is a tool for decision making. It describes the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed action, and it usually also lists one or more alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS. Several U.S. state governments require that a document similar to an EIS be submitted to the state for certain actions. For example, in California, an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) must be submitted to the state for certain actions, as described in the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). One of the primary authors of the act is Lynton K. Caldwell.\n"
] | [
"the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed action",
"one or more alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS"
] |
-4855527452751210972 | Ginnifer Goodwin | Ginnifer Goodwin - wikipedia Ginnifer Goodwin Not to be confused with Jennie Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin Goodwin at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . Jennifer Michelle Goodwin ( 1978 - 05 - 22 ) May 22 , 1978 ( age 40 ) Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Josh Dallas ( m . 2014 ) Children Jennifer Michelle `` Ginnifer '' Goodwin ( born May 22 , 1978 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- 2017 , 2018 ) , and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia . She also played Fawn in the Disney film `` Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast '' . Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile , Something Borrowed , Walk the Line , Killing Kennedy , and He 's Just Not That Into You . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Theatre 6 Awards and nominations 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Goodwin was born in Memphis , Tennessee . Her mother , Linda ( née Kantor ) , is a former educator and stay - at - home mom who later worked for FedEx and Apple . Her father , Tim Goodwin , formerly owned and operated a recording studio . Goodwin changed her name from `` Jennifer '' to `` Ginnifer '' to distinguish her name , and to assist in pronunciation of her name in her regional dialect . Her younger sister , Melissa Goodwin , is a stop motion animator on shows such as Robot Chicken , on which Ginnifer has also appeared as voice talent . Ginnifer 's mother is of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry . Goodwin was raised attending synagogue on Saturdays and Unitarian church on Sundays . She was both baptized and had a Bat Mitzvah service . In her youth , Goodwin was affiliated with the North American Federation of Temple Youth , and was active in BBYO at the Jewish Community Center in Memphis . She went to school at St. Mary 's Episcopal School in Memphis , Tennessee . She then graduated from Lausanne Collegiate School in 1996 , then attended Hanover College ( majoring in Theater ) for one year before moving on to earn her Bachelor of Fine Arts from Boston University . While a student at BU , she performed in numerous student short films , as well as several college and local stage productions . Goodwin was given the `` Excellence in Acting : Professional Promise Award '' by the Bette Davis Foundation , and graduated with honors . After her time at Boston University , she studied in England at Stratford Upon - Avon 's Shakespeare Institute , in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company . The following year she earned an `` Acting Shakespeare Certificate '' at London 's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Career ( edit ) Goodwin first had roles in the NBC television programs Law & Order and Ed before appearing in the Comedy Central television movie Porn ' n Chicken . She later had substantial roles in the films Mona Lisa Smile , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , Walk the Line -- in which she portrayed Vivian Liberto , Johnny Cash 's first wife -- and Birds of America . She also played Dori Dumchovic in the dark comedy Love Comes to the Executioner . Goodwin played a leading role as Margene Heffman , the third wife in a polygamous family , on the HBO original series Big Love , which concluded on March 20 , 2011 . Goodwin has recurring voice roles in the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken , in the animation of which her younger sister Melissa Goodwin is involved . In 2008 , Max Mara honored Goodwin with a `` Face of the Future '' award , an award recognizing up and coming women in film . Goodwin played Gigi in He 's Just Not That into You , which was released in February 2009 . For this role , she received a nomination for the People 's Choice Award for Breakout Movie Actress . In April 2009 she began filming Ramona and Beezus ( playing `` Aunt Bea '' ) . From 2011 to 2017 , Goodwin played a leading role in the ABC fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time . She played both the fairy tale heroine Snow White and her real world counterpart , schoolteacher Mary Margaret Blanchard . Goodwin and husband Josh Dallas exited the show at the end of its sixth season to move back to Los Angeles with their family . She and Dallas returned to the series for its series finale at the end of the seventh season . Goodwin voiced Judy Hopps , the protagonist rabbit police officer in Disney 's Zootopia as well as Fawn in Disney 's animated film Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast . She also voiced Gwen , a kitchen maid who wants to be an inventor , in Sofia The First In January 2017 , Goodwin was cast as Marianne in the Los Angeles production of Constellations . The play ran from June 14 to July 23 , 2017 at the Geffen Playhouse . In March 2018 , it was announced that Goodwin had been cast in the ABC comedy pilot Steps . The show was not picked up to series . Personal life ( edit ) Goodwin dated actor Joey Kern and they became engaged in December 2010 . They ended the engagement in May 2011 . Goodwin subsequently began dating her Once Upon a Time co-star Josh Dallas in fall 2011 . Goodwin and Dallas became engaged in October 2013 , and married on April 12 , 2014 in California . Goodwin and her husband have two sons , one born in 2014 and the other born in 2016 . In 2013 , Goodwin stated that after leaving Memphis , she `` ... up and left Judaism for a very long time , '' and that , `` For 10 years , there was nothing . No ritual . No tradition . No community . '' She later reconnected with her faith , and has said , `` I was a Jew by birth , and now I 'm a Jew by choice . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mona Lisa Smile Constance `` Connie '' Baker Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Cathy Feely 2005 Walk the Line Vivian Liberto 2006 Love Comes to the Executioner Dori Dumchovic 2007 In the Land of Women Janey Day Zero Molly Rifkin 2008 Birds of America Ida Tanager 2009 He 's Just Not That Into You Gigi Phillips A Single Man Mrs. Strunk Ramona and Beezus Aunt `` Bea '' Beatrice 2011 Take Me Home Tonight Banky Something Borrowed Rachel White 2014 Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Fawn ( voice ) 2016 Zootopia Judy Hopps ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Erica Episode : `` Myth of Fingerprints '' 2001 -- 03 Ed Diane Snyder 25 episodes 2002 Porn ' n Chicken Maya Television film 2005 Robot Chicken Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2006 -- 11 Big Love Margene Heffman 53 episodes 2007 Big Love : In the Beginning Margene Heffman 2 episodes 2009 Crappy Holidays Presents ... Episode : `` Crappy Easter '' 2011 SpongeBob SquarePants Purple Haired Mermaid ( voice ) Episode : `` Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle '' Margene 's Blog Margene Henrickson Episode : `` Crush Story '' Five Charlotte Television film 2011 -- 17 , 2018 Once Upon a Time Mary Margaret Blanchard / Snow White Main Role ( Season 1 - 6 ) , Guest ( Season 7 ) 135 episodes 2012 Electric City Jean Marie St. Cloud 20 episodes 2013 Killing Kennedy Jacqueline Kennedy Television film 2014 Sofia the First Gwen ( voice ) Episode : `` Gizmo Gwen '' 2015 Who Do You Think You Are ? Herself Documentary series Episode : `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Judy Hopps Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue 2017 Constellations Marianne Geffen Playhouse Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Production Result People 's Choice Award Favorite Breakout Movie Actress Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Something Borrowed Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Drama Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Award Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Duo ( along with Josh Dallas ) Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 Voice Arts TM Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Animation , Best Voiceover Zootopia Won 2016 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Zootopia Won 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Voice Zootopia Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Frenemies ( shared with Jason Bateman ) Zootopia Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tied with Auli'i Cravalho for Moana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hanh Nguyen ( 19 March 2011 ) . `` Big Love Star Ginnifer Goodwin 's Surprise Name Change '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Biography - Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 1978 - 05 - 22 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pellettieri , Courtney ( May 2010 ) . `` Meals My Mother Taught Me '' . InStyle . Time Inc. 17 ( 5 ) : 324 -- 325 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Nate . `` Interfaith Celebrities : Ginnifer Goodwin Re-Discovers Judaism ; R '' . InterfaithFamily . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stated by Goodwin on the Late Show with David Letterman , Wednesday , March 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ Stein , Danielle ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Not So Goodwin '' . W magazine . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Waters , David ( 2013 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin comes ' home ' to Jewish faith '' . Faith in Memphis . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ghert - Zand , Renee ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin 's ketubah caper '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ginnifer Goodwin . W Magazine . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in the Limelight '' . Generationj.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Barbaverde123 ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Love Comes to the Executioner ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Leisa Barnett ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin wins MaxMara award ( Vogue.com UK ) '' . Vogue.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 People 's Choice Award Nominees Revealed ; Neil Patrick Harris , Hugh Jackman & Green Day Honored '' . BWW News Desk . November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Anthony J. ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Today 's new movie announcements '' . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison , Ginnifer Goodwin & Co. on Their Literal `` Dream '' Project '' from TV Line ( July 25 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Diedre ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` After Once Upon a Time and Downton Abbey , Ginnifer Goodwin and Allen Leech Star on Stage '' . Paste . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Jennifer Morrison , Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas and Emilie de Ravin Return for Series Finale '' . tvline.com . tvline.com . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Joins Jason Bateman in Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Set for ' Constellations ' at Geffen Playhouse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Premiere Of `` Constellations '' At The Geffen Playhouse Extends Through July 23 `` . Westside Today . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Cast in ' Steps ' -- ABC Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Pilots 2018 : The Complete Guide to What Lives , Dies and Still Has a Pulse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Is Engaged ! '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Fiancé Break Up '' . People . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Make Red Carpet Debut as a Couple ! '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Engaged to Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sarah ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Marries Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Are Parents of Baby Boy '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Welcome Baby No. 2 '' . ENews . June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 3.0 . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 29 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . Jump up ^ http://sovas.org/1309-2/ Jump up ^ `` 2016 AWFJ EDA Award Winners Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . awfj.org . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : Full Nominees and Winners List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginnifer Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin on IMDb Ginnifer Goodwin at AllMovie BNF : cb15117684f ( data ) GND : 142539511 ISNI : 0000 0001 0907 9518 LCCN : no2004095612 SUDOC : 113134398 VIAF : 61847735 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginnifer_Goodwin&oldid=845992011 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Memphis , Tennessee Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art American film actresses American people of Jewish descent American people of English descent American people of Welsh descent American television actresses American voice actresses American Shakespearean actresses American Unitarians Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni Hanover College alumni Jewish American actresses Lausanne Collegiate School alumni Living people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 14 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | snow white from once upon a time actress | [
"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin[1] (born May 22, 1978)[2] is an American actress. She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love (2006–2011), Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011–2017, 2018), and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia. She also played Fawn in the Disney film \"Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast\". Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile, Something Borrowed, Walk the Line, Killing Kennedy, and He's Just Not That Into You."
] | [
"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin"
] |
-3135270492646672806 | Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco | Consulate - general of Russia in San Francisco - Wikipedia Consulate - general of Russia in San Francisco Jump to : navigation , search Consulate - General of Russia in San Francisco The Consulate - General of Russia in San Francisco was a diplomatic mission in the 2790 Green Street building in Pacific Heights , San Francisco . It was operated by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The building of the former consulate remains government property of Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Espionage 2 References 3 External links History ( edit ) The first Russian vice consul in San Francisco was Peter Kostromitinov , an agent of the Russian - American Company and a Fort Ross manager . He took his post in 1852 . The first consulate of the Soviet Union in San Francisco opened in 1933 . At first 2563 Divisadero Street held the consulate ; it did so until 1948 . It later moved to 24 California Street and the James Flood Building . On June 23 , 1973 , it moved into its current location. `` ( 1 ) '' In 2011 the consulate bought new headstones , for a total of $20,000 , for Russian sailors who died fighting a fire in San Francisco in 1863 . The graves were installed on Mare Island in Vallejo , California . The city government protested the plan , saying that it goes against historical preservation . In December 2016 , four Russian diplomats posted to the consulate , including a chef were declared persona non grata due to alleged espionage , in retaliation for Russian interference in the United States presidential election . On 31 August 2017 , the State Department ordered the post closed by September 2 , 2017 . Before the consulate was closed , smoke was seen billowing out of the building , suggesting sensitive materials were being destroyed . Espionage ( edit ) Members of the United States intelligence community , including Kathleen Puckett , considered the Russian consulate a major hub of Russian espionage operations , tasked with gaining information about developments from Silicon Valley . In 1984 , a United States government report indicated that there may have been approximately 50 Soviet spies operating out of the San Francisco Consulate , primarily targeting Silicon Valley . In 1987 , Ivan N. Miroshkin of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs , reported that the consulate had been bugged . Russian diplomats based out of the consulate were reportedly mapping where underground nodes connected to the national fiber - optic communication network . A network of antenna and other electronic communication equipment is located on the roof of the consulate building , and is allegedly used to transmit information to submarines or trawlers located off the Pacific coast in international waters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zaverukha , Lydia B. and Nina Bogdan . Russian San Francisco ( Images of America ) . Arcadia Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 0738571679 , 9780738571676 . p. 61 . Jump up ^ США оставят в собственности РФ здание генконсульства в Сан - Франциско Regnum.Ru , 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation mid.ru , 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn . `` Vallejo fights Russian Consulate over headstones '' ( Archive ) . San Francisco Chronicle . Tuesday April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved on June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sernoffsky , Evan ; Wildermuth , John ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Russian diplomats in San Francisco among those told to leave U.S '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . The State Department did n't immediately identify the diplomats being expelled or say how many were working in San Francisco . All 35 , department officials said , `` were acting in a manner inconsistent with their diplomatic status , '' which is political - speak for spying . Jump up ^ Utehs , Katie ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Consulate says four employees expelled from San Francisco '' . KGO - TV . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2017 . Petrov confirmed that four of the 35 diplomats asked to leave the country work at the San Francisco consulate . Family members of those employees are also leaving ( ... ) Petrov says the consulate 's chef is included in the expulsion . Jump up ^ Achieving Parity in Diplomatic Missions U.S. Department of State , August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gearan , Anne ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Trump administration orders three Russian diplomatic facilities in U.S. closed '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Latest : San Francisco Russia consulate starts move - out '' . The Washington Post . Acrid , black smoke has been seen pouring from a chimney at the Russian consulate in San Francisco a day after the Trump administration ordered its closure on 2 - day notice due to espionage and amid escalating tensions between the United States and Russia . The building was seized by FBI and the consulate closed but residents in the building were allowed to stay until October 1 , 2017 . The building has a lagre number of apartments occupied by Russian employees . The Russian flag is still flyging on top of the building as of September 24th . 2017 . Jump up ^ Tatum , Sophie ; Koran , Laura ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Smoke spotted coming from Russian consulate ahead of facility closure '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Dorfman , Zach ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Secret History of the Russian Consulate in San Francisco '' . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Soviet consulate general in San Francisco , located in ... '' UPI . October 12 , 1984 . In recent years there have been frequent reports that 50 or more spies report to the San Francisco consulate general . Experts on electronic warfare say the consulate is the collection base for extensive electronic surveillance gear operated by spies at work in California , especialy in the high - technology Silicon Valley south of San Francisco . Jump up ^ Keller , Bill ( April 10 , 1987 ) . `` SOVIET CHARGES U.S. WITH BUGGING '' . The New York Times . Another official , Ivan N. Miroshkin of the Foreign Ministry 's Security Service , said some of the bugging devices had been found at the new Soviet compound in Washington in the last few days , and others had been collected earlier at the consulate in San Francisco , in apartments of Soviet employees of the United Nations , in the trade mission in Washington , and in a country house outside Washington . ( ... ) He said security officers had discovered a tunnel with listening devices under the San Francisco consulate . Jump up ^ Watkins , Ali ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Russia escalates spy games after years of U.S. neglect '' . Politico . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . The diplomats , widely assumed to be intelligence operatives , would eventually turn up in odd places , often in middle - of - nowhere USA . One was found on a beach , nowhere near where he was supposed to be . In one particularly bizarre case , relayed by a U.S. intelligence official , another turned up wandering around in the middle of the desert . Interestingly , both seemed to be lingering where underground fiber - optic cables tend to run . Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 42 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 42 '' W / 37.7951 ° N 122.4450 ° W / 37.7951 ; - 122.4450 External links ( edit ) Russia portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Consulate , San Francisco . Consulate - General of Russia in San Francisco This San Francisco - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Russia - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_San_Francisco&oldid=817185403 '' Categories : Diplomatic missions of Russia Diplomatic missions in San Francisco Soviet Union -- United States relations Russia -- United States relations 1933 establishments in California San Francisco stubs Russia stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 19 : 13 . About Wikipedia | who owns the russian consulate in san francisco | [
"The Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco was a diplomatic mission in the 2790 Green Street building in Pacific Heights, San Francisco. It was operated by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[1] The building of the former consulate remains government property of Russia.[2][3]"
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"government property of Russia"
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-5152234011101904044 | Super Bowl XXXVII | Super Bowl XXXVII - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXVII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXVII Oakland Raiders ( AFC ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( NFC ) 21 48 Total OAK 0 6 12 21 TB 17 14 14 48 Date January 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 26 ) Stadium Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego , California MVP Dexter Jackson , Safety Favorite Raiders by 4 Referee Bill Carollo Attendance 67,603 Future Hall of Famers Buccaneers : Derrick Brooks , Warren Sapp Raiders : Al Davis ( owner / general manager ) , Tim Brown , Jerry Rice , Rod Woodson Ceremonies National anthem Dixie Chicks Coin toss 1972 Miami Dolphins : Don Shula , Bob Griese , Larry Csonka , Larry Little , Jim Langer , Nick Buoniconti , Paul Warfield Halftime show Shania Twain , No Doubt , and Sting TV in the United States Network ABC Announcers Al Michaels , John Madden , Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann Nielsen ratings 40.7 ( est . 88.6 million viewers ) Market share 61 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.1 million ← XXXVI Super Bowl XXXVIII → Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2002 season . The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48 -- 21 , tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory , and winning their first ever Super Bowl . The game , played on January 26 , 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California , was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games ( XVII , XXV , XXVIII , XXXIV , and XXXVI ) . It was also the last Super Bowl played in the month of January . Super Bowl XXXVI was the first to be played in February , due to the NFL postponing games for a week after the September 11 attacks . Starting with Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , the Super Bowl has been permanently played in February . This was the last Super Bowl until Super Bowl 50 to take place in California . It was the first and only time until Super Bowl XLVIII in Super Bowl history that the league 's number one - ranked offense ( Raiders ) was pitted against the league 's number one - ranked defense ( Buccaneers ) . Super Bowl XXXVII is also referred to as the `` Pirate Bowl '' , due to both teams ' pirate - themed names . The game is sometimes referred to as the `` Gruden Bowl '' , because the primary storyline surrounding the game revolved around Jon Gruden . Gruden was the Raiders ' head coach from 1998 to 2001 , and then became the Buccaneers coach in 2002 . Tampa Bay , `` Gruden 's new team '' , made their first Super Bowl appearance in team history after posting a 12 -- 4 regular season record . Oakland , `` Gruden 's old team '' , advanced to their fifth Super Bowl after an 11 -- 5 regular season . This was also the first Super Bowl to feature two former division rivals , as the Buccaneers and Raiders both played in the AFC West in 1976 . The Raiders came into the game as four - point favorites . However , the Tampa Bay defense dominated the contest . Oakland quarterback Rich Gannon threw a Super Bowl record five interceptions , three of which were returned for touchdowns . The Buccaneers also sacked Gannon five times , and scored 34 consecutive points to build a 34 -- 3 lead late in the third quarter . Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson , who had two of those interceptions and returned them for 34 yards , was named Super Bowl MVP. Jackson became only the second safety and third defensive back named Super Bowl MVP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders 1.2 Gruden is `` traded '' to the Buccaneers 1.3 The Raiders win without Gruden 1.4 Playoffs 1.5 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Post-game ceremonies 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual leaders 5 Starting lineups 6 Post-game riots 7 Aftermath 8 Officials 9 Notes and references Background ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVII was originally awarded to San Francisco on October 15 , 1997 by the NFL owners at a league meeting in Washington , D.C. The 49ers had recently announced plans for a new stadium , and were awarded the Super Bowl contingent on its completion . However , the stadium plans had stalled by the fall of 1998 and the NFL reopened the bidding for the game . San Diego , which had lost out on Super Bowl XXXVI , announced its interest . The city was awarded the game during the May 26 , 1999 meeting at Atlanta . Miami was the only other city in consideration . It was the last Super Bowl played in California until Super Bowl 50 at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara . It was the also the final Super Bowl at Qualcomm Stadium before the Chargers relocated to Los Angeles in 2017 . Later in 2003 , California would host the Stanley Cup Finals with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hosting games 3 , 4 , and 6 , making it only the second time that the same state hosted both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals in the same year , following California itself ten years earlier , when the Los Angeles Kings went to the Finals four months after Pasadena hosted Super Bowl XXVII . It was then succeeded by itself again in 2016 when Super Bowl 50 took place in San Francisco and the San Jose Sharks made the Stanley Cup Finals . Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders ( edit ) After moving back to Oakland , California in 1995 , the Raiders suffered sub-par seasons , including a 4 -- 12 record in 1997 . Under Gruden 's leadership , the Raiders improved to 8 -- 8 in both 1998 and 1999 . The team was further boosted in 1999 with the signing of veteran quarterback Rich Gannon . With Gannon as quarterback , the team jumped to the fifth - best offense in the league . The Raiders won the AFC West in 2000 with a 12 -- 4 record and the best rushing offense in the league . However , they lost the AFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl XXXV champion Baltimore Ravens , 16 -- 3 . After signing veteran Pro Bowl wide receiver Jerry Rice and defensive tackle Trace Armstrong , the team repeated as AFC West champions in 2001 , but were eliminated in the AFC Divisional Game by the eventual Super Bowl XXXVI champion New England Patriots in what became known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' , in which a potential game - ending fumble recovery by the Raiders was overturned by instant replay . Gruden is `` traded '' to the Buccaneers ( edit ) Further information : 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Raiders owner Al Davis was known to have the lowest salaries for coaches in the league , and Gruden was no exception . Instead of paying a high salary for Gruden , Davis opted to trade the rights for Gruden to the Buccaneers in exchange for four draft picks , in a deal similar to what Patriots owner Robert Kraft made with the New York Jets to get head coach Bill Belichick in 2000 . The Buccaneers ended up giving two first - round picks , two second - round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden . Tampa Bay was desperate to have someone rebuild their offense so it would complement their powerful defense in an attempt to win the Super Bowl . For most of their history , the Buccaneers were regarded as losers , making the playoffs only three times in their first 20 seasons . But that changed when the team hired Tony Dungy as head coach in 1996 . Dungy , along with his defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin , rebuilt the defense around a core group of players , such as defensive lineman Warren Sapp , linebacker Derrick Brooks , and defensive backs Ronde Barber and John Lynch . By 1997 , Tampa Bay ranked 3rd in the league in total yards allowed , 2nd in 1998 , and 3rd in 2000 . With one of the best defenses in the league , Dungy helped guide the Buccaneers to four playoff appearances in his six years as the team 's head coach . But the team always had one of the worst offenses in the league , and this was a major factor in their playoff losses . Thus , Dungy was fired and replaced by Gruden . Still , even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay 's head coach . In 2002 , the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained ( 5,222 ) . Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl , completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards , 22 touchdowns , and only 6 interceptions . Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown , and caught 59 passes for 477 yards . Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns , and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns . Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns , while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns . However , the Buccaneers ' defense was still the strength of the team , leading the NFL in total defense ( 252.8 yards per game ) , pass defense ( 155.6 yards per game ) , points allowed ( 12.3 points per game ) , passing touchdowns allowed ( 10 ) , interceptions ( 31 ) , and opponent passer rating ( 48.4 ) . Brooks , Lynch , Sapp , and defensive end Simeon Rice all had Pro Bowl years . Brooks led the team with 87 tackles and excelled at pass coverage , recording 5 interceptions , 218 return yards , and 2 touchdowns , plus 1 fumble return and 1 on a lateral from Sapp after a Sapp interception for a total of 4 touchdowns ( an NFL record for a linebacker ) . The defense as a whole had nine total touchdowns during the regular season and playoffs . Rice led the team with 15.5 sacks . Sapp recorded 7.5 sacks and 2 interceptions . Cornerback Brian Kelly was also a big asset , leading the team with 8 interceptions . The Raiders win without Gruden ( edit ) Further information : 2002 Oakland Raiders season Despite the loss of Gruden in 2002 , the Raiders under their new coach Bill Callahan still managed to earn a share of the AFC 's best record at 11 -- 5 . The offense led the league in total passing yards ( 4,689 ) and ranked second in total yards gained ( 6,451 ) . Gannon had a Pro Bowl season , completing 418 out of 618 passes for 4,689 yards , 26 touchdowns , and with 10 interceptions . His 418 completions and his 10 games with over 300 passing yards were both NFL records . He also ran 50 times for 156 yards and 3 touchdowns . Rice , who was already the NFL 's all - time leader in nearly every receiving record after 17 seasons , had a Pro Bowl season for the 13th time in his career with 92 receptions for 1,211 yards and 7 touchdowns . Gannon 's other weapons in passing game were 15 - year veteran receiver Tim Brown ( 81 receptions for 930 yards and 2 touchdowns ) and young receiver Jerry Porter ( 51 receptions for 688 yards and 9 touchdowns ) . Multi-talented running back Charlie Garner was the team 's leading rusher with 962 yards and 7 touchdowns , while also leading all NFL running backs in receiving with 91 receptions for 941 yards and another 4 touchdowns . Running back Tyrone Wheatley was also a big contributor with 419 rushing yards and 71 receiving yards , while fullback Zack Crockett provided both of them with solid blocking and scored 8 touchdowns . Up front , their offensive line was led by 2 Pro Bowlers , guard Lincoln Kennedy and center Barret Robbins . The Raiders ' weakness was primarily on their defense , which ranked 25th in the league in passing yards allowed ( 3,787 ) and 12th in total yards ( 5,240 ) . But veteran Pro Bowl safety Rod Woodson recorded 8 interceptions ( which led the league ) for 225 yards and 2 touchdowns . Up front , their line was anchored by defensive tackle Rod Coleman , who led the team with 11 sacks . Behind him , the team had a solid veteran linebacker , Bill Romanowski , who was playing in his 5th Super Bowl ( after winning 2 championships with the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV , and 2 while playing for the Denver Broncos in Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII ) . Defensive back Tory James was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions . Playoffs ( edit ) Further information : 2002 -- 03 NFL playoffs The second - seeded Buccaneers defeated the fourth - seeded San Francisco 49ers , 31 -- 6 , and the top - seeded Philadelphia Eagles on the road , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs , to make the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history . Meanwhile , the top - seeded Raiders were victorious against the fourth - seeded New York Jets , 30 -- 10 , and the second - seeded Tennessee Titans , 41 -- 24 . The Raiders won against the Titans through Gannon 's pass - oriented offense . Super Bowl pre-game News ( edit ) The Raiders entered the game favored to win in their first Super Bowl in 19 years . They were also the first franchise to appear in the Super Bowl in four different decades ( 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 2000s ; the 1990s was the only decade that they did n't appear in the Super Bowl ) . However , much of the media hype surrounded the Gruden trade prior to the season . This forced league commissioner Paul Tagliabue to issue a statement that he might ban all future trades for coaches involving draft choices because it might compromise the draft . A distraction for the Raiders was that starting center Barret Robbins went missing for most of the week leading up to the Super Bowl , and ended up in a San Diego hospital the night before the game after suffering a manic episode . Backup Adam Treu ( a former Pro Bowl - er ) replaced Robbins . Television and Entertainment ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by ABC with Al Michaels handling the play - by - play duties and color commentator John Madden , who became the first person to announce Super Bowls on different networks in consecutive years , having called Super Bowl XXXVI on Fox and then moving to ABC after Pat Summerall retired . The NFC improved to 6 -- 0 on Super Bowls broadcast on ABC . Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters . Chris Berman from Disney - owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events . Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young , Baltimore Ravens head coach Brian Billick , and New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan . The Super Bowl was the first of three major professional sports championship series ABC broadcast in 2003 , as they would also broadcast the Stanley Cup Finals and the NBA Finals . Both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals were hosted by Berman ( who co-hosted the Stanley Cup Finals with John Saunders ) and took place in the state of California . The state of California had representation in both finals series . Gary Thorne , Bill Clement , and John Davidson mentioned all of these when they called the Stanley Cup Finals . Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , a show called `` Santana and Friends '' performed on the field . Carlos Santana was joined by Beyoncé and Michelle Branch and sang truncated versions of `` Oye Como Va '' , `` The Game of Love '' , and `` Foo Foo . '' ABC also aired a pre-game parking lot performance featuring Bonnie Raitt , Goo Goo Dolls and Michael Bublé prior to the Santana and Friends segment . In a nod to what the New England Patriots did the previous year in Super Bowl XXXVI , both teams were introduced as a team , rather than individually by offensive and defensive starters , after highlights of their seasons were simulcast on the video boards in the stadium and on television . This has become a regular tradition starting with this Super Bowl . Celine Dion then sang `` God Bless America '' which is sung for the only time in the Super Bowl , and later the Dixie Chicks sang the national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . F / A-18 Super Hornets of the United States Navy performed a flyover . To honor the 30th anniversary of the 17 -- 0 undefeated , perfect season of the 1972 Miami Dolphins , the following members of that team appeared during the coin toss ceremony : Don Shula , Bob Griese , Larry Csonka , Larry Little , Jim Langer , Nick Buoniconti , Paul Warfield . Memorable television commercials that aired during the game included the `` Terry Tate : Office Linebacker '' Reebok ad and the Budweiser Zebra Referee . ADBOWL ranked FedEx 's `` Castaway '' as the best commercial of the year . Halftime show ( edit ) Shania Twain , No Doubt , and Sting were featured during the halftime show , which was sponsored by AT&T Wireless . Twain sang her hits `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' and `` Up ! '' . No Doubt then sang their hit `` Just a Girl '' with lead singer Gwen Stefani ad - libbing lines like `` I 'm just a girl at the Super Bowl ! '' The show concluded with Sting performing `` Message in a Bottle '' , with Stefani joining in midway through . NBC provided counter-programming against the halftime show , airing a live segment of `` Weekend Update '' from the comedy -- variety show Saturday Night Live featuring Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey . Postgame ceremonies ( edit ) Bon Jovi appeared as part of the post-game ceremonies , performing `` It 's My Life '' prior to the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation and `` Everyday '' afterwards ( most of the latter performance was not shown on ABC because the network cut to commercials ) . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson 's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36 - yard line . However , six plays later , Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down , forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski 's 40 - yard field goal to give them a 3 -- 0 lead . Buccaneers kick returner Aaron Stecker returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to the 29 - yard line , then appeared to fumble the ball . Although the officials initially ruled that the ball was recovered by Oakland 's Eric Johnson , the play was reviewed by instant replay and the fumble was overturned , and thus Tampa Bay retained possession . It showed that both of Stecker 's knees were down and the ball did n't come loose until it hit the ground . Gruden and Stecker appeared upset at having to use a challenge so early in a game , when they both believed Stecker was clearly down . On the first play of the drive , Brad Johnson completed an 11 - yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius . Johnson 's next 2 passes were incomplete , but he then completed a 23 - yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37 - yard line . Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23 - yard gain to the 13 - yard line . However , on the next 3 plays , the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1 - yard run . Argentine kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31 - yard field goal to tie the game , 3 -- 3 . Second quarter ( edit ) Later in the half , a 17 - yard punt return by Raiders defensive back Darrien Gordon gave Oakland the ball at their own 49 - yard line . Gannon then threw an 8 - yard pass to running back Charlie Garner to reach the Tampa Bay 43 - yard line . However , on third down , Buccaneers safety Dexter Jackson intercepted Gannon 's pass at the 40 - yard line and returned it 9 - yards to near midfield . Then nine plays after the turnover , Gramatica kicked his second field goal from 43 yards to give Tampa Bay a 6 -- 3 lead . Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders ' next drive and returned it 25 yards to Oakland 's 45 - yard line , making Jackson the first player ever to record two interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl . However , the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt . Fortunately for Tampa Bay , they got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa , who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11 - yard line with his punt . The Raiders could not move the ball either , losing 1 yard on 3 plays with their ensuing drive . Tampa Bay punt returner Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler 's punt 25 yards , giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland 's 27 - yard line . Aided with Pittman 's gains of 6 and 19 yards , the Buccaneers scored their first touchdown on a 2 - yard run from fullback Mike Alstott , increasing their lead to 13 -- 3 . Then with 3 : 45 left in the half , Tampa Bay drove 77 yards , assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 total yards . Johnson finished the drive with a 5 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20 -- 3 halftime lead . Third quarter ( edit ) Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter . The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half . Next , Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14 - play drive that took 7 : 52 off the clock , and ended with Johnson 's 8 - yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27 -- 3 . Then on the second play of Oakland 's ensuing drive , Buccaneers defensive back Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon 's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown , making the score 34 -- 3 . After giving up 34 points , Oakland finally managed to drive 82 yards down the field and score on a 39 - yard touchdown pass from Gannon to wide receiver Jerry Porter . Although he was initially ruled as being out of bounds when he caught the ball , it was determined that Porter had both feet in the end zone . The two - point conversion failed , so the Raiders were still down 34 -- 9 . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Raiders ' touchdown seemed to fire up their defense , who forced the Buccaneers to a fourth down on their ensuing possession . Oakland linebacker Tim Johnson then blocked Tupa 's punt , and linebacker Eric Johnson returned the ball 13 yards for a touchdown . Another two - point conversion for Oakland failed , but Tampa Bay 's lead was cut to 34 -- 15 . Tampa Bay responded by moving the ball to the Oakland 9 - yard line on their ensuing drive , featuring a 24 - yard run by Pittman , but they came up empty after Tupa fumbled the snap on a field goal attempt . A few plays later , Gannon threw a 48 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice with 6 : 06 left in the game , cutting the Raiders deficit to 34 -- 21 . The two - point conversion failed when Jerry Porter caught the ball but landed out of bounds . Though there was contact with a defender , the officials deemed the contact incidental rather than a force - out , and therefore that part of the play was non-reviewable . In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback , the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2 : 44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt . Then on third and 18 from the Oakland 29 - yard line , Tampa Bay linebacker Derrick Brooks intercepted a pass from Gannon and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown , giving the Buccaneers a 41 -- 21 lead with only 1 : 18 left , and leading Buccaneers radio announcer Gene Deckerhoff to make his famous call of `` The dagger 's in , we 're gon na win the Super Bowl ! '' . A few plays later , with the Raiders now playing for pride , Dwight Smith intercepted a tipped pass and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown with only two seconds remaining . Gramatica kicked the extra point , and the Buccaneers were up 48 -- 21 . Raiders defensive tackle Chris Cooper returned Gramatica 's kickoff 6 yards before being tackled by Jack Golden , ending the game . The Buccaneers won their first - ever Super Bowl with a 48 - 21 victory . Gannon said after the game that his performance was `` nightmarish '' . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 , Oakland Raiders 21 Total Raiders ( AFC ) 0 6 12 21 Buccaneers ( NFC ) 17 14 14 48 at Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego , California Date : January 26 , 2003 Game time : 3 : 26 p.m. PST Game weather : 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , sunny Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP OAK TB 10 : 40 7 14 2 : 55 OAK 40 - yard field goal by Sebastian Janikowski 0 7 : 51 9 58 2 : 49 TB 31 - yard field goal by Martín Gramática 11 : 16 9 26 3 : 53 TB 43 - yard field goal by Martín Gramática 6 6 : 24 27 2 : 02 TB Mike Alstott 2 - yard touchdown run , Martín Gramática kick good 13 0 : 30 10 77 3 : 15 TB Keenan McCardell 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brad Johnson , Martín Gramática kick good 20 5 : 30 14 89 7 : 52 TB Keenan McCardell 8 - yard touchdown reception from B. Johnson , Martín Gramática kick good 27 4 : 47 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith , Martín Gramática kick good 34 2 : 14 8 82 2 : 33 OAK Jerry Porter 39 - yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon , 2 - point pass no good 9 34 14 : 16 -- -- -- OAK Eric Johnson 13 - yard punt block return for a touchdown , 2 - point pass no good 15 34 6 : 06 8 78 2 : 56 OAK Jerry Rice 48 - yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon , 2 - point pass no good 21 34 1 : 18 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Derrick Brooks , Martín Gramática kick good 21 41 0 : 02 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 50 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith , Martín Gramática kick good 21 48 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 21 48 Statistical overview ( edit ) Tampa Bay dominated Oakland , outgaining them in total yards ( 365 to 269 ) , rushing yards ( 150 to 19 ) , first downs ( 24 to 11 ) , offensive plays ( 76 to 60 ) , and forced turnovers ( 5 to 1 ) . As many sports fans and writers predicted , Gruden 's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor . The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland 's offense were plays that Gruden ( who that week even played the part of `` Rich Gannon '' by playing QB with the scout - team offense ) specifically told them to look out for . Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland had n't changed their audible - calling signals that Gruden himself had installed , thus tipping off plays repeatedly . Johnson finished the game with 18 out of 34 completions for 215 yards and 2 touchdowns , with 1 interception , along with 10 rushing yards . Pittman was the top rusher of the game with 129 yards . Alstott was the game 's second leading rusher with 15 yards and a touchdown , and had 5 receptions for 43 yards . Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson was the Buccaneers ' leading receiver with 6 catches for 69 yards . Smith recorded 2 interceptions , 94 return yards , and 2 touchdowns . He also added another 23 yards on a kickoff return . Gannon finished the game 24 out of 44 for 272 yards and 2 touchdowns , but was intercepted a Super Bowl record 5 times . Garner was their leading rusher , but with only 10 yards , and caught 7 passes for 51 yards . Rice was the Raiders ' leading receiver of the game with 5 catches for 77 yards and a touchdown . He became the first player to score touchdowns with two different teams in Super Bowls ( Ricky Proehl and Muhsin Muhammad have since joined him ) . Wide receiver Marcus Knight returned 8 kickoffs for 143 yards . Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski joined Gene Upshaw as the only players to appear in Super Bowls in three different decades . Rice played in Super Bowls XXIII , XXIV , and XXIX . Romanowski played in Super Bowls XXIII , XXIV , XXXII , and XXXIII ; the Raiders ' loss prevented Romanowski from joining Charles Haley as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings ( Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV , and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX ) . The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four different head coaches . John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II , John Madden ( who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC ) , coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII . The teams combined for the most second half points in a Super Bowl with 46 ( 28 for Tampa Bay and 18 for Oakland ) and the third most total points in a game with 69 , tying Dallas and Buffalo who combined for 69 points in Super Bowl XXVII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVII , Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder TB , Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder Oak , Super Bowl XXXVII Play by Play Statistical comparison ( edit ) Oakland Raiders Tampa Bay Buccaneers First downs 11 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 9 15 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 7 / 16 6 / 15 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 1 Net yards rushing 19 150 Rushing attempts 11 42 Yards per rush 1.7 3.6 Passing -- Completions - attempts 24 / 44 18 / 34 Times sacked - total yards 5 -- 22 0 - 0 Interceptions thrown 5 Net yards passing 250 215 Total net yards 269 365 Punt returns - total yards 3 -- 29 1 -- 25 Kickoff returns - total yards 9 -- 149 4 -- 90 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 12 5 -- 172 Punts - average yardage 5 -- 39.0 5 -- 31.0 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Penalties - yards 7 -- 51 5 -- 41 Time of possession 22 : 46 37 : 14 Turnovers 5 Individual leaders ( edit ) Raiders Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Rich Gannon 24 / 44 272 5 48.9 Raiders Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Charlie Garner 7 10 0 1.43 Zack Crockett 6 0 3.00 Rich Gannon 0 1.00 Raiders Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Charlie Garner 7 51 0 9 11 Jerry Rice 5 77 48t 8 Doug Jolley 5 59 0 25 7 Jerry Porter 62 39t 9 Tim Brown 9 0 9 Jon Ritchie 7 0 7 Tyrone Wheatley 7 0 7 Marcus Knight 0 0 0 0 Buccaneers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Brad Johnson 18 / 34 215 79.9 Buccaneers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Michael Pittman 29 124 0 24 4.28 Mike Alstott 10 15 5 1.50 Brad Johnson 10 0 10 10.00 Aaron Stecker 0 1.00 Tom Tupa 0 0 0 0.00 Buccaneers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Keyshawn Johnson 6 69 0 18 11 Mike Alstott 5 43 0 16 8 Joe Jurevicius 78 0 33 Keenan McCardell 13 8t Ken Dilger 12 0 12 Rickey Dudley 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Oakland Position Position Tampa Bay Offense Tim Brown ‡ WR Keyshawn Johnson Barry Sims LT Roman Oben Frank Middleton LG Kerry Jenkins Adam Treu Jeff Christy Mo Collins RG Cosey Coleman Lincoln Kennedy RT Kenyatta Walker Doug Jolley TE Ken Dilger Jerry Rice ‡ WR Keenan McCardell Rich Gannon QB Brad Johnson Jerry Porter WR FB Mike Alstott Charlie Garner RB Michael Pittman Defense DeLawrence Grant DE LE Greg Spires Sam Adams DT Warren Sapp ‡ John Parrella DT NT Chuck Darby Regan Upshaw DE RE Simeon Rice Bill Romanowski LLB SLB Dwight Smith Napoleon Harris MLB Shelton Quarles Eric Barton RLB WLB Derrick Brooks ‡ Charles Woodson LCB Brian Kelly Tory James RCB Ronde Barber Anthony Dorsett SS John Lynch Rod Woodson ‡ FS Dexter Jackson Postgame riots ( edit ) In Oakland , after the Raiders ' loss , riots broke out on the streets of East Oakland . Twelve cars were set on fire and four hundred police officers had to be sent to the streets . Aftermath ( edit ) The Tampa Tribune published a book by several staff writers called Pewter Power , about the Buccaneers ' winning season . Both teams entered a period of decline after the Super Bowl . Neither made the playoffs the next season as Tampa Bay finished 7 -- 9 and Oakland finished 4 -- 12 . Furthermore , Tampa Bay finished 5 -- 11 in 2004 , becoming the first Super Bowl winning team to follow up with consecutive losing seasons . To date , the Buccaneers have yet to win another postseason game , while the Raiders went 14 seasons without having a winning season and / or qualifying the playoffs , and have also not won a playoff game since . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Bill Carollo # 63 second Super Bowl ( XXXI as side judge ) Umpire : Ed Coukart # 71 second Super Bowl ( originally alternate for XXXII , but entered game when Jim Quirk was injured ) Head Linesman : Dale Williams # 8 third Super Bowl ( XX , XXVI ) Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 first Super Bowl Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 first Super Bowl Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 first Super Bowl Back Judge : Don Carey # 126 first Super Bowl Replay Official : Rex Stuart Video Operator : Mike Wimmer Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` mcubed.net : NFL : Super bowl scores sorted by margin of victory '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martzke , Rudy ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Gruden Bowl keeps fans glued to TVs '' . USA Today . USATODAY.com . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( October 16 , 1997 ) . `` 2003 Super Bowl to San Francisco ; Cleveland waits for team '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . p. 18 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans to host 2002 Super Bowl '' . Daily News . October 29 , 1998 . p. 8 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` NFL -- Owners Meeting '' . The Orlando Sentinel . May 27 , 1999 . p. 38 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : NHL on ABC : Game 7 of the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals ( television ) . ABC Sports . June 9 , 2003 . Thorne , Clement , and J.D. talked about Berman 's role in hosting both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals on ABC in 2003 and about the role the state of California played during championship series during the Stanley Cup Finals , as Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim hosted the Stanley Cup Finals , and involved the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( now Anaheim Ducks ) taking on the New Jersey Devils . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers get their first shot at the NFL treasure '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Associated Press . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gannon leads Raiders in rout of Jets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 12 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , John . `` Raiders pass their way to San Diego '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stroud , Rick ( January 17 , 2003 ) . `` NFL nixes draft picks for coaches '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil . `` When Barret Robbins disappeared before Super Bowl '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of ABC 's pre - and postgame shows '' . ESPN . January 15 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` In their fashion , Bucs fans laugh '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vivinetto , Gina ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Super Bowl XXXVII : Superstars belt out favorites , or lip synch them '' . St. Petersburg Times . ^ Jump up to : George , Thomas ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Bucs steal the treasure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 vs. Oakland Raiders 21 '' . pro-football - reference . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ; Skolnick , Ethan J. ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Treu Gets The Call In Robbins ' Absence '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bucs stop here -- with a Super Bowl title '' . USA Today . January 26 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pompei , Dan ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` The best - laid plans : an inside look at how coach Jon Gruden and the Bucs prepared themselves to be Super Bowl champions '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . January 26 , 2003 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Glen ; Asimov , Nanette ; et al. ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Raider Rage : Oakland police no match for street mayhem '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . A1 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2003 . Super Bowl XXXVII : NFL Full Game on YouTube Super Bowl official website Play - by - play on USAToday.com 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) http://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed September 28 , 2005 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII champions 7 Martín Gramática 9 Tom Tupa 10 Shaun King 11 Rob Johnson 14 Brad Johnson 19 Keyshawn Johnson 20 Ronde Barber 23 Jermaine Phillips 25 Brian Kelly 26 Dwight Smith 27 Aaron Stecker 30 Darian Barnes 31 Tim Wansley 32 Michael Pittman 34 Dexter Jackson ( MVP ) 35 Corey Ivy 36 Travis Stephens 38 John Howell 40 Mike Alstott 41 Daniel Wilcox 43 Jameel Cook 45 Mike Solwold 47 John Lynch 51 Alshermond Singleton 52 Nate Webster 53 Shelton Quarles 54 Idris Price 55 Derrick Brooks 56 Ryan Nece 58 Jack Golden 59 Justin Smith 60 Cosey Coleman 62 Jeff Christy 64 Dan Goodspeed 65 Russ Hochstein 66 Ryan Benjamin 67 Kenyatta Walker 68 Morris Unutoa 71 Kerry Jenkins 72 Roman Oben 74 Cornell Green 75 Lomas Brown 77 Todd Washington 80 Todd Yoder 81 Charles Lee 81 Marco Battaglia 83 Joe Jurevicius 84 Reggie Barlow 85 Ken Dilger 86 Karl Williams 87 Keenan McCardell 88 Rickey Dudley 89 Casey Crawford 90 Buck Gurley 91 Chuck Darby 92 Anthony McFarland 93 DeVone Claybrooks 94 Greg Spires 95 Ron Warner 96 Ellis Wyms 97 Simeon Rice 98 Corey Smith 99 Warren Sapp -- Onome Ojo -- T.T. Toliver Head coach : Jon Gruden Coaches : Joe Barry Jeremy Bates Richard Bisaccia Michael Christianson Jay Gruden Monte Kiffin Richard Mann Rod Marinelli Raheem Morris Bill Muir Johnny Parker Stan Parrish Mike Tomlin Art Valero Kirby Wilson Tampa Bay Buccaneers Founded in 1976 Based and headquartered in Tampa , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tampa Stadium Raymond James Stadium Culture and lore Hugh Culverhouse Malcolm Glazer Tampa 2 Captain Fear Cheerleaders Snow Bowl A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Miami Dolphins Wild card berths ( 3 ) 1997 2000 2001 Division championships ( 6 ) 1979 1981 1999 2002 2005 2007 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) Hall of Fame members Lee Roy Selmon Steve Young Randall McDaniel Warren Sapp Derrick Brooks Tim Brown Ron Wolf Retired numbers 55 63 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 43 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. In the House Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1977 1980 1984 1991 1993 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2002 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle 2002 NFL Draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXVII National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . 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"Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2002 season. The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48–21, tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory, and winning their first ever Super Bowl.[5] The game, played on January 26, 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games (XVII, XXV, XXVIII, XXXIV, and XXXVI). It was also the last Super Bowl played in the month of January. Super Bowl XXXVI was the first to be played in February, due to the NFL postponing games for a week after the September 11 attacks. Starting with Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, the Super Bowl has been permanently played in February. This was the last Super Bowl until Super Bowl 50 to take place in California."
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"January 26, 2003"
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-3317876682528603059 | Carter Doctrine | Carter Doctrine - wikipedia Carter Doctrine Jump to : navigation , search A document related to the Carter Doctrine The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23 , 1980 , which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf . It was a response to the Soviet Union 's intervention in Afghanistan in 1979 , and was intended to deter the Soviet Union -- the United States ' Cold War adversary -- from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf region . The following key sentence , which was written by Zbigniew Brzezinski , President Carter 's National Security Adviser , concludes the section : Let our position be absolutely clear : An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America , and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary , including military force . Brzezinski modeled the wording on the Truman Doctrine , and insisted that the sentence be included in the speech `` to make it very clear that the Soviets should stay away from the Persian Gulf '' . In The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power , author Daniel Yergin notes that the Carter Doctrine `` bore striking similarities '' to a 1903 British declaration , in which British Foreign Secretary Lord Landsdowne warned Russia and Germany that the British would `` regard the establishment of a naval base or of a fortified port in the Persian Gulf by any other power as a very grave menace to British interests , and we should certainly resist it with all the means at our disposal '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The doctrine 3 Implementation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Oil and gas resources in the Persian Gulf region The Persian Gulf region was first proclaimed to be of national interest to the United States during World War II . Petroleum is of central importance to modern armies , and the United States -- as the world 's leading oil producer at that time -- supplied most of the oil for the Allied armies . Many American strategists were concerned that the war would dangerously reduce the U.S. oil supply , and so they sought to establish good relations with Saudi Arabia , a kingdom with large oil reserves . On February 16 , 1943 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt said , `` the defense of Saudi Arabia is vital to the defense of the United States '' . On February 14 , 1945 , while returning from the Yalta Conference , Roosevelt met with Saudi Arabia 's King Ibn Saud on the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal , the first time a U.S. president had visited the Persian Gulf region . ( During Operation Desert Shield in 1990 , U.S. Defense Secretary Dick Cheney cited this landmark meeting between Roosevelt and King Ibn Saud as one of the justifications for sending troops to protect Saudi Arabia 's border . ) The Persian Gulf region continued to be regarded as an area of vital importance to the United States during the Cold War . Three Cold War United States presidential doctrines -- the Truman , Eisenhower , and Nixon doctrines -- played roles in the Carter Doctrine 's formulation . The Truman Doctrine , which stated that the United States would send military aid to countries which were threatened by Soviet communism , was used to strengthen the security of Iran and Saudi Arabia . In October 1950 , President Harry Truman wrote to King Ibn Saud that `` the United States is interested in the preservation of the independence and territorial integrity of Saudi Arabia . No threat to your Kingdom could occur which would not be a matter of immediate concern to the United States '' . The Eisenhower Doctrine in turn called for U.S. troops to be sent to the Middle East to defend U.S. allies against their Soviet - backed adversaries . Finally , the Nixon Doctrine 's application provided military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia so that these U.S. allies could ensure peace and stability in the region . In 1979 , the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet intervention of Afghanistan prompted the restatement of U.S. interests in the region in the form of the Carter Doctrine . In July 1979 , in response to a national energy crisis , President Carter delivered his `` Crisis of Confidence '' speech urging Americans to reduce their energy use to help lessen American dependence on foreign oil supplies . Recently , some scholars have questioned whether Carter 's energy plan , if it had been fully enacted , would have prevented some of the current economic difficulties caused by American dependency on foreign oil . The Doctrine ( edit ) U.S. President Jimmy Carter President Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23 , 1980 , after stating that Soviet troops in Afghanistan posed `` a grave threat to the free movement of Middle East oil '' , proclaimed : The region which is now threatened by Soviet troops in Afghanistan is of great strategic importance : It contains more than two - thirds of the world 's exportable oil . The Soviet effort to dominate Afghanistan has brought Soviet military forces to within 300 miles of the Indian Ocean and close to the Straits of Hormuz , a waterway through which most of the world 's oil must flow . The Soviet Union is now attempting to consolidate a strategic position , therefore , that poses a grave threat to the free movement of Middle East oil . This situation demands careful thought , steady nerves , and resolute action , not only for this year but for many years to come . It demands collective efforts to meet this new threat to security in the Persian Gulf and in Southwest Asia . It demands the participation of all those who rely on oil from the Middle East and who are concerned with global peace and stability . And it demands consultation and close cooperation with countries in the area which might be threatened . Meeting this challenge will take national will , diplomatic and political wisdom , economic sacrifice , and , of course , military capability . We must call on the best that is in us to preserve the security of this crucial region . Let our position be absolutely clear : An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America , and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary , including military force . Implementation ( edit ) The Carter administration began to build up the Rapid Deployment Force ( which would eventually become CENTCOM ) . In the interim , the administration asked Congress to restart Selective Service registration , proposed an increase in military spending , and expanded the U.S. naval presence in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean . Carter 's successor , Ronald Reagan , extended the policy in October 1981 with what is sometimes called the `` Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine '' , which proclaimed that the United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia , whose security was threatened after the Iran -- Iraq War 's outbreak . Thus , while the Carter Doctrine warned away outside forces from the region , the Reagan Corollary pledged to secure internal stability . According to diplomat Howard Teicher , `` with the enunciation of the Reagan Corollary , the policy ground work was laid for Operation Desert Storm '' . See also ( edit ) US - Iran relations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brzezinski , Zbigniew. Power and Principle : Memoirs of the National Security Adviser , 1977 - 1981 . New York : Farrar , Straus , Giroux , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 23663 - 1 . pg. 444 . Jump up ^ A Cold War Legacy of Persian Gulf Conflict , Artsandmedia.net , March 19 , 2003 , archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ ( Yergin 1991 , pp. 140 , 702 ) Jump up ^ ( Klare 2004 , p. 33 ) Jump up ^ ( Klare 2004 , p. 36 ) Jump up ^ ( Yergin 1991 , p. 428 ) Jump up ^ ( Klare 2004 , pp. 33 -- 45 ) Jump up ^ Carter , Jimmy , Crisis of Confidence , The Carter Center , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 Jump up ^ Wheelan , Joseph ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) , `` Second Hearing for Carter '' , Atlanta Journal - Constitution , archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 30 , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 Reprinted at History News Network Jump up ^ Herring , George C. ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195078220 . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 2005 ) . Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Teicher , Howard and Gayle Radley Teicher . Twin Pillars to Desert Storm : America 's Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush . New York : Morrow , 1993 . pp. 145 - 6 References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Jimmy Carter 's Third State of the Union Address Klare , Michael ( 2004 ) , Blood and Oil : The Dangers and Consequences of America 's Growing Petroleum Dependency , New York : Henry Holt Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power , New York : Simon & Schuster Further reading ( edit ) Meiertöns , Heiko ( 2010 ) : The Doctrines of US Security Policy - An Evaluation under International Law , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76648 - 7 . External links ( edit ) This section may contain lists of external links , quotations or related pages discouraged by Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . Please help integrate this content into the body of the article using in - text citations . ( August 2012 ) National Security Directive - 63 ( PDF ) , a policy outline written by Brzezinski and signed by Carter , giving an overview of the goals of the Carter Doctrine . Carter Doctrine and the Gulf War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 1980 State of the Union Address , from the American Presidency Project . Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center Straits , Passages and Chokepoints , A Maritime Geostrategy byJean - Paul Rodriguez Carter Doctrine in Perspective , US Air Force 's College of Aerospace Doctrine , Research and Education ( CADRE ) at Maxwell Air Force Base Nuclear Strategy and the Modern Middle East Interview with Michael Klare , in which he cites the Carter Doctrine as one of the causes of the 2003 Iraq War . `` President Roosevelt and King Abdulaziz - The Meeting at Great Bitter Lake '' `` Crisis of Confidence '' Speech , the speech delivered by then - President Jimmy Carter urging Americans to reduce their use of energy . `` Ancient History '' : U.S. Conduct in the Middle East Since World War II and the Folly of Intervention . CATO Institute Policy Analysis no . 159 Jimmy Carter 39th President of the United States ( 1977 -- 81 ) 76th Governor of Georgia ( 1971 -- 75 ) Presidency Presidency Inauguration Camp David Accords Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty Torrijos -- Carter Treaties National Energy Policy Iran hostage crisis Operation Eagle Claw Island of Stability speech Moral Equivalent of War speech 1979 energy crisis Carter Doctrine Diplomatic Relations with China 1980 Summer Olympics boycott SALT Department of Energy Department of Education Department of Health and Human Services State of the Union Addresses ( 1978 1979 1980 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments controversies Executive Order 12148 Executive Order 12170 Rabbit incident Goldwater v. 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Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what doctrine called persian gulf oil a vital us interest to be defended by any means necessary | [
"The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23, 1980, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf."
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"The Carter Doctrine"
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3980700252611093759 | Lake George (New York) | Lake George ( New York ) - wikipedia Lake George ( New York ) Jump to : navigation , search For other places in New York with the same name , see Lake George , New York ( disambiguation ) . For other bodies of water with the same name , see Lake George ( disambiguation ) . Lake George Lake George from the village of Lake George at the southern end . Location Adirondack Mountains , Warren / Essex counties , New York , United States Coordinates 43 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 48 '' W / 43.62222 ° N 73.54667 ° W / 43.62222 ; - 73.54667 Coordinates : 43 ° 37 ′ 20 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 48 '' W / 43.62222 ° N 73.54667 ° W / 43.62222 ; - 73.54667 Primary inflows Streams 55 % , Precipitation on lake surface 27 % , groundwater 18 % Primary outflows La Chute River Basin countries United States Max. length 32.2 mi ( 51.8 km ) Max . width 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) Surface area 45 sq mi ( 120 km ) Average depth 70 ft ( 21 m ) Max . depth 196 ft ( 60 m ) Surface elevation 320 ft ( 98 m ) Islands Over 170 ( 172 - 178 ) Settlements Lake George , Ticonderoga , Bolton Landing , Huletts Landing Steamboat Horicon on Lake George , 1900 Lake George , 1862 , painted by Martin Johnson Heade Lake George , ca . 1860 , painted by John Frederick Kensett . Museo Thyssen - Bornemisza Lake George , nicknamed the Queen of American Lakes , is a long , narrow oligotrophic lake located at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains , in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of New York . It lies within the upper region of the Great Appalachian Valley and drains all the way northward into Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence River drainage basin . The lake is situated along the historical natural ( Amerindian ) path between the valleys of the Hudson and St. Lawrence Rivers , and so lies on the direct land route between Albany , New York and Montreal , Canada . The lake extends about 32.2 mi ( 51.8 km ) on a north - south axis , is quite deep , and varies from one to three miles ( 1.6 to 4.8 km ) in width , presenting a significant barrier to east - west travel . Although the year - round population of the Lake George region is relatively small , the summertime population can swell to over 50,000 residents , many in the village of Lake George region at the southern end of the lake . Lake George drains into Lake Champlain to its north through a short stream , the La Chute River , with many falls and rapids , dropping 226 feet ( 69 m ) in its 3.5 - mile ( 5.6 km ) course -- virtually all of which is within the lands of Ticonderoga , New York and near the site of the famous Fort Ticonderoga . Ultimately the waters flowing via the 106 - mile - long ( 171 km ) Richelieu River drain into the St. Lawrence River downstream and northeast of Montreal , and then into the North Atlantic Ocean above Nova Scotia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Invasive species 3 History 3.1 Ethan Allen accident 4 Character 4.1 Tourist destination 4.2 Millionaire 's Row 5 Gallery 5.1 Photographs 5.2 Paintings 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) Lake George is located in the southeastern Adirondack State Park and is part of the St. Lawrence watershed . Notable landforms include Anthony 's Nose , Deer 's Leap , Diver 's Rock ( a 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) jump into the lake ) , and Double - Diver 's ( a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) jump ) , the Indian Kettles , and Roger 's Rock . Some of the surrounding mountains include Black Mountain , Elephant Mountain , Pilot Knob , Prospect Mountain , Shelving Rock , Sleeping Beauty Mountain , Sugarloaf Mountain , and the Tongue Mountain Range . Some of the lake 's more famous bays are Basin Bay , Kattskill Bay , Northwest Bay , Oneida Bay , and Silver Bay . The lake is distinguished by `` The Narrows '' , an island - filled narrow section ( approximately five miles ( 8 km ) long ) that is bordered on the west by the Tongue Mountain Range and the east by Black Mountain . In all , Lake George is home to over 170 islands , 148 of them state - owned . They range from the car - sized Skipper 's Jib to the larger Vicar 's and Long Islands . Camping permits are attainable for the larger portion of islands . The lake 's deepest point is 196 feet ( 60 m ) , between Dome Island and Buck Mountain in the southern quarter of the lake . The northern end of the lake that is located near Ticonderoga is considered the southern end of the Champlain Valley , which includes Lake Champlain , as well as the cities Plattsburgh , New York and Burlington , Vermont . Invasive species ( edit ) There are six known invasive species in Lake George , according to the Lake George Association . The Asian clam first found in 2010 is the biggest threat , along with the Eurasian watermilfoil . Other invasive species are the Chinese mystery snail , curly - leaf pondweed , spiny water flea , and zebra mussel . History ( edit ) The lake was originally named the Andia - ta - roc - te by local Native Americans . James Fenimore Cooper in his narrative Last of the Mohicans called it the Horican , after a tribe which may have lived there , because he felt the original name was too hard to pronounce . The first European visitor to the area , Samuel de Champlain , noted the lake in his journal on July 3 , 1609 , but did not name it . In 1646 , the French Canadian Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues , the first European to view the lake , named it Lac du Saint - Sacrement ( Lake of the Holy Sacrament ) , and its exit stream , La Chute ( `` The Fall '' ) . On August 28 , 1755 , William Johnson led British colonial forces to occupy the area in the French and Indian War . He renamed the lake as Lake George for King George II . On September 8 , 1755 the Battle of Lake George was fought between the forces of Britain and France resulting in a strategic victory for the British and their Iroquois allies . After the battle , Johnson ordered the construction of a military fortification at the southern end of the lake . The fort was named Fort William Henry after the King 's grandson Prince William Henry , a younger brother of the later King George III . In September , the French responded by beginning construction of Fort Carillon , later called Fort Ticonderoga , on a point where La Chute enters Lake Champlain . These fortifications controlled the easy water route between Canada and colonial New York . A French army , and their native allies under general Louis - Joseph de Montcalm laid siege to Fort William Henry in 1757 and burned it down after the British surrender . During the British retreat to Fort Edward they were ambushed and massacred by natives allied to the French , in what would become known as The Massacre at Fort William Henry . On March 13 , 1758 , an attempted attack on that fort by irregular forces led by Robert Rogers was one of the most daring raids of that war . The unorthodox ( to Europeans ) tactics of Rogers ' Rangers are seen as the inspiring the later creation of similar forces in later conflicts -- including the United States Army Rangers . Lake George 's key position on the Montreal -- New York water route made possession of the forts at either end -- particularly Ticonderoga -- strategically crucial during the American Revolution . Later in the war , British General John Burgoyne 's decision to bypass the easy water route to the Hudson River that Lake George offered and , instead , attempt to reach the Hudson though the marshes and forests at the southern end of Lake Champlain , led to the British defeat at Saratoga . On May 31 , 1791 , Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter to his daughter , `` Lake George is without comparison , the most beautiful water I ever saw ; formed by a contour of mountains into a basin ... finely interspersed with islands , its water limpid as crystal , and the mountain sides covered with rich groves ... down to the water - edge : here and there precipices of rock to checker the scene and save it from monotony . '' In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Lake George was a common spot sought out by well - known artists , including Martin Johnson Heade , John F. Kensett , E. Charlton Fortune , Frank Vincent DuMond and Georgia O'Keeffe . Ethan Allen accident ( edit ) Main article : Ethan Allen boating accident On October 2 , 2005 , at 2 : 55 p.m. , the Ethan Allen , a 40 - foot ( 12 m ) glass - enclosed tourist boat carrying 47 passengers and operated by Shoreline Cruises , capsized during calm weather on the lake . According to reports from a local newspaper , 20 people ( mostly senior citizens ) died . Initial reports indicated that the tour group was from Canada , but these reports were later found to be incorrect . It was later determined that the group was from the Trenton , Michigan , area on a week - long fall trip along the East Coast by bus and rail , organized by Trenton 's parks and recreation department and arranged through a Canadian company . Police said they had never seen a disaster of this magnitude on the lake . The captain survived and cooperated with police . The National Transportation Safety Board investigation of the incident revealed that , although the boat was rated to carry 50 people when it was manufactured in 1966 , subsequent alterations to the boat 's design had greatly reduced its stability . At the time of the accident , the boat should have been rated to carry no more than 14 passengers . On February 5 , 2007 , the captain , Richard Paris , and the company that owned the boat , Shoreline Cruises , were indicted for having only one crew member aboard the boat . More serious charges were not filed because neither the captain nor the owners were aware they were violating safety standards . Character ( edit ) Tourist destination ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fort William Henry Hotel in 1907 Situated on the rail line halfway between New York City and Montreal , Lake George attracted the era 's rich and famous by the late 19th and early 20th century . Members of the Roosevelt , van Rensselaer , Vanderbilt , Rockefeller and Whitney families visited its shores . The Fort William Henry Hotel , in what is now Lake George Village , and The Sagamore in Bolton Landing opened at this time to serve tourists . The wealthiest visitors were more likely to stay with their peers at their private country estates . The Silver Bay YMCA on Lake George was constructed in 1900 . It has since evolved into a summer family camp , serving several hundred organizations and tourists every summer . Since 1913 , on the East Shore of Lake George , YMCA Camp Chingachgook has hosted thousands of guests every summer . Lake George is accessible by car via Interstate 87 and by air from Albany International Airport , which is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) away . Today , Lake George remains a tourist destination , resort center , and summer colony . A popular activity in the Lake George area is hot air ballooning . One of the nation 's oldest gathering of hot air balloons occurs every September in nearby Glens Falls . Millionaire 's Row ( edit ) Millionaire 's Row is the nickname of a stretch of Bolton Road ( now Lake Shore Drive ) on the west side of the lake where millionaires built mansions for use during the summer months . Such notables as Spencer Trask and Robert Pitcairn built palatial summer homes here . Although sometimes called `` cottages '' by their owners , these grand houses typically had dozens of bedrooms and more than 20,000 square feet ( 1,900 m ) of floor space . Millionaire 's Row differed markedly from the more rustic summer `` camps '' built by other wealthy Adirondack summer residents such as William West Durant and John D. Rockefeller . Unlike the log and timber structures at the camps , the houses of Millionaire 's Row were built of stone and masonry in the Tudor Revival , Georgian Revival and Italianate styles . Unlike their contemporaries in Newport and the Hamptons , which were built on tiny pieces of land , the cottages of Millionaire 's row were mansions in the true sense of the word . They were often built on hundreds of acres of pristine lakeside wilderness . With the changing economic climate and the introduction of income tax , the mansions of Millionaire 's Row became less sustainable by the 1930s . By the 1950s , with the advent of affordable auto and air travel , Lake George became more attractive to the growing middle class and less so to the `` jet set '' . Most of the mansions of Millionaire 's Row were torn down or turned into hotels and restaurants . Among the surviving `` cottages '' are Melody Manor , Sun Castle ( Erlowest ) , and Green Harbor Mansion . Gallery ( edit ) Photographs ( edit ) View from The Sagamore in Bolton Landing Lake George , on a foggy day . View from Bolton Landing View of southern end of Lake George . Isles View from Sabbath Day Point An aerial view of Lake George , with Anthony 's Nose and Roger 's Rock visible Paintings ( edit ) John Frederick Kensett - Lake George - Brooklyn Museum John William Casilear - - Lake George - Brooklyn Museum Lake George - John F. Kensett , Hudson River School Régis François Gignoux - Lake George - Brooklyn Museum See also ( edit ) Capital District portal Huletts Landing Sagamore Hotel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.museothyssen.org/en/THYSSEN/ficha_obra/992 Jump up ^ See : Bolton Landing Chamber of Commerce , Visit Lake George , Retrieved May 12 , 2008 Albany International Airport , AIRPORT GALLERY FEATURES LAKE GEORGE `` QUEEN OF AMERICAN LAKES '' , 2004 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 The Hyde Collection , Painting Lake George : 1774 - 1900 , September , 2005 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 ; Erin Budis Coe and Gwendolyn Owens , Painting Lake George 1774 - 1900 , Syracuse University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Invasive Species '' . Lake George Association . Jump up ^ Lake George Historical Society Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . Govt . Print . Off . p. 136 . Jump up ^ The Albany Times Union , TRAGEDY ON LAKE GEORGE , Special Report ; retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Indicted in Fatal Boat Accident '' . Associated Press . February 5 , 2007 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake George ( New York ) . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Lake George . Lake George Travel Information and Blog Site Lake George Tourism Department Lake George Chamber of Commerce tourism information Official Lake George Historical Association Website Lake George Association Lake George Music Festival `` George , Lake '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . 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Capital District Portal VIAF : 243172900 GND : 4448793 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_George_(New_York)&oldid=799332834 '' Categories : Lakes of New York ( state ) U.S. Route 9 Lakes of Warren County , New York Tourist attractions in Warren County , New York Tourist attractions in Essex County , New York Lakes of Essex County , New York Adirondack Park Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the deepest part of lake george | [
"The lake's deepest point is 196 feet (60 m), between Dome Island and Buck Mountain in the southern quarter of the lake. The northern end of the lake that is located near Ticonderoga is considered the southern end of the Champlain Valley, which includes Lake Champlain, as well as the cities Plattsburgh, New York and Burlington, Vermont."
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"between Dome Island and Buck Mountain in the southern quarter of the lake"
] |
3784227401781265847 | FIFA World Cup top goalscorers | FIFA World Cup top goalscorers - wikipedia FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose celebrating his record - breaking 16th World Cup goal More than 2,500 goals have been scored at the 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup final tournaments , not counting penalties scored during shoot - outs . Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup , more than 1,250 footballers have scored goals at the World Cup , of which just 97 have scored at least five . Number of goalscorers Goals ≥ 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Total No players 7 6 9 7 8 26 34 > 50 > 90 > 200 > 750 > 1,250 Ronaldo is the player with the second most goals , scoring 15 . The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina 's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals . Since then , only 22 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout the 1930 tournament . The first was Hungary 's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954 . At the next tournament , France 's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games . Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal at the World Cup during West Germany 's win at the 1974 final . His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo 's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil . Germany 's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014 . Only two other players have surpassed 10 goals at the World Cup : Pelé with 12 between 1958 and 1970 for Brazil , and Jürgen Klinsmann with 11 between 1990 and 1998 for Germany . Of all the players who have played at the World Cup , only six have scored , on average , at least two goals per game played : Kocsis , Fontaine , Stábile , Russia 's Oleg Salenko , Switzerland 's Josef Hügi , and Poland 's Ernst Wilimowski -- the latter scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938 . The top 97 goalscorers have represented 28 nations , with 14 players scoring for Brazil , and another 14 for Germany or West Germany . In total , 64 footballers came from UEFA ( Europe ) , 29 from CONMEBOL ( South America ) , and only four from elsewhere : Cameroon , Ghana , Australia , and the United States . Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament , with 13 goals in 1958 . The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954 , Müller in 1970 and Portugal 's Eusébio in 1966 , with 11 , 10 and 9 , respectively . The lowest scoring tournament 's top scorer was in 1962 , when six players tied at only four goals each . Across the 21 editions of the World Cup , 30 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals , and no one has achieved this feat twice . Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament , while Brazil 's Jairzinho became in 1970 the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament . These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations , the most ( five ) for Brazil . Another five came from other South American countries , with the remaining 20 coming from Europe . Excluding the 2010 edition , all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot . Contents 1 Overall top goalscorers 1.1 Timeline 2 Top goalscorers for each tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Overall top goalscorers ( edit ) Table key Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup # Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018 ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad , but did not play in a match ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match , but did not score a goal Gerd Müller ( right ) scored 14 goals for West Germany . Pelé ( right ) scored 12 goals for Brazil . Thomas Müller has scored 10 goals for Germany . Grzegorz Lato ( left ) scored 10 goals for Poland . David Villa ( left ) is the top World Cup goalscorer for Spain , with nine goals . Jairzinho ( upper right ) and Roberto Rivellino ( center ) have scored nine and six goals , respectively , for Brazil . Landon Donovan is the first player from the United States to score five goals . Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments Rank Player Team Goals scored Matches played Goals per game Tournaments Notes Miroslav Klose Germany 16 24 0.67 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Ronaldo Brazil 15 19 0.79 ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Gerd Müller West Germany 14 13 1.08 1970 , 1974 list Just Fontaine France 13 6 2.17 1958 list 5 Pelé Brazil 12 14 0.86 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 list 6 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 2.20 1954 list Jürgen Klinsmann West Germany Germany 17 0.65 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list 8 Helmut Rahn West Germany 10 10 1.00 1954 , 1958 list Gary Lineker England 12 0.83 1986 , 1990 list Gabriel Batistuta Argentina 12 0.83 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Teófilo Cubillas Peru 13 0.77 1970 , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Thomas Müller Germany 16 0.63 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Grzegorz Lato Poland 20 0.50 1974 , 1978 , 1982 list 14 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 1.50 1966 list Christian Vieri Italy 9 1.00 1998 , 2002 list Vavá Brazil 10 0.90 1958 , 1962 David Villa Spain 12 0.75 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Paolo Rossi Italy 14 0.64 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Jairzinho Brazil 16 0.56 ( 1966 ) , 1970 , 1974 list Roberto Baggio Italy 16 0.56 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 19 0.47 1978 , 1982 , 1986 list Uwe Seeler West Germany 21 0.43 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 23 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 2.00 1930 list Leônidas Brazil 5 1.60 1934 , 1938 list Ademir Brazil 6 1.33 1950 list Óscar Míguez Uruguay 7 1.14 1950 , 1954 Rivaldo Brazil 14 0.57 1998 , 2002 list Rudi Völler West Germany Germany 15 0.53 1986 , 1990 , 1994 list Diego Maradona Argentina 21 0.38 1982 , 1986 , ( 1990 ) , 1994 list 30 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 7 6 1.17 1934 , 1938 Lajos Tichy Hungary 8 0.88 1958 , 1962 , ( 1966 ) list Careca Brazil 9 0.78 1986 , 1990 Johnny Rep Netherlands 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 Andrzej Szarmach Poland 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 , 1982 Luis Suárez Uruguay 13 0.54 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Hans Schäfer West Germany 15 0.47 1954 , 1958 , ( 1962 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 17 0.41 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list 38 Josef Hügi Switzerland 6 2.00 1954 Oleg Salenko Russia 2.00 1994 list György Sárosi Hungary 5 1.20 1934 , 1938 Max Morlock West Germany 5 1.20 1954 Erich Probst Austria 5 1.20 1954 Harry Kane England 6 1.00 2018 list Salvatore Schillaci Italy 7 0.86 1990 list Davor Šuker Yugoslavia Croatia 8 0.75 ( 1990 ) , 1998 , ( 2002 ) list James Rodríguez Colombia 8 0.75 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Helmut Haller West Germany 9 0.67 ( 1962 ) , 1966 , ( 1970 ) Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 10 0.60 1994 , ( 1998 ) list Diego Forlán Uruguay 10 0.60 2002 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Neymar Brazil 10 0.60 2014 , 2018 list Asamoah Gyan Ghana 11 0.55 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands 12 0.50 1994 , 1998 list Rob Rensenbrink Netherlands 13 0.46 1974 , 1978 Rivellino Brazil 15 0.40 1970 , 1974 , ( 1978 ) Bebeto Brazil 15 0.40 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 list Arjen Robben Netherlands 15 0.40 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Zbigniew Boniek Poland 16 0.38 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Thierry Henry France 17 0.35 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 , ( 2010 ) list Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 17 0.35 ( 2006 ) , 2010 , 2014 list Robin van Persie Netherlands 17 0.35 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Mario Kempes Argentina 18 0.33 ( 1974 ) , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Lionel Messi Argentina 19 0.32 2006 , ( 2010 ) , 2014 , 2018 list Lothar Matthäus West Germany Germany 25 0.24 ( 1982 ) , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , ( 1998 ) 64 Pedro Cea Uruguay 5 1.25 1930 list Silvio Piola Italy 1.25 1938 Gyula Zsengellér Hungary 1.25 1938 Peter McParland Northern Ireland 5 1.00 1958 list Tomáš Skuhravý Czechoslovakia 5 1.00 1990 Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 6 0.83 1950 , 1954 Geoff Hurst England 6 0.83 1966 , 1970 list Jon Dahl Tomasson Denmark 6 0.83 2002 , 2010 list Alessandro Altobelli Italy 7 0.71 1982 , 1986 Kennet Andersson Sweden 7 0.71 1994 list Fernando Morientes Spain 7 0.71 1998 , 2002 list Romário Brazil 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , 1994 list Marc Wilmots Belgium 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 list Mario Mandžukić Croatia 8 0.63 2014 , 2018 list Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union 9 0.56 1958 , 1962 list Emilio Butragueño Spain 9 0.56 1986 , ( 1990 ) list Roger Milla Cameroon 9 0.56 ( 1982 ) , 1990 , 1994 Tim Cahill Australia 9 0.56 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Hans Krankl Austria 10 0.50 1978 , 1982 list Romelu Lukaku Belgium 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Ivan Perišić Croatia 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Raúl Spain 11 0.45 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Garrincha Brazil 12 0.42 ( 1958 ) , 1962 , 1966 Johan Neeskens Netherlands 12 0.42 1974 , ( 1978 ) Fernando Hierro Spain 12 0.42 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Zinedine Zidane France 12 0.42 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 Landon Donovan United States 12 0.42 2002 , ( 2006 ) , 2010 list Henrik Larsson Sweden 13 0.38 1994 , 2002 , 2006 list Michel Platini France 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , 1986 Zico Brazil 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Edinson Cavani Uruguay 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Lukas Podolski Germany 15 0.33 2006 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 18 0.28 1966 , 1970 , ( 1974 ) list Timeline ( edit ) Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments Goals Date Player Team Match Opponent Previous goals Ref July 13 , 1930 Lucien Laurent France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico N / A Bart McGhee United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Marcel Langiller France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico André Maschinot France Mexico Tom Florie United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Bert Patenaude United States Belgium Juan Carreño Mexico 1930 -- Group stage France André Maschinot France Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 16 , 1930 Carlos Vidal Chile 1930 -- Group stage Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 17 , 1930 Ivan Bek Yugoslavia 1930 -- Group stage Bolivia 1930 vs Brazil Bert Patenaude United States 1930 -- Group stage Paraguay 1930 vs Belgium , Paraguay July 22 , 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 1930 -- Group stage Chile 1930 vs Mexico ( 3 ) 5 6 July 26 , 1930 1930 -- Semi-final United States 7 8 July 30 , 1930 1930 -- Final Uruguay June 19 , 1938 Leônidas Brazil 1938 -- 3rd place Sweden 1934 vs Spain 1938 vs Poland ( 3 ) , Czechoslovakia , Czechoslovakia , Sweden ( 2 ) July 13 , 1950 Ademir Brazil 1950 -- Final round Spain 1950 vs Mexico ( 2 ) , Yugoslavia , Sweden ( 3 ) , Spain June 27 , 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 1954 -- Quarter - final Brazil 1954 vs South Korea ( 3 ) , West Germany ( 4 ) 9 10 June 30 , 1954 1954 -- Semi-final Uruguay 11 June 28 , 1958 Just Fontaine France 1958 -- 3rd place West Germany 1958 vs Paraguay ( 3 ) , Yugoslavia ( 2 ) , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( 2 ) , Brazil , West Germany 12 13 July 3 , 1974 Gerd Müller West Germany 1974 -- Second round Poland 1970 vs Morocco , Bulgaria ( 3 ) , Peru ( 3 ) , England , Italy ( 2 ) 1974 vs Australia , Yugoslavia 14 July 7 , 1974 1974 -- Final Netherlands June 22 , 2006 Ronaldo Brazil 2006 -- Group stage Japan 1998 vs Morocco , Chile ( 2 ) , Netherlands 2002 vs Turkey , China , Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Belgium , Turkey , Germany ( 2 ) 2006 vs Japan 15 June 27 , 2006 2006 -- Round of 16 Ghana June 21 , 2014 Miroslav Klose Germany 2014 -- Group stage Ghana 2002 vs Saudi Arabia ( 3 ) , Ireland , Cameroon 2006 vs Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Ecuador ( 2 ) , Argentina 2010 vs Australia , England , Argentina ( 2 ) 16 July 8 , 2014 2014 -- Semi-final Brazil Top goalscorers for each tournament ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored a record 13 goals at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . Eusébio scored nine goals for Portugal at the 1966 World Cup . James Rodríguez scored six goals for Colombia at the 2014 World Cup . Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament World Cup Player Team Goals scored Matches played Golden Boot Other FIFA Awards 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 Silver Ball 1934 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 5 Bronze Ball 1938 Leônidas Brazil 7 5 Golden Ball 1950 Ademir Brazil 8 6 Bronze Ball 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 Silver Ball 1958 Just Fontaine France 13 6 Bronze Ball 1962 Garrincha Brazil 6 Golden Ball Vavá Brazil 6 Leonel Sánchez Chile 6 Bronze Ball Flórián Albert Hungary Best Young Player Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union Dražan Jerković Yugoslavia 6 1966 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 Bronze Ball 1970 Gerd Müller West Germany 10 6 Best Young Player , Bronze Ball Grzegorz Lato Poland 7 7 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 6 7 Golden Ball 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 6 7 Golden Ball 1986 Gary Lineker England 6 5 1990 Salvatore Schillaci Italy 6 7 Golden Ball 1994 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 6 7 Bronze Ball Oleg Salenko Russia 1998 Davor Šuker Croatia 6 7 Silver Ball 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 8 7 Silver Ball 2006 Miroslav Klose Germany 5 7 Thomas Müller Germany 5 6 Best Young Player David Villa Spain 7 Silver Boot , Bronze Ball Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 7 Bronze Boot , Silver Ball Diego Forlán Uruguay 7 Golden Ball 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 6 5 2018 Harry Kane England 6 6 See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks List of FIFA World Cup own goals All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Outside this list is Ernst Wilimowski of Poland , the player with the highest goals - to - games ratio in the World Cup . His ratio is 4.00 as he scored four goals in his only World Cup appearance , in 1938 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals in the 1938 tournament , but in November 2006 however , FIFA revised it to seven ( he scored one additional goal in the 1934 tournament ) . Jump up ^ There was a controversy regarding the number of goals scored by Ademir in 1950 because of incomplete data from the final group round game against Spain , that ended in a 6 -- 1 victory for Brazil . The fifth Brazilian goal was credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals in 1934 . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , meaning he scored a total of seven goals overall ( he scored two goals in 1938 ) . Jump up ^ Davor Šuker was part of Yugoslavia 's squad in the 1990 FIFA World Cup but did not play any games . After Yugoslavia split , he joined the Croatian national team . Jump up ^ The two initial games of the 1930 FIFA World Cup ( France -- Mexico and United States -- Belgium ) were played at the same time , as seven players scored , with André Maschinot scoring two goals . The order in which these players are listed reflects the actual elapsed time in the games when their goals were scored . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second - half surge sees Tunisia bow out in style '' . fifa.com . FIFA . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup -- Milestone Goals ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup -- All - time Topscorers '' . WorldFootball.net . HEIM : SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co . KG . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics -- Players with the Most Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Owsianski , Jaroslaw ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 -- Final Tournaments -- Top - 100 Goal Scorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All Time Statistics -- All editions '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerd Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Just Fontaine '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sandor Kocsis '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juergen Klinsmann '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Rahn '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Lineker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Batistuta '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Teofilo Cubillas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grzegorz Lato '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eusebio ( Eusebio da Silva Ferreira ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Vieri '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vava '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Rossi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jairzinho '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Baggio '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Karl - Heinz Rummenigge '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uwe Seeler '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Stabile '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA. 2006 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leonidas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Obituary -- Jair da Rosa Pinto '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Brazil 6 : 1 Spain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ademir '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Miguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Voeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Maradona '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oldrich Nejedly '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lajos Tichy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Careca '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Rep '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Andrzej Szarmach '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Schaeffer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2018 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Huegi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Salenko '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyorgy Sarosi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Max Morlock '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Erich Probst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane '' . ESPN . 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Salvatore Schillaci '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Haller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Forlan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Bergkamp '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Rensenbrink '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivelino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bebeto '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arjen Robben '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zbigniew Boniek '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wesley Sneijder '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Kempes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lothar Matthaeus '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Cea '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Silvio Piola '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyula Zsengeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Peter McParland '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Skuhravy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Schiaffino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Hurst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alessandro Altobelli '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kennet Andersson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Morientes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romário ( Romário de Souza Faria ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Wilmots '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Mandžukić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Valentin Ivanov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Butragueno '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Milla '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cahill '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Krankl '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romelu Lukaku '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Perišić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Raul '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Garrincha '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Neeskens '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Hierro '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Donovan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Larsson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Podolski '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- France 4 : 1 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- USA 3 : 0 Belgium '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Chile 3 : 0 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Bek '' . Sky Sports . 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian . `` The 10 Most Significant Goals In U.S. Soccer History : Bert Patenaude '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's most iconic players : 1930 top scorer Guillermo Stabile '' . talkSPORT.com. 2018 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Classic Player : Leonidas : Brazil 's first superstar '' . FIFA. 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's forgotten men '' . VAVEL. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) . `` The forgotten story of ... Just Fontaine 's 13 - goal World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Kevin . `` World Cup Rewind : Ronaldo sets all - time goals world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Miroslav Klose 's World Cup goals '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup : Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Nihal Kolur ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Golden Ball Winners in World Cup History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Danny Wittenberg ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Every winner of the World Cup 's Best Young Player award and what they went on to achieve '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup statistics at FIFA.com Statistics at RSSSF Planet World Cup FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_top_goalscorers&oldid=854670411 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most goals in world cup all time | [
"\nPlayers with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoalsscored\n\nMatchesplayed\n\nGoalsper game[nb 1]\n\nTournaments\n\nNotes\n\n\n1\n\nMiroslav Klose♦\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n24\n\n0.67\n\n2002, 2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[8]\n\n\n2\n\nRonaldo♦\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n19\n\n0.79\n\n[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[9]\n\n\n3\n\nGerd Müller\n\n West Germany\n\n14\n\n13\n\n1.08\n\n1970, 1974\n\nlist[10]\n\n\n4\n\nJust Fontaine♦\n\n France\n\n13\n\n6\n\n2.17\n\n1958\n\nlist[11]\n\n\n5\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n14\n\n0.86\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\nlist[12]\n\n\n6\n\nSándor Kocsis♦\n\n Hungary\n\n11\n\n5\n\n2.20\n\n1954\n\nlist[13]\n\n\nJürgen Klinsmann\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n17\n\n0.65\n\n1990,1994, 1998\n\nlist[14]\n\n\n8\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n10\n\n10\n\n1.00\n\n1954, 1958\n\nlist[15]\n\n\nGary Lineker♦\n\n England\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1986, 1990\n\nlist[16]\n\n\nGabriel Batistuta♦\n\n Argentina\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[17]\n\n\nTeófilo Cubillas♦\n\n Peru\n\n13\n\n0.77\n\n1970, 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[18]\n\n\nThomas Müller#\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n0.63\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[19]\n\n\nGrzegorz Lato♦\n\n Poland\n\n20\n\n0.50\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\nlist[20]\n\n\n14\n\nEusébio♦\n\n Portugal\n\n9\n\n6\n\n1.50\n\n1966\n\nlist[21]\n\n\nChristian Vieri♦\n\n Italy\n\n9\n\n1.00\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[22]\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.90\n\n1958, 1962\n\n[23]\n\n\nDavid Villa♦\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.75\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[24]\n\n\nPaolo Rossi♦\n\n Italy\n\n14\n\n0.64\n\n1978, 1982, [1986]\n\nlist[25]\n\n\nJairzinho\n\n Brazil\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n(1966), 1970, 1974\n\nlist[26]\n\n\nRoberto Baggio♦\n\n Italy\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n1990, 1994, 1998\n\nlist[27]\n\n\nKarl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n West Germany\n\n19\n\n0.47\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\nlist[28]\n\n\nUwe Seeler\n\n West Germany\n\n21\n\n0.43\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\n[29]\n\n\n23\n\nGuillermo Stábile\n\n Argentina\n\n8\n\n4\n\n2.00\n\n1930\n\nlist[30]\n\n\nLeônidas\n\n Brazil\n\n5\n\n1.60\n\n1934, 1938\n\nlist[nb 2][32]\n\n\nAdemir\n\n Brazil\n\n6\n\n1.33\n\n1950\n\nlist[nb 3][35]\n\n\nÓscar Míguez♦\n\n Uruguay\n\n7\n\n1.14\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[36]\n\n\nRivaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.57\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[37]\n\n\nRudi Völler\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n15\n\n0.53\n\n1986, 1990,1994\n\nlist[38]\n\n\nDiego Maradona\n\n Argentina\n\n21\n\n0.38\n\n1982, 1986, (1990), 1994\n\nlist[39]\n\n\n30\n\nOldřich Nejedlý♦\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n7\n\n6\n\n1.17\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[nb 4][40]\n\n\nLajos Tichy\n\n Hungary\n\n8\n\n0.88\n\n1958, 1962, [1966]\n\nlist[41]\n\n\nCareca\n\n Brazil\n\n9\n\n0.78\n\n1986, 1990\n\n[42]\n\n\nJohnny Rep♦\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[43]\n\n\nAndrzej Szarmach\n\n Poland\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\n[44]\n\n\nLuis Suárez#\n\n Uruguay\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[45]\n\n\nHans Schäfer\n\n West Germany\n\n15\n\n0.47\n\n1954, 1958, (1962)\n\n[46]\n\n\nCristiano Ronaldo#\n\n Portugal\n\n17\n\n0.41\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[47]\n\n\n38\n\nJosef Hügi♦\n\n Switzerland\n\n6\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1954\n\n[48]\n\n\nOleg Salenko♦\n\n Russia\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1994\n\nlist[49]\n\n\nGyörgy Sárosi\n\n Hungary\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[50]\n\n\nMax Morlock\n\n West Germany\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[51]\n\n\nErich Probst♦\n\n Austria\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[52]\n\n\nHarry Kane#\n\n England\n\n6\n\n1.00\n\n2018\n\nlist[53]\n\n\nSalvatore Schillaci\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.86\n\n1990\n\nlist[54]\n\n\nDavor Šuker♦\n\n Yugoslavia Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n[1990],1998, (2002)\n\nlist[nb 5][55]\n\n\nJames Rodríguez♦#\n\n Colombia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n2014, (2018)\n\nlist[56]\n\n\nHelmut Haller\n\n West Germany\n\n9\n\n0.67\n\n(1962), 1966, (1970)\n\n[57]\n\n\nHristo Stoichkov♦\n\n Bulgaria\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n1994, (1998)\n\nlist[58]\n\n\nDiego Forlán\n\n Uruguay\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2002, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[59]\n\n\nNeymar#\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[60]\n\n\nAsamoah Gyan♦\n\n Ghana\n\n11\n\n0.55\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[61]\n\n\nDennis Bergkamp\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.50\n\n1994, 1998\n\nlist[62]\n\n\nRob Rensenbrink\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.46\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[63]\n\n\nRivellino\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n1970, 1974, (1978)\n\n[64]\n\n\nBebeto\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n(1990), 1994, 1998\n\nlist[65]\n\n\nArjen Robben\n\n Netherlands\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[66]\n\n\nZbigniew Boniek\n\n Poland\n\n16\n\n0.38\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\nlist[67]\n\n\nThierry Henry\n\n France\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)\n\nlist[68]\n\n\nWesley Sneijder\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n(2006), 2010, 2014\n\nlist[69]\n\n\nRobin van Persie\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[70]\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n18\n\n0.33\n\n(1974), 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[71]\n\n\nLionel Messi#\n\n Argentina\n\n19\n\n0.32\n\n2006, (2010), 2014, 2018\n\nlist[72]\n\n\nLothar Matthäus\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n25\n\n0.24\n\n(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)\n\n[73]\n\n\n64\n\nPedro Cea\n\n Uruguay\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1930\n\nlist[74]\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[75]\n\n\nGyula Zsengellér\n\n Hungary\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[76]\n\n\nPeter McParland♦\n\n Northern Ireland\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1958\n\nlist[77]\n\n\nTomáš Skuhravý\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1990\n\n[78]\n\n\nJuan Alberto Schiaffino\n\n Uruguay\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[79]\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1966, 1970\n\nlist[80]\n\n\nJon Dahl Tomasson♦\n\n Denmark\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n2002, 2010\n\nlist[81]\n\n\nAlessandro Altobelli\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1982, 1986\n\n[82]\n\n\nKennet Andersson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1994\n\nlist[83]\n\n\nFernando Morientes\n\n Spain\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[84]\n\n\nRomário\n\n Brazil\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n(1990), 1994\n\nlist[85]\n\n\nMarc Wilmots♦\n\n Belgium\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002\n\nlist[86]\n\n\nMario Mandžukić#\n\n Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[87]\n\n\nValentin Ivanov\n\n Soviet Union\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1958, 1962\n\nlist[88]\n\n\nEmilio Butragueño\n\n Spain\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1986, (1990)\n\nlist[89]\n\n\nRoger Milla♦\n\n Cameroon\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n(1982), 1990, 1994\n\n[90]\n\n\nTim Cahill♦#\n\n Australia\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[91]\n\n\nHans Krankl\n\n Austria\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n1978, 1982\n\nlist[92]\n\n\nRomelu Lukaku♦#\n\n Belgium\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[93]\n\n\nIvan Perišić#\n\n Croatia\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[94]\n\n\nRaúl\n\n Spain\n\n11\n\n0.45\n\n1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[95]\n\n\nGarrincha\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n(1958), 1962, 1966\n\n[96]\n\n\nJohan Neeskens\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1974, (1978)\n\n[97]\n\n\nFernando Hierro\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[98]\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1998, (2002), 2006\n\n[99]\n\n\nLandon Donovan♦\n\n United States\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n2002, (2006), 2010\n\nlist[100]\n\n\nHenrik Larsson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n13\n\n0.38\n\n1994, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[101]\n\n\nMichel Platini\n\n France\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\n[102]\n\n\nZico\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\n[103]\n\n\nGonzalo Higuaín#\n\n Argentina\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[104]\n\n\nEdinson Cavani#\n\n Uruguay\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[105]\n\n\nLukas Podolski\n\n Germany\n\n15\n\n0.33\n\n2006, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[106]\n\n\nFranz Beckenbauer\n\n West Germany\n\n18\n\n0.28\n\n1966, 1970, (1974)\n\nlist[107]\n"
] | [
"Miroslav Klose"
] |
4846106910291954406 | You Can't Do That on Television | You Ca n't Do that on Television - wikipedia You Ca n't Do that on Television Canadian television series hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) You Ca n't Do That on Television Genre Sketch comedy Created by Roger Price Directed by Geoffrey Darby Brian Lebold Brenda Mason Alex Sutton Roger Price Gerben Heslinga Starring Les Lye and Cast Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 144 ( plus 2 compilations ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Geoffrey Darby Bryn Matthews Jeffrey C. Weber John Findlay Geraldine Laybourne Robert Wilson Producer ( s ) Roger Price Geoffrey Darby Brenda Mason Location ( s ) CJOH - TV Studios Ottawa , Ontario Running time 60 minutes ( 1979 -- 80 ) 30 minutes ( 1981 -- 90 ) Release Original network CTV ( 1979 -- 90 ) Nickelodeon ( 1981 -- 90 ) Original release February 3 , 1979 -- May 25 , 1990 External links Website You Ca n't Do That on Television is a Canadian television program that first aired locally in 1979 before airing internationally in 1981 . It featured pre-teen and teenaged actors in a sketch comedy format similar to that of the United States Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In and Saturday Night Live . Each episode had a specific theme normally relating to pop culture of the time . The show was notable for launching the careers of many performers , including alternative rock singer - songwriter Alanis Morissette , and screenwriter Bill Prady . Ted Wilson and Les Lye on set The show was produced by and aired on Ottawa 's CTV station CJOH - TV , and was marketed specifically for an American audience . After production ended in 1990 , the show continued in reruns on the Nickelodeon cable network in the United States through 1994 , when it was replaced with the similar themed sketch - comedy variety program All That . During its original run , the show was seen as one and the same with Nickelodeon , achieved high ratings and is well known for introducing the network 's iconic slime ( usually green ) . The show is the subject of the 2004 feature - length documentary , You Ca n't Do That on Film , directed by David Dillehunt . It was released in North America by Shout ! Factory . Abby Hagyard played numerous characters on YCDTOTV Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Local television 1.2 National television in Canada 1.3 Nickelodeon 1.3. 1 Peak years 1.3. 2 Changing of the guard and controversies 1.3. 3 Final years 1.4 International airings 1.5 Reunion 2 Trademarks 2.1 Pre-empted shows 2.2 Opening animation : The Children 's Television Sausage Factory 2.3 Opposites 2.4 Fake commercials 2.5 Firing squad 2.6 Barth 's Burgers 2.7 Locker jokes 2.8 Production company 2.9 Parody 3 Water , slime and pies 3.1 Water 3.2 Slime 3.3 Pies 4 Cast 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Local Television ( edit ) You Ca n't Do That on Television debuted on 3 February 1979 on CJOH - TV in Ottawa as a one - hour , low - budget variety program with some segments performed live . The show consisted of comedy skits , music videos ( usually three per episode ) and live phone - in contests in which the viewer could win a variety of prizes ( transistor radios , record albums , model kits , etc . ) . The format also included performances by local disco dancers and special guests such as British Ottawa - based cartoonist Jim Unger . Every week the show took its `` Roving Camera '' to hangouts around town , recording kids ' jokes or complaints about life , which would be played on the following week 's broadcast . The show also made several tie - ins with Ottawa radio station CFGO , then a popular Top 40 music outlet ( now a sports - talk station ) , including having one of the station 's personalities , Jim Johnson , emcee the disco dance segments and share tidbits about the artists featured in the music videos played on the show . Veteran comedy actor Les Lye played numerous recurring characters and was initially the only adult to perform in the show 's sketches ; he was also the only actor to appear for the entire length of the series run . ( Actress Abby Hagyard , who played `` Mom '' opposite Lye 's role as `` Dad '' , would not join the cast until 1982 . ) Occasionally , the older children in the cast ( such as Christine McGlade , Sarah West or Cyndi Kennedy ) played adult characters . The show was meant to offer a program for children on Saturday mornings that made no attempt to be an educational program . The idea was successful , as ( according to one episode ) the show scored a 32 share of the ratings for CJOH in its 10 : 30 a.m. Saturday time slot . The studio masters for the first - season episodes no longer exist , and thus all but three of the episodes from this season were believed lost forever until early 2013 , when copies of the missing episodes from that season were contributed by Roger Price and posted on YouTube . National Television in Canada ( edit ) After a successful first season , a national network version of the program entitled Whatever Turns You On was produced for CTV and debuted in September 1979 ( having already aired an hour - long pilot episode in May ) . The format was shortened to a half - hour , removed local content , added a laugh track and replaced music videos with live performances from popular Canadian artists at the time , including Trooper , Max Webster , Ian Thomas and disco singer Alma Faye Brooks . Ruth Buzzi joined the cast playing many of the adult female characters , mostly notably a strict schoolteacher named Miss Fitt , and the studio secretary Miss Take . In addition , twenty - two children from the first season were whittled down to seven : Christine `` Moose '' McGlade , Lisa Ruddy , Jonothan Gebert , Kevin Somers , Kevin Schenk , Rodney Helal , and Marc Baillon ( another first - season cast member , Elizabeth Mitchell , only appeared in the pilot episode ) . The show was placed in the 7 : 00 pm time slot on Tuesday nights . It had poor ratings as a result ; in addition , some CTV affiliates opted not to carry the show , possibly due to content . As a result , CTV cancelled the show in December 1979 after only 13 episodes . In January 1981 , production on YCDTOTV resumed , and a new batch of episodes aired locally on CJOH through May of that year . The format of the 1981 episodes as aired on CJOH was similar to that of the inaugural 1979 season , with the differences being that each show featured skits revolving around a certain topic ( something that carried over from Whatever Turns You On ) and that the disco dancers were replaced by video game competitions . The season proper ended in May , but cast members were asked to come back in May and June 1981 to film some additional scenes for the syndicated version of the show ( including re-writes or re-shoots of already - filmed sketches to filter out any Ottawa - or Canada - centric content ) . At the time the season ended , it was uncertain whether the show would continue . In the meantime , some YCDTOTV cast members continued to hone their on - camera skills through appearances in Bear Rapids , a Price / Darby pilot film that was never picked up , and Something Else , a local game show on CJOH with a format somewhat similar to the live and local episodes of YCDTOTV . Four of the hour - long CJOH episodes from the 1981 season ( `` Strike Now '' , `` Sexual Equality '' , `` Crime and Vandalism '' , and `` Peer Pressure '' ) are available for public viewing on YouTube . The rest are only currently available in the half - hour edits . The show featured live music performances , including band Trooper Nickelodeon ( edit ) Peak years ( edit ) In 1981 , the new American youth - oriented cable network , Nickelodeon , took an interest in YCDTOTV . Nickelodeon originally aired a handful of episodes in edited half - hour form during 1981 as a test run , since producer Roger Price and director Geoffrey Darby had edited the entire 1981 season of You Ca n't Do That on Television episodes into a half - hour format similar to Whatever Turns You On for national and international syndication . As 1982 started , Nickelodeon began airing the entire edited season and YCDTOTV quickly became their highest rated show . Production on new episodes of YCDTOTV resumed full - time in 1982 , with all episodes from that point onward made in the half - hour all - comedy format . Beginning with the 1982 season , Nickelodeon and CJOH became production partners on YCDTOTV . Over the next few years , the ratings gradually declined in Canada ( by 1985 , it was seen only once a week in a Saturday - morning time slot on CTV ) , but YCDTOTV continued to go strong in the U.S. on Nickelodeon , where it aired first five times a week and , eventually , every day . It was not until 1989 did the series finally get similar exposure in Canada , when it was added by the nascent YTV network . Viewers in the U.S. were given the opportunity to enter the Slime - In , a contest hosted by Nickelodeon that flew the winner to the set of You Ca n't Do That on Television to be slimed ( which was later replicated by Canada 's YTV , with their version being called the Slime Light Sweepstakes ) . In 1983 , Roger Price created a clone of YCDTOTV for the U.S. PBS public television network , titled Do n't Look Now ( originally to be titled Do n't Tell Your Mother ! ) , which was made at WGBH - TV in Boston , Massachusetts . The show was similar in format to the 1979 season of YCDTOTV , including the showing of music videos and the recycling of several early YCDTOTV skits and motifs ( including a variation on the show 's trademark green slime gag called `` Yellow Yuck '' ) . Despite high ratings , the series never continued past its initial five - episode trial run in October 1983 , possibly due to complaints from parents for its content , and by Nickelodeon for concerns the YCDTOTV would continue and that the success of Do n't Look Now , and if had it not been cancelled may have spelled the end of YCDTOTV . The series was believed lost forever until all five episodes surfaced in early 2013 , and have been posted on YouTube as well , but with the music videos edited out for copyright reasons . Roger Price created another show for Nickelodeon , the less successful Turkey Television , in 1985 , which used several key cast members of YCDTOTV , including Les Lye , Christine McGlade , Kevin Kubusheskie and Adam Reid . By this time , Christine , now well into her twenties , had moved to Toronto and was flying back to Ottawa for YCDTOTV taping sessions . Turkey Television also marked Christine 's debut as a producer , a career with which she would continue after leaving YCDTOTV in 1986 . Another Price production using YCDTOTV cast members , UFO Kidnapped , had been made in 1983 . Although the pilot aired on Nickelodeon , the series was not picked up . Changing of the guard and controversies ( edit ) By 1987 , many of the `` veteran '' cast members such as Matt Godfrey , Doug Ptolemy , Vanessa Lindores , and Adam Reid had grown too old for the show . Longtime hostess Christine McGlade ( `` Moose '' ) had departed the previous year , as had Alasdair Gillis ( who had been promoted to co-host with Moose in 1985 before leaving towards the end of the 1986 season ) ; Lisa Ruddy ( `` Motormouth '' ) , Moose 's longtime sidekick on the show , was also gone , having left at the end of the 1985 season . Only five episodes were filmed in this season , the shortest season of You Ca n't Do That on Television 's 15 - year span on the air ( tied with 1990 , which also lasted only five episodes ) , and one of the episodes ( Adoption ) proved so controversial that it was banned after being shown twice ( a `` DO NOT AIR '' sticker was reportedly placed on the master tape at CJOH ) . ( Adoption ) is the only episode that was banned in the U.S. In Canada , the `` Divorce '' episode was banned , but the `` Adoption '' episode was shown with one part cut : in the sketch where Senator Prevert calls the adoption agency to send his son Adam back after using him to do chores all day , the part where Senator Prevert calls the adoption agency officer a `` damn bureaucrat '' after learning that `` Adoption is forever '' was bleeped out . In addition , Nickelodeon had removed the half - hour edits of the 1981 episodes of You Ca n't Do That on Television from its daily time slot rotation , along with the 1982 `` Cosmetics '' episode . The 1981 episodes were supposed to air for the last time ever during a week - long promotion in 1985 called `` Oldies But Moldies '' , which featured contests where Nickelodeon viewers could win prizes like `` tasty , fresh chocolate syrup '' . However , the episodes continued to air until the end of 1987 but were not played very often . Reportedly , this was because Nickelodeon 's six - year contract to air the 1981 season expired in 1987 , and since Nickelodeon was beginning to aim for a younger demographic and many of the 1981 episodes dealt with topics more relevant to adolescents ( such as smoking , drugs , sexual equality , and peer pressure ) ; the network opted not to renew the contract . Allegedly , Nickelodeon removed the `` Cosmetics '' episode from rotation for the latter reason as well ( although the `` Addictions '' episode from that same season was not dropped ) . By contrast , when Canada 's YTV began airing the series in 1989 , they continued airing the 1981 season as part of the package , as well as Whatever Turns You On , which was never shown in the United States at all . Final years ( edit ) Roger Price moved to France following production of the 1987 season , after being informed that Nickelodeon was not planning to order more episodes , and production was suspended for 1988 . When Price eventually returned to Canada , he wanted to resume production of You Ca n't Do That on Television from the city of Toronto , but was convinced by the cast and crew to return to Ottawa and CJOH . Nickelodeon ordered more YCDTOTV episodes for the 1989 season , and auditions were held at CJOH in the spring of 1988 with taping beginning that fall . The only child cast members to make the transition from 1987 to 1989 were Amyas Godfrey and Andrea Byrne , although a few minor cast members seen in 1986 , including Rekha Shah and James Tung , returned for an episode or two . Opinions on the 1989 and 1990 episodes of YCDTOTV are mixed among longtime fans of the show , particularly regarding the new episodes ' increasing reliance on bathroom humour to attract a younger audience than the show had targeted in years past , as well as a reliance on more slime and water gags ( which was supposedly at the request of Nickelodeon executives ) . In any case , the show did not completely sever ties to its past , as many former cast members reappeared during the 1989 season in cameo roles , most notably in the `` Age '' episode , which was hosted by Vanessa Lindores ( who was slimed twice during it ) and also featured cameos by Doug Ptolemy , Alasdair Gillis , Christine McGlade , and Kevin Kubusheskie ( who by that time had become a stage producer on the show ) . Gillis also appeared briefly in the `` locker jokes '' segment during the `` Fantasies '' episode , and Adam Reid , who by this time had become an official writer for YCDTOTV , also appeared ( and was slimed ) at the very end of the episode `` Punishment '' . The show 's ratings declined throughout 1989 and 1990 . The network 's desire to produce more of its own shows at its new studios at Universal Studios in Orlando , Florida , coupled with the poor ratings , caused production of You Ca n't Do That on Television to officially end in 1990 after only five episodes were made ( tying 1990 with 1987 as the shortest season of the series ) . Though ratings declined , Nickelodeon continued to air reruns until January 1994 , at which point it was only being aired on weekends . On October 5 , 2015 , Nickelodeon sister network TeenNick brought the show back in reruns as the first program on The Splat , its expanded retro block . The airings began with the first two 1981 episodes , `` Work '' and `` Transportation , '' marking the first time those episodes had aired on U.S. television in thirty years . International airings ( edit ) YCDTOTV was aired in Australia on ABC Television in the mid-1980s , beginning with 1981 's `` Work , Work , Work , '' it aired at 5 : 30 pm weekdays until August 1987 when the initial run ended , after its first two runs it was moved to a 7am weekday morning timeslot in 1989 . It continued to run on and off on ABC Television for the next few years , mainly as a filler during the school holiday breaks until the rights expired in the early 1990s . It was very successful in Australia . The show was aired in its entirety , including the final seasons of 1989 -- 90 . As in the U.S. , the series was rerun into the early 1990s . The series was also seen in some European countries and reportedly in the Middle East as well ( dubbed into the vernacular language ) , although interestingly , no French - dubbed version for distribution in France or Francophone Canada is known to exist , nor were any local adaptations based on the YCDTOTV format known to have been made . Reunion ( edit ) In July 2004 , on what was the program 's 25th anniversary , a reunion special called Project 131 which was named Changes and was produced at CJOH - TV starring five members of the original cast . These included Brodie Osome , Marjorie Silcoff , and Vanessa Lindores ( visibly pregnant at the time ) , Justin Cammy and Alasdair Gillis . It was directed by David Dillehunt . Trademarks ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Episodes of YCDTOTV included recurring gimmicks and gags . The following is a partial list . Pre-empted shows ( edit ) At the beginning of each show aired after the 1981 season , a title card would appear featuring a parody title of a TV show , with a silly ( often macabre ) picture and the announcer ( Les Lye ) making the following announcement : `` ( Phony TV show ) will not be seen today / at this time in order for us to bring you ( insert witty remark here ) . '' The pre-empted shows were parodies of current TV shows ( e.g. The A-Team Makes One Cup of Coffee Last Five Hours , `` Hanging Out '' or `` Malls '' , 1984 ) , movies ( e.g. Top Gun Gets Put on Latrine - Cleaning Duty , `` Discipline '' , 1986 ) , or other pop culture icons ( e.g. Boy George Without Make - up , `` Halloween '' , 1984 ) , and were often relevant to the theme of the current episode ( e.g. the pre-empted show for `` Safety '' ( 1981 ) was Hit and Run on Sesame Street ) . The pre-empted show announcement concept was borrowed from Saturday Night Live , which introduced their shows with similar announcements in the late 1970s . YCDTOTV had also preempted itself on three occasions ( Television , Media , and Priorities ) . Additionally , `` The Generation Gap '' episode did not begin with a preempted episode ; instead , a disclaimer read `` The following program contains certain scenes which may not be suitable for mature audiences . Juvenile discretion is advised '' . There was no pre-emption for the `` Success and Failure '' episode ( 1989 ) because the producers failed to come up with a gag show to pre-empt . Opening animation : the children 's Television Sausage factory ( edit ) Originally created by Rand MacIvor ( under Art Director John C. Galt ) , who was inspired by Terry Gilliam 's `` gilliamations '' , the opening animation sequence was a sequence of surreal images set to Rossini 's William Tell Overture , performed in a Dixieland jazz arrangement by The National Press Club and Allied Workers Jazz Band . Though the arrangement of the theme music stayed the same throughout the entire series run ( although there are subtle differences between the themes in various seasons -- especially the closing themes -- and Whatever Turns You On used a completely different theme song ) , the opening animation itself changed in different ways . The Centre Block of the Canadian Parliament complex was used in the first season and in the original hour - long versions of the 1981 season episodes . In this animation sequence , a person pulls the roof off one side of the building , releasing three balloons bearing the likenesses of the three party leaders at the time : Pierre Trudeau ( Liberal ) , Joe Clark ( Progressive Conservative ) , and Ed Broadbent ( NDP ) . Then , a hand from off - screen ignites the bottom of the Peace Tower with a match and it takes off like a rocket . The start of the animation features a likeness of 1979 cast member David Halpin . There are two versions of the `` Children 's Television Sausage Factory '' animation . In this sequence , children are `` processed '' in the `` sausage factory '' and deposited onto a school bus at the bottom of the factory that transports them to the TV studio ( a likeness of the CJOH studios on Merivale Road in Nepean , Ontario ) . The first version was created for the half - hour , internationally syndicated versions of the 1981 episodes . The second version , which featured larger images and cleaner ( albeit less fluid ) scene animation than the first version , was introduced in the beginning 1982 season and used for both the U.S. and Canadian broadcasts of You Ca n't Do That on Television until the end of the show in 1990 . Both versions of the `` Children 's Television Sausage Factory '' animation feature likenesses of Jonothan Gebert , Kevin Somers , Marc Baillon and Christine McGlade exiting the school bus , as well as a likeness of Les Lye as the security guard at the door of the TV studio . This footage was re-used from the opening sequence of 1979 's short - lived Whatever Turns You On . The ending of the introduction saw Lye 's face in a sketch with his mouth opening up , leading to a stamp put on his face reading You Ca n't Do That on Television , followed by the screen cracking and finally splitting in 2 pieces which the cast are seen and the show begins . ( Lye 's facial expression is somewhat different between the pre-1982 and the after - 1982 openings in that the former his mouth stays open while the latter his mouth is closed . Also in the pre-1982 opening , the cut to the show starting is a more television - ish cut . ) Opposites ( edit ) Each episode had an `` opposites '' segment , introduced by a visual effect of the screen flipping upside down , shifting left to fade to the next sketch , and then righting itself . Right before this happened , one of the cast would generally be giving a monologue ( or several would be having a group conversation ) that was interrupted by another cast member with something that would ( generally ) be opposite what the monologue ( or dialogue ) was about , all present cast would say , `` It must be the introduction to the opposites '' , and then the inversion fade would happen ; several sketches would follow that were a tongue - in - cheek reversal of the show 's subject of the day , and also in which the normal principles of daily life were reversed , often with children having authority over adults or with adults encouraging children to behave badly ( for example , eating sweets instead of vegetables , or wasting money on something frivolous rather than putting the money in the bank ) . A show on marketing , for instance , would also have a sketch or four of how not to market something . Sometimes opposite sketches involved cast members not being hit with slime or water after saying the `` trigger phrase '' ( see below section ) , as in City Life ( 1987 ) or Excess ( 1989 ) . The slime or water would not fall until after the opposites were over , or sometimes not fall at all . Also , an opposite sketch in Heroes ( 1982 ) had Lisa Ruddy slimed for saying `` I know , '' rather than `` I do n't know '' ( while other cast members said `` I do n't know '' in that same sketch without anything happening to them ) . A return to the show 's daily subject was hallmarked by another of these inversion fades , and usually accompanied by one of the cast members saying , `` Back to reality . '' These would sometimes occur in the middle of a sketch , resulting in the characters inverting whatever they were doing just prior to the conclusion of the sketch . Opposite sketches were used in the inaugural season of the show on CJOH in 1979 ( the first one , used in Episode Two , was submitted by a viewer ) , but it was not until Whatever Turns You On that they became an integral part of the show . Fake commercials ( edit ) Parodies of television commercials were part of the series as early as the first season and were the subject of one full episode in 1986 , but the 1982 episodes contained commercial parodies which aired in between the commercial bumpers , where real commercials would ordinarily fit . The products featured ranged from parodies of actual products ( i.e. the Lotachi Lugman , a parody of the Sony Walkman ) to completely fictional products ( such as a fragrance called `` Creme de peanut '' , advertised by Abby Hagyard in a blonde wig and slinky black dress ) . These fake commercials were cut from the shows once Nickelodeon became advertiser - supported in 1983 , although the `` Creme de peanut '' and `` Hero Cereal '' spots were preserved for later Worst of YCDTOTV compilations . Firing squad ( edit ) Most episodes starting in 1981 included one or more firing squad sketches , where Les Lye would play the part of a Latin American military officer with a sword in hand preparing to order a firing squad ( whom he addressed as ' amigos ' ) to execute one of the children actors , who were standing in front of a post . The kids would usually find a way to trick the Executioner into walking in front of the post and saying the word `` fire '' , thus getting shot by the firing squad himself , which was a trademark , and happened almost every time . Every scene had the same basic format . Captain : `` Ready , aim ... '' Cast Member : `` Wait a minute , stop the execution ! '' Captain : `` What is it this time ? '' The cast member would then make some attempt to stall or stop the execution . Most of the time , the cast member would be successful ; however , occasionally , Lye 's character would `` successfully '' complete the scene . On these occasions , the scene would end with `` Ready , Aimm ... '' and the cast member flinching , which is when the squad would fire , but it was n't shown . The only cast members who were actually shown being shot were Kevin Sommers , Lisa Ruddy and Alisdaire Gillis . There is also one episode in which the cast member cries out to the commander : `` Hurry up , hurry up , start the execution ! '' This , of course , draws the executioner 's attention , and they commence fire . Barth 's burgers ( edit ) Starting with the 1981 season , most episodes featured sketches with the kids eating at Barth 's Burgery , a fast - food burger restaurant run by Barth ( played by Les Lye ) , a chain - smoking , unpleasant , disgusting cook who used unsanitary and questionable methods of creating burgers . Most of the sketches would begin with Barth giving the kids their orders , the kids hesitant on eating their food , Barth telling them what he used as burger meat ( most of the time he would say gross things like rodents , poison , various animals not fit for human consumption , used kitty litter , human body parts , etc . ) and the kids growing queasy and eventually throwing up . Most of the sketches featured the following dialogue somewhere in the scene : Cast Member : `` Who / What do you think is in the burgers ? '' Barth : `` Duh IIIIIIII heard that ! '' Some sketches featured Barth worried about the health inspector shutting down his restaurant and telling the kids how he was going to solve the problem . On rare occasions , the kids would actually enjoy their meal and be satisfied , only to find out Barth mistakenly gave them the wrong order . Barth would demand the kids to give back their food . ( `` I would never give my customers real meat ! '' ) . In the 1981 and 1982 seasons , Barth had a worker , Zilch ( played by Darryll Lucas ) , whom he frequently insulted and abused , often by hitting him with a pan and knocking him out cold . In the 1982 `` Bullies '' episode , a young Alasdair Gillis tried to show Zilch how to defend himself by clobbering him over the head with the pan , resulting in Alasdair and Barth taking turns assaulting Zilch until Zilch fell to the floor unconscious . Locker jokes ( edit ) During the `` locker jokes '' segment of each episodes , cast members , standing inside school lockers with the words `` You Ca n't Do That on Television '' painted on them , would tell jokes to each other . The person telling the joke would open their locker , sticking their head out to call another cast member to tell the joke to . For the duration of the joke , those cast members would be the only ones seen with open lockers . When the punchline was delivered , there would be a laugh track and the actors would close their lockers , allowing the process to start again with different people and a different joke . This was almost certainly an homage to the well - known `` joke wall '' segment on Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In . This feature of the show was also introduced during its first season in 1979 and continued until the end of the series in 1990 , with the lockers themselves undergoing a few minor physical makeovers during the show 's early years . Production company ( edit ) Used in a few episodes in the first two seasons and almost every episode in later seasons , the closing credits of You Ca n't Do That on Television are followed by an announcement of the `` company '' that produced the program , with the name generally tying in with the episode 's main subject . These announcements are given in the form of `` ' You Ca n't Do That on Television ' is a ______ production . '' For example , the 1982 `` Bullying '' episode was a `` Black Eye '' Production ; the 1984 `` Marketing '' show was a `` Ca n't Give It Away '' Production ; the `` Divorce '' episode was a `` Split Down The Middle '' Production ; `` Project 131 '' was a `` Changing Day '' Production ; The `` Malls '' episode was a `` Hang Out to Dry '' production . The announcement of the production company was generally followed by one final sketch , also borrowing a concept from Laugh - In , in which the jokes continued for a time after the credits finished rolling . Parody ( edit ) YCDTOTV has been occasionally referenced on Robot Chicken , including some of the show 's trademark gags , such as locker jokes , Barth 's Burgery , and green slime . In the Family Guy episode `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , Peter Griffin is slimed after saying `` I do n't know , '' followed immediately by a still shot that is a direct reference to YCDTOTV 's opening sequence , with the words `` You Ca n't Do That on Television '' written in red over a man 's face . A later episode of the series was titled `` You Ca n't Do That on Television , Peter '' , but contained no overt references to YCDTOTV . Water , slime and pies ( edit ) Certain key words would result in cast members having substances poured onto them from off - camera . Water ( edit ) When someone said the word `` water '' , `` wash '' or `` wet '' , a large amount of water would mysteriously cascade onto them from above . In the early years of the show , cast members ( especially Christine ) were frequently nailed with pails of water physically thrown on them , but starting in 1981 , this began to change to the much more mysterious motif of water falling down on the victim from above . By the 1984 season , only the word `` water '' led to a dousing or `` watering '' ; the word `` wet '' no longer did so . This was also an homage to Laugh - In , which featured their similar `` Sock It To Me '' sketches . On occasion , cast members would try to `` dodge '' getting hit with water by saying `` agua '' ( Spanish ) or `` eau '' ( French ) instead , only to still be soaked anyways . Slime ( edit ) Likewise , when someone said `` I do n't know '' , green slime , a gooey substance , would pour on them from above . This prank was known as being `` slimed . '' As with waterings , the sliming gag was used in almost every episode , especially from 1982 onward ( a number of 1979 and 1981 episodes featured no slime at all , and slime is known to have been used on only one episode of Whatever Turns You On ) . Green slime was a fixture of the series from the very beginning . In a Detention / Dungeon scene in the show 's first episode , Tim Douglas is told NOT to pull on his chains by the principal . After he leaves , Tim does just that . A `` toilet flushing '' sound is heard , and the first YCDTOTV sliming occurs . According to Geoffrey Darby in the book Slimed ! An Oral History of Nickelodeon 's Golden Age , the original slime developed `` by accident '' : Darby had originally planned for a bucket of food leftovers from the CJOH cafeteria , with water added , to be dumped on Tim , but the production of that first episode was delayed by a week , and when the time came to shoot the scene , the contents of the bucket had turned green with mold . Due to time constraints , Darby authorized the noxious , moldy mixture to be dumped on Tim anyway . Roger Price was furious when he found out , but the response from the viewing audience was positive , and so Darby and Price decided to write an entire show around the slime , the result of which was `` The Green Slime Show '' of March 17 , 1979 ( fittingly , St. Patrick ' Day ) , in which Lisa Ruddy was the victim of six slimings ( a YCDTOTV record ) . By this time , the slime had changed to a much more innocuous mixture of green gelatin dessert powder , flour , and water , and with that episode , the use of `` I do n't know '' as the slime 's trigger phrase was introduced . In fact , one episode saw two kids ( including Alasdair Gillis ) getting slimed together , after one of them said `` We do n't know '' . On occasion , a cast member would try to circumvent the dreaded three words , like in the `` Computers '' episode , when Christine McGlade said `` Insufficient Data '' instead of `` I do n't know '' and got hit anyway . After she screamed `` I do n't know '' up at the ceiling and nothing happened , Lisa Ruddy then told her the slime was computer controlled . Although the slime was usually green , other colors , such as red , blue , yellow , and even black and white , were occasionally used . 1981 's `` Safety First '' episode , which featured white slime as part of a recurring joke in about `` wearing white at night , '' was the first episode known to have used a slime color other than green . The most dramatic example of this was in the 1982 episode `` Television , '' in which Christine is slimed in green , red , blue , yellow and `` stripes '' ( green , red , blue , and yellow at once ) , while trying to explain about green slime to then - newcomer Vanessa Lindores . This sketch was later seen in the opening to the hit 1987 film Fatal Attraction . In another memorable moment , the 1986 `` Enemies and Paranoia '' episode used the word `` Free '' as a trigger phrase for red slime after the studio was taken over by Russian Communists . On the show , the recipe for the green slime was treated as a closely guarded secret , with attempts by the kids to find out the true recipe all being unsuccessful ( in one episode , Ross ( Les Lye ) even went so far as to decoy the kids with a fake recipe ) , although some episodes posited revolting theories as to what the slime was really made of -- one 1989 episode which dealt with smoking , for example , theorized that slime was mucus from smokers ' lungs . In reality , however , the slime recipe used through most of the show 's run consisted of a mixture of lime green gelatin powder , water and flour ; eventually , oatmeal was added to the recipe , as was baby shampoo so that it would wash out of the actors ' hair more easily . In the aforementioned 1982 episode `` Television , '' however , Christine revealed the ingredients to the green slime , confirming all of the previously stated ingredients . In later years , the recipe consisted of simply adding green dye to a bucket of cottage cheese , which had the side effect of spoiling if left too long under hot studio lights ( Vanessa complained of its smell almost making her sick after her sliming in the 1987 ' Worst Of You Ca n't Do That On Television ' ) . Especially in the later years of the show , cast members who were slimed frequently looked upward into the slime as it was falling so that it covered their faces ( the same was also true of the waterings ) . To avoid damage to the set from water or slime , a clear tarpaulin was placed over the main portion of the set for scenes in which an actor was to be hit with either . The tarpaulin can occasionally be seen and / or heard underneath the actors in these scenes , and in fact the loud splatter sound usually heard during a watering or sliming is due to this tarpaulin . Actors who were scripted to be slimed or have water doused on them would usually appear barefoot in the scene . Kids who were slimed were reportedly paid extra . Scenes involving slimings were the final ones taped during a recording , allowing the actors to immediately rinse off after the scene was over . Green Slime grew to become a trademark image for Nickelodeon , which began demanding more slimings on the show as the years went on , resulting in episodes such as 1985 's `` Movies , '' in which the entire cast ( save for Abby Hagyard ) is slimed . They later introduced Green Slime Shampoo ( marketed with the slogan `` Gets you clean , wo n't turn you green ! '' ) , which was a frequent parting gift for contestants on Nick 's popular game show Double Dare , where slime was heavily used along with several variations such as ' gak ' or ' gooze ' , and Mattel even sold Nickelodeon slime and gak in the 1990s . Nickelodeon 's former studios in Orlando had a green slime geyser and green slime is still dumped on the host of the annual Kids Choice Awards at the end of the ceremony , and on at least one celebrity during the ceremony . It is also still used in ads showing the network 's current stars getting slimed from all sides in slow motion , and is used to slime the winner at the end of the Nick game show BrainSurge , which debuted in 2009 ( slime , as well as pies , was also used as a prize , rather than a penalty , in Nickelodeon 's live daily game show Slime Time Live in the early 2000s ) . Saying `` I do n't know '' to get slimed was later used on Nickelodeon 's show Fanboy & Chum Chum as the main plot of the episode `` Slime Day . '' Original cast member Ruth Buzzi Pies ( edit ) The classic slapstick pie - in - the - face gag was also frequently used on YCDTOTV , although pie scenes were most common during the early years of the show . One whole episode , 1981 's Drugs , was constructed completely around the pie - in - the - face gag : to avoid the wrath of the censors , the episode showed the cast getting `` high '' by pieing themselves continuously over and over , comparing the stupidity of hitting oneself with a pie to the stupidity of taking drugs . Unlike the slime and water , pies were not triggered by any certain word or phrase . Cast ( edit ) Over 100 child actors appeared on YCDTOTV between 1979 and 1990 . Some of the most notable cast members included : Name Year ( s ) First Appearance Last Appearance Notes Stephanie Bauder 1989 -- 90 Episode 114 : Choices Episode 142 : Privileges Nick Belcourt 1989 Episode 114 : Choices Episode 134 : Effort Chris Bickford 1989 -- 90 Episode 114 : Choices Episode 143 : Inventions Fourth and final host . Jennifer Brackenbury 1989 -- 90 Episode 114 : Choices Episode 143 : Inventions Carlos Braithwaite 1989 -- 90 Episode 114 : Choices Episode 141 : Learning Andrea Byrne 1987 -- 89 Episode 111 : Adoption Episode 122 : Pollution Famous for her `` Little Orphan Andrea '' persona in the Adoption episode . Justin Cammy 1983 -- 86 Episode 049 : Classical Music Episode 084 : Revenge Did not appear in any 1986 episodes although he is in the official cast photo . Appeared in his first episode clad in a diaper playing a sitar , as Roger Price 's revenge for having to deal with Justin 's difficult mother . Stephanie Chow 1984 -- 87 Episode 074 : Families Episode 112 : Anniversaries Offered the chance to return for the 1989 season , but declined . Angie Coddett 1981 -- 84 Episode 017 : Dating Episode 060 : Foreign Countries Known for her character `` Angie the Talking Doll '' during the 1981 season . She appeared in only one episode each in 1982 and ' 84 . Eugene Contreras 1982 -- 85 Episode 029 : Popularity Episode 088 : Movies He and his brother Roddy were chosen after Roger Price , who had been looking for Hispanic kids for the show , overheard them speaking Spanish , although they had arrived at the studio too late to audition . Roddy Contreras 1982 Episode 035 : Television Episode 035 : Television Tim Douglas 1979 Episode 001 Episode 010 Tim was the first cast member to be slimed , and one of only two cast members to have `` real '' green slime dumped on him made from moldy food leftovers . Ian Fingler 1979 Episode 001 Episode 013 Jonothan Gebert 1979 -- 81 Episode 001 Episode 023 : Crime and Vandalism Jono was also a cast member on Whatever Turns You On and Something Else . By the 1981 season he was too tall to appear on the link set and was seen mainly in execution and dungeon skits . Alasdair Gillis 1982 -- 86 Episode 031 : Vacations Episode 108 : Mysteries and Crimes Second official host . Cameo in 1989 's Fantasies and Age episodes . Michael Hora 1983 -- 84 Episode 044 : Future World Episode 051 : Fame Never Slimed . Amyas Godfrey 1986 -- 89 Episode 089 : Fairy Tales , Myths , & Legends Episode 139 : Embarrassment Along with Andrea Byrne , Rekha Shah and James Tung , Amyas was one of only three kid cast members to transition from 1986 -- 87 to 1989 , and the only one to appear regularly in ' 89 . Matthew Godfrey 1986 -- 87 Episode 091 : Know - It - Alls Episode 112 : Anniversaries Older brother of Amyas Godfrey . Abby Hagyard 1982 -- 90 Episode 027 : Cosmetics Episode 143 : Inventions Adult cast member Adam Kalbfleisch 1984 -- 86 Episode 062 : Moving Episode 095 : Country Watered twice during his run on the show , but never slimed . Martin Kerr 1981 -- 83 Episode 025 : Nutrition Episode 040 : Pets Kerr joined the cast after Roger Price saw him in one of the local `` Roving Camera '' segments when the show aired on CJOH and decided he liked him . He also participated in Something Else . Pauline Kerr 1984 Episode 060 : Foreign Countries Episode 078 : Wealth Martin Kerr 's younger sister . Kevin Kubusheskie 1981 -- 84 Episode 016 : Strike Now Episode 068 : Halloween Kubusheskie became a writer and producer on the series during the 1989 and 1990 seasons . Vanessa Lindores 1982 -- 87 Episode 035 : Television Episode 112 : Anniversaries Lindores was the show 's third host , and returned to host 1989 's Age episode . She also appeared in 2004 's Project 131 . The only other cast member to have `` real '' green slime dumped on her made from rotten food leftovers . Les Lye 1979 -- 90 Episode 001 Episode 143 : Inventions Adult cast member . Also starred in Whatever Turns You On . Mike Lyon 1981 Episode 018 : Fitness Episode 024 : Drugs Appeared in only two episodes . Christine McGlade 1979 -- 86 Episode 001 Episode 093 : Garbage First official host . She also had a brief cameo in the `` Age '' episode in 1989 . Her younger sister Lisa was used in some skits as an uncredited extra . She also appeared on Whatever Turns You On and Something Else , and would go on to develop the short - lived Turkey Television with Roger Price . Patrick Mills 1989 -- 90 Episode 121 : Security Episode 143 : Privileges Alanis Morissette 1986 Episode 090 : Pop Music Episode 100 : Contests Appeared in a total of five episodes . Was slimed three times , but only one of her slime scenes aired ( Pop Music ) . Brodie Osome 1981 -- 83 Episode 015 : Transportation Episode 049 : Classical Music Osome appeared in Project 131 with Vanessa Lindores and Marjorie Silcoff . Doug Ptolemy 1982 -- 87 Episode 030 : Fads and Fashion Episode 112 : Anniversaries Ptolemy made a cameo appearance in the 1989 Age episode . Adam Reid 1984 -- 87 Episode 078 : Wealth Episode 112 : Anniversaries Reid made a cameo in the 1989 Punishment episode . He also co-wrote several episodes that season with Roger Price . Lisa Ruddy 1979 -- 85 Episode 001 Episode 088 : Movies Ruddy was a cast member on Whatever Turns You On as well . At the end of her tenure on the show , she , Christine McGlade and Les Lye were the only remaining original cast members . Ruddy was sometimes called `` Motormouth '' Lisa Ruddy , because of her tendency to talk a lot . Took the longest sliming of the show during the `` Cooking '' episode , having two extra large buckets dumped on her during the sliming at the dinner table . Sidharth Sahay 1989 Episode 116 : Communication Episode 135 : Sports Brother of Vik Sahay . Vik Sahay 1986 -- 87 Episode 105 : Sleep Episode 112 : Anniversaries Kevin Schenk 1979 -- 81 Episode 008 Episode 026 : Peer Pressure Schenk was also a cast member on Whatever Turns You On . Klea Scott 1982 -- 84 Episode 031 : Vacations Episode 054 : ESP -- Magic Astrology Rekah Shah 1986 -- 89 Episode 094 : Garbage Episode 122 : Pollution Shah went on to star in another successful Nickelodeon show Fifteen . Was only slimed once because she hated it so much . Sariya Sharp 1989 -- 90 Episode 122 : Fantasy Episode 143 : Inventions Marjorie Silcoff 1984 -- 85 Episode 056 : History Episode 084 : Revenge Silcoff was watered in three episodes plus Project 131 , but never slimed . She returned for Project 131 along with Vanessa Lindores and Brodie Osome . Kevin Somers 1979 -- 81 Episode 001 Episode 019 : Safety First Somers was also a cast member on Whatever Turns You On . Like Gebert , he appeared chiefly in execution and dungeon skits by 1981 due to his height and age , although he did also participate in Something Else . Amy Stanley 1989 -- 90 Episode 133 : Celebrations Episode 141 : Learning Amy , the younger sister of Jill Stanley , was the only cast member not yet born when the series premiered in February 1979 . Jill Stanley 1989 -- 90 Episode 115 : Chores Episode 141 : Learning Christian Tessier 1989 -- 90 Episode 116 : Communication Episode 143 : Inventions Tessier 's first appearance on television was this program . Ted Wilson 1989 -- 90 Episode 114 : Choices Episode 143 : Inventions Bradfield Wiltse 1979 Episode 005 Episode 007 : The famous green slime show ( St. Patrick 's Day ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ You Ca n't Do That on Film at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` You Ca n't Do that On Television '' . members.shaw.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` You Ca n't Do That on Television ( Series ) -- TV Tropes '' . TV Tropes . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ You Ca n't Do That on Television , 1979 - 02 - 03 , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 Jump up ^ You Ca n't Do That on Television , 1979 - 02 - 03 , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 Jump up ^ `` OLD SCHOOL NICK '' . oldschoolnick.tumblr.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Klickstein , Mathew . Slimed ! An Oral History of Nickelodeon 's Golden Age . Plume , 2013 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Klickstein , Mathew . Slimed ! An Oral History of Nickelodeon 's Golden Age . Plume , 2013 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Price Interview '' . Youtube . Geoffrey Darby . Jump up ^ `` Long Lost Pictures From YCDTOTV Vaults '' . Twitter . Roger Price . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Live Q & A '' . Facebook . Slime Studios . Further reading ( edit ) Conway , Kyle ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Heading South to Make It Big : The American Success of Canada 's You Ca n't Do That on Television '' . American Review of Canadian Studies . Routledge. 35 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 65 . doi : 10.1080 / 02722010509481249 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Hagyard , Abby ( Winter 2016 ) . `` FAME : The Collectors ' Edition '' . Features behind - the - scenes photos and interviews with the cast of `` You Ca n't Do That on Television '' . ISBN 978 - 1541023345 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : You Ca n't Do That on Television You Ca n't Do That on Television on IMDb You Ca n't Do That on Television at TV.com Barth 's Burgery.com -- fan site Abby Hagyard Publishing - Site for star of `` You Ca n't Do That on Television '' Nickelodeon original programming Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) Rabbids Invasion ( since 2013 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) Star Falls ( since 2018 ) Double Dare ( since 2018 ) Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 84 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Can%27t_Do_That_on_Television&oldid=847961063 '' Categories : 1970s Canadian sketch comedy television series 1979 Canadian television series debuts 1980s Canadian sketch comedy television series 1990s Canadian sketch comedy television series 1990 Canadian television series endings Canadian children 's comedy television series Canadian variety television series CTV Television Network shows English - language television programs Television series about television Television series by Bell Media Television series featuring gunge Television series produced in Ottawa Nickelodeon shows 1980s Nickelodeon shows Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from January 2013 Articles that may contain original research from August 2012 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2012 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from August 2012 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles needing additional references from August 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 23 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did you can't do that on television air | [
"You Can't Do That on Television\nGenre\nSketch comedyCreated by\nRoger PriceDirected by\nGeoffrey Darby Brian Lebold Brenda Mason Alex Sutton Roger Price Gerben HeslingaStarring\nLes Lye and CastCountry of origin\nCanadaOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n10No. of episodes\n144 (plus 2 compilations) (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\nGeoffrey Darby Bryn MatthewsJeffrey C. WeberJohn FindlayGeraldine LaybourneRobert WilsonProducer(s)\nRoger PriceGeoffrey DarbyBrenda MasonLocation(s)\nCJOH-TV StudiosOttawa, OntarioRunning time\n60 minutes (1979–80)30 minutes (1981–90)ReleaseOriginal network\nCTV (1979–90)Nickelodeon (1981–90)Original release\nFebruary 3, 1979 – May 25, 1990External links\nWebsite"
] | [
"February 3, 1979 – May 25, 1990"
] |
-8820248106717100375 | Young Dumb & Broke | Young Dumb & Broke - wikipedia Young Dumb & Broke Jump to : navigation , search `` Young Dumb & Broke '' Remix cover Single by Khalid from the album American Teen B - side `` Thunder '' Released February 2 , 2017 Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Length 3 : 22 Label Right Hand RCA Songwriter ( s ) Khalid Robinson Joel Little Talay Riley Producer ( s ) Joel Little Khalid singles chronology `` Rollin '' ( 2017 ) `` Young Dumb & Broke '' ( 2017 ) `` Silence '' ( 2017 ) `` Rollin '' ( 2017 ) `` Young Dumb & Broke '' ( 2017 ) `` Silence '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Young Dumb & Broke '' on YouTube `` Young Dumb & Broke '' is a song by American singer Khalid . It was released as a single on February 2 , 2017 , by Right Hand Music Group and RCA Records as the second single from his debut studio album American Teen . The song peaked at number one in the Philippines and New Zealand and it has reached the top ten in Australia . As of October 2017 , the single has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Chart performance 5 Track listing 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Critical reception ( edit ) The Guardian 's Graeme Virtue says that `` More decrepit listeners might detect echoes of The Cure 's ' Close to Me ' amid ' Young Dumb & Broke ' 's palliative organ spiral , but that just adds to the bittersweet vibe of taken - for - granted golden years turning to ash . '' Music video ( edit ) The song 's accompanying music video premiered on August 1 , 2017 on Khalid 's Vevo account on YouTube . As of December 2017 , the music video has over 330 million views . The music video features cameo appearances from VanJess , Demetrius Harmon , Nathan Zed , Zolee Griggs , Salem Mitchell , Widney Bazile , Quiñ , Will Peltz , Buddy , Normani , Kel Mitchell , Wayne Brady , Rachael Leigh Cook and Dennis Haskins . Live performances ( edit ) American rock band Imagine Dragons performed their song `` Thunder '' at the 2017 American Music Awards in a mash - up with `` Young Dumb & Broke '' , with Khalid joining them for the performance . A little over a month later , on December 20 , a studio version of the mash - up was released . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Young Dumb & Broke '' peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 17 on the UK Singles Chart . The song topped the charts in New Zealand and the Philippines and reached top 10 in Australia and Belgium . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Young Dumb & Broke '' 3 : 22 Digital download -- remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Young Dumb & Broke '' ( remix ) ( featuring Rae Sremmurd and Lil Yachty ) 4 : 23 Digital download -- medley No . Title Length 1 . `` Thunder / Young Dumb & Broke '' ( medley ) ( with Imagine Dragons ) 4 : 11 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 25 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 22 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 47 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 14 France ( SNEP ) 145 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 36 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 9 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 63 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 37 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 41 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 21 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 63 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 89 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 85 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 85 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 78 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various March 3 , 2017 Digital download Right Hand RCA Columbia United States June 13 , 2017 Rhythmic contemporary radio September 26 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Teen - Album By Khalid '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid 's Young , Dumb & Broke : a swooning paean to misspent youth '' . Graeme Virtue . The Guardian . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ KhalidVEVO ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Khalid - Young Dumb & Broke '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Can You spot all the cameo 's in Khalid 's new music video ? -- VEVO ( Twitter ) '' . Jump up ^ Lamarre , Carl ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` Khalid & Imagine Dragons Team Up for ' Young , Dumb & Broke ' & ' Thunder ' Performance at 2017 AMAs '' . billboard . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thunder / Young Dumb & Broke ( Medley ) - Single by Imagine Dragons & Khalid on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Young Dumb & Broke -- Single by Khalid on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Young Dumb & Broke ( Remix ) -- Single by Khalid on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 40 Urban Singles '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Khalid feat . Rae Sremmurd & Lil Yachty -- Young Dumb & Broke ( Remix ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Khalid feat . Rae Sremmurd & Lil Yachty -- Young Dumb & Broke ( Remix ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201742 into search . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Khalid '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . October 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 43 ( 20 / 10 / 2017 - 26 / 10 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard. 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Khalid feat . Rae Sremmurd & Lil Yachty -- Young Dumb & Broke ( Remix ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201735 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 466 '' . auspOp . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid `` Young Dumb & Broke '' `` . IFPI Denmark . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Type Khalid in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Young Dumb & Broke and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Enter Young Dumb & Broke in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American Teen - Album By Khalid '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( hide ) Khalid Discography Studio albums American Teen Singles `` Location '' `` Young Dumb & Broke '' `` Love Lies '' Featured singles `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' `` Rollin '' `` Silence '' `` Homemade Dynamite ( Remix ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_Dumb_%26_Broke&oldid=835221421 '' Categories : Khalid ( singer ) songs Songs written by Talay Riley Songs written by Joel Little Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles 2017 songs RCA Records singles 2017 singles Songs written by Khalid ( singer ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 09 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made the song young dumb & broke | [
"\"Young Dumb & Broke\" is a song by American singer Khalid. It was released as a single on February 2, 2017, by Right Hand Music Group and RCA Records as the second single from his debut studio album American Teen.[1] The song peaked at number one in the Philippines and New Zealand and it has reached the top ten in Australia. As of October 2017, the single has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America."
] | [
"Khalid"
] |
6580851800116230877 | Orange Is the New Black | Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English ( main language ) Spanish Russian Mandarin German No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/orangeisthenewblack Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense was 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial , resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The show pays close attention to how corruption , drug smuggling , funding cuts , overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfil its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present ) Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim , particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics , review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex Women in Prison ( 1987 ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : Girls Gone Wrong '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . 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"The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[22] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[23] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[24]"
] | [
"Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York"
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1739863570492104768 | Wicked Witch of the West | Wicked Witch of the West - wikipedia Wicked Witch of the West `` Wicked Witch '' redirects here . For the stock character in fairy tales , see hag . For other uses , see Wicked Witch ( disambiguation ) . Wicked Witch of the West Oz character The iconic appearance of Wicked Witch of the West as portrayed by Margaret Hamilton in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Margaret Hamilton ( The Wizard of Oz ) Idina Menzel ( Wicked ) Mabel King ( The Wiz ) Mila Kunis ( Oz the Great and Powerful ) Rebecca Mader ( Once Upon a Time ) Eartha Kitt ( Madison Square Garden ) Miss Piggy ( Eric Jacobson ) ( The Muppets Wizard of Oz ) Mary J. Blige ( The Wiz Live ) Riki Lindhome ( The Lego Batman Movie ) Ana Ularu ( Emerald City ) Information Aliases Momba ( 1910 ) ( The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ) Mombi ( 1914 ) ( His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ) Bastinda ( 1939 ) ( The Wizard of the Emerald City ) Smarmy ( 1969 ) ( The Songs from The Wizard of Oz ) Evillene ( 1974 ) ( The Wiz ) Elphaba Thropp ( 1996 ) ( Wicked ) Old Snarl - Spats ( 2000 ) ( The Unknown Witches of Oz ) Azkadellia ( 2007 ) ( Tin Man ) Billie Westbrook ( 2011 ) ( Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ) Theodora ( 2013 ) ( Oz the Great and Powerful ) Lynessa ( 2013 ) ( Grimm Fairy Tales presents Oz ) Zelena ( 2014 ) ( Once Upon a Time ) West ( 2017 ) ( Emerald City ) Species Human ( witch ) Gender Female Occupation Ruler of the Winkies ( at time of death ) Title The Wicked Witch of the West Family The Wicked Witch of the East ( sister ) Regina Mills ( sister ) ( once upon a time ) Cora ( mother ) ( once upon a time ) Robin ( daughter ) ( once upon a time ) Nationality Ozian of Winkie descent The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character created by L. Frank Baum as the most significant antagonist in his classic children 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) . In Baum 's subsequent Oz novels , it is the Nome King who is the principal villain ; the Wicked Witch of the West is rarely even referred to again after her death in the first book . The witch 's most popular depiction was in the classic 1939 film based on Baum 's novel , where she was portrayed by Margaret Hamilton . Hamilton 's characterization introduced green skin and this has been continued in later literary and dramatic representations , including Gregory Maguire 's revisionist Oz novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West ( 1995 ) and its musical stage adaptation Wicked ( 2003 ) , the 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful , and the television series Once Upon a Time and Emerald City . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Baum 's books 2 In other books 3 In dramatic representations 3.1 1910 film 3.2 1914 film 3.3 1939 film 3.3. 1 Other appearances by Hamilton 3.4 2003 stage musical 3.5 2013 film 3.6 Once Upon a Time 3.7 Emerald City 3.8 Later adaptations 4 References In Baum 's books ( edit ) Illustration of the Wicked Witch of the West by William Wallace Denslow ( From the original Baum publishing in 1900 ) The Wicked Witch of the West is the malevolent ruler of the Winkie Country . Her castle is described as beautiful instead of being the sinister fortress shown in the movie . In all versions , she is seriously aquaphobic . The Wicked Witch of the West was not related to the Wicked Witch of the East , but leagued together with her , the Wicked Witch of the South and Mombi to conquer the Land of Oz and divide it among themselves , as recounted in L. Frank Baum 's Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz . She shows no interest in the death of the Eastern Witch , and all she cares about is obtaining the Silver Shoes which will increase her power . W.W. Denslow 's illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz depict her as a paunched old hag with three pigtails and an eye - patch . L. Frank Baum himself specified that she only had one eye , but that it `` was as powerful as a telescope '' , enabling the witch to see what was happening in her kingdom from her castle windows . Other illustrators , such as Paul Granger , placed her eye in the center of her forehead , as a cyclops . Usually , she is shown wearing an eye patch , however some illustrations show her with two eyes . Most of her power resides in the creatures she controls . She has a pack of wolves , a swarm of bees , a flock of crows , and an army of Winkies . She possesses the enchanted Golden Cap , which compels the winged monkeys to obey her on three occasions . First , the witch commanded the creatures to help her enslave the Winkies and to seize control of the western part of the Land of Oz . Second , she made the winged monkeys drive Oz out of the Winkie Country , when he attempted to overthrow her . When Dorothy Gale and her companions were sent by the Wizard to destroy her , the Witch attacked them with a pack of 40 great wolves , a flock of 40 crows , a swarm of black bees , and a group of Winkie slaves . Each of these attempts were thwarted , but the protagonists are eventually subdued by the Witch 's third and final permitted use of the Winged Monkeys . Nevertheless , the old witch can not kill Dorothy because the girl is protected by the Good Witch of the North 's kiss . She therefore settles for enslaving Dorothy , and tries to force the Cowardly Lion into submission by starving him , though Dorothy sneaks him food . Upon seeing the Silver Shoes on the girl 's feet , the Wicked Witch decides to steal them , and thereby acquire even more power . When she succeeds in acquiring one silver shoe by making Dorothy trip over an invisible bar , the little girl angrily throws a bucket of water onto the Wicked Witch . This causes the old witch to melt away . The Wicked Witch 's dryness was enumerated in some clues before this . Furthermore , when Toto had bitten her , she had not bled ; her wickedness had dried her up long ago . Unfortunately , L. Frank Baum did not explain precisely why water had this effect on her , nor did he ever imply that all evil witches could be likewise destroyed . However , the wicked witch Mombi is similarly disposed of in The Lost King of Oz and the wicked witch Singra is clearly afraid of the same fate in the early chapters of The Wicked Witch of Oz . The most likely explanation of Baum making water the Achilles ' heel of these witches is the long held belief amongst major religions that water is effective for purifying the soul and combating evil . The Witch did not carry a broom in the novel , but rather an umbrella , which she uses on one occasion to strike Dorothy 's dog Toto . Her nature is a volatile and yet somewhat cowardly one . Despite her immense power , she avoids face - to - face contact with her enemies , and is frightened of Dorothy at first when she sees the girl wearing the Silver Shoes . She is also afraid of the dark in Baum 's original story for reasons never revealed . For that reason , the Witch never tried to steal the Silver Shoes while Dorothy was sleeping . Despite her fear of water and the dark , the Wicked Witch of the West was one of the most powerful witches in all of Oz . In ensuing Oz books , her power is described as having been so great that even Glinda the Good Witch of the South feared her . In other books ( edit ) In Alexander Melentyevich Volkov 's 1939 novel The Wizard of the Emerald City , her given name is Bastinda . March Laumer uses this name for the witch in his novel Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in Oz . Like in the 1939 movie , she is the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East . Sherwood Smith uses this name for a new Wicked Witch of the West in her 2005 book The Emerald Wand of Oz . Gregory Maguire 's September 1996 revisionist novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West takes the familiar Oz story and inverts it , with the Wicked Witch ( given the name Elphaba in homage to L. Frank Baum ) as the novel 's protagonist and Dorothy as a hapless child . The name is retained in the musical Wicked . In the novel The Unknown Witches of Oz , the Wicked Witch of the West is named Old Snarl - Spats . In the comic book series Grimm Fairy Tales presents Oz , the Wicked Witch of the West is named Lynessa . In dramatic representations ( edit ) 1910 film ( edit ) The 1910 silent film The Wonderful Wizard of Oz features a character similar to the Wicked Witch of the West , identified in intertitles as `` Momba the Witch '' ( Compare the character Mombi from The Marvelous Land of Oz ) . In the film , Momba has an unspecified hold over the Wizard , who promises his crown to anyone who can release him from Momba 's power . Momba captures Dorothy and her companions , evoking the events in Baum 's original novel , and is destroyed when Dorothy throws a bucket of water over her . 1914 film ( edit ) Mombi 's likeness and costume in the 1914 silent film , His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz is based on Denslow 's illustrations of the Wicked Witch of the West . 1939 film ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton as the Witch in the 1939 film version , threatening Dorothy ( Judy Garland ) In the 1939 version of The Wizard of Oz , Margaret Hamilton plays the Wicked Witch of the West as a green - skinned witch dressed in a long black dress with a black pointed hat . She does not wear an eye - patch like in the novel . This representation of the Wicked Witch has become a standard for what witches resemble and an archetype of human wickedness . While this relationship is not mentioned in Baum 's books , in the movie , the Witch is the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East . The movie makes her even more of a primary antagonist , and consequently she appears in the film much earlier ( and more often ) , than in Baum 's original novel . She demands the Munchkins reveal who killed her sister , not long after Dorothy 's arrival in Oz . She is described by Glinda the Good Witch of the North , not the South as in the book , as `` worse than the other one '' . She actively seeks revenge against Dorothy for killing her sister , even though it was `` accidental '' . However , as soon as the Witch is reminded of the ruby slippers , all interest in her sister 's death vanishes and all she cares about are obtaining `` her '' slippers , which will enable her to conquer Oz . She is more menacing than her literary counterpart , making Dorothy too afraid to ever lose her temper with the Witch . She makes sure that Dorothy knows her power when Dorothy meets the Scarecrow by throwing a ball of fire at them . Before Dorothy and her friends get to the city , the Witch casts a sleeping spell over a field of poppies through which the group must pass . Glinda remotely counteracts the spell with a snowfall . The Wicked Witch then flies on her broom over the Emerald City , demanding that the citizens of the Emerald City surrender Dorothy to her , and the Wizard demands the destruction of the Witch , with her broom as proof , in exchange for granting the wishes of Dorothy and her companions . Unlike Baum 's original depiction , the Wicked Witch sends the Winged Monkeys as the first wave of attack . The Golden Cap is not mentioned but , after the failure of her poppy spell , the Witch does hold and then angrily cast away a costume piece that could be considered the cap ( It greatly resembles the Cap in depicted in W.W. Denslow 's original illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ) and was mentioned as her `` wishing cap '' in the original shooting script . She is killed when Dorothy throws a bucket of water on her , in attempt to put out a fire the witch bestowed on the Scarecrow . In the novel , Dorothy simply throws it on her in a fit of anger . There is no prior mention of the Wicked Witch 's vulnerability to water in the movie , save for a split - second before the water actually douses her when she screams `` Do n't touch that water ! '' ( this line does not appear in the film 's shooting script ) . After the Wicked Witch of the West is dead , her soldiers are glad to be free of her power , and quote `` Hail to Dorothy ! The Wicked Witch is dead ! '' The character ranks No. 4 in the American Film Institute 's list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , making her the highest ranking female villain , as well as placing 90th on Empire magazine 's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time . Margaret Hamilton and Oscar the Grouch in 1976 Hamilton 's other role in this film is the Witch 's Kansas sepia tone sequence character , Miss Almira Gulch , newly created for the film by screenwriter Noel Langley . She arrives on her bicycle at the farm and says to Uncle Henry , `` Mr. Gale ! I 'd like to speak with you and your wife right away '' . Since Dorothy 's last name is also Gale , this implies that Henry is her blood - uncle , and Aunt Em is his wife . Em tells her off , saying to her : `` Almira Gulch , just because you own half the county does n't mean that you have the power to run the rest of us . For 23 years I 've been dying to tell you what I thought of you ! And now ... well , being a Christian woman , I ca n't say it ! '' ( Baum 's character never mentions anything about religion beyond the implications of Sunday - best clothing . ) Dorothy , in her dream sequence on the way to Oz sees her again outside the window in the tornado . At that moment , Miss Gulch transforms into the Wicked Witch of the West , flying on a broom . Other appearances by Hamilton ( edit ) On a 1976 episode of the American television program , Sesame Street , the Witch , once again played by Hamilton herself , drops her broom and falls onto the street . In order to get the broom back , she must prove that she can be nice . Everyone is scared of her , except for Oscar the Grouch and Big Bird . After she proves that she is nice , Big Bird is upset when the time comes for her to leave . She reassures him that one day she 'll return . The episode was poorly received by parents of frightened young children , and was never aired again . The fate of the footage is unknown , but it can be assumed that it is still stashed away in Sesame Workshop 's vault . Hamilton also played this witch in The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) , and reprised her role several times on stage , most notably at the St. Louis Municipal Opera . Hamilton also appeared as herself on Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood three times between 1975 and 1976 . In these appearances , she demonstrated how her costume and acting skills made her appear to be the Witch , and assured her young viewers that there was nothing about her to be feared , because her portrayal in the film was only make - believe . 2003 stage musical ( edit ) Main article : Wicked ( musical ) The story line of the stage adaptation `` goes far afield '' from the 1996 novel . As Winnie Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill , `` It was ( Maguire 's ) brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view , and to have the two witches be roommates in college , but the way in which their friendship develops -- and really the whole plot -- is different onstage . '' Schwartz justified the deviation , saying `` Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda -- who becomes Glinda -- and Elphaba ... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies . '' In addition to this change in focus , other major plot modifications include Fiyero 's appearance as the scarecrow , Elphaba 's survival at the end , Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms , Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda - and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper , the complete cutting of Elphaba 's years in the Vinkus , the deletion of Liir 's birth , Fiyero not having a wife and children , and Doctor Dillamond not being murdered . 2013 film ( edit ) Mila Kunis as Theodora in Oz the Great and Powerful Mila Kunis portrays the Wicked Witch of the West , who is named Theodora , in the 2013 Disney film Oz the Great and Powerful . In this version , she is portrayed as a ' good witch ' , also being the younger sister of Evanora ( Rachel Weisz ) , who is at war with Glinda ( Michelle Williams ) for control of Oz ; she wants nothing more than for peace to come back to their land . She falls in love with Oscar Diggs ( James Franco ) , but her feelings for him are one - sided ; Theodora wanted to be Oscar 's queen when he ruled Oz . After Oscar goes to meet with Glinda , Evanora tricks Theodora into thinking Oscar had betrayed her , offering her a magic apple that will help her forget her disappointment . Theodora immediately takes a bite from it , but afterwards Evanora reveals that she was the evil Witch all along , however Theodora is too late to realize this . Before she can do anything , she starts feeling great pain as the apple was tainted with a potion that removes all the good in her heart making her so evil that even her sister fears her . Her skin turns green as a side effect of the potion , while her nose becomes crooked due to her falling on it . Though Evanora offers to cover it up with an enchantment , Theodora embraces her new appearance and helps her sister attempt to kill Glinda , get revenge on Oscar , and take control of Oz . However , she and Evanora are defeated by Oscar 's illusions . Theodora is forced to flee the city on her broom , but she threatens to return . Oscar tells her he knows her wickedness is n't her doing and if she ever finds the goodness within her , she is welcome to return . However , she refuses and flies off to the West , vowing revenge . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Rebecca Mader as Zelena in Once Upon a Time The Wicked Witch appears as the main antagonist of the second half of Season Three of Once Upon a Time played by Rebecca Mader . This version goes by the name of Zelena ( which means `` green '' in some Slavic languages ) . Zelena is discovered to be the daughter of the Queen of Hearts / the Miller 's Daughter ( Barbara Hershey / Rose McGowan ) , making her the older , long - lost half - sister of Regina the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) . Zelena visited Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) and learned from him how to control her own powerful magic . Her storyline revolves around her efforts to create a time - travel spell that will allow her to go back and prevent the Evil Queen 's birth before she can unwittingly ruin Zelena 's life , and thus Zelena would be raised as royalty . But despite Zelena 's efforts to sabotage Emma Swan ( supposedly the only wielder of light magic powerful enough to oppose her ) she is defeated when the Evil Queen masters light magic in time to oppose her ( although her time - travel spell is completed , it only takes effect after her presumed death , transporting Emma and Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) back to before the original curse was cast ) . She was later thought to have been killed by Rumpelstiltskin . It was later discovered that Zelena 's soul actually went back in time , where she managed to revive herself and assumed Maid Marian 's ( Christie Laing ) place after killing her in the past and taking her appearance ; to allow the heroes to take her back to the present , where she poses as Marian without Robin Hood ( Sean Maguire ) knowing . This way , she can resume making Regina Mills suffer by complicating her romantic relationship with the believed widower Robin . Zelena also copies the other villains ' idea to try to force the Author to write them happy lives at the expense of the heroes . Zelena swaps out the Elixir of the Wounded Heart and when Mr. Gold is dying , saves his life with it , but only after he agrees to drop his grudge against her and begins helping her . Regina learns this and rushes to New York with Emma . Upon arriving there with Lily , Emma and Regina confront Robin Hood and Zelena where Regina tells her what actually happened to Maid Marian . Even though Robin Hood is now aware of what happened to Maid Marian , he could n't leave Zelena because she is pregnant . Zelena is taken back to Storybrooke and locked in the hospital basement . Regina almost has the Author write Zelena and the pregnancy out of existence and memory . Regina changes her mind after she realizes it is something their mother would do , and she can choose to be happy with Robin and the rest of her family , raising the baby herself after the birth , while Zelena has extremely restricted visitation rights . When the Author warps reality to serve his own purposes , the roles of heroes and villains are switched . In the alternate Enchanted Forest Zelena is the fiancé of Robin Hood and their marriage will make all the changes permanent . When Regina is slashed almost fatally by Rumpelstiltskin , Zelena complains she is bleeding on her wedding dress and taking the attention away from her on her wedding day . She begins turning green again and runs off . When reality is returned to normal she is still pregnant in the hospital . Zelena travels with the heroes to Camelot in search of Emma , after becoming the Dark One . She is told to pretend to be Regina 's mute handmaiden ( Regina having taken her voice ) . In Camelot , Zelena is threatened by Regina that her baby will be taken by Regina once it has been born . She takes this as a strategy to kidnap Mary Margaret ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) as the rest of the group tries to sneak into Camelot ( having been thrown out ) and regains her magic with King Arthur 's ( Liam Garrigan ) help . She enchants the main hilt of Excalibur to bind Merlin 's ( Elliot Knight ) soul , allowing its holder to control him . Zelena , Arthur and Merlin hold Emma 's friends captive with the Protheum flame and the Dark One Dagger as ransom . Before she can do anything , she is tricked by Emma and tied by magic around a tree . After a battle between Merlin and Emma , Zelena transports herself and Arthur back to Camelot . Arthur and her plan to take a magical helm from the kingdom of DunBroch . After many failed attempts to reach the helm , including a battle between Arthur , Zelena and Red Riding Hood ( Meghan Ory ) , Mulan ( Jamie Chung ) and Merida ( Amy Manson , she transports herself back to Camelot , where Emma casts the Dark Curse , ripping everyone back to Storybrooke without their memories of ever stepping foot in Camelot . Zelena awakens in Granny 's Diner and is almost immediately put back in her cell . Zelena is met by the Dark Swan ( name for Emma as the Dark One ) and is told she will need an ally in the town after people learn the truth . Zelena eats darkly enchanted onion rings ( made by Emma ) and as a result , her pregnancy is sped up from two months to nine . She gives birth to a baby girl and is taken away by Emma into her basement with Hook at her side . She is freed from her cuff once again and leaves Hook in Emma 's house , wanting to get answers . Zelena steps back inside after Emma finds him . She brings in an enchanted dreamcatcher , which holds the memories of Hook becoming a Dark One ( in Emma 's fault ) in order to save him . Zelena learns that Robin and Regina are allowing her to see her baby , as long as one of them is with her . This is when she shares a bonding moment with her child . During the Dark Siege of Storybrooke , Zelena plans to take Regina 's place in Storybrooke including her office . After claiming full custody of her baby , Zelena is transported by Regina ( and the Apprentice 's Wand ) back to Oz , and she claimed they will see each other again . Regina reunites with Zelena in the underworld where it is revealed that Zelena and Hades have a romantic history . The sisters eventually become close as she tries to change for her daughter . She shares True Love 's Kiss with Hades , which allows him to go to Storybrooke and the two go together with the baby as she believes Hades has changed . However , Hades kills Robin Hood , proving his evil to Zelena who kills him with the Olympian Crystal . She names the baby Robyn after her father . In season 6 , Zelena and Regina get into a fight where Regina reveals that she blames Zelena for Robin 's death ; Regina 's dark half , the Evil Queen has now become a human manifestation and she and Zelena work together until the Queen tries to kill her . Regina saves Zelena from the Evil Queen but does not forgive her for Robin 's death . Emerald City ( edit ) The Witch of the West appears as one of the main characters in the first season of Emerald City , portrayed by Ana Ularu . Here she is one of the last Cardinal Witches of Oz and the `` Mistress of the Western Fields , Vessel of Truth and Solace '' , along with her sisters Glinda of the North and the Witch of the East . West seemingly obeys the Wizard of Oz 's law against magic , owns a brothel in the Emerald City and is a poppy opium addict , deteriorating her magical skill . She is very emotional , especially when compared to the reserved behavior of Glinda 's . Despite claiming to hate magic because it could not save her mother and sister witches during the Beast Forever 's last attack , she resorts to it quickly when in pursuit of Dorothy after she accidentally killed East . Later adaptations ( edit ) On the 1969 LP vinyl Songs from the Wizard of Oz , produced by Disneyland records , The Wicked Witch of the West is given the name `` Smarmy '' , and sings the song `` Just Call Smarmy '' . The record features both original songs and songs from the 1939 MGM film . In The Wiz ( 1974 ) , its film version ( 1978 ) , and television special ( 2015 ) , the Wicked Witch of the West is given the name Evillene ( portrayed by Mabel King in both the original Broadway cast and the film and Mary J. Blige in the television special ) . She is the malevolent ruler of the Winkies . She is the sister of Addaperle ( Miss One in the film version ) , Glinda , and Evermean , the other three witches of Oz . In the film version , she runs a sweatshop under Yankee Stadium with the slogan `` Manufacturers and Exporters of Sweat '' and extracts it not only from the Winkies , but the Crows , the Poppy Girls , and the Subway Peddler . Her magic creates urban variations on the Kalidahs ( depicted as evil growing dolls sent by the Subway Peddler ) , Fighting Trees ( depicted as mobile pillars ) and the wolves ( depicted as living and carnivorous trash cans ) , all in the Subway system . She then sends the Flying Monkeys ( depicted as a biker gang ) to capture Dorothy and her friends . In the film , Evillene is vanquished when Dorothy sets off the sweatshop 's sprinkler system . In Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo 's 1981 episode `` Scooby 's Trip to Ahz '' , the Witch appears as the Wicked Witch of the North by Southeast ( suffix name spoofs the film title , `` North by Northwest '' ) . In the anime film The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) , the Witch ( voiced by Elizabeth Hanna ) is purple - skinned , white - haired , and wears an eyepatch similar to W.W. Denslow 's original illustration . However , her telescopic eye is replaced by a magic mirror . Her soldiers are completely magical , disappear at her demise , and are quite distinct from the Winkies , whom she uses only for labor . She wears an old - fashioned peasant dress and possesses a staff , through which she generates her magic . In the 1986 anime series The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Witch is purple - skinned once again , and has long white hair with a blood - like red streak . She possesses both eyes and is dressed in a long , black hooded gown . Her eyes have the power to turn people into stone , and turn blood - red when such transformations are effected . One of the Winkies actually tries to crush her to death with a huge boulder , but the Witch causes the boulder to disappear , and turns the man into stone . Like in the 1982 anime film , a magic mirror shows her everything she wishes to uncover . The Wicked Witch makes it clear to Dorothy that the Good Witch of the North 's kiss can not serve as protection from her apparently superior power , and it 's the Silver Shoes that safeguard the girl . The Witch also reveals that the Wicked Witch of the East was her sister , and that the Silver Shoes could triple her own powers . This version gives the witch the most prolonged and dramatic death scene of all versions ; it also differs from previous adaptations by suggesting that Mombi was her protégé . In the animated series The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 -- 1991 ) by DiC Enterprises , the Flying Monkeys that were loyal to the Wicked Witch of the West ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) perform a ritual that resurrects the Wicked Witch of the West where they place her hat , dress and cloak on an effigy . Afterwards , she terrorizes Oz again by tarnishing the Emerald City , stealing what Dorothy 's friends treasure the most ( the Scarecrow 's brain diploma , the Tin Woodman 's clock heart , and the Cowardly Lion 's medal of courage ) , and making the Wizard fly off - course in his hot - air balloon by creating an evil wind . Of course she still has a weakness to any type of water causing her to evade at all times . This incarnation of the character was clearly based on the 1939 MGM movie , to which the series itself served as an unofficial sequel . Although the witch 's garments are purple here rather than black . The Witch appears in a little - known 1995 version of the original story made for British cable television , which combined elements of Baum 's original story , the 1939 movie , and the 1985 semi-sequel Return to Oz . She first appears after Dorothy lands in Oz , demands to know where the Ruby Slippers are , threatens Dorothy , then leaves . The Munchkins then reveal they hid the Slippers to keep the Witch from getting them , force them onto Dorothy , who then leaves to find the Wizard . At the end of the film , after taking the Slippers while Dorothy is sleeping , the Witch turns her loose in a room full of large rocks , says she 's turned Dorothy 's companions into rocks themselves , and will give her three chances to pick which ones are her friends , but if she guesses wrong , she will become one herself . To be fair , she turns the Slippers into a rock and hides them in the room . Dorothy , however manages to find the Tin Woodman , Scarecrow and Cowardly Lion . The Witch , enraged , grows to giant sized and holds a boulder over Dorothy , who then finds the Slippers and wishes for the Witch to lose her power . The Witch loses her strength and falls backwards , and the boulder kills her instantly . In the 1995 television special The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True ( a stage musical based on the 1939 film ) , Debra Winger portrays the Witch . Her costume is green rather than black . In addition , Winger narrates the tornado scene including Miss Gulch 's transformation . This production omits the scene where the Witch threatens Dorothy , the Scarecrow , and Tin Man as mattresses and a beehive after appearing on top of The Tin Man 's cottage . The Wicked Witch 's Castle scenes are shortened due to time limit . Unlike Margaret Hamilton , Winger says the line `` What a little whiner ! I 'll give you something to cry about '' when Dorothy suffers her imprisonment after Aunt Em 's image fades away in the crystal ball rather than `` I 'll give you Auntie Em , my pretty ! '' . In the February 1996 episode `` Water You Thinking ? '' of Mighty Morphin ' Alien Rangers , a witch monster appears by the name of Witchblade and she seems to be modeled after the Wicked Witch . Her voice and cackle are reminiscent of the 1939 film 's portrayal of the Witch . Additionally , most of her lines are paraphrasings of the Witch 's lines , such as `` How ' bout a little fire , Rangers ? '' . She also refers to the Rangers ' Zords as `` Tin Men '' and to the Rangers as `` My pretties '' . When she 's defeated , she cries `` Oh , no ! I 'm falling , falling ! What a world ! '' In `` Anthology of Interest II '' , a 2002 episode of the animated television series Futurama , Leela is knocked unconscious and dreams about being Dorothy in a version of The Wizard of Oz , with Futurama characters playing the roles of Wizard characters . While Fry is the Scarecrow , Bender the Robot is the Tinman , and Doctor Zoidberg is the Lion , the Wicked Witch is played by Mom , a recurring antagonist from the show , voice by Tress MacNeille who also provided the voice for The Wicked Witch of the West in the 1990 DIC animated series . The Witch sends her flying monkeys , played by Mom 's sons Larry , Walt , and Igner , to capture Dorothy / Leela . At the Witch 's castle , she reveals that she wants to adopt Dorothy as her daughter , and Dorothy / Leela agrees , as long as she gets to be a witch , too . The Witch / Mom meets her fate when Tinman / Bender opens a celebratory bottle of champagne and accidentally sprays her with it , melting her . Later , after Dorothy / Leela uses the power of her ruby boots to become the new Wicked Witch of the West , water splashes down on her from the ceiling , causing her to melt as well , to which the Cowardly Lobster / Zoidberg descends the stairs , mentioning `` I think there 's a problem with your upstairs toilet . '' In The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) , Miss Piggy plays all of the witches of Oz , including the Wicked Witch of the West . Her basic attire evoked W.W. Denslow 's original illustration , with a biker theme . The eyepatch also covered a magical glass - eye that gave her visual powers . This version of the Wicked Witch is only vulnerable to tap water where she is able to bathe in bottled water . The Wicked Witch of the West is vanquished when Dorothy kicks her into the bathtub filled with bottled tap water since Angel Marie filled the bottles with tap water . Afterwards , Dorothy salvages her glass - eye which is later given to the Wizard of Oz . Miss Piggy 's other role is herself . Prior to Dorothy 's journey , she appears with Kermit and tries to get rid of Dorothy . After Dorothy 's return , she returns for the Muppets ' show . In the American television show Supernatural , the Wicked Witch appears as the villain of the episode `` Slumber Party '' where she comes to Earth in 1935 with a plan to get the Key to Oz and bring her army to Earth to take over . Dorothy Gale , who is in fact the daughter of L. Frank Baum , becomes a monster hunter to stop the Witch after she spent some time trapped in Oz with the resistance - the leaders being cursed to transform into the Scarecrow , the Tin Man and the Lion - but is unable to kill her , eventually forced to simply trap herself and the Witch in a jar in the Men of Letters Bunker until someone else can work out her weakness . When the two of them are accidentally released in 2013 , the Witch begins searching for the Key to continue her plan , the protagonists initially only able to wound the Witch with bullets made from poppy seed extract . She possesses Sam and Dean Winchester to kill Dorothy , whom she ca n't hurt due to the blessing Dorothy received from Glinda upon arrival , but is killed by Charlie Bradbury with the Ruby Slippers when Dorothy identifies them as possessing Oz magic and being suitably sharp . In the October 2007 VeggieTales episode `` The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's '' , the witch and her Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film are replaced by Chester the Bully ( Kansas ) and Bobby the Bully ( Wonderful Land of Ha 's ) , both portrayed by Gourdon from `` Bully Trouble '' . In the December 2007 Syfy miniseries Tin Man , the character of Azkadellia ( played by Kathleen Robertson ) is analogous with the Wicked Witch of the West , though she is vastly different from most other versions of the character . In the miniseries , she is portrayed as a member of the Royal Family of the O.Z. ( Outer Zone ) who is possessed as a young girl by the spirit of the evil Witch of the Dark ( Karin Konoval ) who uses her body to take over the O.Z. and plunge it into a world of permanent darkness . This adaptation 's version of Dorothy Gale is Azkadellia 's younger sister DG ( Zooey Deschanel ) . Both of the sisters are powerful witches themselves , though DG has to relearn all of her magical abilities , and once DG frees Azkadellia from the witch 's grip , both of them defeat her together . Although it is clear that Azkadellia is analogous with the Wicked Witch of the West , it is implied vaguely that the Witch of the Dark is the Wicked Witch that Dorothy , who makes an appearance as a spirit in a mausoleum , defeated in the original story . In Dorothy of Oz , a Korean manhwa ( produced 2008 or earlier ) by Son Hee - Joon , the Witch of the West is re-imagined as a scientist who rules over the Western Dominion . She is psychopathic and cruel , and in a twist , she ( not Mara / Dorothy ) is the true orchestrator of the death of the East Witch Selluriah . She is the creator of an army of clones , one of whom is the story 's equivalent of the Scarecrow . Whether or not this is a reference to the musical Wicked is unknown . The Wicked Witch of the West appears as the primary antagonist of the 2011 television miniseries Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Eliza Swenson . In flashbacks , it was seen that she had obtained the mystical Book of Mini Aru ( which contained the Changing Word ) from the Wizard as part of a deal not to continue her attack on Oz in exchange that the Wizard does n't plan to reclaim the book . Unfortunately for the Wicked Witch of the West , the Wizard entrusted the key to the Book of Mini Aru to Dorothy for safekeeping . On Earth , she assumes the form of a female book publishing agent named Billie Westbrook and plans to obtain key from Dorothy so that she can lead Princess Langwidere , the Nome King and an army of winged monkeys , Nomes , and dragons into taking over Earth upon learning the Changing Word . The Wicked Witch of the West also had plans to invade Wonderland , Neverland , Camelot , and Narnia . The Wicked Witch of the West has a cameo appearance in Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return during one of the Jester 's songs . The Jester is presented as her brother who was cursed to be trapped in a jester 's costume by the Witch with Glinda noting that she did n't know the Witch had a sense of humor . The Wicked Witch of the West appears as a boss character and playable figure in the video game Lego Dimensions , voiced by Courtenay Taylor . She is the only playable character from the Wizard of Oz franchise . During the video game 's story , Batman , Gandalf , and Wyldstyle face off against the Wicked Witch of the West and were able to defeat her with water and steal the Shift Keystone from her . Her hat is later salvaged by Lord Vortech . The Wicked Witch of the West appears as one of the villains in The Lego Batman Movie , voiced by Riki Lindhome who was uncredited for the role . She is depicted as an inmate of the Phantom Zone , the group of which is known as the Ubers . Upon Joker proposing his plan to escape the Phantom Zone and help him invade Gotham City and defeat Batman , the Wicked Witch of the West tells Joker `` We 're listening . '' When Harley Quinn steals the Phantom Zone Projector from Arkham Asylum 's evidence locker and frees Joker and the Phantom Zone inmates , the Wicked Witch of the West unleashes the Winged Monkeys to fly around and cause mayhem in Gotham City where Robin kicks them off the Bat - Plane . The Wicked Witch of the West also infiltrates Wayne Island along with Joker , Harley Quinn , and the other Phantom Zone inmates . She is defeated by Team Batman and their enemies in the end and sent back to the Phantom Zone . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Jump up ^ Baum , L. Frank ; Hearn , Michael Patrick . The Annotated Wizard of Oz , W.W. Norton & Company , 1976 . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ Zimmermann , Denise ; Gleason , Katherine A . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Wicca and Witchcraft , 2nd Edition , Alpha , 2003 . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 59257 - 111 - 5 Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Jump up ^ `` 90 . The Wicked Witch of the West '' . Empire . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Wicked Witch of the West not always a fright sight '' . Post-Tribune . Crown Point , IN : Chicago Tribune Media Group . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Michael ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` STAGE TO SCREENS : A Chat with Wicked Nominee and TV Veteran Winnie Holzman '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked -- Script '' . MusicalSchwartz.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maguire , Gregory ( 1995 ) . Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West . ReganBooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 039144 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader Is Playing The Wicked Witch of the West ! See the Incredible First Photos '' . E !. December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zelena '' . ABC . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage ( 1995 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Glass Cat Jellia Jamb Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nine Tiny Piglets Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Trot Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Ozma ( album ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire Books Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Characters Elphaba Glinda Wizard of Oz Boq Nessarose Stage adaptation Wicked awards and nominations album Songs `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' `` Dear Old Shiz '' `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` Popular '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` A Sentimental Man '' `` Defying Gravity '' `` No One Mourns the Wicked ( Reprise ) '' `` Thank Goodness '' `` Wonderful '' `` I 'm Not That Girl ( Reprise ) '' `` No Good Deed '' `` For Good '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Witch_of_the_West&oldid=846021886 '' Categories : Oz ( franchise ) witches Female characters in literature Female characters in film Female characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1900 Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities Fictional characters without a name Fictional dictators Literary villains Musical theatre characters Witchcraft in film Witchcraft in written fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the name of the wicked witch in the wizard of oz | [
"\n\nWicked Witch of the West\n\n\nOz character\n\n\n\nThe iconic appearance of Wicked Witch of the West as portrayed by Margaret Hamilton in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)\n\n\nCreated by\nL. Frank Baum\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMargaret Hamilton\n(The Wizard of Oz)\nIdina Menzel\n(Wicked)\nMabel King\n(The Wiz)\nMila Kunis\n(Oz the Great and Powerful)\nRebecca Mader\n(Once Upon a Time)\nEartha Kitt\n(Madison Square Garden)\nMiss Piggy (Eric Jacobson)\n(The Muppets Wizard of Oz)\nMary J. Blige\n(The Wiz Live)\nRiki Lindhome\n(The Lego Batman Movie)\nAna Ularu\n(Emerald City)\n\n\n\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nAliases\n\n\n\nMomba (1910)\n(The Wonderful Wizard of Oz)\nMombi (1914)\n(His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz)\nBastinda (1939)\n(The Wizard of the Emerald City)\nSmarmy (1969)\n(The Songs from The Wizard of Oz)\nEvillene (1974)\n(The Wiz)\nElphaba Thropp (1996)\n(Wicked)\nOld Snarl-Spats (2000)\n(The Unknown Witches of Oz)\nAzkadellia (2007)\n(Tin Man)\nBillie Westbrook (2011)\n(Dorothy and the Witches of Oz)\nTheodora (2013)\n(Oz the Great and Powerful)\nLynessa (2013)\n(Grimm Fairy Tales presents Oz)\nZelena (2014)\n(Once Upon a Time)\nWest (2017)\n(Emerald City)\n\n\n\n\n\nSpecies\nHuman (witch)\n\n\nGender\nFemale\n\n\nOccupation\nRuler of the Winkies\n(at time of death)\n\n\nTitle\nThe Wicked Witch of the West\n\n\nFamily\nThe Wicked Witch of the East (sister)\nRegina Mills (sister) (once upon a time)\nCora (mother) (once upon a time)\nRobin (daughter) (once upon a time)\n\n\nNationality\nOzian of Winkie descent\n\n"
] | [
"Wicked Witch of the West"
] |
-6888565847886786377 | The Quad (TV series) | The Quad ( tv series ) - wikipedia The Quad ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Quad Genre Drama Created by Felicia D. Henderson Charles Holland Starring Anika Noni Rose Ruben Santiago - Hudson Jazz Raycole Peyton Alex Smith Sean Blakemore Zoe Renee Babs Proller Michelle DeFraites Erica Michelle Jake Allyn Larry Rhem Terayle Hill E. Roger Mitchell Jasmine Guy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 Production Executive producer ( s ) Felicia D. Henderson Charles Holland Rob Hardy Will Packer Mitzi Miller Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Rainforest Entertainment WaterWalk Productions Capital Arts Entertainment BET Networks Release Original network BET Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) -- present External links www.bet.com/shows/the-quad.html The Quad is an American television drama , created by Felicia D. Henderson and Charles Holland that airs on BET . The series premiered on February 1 , 2017 , with a 120 - minute pilot movie . VH - 1 also airs the series . The Quad stars Anika Noni Rose as Dr. Eva Fletcher , a newly elected President of the fictional Georgia A&M University . It also stars Ruben Santiago - Hudson , Sean Blakemore and Jasmine Guy . On April 27 , 2017 BET renewed the show for a second season , which premieres on January 23 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 2 Episodes 3 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Anika Noni Rose as Dr. Eva Fletcher Jazz Raycole as Sydney Fletcher Peyton Alex Smith as Cedric Hobbs Ruben Santiago - Hudson as Cecil Diamond Zoe Renee as Noni Williams Michelle Defraites as Madison Kelly Jake Allyn as Bojohn Folsom Sean Blakemore as Eugene Hardwick E. Roger Mitchell as Carlton Pettiway Jasmine Guy as Ella Grace Caldwell Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Movie Special Movie Special `` The Quad : The Movie '' Rob Hardy Felicia D. Henderson & Charles D. Holland February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 0.813 `` The Quad '' follows the ambitious yet secretive life of Dr. Eva Fletcher , the newly elected president of Georgia A&M University , a prestigious HBCU where everyone is looking to make a name for themselves . `` Elevators '' Rob Hardy Felicia D. Henderson February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 0.842 GAMU kicks off Spirit Week ; Eva deals with the fallout of her daughter 's transgressions ; Pettiway pushes for her resignation ; Cedric faces murder charges and a public conviction ; Sydney sparks a risky friendship . `` Invisible Man '' Jeffrey Byrd Charles D. Holland February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 0.744 After giving Jason an ultimatum , Eva gets an unexpected overture from Derek ; Sydney starts a new gig ; guilt and remorse hypnotize Cedric after his release from jail ; Noni becomes tasked with a difficult challenge . `` Things Fall Apart '' Jeffrey Byrd Wendy Coulas February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 0.893 Eva makes Cedric an offer he ca n't refuse ; Cecil Diamond receives harrowing news ; an ominous Twitter feed rocks GAMU 's campus ; Noni gets advice from an unlikely ally ; Sydney makes a chilling discovery . 5 `` Quicksand '' TBA TBA March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 0.788 President Eva Fletcher tracks the identity of the students in the leaked security video and lays down the law about rape culture on campus ; a distraught Sydney struggles to cope with her personal life . 6 5 `` Mulebone '' TBA TBA March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 0.797 On the heels of Sydney 's rape allegation , President Eva Fletcher and Coach Hardwick hear different sides of the story in search of the truth ; BoJohn makes a bold play that backfires in his face . 7 6 `` Go Tell It On The Mountain '' TBA TBA March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 0.784 Cecil Diamond tries to make amends with his sister before Battle of the Bands ; Dr. Eva Fletcher faces an ugly spousal support battle with Derek ; Noni runs into more band trouble . 8 7 `` Their Eyes Were Watching God '' TBA TBA March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 0.691 9 8 `` The Caged Bird Sings '' TBA TBA March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 0.865 Critical reception ( edit ) The Quad has received positive reviews from television critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 100 % , based on 5 reviews . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 70 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` BET Pushes Further Into Scripted With Anika Noni Rose Drama , ' New Edition ' Mini and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Gerard . `` Tony Winner Anika Noni Rose Takes Lead In ' The Yard ' Pilot For BET '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tambay A. Obenson ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Anika Noni Rose Books Lead in BET Pilot ' The Yard ' '' . Shadow and Act . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` BET Orders John Singleton Telepic , Dramedy ' Benched , ' Music Drama ' Tales ' in Scripted Push - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ RenewCancelTV ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Quad , Hit The Floor & The Breaks Officially Renewed By BET ! '' . RenewCancelTV . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast & Info : The Quad '' . BET . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Quad - Episode Guide '' . TVGuide . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Quad ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Quad : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Quad ( TV series ) Official website The Quad on IMDb The Quad at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Quad_(TV_series)&oldid=816053256 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American television series English - language television programs African - American television Black Entertainment Television shows Television shows set in Atlanta Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) American drama television series Will Packer Productions films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the new season of quad start | [
"The Quad stars Anika Noni Rose as Dr. Eva Fletcher, a newly elected President of the fictional Georgia A&M University.[2][3][4] It also stars Ruben Santiago-Hudson, Sean Blakemore and Jasmine Guy.[2] On April 27, 2017 BET renewed the show for a second season[5], which premieres on January 23, 2018."
] | [
"January 23, 2018"
] |
-1174041870876127085 | Declawing of crabs | Declawing of crabs - wikipedia Declawing of crabs Jump to : navigation , search Cooked Alaskan king crab claws Declawing of crabs is the process whereby one or both claws of a live crab ( including king crabs ) are manually pulled off and the animal is then returned to the water . It occurs in several fisheries worldwide , such as in the Florida stone crab ( Menippe mercenaria ) fishery , the north - east Atlantic deep - water red crab ( Chaceon affinis ) fishery and in southern Iberia , where the major claws of the fiddler crab Uca tangeri are harvested . Around Northern Europe , an extensive fishery exists for claws of the edible crab , Cancer pagurus . The practice is defended because some crabs can naturally autotomise ( shed ) limbs and then about a year later after a series of moults , regenerate these limbs . It is argued that declawing therefore provides a sustainable fishery . Claw removal is also promoted to assist in handling of animals , and to decrease losses through entanglement in fishing nets and cannibalism . Declawing crabs is legal in the UK since revocation in 2000 of the Crab Claws ( Prohibition of Landing ) Order 1986 . One crab that is subject to widespread declawing is the Florida stone crab , for which tourist information is provided . Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 2 Production 3 Effects on mortality 4 Effects on feeding 5 Effects on activity 6 Pain and stress caused by declawing 7 See also 8 References Procedure ( edit ) General anatomy of a fiddler crab To perform declawing , the claws are snapped downward away from the crab . To ensure a clean break along the natural fracture plane , one finger is placed on the basal cheliped joint . With the cheliped fully extended , a quick , firm downward motion normally removes the claw cleanly . The break usually occurs at the basi - ischum between the coxa at the base of the leg and the merus . Production ( edit ) In the 1976 -- 77 trapping season , about 50,000 kg of claws were harvested in the Everglades National Park . This was probably less than 5 % of the total Floridian harvest , which has averaged more than 1,000,000 kilograms since 1974 . In Florida during the 1995 -- 96 to 2004 -- 05 fishing seasons , fishers declawed approximately 10.5 million crabs during each 7 - month fishing season . The weight of crab claws landings varied without trend since 1989 -- 90 . Peak landings were 1.6 million kg statewide in the 1997 -- 98 fishing season . Statewide landings for 2004 -- 05 were 1.4 million kg of claws . Effects on mortality ( edit ) Florida stone crab claws served as food Under experimental conditions , but using commercially accepted techniques , 47 % of Florida stone crabs that had both claws removed died after declawing , and 28 % of single claw amputees died ; 76 % of the casualties died within 24 hours of declawing . The claws constituted 51 % of the total weight of the crabs before declawing . In the wild , where declawed crabs must compete for food , mates , and shelter , and avoid predators , the mortality rate is likely to be higher . Declawed crabs survive by switching from predation to scavenging . The occurrence of regenerated claws in the fishery harvest is low , with studies calculating from less than 10 % ( 1978 ) , 13 % ( 2006 ) , to 20 % ( 2010 ) . Larger , older crabs generally do not survive long enough to regrow their claws , as they are near the end of their lifespan . Effects on feeding ( edit ) Most crabs use their claws for capturing and eating prey . A crab with one claw removed would therefore be disadvantaged in subsequent feeding and a crab with both claws removed even more so . In a study on the effects of declawing on feeding , autotomy induced ( declawed ) crabs consumed significantly fewer mussels and less mussel mass , but ate more mass of fish ( a more readily handled food source ) . This indicates that the effect of autotomy was a reduction of the ability to feed on mussels , rather than a general reduction of feeding motivation . In a second study , there was no discernible difference in the amount of food consumed by crabs surviving declawing and control crabs . It has been argued that should a crab survive declawing it will not be able to feed effectively and may subsequently die of starvation . Effects on activity ( edit ) Declawed crabs show significantly lower activity levels than negative controls . Pain and stress caused by declawing ( edit ) There is debate about whether invertebrates can experience pain . Some of the most compelling evidence for pain in invertebrates exists for crustaceans in terms of trade - offs between stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements . Evidence of the ability for crabs to feel pain is supported by their possessing an opioid receptor system , showing learned avoidance to putatively painful stimuli , and responding appropriately to analagesics and anaesthetics . These all indicate it is likely that crabs can experience pain during declawing . It has been argued that because crabs can autotomise ( self - amputate ) their claws , manual declawing along these natural fracture planes will not cause pain . However , a lack or reduction of pain during autotomy remains to be verified . Moreover , declawing results in a physiological stress response in the edible crab , as indicated by increases in haemolymph glucose and lactate and a decrease in glycogen . This stress is evident both in the short term ( < 10 min ) and the long term ( 24 h ) . Further , declawing is more stressful , results in bigger wounds and causes significant mortality compared to induced autotomy . See also ( edit ) Crustaceans portal Fishing portal Crab fisheries Crustacean Pain in animals Pain in crustaceans Pain in invertebrates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stone crabs FAQs '' . Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lynsey Patterson ; Jaimie T.A. Dick ; Robert W. Elwood ( 2009 ) . `` Claw removal and feeding ability in the edible crab , Cancer pagurus : implications for fishery practice '' . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 116 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 305 . doi : 10.1016 / j. applanim. 2008.08. 007 . ^ Jump up to : Queen 's University , Belfast ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Declawing crabs may lead to their death '' . Science Daily . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recreational stone crabbing information '' . Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ G.E. Davis ; E.B. Thue ( 1977 ) . Annual fishery management report for Everglades National Park , Florida , No. 1 . Homestead , Florida : Everglades National Park , U.S. National Park Service . Jump up ^ Florida Department of Natural Resources ( 1977 ) . Florida landings , annual summary , 1975 . Current Fisheries Statistics . 6919 . Washington , DC : NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2006 Stock Assessment Update for the Stone Crab , Menippe spp. , Fishery in Florida '' . Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gary E. Davis ; Douglas S. Baughman ; James D. Chapman ; Donald MacArthur ; Alan C. Pierce ( 1978 ) . Mortality associated with declawing stone crabs , Menippe mercenaria ( PDF ) . US National Park Service . Report T - 522 . Jump up ^ Stone Crab FAQ : If a stone crab looses ( sic ) both claws how can it eat and defend itself ? Jump up ^ Species Account - Invertebrates : Florida Stone Crab ( Menippe mercenaria ) and Gulf Stone Crab ( M. adina ) Jump up ^ Lynsey Patterson ; Jaimie T.A. Dick ; Robert W. Elwood ( 2007 ) . `` Physiological stress responses in the edible crab , Cancer pagurus , to the fishery practice of de-clawing '' . Marine Biology . 152 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 272 . doi : 10.1007 / s00227 - 007 - 0681 - 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declawing_of_crabs&oldid=828149410 '' Categories : Cruelty to animals Animal welfare Commercial crustaceans Crabs Crab dishes Cuisine of the Southern United States Types of amputations Edible crustaceans Seafood Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long does it take for a stone crab to grow a new claw | [
"Declawing of crabs is the process whereby one or both claws of a live crab (including king crabs) are manually pulled off and the animal is then returned to the water. It occurs in several fisheries worldwide, such as in the Florida stone crab (Menippe mercenaria) fishery, the north-east Atlantic deep-water red crab (Chaceon affinis) fishery and in southern Iberia, where the major claws of the fiddler crab Uca tangeri are harvested. Around Northern Europe, an extensive fishery exists for claws of the edible crab, Cancer pagurus. The practice is defended because some crabs can naturally autotomise (shed) limbs and then about a year later after a series of moults, regenerate these limbs.[1] It is argued that declawing therefore provides a sustainable fishery. Claw removal is also promoted to assist in handling of animals, and to decrease losses through entanglement in fishing nets and cannibalism.[2][3] Declawing crabs is legal in the UK since revocation in 2000 of the Crab Claws (Prohibition of Landing) Order 1986. One crab that is subject to widespread declawing is the Florida stone crab, for which tourist information is provided.[4]"
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"about a year"
] |
-1450198131356304236 | Sympathy for the Devil | Sympathy for the Devil - wikipedia Sympathy for the Devil Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see Sympathy for the Devil ( disambiguation ) . `` Sympathy for the Devil '' German single picture sleeve ( 1973 ) Song by the Rolling Stones from the album Beggars Banquet Released 6 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 06 ) Recorded 4 -- 5 , 8 -- 10 June 1968 Studio Olympic , London Genre Samba rock , psychedelic rock Length 6 : 18 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Jimmy Miller Audio sample file help `` Sympathy for the Devil '' is a samba rock song by the Rolling Stones , written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards . Sung by Jagger , the song is an homage to the Devil , written in the first - person narrative from his point of view , recounting atrocities committed throughout the history of humanity . It is performed in a rock arrangement with a samba rhythm . It first appeared as the opening track on their 1968 album Beggars Banquet . Rolling Stone magazine placed it at number 32 in its list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Recording 3 Aftermath 4 Personnel 5 The 1968 film and others 6 Guns N ' Roses version 6.1 Personnel 6.2 Charts 6.3 Sales and certifications 7 Other recorded versions 8 References 9 External links Inspiration ( edit ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' is credited to Jagger and Richards , though the song was largely a Jagger composition . The working title of the song was `` The Devil Is My Name '' , having earlier been called `` Fallen Angels '' , and it is sung by Jagger as a first - person narrative from the point of view of the Devil , recounting his control over the events of human existence . In the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane , Jagger stated that his influence for the song came from Baudelaire and from the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov 's novel The Master and Margarita ( which had just appeared in English translation in 1967 ) . The book was given to him by Marianne Faithfull . In a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone , Jagger said , `` I think that was taken from an old idea of Baudelaire 's , I think , but I could be wrong . Sometimes when I look at my Baudelaire books , I ca n't see it in there . But it was an idea I got from French writing . And I just took a couple of lines and expanded on it . I wrote it as sort of like a Bob Dylan song . '' It was Richards who suggested changing the tempo and using additional percussion , turning the folk song into a samba . Furthermore , Jagger stated in the Rolling Stone interview : `` it 's a very long historical figure -- the figures of evil and figures of good -- so it is a tremendously long trail he 's made as personified in this piece . '' By the time Beggars Banquet was released , the Rolling Stones had already raised some hackles for sexually forward lyrics such as `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' , or after their reprise of the Willie Dixon 's blues `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' etc. and for allegedly dabbling in Satanism ( their previous album , while containing no direct Satanic references in its music or lyrics , was titled Their Satanic Majesties Request ) , and `` Sympathy '' brought these concerns to the fore , provoking media rumours and fears among some religious groups that the Stones were devil - worshippers and a corrupting influence on youth . The lyrics focus on atrocities in the history of mankind from Satan 's point of view including the trial and death of Jesus Christ ( `` Made damn sure that Pilate washed his hands to seal his fate '' ) , European wars of religion ( `` I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made '' ) , the violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the 1918 shooting of the Romanov family ( `` I stuck around St. Petersburg when I saw it was a time for a change / Killed the Tsar and his ministers / Anastasia screamed in vain '' ) , and World War II ( `` I rode a tank , held a general 's rank when the blitzkrieg raged , and the bodies stank '' ) . The song was originally written with the line `` I shouted out ' Who killed Kennedy ? ' '' After Robert F. Kennedy 's death on 6 June 1968 , the line was changed to `` Who killed the Kennedys ? '' . And the answer is `` when after all it was you and me '' , which is a way of saying that `` the devil is not the other one , but eventually each one of us . '' Jagger sings the final lines of the coda , before the fade , in a high falsetto . The song may have been spared further controversy when the first single from the album , `` Street Fighting Man '' , became even more controversial in view of the race riots and student protests occurring in many cities in Europe and in the United States . Recording ( edit ) The recording of `` Sympathy for the Devil '' began at London 's Olympic Sound Studios on 4 June 1968 and continued into the next day ; overdubs were done on 8 , 9 and 10 June . Personnel included on the recording include Nicky Hopkins on piano , Rocky Dijon on congas and Bill Wyman on maracas . It is often mentioned that Marianne Faithfull , Anita Pallenberg , Brian Jones , Charlie Watts , producer Jimmy Miller , Wyman and Richards performed backup vocals , singing the `` woo woos '' , repeatedly , as this can be seen in the film Sympathy for the Devil ( see below ) by Jean - Luc Godard . Richards plays bass on the original recording , and also electric guitar . Jones is seen playing an acoustic guitar in the film , but it is not audible in the finished mix . In the 2003 book According to the Rolling Stones , Watts said : `` ' Sympathy ' was one of those sort of songs where we tried everything . The first time I ever heard the song was when Mick was playing it at the front door of a house I lived at in Sussex ... He played it entirely on his own ... and it was fantastic . We had a go at loads of different ways of playing it ; in the end I just played a jazz Latin feel in the style of Kenny Clarke would have played on ' A Night in Tunisia ' -- not the actual rhythm he played , but the same styling . '' On the overall power of the song , Jagger continued in Rolling Stone : `` It has a very hypnotic groove , a samba , which has a tremendous hypnotic power , rather like good dance music . It does n't speed up or slow down . It keeps this constant groove . Plus , the actual samba rhythm is a great one to sing on , but it is also got some other suggestions in it , an undercurrent of being primitive -- because it is a primitive African , South American , Afro - whatever - you - call - that rhythm ( candomblé ) . So to white people , it has a very sinister thing about it . But forgetting the cultural colors , it is a very good vehicle for producing a powerful piece . It becomes less pretentious because it is a very unpretentious groove . If it had been done as a ballad , it would n't have been as good . '' Aftermath ( edit ) In an interview with Creem , Jagger said , `` ( When people started taking us as devil worshippers ) , I thought it was a really odd thing , because it was only one song , after all . It was n't like it was a whole album , with lots of occult signs on the back . People seemed to embrace the image so readily , ( and ) it has carried all the way over into heavy metal bands today . Some people have made a living out of doing this ; for example , Jimmy Page . '' Of the change in public perception the band experienced after the song 's release , Richards said in a 1971 interview with Rolling Stone , `` Before , we were just innocent kids out for a good time , they 're saying , ' They 're evil , they 're evil . ' Oh , I 'm evil , really ? So that makes you start thinking about evil ... What is evil ? Half of it , I do n't know how much people think of Mick as the devil or as just a good rock performer or what ? There are black magicians who think we are acting as unknown agents of Lucifer and others who think we are Lucifer . Everybody 's Lucifer . '' Contrary to a widespread misconception , it was `` Under My Thumb '' and not `` Sympathy for the Devil '' that the Rolling Stones were performing when Meredith Hunter was killed at the Altamont Free Concert . Rolling Stone magazine 's early articles on the incident misreported that the killing took place during `` Sympathy for the Devil '' , but the Stones in fact played `` Sympathy for the Devil '' earlier in the concert ; it was interrupted by a fight and restarted , Jagger commenting , `` We 're always having -- something very funny happens when we start that number . '' Several other songs were performed before Hunter was killed . Personnel ( edit ) Mick Jagger -- lead vocals Keith Richards -- guitar solo , bass guitar , backing vocals Brian Jones -- backing vocals Bill Wyman -- maracas , backing vocals Charlie Watts -- drums , backing vocals , cowbell Nicky Hopkins -- piano , backing vocals Rocky Dijon -- congas Anita Pallenberg , Marianne Faithfull -- backing vocals The 1968 film and others ( edit ) Cover art for DVD release Sympathy for the Devil is also the title of a producer 's edit of a 1968 film by Jean - Luc Godard whose own original version is called One Plus One . The film , a depiction of the late 1960s American counterculture , also featured the Rolling Stones in the process of recording the song in the studio . On the filming , Jagger said in Rolling Stone : `` ( it was ) very fortuitous , because Godard wanted to do a film of us in the studio . I mean , it would never happen now , to get someone as interesting as Godard . And stuffy . We just happened to be recording that song . We could have been recording ' My Obsession . ' But it was ' Sympathy for the Devil ' , and it became the track that we used . '' Guns N ' Roses version ( edit ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Interview with the Vampire soundtrack B - side `` Escape to Paris '' ( by Elliot Goldenthal ) Released 13 December 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 13 ) Recorded October 1994 Genre Hard rock heavy metal Length 7 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Guns N ' Roses Mike Clink Matthias Gohl Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Since I Do n't Have You '' ( 1994 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1994 ) `` Chinese Democracy '' ( 2008 ) Guns N ' Roses recorded a cover in 1994 which reached number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it was featured in the closing credits of Neil Jordan 's film adaptation of Anne Rice 's Interview with the Vampire ( except the 4K cut of the film ) and was included on their Greatest Hits album . This cover is noteworthy for causing an incident involving incoming guitarist , Paul `` Huge '' Tobias , that was partially responsible for guitarist Slash departing from the band in 1996 . Slash has described the Guns N ' Roses version of the song as `` the sound of the band breaking up '' . Rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke , who does not appear on the recording , noted that the recording foreshadowed his departure from the band , stating : `` They did that while I was on the road touring for my solo record . ( ... ) I knew that that was the ending because nobody told me about it . Officially I was in the band at that time , and they did that song without me . That was one of the last straws for me , because nobody had said anything to me , and they recorded a song by one of my favorite bands . It was pretty clear I 'm a big Rolling Stones fan , and they recorded the song without me . So I knew that was it . '' Personnel ( edit ) W. Axl Rose -- lead vocals , piano Slash -- lead and rhythm guitars Duff McKagan -- bass guitar , backing vocals Matt Sorum -- drums , percussion Dizzy Reed -- keyboards Paul Tobias -- rhythm and lead guitars , backing vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 40 Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) France ( SNEP ) 15 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 50,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other recorded versions ( edit ) In 2005 , Cuban drummer and percussionist Horacio Hernandez ( `` El Negro '' ) recorded a Latin Jazz version of the song , sung by Latin great Rubén Blades . British gothic rock band Inkubus Sukkubus released a cover of the song on their 2007 album Science and Nature . Indie rock bands Band of Skulls and John & Jehn covered the song for the French TV show Taratata broadcast in March 2010 . Motörhead covered the song for their 2015 album Bad Magic . Sandie Shaw covered the song for her 1969 album Reviewing the Situation . Blood , Sweat & Tears released a version in 1970 on the band 's third album . Tiamat covered the song for their 1999 album Skeleton Skeletron . Jane 's Addiction as Sympathy on 1987 album Jane 's Addiction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wenner , Jann ( December 14 , 1995 ) . `` Mick Jagger Remembers '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Jagger , Mick ; Richards , Keith ; Watts , Charlie ; Wood , Ronnie ( 2003 ) . According to the Rolling Stones . Chronicle Books . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4060 - 3 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' . allmusic. 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cruickshank , Douglas . `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 25 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Jagger / Richards ( 20 June 2004 ) . `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . RollingStones.com . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Manzoni in France - Inter 's radio - program `` Tubes & Co '' ^ Jump up to : Greenfield , Robert ( 19 August 1971 ) . `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Keith Richards '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( 2002 ) . Rolling With the Stones . DK Publishing . p. 309 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9998 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Zentgraf , Nico . `` The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962 -- 2008 '' . Retrieved 23 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Burks , John ( 7 February 1970 ) . `` Rock & Roll 's Worst Day '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 13 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Gary Graft ( January 1997 ) . `` Total Guitar - Slash , Rock and Roses 1997 '' . oocities.org ; Total Guitar . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bozza , Anthony ; Slash ( 2007 ) . Slash ( Paperback ) . New York : Harper Collins . p. 480 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 725777 - 5 . ( German paperback is ISBN 0 - 00 - 725776 - 7 ) Jump up ^ `` Gilby Clarke Opens Up About His Final Guns N ' Roses Gig '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Sympathy for the Devil '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' RIAJ > The Record > June 1995 > Page 5 > Certified Awards ( April 1995 ) `` '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` La timba no es como ayer '' . AllAboutJazz.com . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Science & Nature '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` video BAND OF SKULLS / JOHN JEHN : Sympathy for the devil -- bande of skulls , band of skull , band skulls -- videos MYTARATATA.COM '' . Video.mytaratata.com . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Motörhead To Release ' Bad Magic ' In August '' . Blabbermouth.net . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sandie Shaw -- Reviewing The Situation '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` Reason to Rock '' review Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Beggars Banquet Side one `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` No Expectations '' `` Dear Doctor '' `` Parachute Woman '' `` Jigsaw Puzzle '' Side two `` Street Fighting Man '' `` Prodigal Son '' `` Stray Cat Blues `` Factory Girl '' `` Salt of the Earth '' The Rolling Stones discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) Book Category Portal WikiProject Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands BulletBoys The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Johnny Crash Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Love Spit Love Metallica Neurotic Outsiders Nine Inch Nails Praxis The Psychedelic Furs Road Crew Slash 's Snakepit Velvet Revolver Book Category Faust Characters Inspiration Johann Georg Faust Johann Fust Simon Magus Theophilus of Adana Legend Erdgeist Faust Mephistopheles Pan Twardowski Comics Doctor Faustus Felix Faust Mephisto Mys - Tech Sebastian Faust Seminal works Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1587 chapbook ) Cenodoxus ( 1602 , play ) Doctor Faustus ( 1604 play ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 play ) Faust , Part One Faust , Part Two Related Deal with the Devil in popular culture Works based on Faust G vs E Vi veri universum vivus vici Stingy Jack Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Plays Gretchen ( 1879 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! ( 1993 ) Faust ( 2003 ) Prose `` Bearskin '' `` Daniel and the Devil '' Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' ( 1824 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1830 ) Auriol ( 1844 ) Chasse - galerie ( 1892 ) The Sorrows of Satan ( 1896 ) Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll , Pataphysician ( 1898 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1929 -- 40 ) Mephisto ( 1936 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1937 ) None but Lucifer ( 1939 ) Doktor Faustus ( 1947 ) The Devil in Velvet ( 1951 ) The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant ( 1954 ) Gimmicks Three ( 1956 ) The Devil to Pay in the Backlands ( 1956 ) That Hell - Bound Train ( 1958 ) For a Breath I Tarry ( 1966 ) The Damnation Game ( 1986 ) Eric ( 1990 ) The Devil 's Own Work ( 1991 ) Jack Faust ( 1997 ) Johannes Cabal the Necromancer ( 2009 ) Ballet Faust Art Faust Gods ' Man Poems Manfred Video games Knights Contract Comics Ghost Rider Faust Soul Cartel Anime & manga Faust Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sympathy_for_the_Devil&oldid=810044304 '' Categories : 1968 songs Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia The Rolling Stones songs Songs written by Jagger / Richards Song recordings produced by Jimmy Miller Music based on the Faust legend Songs about the Devil 1973 singles 1994 singles 2003 singles Guns N ' Roses songs Decca Records singles Geffen Records singles London Records singles WrestleMania themes Music controversies Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use British English from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Use dmy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played bass on sympathy for the devil | [
"\nMick Jagger – lead vocals\nKeith Richards – guitar solo, bass guitar, backing vocals\nBrian Jones – backing vocals\nBill Wyman – maracas, backing vocals\nCharlie Watts – drums, backing vocals, cowbell\nNicky Hopkins – piano, backing vocals\nRocky Dijon – congas\nAnita Pallenberg, Marianne Faithfull – backing vocals\n"
] | [
"Keith Richards"
] |
6558581822627518533 | Joey Buchanan | Joey Buchanan - wikipedia Joey Buchanan Jump to : navigation , search Joey Buchanan Tom Degnan as Joey Buchanan One Life to Live character Portrayed by Nathan Fillion ( 1994 -- 98 , 2007 ) Don Jeffcoat ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Bruce Michael Hall ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tom Degnan ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( and child actors ) Duration 1980 -- 2001 2003 -- 04 2007 2010 -- 11 First appearance January 8 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 08 ) Last appearance August 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) Created by Gordon Russell Sam Hall Introduced by Joseph Stuart Frank Valentini ( 2003 ) Classification Former , regular Profile Other names Joseph Francis Riley Jr. ( birth name ) Joseph Francis Riley Buchanan Occupation Photographer Executive at the London offices of Buchanan Enterprises Former Curate for St. James Rectory Former Photographer for The Banner Residence Buchanan Compound Mayfair , London , England Bruce Michael Hall as Joey Buchanan Nathan Fillion as Joey Buchanan ( show ) Family Family Lord Riley Buchanan ( adoptive ) Father Joe Riley Clint Buchanan ( adopted ) Mother Victoria Lord Brothers Kevin Buchanan Half - brothers Cord Roberts ( adoptive ) Rex Balsom ( adoptive ) Half - sisters Megan Gordon Megan Craig Riley Natalie Buchanan Jessica Buchanan Spouse Kelly Cramer ( 2000 ) Jennifer Rappaport ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aubrey Wentworth ( 2011 ) Grandfathers Victor Lord Asa Buchanan ( adoptive ) Grandmothers Eugenia Randolph Lord Olympia Buchanan ( adoptive ) Aunts and uncles Eileen Riley Siegel Tom Dennison Tony Lord Meredith Lord Tina Lord Todd Manning Victor Lord , Jr . Bo Buchanan ( adoptive ) Ben Davidson ( adoptive ) Nieces and nephews Duke Buchanan Shane Balsom Bree Brennan Liam McBain Ryder Ford First cousins Julie Siegel Tim Siegel Mari Lynn Dennison Brian Kendall Daniel Wolek C.J. Roberts Sarah Roberts Starr Manning Danielle Manning Jack Manning Sam Manning David Vickers Buchanan ( adoptive ) Drew Buchanan ( adoptive ) Matthew Buchanan ( adoptive ) Joey Buchanan is a fictional character from the American daytime serial One Life to Live . The character is the son of original protagonists Victoria Lord and Joe Riley , Sr . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and casting 2 Storylines 2.1 1979 -- 93 2.2 1994 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 2.3 2010 -- 11 3 References 4 External links Background and casting ( edit ) The role Joey Buchanan was originated by child actor Ryan Morris from 1980 to 1985 . Morris was then replaced by John Paul Learn from 1985 to 1990 . In 1990 , the role was reintroduced by teen actor Chris McKenna , who portrayed the role until 1993 . In 1994 , actor Nathan Fillion first appeared in the regular role of an 18 - year - old Joey on the episode first - run April 28 , 1994 . Fillion remained on the series until his on - screen departure on February 14 , 1998 . Fillion 's portrayal of Joey earned him a Younger Actor Emmy nomination in 1998 . Following Fillion 's departure , the role was recast with actor Don Jeffcoat , who stepped into the role on - screen on October 17 , 1998 . In 2000 , it was announced that Jeffcoat was cast out of the series after his contract was not extended . Jeffcoat last aired on - air on January 19 , 2001 . In early 2003 , it was announced that Passions actor Bruce Michael Hall would join the cast as the third adult actor to portray the role of Joey . However , it was announced in November 2003 that Hall had been let go from the show . He last aired in 2004 . Fillion returned briefly to the role in August 2007 for One Life to Live 's 9,999 and 10,000 episodes . In July 2009 , it was reported that actor Daniel Cosgrove , best known for his role as Bill Lewis on the CBS Daytime soap opera Guiding Light would be cast in the role as Joey Buchanan following the series ' September 2009 finale . The reports were confirmed untrue when it was announced that Cosgrove would join the CBS Daytime soap As the World Turns in the role of Christopher Hughes . In the summer of 2010 , a casting call went out with the prospect of possibly officially recasting the role of Joey Buchanan . On October 5 , 2010 , it was announced that newcomer Josh Kelly had been cast as Joey Buchanan . Kelly had a projected on - air debut of November 24 , 2010 . Kelly reportedly beat out several Daytime heavy - weights including Matt Borlenghi , Brody Hutzler , and Austin Peck . However , two days later , it was announced that the role of Joey had been unrecast and then re-recast the role with former As the World Turns actor Tom Degnan , and that Kelly would be cast in another contract role of new character Cutter Wentworth instead . One Life to Live executive producer Frank Valentini released a statement concerning the change - up , stating : After auditioning a talented group of guys for the role of Joey , we are excited to announce that not one but two of them will be joining the cast of One Life to Live in contract roles . ( W ) e have decided that Josh Kelly is a great fit for the other contract role that we have written ( ... ) We look forward to both actors joining the show . Degnan premiered as previously reported for Kelly on November 24 , 2010 . Following the April 2011 cancellation of One Life to Live and All My Children , it was announced that Degnan would exit alongside co-star Gina Tognoni , who was portraying Joey 's long - time love , Kelly Cramer would exit the series before its January 2012 finale . Both Degnan and Tognoni exited the soap on August 24 , 2011 . Storylines ( edit ) 1979 -- 93 ( edit ) Joey is born to Victoria `` Viki '' Lord Riley ( Erika Slezak ) mere months after the death of his father and her husband Joe Riley ( Lee Patterson ) in 1980 . When Viki later marries Clint Buchanan ( Clint Ritchie ) in 1982 , Clint adopts Joey and his older brother , Kevin Lord Riley . In the summer of 1992 , a teenage Joey befriends a closeted gay teen named Billy Douglas ( Ryan Phillippe ) who had a friendship with the Rev. Andrew Carpenter ( Wortham Krimmer ) . College student Marty Saybrooke ( Susan Haskell ) , who has a crush on Andrew and is jealous of his relationship with Billy , accuses Andrew of molesting Billy . Andrew is later found not to be sexually abusing Billy , which forces Billy to come out of the closet to his parents and to the citizens of Llanview . Joey supports his friend Billy as he copes with coming out of the closet and the homophobia from the town and his disapproving father . Andrew later helps bring the AIDS quilt to Llanview to help the town to tolerate the gay community . 1994 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 ( edit ) Joey ( Nathan Fillion ) and Dorian ( Robin Strasser ) , 1994 In 1994 , a young adult Joey secretly romances his mother 's nemesis Dorian Lord ( Robin Strasser ) . Though initially motivated by revenge against Viki , Dorian comes to love Joey ; Viki is outraged when she finds out . During a recurrence of her dissociative identity disorder , one of Viki 's alternate personalities , Jean Randolph , holds Dorian hostage in a secret room beneath Llanfair in 1995 . One of the conditions of her release is to end the relationship with Joey , which she does . Joey later becomes involved with Dorian 's niece , Kelly Cramer ( Gina Tognoni ) in late 1995 . Ultimately , Kelly leaves him for his brother Kevin . In 2003 , Joey returns to Llanview , having become a pastor in his absence . He soon marries Jennifer Rappaport , but her struggle to fit into her new role as a pastor 's wife and her feelings for Rex Balsom destroy the marriage . Joey leaves town for London in January 2004 . For two weeks that May , Joey returns while Viki undergoes heart transplant surgery . Joey returns for two days in August 2007 , along with brothers Cord Roberts ( John Loprieno ) and Kevin , for the funeral of his adopted grandfather , Asa Buchanan ( Philip Carey ) . He and Dorian briefly discuss their past relationship , and the fact that they both still think of each other . 2010 -- 11 ( edit ) Joey returns to Llanview for Thanksgiving in 2010 , with a woman named Aubrey Wentworth ( Terri Conn ) . Though Kelly finds herself still in love with him , Joey proposes to Aubrey . Clint does a background check on Aubrey , which uncovers her history as a con artist with her professed brother but actual former boyfriend Cutter Wentworth ( Josh Kelly ) . Aubrey learns of Clint 's disreputable deeds and blackmails him . Despite Kelly 's protests , Joey and Aubrey elope in February 2011 . While Kelly insists to Joey that Aubrey 's motive for marriage is his families ' fortune , her accusations cause Joey to push her away . A devastated Kelly begins a romantic relationship with John McBain ( Michael Easton ) , resigning herself to accept Joey 's marriage to another woman . Eventually , Joey discovers that Aubrey 's history and true relationship to Cutter . When Joey confronts Aubrey , she admits to her initial transgressions but vows she has fallen in love with Joey . Joey keeps his knowledge of Aubrey 's actions quiet as the couple is awarded temporary custody of Joey 's nephew , Ryder Ford , while Joey 's sister and mother suffered bouts with multiple personalities . Later , Kelly is stabbed by the psychotic psychiatrist Dr. Marty Saybrooke ( Susan Haskell ) and left for dead , and Joey finally admits to and declares his undying affection for Kelly , while she lays in hospital . Joey and Aubrey soon divorce , in July 2011 . In August 2011 , Joey announces that he is moving back to London with Kelly so they can be closer to Kelly 's son and Joey 's great - nephew , Zane . Before leaving Llanfair , Aubrey gives Joey back the engagement ring he gave her , but Joey declines to accept it and wishes Aubrey well . Joey lets Aubrey keep the ring because he gave it to her in `` good faith '' , despite the fact that she originally married him for his money . Joey and Kelly say goodbye to family members before departing on the episode first - run August 24 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joey , Kelly , Drew and Dorian Jump up ^ http://www.soapcentral.com/oltl/recaps/1997/971013.php Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2000 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Don Jeffcoat out as contract not extended '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2003 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Bruce Michael Hall to exit from OLTL '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fillion Back to OLTL '' . Soap Opera Digest . 32 . July 31 , 2007 . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Life to Live recap ( 8 / 16 / 07 ) '' . ABC.com ( Internet Archive ) . August 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` ABC_2007 - 08 - 16 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` One Life to Live recap ( 8 / 17 / 07 ) '' . ABC.com ( Internet Archive ) . August 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` ABC_2007 - 08 - 17 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2007 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Report : Daniel Cosgrove cast as Joey Buchanan '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Daniel Cosgrove to join As the World Turns '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Daniel Cosgrove to ATWT ! '' . Michael Fairman On Air On Soaps . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) . `` OLTL looking to recast the role of Joey Buchanan '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Josh Kelly lands role of OLTL 's Joey '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) . `` One Life to Live unrecasts , re-recasts Joey Buchanan '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AMC and OLTL Canceled '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2011 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Gina Tognoni , Tom Degnan exiting OLTL this summer '' . Soap Central . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Is Gina Tognoni headed out of One Life to Live early ? '' . Michael Fairman On Air On Soaps . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Tom Degnan set to exit OLTL early ! '' . Michael Fairman On Air On Soaps . SoapCentral . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 12 . October 3 , 1979 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 12 . January 8 , 1980 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live recaps ( 1994 , Part 4 ) - ABC.com Jump up ^ One Life to Live recaps ( 1995 , Part 1 ) - ABC.com Jump up ^ One Life to Live recaps ( 1995 , Part 2 ) - ABC.com Jump up ^ One Life to Live recaps ( 1995 , Part 3 ) - ABC.com External links ( edit ) Joey Buchanan profile -- SoapCentral.com One Life to Live Characters In order of generation and first appearance Key : ( Name ) = character 's spouse ( s ) , ( a . ) = adopted family member Lord family 1st gen . Victor Lord Eugenia Randolph Irene Manning Dorian Cramer Gwendolyn Lord Jonathan Abbott 2nd gen . Victoria Lord Roger Gordon Joe Riley Steve Burke Clint Buchanan Sloan Carpenter Ben Davidson Charlie Banks Meredith Lord Larry Wolek Tony Lord Cathy Craig Pat Ashley Richard Abbott Becky Lee Hunt Tina Lord Cord Roberts Cain Rogan David Vickers Todd Manning Blair Cramer Téa Delgado Powell Lord III Victor Lord Jr . Blair Cramer Téa Delgado 3rd gen . Daniel Wolek Brian Kendall Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan LeeAnn Demerest Cassie Callison Kelly Cramer Joey Riley Buchanan Kelly Cramer Jennifer Rappaport Aubrey Wentworth Jessica Buchanan Tico Santi Antonio Vega Nash Brennan Robert Ford Cutter Wentworth C.J. Roberts Megan Gordon Jake Harrison Sarah Roberts Starr Manning Natalie Buchanan Mitch Laurence Cristian Vega Jared Banks Jack Manning Sam Manning Danielle Manning 4th gen . Duke Buchanan Bree Brennan Hope Manning - Thornhart Ryder Ford Liam McBain 5th gen . Zane Buchanan Riley family 1st gen . Joe Riley Victoria Lord Eileen Riley Dave Siegel Tom Dennison Carol Harper 2nd gen . Tim Siegel Jenny Wolek Julie Siegel Mark Toland Megan Craig Riley Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan LeeAnn Demerest Cassie Callison Kelly Cramer Joey Riley Buchanan Kelly Cramer Jennifer Rappaport Aubrey Wentworth Mari Lynn Dennison 3rd gen . Duke Buchanan 4th gen . Zane Buchanan Wolek family 1st gen . Larry Wolek Karen Martin Meredith Lord Karen Wolek Laurel Chapin Anna Wolek Jim Craig Vince Wolek Wanda Webb Jenny Wolek Tim Siegel Brad Vernon Peter Janssen David Renaldi Karen Wolek Larry Wolek 2nd gen . Cathy Craig ( a . ) Tony Lord Daniel Wolek 3rd gen . Megan Craig Riley Cramer family 1st gen . Lou Cramer Sonya Roskova Betsy Cramer 2nd gen . Dorian Cramer Victor Lord Herb Callison Manuel Santi David Vickers Buchanan Mel Hayes Mitch Laurence Melinda Cramer Peter Janssen Addie Cramer David Vickers 3rd gen . Cassie Reynolds Rob Coronal Bo Buchanan Andrew Carpenter Kevin Buchanan Blair Cramer Asa Buchanan Todd Manning Max Holden Victor Lord Jr . John McBain Elijah Clarke Kelly Cramer Joey Buchanan Kevin Buchanan Paul Cramer Babe Carey Adriana Cramer Rex Balsom Langston Wilde ( a . ) 4th gen . River Carpenter ( a . ) Starr Manning Jack Manning Zane Buchanan 5th gen . Hope Manning - Thornhart Buchanan family 1st gen . Wanda Webb Vince Wolek Paul Webb Donna Webb Asa Buchanan Olympia Bonard Delilah Ralston Becky Lee Hunt Pamela Stuart Renée Divine Blair Cramer Alex Olanov Gabrielle Medina Rae Cummings Pike Buchanan Rebecca Buchanan 2nd gen . Clint Buchanan Victoria Lord Lindsay Farrell Nora Hanen Kimberly Andrews Bo Buchanan Delilah Ralston Didi O'Neill Sarah Gordon Cassie Callison Nora Hanen Rafe Garretson ( a . ) Samantha Vernon Delilah Ralston Austin Buchanan Jason Webb Ben Davidson Skye Chandler Victoria Lord 3rd gen . Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan ( a . ) LeeAnn Demerest Cassie Callison Kelly Cramer Joey Riley Buchanan ( a . ) Kelly Cramer Jennifer Rappaport Aubrey Wentworth Drew Buchanan Sammi Garretson Cord Roberts Tina Lord Kate Sanders Jessica Buchanan Tico Santi Antonio Vega Nash Brennan Robert Ford Cutter Wentworth David Vickers Buchanan Tina Lord Dorian Cramer Alex Olanov Addie Cramer Matthew Buchanan Natalie Buchanan Mitch Laurence Cristian Vega Jared Banks Rex Balsom Jennifer Rappaport Adriana Cramer Gigi Morasco 4th gen . C.J. Roberts Sarah Roberts Duke Buchanan Bree Brennan Shane Balsom Liam McBain Ryder Ford Drew Buchanan II 5th gen . Zane Buchanan Minor families Craigs Jim Craig Anna Wolek Cathy Craig Tony Lord Megan Craig Riley Grays Sadie Gray Carla Gray Ed Hall Jack Scott Josh Hall ( a . ) Hazel Scott Jared Hall Vernons Will Vernon Naomi Vernon Brad Vernon Jenny Wolek Connie O'Neill Samantha Vernon Asa Buchanan Rafe Garretson Kristine Karr Sammi Garretson Laurences Mitch Laurence Dorian Cramer Natalie Buchanan Walker Laurence Miles Laurence Sanders Elizabeth Sanders Charles Sanders Judith Russell Kate Sanders Cord Roberts Jamie Sanders Geoff McGrath Medinas Dante Medina Julia Wheaton Gabrielle Medina Al Holden Max Holden Asa Buchanan Debra Medina Al Holden Gordons Roger Gordon Victoria Lord Carrie Gordon Sarah Gordon Bo Buchanan Megan Gordon Jake Harrison Anna Gordon Thornharts Patrick Thornhart Marty Saybrooke Cole Thornhart Hope Manning - Thornhart Gannons Hank Gannon Nora Hanen Sheila Price Rachel Gannon R.J. Gannon Vegas Diego Vega Carlotta Espinoza Cristian Vega Roseanne Delgado Natalie Buchanan Vanessa Montez Antonio Vega Andy Harrison Jessica Buchanan Delgados Téa Delgado Todd Manning Ross Rayburn Victor Lord Jr . Roseanne Delgado Cristian Vega Tomás Delgado Yvette Moreau Baz Moreau Rappaports Sam Rappaport Lindsay Farrell Will Rappaport Jennifer Rappaport Balsoms Roxy Balsom Walter Balsom Max Holden Natalie Buchanan ( a . ) Mitch Laurence Cristian Vega Jared Banks Rex Balsom ( a . ) Jennifer Rappaport Adriana Cramer Gigi Morasco Shane Balsom Schuyler Joplin Liam McBain Williamsons Clarence Williamson Lisa Williamson Evangeline Williamson Layla Williamson McBains Thomas McBain Eve McBain Michael McBain Marcie Walsh John McBain Blair Cramer Shannon McBain Gabriel McBain Liam McBain Evanses Richard Evans Phylicia Wenton Shaun Evans Destiny Evans Greg Evans Drew Buchanan II Fords Eddie Ford Inez Salinger Robert Ford Jessica Buchanan Nate Salinger James Ford Ryder Ford O'Neills Harry O'Neill Didi O'Neill Connie O'Neill Joy O'Neill Pete O'Neill Miscellaneous characters Arturo Bandini Nigel Bartholomew - Smythe Babe Carey Skye Chandler Wade Coleman Rae Cummings Marco Dane Echo DiSavoy Billy Douglas Oliver Fish Steve Hardy Carlo Hesser Max Holden Vincent Jones Jeffrey King Kyle Lewis Hannah O'Connor Alex Olanov Allison Perkins Carl Peterson Rama Patel Vimal Patel Ross Rayburn Markko Rivera Talia Sahid Mark Toland Spencer Truman Cutter Wentworth Aubrey Wentworth Full character list 1960s -- 1970s characters 1980s characters 1990s characters 2000s characters 2010s characters Senior cast ( 20 or more years ) Erika Slezak Michael Storm Robert S. Woods Philip Carey Patricia Elliott Robin Strasser Peter Bartlett Hillary B. Smith Kassie DePaiva Executives Creator : Agnes Nixon Executive producers Doris Quinlan ( 1968 -- 77 ) Joseph Stuart ( 1977 -- 83 ) Jean Arley ( 1983 -- 84 ) Paul Rauch ( 1984 -- 91 ) Linda Gottlieb ( 1991 -- 94 ) Susan Bedsow Horgan ( 1994 -- 96 ) Maxine Levinson ( 1996 -- 97 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Gary Tomlin ( 2001 -- 02 ) Frank Valentini ( 2003 -- 12 ) Jennifer Pepperman ( 2013 ) Head writers Agnes Nixon Gordon Russell Sam Hall Peggy O'Shea Henry Slesar John William Corrington Joyce Hooper Corrington S. Michael Schnessel Craig Carlson Leah Laiman Josh Griffith Michael Malone Jean Passanante Peggy Sloane Claire Labine Matthew Labine Pamela K. Long Megan McTavish Lorraine Broderick Christopher Whitesell Brian Frons Frank Valentini Dena Higley Ron Carlivati Gary Tomlin Thom Racina Susan Bedsow Horgan Storylines 1968 -- 79 1980 -- 89 1990 -- 99 2000 -- 13 Related topics and sites Llanview Mendorra Full character list Cast members Crew members ABC Daytime Prospect Park OLTL on ABC.com OLTL on Hulu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Buchanan&oldid=805411111 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1980 One Life to Live characters Fictional American people of English descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional photographers Fictional priests and priestesses Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 05 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played joey buchanan on one life to live | [
"\n\nJoey Buchanan\n\n\n\nTom Degnan as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\nOne Life to Live character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion (1994–98, 2007)\nDon Jeffcoat (1998–2000)\nBruce Michael Hall (2003–04)\nTom Degnan (2010–11)\n\n\n(and child actors)\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1980–2001\n2003–04\n2007\n2010–11\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 8, 1980 (1980-01-08)\n\n\nLast appearance\nAugust 24, 2011 (2011-08-24)\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nGordon Russell\nSam Hall\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nJoseph Stuart\nFrank Valentini (2003)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nFormer, regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\nJoseph Francis Riley Jr. (birth name)\nJoseph Francis Riley Buchanan\n\n\nOccupation\nPhotographer\nExecutive at the London offices of Buchanan Enterprises\nFormer Curate for St. James Rectory\nFormer Photographer for The Banner\n\n\nResidence\nBuchanan Compound\nMayfair, London, England\n\n\n\nBruce Michael Hall as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\n\n\n\nLord\nRiley\nBuchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nFather\nJoe Riley\nClint Buchanan (adopted)\n\n\nMother\nVictoria Lord\n\n\nBrothers\nKevin Buchanan\n\n\nHalf-brothers\n\n\n\nCord Roberts (adoptive)\nRex Balsom (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nHalf-sisters\n\n\n\nMegan Gordon\nMegan Craig Riley\nNatalie Buchanan\nJessica Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nKelly Cramer (2000)\nJennifer Rappaport (2003–04)\nAubrey Wentworth (2011)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandfathers\n\n\n\nVictor Lord\nAsa Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandmothers\n\n\n\nEugenia Randolph Lord\nOlympia Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nAunts and uncles\n\n\n\nEileen Riley Siegel\nTom Dennison\nTony Lord\nMeredith Lord\nTina Lord\nTodd Manning\nVictor Lord, Jr.\nBo Buchanan (adoptive)\nBen Davidson (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nNieces and nephews\n\n\n\nDuke Buchanan\nShane Balsom\nBree Brennan\nLiam McBain\nRyder Ford\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst cousins\n\n\n\nJulie Siegel\nTim Siegel\nMari Lynn Dennison\nBrian Kendall\nDaniel Wolek\nC. J. Roberts\nSarah Roberts\nStarr Manning\nDanielle Manning\nJack Manning\nSam Manning\nDavid Vickers Buchanan (adoptive)\nDrew Buchanan (adoptive)\nMatthew Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nJoey Buchanan\n\n\n\nTom Degnan as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\nOne Life to Live character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion (1994–98, 2007)\nDon Jeffcoat (1998–2000)\nBruce Michael Hall (2003–04)\nTom Degnan (2010–11)\n\n\n(and child actors)\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1980–2001\n2003–04\n2007\n2010–11\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 8, 1980 (1980-01-08)\n\n\nLast appearance\nAugust 24, 2011 (2011-08-24)\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nGordon Russell\nSam Hall\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nJoseph Stuart\nFrank Valentini (2003)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nFormer, regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\nJoseph Francis Riley Jr. (birth name)\nJoseph Francis Riley Buchanan\n\n\nOccupation\nPhotographer\nExecutive at the London offices of Buchanan Enterprises\nFormer Curate for St. James Rectory\nFormer Photographer for The Banner\n\n\nResidence\nBuchanan Compound\nMayfair, London, England\n\n\n\nBruce Michael Hall as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\n\n\n\nLord\nRiley\nBuchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nFather\nJoe Riley\nClint Buchanan (adopted)\n\n\nMother\nVictoria Lord\n\n\nBrothers\nKevin Buchanan\n\n\nHalf-brothers\n\n\n\nCord Roberts (adoptive)\nRex Balsom (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nHalf-sisters\n\n\n\nMegan Gordon\nMegan Craig Riley\nNatalie Buchanan\nJessica Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nKelly Cramer (2000)\nJennifer Rappaport (2003–04)\nAubrey Wentworth (2011)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandfathers\n\n\n\nVictor Lord\nAsa Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandmothers\n\n\n\nEugenia Randolph Lord\nOlympia Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nAunts and uncles\n\n\n\nEileen Riley Siegel\nTom Dennison\nTony Lord\nMeredith Lord\nTina Lord\nTodd Manning\nVictor Lord, Jr.\nBo Buchanan (adoptive)\nBen Davidson (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nNieces and nephews\n\n\n\nDuke Buchanan\nShane Balsom\nBree Brennan\nLiam McBain\nRyder Ford\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst cousins\n\n\n\nJulie Siegel\nTim Siegel\nMari Lynn Dennison\nBrian Kendall\nDaniel Wolek\nC. J. Roberts\nSarah Roberts\nStarr Manning\nDanielle Manning\nJack Manning\nSam Manning\nDavid Vickers Buchanan (adoptive)\nDrew Buchanan (adoptive)\nMatthew Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nJoey Buchanan\n\n\n\nTom Degnan as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\nOne Life to Live character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion (1994–98, 2007)\nDon Jeffcoat (1998–2000)\nBruce Michael Hall (2003–04)\nTom Degnan (2010–11)\n\n\n(and child actors)\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1980–2001\n2003–04\n2007\n2010–11\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 8, 1980 (1980-01-08)\n\n\nLast appearance\nAugust 24, 2011 (2011-08-24)\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nGordon Russell\nSam Hall\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nJoseph Stuart\nFrank Valentini (2003)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nFormer, regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\nJoseph Francis Riley Jr. (birth name)\nJoseph Francis Riley Buchanan\n\n\nOccupation\nPhotographer\nExecutive at the London offices of Buchanan Enterprises\nFormer Curate for St. James Rectory\nFormer Photographer for The Banner\n\n\nResidence\nBuchanan Compound\nMayfair, London, England\n\n\n\nBruce Michael Hall as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\n\n\n\nLord\nRiley\nBuchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nFather\nJoe Riley\nClint Buchanan (adopted)\n\n\nMother\nVictoria Lord\n\n\nBrothers\nKevin Buchanan\n\n\nHalf-brothers\n\n\n\nCord Roberts (adoptive)\nRex Balsom (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nHalf-sisters\n\n\n\nMegan Gordon\nMegan Craig Riley\nNatalie Buchanan\nJessica Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nKelly Cramer (2000)\nJennifer Rappaport (2003–04)\nAubrey Wentworth (2011)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandfathers\n\n\n\nVictor Lord\nAsa Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandmothers\n\n\n\nEugenia Randolph Lord\nOlympia Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nAunts and uncles\n\n\n\nEileen Riley Siegel\nTom Dennison\nTony Lord\nMeredith Lord\nTina Lord\nTodd Manning\nVictor Lord, Jr.\nBo Buchanan (adoptive)\nBen Davidson (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nNieces and nephews\n\n\n\nDuke Buchanan\nShane Balsom\nBree Brennan\nLiam McBain\nRyder Ford\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst cousins\n\n\n\nJulie Siegel\nTim Siegel\nMari Lynn Dennison\nBrian Kendall\nDaniel Wolek\nC. J. Roberts\nSarah Roberts\nStarr Manning\nDanielle Manning\nJack Manning\nSam Manning\nDavid Vickers Buchanan (adoptive)\nDrew Buchanan (adoptive)\nMatthew Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nJoey Buchanan\n\n\n\nTom Degnan as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\nOne Life to Live character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion (1994–98, 2007)\nDon Jeffcoat (1998–2000)\nBruce Michael Hall (2003–04)\nTom Degnan (2010–11)\n\n\n(and child actors)\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1980–2001\n2003–04\n2007\n2010–11\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 8, 1980 (1980-01-08)\n\n\nLast appearance\nAugust 24, 2011 (2011-08-24)\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nGordon Russell\nSam Hall\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nJoseph Stuart\nFrank Valentini (2003)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nFormer, regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\nJoseph Francis Riley Jr. (birth name)\nJoseph Francis Riley Buchanan\n\n\nOccupation\nPhotographer\nExecutive at the London offices of Buchanan Enterprises\nFormer Curate for St. James Rectory\nFormer Photographer for The Banner\n\n\nResidence\nBuchanan Compound\nMayfair, London, England\n\n\n\nBruce Michael Hall as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\nNathan Fillion as Joey Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\n\n\n\nLord\nRiley\nBuchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nFather\nJoe Riley\nClint Buchanan (adopted)\n\n\nMother\nVictoria Lord\n\n\nBrothers\nKevin Buchanan\n\n\nHalf-brothers\n\n\n\nCord Roberts (adoptive)\nRex Balsom (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nHalf-sisters\n\n\n\nMegan Gordon\nMegan Craig Riley\nNatalie Buchanan\nJessica Buchanan\n\n\n\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nKelly Cramer (2000)\nJennifer Rappaport (2003–04)\nAubrey Wentworth (2011)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandfathers\n\n\n\nVictor Lord\nAsa Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nGrandmothers\n\n\n\nEugenia Randolph Lord\nOlympia Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nAunts and uncles\n\n\n\nEileen Riley Siegel\nTom Dennison\nTony Lord\nMeredith Lord\nTina Lord\nTodd Manning\nVictor Lord, Jr.\nBo Buchanan (adoptive)\nBen Davidson (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\nNieces and nephews\n\n\n\nDuke Buchanan\nShane Balsom\nBree Brennan\nLiam McBain\nRyder Ford\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst cousins\n\n\n\nJulie Siegel\nTim Siegel\nMari Lynn Dennison\nBrian Kendall\nDaniel Wolek\nC. J. Roberts\nSarah Roberts\nStarr Manning\nDanielle Manning\nJack Manning\nSam Manning\nDavid Vickers Buchanan (adoptive)\nDrew Buchanan (adoptive)\nMatthew Buchanan (adoptive)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Nathan Fillion",
"Don Jeffcoat",
"Bruce Michael Hall",
"Tom Degnan"
] |
-2765330617360552445 | 2010 NRL Grand Final | 2010 NRL Grand Final - Wikipedia 2010 NRL Grand Final 2010 ( 2010 ) NRL Grand Final ( ) St George Illawarra Dragons Sydney Roosters 32 8 Total SGI 6 26 32 SYD 8 0 8 Date 3 October 2010 Stadium ANZ Stadium Location Sydney , NSW , Australia Clive Churchill Medal Darius Boyd ( SGI ) National anthem Jessica Mauboy Referees Tony Archer Shayne Hayne Paul Holland ( Touch Judge ) Jeff Younis ( Touch Judge ) Attendance 82,334 Broadcast partners Broadcasters Nine Network Commentators Ray Warren Peter Sterling Phil Gould NRL Grand Final ← 2009 2011 → The 2010 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership - deciding game of the 2010 NRL season . Played on Sunday , 3 October at Sydney 's ANZ Stadium , the match was contested by the St. George Illawarra Dragons and the Sydney Roosters . It was the first time the two sides met in a grand final . They had played each other twice before during the season , with St. George Illawarra winning on both occasions . The Dragons finished the season as minor premiers as they had the previous season . The Roosters were the previous year 's wooden - spooners and only after playing and winning for five consecutive weeks were able to reach the 2010 decider . In the grand final , the Dragons trailed by 2 points at halftime , but broke the shackles in the second half , keeping the Roosters scoreless while adding 26 points to their score . The game finished with a 24 - point margin in favour of the Dragons , claiming their first premiership as a joint - venture club . Contents 1 Background 1.1 St. George Illawarra Dragons 1.2 Sydney Roosters 2 Grand final day schedule 3 Match details 3.1 First half 3.2 Second half 3.3 Timeline 4 Audience 4.1 Telecast Details 5 2011 World Club Challenge 6 References Background ( edit ) See also : 2010 NRL season The 2010 NRL season was the 103rd season of professional rugby league football club competition in Australia , and the thirteenth run by the National Rugby League . The season commenced on 12 March with sixteen teams competing for the 2010 Telstra Premiership whilst the third season of the National Youth Competition was also in progress . The 2010 season was marred by the Melbourne Storm 's admission in April of systematically breaching the salary cap . As part of the NRL 's imposed penalties , the Storm were deducted all 8 competition points earned at the time of the announcement , and were barred from receiving points for the rest of the season , guaranteeing them the wooden spoon . Dragons Roosters Rd. 1 Eels Rabbitohs Rd. 2 Bulldogs Tigers Rd. 3 Cowboys Bulldogs Rd. 4 Storm Broncos Rd. 5 Broncos Panthers Rd. 6 Titans Raiders Rd. 7 Roosters Dragons Rd. 8 Cronulla Tigers Rd. 9 Sea Eagles Cowboys Rd. 10 Bulldogs Knights Rd. 11 Raiders Bye Rd. 12 Eels Titans Rd. 13 Warriors Sharks Rd. 14 Bye Storm Rd. 15 Sharks Bye Rd. 16 Tigers Warriors Rd. 17 Panthers Raiders Rd. 18 Bye Rabbitohs Rd. 19 Rabbitohs Bulldogs Rd. 20 Titans Broncos Rd. 21 Broncos Eels Rd. 22 Roosters Dragons Rd. 23 Sea Eagles Sharks Rd. 24 Raiders Titans Rd. 25 Knights Sea Eagles Rd. 26 Rabbitohs Cowboys QF Sea Eagles Tigers SF DNP Panthers PF Tigers Titans Key : Win Loss St. George Illawarra Dragons ( edit ) Main article : 2010 St. George Illawarra Dragons season The Dragons qualified for the Grand Final having defeated the Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles and the Wests Tigers in the finals series . The club had finished the regular season as minor premiers for the second consecutive season . The Dragons suffered a poor record in finals matches , having been knocked out of the finals series in straight sets in 2009 , and having qualified for a Grand Final only once ( in 1999 , their first year as a joint venture ) in eight finals appearances since the joint venture came into existence . It had been 31 years since the St. George Dragons side of the joint venture last won a premiership , while the Illawarra Steelers club had never won a premiership or qualified for a Grand Final . Sydney Roosters ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Sydney Roosters season The Sydney Roosters entered the Grand Final from a markedly different path to that of the Dragons . The Roosters had finished the 2009 season on the bottom of the ladder . Under new coach Brian Smith , and having signed troubled star Todd Carney , the Roosters improved to finish sixth on the ladder in 2010 , before consecutive finals series victories against the Wests Tigers , the Penrith Panthers and the Gold Coast Titans launched the club into the Grand Final . The Roosters were thus in a position where they could become the first club since the Western Suburbs Magpies in 1934 to win a premiership after finishing last in the previous season . Grand Final Day schedule ( edit ) Australian rock band You Am I headlined the pre-match entertainment , which also featured Jessica Mauboy , Australian dance act Justice Crew , an ensemble of the Sydney Children 's Choir , the Gondwana National Indigenous Children 's Choir and the Glebe Public School Choir and a tribute to the NRL 's retiring players . The 21 Australian soldiers killed in the war in Afghanistan also received a tribute that concluded with the traditional arrival of a Blackhawk helicopter . 11 : 45am Gates Open 12 : 00pm NSW Cup Grand Final Kick Off -- Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs v Windsor Wolves 1 : 45pm NSW Cup Grand Final official presentation 2 : 00pm Toyota Cup Grand Final Kick Off -- South Sydney Rabbitohs v New Zealand Warriors 3 : 15pm Coin Toss 3 : 50pm Toyota Cup Grand Final official presentation 4 : 25pm Telstra Premiership Grand Final teams highlight package 4 : 36pm Presentation to 300 - game and Retiring Players 4 : 45pm Ken Stephen Medalist , Andrew Ryan , and Toyota National Volunteer of the Year , Greg Carey , deliver Telstra Premiership Grand Final Trophy via the Telstra Child Flight helicopter 4 : 50pm Pre-game entertainment -- Justice Crew , Jessica Mauboy and You Am I with Dan Sultan and Phil Jamieson 5 : 18pm National Anthem performed , both in Dharawal indigenous language and in English , by Jessica Mauboy with Sydney Children 's Choir , Gondwana National Indigenous Children 's Choir and Glebe Public School Choir 5 : 20pm 2010 Telstra Premiership Grand Final -- 1st half -- St George Illawarra Dragons v Sydney Roosters 6 : 05pm Blackhawk arrival and Defence tribute 6 : 20pm 2010 Telstra Premiership Grand Final -- 2nd half 7 : 03pm Telstra Premiership Grand Final official presentation Match details ( edit ) The Grand Final commenced at approximately 5.15 pm , following the grand finals of the NSW Cup between Windsor Wolves and Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs and the Toyota Cup between South Sydney Rabbitohs and New Zealand Warriors . The weather was overcast , 13 degrees Celsius , with light rain which meant the two earlier matches had caused the centre of the field to become muddy . A crowd of 82,334 was in attendance for the match . First half ( edit ) St. George Illawarra Dragons Posit . Sydney Roosters 1 . Darius Boyd FB 1 . Anthony Minichiello 2 . Brett Morris WG 2 . Joseph Leilua 3 . Mark Gasnier CE 3 . Kane Linnett 4 . Matt Cooper CE 4 . Shaun Kenny - Dowall 5 . Jason Nightingale WG 5 . Sam Perrett 6 . Jamie Soward 5 / 8th 6 . Todd Carney 7 . Ben Hornby ( c ) HB 7 . Mitchell Pearce 8 . Neville Costigan PR 8 . Jason Ryles 9 . Dean Young HK 9 . Jake Friend 10 . Michael Weyman PR 20 . Lopini Paea 11 . Beau Scott SR 11 . Nate Myles 12 . Ben Creagh SR 12 . Mitchell Aubusson 13 . Jeremy Smith LF 13 . Braith Anasta ( c ) 14 . Nathan Fien Int . 10 . Frank - Paul Nu'uausala 15 . Trent Merrin Int . 14 . Martin Kennedy 16 . Matt Prior Int . 15 . Jared Waerea - Hargreaves 17 . Jarrod Saffy Int . 16 . Daniel Conn Wayne Bennett Coach Brian Smith After a sixth - minute penalty to the Dragons helped them up into good field position , Jamie Soward from the ten - metre line kicked the ball over into the Roosters ' in - goal and Mark Gasnier , racing through from the right side , leapt to catch it on the full and put it down just inside the dead ball line . The video referee Bill Harrigan awarded the try and Soward 's conversion was successful , so St. George Illawarra were leading 6 - 0 after eight minutes . However , video replays showed that in the lead up to the try , Dragons winger Brett Morris had passed the ball with a foot outside the touch - line so play should not have been allowed to continue . Later , in the sixteenth minute , the Roosters had made their way up into better field position when Todd Carney , twenty metres from the opposition try - line 's right side , kicked high to the left corner . His winger Joseph Leilua caught the ball , crashed over the try - line , and while attempting to put it down had it knocked from his outstretched hand by Jamie Soward 's knee , but Roosters captain Braith Anasta was there to ground it . The video referee was again called upon to award the try , and with Carney 's kick going wide the score was 6 - 4 in favour of the Red & Whites . Less than two minutes after the restart of play St. George Illawarra knocked on in their own half and the Tricolours , after getting within fifteen metres of the try - line , moved the ball through the hands from the left side of the field to the right where Mitchell Aubusson crashed over near the corner . Carney again missed the conversion but his side was now in the lead 8 - 6 with a quarter of the match gone . In the twenty - sixth minute the Dragons were awarded a penalty in a goal - kicking position but Soward missed . At the thirty - minute mark St. George Illawarra prop Michael Weyman was helped off the field after getting a swinging arm to the head from Daniel Conn which was placed on report . The third quarter of the match was played in both ends of the ground with neither side able to turn their opportunities into points , so the teams left the field with the Sydney Roosters leading 6 - 8 . Second half ( edit ) Less than six minutes after the break and having forced the Roosters to do a goal - line drop - out , St. George Illawarra got their first try of the half . On the second tackle and twenty metres out , the ball made its way through their hands to right winger Jason Nightingale who stepped around his defender and dove over in the corner . Soward 's kick from the sideline added the extra two points , so the Dragons led 12 - 8 . The rain had started falling heavily when the Red & Whites scored another similar try , with a long cut - out pass going to ground but Nightingale was able to pick it up and cross in his corner again . Soward again kicked the extras , pushing his side 's lead out to 18 - 8 with a quarter of the match remaining . About two minutes later St. George Illawarra had again worked the ball up into an attacking position when Nathan Fien , less than ten metres from the uprights , darted ahead from dummy - half before passing to Dean Young who juggled the ball as he crashed through the defence and over the line . The video referee awarded the try ' benefit of the doubt ' and with Soward adding the extras the Dragons were now leading 24 - 8 . The Roosters , still unable to get the ball out of their danger zone conceded another penalty in front of their posts and Soward added another two points for his team , making it 26 - 8 . Further errors from the Tricolours led to another White & Red attacking wave and another close - range try , with Fien pushing through the goal - line defence from dummy - half . After another simple kick for Soward , St. George Illawarra lead 32 - 8 , and with no more points in the remaining eight minutes this was the full - time score . 32 St George Illawarra Dragons Tries 2 Nightingale ( 46 ' , 60 ' ) 1 Gasnier ( 8 ' ) 1 Young ( 63 ' ) 1 Fien ( 70 ' ) Goals 6 / 7 Soward ( 9 ' , 47 ' , 61 ' , 64 ' , 67 ' , 71 ' ) 8 Sydney Roosters Tries 1 Anasta ( 16 ' ) 1 Aubusson ( 20 ' ) Goals 0 / 2 Carney Timeline ( edit ) - 8th : Dragons 6 -- 0 ( Try : Gasnier , Goal : Soward ) - 16th : Dragons 6 - 4 ( Try : Anasta ) - 20th : Roosters 8 - 6 ( Try : Aubusson ) - 46th : Dragons 12 - 8 ( Try : Nightingale , Goal : Soward ) - 60th : Dragons 18 - 8 ( Try : Nightingale , Goal : Soward ) - 63rd : Dragons 24 - 8 ( Try : Young , Goal : Soward ) - 67th : Dragons 26 - 8 ( Penalty Goal : Soward ) - 70th : Dragons 32 - 8 ( Try : Fien , Goal : Soward ) It was the third time in the 2010 season that the Dragons had trailed the Roosters at halftime before keeping them scoreless in the second half to win . St. George Illawarra fullback Darius Boyd was judged by Australian selectors to be awarded the Clive Churchill Medal for man of the match . Boyd became the fourth fullback to win the Clive Churchill , after Newcastle 's Robbie O'Davis ( 1997 ) , former Broncos teammate Darren Lockyer ( 2000 ) and Melbourne 's Billy Slater ( 2009 ) . Boyd had a hand in both of Nightingale 's tries and made 111 metres from 13 hit - ups . This was Boyd 's second premiership win , having won with the Brisbane Broncos in his debut year of 2006 . Audience ( edit ) Australia 's national television audience for the match was over 3.1 million and up on the previous year 's decider in Sydney and Brisbane . A further 197,000 people watched the game live in New Zealand . Telecast details ( edit ) Australia - Nine Network ( live from 5pm AEST with coverage beginning at 12pm ) also simulcast on Gem HD . A replay of the game will be played on Fox Sports at 8pm AEST on the same night . New Zealand - Sky Sports ( live from 6 : 30pm NZ time ) , Prime ( Delayed Coverage ) Asia - Pacific - Australia Network ( includes China , Hong Kong / Macau , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , North Korea , Vietnam , Indonesia , Singapore , Thailand , Philippines , Palau , Malaysia , Cambodia , Burma / Myanmar , Laos , Brunei , Fiji , Western Samoa , Tonga , Cook Islands , Tuvalu , East Timor , Vanuatu , New Caledonia , Solomon Islands , Marshall Islands , Nauru , Micronesia , Kiribati ) Indian subcontinent - Australia Network ( includes India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Nepal , Bhutan ) Ireland and the United Kingdom - Sky Sports ( live from 7am ) , Premier Sports ( Delayed Coverage ) Middle East - Australia Network and ShowSports United States - America One ( live from 9pm ET / PT ) Canada - Setanta Sports ( Canada ) ( live ) 2011 World club Challenge ( edit ) Main article : 2011 World Club Challenge Having won the NRL grand final , St. George Illawarra had earned the right to play against 2010 's Super League XV Champions , the Wigan Warriors in the following February 's World Club Challenge , which they won 21 - 15 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Proszenko , Adrian ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Grand final at a glance '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` St. George Illawarra Dragons steeled by the lessons of last season '' . foxsports.com.au . News Limited . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Riccio , David ( 25 July 2010 ) . `` Chokers tag is suffocating Dragons '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Chris ( 22 September 2010 ) . `` The wooden spoon to premier gold ? Roosters run recalls league history '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Telstra Premiership GF Day schedule '' . nrl.com. 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian soldiers to be honoured at GF '' . nrl.com. 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` St George Illawarra Dragons beat Sydney Roosters in NRL Grand Final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Adrian ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Dragons romp to sweet 16th '' . ABC News . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Read , Brent ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Wayne Bennett 's Dragons blow away critics to end 31 - year drought '' . The Australian . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Madame H ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Bennett 's Boys End Finals Drought '' . Triple M Sport . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jancetic , Steve ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Dragons break drought with huge win '' . Coolum & North Shore News . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Wang , Chris ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Dragons rain on Roosters grand final parade '' . Wide World of Sports . Jump up ^ Nicolussi , Christian ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Rooster says Weyman may have conned ref '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragons burn Roosters '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Greg ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Dragons NRL champs : winner , winner chicken dinner '' . 3 News . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Russell , Glenn ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` NRL GF : Score by Score '' . sportal.co.nz . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Brent , Read ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Tears flow as Dragons break drought with win over Roosters in NRL grand final '' . The Australian . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ AP ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` St. George Illawarra wins NRL '' . IBN Live News . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chammas , Michael ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` 2010 Clive Churchill winner Darius Boyd '' . Illawarra Mercury . Australia : Fairfax Media . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Badel , Peter ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Unwanted Boyd inspired to perform '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` NRL grand final telecast attracts 3.1 million viewers '' . The Courier - Mail . 4 October 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.throng.co.nz/ratings/tv-ratings-3-october-2010 Jump up ^ America One http://www.americaone.com/schedule/1_e01003.htm%7Caccessdate=1 October 2010 NRL Grand Finals 1998 2017 2018 2019 2010 in rugby league `` 2009 2011 '' International Rugby League World Club Challenge Four Nations ANZAC Test European Cup Atlantic Cup British Rugby League Competitions Super League Results Grand Final RFL Championship Results Championship 1 Challenge Cup Northern Rail Cup SL Teams Bradford Bulls Castleford Tigers Catalans Dragons Crusaders Harlequins Huddersfield Giants Hull FC Hull KR Leeds Rhinos Salford City Reds St Helens Wakefield Wildcats Warrington Wolves Wigan Warriors Other clubs South Wales Scorpions Tolouse Olympique Widnes Vikings Australian Rugby League Competitions State of Origin NRL season Results Grand Final Toyota Cup Results Queensland Cup New South Wales Cup By club Brisbane Broncos Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Canberra Raiders Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Gold Coast Titans Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm Salary cap breach Newcastle Knights New Zealand Warriors North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers South Sydney Rabbitohs Sydney Roosters St. George Illawarra Dragons Wests Tigers Related articles Dally M Awards All Stars match Northern Pride Other Domestic competitions New Zealand Auckland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_NRL_Grand_Final&oldid=855118756 '' Categories : NRL Grand Finals St. George Illawarra Dragons matches Sydney Roosters matches 2010 NRL season Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2015 Use Australian English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 02 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did st george last win the grand final | [
"The 2010 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 2010 NRL season. Played on Sunday, 3 October at Sydney's ANZ Stadium, the match was contested by the St. George Illawarra Dragons and the Sydney Roosters. It was the first time the two sides met in a grand final. They had played each other twice before during the season, with St. George Illawarra winning on both occasions. The Dragons finished the season as minor premiers as they had the previous season. The Roosters were the previous year's wooden-spooners and only after playing and winning for five consecutive weeks were able to reach the 2010 decider.\n"
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"2010 NRL Grand Final"
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-2974368449225897045 | Hyundai Motor India Limited | Hyundai Motor India Limited - wikipedia Hyundai Motor India Limited Jump to : navigation , search Hyundai Motor India Ltd new thinking new possibilities Type Subsidiary Industry Automotive Founded 6 May 1996 ; 21 years ago ( 6 May 1996 ) Headquarters Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India Key people Mr. Y.K. Koo ( CEO ) Products Automobiles Parent Hyundai Motor Company Website www.hyundai.co.in Hyundai Motor India Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hyundai Motor Company in India . It is the second largest automobile manufacturer in India . Hyundai Santro Xing / Atos Prime ( Discontinued - 2014 ) was manufactured only by Hyundai Motor India Limited . Hyundai Motor India Limited was formed on 6 May 1996 by the Hyundai Motor Company of South Korea . When Hyundai Motor Company entered the Indian Automobile Market in 1996 the Hyundai brand was almost unknown throughout India . During the entry of Hyundai in 1996 , there were only five major automobile manufacturers in India , i.e. Maruti , Hindustan , Premier , Tata and Mahindra . Daewoo had entered the Indian automobile market with Cielo just three years back while Ford , Opel and Honda had entered less than a year back . For more than a decade till Hyundai arrived , Maruti Suzuki had a near monopoly over the passenger cars segment because Tata Motors and Mahindra & Mahindra were solely utility and commercial vehicle manufacturers , while Hindustan and Premier both built outdated and uncompetitive products . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Manufacturing facilities 3 R&D Centre 4 Global Quality Centre 5 Models 5.1 Manufactured Locally 5.2 Imported 5.3 Discontinued 6 Sales and service network 7 Exports 8 Sales performance 9 Awards and achievements 10 Brand ambassador 11 See also 12 External Links 13 References History ( edit ) HMIL 's first car , the Hyundai Santro was launched on 23 September 1998 and was a runaway success . Within a few months of its inception HMIL became the second largest automobile manufacturer and the largest automobile exporter in India . Hyundai Motor India Limited ( HMIL ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company ( HMC ) , South Korea and is the largest passenger car exporter and the second largest car manufacturer in India . HMIL presently markets 10 models - Eon , Grand i10 , Xcent , Elite i20 , i20 Active , Verna , Elantra , Creta , Tucson and SantaFe HMC has set up a research and development facility ( Hyundai Motor India Engineering - HMIE ) in the cyber city of Hyderabad . As HMC 's global export hub for compact cars , HMIL is the first automotive company in India to achieve the export of 10 lakh cars in just over a decade . HMIL currently exports cars to more than 87 countries across EU , Africa , Middle East , Latin America , Asia and Australia . It has been the number one exporter of passenger cars of the country for the eighth year in a row . To support its growth and expansion plans , HMIL currently has 475 strong dealer network and more than 1,226 strong service points across India , which will see further expansion in 2017 . In July 2012 , Arvind Saxena , the Director of Marketing and Sales stepped down from the position after serving the company for 7 years . Manufacturing facilities ( edit ) The Hyundai i10 ( Discontinued - 2016 ) was exclusively manufactured only by HMIL . HMIL has two manufacturing plants in Irungattukottai , Sriperumbudur , Chennai , Tamil Nadu. HMIL 's manufacturing plant near Chennai claims to have the most advanced production , quality and testing capabilities in the country . To cater to rising demand , HMIL commissioned its second plant in February 2008 , which produces an additional 300,000 units per annum , raising HMIL 's total production capacity to 600,000 units per annum . Current Production Capacity with these 2 plants in Irungattukottai , Sriperumbudur , Chennai increased to 7 , 00,000 cars per year . R&D centre ( edit ) Hyundai Motor India Engineering ( HMIE ) is a fully owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company , South Korea , which is located at Hyderabad , Telangana . HMIL established HMIE in November 2006 and contributed to the development of Hyundai Motors ' popular new models for the Indian market starting with the Eon and followed now by the `` i '' series , and also in SUV segments like the Creta . Hyundai Motors ' other overseas R&D centres are located in the United States , Germany , Japan , Korea , and China . Global quality centre ( edit ) Named Indian Quality Centre ( INQC ) , The centre is one of the five quality Centre worldwide after the U.S , China , Europe and Middle East . The India centre located at Faridabad , Haryana will conduct durablity study of existing models and benchmark parts and systems for constant improvement . The key activity of India quality Centre would be to `` contribute in new car development from pilot stage to create quality product with zero defect '' . Besides , the centre will also be responsible for ensuring `` top level safety quality `` through proactive customer oriented management system and understanding feedback from them to eliminate potential risks . The centre also has an objective to study market conditions and other Asia Pacific regions to develop new cars and adapt strategies for continuous product quality improvement . The company also opened a training centre at same facility . It will have its own body and paint unit , The new service training will ensure overall skill development of entire service profile of dealer manpower Models ( edit ) Hyundai Eon Hyundai Grand i10 Hyundai Fluidic Verna Hyundai Santa Fe ( Third Generation ) Hyundai i20 Manufactured Locally ( edit ) Hyundai Eon ( Launched 2011 ) Hyundai Grand i10 Facelift ( Launched Feb - 2017 ) Hyundai Xcent Facelift ( Launched April - 2017 ) Hyundai Elite i20 ( Launched 2014 ) Hyundai i20 Active ( Launched 2015 ) Hyundai Elantra ( Launched 2016 ) Hyundai Creta ( Launched 2015 ) Hyundai Tucson ( Launched 2016 ) Hyundai 3rd Gen - Verna ( Launched 2017 ) Imported ( edit ) Hyundai Santa Fe Third Generation ( Launched 2014 ) Discontinued ( edit ) Hyundai Santro ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Hyundai Santro Xing ( 2003 - 2014 ) Hyundai Accent GTX ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Hyundai Sonata Gold ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Hyundai Sonata ( Launched 2012 ) Hyundai Accent Viva ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Hyundai Accent CRDi ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Hyundai Terracan ( 2003 - 2007 ) Hyundai Getz ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Hyundai Accent GLS ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Hyundai Sonata Embera ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Hyundai Accent GLE ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Hyundai Verna ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Hyundai Getz Prime ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Hyundai i10 ( 2007 - 2010 ) Hyundai Verna Transform ( 2010 - 2011 ) Hyundai Elantra ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Hyundai Tucson ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Hyundai Sonata Transform ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Hyundai Santa Fe Second Generation ( 2010 - 2013 ) Hyundai Accent Executive ( 2011 - 2013 ) Hyundai i20 ( 2008 - 2014 ) Hyundai Verna ( 2011 - 2015 ) Hyundai Elantra ( 2012 - 2016 ) Hyundai i10 ( 2010 - 2016 ) Hyundai Grand i10 ( 2013 - 2017 ) Hyundai 4S Fluidic Verna ( 2015 - 2017 ) Sales and service network ( edit ) HMIL has 475 dealers and more than 1,226 service points across India . HMIL also operates its own dealerships known as Hyundai Motor Plazas in large metros across India . HMIL has the second largest sales and service network in India after Maruti Suzuki . Hyundai Motor India Limited Annual Sales Year Domestic sales Exports Total 1998 8,447 0 8,447 1999 17,627 20 17,647 2000 82,896 3,823 86,719 87,175 6,092 93,267 2002 1 , 02,806 8,245 111,051 2003 1 , 20,325 30,416 150,741 1 , 39,759 75,871 215,630 2005 1 , 56,291 96,560 252,851 2006 1 , 86,174 1 , 13,339 299,513 2007 2 , 00,411 1 , 26,749 327,160 2008 2 , 45,397 2 , 43,919 489,316 2009 2 , 89,863 2 , 70,017 559,880 3 , 56,717 2 , 47,102 603,819 2011 3 , 73,709 2 , 42,330 616,039 2012 3 , 91,276 2 , 50,005 641,281 2013 3 , 80,000 2 , 33,260 613,260 2014 4 , 10,000 1 , 91,221 601,221 2015 4 , 76,001 1 , 67,268 643,269 2016 5 , 00,537 1 , 61,517 662,054 Exports ( edit ) HMIL currently exports vehicles to over 92 countries across Africa , Middle East , Latin America , Australia and Asia . It has been India 's number one exporter for the last 10 years consecutively . HMIL has been consecutively awarded `` Top Exporter Of The Year '' for 10 years by EEPC. The Highest Exported volume was 2 , 70,017 in year 2009 . Sales performance ( edit ) Hyundai Motor India Ltd ( HMIL ) , the country 's second largest car manufacturer and the largest passenger car exporter , registered 4.6 % growth in exports for the month of May 2013 . The domestic sales accounted for 32,102 units and exports stood at 24,754 units . sales 476000 in 2015 domestic sales 17.1 % market share . In 2016 It sold 30K units more thereby hitting the 5 lakh mark . Hence domestic sales stood at 500537 which is an increase by 5.2 % compared to last year , with 17.13 % market share . `` 2016 has been an Year of Excellence for Hyundai in India achieving various milestones - Celebrating 20 years in India , the roll out of 7 Millionth car in November'16 , crossing the 5 lakh domestic sales in CY2016 and the fastest 50,000 unit sales in the month of October , '' YK Koo , MD & CEO , Hyundai Motor India said , in a statement . Hyundai 's Holy trinity - the Grand - i10 , Elite - i20&Creta has cumulatively achieved 1.3 Million sales in less than 4 years which includes 1.1 Million domestic and 0.29 Million for exports . With exceeding 2 , 50,000 sales in first quarter of 2017 Hyundai aims to target half million sales in domestic market in 2017 . Awards and achievements ( edit ) Indian Car Of The Year ( ICOTY ) 2008 -- Hyundai i10 2014 -- Hyundai Grand i10 2015 -- Hyundai Elite i20 2016 -- Hyundai Creta JD Power Appeal Awards 2016 demonstrating excellence of ' Made In India ' Products as per global standards for Grand - i10 , Elite - i20 & Creta . Brand ambassador ( edit ) The carmaker gets Shah Rukh Khan on board as its brand ambassador for the Hyundai Xcent , the company 's recently launched sub-compact sedan in India . Back in 1998 , SRK shot his first TVC for the Hyundai Santro , and his association with the car brand has now turned 19 . In 2010 Shah Rukh Khan won the `` Brand Ambassador of the Year '' for Hyundai i10 at NDTV Profit Car and Bike Awards . SRK also promotes the `` Be The Better Guy '' road safety campaign for Hyundai . In , July - 2017 Hyundai India extended the contract of Shah Rukh Khan for 2 Years . See also ( edit ) Hyundai Motor Company Hyundai Kia Automotive Group Automobile industry in India External Links ( edit ) Hyundai Motor India Limited Hyundai history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://motorbash.com/eight-years-counting-hyundai-india-is-the-top-exporter-of-the-year/ Jump up ^ http://www.telegraphindia.com/external/display.jsp?mode=details&id=38739 Jump up ^ `` Arvind Saxena resigns from Hyundai '' . 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-06/news/72886399_1_rd-centre-koo-hmil Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/hyundai-s-price-jolt-for-maruti-114031201116_1.html Jump up ^ http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/AboutUs/HyundaiMotorIndia/WhoWeAre/index.html Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Exports up by 4.6 % - BigGaddi.com News '' . BigGaddi.com . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan as brand ambassador for Hyundai Xcent in India '' . CarAndMe.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan as brand ambassador for Hyundai Xcent in India '' . ZigWheels.com . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . 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-4784969051003607045 | Old Testament | Old Testament - wikipedia Old Testament This article is about the Christian Bible . For the related Jewish text , see Tanakh . Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( hide ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Humor Violence Alcohol Ethics Slavery Women Muhammad Homosexuality Death penalty Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Criticism Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal The Old Testament ( abbreviated OT ) is the first part of Christian Bibles , based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible ( or Tanakh ) , a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God . The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament . The books that comprise the Old Testament canon , as well as their order and names , differ between Christian denominations . The Catholic canon comprises 46 books , and the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 51 books and the most common Protestant canon comprises 39 books . The 39 books in common to all the Christian canons correspond to the 24 books of the Tanakh , with some differences of order , and there are some differences in text . The additional number reflects the splitting of several texts ( Kings , Samuel and Chronicles , Ezra -- Nehemiah and the minor prophets ) into separate books in Christian bibles . The books which are part of a Christian Old Testament but which are not part of the Hebrew canon are sometimes described as deuterocanonical . In general , Protestant Bibles do not include the deuterocanonical books in their canon , but some versions of Anglican and Lutheran bibles place such books in a separate section called Apocrypha . These extra books are ultimately derived from the earlier Greek Septuagint collection of the Hebrew scriptures and are also Jewish in origin . Some are also contained in the Dead Sea Scrolls . The Old Testament consists of many distinct books by various authors produced over a period of centuries . Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections : ( 1 ) the first five books or Pentateuch ( Torah ) ; ( 2 ) the history books telling the history of the Israelites , from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon ; ( 3 ) the poetic and `` Wisdom books '' dealing , in various forms , with questions of good and evil in the world ; and ( 4 ) the books of the biblical prophets , warning of the consequences of turning away from God . Contents 1 Content 1.1 Table 2 Composition 3 Themes 4 Formation 4.1 Greek 4.2 Latin 4.3 Protestant 4.4 Other versions 5 Christian theology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Content ( edit ) Main articles : Biblical canon and Development of the Old Testament canon The Old Testament contains 39 ( Protestant ) , 46 ( Catholic ) , or more ( Orthodox and other ) books , divided , very broadly , into the Pentateuch ( Torah ) , the historical books , the `` wisdom '' books and the prophets . Table ( edit ) The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Christian Bible , such as the Catholic New American Bible Revised Edition and the Protestant Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version . The spelling and names in both the 1609 -- 10 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics , and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text . For the Orthodox canon , Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions . For the Catholic canon , the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions . Likewise , the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament , such as `` Esaias '' ( for Isaiah ) . In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations ( e.g. the New American Bible , Jerusalem Bible , and ecumenical translations used by Catholics , such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition ) use the same `` standardized '' ( King James Version ) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles ( e.g. 1 Chronicles as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon , 1 -- 2 Samuel and 1 -- 2 Kings instead of 1 -- 4 Kings ) in those books which are universally considered canonical , the protocanonicals . The Talmud ( the Jewish commentary on the scriptures ) in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim . This order is also cited in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7 : 15 . The order of the books of the Torah is universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity . The disputed books , included in one canon but not in others , are often called the Biblical apocrypha , a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles . Catholics , following the Canon of Trent ( 1546 ) , describe these books as deuterocanonical , while Greek Orthodox Christians , following the Synod of Jerusalem ( 1672 ) , use the traditional name of anagignoskomena , meaning `` that which is to be read . '' They are present in a few historic Protestant versions ; the German Luther Bible included such books , as did the English 1611 King James Version . Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon . Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) ( 24 books ) Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim Protestant Old Testament ( 39 books ) Catholic Old Testament ( 46 books ) Eastern Orthodox Old Testament ( 50 books ) Original language Torah Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses Bereishit Genesis Genesis Genesis Hebrew Shemot Exodus Exodus Exodus Hebrew Vayikra Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus Hebrew Bamidbar Numbers Numbers Numbers Hebrew Devarim Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Hebrew Nevi'im ( Prophets ) Historical books Yehoshua Joshua Joshua ( Josue ) Joshua ( Iesous ) Hebrew Shofetim Judges Judges Judges Hebrew Rut ( Ruth ) Ruth Ruth Ruth Hebrew Shemuel 1 Samuel 1 Samuel ( 1 Kings ) 1 Samuel ( 1 Kingdoms ) Hebrew 2 Samuel 2 Samuel ( 2 Kings ) 2 Samuel ( 2 Kingdoms ) Hebrew Melakhim 1 Kings 1 Kings ( 3 Kings ) 1 Kings ( 3 Kingdoms ) Hebrew 2 Kings 2 Kings ( 4 Kings ) 2 Kings ( 4 Kingdoms ) Hebrew Divrei Hayamim ( Chronicles ) 1 Chronicles 1 Chronicles ( 1 Paralipomenon ) 1 Chronicles ( 1 Paralipomenon ) Hebrew 2 Chronicles 2 Chronicles ( 2 Paraleipomenon ) 2 Chronicles ( 2 Paraleipomenon ) Hebrew 1 Esdras Hebrew Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Ezra ( 1 Esdras ) Ezra ( 2 Esdras ) Hebrew and Aramaic Nehemiah Nehemiah ( 2 Esdras ) Nehemiah ( 2 Esdras ) Hebrew Tobit ( Tobias ) Tobit Aramaic ( and Hebrew ? ) Judith Judith Hebrew Esther Esther Esther Esther Hebrew 1 Maccabees ( 1 Machabees ) 1 Maccabees Hebrew 2 Maccabees ( 2 Machabees ) 2 Maccabees Greek 3 Maccabees Greek 3 Esdras Greek ? 4 Maccabees Greek Ketuvim ( Writings ) Wisdom books Iyov ( Job ) Job Job Job Hebrew Tehillim ( Psalms ) Psalms Psalms Psalms Hebrew Prayer of Manasseh Greek Mishlei ( Proverbs ) Proverbs Proverbs Proverbs Hebrew Qoheleth ( Ecclesiastes ) Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Hebrew Shir Hashirim ( Song of Songs ) Song of Solomon Song of Songs ( Canticle of Canticles ) Song of Songs ( Aisma Aismaton ) Hebrew Wisdom Wisdom Greek Sirach ( Ecclesiasticus ) Sirach Hebrew Nevi'im ( Latter Prophets ) Major prophets Yeshayahu Isaiah Isaiah ( Isaias ) Isaiah Hebrew Yirmeyahu Jeremiah Jeremiah ( Jeremias ) Jeremiah Hebrew Eikhah ( Lamentations ) Lamentations Lamentations Lamentations Hebrew Baruch Baruch Hebrew Letter of Jeremiah Greek ( majority view ) Yekhezqel Ezekiel Ezekiel ( Ezechiel ) Ezekiel Hebrew Daniel Daniel Daniel Daniel Hebrew and Aramaic Twelve Minor Prophets The Twelve or Trei Asar Hosea Hosea ( Osee ) Hosea Hebrew Joel Joel Joel Hebrew Amos Amos Amos Hebrew Obadiah Obadiah ( Abdias ) Obadiah Hebrew Jonah Jonah ( Jonas ) Jonah Hebrew Micah Micah ( Michaeas ) Micah Hebrew Nahum Nahum Nahum Hebrew Habakkuk Habakkuk ( Habacuc ) Habakkuk Hebrew Zephaniah Zephaniah ( Sophonias ) Zephaniah Hebrew Haggai Haggai ( Aggaeus ) Haggai Hebrew Zechariah Zechariah ( Zacharias ) Zechariah Hebrew Malachi Malachi ( Malachias ) Malachi Hebrew Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate , formerly the official bible of the Roman Catholic Church . Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible Name in Vulgate Name in Eastern Orthodox use 3 Esdras 1 Esdras 4 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Prayer of Manasseh Psalm of David when he slew Goliath ( Psalm 151 ) Psalm 151 Composition ( edit ) The first five books -- Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , book of Numbers and Deuteronomy -- reached their present form in the Persian period ( 538 -- 332 BC ) , and their authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the Temple at that time . The books of Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings follow , forming a history of Israel from the Conquest of Canaan to the Siege of Jerusalem c. 587 BC . There is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work ( the so - called `` Deuteronomistic history '' ) during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC . The two Books of Chronicles cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC . Chronicles , and Ezra -- Nehemiah , were probably finished during the 3rd century BC . Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two ( Catholic Old Testament ) to four ( Orthodox ) Books of Maccabees , written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC . These history books make up around half the total content of the Old Testament . Of the remainder , the books of the various prophets -- Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Daniel and the twelve `` minor prophets '' -- were written between the 8th and 6th centuries BC , with the exceptions of Jonah and Daniel , which were written much later . The `` wisdom '' books -- Job , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Psalms , Song of Solomon -- have various dates : Proverbs possibly was completed by the Hellenistic time ( 332 - 198 BC ) , though containing much older material as well ; Job completed by the 6th Century BC ; Ecclesiastes by the 3rd Century BC . Themes ( edit ) God is consistently depicted as the one who created the world . Although the God of the Old Testament is not consistently presented as the only God who exists , he is always depicted as the only God whom Israel is to worship , or the one `` true God '' , that only Yahweh is Almighty , and both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the Bible ( both the `` Old '' and `` New '' Testaments ) as an affirmation of the oneness of Almighty God . The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people , Israel , but includes instructions for proselytes as well . This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant ( contract ) between the two , received by Moses . The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract : Israel swears faithfulness to God , and God swears to be Israel 's special protector and supporter . Further themes in the Old Testament include salvation , redemption , divine judgment , obedience and disobedience , faith and faithfulness , among others . Throughout there is a strong emphasis on ethics and ritual purity , both of which God demands , although some of the prophets and wisdom writers seem to question this , arguing that God demands social justice above purity , and perhaps does not even care about purity at all . The Old Testament 's moral code enjoins fairness , intervention on behalf of the vulnerable , and the duty of those in power to administer justice righteously . It forbids murder , bribery and corruption , deceitful trading , and many sexual misdemeanors . All morality is traced back to God , who is the source of all goodness . The problem of evil plays a large part in the Old Testament . The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster ( meaning notably , but not only , the Babylonian exile ) upon his people . The theme is played out , with many variations , in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles , the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah , and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes . Formation ( edit ) Main articles : Books of the Bible and Biblical canon See also : Development of the Hebrew Bible canon , Development of the Old Testament canon , Septuagint , and Books of the Latin Vulgate The interrelationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament , according to the Encyclopaedia Biblica ( 1903 ) . Some manuscripts are identified by their siglum . LXX here denotes the original Septuagint . The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one , and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today . Timothy H. Lim , a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh , identifies the Old Testament as `` a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing . '' He states that it is not a magical book , nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind . By about the 5th century BC Jews saw the five books of the Torah ( the Old Testament Pentateuch ) as having authoritative status ; by the 2nd century BC the Prophets had a similar status , although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah ; beyond that , the Jewish scriptures were fluid , with different groups seeing authority in different books . Greek ( edit ) See also : Septuagint and Masoretic Text Hebrew texts commenced to be translated into Greek in Alexandria in about 280 and continued until about 130 BC . These early Greek translations -- supposedly commissioned by Ptolemy Philadelphus -- were called the Septuagint ( Latin : `` Seventy '' ) from the supposed number of translators involved ( hence its abbreviation `` LXX '' ) . This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church . It varies in many places from the Masoretic Text and includes numerous books no longer considered canonical in some traditions : 1 and 2 Esdras , Judith , Tobit , 3 and 4 Maccabees , the Book of Wisdom , Sirach , and Baruch . Early modern Biblical criticism typically explained these variations as intentional or ignorant corruptions by the Alexandrian scholars , but most recent scholarship holds it is simply based on early source texts differing from those later used by the Masoretes in their work . The Septuagint was originally used by Hellenized Jews whose knowledge of Greek was better than Hebrew . But the texts came to be used predominantly by gentile converts to Christianity and by the early Church as its scripture , Greek being the lingua franca of the early Church . The three most acclaimed early interpreters were Aquila of Sinope , Symmachus the Ebionite , and Theodotion ; in his Hexapla , Origen placed his edition of the Hebrew text beside its transcription in Greek letters and four parallel translations : Aquila 's , Symmachus 's , the Septuagint 's , and Theodotion 's . The so - called `` fifth '' and `` sixth editions '' were two other Greek translations supposedly miraculously discovered by students outside the towns of Jericho and Nicopolis : these were added to Origen 's Octapla . In 331 , Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople . Athanasius recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans . Little else is known , though there is plenty of speculation . For example , it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists , and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles . Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus , these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles . There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon , however , Jerome ( 347 -- 420 ) , in his Prologue to Judith , makes the claim that the Book of Judith was `` found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures '' . Latin ( edit ) See also : Deuterocanonical books and Vulgate In Western Christianity or Christianity in the Western half of the Roman Empire , Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians , and in 382 AD Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome , the leading scholar of the day , to produce an updated Latin bible to replace the Vetus Latina , which was a Latin translation of the Septuagint . Jerome 's work , called the Vulgate , was a direct translation from Hebrew , since he argued for the superiority of the Hebrew texts in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds . His Vulgate Old Testament became the standard bible used in the Western Church , specifically as the Sixto - Clementine Vulgate , while the Churches in the East continued , and still continue , to use the Septuagint . Jerome , however , in the Vulgate 's prologues describes some portions of books in the Septuagint not found in the Hebrew Bible as being non-canonical ( he called them apocrypha ) ; for Baruch , he mentions by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews , but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or `` not in the canon '' . The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , may be the first council that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes the books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible ; the councils were under significant influence of Augustine of Hippo , who regarded the canon as already closed . Protestant ( edit ) In the 16th century , the Protestant reformers sided with Jerome ; yet although most Protestant Bibles now have only those books that appear in the Hebrew Bible , they have them in the order of the Greek Bible . Rome then officially adopted a canon , the Canon of Trent , which is seen as following Augustine 's Carthaginian Councils or the Council of Rome , and includes most , but not all , of the Septuagint ( 3 Ezra and 3 and 4 Maccabees are excluded ) ; the Anglicans after the English Civil War adopted a compromise position , restoring the 39 Articles and keeping the extra books that were excluded by the Westminster Confession of Faith , but only for private study and for reading in churches , while Lutherans kept them for private study , gathered in an appendix as Biblical Apocrypha . Other versions ( edit ) While the Hebrew , Greek and Latin versions of the Hebrew Bible are the best known Old Testaments , there were others . At much the same time as the Septuagint was being produced , translations were being made into Aramaic , the language of Jews living in Palestine and the Near East and likely the language of Jesus : these are called the Aramaic Targums , from a word meaning `` translation '' , and were used to help Jewish congregations understand their scriptures . For Aramaic Christians there was a Syriac translation of the Hebrew Bible called the Peshitta , as well as versions in Coptic ( the everyday language of Egypt in the first Christian centuries , descended from ancient Egyptian ) , Ethiopic ( for use in the Ethiopian church , one of the oldest Christian churches ) , Armenian ( Armenia was the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion ) , and Arabic . Christian Theology ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on the Old Covenant Christianity is based on the belief that the historical Jesus is also the Christ , as in the Confession of Peter . This belief is in turn based on Jewish understandings of the meaning of the Hebrew term messiah , which , like the Greek `` Christ '' , means `` anointed '' . In the Hebrew Scriptures it describes a king anointed with oil on his accession to the throne : he becomes `` The LORD 's anointed '' or Yahweh 's Anointed . By the time of Jesus , some Jews expected that a flesh and blood descendant of David ( the `` Son of David '' ) would come to establish a real Jewish kingdom in Jerusalem , instead of the Roman province . Others stressed the Son of Man , a distinctly other - worldly figure who would appear as a judge at the end of time ; and some harmonised the two by expecting a this - worldly messianic kingdom which would last for a set period and be followed by the other - worldly age or World to Come . Some thought the Messiah was already present , but unrecognised due to Israel 's sins ; some thought that the Messiah would be announced by a fore - runner , probably Elijah ( as promised by the prophet Malachi , whose book now ends the Old Testament and precedes Mark 's account of John the Baptist ) . None predicted a Messiah who suffers and dies for the sins of all the people . The story of Jesus ' death therefore involved a profound shift in meaning from the tradition of the Old Testament . The name `` Old Testament '' reflects Christianity 's understanding of itself as the fulfillment of Jeremiah 's prophecy of a New Covenant ( which is similar to `` testament '' and often conflated ) to replace the existing covenant between God and Israel ( Jeremiah 31 : 31 ) . The emphasis , however , has shifted from Judaism 's understanding of the covenant as a racially or tribally - based contract between God and Jews to one between God and any person of faith who is `` in Christ '' . See also ( edit ) Abrogation of Old Covenant laws Biblical and Quranic narratives Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Books of the Bible Covenant ( biblical ) Expounding of the Law Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Law and Gospel List of ancient legal codes List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Marcion of Sinope Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament Supersessionism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism , and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox ( as opposed to derivation of translations , instead of transliterations , of Hebrew titles ) such Ecclesiasticus ( DRC ) instead of Sirach ( LXX ) or Ben Sira ( Hebrew ) , Paralipomenon ( Greek , meaning `` things omitted '' ) instead of Chronicles , Sophonias instead of Zephaniah , Noe instead of Noah , Henoch instead of Enoch , Messias instead of Messiah , Sion instead of Zion , etc . Jump up ^ The foundational Thirty - Nine Articles of Anglicanism , in Article VI , asserts these disputed books are not used `` to establish any doctrine '' , but `` read for example of life . '' Although the Biblical apocrypha are still used in Anglican Liturgy , the modern trend is to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican - used Bibles . Jump up ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament , only divided and ordered differently : the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books , and in Hebrew Bibles , one book called `` The Twelve '' . Likewise , Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books , either 1 -- 2 Samuel and 1 -- 2 Kings or 1 -- 4 Kings : Jewish Bibles divide these into two books . The Jews likewise keep 1 -- 2 Chronicles / Paralipomenon as one book . Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible , as they are in many Orthodox Bibles , instead of divided into two books , as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition . ^ Jump up to : This book is part of the Ketuvim , the third section of the Jewish canon . They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon . ^ Jump up to : The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition , much like the Orthodox . ^ Jump up to : Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians . ^ Jump up to : One of 11 deuterocanonical books in the Russian Synodal Bible . Jump up ^ 2 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and Hebrew Bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book . Jump up ^ 1 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther . ^ Jump up to : The Latin Vulgate , Douay - Rheims , and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi ; other Catholic translations place them after Esther . Jump up ^ In Greek Bibles , 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix . Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh , not present in all canons . Jump up ^ Part of 2 Paralipomenon in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : In Catholic Bibles , Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah . Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh . Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate . Jump up ^ Hebrew ( minority view ) ; see Letter of Jeremiah for details . ^ Jump up to : In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles , Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles . The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3 : 23 -- 24 . Susanna is included as Daniel 13 . Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14 . These are not in the Protestant Old Testament . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jones 2001 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Preface to the New Revised Standard Version Anglicised Edition Jump up ^ Barton 2001 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lim , Timothy H. ( 2005 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Boadt 1984 , pp. 11 , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The Apocrypha , Bridge of the Testaments ( PDF ) , Orthodox Anglican , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 05 , Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer , the Benedictus es and Benedicite , are taken from the Apocrypha . One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book ( Tob. 4 : 8 -- 9 ) . Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily , Sunday , and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer . There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary ( Books used are : II Esdras , Tobit , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch , Three Holy Children , and I Maccabees . ) Jump up ^ `` Baruch '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 1998 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Rogerson 2003 , pp. 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Coggins 2003 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2003 , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Miller 1987 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Crenshaw 2010 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Barton 2001 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barton 2001 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Brettler 2005 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Gentry 2008 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995 . Jump up ^ Jones 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Cave , William . A complete history of the lives , acts , and martyrdoms of the holy apostles , and the two evangelists , St. Mark and Luke , Vol. II . Wiatt ( Philadelphia ) , 1810 . Retrieved 6 Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Apol . Const. 4 Jump up ^ The Canon Debate , pp. 414 -- 15 , for the entire paragraph Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Book of Judith '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Canonicity : `` ... '' the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture '' ( Praef. in Lib . ) . It is true that no such declaration is to be found in the Canons of Nicaea , and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council , or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council `` . Jump up ^ Rebenich , S. , Jerome ( Routledge , 2013 ) , p. 58 . ISBN 9781134638444 Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995 , pp. 91 -- 99 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ Kevin P. Edgecomb , Jerome 's Prologue to Jeremiah Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , editors of The Canon Debate , 2002 , chapter 5 : The Septuagint : The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism by Albert C. Sundberg Jr. , page 72 , Appendix D - 2 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson , `` Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon '' , in The Canon Debate . eds . L.M. McDonald & J.A. Sanders ( Hendrickson , 2002 ) p. 320 ; F.F. Bruce , The Canon of Scripture ( Intervarsity Press , 1988 ) p. 230 ; cf . Augustine , De Civitate Dei 22.8 ^ Jump up to : Barton 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Philip Schaff , `` Chapter IX . Theological Controversies , and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy '' , History of the Christian Church , CCEL Jump up ^ Lindberg ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of Christianity . Blackwell Publishing . p. 15 . Jump up ^ F.L. Cross , E.A. Livingstone , ed. ( 1983 ) , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 232 Jump up ^ Soggin 1987 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Würthwein 1995 , pp. 79 -- 90 , 100 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1991 , pp. 570 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Juel 2000 , pp. 236 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Herion 2000 , pp. 291 -- 92 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) , Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible , Wadsworth , ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 39105 - 0 Barton , John ( 1997 ) , How the Bible came to be , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25785 - 9 -- -- -- ( 2001 ) , `` Introduction to the Old Testament '' , in Muddiman , John ; Barton , John , Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 1998 ) , `` The Pentateuch '' , in Barton , John , The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 Boadt , Lawrence ( 1984 ) , Reading the Old Testament : an introduction , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2631 - 6 Brettler , Marc Zvi ( 2005 ) , How to read the Bible , Jewish Publication Society , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8276 - 1001 - 9 Bultman , Christoph ( 2001 ) , `` Deuteronomy '' , in Barton , John ; Muddiman , John , Oxford Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Coggins , Richard J ( 2003 ) , `` 1 and 2 Chronicles '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Crenshaw , James L ( 2010 ) , Old Testament wisdom : an introduction , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23459 - 1 Davies , GI ( 1998 ) , `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' , in Barton , John , Oxford Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Dines , Jennifer M ( 2004 ) , `` The Septuagint '' , Continuum , ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08464 - 4 Farmer , Ron ( 1991 ) , `` Messiah / Christ '' , in Mills , Watson E ; Bullard , Roger Aubrey , Mercer dictionary of the Bible , Mercer University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 373 - 7 Gentry , Peter R ( 2008 ) , `` Old Greek and Later Revisors '' , in Sollamo , Raija ; Voitila , Anssi ; Jokiranta , Jutta , Scripture in transition , Brill , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16582 - 3 Grabbe , Lester L ( 2003 ) , `` Ezra '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Hasel , Gerhard F ( 1991 ) , Old Testament theology : basic issues in the current debate , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0537 - 9 Herion , Gary A ( 2000 ) , `` Covenant '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Jobes , Karen H ; Silva , Moises ( 2005 ) , Invitation to the Septuagint , Baker Academic Jones , Barry A ( 2000 ) , `` Canon of the Old Testament '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Juel , Donald ( 2000 ) , `` Christ '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Lim , Timothy H. ( 2005 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . McLay , Tim ( 2003 ) , The use of the Septuagint in New Testament research , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6091 - 0 Miller , John W ( 2004 ) , How the Bible came to be , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4183 - 8 Miller , John W ( 1987 ) , Meet the prophets : a beginner 's guide to the books of the biblical prophets , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2899 - 0 Miller , Stephen R. ( 1994 ) , Daniel , B&H Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 8054 - 0118 - 0 Rogerson , John W ( 2003 ) , `` Deuteronomy '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Sailhamer , John H. ( 1992 ) , The Pentateuch As Narrative , Zondervan , ISBN 0 - 310 - 57421 - 8 Schniedewind , William M ( 2004 ) , How the Bible Became a Book , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53622 - 6 Soggin , J. Alberto ( 1987 ) , Introduction to the Old Testament , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22156 - 0 Stuart , Douglas ( 1987 ) , Hosea - Jonah , Thomas Nelson , ISBN 0 - 8499 - 0230 - 4 Würthwein , Ernst ( 1995 ) , The text of the Old Testament : an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0788 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Bernhard . Understanding the Old Testament . ISBN 0 - 13 - 948399 - 3 Bahnsen , Greg , et al. , Five Views on Law and Gospel ( Grand Rapids : Zondervan , 1993 ) . Berkowitz , Ariel ; Berkowitz , D'vorah ( 2004 ) , Torah Rediscovered ( 4th ed . ) , Shoreshim , ISBN 0 - 9752914 - 0 - 8 . Dever , William G. ( 2003 ) , Who Were the Early Israelites ? , Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B Eerdmans , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0975 - 8 . von Rad , Gerhard ( 1982 -- 1984 ) , Theologie des Alten Testaments ( Theology of the Old Testament ) ( in German ) , Band 1 -- 2 , Munich : Auflage . Hill , Andrew ; Walton , John ( 2000 ) , A Survey of the Old Testament ( 2nd ed . ) , Grand Rapids : Zondervan , ISBN 0 - 310 - 22903 - 0 . Kuntz , John Kenneth ( 1974 ) , The People of Ancient Israel : an introduction to Old Testament Literature , History , and Thought , Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 06 - 043822 - 3 . Lancaster , D Thomas ( 2005 ) , Restoration : Returning the Torah of God to the Disciples of Jesus , Littleton \ : First Fruits of Zion . Papadaki - Oekland , Stella , Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job , ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 53232 - 5 . Rouvière , Jean - Marc ( 2006 ) , Brèves méditations sur la Création du monde ( Brief meditations on the creation of the World ) ( in French ) , Paris : L'Harmattan . Salibi , Kamal ( 1985 ) , The Bible Came from Arabia , London : Jonathan Cape , ISBN 0 - 224 - 02830 - 8 . Schmid , Konrad ( 2012 ) , The Old Testament : A Literary History , Minneapolis : Fortress , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 9775 - 4 . Silberman , Neil A ; et al. ( 2003 ) , The Bible Unearthed ( hardback ) format = requires url = ( help ) , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86913 - 6 ( paperback ) . Sprinkle , Joseph ' Joe ' M ( 2006 ) , Biblical Law and Its Relevance : A Christian Understanding and Ethical Application for Today of the Mosaic Regulations ( clothbound ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3371 - 4 and ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3372 - 2 ( paperback ) . External links ( edit ) `` The Old Testament Canon '' , Scripture & tradition , Church Fathers . Bible gateway . Full texts of the Old ( and New ) Testaments including the full Roman and Orthodox Catholic canons . `` Old Testament '' , Écritures , La feuille d'Olivier , archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 07 . Protestant Old Testament on a single page . `` Old Testament '' , Reading Room , CA : Tyndale Seminary . Extensive online OT resources ( incl . commentaries ) . `` Old Testament '' , Religious studies ( video ) ( lectures ) , Yale University , 2011 - 11 - 30 . Bible , X10 host : Old Testament stories and commentary . Old Testament Timeline ( PDF ) , LDS . Tanakh ML ( parallel Bible ) -- Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and the King James Version . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the second book of the old testament | [
"\n\n\nTanakh (Hebrew Bible) (24 books)[c]Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim\n\nProtestantOld Testament (39 books)\n\nCatholicOld Testament (46 books)\n\nEastern OrthodoxOld Testament (50 books)\n\nOriginal language\n\n\nTorah\n\nPentateuch or the Five Books of Moses\n\n\nBereishit\n\nGenesis\n\nGenesis\n\nGenesis\n\nHebrew\n\n\nShemot\n\nExodus\n\nExodus\n\nExodus\n\nHebrew\n\n\nVayikra\n\nLeviticus\n\nLeviticus\n\nLeviticus\n\nHebrew\n\n\nBamidbar\n\nNumbers\n\nNumbers\n\nNumbers\n\nHebrew\n\n\nDevarim\n\nDeuteronomy\n\nDeuteronomy\n\nDeuteronomy\n\nHebrew\n\n\nNevi'im (Prophets)\n\nHistorical books\n\n\nYehoshua\n\nJoshua\n\nJoshua (Josue)\n\nJoshua (Iesous)\n\nHebrew\n\n\nShofetim\n\nJudges\n\nJudges\n\nJudges\n\nHebrew\n\n\nRut (Ruth)[d]\n\nRuth\n\nRuth\n\nRuth\n\nHebrew\n\n\nShemuel\n\n1 Samuel\n\n1 Samuel (1 Kings)[e]\n\n1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms)[f]\n\nHebrew\n\n\n2 Samuel\n\n2 Samuel (2 Kings)[e]\n\n2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms)[f]\n\nHebrew\n\n\nMelakhim\n\n1 Kings\n\n1 Kings (3 Kings)[e]\n\n1 Kings (3 Kingdoms)[f]\n\nHebrew\n\n\n2 Kings\n\n2 Kings (4 Kings)[e]\n\n2 Kings (4 Kingdoms)[f]\n\nHebrew\n\n\nDivrei Hayamim (Chronicles)[d]\n\n1 Chronicles\n\n1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon)\n\n1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon)\n\nHebrew\n\n\n2 Chronicles\n\n2 Chronicles (2 Paraleipomenon)\n\n2 Chronicles (2 Paraleipomenon)\n\nHebrew\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 Esdras[g][h]\n\nHebrew\n\n\nEzra–Nehemiah[d]\n\nEzra\n\nEzra (1 Esdras)\n\nEzra (2 Esdras)[f][i][j]\n\nHebrew and Aramaic\n\n\nNehemiah\n\nNehemiah (2 Esdras)\n\nNehemiah (2 Esdras)[f][i]\n\nHebrew\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTobit (Tobias)\n\nTobit[g]\n\nAramaic (and Hebrew?)\n\n\nJudith\n\nJudith[g]\n\nHebrew\n\n\nEsther[d]\n\nEsther\n\nEsther[k]\n\nEsther[k]\n\nHebrew\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 Maccabees (1 Machabees)[l]\n\n1 Maccabees[g]\n\nHebrew\n\n\n2 Maccabees (2 Machabees)[l]\n\n2 Maccabees[g]\n\nGreek\n\n\n\n\n3 Maccabees[g]\n\nGreek\n\n\n3 Esdras[g]\n\nGreek?\n\n\n4 Maccabees[m]\n\nGreek\n\n\nKetuvim (Writings)\n\nWisdom books\n\n\nIyov (Job)[d]\n\nJob\n\nJob\n\nJob\n\nHebrew\n\n\nTehillim (Psalms)[d]\n\nPsalms\n\nPsalms\n\nPsalms[n]\n\nHebrew\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrayer of Manasseh[o]\n\nGreek\n\n\nMishlei (Proverbs)[d]\n\nProverbs\n\nProverbs\n\nProverbs\n\nHebrew\n\n\nQoheleth (Ecclesiastes)[d]\n\nEcclesiastes\n\nEcclesiastes\n\nEcclesiastes\n\nHebrew\n\n\nShir Hashirim (Song of Songs)[d]\n\nSong of Solomon\n\nSong of Songs (Canticle of Canticles)\n\nSong of Songs (Aisma Aismaton)\n\nHebrew\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWisdom\n\nWisdom[g]\n\nGreek\n\n\nSirach (Ecclesiasticus)\n\nSirach[g]\n\nHebrew\n\n\nNevi'im (Latter Prophets)\n\nMajor prophets\n\n\nYeshayahu\n\nIsaiah\n\nIsaiah (Isaias)\n\nIsaiah\n\nHebrew\n\n\nYirmeyahu\n\nJeremiah\n\nJeremiah (Jeremias)\n\nJeremiah\n\nHebrew\n\n\nEikhah (Lamentations)[d]\n\nLamentations\n\nLamentations\n\nLamentations\n\nHebrew\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBaruch[p]\n\nBaruch[p][g]\n\nHebrew[7]\n\n\nLetter of Jeremiah[q][g]\n\nGreek (majority view)[r]\n\n\nYekhezqel\n\nEzekiel\n\nEzekiel (Ezechiel)\n\nEzekiel\n\nHebrew\n\n\nDaniel[d]\n\nDaniel\n\nDaniel[s]\n\nDaniel[s]\n\nHebrew and Aramaic\n\n\n\n\nTwelve Minor Prophets\n\n\nThe Twelve or Trei Asar\n\nHosea\n\nHosea (Osee)\n\nHosea\n\nHebrew\n\n\nJoel\n\nJoel\n\nJoel\n\nHebrew\n\n\nAmos\n\nAmos\n\nAmos\n\nHebrew\n\n\nObadiah\n\nObadiah (Abdias)\n\nObadiah\n\nHebrew\n\n\nJonah\n\nJonah (Jonas)\n\nJonah\n\nHebrew\n\n\nMicah\n\nMicah (Michaeas)\n\nMicah\n\nHebrew\n\n\nNahum\n\nNahum\n\nNahum\n\nHebrew\n\n\nHabakkuk\n\nHabakkuk (Habacuc)\n\nHabakkuk\n\nHebrew\n\n\nZephaniah\n\nZephaniah (Sophonias)\n\nZephaniah\n\nHebrew\n\n\nHaggai\n\nHaggai (Aggaeus)\n\nHaggai\n\nHebrew\n\n\nZechariah\n\nZechariah (Zacharias)\n\nZechariah\n\nHebrew\n\n\nMalachi\n\nMalachi (Malachias)\n\nMalachi\n\nHebrew\n"
] | [
"Exodus"
] |
4646597363463849046 | When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano | When the swallows Come Back to Capistrano - Wikipedia When the swallows Come Back to Capistrano `` When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano '' is a song written by Leon René and first recorded by The Ink Spots featuring Bill Kenny in May 1940 . The Ink Spots ' recording of the song reached # 4 on the US charts , and a recording by Glenn Miller reached # 2 the same year . Other recordings were made at about the same time by Xavier Cugat and Gene Krupa . The song was later recorded by Fred Waring , Guy Lombardo , Billy May , Pat Boone -- whose version reached # 80 on the Billboard Top 100 Chart in 1957 ( The Billboard Hot 100 Chart was established on August 4 , 1958 issue ) , as the B - side of `` April Love '' -- The Five Satins , Chris Blount and Elvis Presley , among many others . René wrote the song as a tribute to the annual springtime return of the cliff swallows to Mission San Juan Capistrano in Southern California . A glassed - off room in the mission was later designated in René 's honor , and displays the upright piano on which he composed the tune , the reception desk from his office , several copies of the song 's sheet music and other pieces of furniture , all donated by René 's family . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ink Spots Discography Jump up ^ Tsort : songs from 1940 Jump up ^ `` When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano '' at SecondHandSongs The Ink Spots Bill Kenny Charlie Fuqua Deek Watson Hoppy Jones Jerry Daniels Bernie Mackey Cliff Givens Billy Bowen Huey Long Herb Kenny Singles `` If I Did n't Care '' `` My Prayer '' `` Memories of You '' `` I 'm Gettin ' Sentimental Over You '' `` When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano '' `` Whispering Grass ( Do n't Tell the Trees ) '' `` Maybe '' `` We Three ( My Echo , My Shadow and Me ) '' `` Java Jive '' `` Until the Real Thing Comes Along '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' `` Cow Cow Boogie ( Cuma - Ti - Yi - Yi - Ay ) '' `` A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening '' `` I 'll Get By ( As Long as I Have You ) '' `` I 'm Making Believe '' `` Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` The Gypsy '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` To Each His Own '' `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' `` You 're Breaking My Heart '' `` Echoes '' `` If '' `` It Is No Secret '' ( Bill Kenny solo ) `` Trying '' Related topics The Great American Broadcast Pardon My Sarong The Brown Dots The Four Tunes The Bill Kenny Show Book : The Ink Spots Elvis Presley Albums Singles Songs Films and television Personal relationships Cultural depictions Cultural impact Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Elvis ' Christmas Album Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis That 's the Way It Is Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Soundtrack albums Loving You King Creole G.I. Blues Blue Hawaii Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! 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ELVIS Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis The Elvis Dead Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related articles Graceland Audubon Street House Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Elvis ' Greatest Shit Book Portal This 1940s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_the_Swallows_Come_Back_to_Capistrano&oldid=831295192 '' Categories : 1940 songs The Ink Spots songs Glenn Miller songs Songs written by Leon René 1940s song stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do the swallows go back to capistrano | [
"René wrote the song as a tribute to the annual springtime return of the cliff swallows to Mission San Juan Capistrano in Southern California. A glassed-off room in the mission was later designated in René's honor, and displays the upright piano on which he composed the tune, the reception desk from his office, several copies of the song's sheet music and other pieces of furniture, all donated by René's family.\n"
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"springtime"
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4758649559026117449 | List of Northern Exposure episodes | List of Northern Exposure episodes - wikipedia List of Northern Exposure episodes Jump to : navigation , search A list of episodes for the television series Northern Exposure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Season 1 ( 1990 ) 3 Season 2 ( 1991 ) 4 Season 3 ( 1991 -- 1992 ) 5 Season 4 ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 6 Season 5 ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 7 Season 6 ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 8 Notes and references Summary ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale DVD release date Discs 8 July 12 , 1990 August 30 , 1990 May 25 , 2004 7 1991 April 8 , 1991 May 20 , 1991 November 30 , 2004 23 1991 -- 1992 September 23 , 1991 May 18 , 1992 June 14 , 2005 6 25 1992 -- 1993 September 28 , 1992 May 24 , 1993 March 28 , 2006 6 5 24 1993 -- 1994 September 20 , 1993 May 23 , 1994 November 14 , 2006 5 6 23 1994 -- 1995 September 19 , 1994 July 26 , 1995 March 6 , 2007 5 Season 1 ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Series # Episode # Title Directed by Written by Original airdate `` Pilot '' Joshua Brand Joshua Brand and John Falsey July 12 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 12 ) Dr. Joel Fleischman arrives in Alaska and is informed that instead of working in a modern hospital in Anchorage , he will be the sole doctor in remote `` village '' of Cicely on the `` Alaskan Rivièra '' . He tries frantically to get out of the assignment . Many of the main characters are introduced . `` Brains , Know - How and Native Intelligence '' Peter O'Fallon Stuart Stevens July 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 19 ) Ed gets Joel to talk to his medicine man uncle ( Frank Salsedo ) . The man is seriously ill , but refuses to seek conventional medical treatment out of a fear of losing face with his patients . Maggie berates Joel for not being able to fix his toilet , calling him helpless . Joel decides to try to fix his shower when the hot water stops working . When Maggie hurts her knee , she goes to Joel , but he gives her a hard time for `` being helpless '' . Chris is fired from the radio station after speaking of poet Walt Whitman 's homosexuality on air . Joel makes a house call to Maggie ( and makes up with her ) after having a talk with Uncle Anku . `` Soapy Sanderson '' Steve Cragg Story by : Karen Hall and Jerry Stahl Teleplay by : Karen Hall July 26 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 26 ) An old hermit dies , leaving his land jointly to Maggie and Joel , who have radically different ideas about what to do with it . She wants to create a nature preserve , while he has been approached by rich natives who want to buy it to use as a tax shelter . `` Dreams , Schemes and Putting Greens '' Dan Lerner Sean Clark August 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 02 ) Shelly becomes pregnant and a wedding is arranged , but Holling has a deep - rooted fear - both his father and grandfather lived over a century , while their wives died young , leaving them alone and grieving for over sixty years each . Holling vowed to avoid their fate . Meanwhile , Maurice and Joel entertain a Japanese investor interested in building a resort ( with a golf course ) in Cicely . 5 5 `` The Russian Flu '' David Carson David Assael August 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 09 ) Joel 's fiancee Elaine ( Jessica Lundy ) arrives for a visit , only to have the entire town come down with the flu , ruining their time together . In their delirium , the townspeople blame the Russians and eventually the helpless doctor . Marilyn takes it upon herself to prescribe a foul - smelling native remedy that cures everyone , but will not tell Joel what is in it . In the second of two dream sequences , tribute is paid to Twin Peaks famous waterfall opening scene and other recurring characters and catchphrases of the series . 6 6 `` Sex , Lies and Ed 's Tapes '' Sandy Smolan Joshua Brand and John Falsey August 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 16 ) Shelly turns out not to be pregnant ; it was all in her mind . To further complicate her relationship with Holling , her twenty - year - old hockey player husband , Wayne ( Brandon Douglas ) shows up , looking for a divorce so he can marry her best friend . As they get reacquainted , they begin having second thoughts . Rick ( Grant Goodeve ) visits Joel for a physical , who finds a growth on Rick 's chest . Mindful of the weird , untimely deaths of all Maggie 's other boyfriends , he becomes worried . It turns out to be a false alarm , but Maggie resents Rick 's belief in the `` O'Connell Curse '' . Ed has trouble picking a subject for his screenplay . He imagines the other residents in scenes from Raiders of the Lost Ark and Midnight Cowboy before finally taking Joel 's advice and writing about what he knows - the inhabitants of Cicely . The episode 's title is a takeoff of the Steven Soderbergh film Sex , Lies , and Videotape . 7 7 `` A Kodiak Moment '' Max Tash Steve Wasserman and Jessica Klein August 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 23 ) Maurice receives word that his brother Malcolm has died , leaving him the last of the Minnifields . He persuades Chris to become his heir and tries to mold him in his own image . Ed informs Holling that Jesse , the bear that nearly killed him , has returned . Holling , Ed , and Shelly try to track it down , but get sidetracked . Joel has to teach a childbearing class in another community . He charters Maggie 's plane to take him there ; in the time they spend together in the air and in class , they begin to bond . The episode 's title is a takeoff of the Eastman Kodak company slogan `` a Kodak moment '' . 8 8 `` Aurora Borealis : A Fairy Tale for Grown - Ups '' Fred Gerber Charles Rosin August 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 30 ) The Northern Lights and the mood induced by them cause dreaming to intensify among the residents . Joel hears about `` Adam '' ( Adam Arkin ) , the local version of Bigfoot . When his truck breaks down one night on a lonely road after a house call , he encounters the mysterious creature , who turns out to be an arrogant hermit living deep in the woods . However , nobody in Cicely believes him . Bernard ( Richard Cummings Jr . ) shows up . He sold his condo in Portland , bought a motorcycle and rode north without quite knowing why . He and Chris find themselves strangely in tune , even sharing the same dream . They finally learn that they share the same father and the same birthday . Satisfied , Bernard returns to Portland . Joel takes Ed and Maggie into the woods to prove that Adam is real . Note : in 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode number 65 on ' its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time ' list . Season 2 ( 1991 ) ( edit ) Series # Episode # Title Directed by Written by Original airdate 9 `` Goodbye to All That '' Stuart Margolin Robin Green April 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 08 ) Joel receives a Dear John letter from his fiancee Elaine , who married a retired federal judge . When Holling installs a satellite dish at the bar as a gift for Shelly , she becomes addicted to watching television shows from around the world and buying offerings from home shopping networks . She finally breaks down and has a `` confessional '' with Chris . 10 `` The Big Kiss '' Sandy Smolan Henry Bromell April 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 15 ) When Ed wants to learn more about his parents , he receives help from One - Who - Waits ( Floyd `` Red Crow '' Westerman ) , his 256 - year - old Indian spirit guide . Meanwhile , a gorgeous woman ( Jessika Cardinahl ) passing through town steals Chris ' voice . One - Who - Waits tells Chris ( via Ed ) that the only way to get his voice back is to sleep with the town 's most beautiful woman - and Chris ( and the rest of the town ) believes Maggie is the one . 11 `` All Is Vanity '' Nick Marck Andrew Schneider and Diane Frolov April 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 22 ) Holling turns Shelly on when he faces off against a drunken roughneck and then decides to get a circumcision after intercourse with her to be `` more in style '' . When an unknown man dies in Joel 's waiting room , the locals try to ascertain his identity and then become attached to him , refusing to give him up to the state coroner . Maggie is embarrassed when her dad arrives on a surprise visit and gets more than she anticipated when she begs Joel to pretend to be her boyfriend . 12 `` What I Did for Love '' Steve Robman Ellen Herman April 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 29 ) Maggie has some surreal dreams that portend Joel 's death should he fly to New York for his vacation . His substitute arrives beforehand and is so charming , energetic , and smart that the rest of the town falls in love with him , but Joel becomes jealous and thinks he is too good to be true . Maggie seeks spiritual guidance from Chris , unsure as to whether or not to tell Joel about her dreams . Eventually the whole town finds out and a town meeting is held in which Joel is given an impromptu funeral before he leaves , so that he can be there for it . Joel then has his own surreal dreams foretelling of his flight 's crash , dreams in which Maggie figures . Meanwhile , Maurice is visited by a married `` astronaut groupie '' with whom he has a yearly fling . Chris prepares for Cicely 's anniversary and reveals that the town was founded by a lesbian couple , Roslyn and Cicely , fleeing narrow - mindedness in Montana in the early 1900s . 13 5 `` Spring Break '' Rob Thompson David Assael May 6 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 06 ) Spring arrives and Maggie and Joel find their dreams invaded by each other . Officer Barbara Semanski ( Diane Delano ) enchants Maurice . The citizens of Cicely have their yearly bout of spring fever , experiencing all kinds of weird feelings , stolen radios , and Holling 's urge to pick fights and `` do some damage '' . Ed becomes a `` detective '' to solve the case of the stolen goods . 14 6 `` War and Peace '' Bill D'Elia Robin Green and Henry Bromell May 13 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 13 ) A Russian opera singer and international celebrity ( Elya Baskin ) makes his yearly trek to Cicely to visit and bring gifts to the townsfolk , who greet their friend with open arms . His visit reopens old wounds with Maurice , who is intent on another challenging chess game . Ed loses his virginity to Light Feather Duncan ( Dana Andersen ) , who is only excited by his flowery letters , which Chris writes for him ( in the manner of Cyrano de Bergerac ) . Holling is plagued by dreams that deprive him of his sleep . Maurice challenges Nikolai to a duel . The whole town steps out of the situation to reflect on war ( the first Gulf War ) -- and moves on . 15 7 `` Slow Dance '' David Carson Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider May 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 20 ) A satellite plunges out of orbit and crashes into Maggie 's boyfriend Rick , killing him instantly and fusing with him . A disgruntled wife tries to persuade Maggie to date her husband so that he too will fall victim to the `` curse '' . Rick 's funeral is enlivened when his casket , complete with protrusions for telemetry equipment , is rolled into the church . Two men , Ron and Erick ( Doug Ballard and Don McManus ) , are interested in purchasing a house from Maurice . As Maurice closes the deal , he finds out that they are a couple and objects to their homosexual lifestyle . However , he is torn when they misinterpret his hostility and agree to his inflated new asking price . Season 3 ( 1991 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Series # Episode # Title Directed by Written by Original airdate 16 `` The Bumpy Road to Love '' Nick Marck Martin Sage and Sybill Adelman September 23 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 23 ) Adam drags Joel along to a house call for his wife , Eve ( Valerie Mahaffey ) , a hypochondriac with a long list of imagined maladies . The unveiling of a statue of Rick , who was killed by a falling satellite , brings Maggie face - to - face with a girlfriend of Rick 's she never knew about . 17 `` Only You '' Bill D'Elia Ellen Herman September 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 30 ) Joel learns that women are physically attracted to Chris because of his pheremones . Chris develops a crush on traveling optometrist Dr. Irene Rondenet ( Caitlin Clarke ) , the one woman unaffected by his scent . Maurice 's resentment over Shelly leaving him for Holling returns ; it turns out that all three principals have completely different recollections of Shelly 's first encounter with Holling when Joel hears all their versions . Maggie worries about getting old when Dr. Rondenet informs her she is farsighted . 18 `` Oy , Wilderness '' Miles Watkins Robin Green October 7 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 07 ) While returning from administering immunizations in a remote village , Joel and Maggie are stranded in the wilderness when Maggie 's plane develops engine trouble . When Maggie goes hunting to quiet his complaining about the food , he begins to look at her broken airplane engine as a medical problem . Shelly 's best friend Cindy ( Christine Elise ) comes to town to tell Shelly that she has married Shelly 's husband Wayne , a minor league hockey player , and to ask Shelly to divorce him . 19 `` Animals R Us '' Nick Marck Robin Green October 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 14 ) Ed becomes so discouraged , he gives up on the film he has been making , but then starts anew and films the community of Cicely . Maggie comes to believe that a stray dog is the reincarnation of her boyfriend Rick . Maurice sees a business opportunity in Marilyn 's ostrich farm . 20 5 `` Jules et Joel '' Jim Hayman Stuart Stevens October 28 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 28 ) On Halloween , Joel knocks himself unconscious while chasing after an overage trick - or - treater . The next day , his slick twin brother ( and polar opposite ) Jules arrives in town . Jules talks Joel into switching identities like they did when they were kids . Jules ( as Joel ) pursues Maggie , while Joel ( as Jules ) gets jailed and ends up being given an impromptu psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud . It turns out to all be a dream . Joel does not have a twin brother , but the experience affects his relationship with Maggie . 21 6 `` The Body in Question '' David Carson Henry Bromell November 4 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 04 ) The frozen body of a French soldier is found , along with a diary that claims that Napoleon came to Alaska with the deceased , rather than fight the Battle of Waterloo . Joel gets a visit from the prophet Elijah , and as his disbelief is slowly undermined , he begins to worry that his stay in Cicely is changing him . 22 7 `` Roots '' Sandy Smolan Dennis Koenig and Jordan Budde November 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 11 ) Fleischman 's ex-fiancée Elaine , who jilted him for a much older man , shows up after the death of her husband , triggering mixed feelings in Maggie . The arrival of Chris 's brother Bernard conjures up dreams of Africa in Chris , who declares himself a `` person of color '' and interprets the dream to mean he should go to Africa . Adam makes another appearance . 23 8 `` A-Hunting We Will Go '' Bill D'Elia Craig Volk November 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 18 ) Joel is shocked when Maggie shows up with a magnificent deer she has shot . After she berates him for not knowing what he is talking about , he decides to go along on a hunting trip with Holling and Chris . Meanwhile , Ed worries about Ruth - Anne after her injury and finding out that she just turned 75 . Ed throws a belated surprise party for Ruth - Anne at The Brick , with some of the food provided by the hunters . 24 9 `` Get Real '' Michael Katleman Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider December 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 09 ) A small traveling circus troupe is temporarily stranded in Cicely when their bus breaks down , and the silent `` Flying Man '' ( Bill Irwin ) takes a fancy to Marilyn . Shelly leaves Holling after he tactlessly notes that she has `` inordinately large '' feet . Joel studies his medical books with Ed 's help . 25 10 `` Seoul Mates '' Jack Bender Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider December 16 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 16 ) The town celebrates the holidays with a Raven pageant , while Maggie dreads going home for the holidays and is publicly relieved ( but privately saddened ) when her parents instead take a Caribbean vacation . Joel gets his first Christmas tree and Shelly pines for a Christmas Mass . Maurice is shocked to learn he has a grown Korean son ( James Song ) ( from his Korean War service ) when the man , his mother and his son show up unannounced . 26 11 `` Dateline : Cicely '' Michael Fresco Jeff Melvoin January 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 06 ) Maurice boosts his local newspaper 's circulation by hiring Adam as a secret columnist ; the first of his articles claims that trees have voices . Maggie hears them , but Joel is characteristically skeptical . Holling offers Chris a partnership in The Brick to raise money to pay off his delinquent tax bill . Chris sets about making changes that increase profits , but also irritate Holling . 27 12 `` Our Tribe '' Lee Shallat David Assael January 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 13 ) Joel reluctantly undergoes a cultural conversion after a tribal elder , grateful for being cured , insists on `` adopting '' him into her tribe . A mysterious Holling sends Shelly back home to Saskatoon for a visit and shuts down The Brick , ostensibly to wax the floors ; Maggie tries to find out what he is really doing . 28 13 `` Things Become Extinct '' Dean Parisot Story by : Mitchell Burgess Teleplay by : Robin Green January 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 20 ) After he learns that his Uncle Charlie has died , Holling has a mid-life crisis . Ed films Ira Wingfeather ( Bryson G. Liberty ) making duck flutes . Joel feels culturally isolated when he has trouble finding other Jews in Alaska , so Maurice takes him on a road trip to visit one of the few to try to cheer him up . 29 14 `` Burning Down the House '' Rob Thompson Robin Green February 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 03 ) Maggie receives a double dose of trauma when her visiting mother ( Bibi Besch ) announces she is divorcing Maggie 's father and accidentally burns down her house . Meanwhile , Chris searches for just the `` right '' cow to fling with the trebuchet he is building for his new piece of performance art . He becomes depressed when Ed mentions that it has already been done ( in the movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail ) . In the end , he finds a replacement in Maggie 's burnt piano . 30 15 `` Democracy in America '' Michael Katleman Jeff Melvoin February 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 24 ) Incumbent Holling is stung when his old friend Edna ( Rita Taggart ) decides to run against him for the office of mayor , a post he has held uncontested for 23 years , because of a promise he forgot about . Shelly finds power to be an aphrodisiac , Chris waxes patriotic , Ed anticipates his first vote , and Joel and Maggie argue about party politics . 31 16 `` Three Amigos '' Matthew Nodella Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green March 2 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 02 ) The death of a longtime friend sends Holling , Maurice and his lusty widow ( Joanna Cassidy ) into the wilderness to make good on a promise to bury him miles from civilization at No - Name Point . Chris reads from The Call of the Wild , which parallels Holling and Maurice 's journey . 32 17 `` Lost and Found '' Steve Robman Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider March 9 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 09 ) After hearing a voice and seeing nobody around , Joel discovers his cabin is believed to be haunted by a young man who committed suicide decades before . Eve thinks she is suffering from an exotic illness , but Joel has a much different diagnosis . Maurice is disappointed when his Korean War commanding officer and old friend ( Noble Willingham ) turns out to be less than perfect . 33 18 `` My Mother , My Sister '' Rob Thompson Kate Boutilier and Mitchell Burgess March 16 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 16 ) Shelly 's mother Tammy ( Wendy Schaal ) drops in unexpectedly , followed by her new 24 - year - old US Army mechanic husband ( Sean O'Bryan ) , who thinks that Shelly is Tammy 's sister . A baby abandoned in Joel 's waiting room is temporarily adopted by the townspeople . Adam experiences the same pains as his pregnant wife . 34 19 `` Wake Up Call '' Nick Marck Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider March 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 23 ) The coming of spring brings love to Maggie , a new skin to Shelly , and to Joel a reminder of the importance of blending compassion with his scientific knowledge . A tall , handsome stranger ( Andreas Wisniewski ) comes to Maggie 's aid when her pickup truck gets stuck in the mud . A romance develops , but there is an unusual problem . Joel reluctantly agrees to be shadowed by Marilyn 's cousin Leonard ( Graham Greene ) , a traditional native healer , who wants to learn a little about modern medical practices . They disagree about how to treat Shelly 's skin problem . 35 20 `` The Final Frontier '' Tom Moore Jeffrey Vlaming April 27 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 27 ) Holling is devastated when Ed tells him that Jesse , a bear who almost mauled Holling to death , has died . Ron and Erick have great success with their Sourdough Inn , catering to Japanese couples , much to Maurice 's disgust . A package that has traveled the world arrives in Cicely addressed to an unknown person , piquing everyone 's curiosity . 36 21 `` It Happened in Juneau '' Michael Katleman David Assael May 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 04 ) Maggie flies Joel to a medical conference in Juneau , where he hopes to hook up with single young female doctors . Maggie looks forward to seeing a road production of Les Miz . They are forced to share a hotel suite ( with separate bedrooms ) . Joel meets a New York City doctor ( Beth Broderick ) who wants to sleep with him , but is put off by her aggressive approach . Eventually he and Maggie decide to have sex , but she falls asleep before they do . The next morning , she assumes they did . Joel , insulted by her embarrassment , does not correct her and agrees to never to speak of it again . Chris experiences difficulty speaking , and he and his brother Bernard , newly returned from Africa , are out of sync with each other for the first time . 37 22 `` Our Wedding '' Nick Marck Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider May 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 11 ) When Eve becomes pregnant , she and Adam decide to wed for the baby 's sake , but she has misgivings and a secret Adam knows nothing about . Maggie avoids Joel , still believing they slept together in Juneau . When Joel finally confesses the truth , he is surprised by her reaction . Officer Semanski serves Maurice with an official complaint from his neighbor ( Ralph P. Martin ) . 38 23 `` Cicely '' Rob Thompson Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider May 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 18 ) Joel hits , but does not seriously injure , 108 - year - old former Cicely resident Ned Svenborg ( Roberts Blossom ) with his pickup truck late one night . In flashbacks , the man tells current residents the story of Cicely 's founders , lesbians Cicely ( Yvonne Suhor ) and Roslyn ( Jo Anderson ) . In 1908 , these `` free - thinking '' women drive into the then - nameless frontier town , ruled with an iron fist by the absent Mace Mobrey and his gang . The pair realize their utopian dream , winning over the rough residents and transforming the place into an artists ' colony , `` The Paris of the North '' . Roslyn 's friend Franz Kafka shows up , burdened by writer 's block . Tragedy ensues when Mace returns and sends his philosophical henchman Kit to fetch his girl , Sally , who has fallen in love with Abe . Members of the cast played characters in the flashback : Rob Morrow as Franz Kafka , Barry Cobin as Mace Mobrey , Janine Turner as Mary O'Keefe , John Cullum as Abe , Darren E. Burrows as Young Ned Svenborg , John Corbett as Kit , Cynthia Geary as Sally , Elaine Miles as Marilyn , and Peg Philips as Rhoda . Season 4 ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Series # Episode # Title Directed by Written by Original airdate 39 `` Northwest Passages '' Dean Parisot Robin Green September 28 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 28 ) Maggie faces her 30th birthday with unease . Taking Ed 's advice , she spends the day camping alone to try to come to terms with her personal issues . Joel rescues a sick and delirious Maggie after she faces the criticisms of her dead ex-boyfriends ( Grant Goodeve as Rick Pederson , Patrick Warburton as Glenn , Ted Henning as David , Will Plunkett as Bruce , and Garrett Bennett as Steve Escandon ) . Marilyn asks Ruth - Anne and Chris to teach her how to drive , with mixed results . Maurice rambles endlessly into a tape recorder about his past while writing his memoirs , annoying the townspeople . 40 `` Midnight Sun '' Michael Katleman Michael Katleman October 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 05 ) Joel 's circadian rhythm is thrown off by the midnight sun . He becomes `` light loony '' , full of energy and unable to sleep . Maurice chooses him to coach the Cicely Quarks in their annual basketball game against Sleetmute . Joel also comes on to Maggie in his hyperactive state . An old friend ( Jim Haynie ) drops in to visit Ruth - Anne and outfits the town from his collection of fashionable ensembles . 41 `` Nothing 's Perfect '' Nick Marck Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider October 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 12 ) Chris accidentally kills a dog with his truck and quickly falls in love with its owner , animal - loving math doctoral student Amy ( Wendel Meldrum ) . She is strongly attracted to him too , but after her pet bird dies while in his care , they agree he needs to sacrifice something he loves as much to save their relationship . Maurice buys an very expensive antique Augsburg clock , and Rolf Hauser ( Mark Pellegrino ) , a highly trained specialist , assembles it for him . Holling and Shelly are invited to a dinner at Maurice 's to celebrate his new clock , but he becomes irate when it does not keep accurate time . 42 `` Heroes '' Charles Braverman Jeff Vlaming October 19 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 19 ) Chris struggles to figure out how to give his deceased friend and mentor Tooley ( Mickey Jones ) a proper sendoff after he has his remains mailed to Chris . Heavy - metal rock star Brad Bonner ( Adam Ant ) mistakenly arrives in Cicely instead of Sicily , and soon Ed is filming him as he prepares to stage a concert with native drummers . Shelly swoons over Brad , making Holling ill at ease . 43 5 `` Blowing Bubbles '' Rob Thompson Mark B. Perry November 2 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 02 ) Maggie 's interest is aroused after ex-lawyer Mike Monroe ( Anthony Edwards ) relocates to Cicely . Mike has become hyper - allergic to many man - made substances and lives alone in a geodesic dome in the woods . Joel suspects Mike 's affliction is psychosomatic . With help from Maggie ( and Maurice ) , Mike introduces himself to the town . Ruth - Anne must also cope with a new addition to the community - her investment banker son Matthew ( Joel Polis ) , who has been fired , along with the rest of his department , and is in search of a simpler life . Maurice , however , tempts him with a business startup inspired by Mike 's arrival . 44 6 `` On Your Own '' Joan Tewkesbury Sy Rosen and Christian Williams November 9 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 09 ) The Flying Man returns to Cicely ( this time with Mummenschanz ) to woo Marilyn . Ed finds a ring that once belonged to Federico Fellini ; he feels himself changing because of it . Maurice has his will changed to include his recently discovered Korean son , Duk Won . Maggie is not her usual self as she spends more time with Mike . 45 7 `` The Bad Seed '' Randall Miller Mitchell Burgess November 16 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 16 ) Holling is shocked when his previously unknown , illegitimate , con artist daughter ( Valerie Perrine ) arrives in town - especially since he believed he was sterile . Holling does not like the influence Jackie is having on Shelly . Marilyn moves out of her parents ' home , and Maggie helps her look for her dream house . Mrs. Whirlwind ( Armenia Miles , Elaine Miles ' real - life mother ) puts her house up for sale . Ed is excited about the annual migratory visit of Princess , a crane he raised after she was abandoned as a chick . 46 8 `` Thanksgiving '' Michael Fresco David Assael November 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 23 ) Cicelians prepare for the annual Day of the Dead parade and Thanksgiving Day feast . The town 's Native Americans have a Thanksgiving tradition of throwing tomatoes at white people . Joel is stunned to find he owes the state of Alaska a fifth year of service . Maggie 's relationship with Mike progresses . Chris feels out - of - sorts and can not figure out why . 47 9 `` Do the Right Thing '' Nick Marck Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider November 30 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 30 ) Viktor ( David Hemmings ) , a former member of the KGB , visits Cicely to sell Maurice ( who is still working on his memoirs ) his dossier , which contains some very embarrassing information . He also talks Joel into accepting the dossier of a Russian Jew also named Fleishman as payment for his treatment . Jason ( John Hawkes ) , a dedicated young health inspector who once shut down his own father 's establishment , gives The Brick its first checkup in more than thirty years . Uneasy , Holling encourages Shelly to go see a movie with Jason after Jason shows interest in her . When a colleague is killed on a flight that she was supposed to pilot , Maggie vows to live each day as if it were her last . She is nice to everyone , even Joel , but her body rebels . 48 10 `` Crime and Punishment '' Rob Thompson Jeff Melvoin December 14 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 14 ) Chris 's past finally catches up with him ; he is apprehended for breaking parole in his home state of West Virginia years before . A circuit judge ( Anne Haney ) presides at his extradition hearing . Chris is willing to go back to West Virginia and prison , but Maurice recruits Mike , the only lawyer around , to represent him , even though Mike has never handled a criminal case . Chris hears what the townspeople think of him during Mike 's novel ( and desperate ) defense . 49 11 `` Survival of the Species '' Dean Parisot Denise Dobbs January 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 04 ) Ed becomes concerned about the environment after a nightmare . Mike helps Ed with his quest to preserve the seeds of plant species for the future . Maggie discovers ancient Indian relics buried in her backyard . Maurice takes over , with Ron and Erick leading an archaeology dig . Maggie reclaims her yard from the men , with the support of the other women of the community . Holling gives 12 - year - old Brad ( Edan Gross ) , a runaway juvenile delinquent , a job at The Brick , where he becomes smitten with Shelly . Chris teaches Brad about life and love . 50 12 `` Revelations '' Daniel Attias Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider January 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 11 ) Chris takes time off for a spiritual retreat at a monastery , with Bernard filling in for him at KBRH . Chris is welcomed by Brother Timothy ( Stephen Root ) and finds monastery life different than he had imagined . He is also inexplicably attracted to ( and has troubling erotic dreams about ) reclusive Brother Simon ( Elizabeth Juviler ) , who has taken a vow of silence , not knowing `` his '' secret . Ruth - Anne pays Maurice the remaining amount owed on her store in one big lump sum , which angers him . Joel becomes perturbed when he has no patients . 51 13 `` Duets '' Win Phelps Geoffrey Neigher January 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 18 ) Ed 's invisible spirit guide One - Who - Waits locates his father , Pete ( Gordon Tootoosis ) . Ed goes to work on Pete 's construction crew and gets to know him , but puts off revealing their relationship . With a push from One - Who - Waits , Ed finally tells Pete , who confirms that he is Ed 's father . Maggie and Mike kiss , but then she remembers her track record : five boyfriends , all killed in unusual ways while in the prime of life . Arlen Briscoe ( Kevin Conway ) , a blind traveling piano tuner , works on The Brick 's ancient upright piano ; his abrasive personality irritates Holling . 52 14 `` Grosse Pointe , 48230 '' Michael Katleman Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green February 1 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 01 ) Maggie bribes Joel with courtside seats to an NBA game into accompanying her to her Grammy 's ( Barbara Townsend ) 80th birthday party in Grosse Pointe , Michigan , and pretending to be her boyfriend . Her real boyfriend , Mike , would never survive the trip . Joel meets Maggie 's mother Jane ( Bibi Besch ) , brother Jeffy ( Dylan Baker ) and Jeffy 's unhappy wife Stephie ( Lisa Waltz ) , as well as the various party guests . Grammy has locked herself in an upstairs bathroom , much to Jane 's annoyance . Jane gets Maggie to try to coax Grammy out , as they get along much better . Joel plays a strenuous game of one - on - one basketball with Jed ( D. David Morin ) , Maggie 's ex-boyfriend , which results in Jed having to go to the hospital . Stephie confides to Joel ( and others ) that she is leaving Jeffy . Grammy finally comes out of the bathroom . As Maggie and Joel leave for the basketball game at Auburn Hills , he tells her that she must be one strong person , coming from a family like that . 53 15 `` Learning Curve '' Michael Vittes Jeff Vlaming February 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 08 ) Joel becomes so worried when Marilyn goes on vacation by herself to have an adventure in Seattle that , when she does not check into the hotel he arranged for her , he flies down to search for her . Holling studies to obtain his high school diploma . The new schoolteacher ( Jo Anderson ) is a former US Air Force pilot , but her views of a woman 's role in society are completely at odds with Maggie 's . 54 16 `` Ill Wind '' Rob Thompson Jeff Melvoin February 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 15 ) When the seasonal Coho winds blow , strange behavior follows . Joel tauntingly invites Maggie to punch him during an argument , and she obliges , breaking his nose . He files a lawsuit , and she retaliates with an eviction notice . The hostility builds until they tussle later , which ends up with them having sex . Maurice becomes unhappy when Chris saves his life , feeling an unwanted obligation to do something in return . Ed is intrigued by death . 55 17 `` Love 's Labour Mislaid '' Joe Napolitano Jeff Melvoin February 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 22 ) Maggie forgets about having had sex with Joel , which both dumbfounds and annoys him . Ed 's uncle recommends he settle down in an arranged marriage , but there is a problem with his uncle 's choice of wife . When a rare bird species ( a Siberian tit ) is reported in the area , dedicated birdwatchers Holling and Ruth - Anne set out to photograph the bird . 56 18 `` Northern Lights '' Bill D'Elia Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider March 1 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 01 ) Maurice is at first disgusted when he spots a panhandler ( Scott Paulin ) , then finds out he is a fellow ex-Marine and that he abandoned a good job for an unusual reason . Joel goes on strike when his annual vacation is denied because there is no replacement doctor available . Chris runs out of inspiration while working on a massive metal outdoor sculpture . Maggie decides to risk a relationship with Mike , despite her fatal record with boyfriends . 57 19 `` Family Feud '' Adam Arkin David Assael March 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 08 ) Leonard unveils a totem pole he carved for the Whirlwind family , but its symbolism , referencing past history , resurrects a feud between two Tlingit clans over an incident in 1934 . Shelly sees periodic visions of dancers . Joel thinks she may be schizoid , but Leonard has a different diagnosis ( and cure ) . Joel is bothered by his inability to define his and Maggie 's relationship . 58 20 `` Homesick '' Nick Marck Jeff Vlaming March 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 15 ) With Mike 's test results showing he is now completely healthy , he feels obligated to leave Cicely and Maggie behind to continue his environmental crusade , leaving Maggie feeling betrayed . Now that Shelly and Holling are married , she becomes dissatisfied with how their bedroom looks . Holling tells her to redecorate it any way she wants , but is secretly appalled by the results . Maurice has his boyhood home moved from Oklahoma to Cecily to save it from demolition . The contents of a hidden childhood cache stir up the shameful memory of his theft of his brother Malcolm 's beloved toy fish . 59 21 `` The Big Feast '' Rob Thompson Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green March 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 22 ) To celebrate the 25th anniversary of Minnifield Communications , Maurice prepares one of his famously lavish parties , sparing no expense . Joel feels Maurice is getting back at him for his unintended disclosure about Maurice to the IRS by not inviting him . Adam and Eve return to Cicely with their new baby . Adam takes over from the French chef ( Adam 's former apprentice ) Maurice hired for the party . Shelly accidentally breaks a very expensive bottle of Maurice 's wine , a 1929 Château Latour , but Eve comes to the rescue . 60 22 `` Kaddish for Uncle Manny '' Michael Lange Jeff Melvoin May 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 03 ) The death of Joel 's uncle hits him hard , as they were very close . In order to say Kaddish for the deceased , Joel needs ten Jews , but they are rare in Alaska . Maurice rallies the community to mount a search . After eight total strangers are found , Joel begins to question the tradition . Two Miller brothers come all the way from West Virginia to continue a Miller - Stevens feud that predates the Civil War , much to Chris 's delight . His brother Bernard is reluctantly dragged into it . When Marilyn chooses Holling as her new dance partner for a competition , Shelly is bothered . 61 23 `` Mud and Blood '' Jim Charleston Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider May 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 10 ) With the coming of spring , Holling feels such an overpowering urge to reconnect with the earth and sow seeds that he pays a farmer to let him work the land . He finds , however , that Shelly 's pregnancy satisfies his need . Maurice purchases a truffle pig . Maggie discovers that she has mysteriously become a positive force - among other things , she saves Dave from a falling sign - and decides to change her attitude about life . 62 24 `` Sleeping with the Enemy '' Frank Prinzi Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green May 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 17 ) Duk Won seeks his father Maurice 's approval of his fiancee , but Maurice finds out her father is his mortal Korean War enemy . With native speakers aging and their descendants not learning the language , Ed decides to dub the 1937 movie The Prisoner of Zenda in Tlingit . A pregnant Shelly loses interest in sex , so Holling has no outlet for his strong libido . 63 25 `` Old Tree '' Michael Fresco Diane Frolov and Robin Green May 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 24 ) When Ootockalockatuvik or `` Old Vicky '' , a beloved , centuries - old tree on Maurice 's land , appears to be ailing , Joel is drafted as the nearest thing to a tree doctor . Everyone but Maurice wants to save her . Joel has an accident every time Maggie is nice to him . Shelly wakes up one morning to find she can only sing , not talk . Season 5 ( 1993 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Series # Episode # Title Directed by Written by Original airdate 64 `` Three Doctors '' Daniel Attias Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider September 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) The whole town pitches in to nurse Joel when he comes down with `` glacier dropsy '' , a local disease he initially refuses to acknowledge exists . Ed finds himself waking up in high places ( up a tree , on a rooftop ) ; Leonard tells him he has been called to be a shaman . Much to her disappointment , Shelly finally stops singing . 65 `` The Mystery of the Old Curio Shop '' Michael Fresco Rogers Turrentine September 27 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 27 ) Maurice receives several unpleasant reminders of his age , including a mild heart attack , the poor health of a visiting old comrade - in - arms and his first social security check . Maggie is not invited to her father 's wedding in Europe . While shopping for a wedding gift , she ( a fan of Nancy Drew , detective extraordinaire ) finds and investigates a mystery of her own . Joel is thrilled to find traces of Yiddish in the Tlingit language . 66 `` Jaws of Life '' Jim Charleston Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green October 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 04 ) Madame Tussauds sends a man ( Brian George ) to Maurice 's place to put the finishing touches to a life - size wax replica of him for an upcoming exhibit . Chris discovers that simple daily medication for his high blood pressure may save him from the short lifespan of Stevens males , which causes him to reconsider his lifestyle and outlook on life . The dentalmobile comes to Cicely ; everyone acts unnaturally around the dentist , Dr. John Summers ( Jay O. Sanders ) , which annoys him . 67 `` Altered Egos '' John David Coles Jeff Melvoin October 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 11 ) Bernard shows up with his girlfriend , who turns out to have been Chris 's lover when he was 22 . Chris can not remember her at all ( he can not recall a whole year of his life due to heavy drug use at the time ) . The half - brothers become estranged when she can not tell their kisses apart in a blind test , as it raises questions about their uniqueness . Joel is worried that he is losing his big city smarts . Marilyn snoops through Joel 's confidential medical files to check up on the men she dates ; she drops any who have health issues . 68 5 `` A River Does n't Run Through It '' Nick Marck Jeff Melvoin October 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 25 ) Maggie agrees to be the high school 's Homecoming Queen because the entire senior class consists of three boys , among them Kevin Wilkins ( Jack Black ) . She frets that Kevin is developing a crush on her . Maurice , the richest man in the interior , negotiates the purchase of some land from Lester Haines , the first Native American to make the list of the top five wealthiest . Ruth - Anne is audited by an IRS agent having marital troubles . 69 6 `` Birds of a Feather '' Mark Horowitz Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green November 1 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 01 ) Joel 's parents visit . Joel has issues with his father ( David Margulies ) . Marilyn tells his mother ( Joanna Merlin ) that she is spiritually an eagle , which comes in handy when she falls off a cliff . Holling reveals that he does not like sports , which causes friction with his bar patrons and Shelly . 70 7 `` Rosebud '' Michael Fresco Barbara Hall November 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 08 ) Maurice enlists Ed to organize a film festival in Cicely to help him secure financing for a hotel and resort . Ed 's friend , director Peter Bogdanovich , happens to be in Alaska and drops by to help him . Joel is asked to join Cicely 's volunteer fire department . When his pickup truck catches on fire , he accuses fire chief Ruth - Anne of not responding quickly because he turned down the offer . 71 8 `` Heal Thyself '' Michael Katleman Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider November 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 15 ) Ed is belittled by a short , supernatural Green Man ( Phil Fondacaro ) ; Leonard advises him the evil spirit is his low self - esteem . Shelly throws Holling out of their childbirth class when he is disruptive . Maggie misses the regular laundromat gossip-fest when she buys her own washer and dryer . 72 9 `` A Cup of Joe '' Michael Lange Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green November 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 22 ) Ruth - Anne and Holling 's relationship is strained when they learn that after Ruth - Anne 's grandfather died in a famous blizzard , Holling 's grandfather and others reluctantly ate his body to survive the storm . Chris studies for his pilot 's license . Joel learns that Marilyn is an astute detective when the office petty cash is stolen . 73 10 `` First Snow '' Daniel Attias Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider December 13 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 13 ) An aged patient and friend of Joel 's tells him she will die soon , even though he can find nothing medically wrong with her . Joel is traumatized when she does die , despite all his efforts . Maurice is devastated when Shelly lies about ever telling him she loved him . Maggie has a nagging sense that something is missing when she redecorates her home at the onset of winter . 74 11 `` Baby Blues '' Jim Charleston Barbara Hall January 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 03 ) Shelly becomes nervous when other women brag about their difficult childbirths . Maggie and Joel find something in common : a dislike for babies . Ed 's screenplay for The Shaman interests a Hollywood agent , but the man suggests a lot of changes . 75 12 `` Mr. Sandman '' Michael Fresco David Chase and Diane Frolov January 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 10 ) When the aurora borealis flares up , residents of Cicely have each other 's dreams . Maggie dreams about Holling 's abusive father , while Maurice is embarrassed when his dream fetish for women 's footwear interrupts the sleep of a man ( Ron ) he considers a pervert . Holling is suddenly repelled by food ; he turns to Joel for psychoanalytic help , but it is Maggie who makes the connection to her dreams . 76 13 `` Mite Makes Right '' Michael Vittes Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider January 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 17 ) Maggie becomes fixated on dust mites after Joel diagnoses her with an allergy to them . She later goes on a date with him . Maurice gets more than he bargained for when he buys an extremely valuable Guarneri del Gesu violin for investment purposes ; Cal Ingraham ( Simon Templeman ) , the professional violist he hires to evaluate it , becomes obsessed with the instrument . Chris reaches an artistic impasse on a sculpture . 77 14 `` A Bolt from the Blue '' Michael Lange Jeff Melvoin January 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 24 ) Adam sabotages the equipment for a fireworks display Maurice arranged for Presidents ' Day , claiming that the head of the pyrotechnics company was an intelligence operative who betrayed a Contra guerrilla operation . Joel talks down a Forestry Service fire lookout from his isolated station after he is fired . Ed is struck by lightning , but escapes unharmed ; he is left wondering if it means something . 78 15 `` Hello , I Love You '' Michael Fresco Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green January 31 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 31 ) Shelly , scheduled for induced labor because she is overdue , meets a young girl named Miranda ( Kaley Cuoco ) at the laundromat ; each time Shelly goes back there that day , the girl is years older . She comes to believe that Miranda ( `` Randi '' ) is somehow her daughter . Shelly then gives birth to a girl and names her Miranda . When Ruth - Anne and Walt ( Moultrie Patten ) are stranded on the tundra overnight after her truck breaks down , Walt reveals his feelings for her . 79 16 `` Northern Hospitality '' Oz Scott Barbara Hall February 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 28 ) Joel discovers he has breached social etiquette by accepting dinner invitations and not reciprocating , so he throws a party , but even with Maggie 's help , it is a dismal failure . Chris is shaken when a radio listener blames him in a suicide note . Shelly , a Canadian , takes her child across the border to register her citizenship . Holling follows after her , fearing she will not return . 80 17 `` Una Volta in L'Inverno '' Michael Vittes Jeff Melvoin March 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 07 ) Joel and Maggie are stranded in the airport shack during a snowstorm . Then Ed shows up . Ruth - Anne studies Italian in order to read The Divine Comedy in the original , with Shelly as her unlikely tutor . Walt becomes addicted to a special light visor designed to alleviate his depression caused by the seasonal lack of sunlight . 81 18 `` Fish Story '' Bill D'Elia Jeff Melvoin March 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 14 ) Joel is uncomfortable with Maggie 's offer to prepare a Passover dinner for him . Later , while fishing , he hooks a legendary lake monster called Gunaakadeit or `` Goony '' and has a Jonah - like experience . When her customers become too much for her , Ruth - Anne borrows Chris 's motorcycle and hits the open road . Holling takes up paint - by - numbers . 82 19 `` The Gift of the Maggie '' Patrick McKee Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green March 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 28 ) After a house fire , Maurice accepts an invitation to stay with Holling and Shelly for a few days . Joel is depressed when he has no one to `` talk shop '' with about a diagnosis he is very proud of ; Maggie secretly tries to help out . Out hunting , Chris has his sights on a magnificent buck , but for some reason can not pull the trigger . 83 20 `` A Wing and a Prayer '' Lorraine Senna Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green April 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 11 ) On his morning paper route , Ed spots Ruth - Anne being cozy with Walt and , despite knowing better , talks about it to others . Maggie and Maurice set out to build a homebuilt aircraft together , but have a falling out . Father Kevin McKerry comes to Cecily to baptize Randi . 84 21 `` I Feel the Earth Move '' Michael Fresco Jed Seidel May 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 02 ) Ron and Erick decide to marry after eight years together , with Holling undercutting another caterer for the wedding repast . Maggie experiences severe , intermittent nausea that she fears is triggered by Joel . 85 22 `` Grand Prix '' Michael Lange Barbara Hall May 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 09 ) Maurice stages a wheelchair race , fielding his own team and lining up sponsors like Reebok . Ed has another encounter with his Green Man , then battles External Validation ( Ben Reed ) on behalf of a driven race competitor . Ted ( Tim Sampson ) , Marilyn 's boyfriend , learns of the downside of wealth after working as a contractor for Lester Haines . 86 23 `` Blood Ties '' Tom Moore Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green May 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 16 ) Jed , Maggie 's former Grosse Pointe beau , arrives in Cicely , looking to resume their relationship . Joel loses his confidence during the annual blood drive , while Maurice competes with Lloyd Hillegas ( Don S. Davis ) to see whose community can donate the most blood . When Ed learns that he and a newcomer to town share the same very rare blood type , he hires a private detective to try to find out if she is his mother . 87 24 `` Lovers and Madmen '' James Hayman Jeff Melvoin May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) Joel stumbles upon a perfectly preserved woolly mammoth . Maurice uses bribery to get violinist Cal Ingraham ( Simon Templeman ) out of an insane asylum for a private birthday performance for Barbara Semanski ( Diane Delano ) . Chris gets a rude awakening when a girl he had a crush on in high school visits . Season 6 ( 1994 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Series # Episode # Title Directed by Written by Original airdate 88 `` Dinner at Seven - Thirty '' Michael Fresco Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider September 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 19 ) Joel experiences an alternate reality in Manhattan after accidentally drinking Ed 's healing concoction . In this reality , Joel is still a doctor , but married to Shelly , a corporate lawyer , while Maggie is the au pair for their two children and Maurice is their doorman . Joel and Shelly host a dinner party whose guests include : Ed , a wealthy investor ; Ruth - Anne , a renowned doctor and Joel 's boss ; Chris , a tongue - tied assistant to Bernard ; and Holling , a famous entertainer . Afterward , Joel comes to the conclusion that life in Cicely is not all that bad . 89 `` Eye of the Beholder '' Jim Charleston Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green September 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 26 ) Working for private investigator Reynaldo Pinetree , Ed uncovers proof of an insurance scam perpetrated by his shady friend Hayden Keyes . Maggie regrets donating a mechanical bank , given to her by her grandmother , for a charity auction . Maurice 's donation of a case of wine that has gone bad is bought by Holling . 90 `` Shofar , So Good '' James Hayman Jeff Melvoin October 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 03 ) On Yom Kippur , Joel gets the Christmas Carol treatment , courtesy of Rabbi Schulman ( Jerry Adler ) . Holling blames himself for not being there for his first daughter after she scams him again . Maurice holds a fox hunt , hoping to impress an attractive English aristocrat guest ( Jill Gascoine ) , but the fox gets away beforehand . 91 `` The Letter '' Jim Charleston Meredith Stiehm October 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 10 ) Maggie reads a letter she wrote as a 15 - year - old ( Tara Subkoff ) to her 30 - year - old adult self . She then has to defend her present situation to her younger , disapproving self . Joel takes risks when he has a cancer scare . Shelly learns that a chain letter has no effect on her life . The new barber ( Bill Cobbs ) rebuffs Chris 's friendly overtures . 92 5 `` The Robe '' Lorraine Senna Sam Egan October 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 17 ) Joel relishes the opportunity to conduct a medical study in conjunction with the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine ( still stung that it turned him down for admission years ago ) , but Ed accidentally ruins it . Shelly is tempted by the offer by the Devil ( in the guise of a spa salesman played by Charles Martin Smith ) to fulfill her wildest dream : legalized gambling in Alaska and The Brick turned into a casino . Chris uses a ventriloquist dummy to offer straightforward opinions , in contrast to his more nuanced responses , and becomes irked when people prefer the dummy 's advice . 93 6 `` Zarya '' Jim Charleston Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider October 31 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 31 ) This builds on the third - season episode `` Cicely '' , with flashbacks to the early days of the town . Marilyn starts having dreams of a story her grandfather used to tell her at the same time as she begins having leg pains . Ed thinks that filming her as she relates what she can remember will help her recall the ending and cure her . Princess Anastasia ( Tushka Bergen ) and Vladimir Lenin ( Christopher Neame ) meet in Cicely to negotiate her possible return to her homeland . Romance blooms between Lenin 's personal physician ( Rob Morrow ) and Anastasia 's lady - in - waiting ( Janine Turner ) , while Marilyn 's grandfather ( Anastasia 's native guide , played by Darren Burrows ) becomes infatuated with the princess . 94 7 `` Full Upright Position '' Oz Scott Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green November 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 07 ) Joel invites Maggie along on an all - expenses - paid trip to Saint Petersburg , Russia , where he is to give a speech . Tensions boil over when their Russian airliner is stuck on the ground for an entire day , with all the passengers left aboard . With their relationship strained to the breaking point , Joel surprisingly proposes to Maggie , and she accepts , though they later decide to live together first . Maurice tries to mold his cousin 's son ( from the white trash side of the family ) into the heir apparent of his business empire . Chris struggles to get inside electricity artistically . 95 8 `` Up River '' Michael Fresco Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider November 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 14 ) Joel settles down in Manonash , a small , remote native village with no electricity or running water , after paddling upriver for a house call . When Ed is sent by Maurice to bring him back , Joel explains why he is staying . Chris gets a life lesson when he hires an unreliable contractor to upgrade his trailer . Ruth - Anne resents being deeply in love with Walt . 96 9 `` Sons of the Tundra '' Michael Vittes Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider November 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 28 ) Cicely welcomes Phil and Michelle Capra , the new doctor and his wife , fresh from Los Angeles . Holling wants to join the prestigious Sons of the Tundra men 's club to cultivate business contacts , but Shelly is displeased by its exclusion of women . Ed can see a little bit into the future after eating a trout which he thinks was actually Raven , a mythological trickster and shapeshifter . Joel makes a brief appearance to trade for a hunting knife . 97 10 `` Realpolitik '' Victor Lobl Sam Egan December 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 19 ) Maggie is elected mayor , but encounters resistance from most of her council against her first proposal . Chris has an unexpected reaction to her new status . Joel invites Phil for a round of golf , but has an ulterior motive . Marilyn buys a retired sled dog , but her dog breeding venture is a flop . 98 11 `` The Great Mushroom '' James Hayman Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider January 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 04 ) Maggie visits Joel in Manonash on his birthday , feeling guilty that she may have driven him away from Cicely . Joel reassures her that she is not responsible for his decision , but she envisions him dying in unusual ways , like her other boyfriends . The Capras get more than they bargained for when they host a dinner party . 99 12 `` Mi Casa , Su Casa '' Daniel Attias Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green January 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 11 ) Marilyn travels to Manonash for a potlatch , causing Joel to revert to his old ways and to question if he has really changed . Maurice leaves Ed to house sit while he goes on a hunting trip . Shelly and Holling go looking for their first house , but Holling is uncomfortable with the idea . 100 13 `` Horns '' Michael Fresco Jeff Melvoin January 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 18 ) Maurice 's newest venture , bottled Cicely Water , causes some unusual gender role reversal effects . Joel learns that he is free of his contract and can leave Alaska . Mental hospital escapee and violinist Cal Ingraham is depressed without an audience . 101 14 `` The Mommy 's Curse '' Michael Lange Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green February 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 01 ) Walt tries working for Ruth - Anne ; it does not work out , but he ends up moving in with her anyway . When her mother 's boyfriend dies , Maggie is convinced there 's a family curse . Holling 's new friendship with Phil has Maurice seething with jealousy . 102 15 `` The Quest '' Michael Vittes Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider February 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 08 ) Joel drags Maggie along on a search for the mythical Jeweled City of the North on an isolated island . He finds the city , which turns out to be surprisingly familiar to him . He and Maggie part ways , and this is Joel 's last appearance in the series . Chris sues Dr. Capra for medical malpractice . Michelle is asked to write a food review of The Brick for an Alaskan restaurant guide , but Holling and Shelly find out . 103 16 `` Lucky People '' Janet Greek Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider February 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 15 ) Phil and Michelle come to the realization that they are stuck in a place they hate . Maggie and Chris restore Roslyn and Cicely 's Ford Model T for the Founders ' Day parade . Maurice goes on a buying spree for Holling and Shelly 's baby . 104 17 `` The Graduate '' James Hayman Sam Egan March 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 08 ) Maggie learns the harsh realities of running a business when she buys the local movie theater and hires Ed and Heather Haines . Chris has to deal with two professors with profoundly different philosophies in his quest for a master 's degree in Comparative Literature . Patrick Dulac stops by on his way to Kyoto . Holling has been sending money monthly for 25 years to help support him and his mother , leading Patrick to believe that Holling is his father . 105 18 `` Little Italy '' Stephen Cragg Jeff Melvoin March 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 15 ) Italian - American Phil is delighted to discover Cicely has a Little Italy , but then becomes embroiled in a petty vendetta between two of its four families . As mayor , Maggie finds she is obligated to provide marriage counseling to Holling and Shelly . After Ruth - Anne is interviewed on the National Public Radio show All Things Considered , her success proves to be a burden . 106 19 `` Balls '' Scott Paulin Jeff Melvoin June 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 04 ) Against the backdrop of Cicely 's defense of its bowling league championship , Michelle leaves Phil and moves into Holling and Shelly 's spare room . Lester Haines offers to finance Ed 's film if Ed will stop seeing his daughter Heather . Chris is attracted to Maggie . 107 20 `` Buss Stop '' Daniel Attias Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green June 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 24 ) Michelle tries hard to stage the play Bus Stop . Ron bribes her to give an important part to longtime aspiring actor Erick , Shelly resents not being cast as Cheri , and Chris has a problem with kissing Maggie in rehearsals . 108 21 `` Ursa Minor '' Patrick McKee Sam Egan July 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 12 ) Ed becomes a surrogate parent to a rambunctious bear cub . Chris uses lucid dreaming to try to work through relationship issues regarding Maggie , but his dreams do not cooperate . Maurice becomes concerned when the population of Cicely drops ( from 623 to 607 ) . Michelle tentatively reconciles with Phil . 109 22 `` Let 's Dance '' Michael Vittes Sam Egan July 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 19 ) Cal turns himself in . As Officer Barbara Semanski and Maurice drive him back to the state hospital , she starts to fall for him . Marilyn teaches cotillion and manners . Phil commits several social blunders , so he attends her class , as does Chris . 110 23 `` Tranquility Base ( Our Town ) '' Michael Fresco Mitchell Burgess , Robin Green and Jeff Melvoin July 26 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 26 ) Maurice invites his friends to spend the weekend at his new summer lodge , `` Tranquility Base '' . All does not go smoothly , however . Michelle 's inability to make decisions wears on Phil , and she receives a visit from Joel 's puzzled Rabbi Schulman . Chris regrets breaking up with Maggie . Maurice plans to propose to Barbara , but her behavior towards his other guests forces him to intervene , endangering their relationship . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Meyer ( June 9 , 1996 ) . `` How Far Can a Piano Fly ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Built by John Wayne Cyra , the trebuchet ( `` The Flinger Thinger '' ) was also used to fling a coffin in `` Heroes '' and a log in another episode . ( hide ) Northern Exposure Episodes Season 1 5 6 Characters Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Northern_Exposure_episodes&oldid=827148962 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in northern exposure season 1 | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nSeason premiere\nSeason finale\nDVD release date\n\n\nDiscs\n\n\n\n1\n8\n1990\nJuly 12, 1990\nAugust 30, 1990\nMay 25, 2004\n2\n\n\n\n2\n7\n1991\nApril 8, 1991\nMay 20, 1991\nNovember 30, 2004\n2\n\n\n\n3\n23\n1991–1992\nSeptember 23, 1991\nMay 18, 1992\nJune 14, 2005\n6\n\n\n\n4\n25\n1992–1993\nSeptember 28, 1992\nMay 24, 1993\nMarch 28, 2006\n6\n\n\n\n5\n24\n1993–1994\nSeptember 20, 1993\nMay 23, 1994\nNovember 14, 2006\n5\n\n\n\n6\n23\n1994–1995\nSeptember 19, 1994\nJuly 26, 1995\nMarch 6, 2007\n5\n\n"
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-1707027984928819579 | My Name Is Khan | My Name is Khan - wikipedia My Name is Khan Jump to : navigation , search My Name Is Khan Theatrical release poster Directed by Karan Johar Produced by Hiroo Johar Gauri Khan Screenplay by Shibani Bathija Story by Karan Johar Shibani Bathija Starring Shah Rukh Khan Kajol Sonya Jehan Jimmy Shergill Zarina Wahab Arjan Aujla Arjun Mathur Narrated by Shah Rukh Khan Music by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Cinematography Ravi K. Chandran Edited by Deepa Bhatia Production company Fox Searchlight Pictures Dharma Productions Red Chillies Entertainment Image Nation Abu Dhabi Distributed by Fox Star Studios ( India ) Fox Searchlight Pictures ( United States ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) ( Dubai ) 12 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 12 ) ( Worldwide ) Running time 165 minutes Country India United States Hong Kong Language Hindi English Budget ₹ 45 crore ( US $6.9 million ) Box office ₹ 207.78 crore ( US $45.5 million ) My Name Is Khan is a 2010 Indian drama film , directed by Karan Johar , produced by Hiroo Johar and Gauri Khan , and starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol in lead roles . The film was jointly produced by Dharma Productions and Red Chillies Entertainment and was distributed by FOX Star Entertainment , which had bought the rights for the film for a sum of ₹ 100 crore ( US $15 million ) , making it the most expensive Bollywood film of 2010 . It is also the highest buyover for any Indian film , surpassing Ghajini 's record of ₹ 90 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 179 crore or US $27 million in 2017 ) . Before its release , the film generated a great deal of publicity for itself due to three main reasons : first , the multiple political controversies surrounding the film and its lead actor ; second , Khan 's presence in the film ( he was last seen in a leading actor role in December 2008 , when Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi was released ) ; and third , the reunion of the `` golden pair '' of Khan and Kajol , who last appeared together in the film Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham in 2001 . My Name Is Khan debuted in Abu Dhabi , UAE , on 10 February 2010 . It premiered globally in cinemas on 12 February 2010 . It was also screened as part of the 60th Berlin International Film Festival 's official selection the same month . Upon its release , the film broke many box office records . My Name Is Khan was the highest - grossing Indian film overseas at the time , the first to gross over ₹ 100 crore overseas , before it was overtaken by 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) in 2011 . Within four weeks , the film crossed the ₹ 70 crore ( US $11 million ) mark in India and became the first film of 2010 to do so . In overseas markets , the film grossed US23. 5 million . My Name Is Khan earned a worldwide gross of ₹ 207.78 crore ( US $45.5 million ) . The film was released in India on DVD on 28 April 2010 . Blu - ray in India , plus a DVD release worldwide followed on 10 August 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Themes 3.2 Casting and filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Pre-release revenues 5 Reception 5.1 India 5.2 United States 6 Box office 6.1 India 6.2 Overseas 6.3 Box office records 6.4 Performance analysis 7 Awards 8 Soundtrack 8.1 Reception 8.2 Lyrics 9 Controversies 9.1 Airport security 9.2 Shiv Sena controversy 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Rizwan Khan ( Shah Rukh Khan ) is a Muslim child who lived with his brother Zakir ( Jimmy Jimmy Shergill ) and his mother ( Zarina Wahab ) in a middle - class family in the Borivali section of Mumbai . Rizwan has autism . However , he has certain gifts , particularly a special ability to repair things . His difference leads to special tutoring from a reclusive scholar and extra attention from his mother , all which leads to a heightened level of jealousy from his brother , who eventually leaves his family for a life in the United States . Despite this initial resentment , as an adult Zakir requests Rizwan to come and live with him in San Francisco after the death of their mother . It is at this time that Zakir 's wife , Haseena diagnoses Rizwan as having Asperger 's syndrome . Rizwan begins to work as a product seller in Zakir 's company and in the process he meets a Hindu woman , Mandira ( Kajol ) and her young son , Sameer , from a previous marriage . Despite Zakir 's hostility to the match , they marry and settle down in the town of Banville , where both Mandira and Sameer take Rizwan 's last name as their own . They also live next door to the Garrick family , consisting of Mark , who is a reporter , his wife Sarah and son Reese . The couples perfect existence is disrupted after the September 11 attacks on the twin towers in New York City . Mark goes to cover the war in Afghanistan and dies there . At the same time , the Khan family begins to experience post 9 - 11 prejudice in their community and Reese begins to turn against Sameer as well . One afternoon , an argument between them turns into a racially motivated schoolyard fight between Sameer and a number of older students . Reese tries to stop the fight but is held back and Sameer dies from his injuries . A shattered Mandira blames Rizwan for his death stating that Sameer `` died only because his name was Khan . '' She then tells Rizwan that she no longer wants to be with him . When he asks her what he has to do in order for them to be together , she tells him that he has to tell the people of the United States and the President that his name is Khan and that he is not a terrorist . Rizwan thus sets out on a journey that takes him from one US state to another , in order to first meet President George W. Bush and later President - elect Barack Obama . During this quest , he travels to a small town in Georgia and befriends Mama Jenny and her son Joel . Later , in Los Angeles , he prays in a Mosque and overhears violent rhetoric from Faisal Rahman . He reports this to the FBI but there is no response at that moment . Later , while waiting in a crowd to meet President Bush and repeating again and again , `` My name is Khan and I am not a terrorist , '' Rizwan is arrested and placed in a prison by police who misinterpret his statement . While in the prison he is interrogated as a terrorist suspect and meets the psychiatrist Radha who believes he is innocent . He is later released after a media campaign by some Indian student reporters , who prove his innocence by unearthing his attempts to inform the FBI about Faisal Rahman . After his release , he returns to hurricane - hit Wilhemina to help Mama Jenny and her son . His efforts attract media attention and numerous Muslims come to help as well . At the same time , Reese confesses to Mandira and reveals the identity of the boys who beat up Sam . She informs Detective Garcia who has been assisting her on the case , and the boys are arrested . After they are brought to justice , she joins Rizwan in Georgia . At the moment she arrives , Rizwan is stabbed by a follower of Faisal Rahman who accuses him of being a traitor to Islam . He is then rushed to the hospital . With Mandira 's help , Rizwan survives and meets President - elect Barack Obama who tells him : `` Your name is Khan and you are not a terrorist . '' Cast ( edit ) Shah Rukh Khan as Rizwan Khan Kajol as Mandira Khan , Rizwan 's wife Sonya Jehan as Haseena Khan , Zakir 's wife Jimmy Shergill as Zakir Khan , Rizwan 's brother Zarina Wahab as Razia Khan , Rizwan 's mother Vinay Pathak as Jitesh Parvin Dabas as Bobby Ahuja , a news channel reporter Arjun Mathur as Raj Burman Sugandha Garg as Komal Sumeet Raghavan as Attacker Arif Zakaria as Faisal Rahman Sheetal Menon as Radha Pallavi Sharda as Sajida Khan Tanay Chheda as young Rizwan Khan Arjan Aujla as Sameer ( Sam ) , Mandira 's son Yuvaan Makaar as Young Sameer ( Young Sam ) Kenton Duty as Reese Garrick , Sameer 's friend Katie A. Keane as Sarah Garrick , Reese 's mother Dominic Renda as Mark Garrick , Reese 's father Syed Tausif Kamran as BBC Reporter . Christopher B. Duncan as President - elect Barack Obama Brent Mendenhall as President George W. Bush Michael Arnold as Reese Garrick ( as a child ) Harmony Blossom as Karma Girl Jennifer Echols as Mama Jenny Adrian Kali Turner as Funny Hair Joel Benny Nieves as Detective Garcia Kyle Hamon as Jim , main bully of Sameer Shane Harper as Tim Tompson , another bully of Sameer Marquis Scott as Tyler , another bully of Sameer Jeremy Kilpatrick as Jimmy , another bully of Sameer Kavin Dave as Computer Hacker Production ( edit ) Themes ( edit ) According to Karan Johar , writer , co-producer and director of My Name Is Khan , the film is about a multitude of perspectives of the various opinions , facts , and propaganda that comes with the global issue of discrimination and intolerance towards a race of people completely unassociated with the evils of terrorism . In an August 2009 interview , Shah Rukh Khan stated that My Name Is Khan is `` not about terrorism , or 9 / 11 . It 's about a relationship between two people , between an individual and the State , and between an individual and the country . In short , there are the three important components : a love story , Islam , and a mild form of autism . '' `` I think it 's an exceptionally relevant time , as the unity of our nation is of paramount importance , and I am very happy to witness such a movement in front of my eyes . We are all coming together to fight for a common cause -- called humanity . Everyone knows that terrorism has no religion and it will never have a religion . As a filmmaker , I believe that I have a social responsibility and I promise to fulfill that . '' -- Karan Johar 's response to the increased unification between Hindus and Muslims in India , especially after 26 / 11 . As said to Madhureeta Mukherjee . In an earlier July 2009 interview , Khan also noted that the film focuses on themes concerning `` the relationship between the Western world and Islam and how that has changed over the past few years . '' He describes the film as about `` the journey of one family and how it changes because of 9 / 11 '' and suggests `` we touch upon that in a very unbiased and educated way . '' In another early interview , he also stated that , `` it 's not about a disabled man 's fight against disability . It 's a disabled man 's fight against the disability that exists in the world -- terrorism , hatred , fighting ... My Name Is Khan is also about Islam and the way the world looks at Islam but we are not taking any sides . We are only trying to say that there are only good people and bad people . There are no good Hindus , bad Hindus , good Christians , bad Christians . Either you are a good person or a bad person . Religion is not the criterion , humanity is . '' Karan Johar said in an interview with Bollywood Hungama : `` MNIK is an unusual Bollywood film , if at all , and does n't have those quintessential pre-requisite elements that any Bollywood film has . It 's telling a story with a strong message , professing humanity and goodness and putting it out on a big cinematic scale . So all put together it is definitely a different experience for mainstream India ( ... ) All I can say is that MNIK is going to open windows and doors to many people who have stories to tell and are shy to put their story on the celluloid '' When asked about comparisons between the film and the 2009 release Kurbaan , noting that both have dealt with similar topics , he added : `` I 'd say that Kurbaan did n't have ' hope ' , whereas MNIK had ' hope ' . Kurbaan was more darker , grittier and a grey look at a situation , whereas MNIK is a hopeful , far more positive and a lot more positivity in its finishing reels with a triumph to the human spirit . Kurbaan was very cinematic and interesting in its approach but it did n't offer a solution . Rather it just tells the problem . MNIK offers you that solution . '' Casting and filming ( edit ) Production of the film took place in India and the United States . Filming began in Los Angeles during December 2008 and one of the locations used was UCLA . Johar next continued production in Mumbai during April 2009 . During June 2009 , production moved to San Francisco and the Bay Area , where they filmed a key scene at the Children 's Discovery Museum of San Jose . Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol were cast in the lead roles , reuniting them after many years . The film faced a temporary setback in late December when actor Aamir Bashir was denied a visa to the United States . He was eventually replaced by Jimmy Shergill as Khan 's younger brother . Although Shabana Azmi was originally cast as Shahrukh Khan 's mother she left the production after his shoulder injury delayed the filming schedule . She was replaced in the role by Zarina Wahab . Tanay Chheda portrayed Shahrukh Khan 's character as a child living in the Borivali section of Mumbai . Chheda was chosen because he resembles Khan and because he is recognizable to an international audience after portraying `` middle Jamal '' in Slumdog Millionaire . He had earlier worked with Khan in the remake of the 1970s film Don : The Chase Begins Again . American actor Christopher B. Duncan was chosen to portray President Barack Obama . Duncan is known for his impression of Obama on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Johar had difficulties finding a mosque to film in . According to actor Arif Zakaria , `` I do n't know if Karan tried to get permission in Mumbai . But we were to shoot in a mosque in Los Angeles and hard as Karan tried to convince the authorities that his film would not propagate anti-social values , he was denied permission ( ... ) We finally shot the two - day scene with Shahrukh Khan on the set of a mosque constructed at The Club in Andheri . '' Johar also shot for an important scene inside of the studio of CBS 5 . San Francisco 's Film Commission Director Stephanie Coyote was responsible for giving permission to the crew to shoot in the film studio . While shooting for the film , Khan suffered from severe pain in the neck and headaches which were caused by the expressions and posture of Rizwan Khan . His character in the film who has Asperger 's Syndrome , has a way of jutting his neck out at a particular angle and wears an expression which has his eyebrows raised in every scene . As he would shoot for hours , he 'd get severe migraines . Director Karan Johar admitted that `` Shahrukh 's character Rizwan had to arch his eyebrows and focus his eyes on a certain place before every take . Halfway through the shooting of the film , Shah Rukh developed severe headaches as result of all the pressure it would put on his head so he had to see a neurosurgeon for that . '' After filming in Los Angeles was completed , Johar stated that , `` in all my 11 years as a filmmaker I 've never felt the experience to be so different . The content of My Name Is Khan is diametrically opposite to whatever I 've done in the past . '' He described working with both Shahrukh Khan and Kajol again as `` magic . They build an inexplicable energy on screen . '' Johar also stated that he was `` blown away by Shahrukh who had done monumental research on his autistic character in the film . I was zapped by how much he knew about the subject . '' Johar also asked Khan to co-produce the film under his production company Red Chillies Entertainment , Talking about the initiative , the director said : `` we were both passionate about the subject , we said why not co-produce the film ? We 've known each other so long ... that this new initiative is just an extension of our emotions . Besides , I can never make a film without Shah Rukh . '' Release ( edit ) My Name Is Khan debuted in Abu Dhabi , UAE on 10 February 2010 . It released globally in cinemas on 12 February 2010 . MNIK had a two phase release . To begin with , it had a mainstream release in India coupled with a regular Diaspora release in UK , US , Gulf , Australia and various other countries . `` After that in the months of April and May , we would be looking at a mainstream theatrical release in countries like Germany , Poland and other parts of North America , '' detailed Johar . Marketing ( edit ) Khan , Kajol and Johar while unveiling the first look of the film My Name Is Khan was screened as part of 60th Berlin International Film Festival 's Official Selection in February 2010 , out of competition . The website eBay auctioned the tickets for the film 's screening at the Berlin Film Festival for a record price of £ 1.000 ( INR 60.000 ) each . All the tickets were sold out in five seconds . The first look of My Name Is Khan unveiled at a grand function at Mumbai by Johar , Khan and Kajol and was then be beamed across 70 countries worldwide on the Star TV Network . Says Karan , `` This is a first in the history of Bollywood -- that the promos of a film will play across such a wide platform . And , this has mainly been made possible because of our synergy with Fox Star Studios ... and also the first time a Bollywood company is tying up with a mainstream Hollywood studio . So , there are many firsts to this venture . '' The trailer of the film was released at the premiere of the Hollywood film , Avatar . My Name Is Khan marked the first instance of a film using the Roadblock advertising technique to market a film , in which the three - minute trailer was aired on all leading television channels simultaneously . `` I will add that MNIK is a very special topic about humanity in the garb of a Muslim character ( ... ) The film is made on a large canvas and the subject material is adapted in terms of humanity in a very entertaining way ( ... ) the message of love , the way it has been shot internationally and the way of releasing it , might have all the possibilities of an international release . It is going to be released in a way no Hindi film has been released internationally before '' -- Shahrukh Khan 's response to questions siting the film as `` international '' with a `` far reaching influence '' that should be seen by all The makers of the film made various brand tie - ups to for the promotion of the film . Dish TV entered into a strategic marketing alliance with Fox Star and spend approximately Rs4 crore in a month - long 360 degree integrated marketing campaign which ran across all India to co-promote the brand and the movie . Reebok created an entire MNIK footwear and apparel collection to promote the film . On 1 February 2010 , Khan and Kajol became the first Indian movie stars to ring the opening bell of the New York stock exchange NASDAQ . They were invited by Fox Searchlight Pictures to do so as part of their promotion for My Name Is Khan . Shahrukh Khan also appeared on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross as part of its promotion in the UK , becoming only the second Indian after Shilpa Shetty to do so . Pre-release revenues ( edit ) On 7 August 2009 , Karan Johar signed a deal for INR 1 billion with Fox Searchlight Pictures , who will market and distribute it in India ( FOXSTAR ) and worldwide ( Fox Searchlight ) . It covers all rights except music , which has been secured by Sony Music . Reception ( edit ) India ( edit ) The film received highly positive reviews . Subhash K. Jha ( film critic and author of The Essential Guide to Bollywood ) gave My Name Is Khan a rave review arguing that Rizwan Khan `` repairs almost anything , including irreparably damaged relationships . But this film about damaged lives needs no repairing . My Name Is Khan is a flawless work , as perfect in content , tone and treatment as any film can get ( ... ) My Name Is Khan is no ordinary film . Long after the wary - of - physical - touch Rizwan has finally shaken hands with President Obama , long after the heat and dust of racial and communal hatred has settled down the core of humanism that the film secretes stays with you . Yes , we finally know what they mean by a feelgood film . '' Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India also gave it five stars , describing My Name Is Khan as , `` indubitably one of the most meaningful and moving films to be rolled out from the Bollywood mills in recent times . '' Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave My Name Is Khan four and a half out of five stars and argues , `` When a film stars two of the finest talents of the country , you expect nothing but the best . SRK , well , how does one describe his performance ? To state that this is his best work so far would be cutting short the praise he truly deserves ( ... ) Kajol is pure dynamite and casting her for this character was the most appropriate decision . No other actress could 've matched SRK in histrionics the way Kajol has . In fact , SRK and Kajol complement each other wonderfully well and this film only proves it yet again . It 's a powerhouse performance from this supremely talented actress . '' Sarita Tanwar of Mid-Day gave the film four and a half out of five stars and described it as `` near - perfect '' , concluding that `` The Karan - Shah Rukh - Kajol combo strikes once more . '' Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN gave My Name Is Khan three and a half out of five stars , arguing that `` the film shamelessly tugs at your heartstrings and on more than one occasion wallops you to weep . Aided by solid camerawork , tight editing and a layered story , Johar crafts an engaging , stirring saga that is earnest and noble . With this message movie in the mainstream format , the director takes a step in the right direction . '' Sudhish Kamath from The Hindu wrote , `` My Name Is Khan is populist , yet layered with rich political subtext . It 's all about types , yet every character feels real . It 's about generalisations and yet it chooses to dwell on the specifics . It 's all heart and spirit that you ca n't help but overlook the flaws and admire it . '' According to BBC critic Manish Gajjar , who gave the film four out of five stars , the film is `` a fiction - based film refreshingly told with realism of racial profiling on American soil . It 's a rare treat for Hindi commercial cinema and a crossover audience . '' Pratim D. Gupta from The Telegraph in a positive review concluded , `` My Name Is Khan has conscience and courage and two heartfelt performances . It can try your patience a bit but it will not leave you untouched . '' Namrata Joshi from Outlook , giving the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , described it as `` a gentle , affecting and heart - warming film that makes you smile through your tears . It looks at contentious issues but offers overwhelming hope and renewal . '' United States ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes lists an approval rating of 83 % , with 20 positive and 4 negative reviews . As of 21 February 2010 , the film has a score of 50 out of a scale of 100 on the review aggregate website Metacritic , based on 7 reviews . Rachel Saltz of The New York Times states , `` Khan is one of a handful of Hindi films ( New York , Kurbaan ) about Indians living in a paranoid , post-9 / 11 America , and there 's something fascinating about looking at this country through a Bollywood lens , even when the story is a kind of fairy tale . ( Most interesting here is the link made between black Americans and Indians , especially Muslims . ) Skilfully directed by Karan Johar and with an evocative score by Shankar , Ehsaan & Loy , Khan jerks tears with ease , while teaching lessons about Islam and tolerance . '' According to Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter , My Name Is Khan is , `` a film that delves compellingly into Americans ' anti-Muslim hysteria '' as it tackles `` a subject American movies have mostly avoided -- that of racial profiling and the plight of Muslim - Americans . It also allows Shah Rukh Khan to display his talent to an even wider audience . It 's well worth the 162 - minute journey . '' Jay Wesissberg of Variety describes My Name Is Khan as a `` riotously overstuffed and enormously enjoyable drama '' with `` confident camerawork ( which ) is matched by exceptional production design '' He also states that Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol are a `` delight together and her natural warmth makes the relationship even more believable . '' My Name Is Khan was not India 's official entry to the Oscars as best foreign language film , but it made it to the reminder list of films eligible for the 83rd Academy Awards . Box office ( edit ) My Name Is Khan opened very well in most places across the world , and set many records in the process. However , the performance of the film could not sustain beyond the first or second week in some places , including India and USA . The film 's performance in India was quite good but still is generally regarded as `` below expectations '' due to the high price , while the overseas performance of the film has been record breaking . By 4 April 2010 , the worldwide gross revenue for My Name Is Khan from the box office was US $ 36,145,870 . Domestically , My Name Is Khan generated ₹ 727 million net in India ( equating to ₹ 967 million gross ) . The film 's final worldwide gross was ₹ 207.78 crore ( US $45.5 million ) , including ₹ 99.68 crore ( US $22 million ) in India and US $23.5 million ( ₹ 108.1 crore ) overseas . India ( edit ) In India , the film opened with a massive INR 295 million ( US $6,356,688 ) , which was the third - highest weekend net for a Bollywood film , behind 3 Idiots and Ghajini . It recorded the third - highest first day business across India , behind 3 Idiots and Ghajini at the time of release . The film broke the record of Race for the biggest opening weekend in the first quarter of the year . The film was reported to have done very well in multiplexes , but comparatively on the lower side in single screens . The film managed to net INR460. 8 million ( US $9,952,857 ) in its first week In rankings based on distributor share , My Name Is Khan comes in fifth behind Dabangg , Raajneeti , Golmaal 3 and Housefull ; in a way bearing out Sajid Khan 's boast that Housefull will surpass MNIK in India . The film managed to retain the No. 1 spot at the Indian box office for two consecutive weeks , and remained in the top five for six consecutive weeks . At the end of its theatrical run , the film earned ₹ 82.51 crore ( US $12,698,289 ) in India . Overseas ( edit ) My Name Is Khan grossed US $23.5 million in the overseas markets . making it the highest - grossing Indian film overseas at the time , the first Indian film to gross over ₹ 100 crore overseas , and currently one of the top ten highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets . The film grossed the biggest opening day overseas , taking an estimated INR 170 million , beating the overseas opening day collections of 3 Idiots . The film also grossed the biggest opening weekend overseas , taking an estimated INR 255 million , again beating the overseas opening weekend collections of 3 Idiots which grossed INR 185 million . In its first week , it grossed INR393 million ( US $8.5 million ) . As of August 2010 , the film has grossed $4,018,771 in the United States and $37,001,087 elsewhere for a worldwide total of $41,019,858 . In the UK , it made £ 123,000 on its opening day , which was more than the combined total of 3 Idiots in its first two days ( £ 121,000 ) . By the end of the second week , MNIK became only the third Bollywood film to cross the £ 2 million mark in the UK , after Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna and Veer - Zaara , according to the exchange rates prevailing at their respective times of release . My Name Is Khan debuted in USA in 120 theatres , breaking the record set by 3 Idiots which debuted in 119 theatres . The film broke the record for an opening weekend in the US , earning US $1,994,027 . The film debuted at No. 13 at the American box office . By the end of the first week , the film grossed US $2,552,283 , second only to 3 Idiots which had a Christmas holiday week . By the fourth week , the film earned US $3,868,891 ( INR193 , 820,016 ) , breaking Shahrukh Khan 's previous record set by Om Shanti Om . On the 51st day of screening in the US , My Name Is Khan broke the US $4 million barrier , and became only the second Bollywood film ever to cross this mark , after 3 Idiots . In Australia , the film earned A $ 39,000 ( INR16. 1 lakhs ) on its opening day , and was ranked No. 11 in the market . By the first weekend , the film earned US $437,687 , defeating the previous record set by 3 Idiots ( US $350,000 ) . In New Zealand and Fiji , the film earned NZ $ 13,627 on its opening day , and earned NZ $144,831 ( US $100,698 ) in its first week . By the end of its theatrical run , the film earned NZ $232,586 . In the Middle East the response to the film has been described as `` huge '' and it earned approximately US $300,000 on its opening day . In Egypt it earned one million Egyptian pounds . By the end of its theatrical run , the film grossed US $517,018 . My Name Is Khan also opened well in Sri Lanka , Pakistan and the Far East . The film is the highest - grossing film in Pakistan , breaking the records set by Avatar , 3 Idiots and Wanted . By its third week , MNIK has become the highest - grossing Bollywood film in the Middle East , earning US $3.3 million . In South Africa , the film earned US $85,214 ( Rs. 39.28 lakhs ) in its opening weekend . In Malaysia , it earned MYR 105,527 ( US $31,106 ) in its opening weekend , and by the second weekend , the film had earned MYR410 , 864 ( US $120,452 ) . In Nigeria , the film earned an `` impressive '' NGN 2,310,137 ( US $15,362 ) in its opening weekend . In Ghana , the film earned GHS 10,599 ( US $7,443 ) by the second weekend . In Indonesia , the film has grown from six to 14 screens and has seen a jump of 300 percent in week three . The film has also grossed $425,825 in 7 weeks at the Bahrain box office . The film has also grossed an impressive $55,073 in Poland in its opening weekend . The film grossed $270,698 in South Africa . The film also made $58,683 in Lebanon region . My name is Khan released in Hong Kong on 5 January 2012 and collected $107,197 . Box office records ( edit ) My Name Is Khan created several records , both in India and around the world . In India , the film smashed the record for a Bollywood release in the month of February , breaking the previous two - year record held by Jodhaa Akbar . The film also broke the record for a Bollywood release in the first quarter of the year , breaking the previous two - year record held by Race . In the UK , the film broke the four - year record of Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna , and became the highest - grossing Bollywood film in the UK . In the Middle East it is also the highest grossing Bollywood film . Performance Analysis ( edit ) The film faced considerable falls in collections after its first week . The drops in collections is evident from the fact that 63 % of the film 's net collections came from the first week , as compared to 54 % for Race , 56 % for Ghajini , 49 % for Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi and 39 % for 3 Idiots . In spite of this , the film managed to retain the No. 1 position at the box office for two consecutive weeks . It was in the top 5 list of the Indian box office for six consecutive weeks . Though the mid-week collections saw a drop of 60 % from the opening weekend , it held up well against other major releases and secured the highest first quarter collections , a record previously held by the 2008 film Race . Thus , the film is a financial success owing to its record - breaking overseas collections and healthy domestic collections . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by My Name Is Khan In 2017 , Khan was honoured at the San Francisco Film festival for his role in the film , seven years after the release . Soundtrack ( edit ) My Name Is Khan Soundtrack album by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Released 4 January 2010 Genre Feature film soundtrack Label Sony Music Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy chronology London Dreams ( 2010 ) London Dreams 2010 My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Karthik Calling Karthik ( 2010 ) Karthik Calling Karthik 2010 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Bollywood Hungama link Indo - Asian News Service link Planet Bollywood link Glamsham link rediff.com link The soundtrack is composed by the critically acclaimed Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy , who previously teamed up with Karan Johar to give hit music for his movies like Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) . The lyrics are penned by Niranjan Iyengar . The music was released on 5 January 2010 , by Sony Music Entertainment ( India ) who has also previously released the music for Karan Johar 's movies Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna , which gained global musical success . The musical soundtrack consists of 6 original songs and 4 bonus tracks that are taken from Karan Johar 's previous successful films that have featured Shahrukh Khan . The soundtrack includes one instrumental called `` Khan Theme '' , composed by Indrajit Sharma and the strings for the song are performed by the Bombay Film Orchestra . The songs such as `` Noor - e-Khuda '' blend western bar blues and techno sounds with Indian classical styles such as Sufi and Hindustani . The song `` Allah hi Rahem '' sung by Ustad Rashid Khan is another example of Sufi thematic song . The soundtrack is thus representative of the `` indie fusion genre '' . Unlike Karan Johar 's other films , this film has no lip - sync songs . All the songs are in background . Track Song Singer ( s ) Composer Duration `` Sajda '' Rahat Fateh Ali Khan , Shankar Mahadevan , Richa Sharma Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy 6 : 05 `` Noor - E-Khuda '' Adnan Sami , Shankar Mahadevan , Shreya Ghoshal Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy 6 : 37 `` Tere Naina '' Shafqat Amanat Ali Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy 4 : 38 `` Allah Hi Rahem '' Rashid Khan Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy 4 : 01 5 `` Khan Theme '' Strings Indrajit Sharma 2 : 43 6 `` Rang De '' Shankar Mahadevan , Suraj Jagan Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy 3 : 45 Reception ( edit ) Upon its release , the album received generally positive reviews from most music critics . Gianysh Toolsee of Planet Bollywood states that the soundtrack is `` very much about transcending the boundaries set by Bollywood by venturing into an emotional state through Sufism and spirituality . '' Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gives the album a three out of five stars , suggests that director Karan Johar along with musicians Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy and lyricist Niranjan Iyengar `` have brought not a partial but a substantial difference to the way music in ( Johar 's ) films is being looked at . '' Lyrics ( edit ) Although Niranjan Iyengar is alone credited for writing the lyrics for the songs , Niranjan penned the only two Sufi songs in the film , `` Sajda '' and `` Allah Hi Rahem '' . The famous lyricist , Javed Akhtar was approached to write the lyrics for the remaining three songs . Earlier it was reported that he refused to write lyrics , because Javed Akhtar did not want to share the credits with another lyricist since Niranjan Iyengar has written two songs for the film . Later Karan Johar confirmed that Javed Akhtar penned the remaining songs , but Javed did not want him to be credited as the lyricist when the soundtrack released as he had to share the credits with Nirinjan Iyenger . Javed confirmed this and said , `` I do n't like to share the credits . I would have got the publicity but the other person , who has done a fine job , would n't have . I have read the songs penned by Niranjan and I think he has done a great job . '' Controversies ( edit ) Airport security ( edit ) Khan has stated that due to his last name and religion , he ( like Rizwan Khan ) is frequently subject to excess security checks at airports . On 14 August 2009 , Khan arrived in the United States to promote My Name Is Khan and to participate in South Asian - related events around the country ( including Indian Independence Day ) . Upon arriving at Newark Airport in New Jersey , he was pulled aside by immigration officers after his name popped up on their computers , questioned for over an hour ( Khan claims it was at least two hours ) about the nature of his visit , and was later released . According to the Times Online , `` In Delhi , Timothy J. Roemer , the American Ambassador to India , said that the embassy was trying to ' ascertain the facts of the case . ' He added : ' Shah Rukh Khan , the actor and global icon , is a welcome guest in the United States . ' '' Khan said he was told that it was because `` they said my name was common to some name that popped up on the computer . '' The officials asked if he could provide names of people to vouch for him . Khan noted that he `` had all the documents ; they were asking me where I was going to be staying . I gave the name of FOX people with whom I had finalised a deal a few days ago as contacts . '' However , because they wanted to check his luggage which the airline had lost , Khan said that he `` was taken to a room where many people were awaiting a secondary check on visa , most were South Asians . In fact many officers were reluctantly vouching for me , some people were asking for autographs and a Pakistani fan even said he knew who I was . But the officers said it was procedure and kept taking numbers from me . '' `` I did feel bad for a lot of people in that room , I know because I had an escort and someone would recognise me , I will get out . Others may face more trouble ( ... ) I have extra security because of my name . I can handle this but when you have someone as respectable as an ex-president getting frisked , I am nobody ( in reference to the frisking of President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam earlier in the summer ). ( ... ) I think it is a procedure that needs to be followed . But it is an unfortunate procedure . '' Shah Rukh Khan on being frisked at Newark Airport While he was not allowed to use his own phone , Khan was permitted one phone call . He was thus released after officials from the Indian Consulate intervened . Civil Aviation Minister Praful Patel stated that the event will be further explored with U.S. officials . According to the BBC , `` Elmer Camacho , a spokesman for the US Bureau of Customs and Border Protection , said the questioning was part of the agency 's routine process to screen foreign travellers . '' When asked if he would demand an apology , Khan replied that he would not . The director of My Name Is Khan , Karan Johar , was asked during an August 2009 interview with MiD DAY if the event was a publicity stunt for the film . Johar denied that it was and responded : `` It 's upsetting because I got a text message this morning asking me if it was publicity plug for my movie . ( Sarcastically ) I mean , if I had that much power over the Homeland Security , why would I allow Shah Rukh to go through something like this ? ( ... ) What 's really shocking is the fact that when I was writing the film , I never thought that what happened to the protagonist of the film would happen to Shah Rukh . '' During a January 2010 interview , Khan referred to the implication that the event was a publicity stunt for the film as `` lowdown and cheap . '' Christopher B. Duncan , who portrays President Obama in My Name Is Khan , also commented on the incident stating : `` I was very disappointed with what SRK experienced at the airport . We 're living in times where the levels of fear can sometimes spill over into paranoia . Here 's a man who is an international superstar , being detained for an excessive amount of time at an airport in the United States . It had to be very upsetting for him . Imagine Oprah ( Winfrey ) being detained at an airport in India for a long time , during a kind of interrogation . '' In addition , the incident sparked debate and commentary among Indian politicians , actors , and others . It also led to demonstrations in India . California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger later invited Khan to have dinner with him `` in a bid to diffuse what has become a slight diplomatic row . '' In another event , on 5 February 2010 , while promoting My Name Is Khan on the British talk show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , Khan claimed that female security staff at Heathrow Airport in London had printed a naked image of him taken using the newly installed body scanner that he was asked to go through . He said that he autographed it for them , though it is not clear if his comments were intended as a joke . A BAA spokeswoman for Heathrow Airport has denied his claim . She claimed that it was `` completely factually incorrect '' , stressing that images captured using the equipment could not be stored or distributed in any form and that his claims `` simply could not be true . '' In relation to Khan 's comments , The Economic Times has raised concerns over the new body scanners and the possibilities of it being abused to distribute naked pictures of celebrities . His comments have restarted the debate in Britain over whether the new scanners violate individual privacy . Shiv Sena controversy ( edit ) After Shahrukh Khan ( who owns the Kolkata Knight Riders cricket team ) criticised the fact that members of the Pakistani Cricket Team were not bought by the clubs competing in the 2010 Indian Premier League ( IPL ) , he was condemned by Shiv Sena , a Hindu nationalist political party . There were consequent protests and demonstrations against him and demands that cinemas in India refuse to screen My Name Is Khan . Khan responded by stating , `` What did I say that was wrong ? All I said was that I wanted people to come to my country . '' Khan continued by stating that : `` I have no idea what I am supposed to apologise for ( ... ) If I am in wrong I would like to apologise but someone needs to explain to me what is wrong . '' He also stated that he does `` not want any confrontation . I am trying to explain myself on every platform ( ... ) I have not said anything that is anti-national . '' Khan said that he was willing to meet with Bal Thackeray to discuss the issue . Initially , Shiv Sena rescinded its demand to block release of My Name Is Khan after it was announced that Khan would be allowed to release it `` in as many theatres '' as he would like . However , on 10 January 2010 , when cinemas opened for advanced bookings , individuals disguised as `` cinegoers '' began to attack cinemas and booking centres . Director Karan Johar and distributors met with police to ask for additional security . In response , Chief Minister of Maharashtra Ashok Chavan threatened to withdraw security cover for party leader Uddhav Thackeray . Later , some security was withdrawn and the Maharashtra government has `` called in five battalions of the State Reserve Police Force to protect 63 cinemas in the city that will screen the film directed by Karan Johar from this Friday . '' There were multiple arrests and leave of all police officials were cancelled . The distributor , Fox Star , stated that the film would still be released on its scheduled opening date , 12 February . It opened to full cinema houses across India . See also ( edit ) Bollywood portal Film portal 2000s portal India portal 2010s portal List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks List of highest - grossing Bollywood films List of Bollywood highest - grossing films in overseas markets Asperger 's syndrome Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : My Name Is Khan worldwide gross : ₹ 207.78 crore ( US $45.5 million ) Domestic : ₹ 99.68 crore ( US $22 million ) Overseas : US $23.5 million ( ₹ 108.1 crore ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` BBFC Movie Information '' . British Board of Film Classification . 4 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MY NAME IS KHAN ( 2010 ) - BFI '' . British Film Institute . 10 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SRK : King of foreign shores '' . India Today . 6 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weisberg , Jay ( 14 February 2010 ) . `` Review : My Name Is Khan '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Gajjar , Manish ( 15 February 2010 ) . `` My Name Is Khan preview '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bolly fan : Novelist Paulo Coelho loves My Name is Khan , SRK is overjoyed '' . Dawn. 8 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shrivastava , Vipin ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` Five years of My Name Is Khan : 5 reasons to watch it this Valentine 's Day '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Rachel ; Patel , Divia . Cinema India . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813531755 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 1 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bhushan , Nyay ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Fox Star to distribute ' Khan ' '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Middle East record for MNIK '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 21 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' MNIK ' among top 5 box office hits in the Middle East '' . The Hindu . India . 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` SA box office collections of MNIK '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bahrain Box Office , April 1 -- 4 , 2010 '' . BoxofficeMojo . Archived from the original on 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Poland Box Office , April 23 -- 25 , 2010 '' . BoxofficeMojo . Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa ( Entire Region ) Box Office , March 5 -- 7 , 2010 '' . BoxofficeMojo . Archived from the original on 18 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon Box Office : April 29 -- May 2 , 2010 '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Name Is Khan foreign gross '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-excited-to-be-honoured-at-60th-san-francisco-film-fest/articleshow/57951223.cms . Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` My Name Is Khan : Complete cast and crew details '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Subhaash K. , Jha ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` ' Shah Rukh can be an outstanding director ' '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ Tuteja , Joginder ( 9 January 2010 ) . `` Bollywood Hungama review '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` My name is Javed '' . Hindustan Times . 7 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chakraborty , Pratap ( 16 August 2009 ) . `` Shahrukh Khan says stopped at US airport '' . Google News . Archived from the original on 19 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dubey , Bharati ; Rajghatta , Chidanand ( 16 August 2009 ) . `` ' Khan ' holds up Shah Rukh in US '' . The Times of India . India . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Blakely , Rhys ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Diplomatic row after Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan questioned by US customs '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Held because my name is Khan , says SRK . CNN - IBN . Global Broadcast News . 15 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Needs to Offer A Little More Warmth : SRK ( video interview ) '' . CNN - IBN . Global Broadcast News . 17 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , Guy ( 16 August 2009 ) . `` Bollywood star at centre of US diplomatic row '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 19 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Reporter , BBC ( 16 August 2009 ) . `` Row over US Bollywood ' detention ' '' . BBC Online . Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Sukumaran , Shraddha ( 16 August 2009 ) . `` ' Shah Rukh always had this fear ... ' '' . MiD DAY . Mid Day Multimedia Limited . Archived from the original on 19 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Kalita , S. Mitra ( 1 February 2010 ) . `` '' My Name Is Khan '' Star Shah Rukh Khan Hopes to Top Success of `` Slumdog Millionaire '' `` . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Reporter , PTI ( 16 August 2009 ) . `` Film industry outraged over treatment meted out to Shah Rukh '' . DNA . Diligent Media Corporation . Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Jha , Subhas K. ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` SRK , it happened to us too : Khans '' . The Times of India . India : The Times Group . Archived from the original on 20 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Gotham ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` SRK is bigger than Pitt , Madonna : Gotham Chopra '' . The Times of India . India : The Times Group . Archived from the original on 20 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wheaton , Sarah ( 15 August 2009 ) . `` Questioning a Bollywood V.I.P. Named Khan '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wheaton , Sarah ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Fans protest Shah Rukh Khan 's treatment in U.S. '' CBC . Archived from the original on 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Schwarzenegger invites ' detained ' Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan to dinner '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 19 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarah Gordon ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` Airport denies Shah Rukh Khan 's body scanner image was printed for autographs '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bare necessity '' . The Economic Times . India . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No body scan on SRK : UK airport '' . Hindustan Times . India . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Blackely , Rhys ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` Bollywood star Shahrukh Khan takes on Hindu extremists over cricket '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan sees no reason to apologise '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 7 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No apology , no confrontation with Shiv Sena : SRK '' . Hindustan Times . India . 6 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ IANS ( 6 February 2010 ) . `` Shah Rukh ' glad ' Sena understood his point '' . Hindustan Times . India . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Dubey , Bharati ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` Sena does a U-turn , targets ' My Name Is Khan ' '' . The Times of India . India . Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` SRK protests : Maha CM threatens to withdraw Uddhav 's security '' . DNA . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Goswami , Samyabrata Ray ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` Sena vs govt over SRK film '' . The Telegraph . Kolkota , India . Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ IANS ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` Fox going ahead with MNIK release , Mumbai multiplexes still unsure '' . Hindustan Times . India . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Name Is Khan off to a flying start '' . The Hindu . India . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat multiplex owners start screening of ' My Name Is Khan ' '' . Times of India . India . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MNIK opens to huge response in Bangalore '' . Ndtv Movies . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` We 'll watch ' MNIK ' , Mumbai fans promise SRK '' . Sify.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official US website at Fox Searchlight My Name Is Khan on IMDb My Name Is Khan at AllMovie My Name Is Khan at Rotten Tomatoes My Name Is Khan at Box Office Mojo My Name Is Khan at Bollywood Hungama Karan Johar Films directed Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Films produced Duplicate ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) Dostana ( 2008 ) Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Kurbaan ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Agneepath ( 2012 ) Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Gippi ( 2013 ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Ungli ( 2014 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) See also List of Dharma Productions films Red Chillies Entertainment People Shah Rukh Khan Gauri Khan Films Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani ( 2000 ) Aśoka ( 2001 ) One 2 Ka 4 ( 2001 ) Chalte Chalte ( 2003 ) Main Hoon Na ( 2004 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) Billu ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Always Kabhi Kabhi ( 2011 ) Ra. One ( 2011 ) Don 2 ( 2011 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Chennai Express ( 2013 ) Happy New Year ( 2014 ) Dilwale ( 2015 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Raees ( 2017 ) Jab Harry Met Sejal ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 film ) ( 2017 ) Television Ghar Ki Baat ( 2009 ) Ladies First ( 2009 ) Tere Mere Beach Mein ( 2009 ) Knights and Angels ( 2009 ) Ishaan : Sapno Ko Awaaz De ( 2010 ) Living with a Superstar : Shah Rukh Khan ( 2010 ) Luv Ho Jaane De ( 2010 ) Like I Love You ( 2010 ) Men Will Be Men ( 2011 ) Filmy Dabba Party ( 2011 ) Ye Parindey ( 2011 ) Live My Life ( 2011 ) Up Close and Personal with Preity Zinta ( 2011 ) Coke Studio MTV ( 2011 ) MTV Unplugged ( 2011 ) Revealed : The Making of Ra. One ( 2012 ) Superstar Santa ( 2012 ) Assets Red Chillies VFX Red Chillies TVC Kolkata Knight Riders Dharma Productions Key individuals Yash Johar Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Karan Johar Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Shakun Batra Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Mahesh Bhatt Gumrah ( 1993 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Rensil D'Silva Kurbaan ( 2009 ) Ungli ( 2013 ) Shashank Khaitan Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Dhadak ( 2018 ) Karan Malhotra Agneepath ( 2012 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Punit Malhotra I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Student of the Year 2 ( 2018 ) Tarun Mansukhani Dostana ( 2008 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Ayan Mukerji Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Brahmastra ( 2019 ) Abhishek Varman 2 States ( 2014 ) Kalank ( 2019 ) Other Dostana ( 1980 ) Duniya ( 1984 ) Muqaddar Ka Faisla ( 1987 ) Agneepath ( 1990 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) Kesari ( 2019 ) List of Dharma Productions films Films produced by Gauri Khan Main Hoon Na ( 2004 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) Billu ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Always Kabhi Kabhi ( 2011 ) Ra. One ( 2011 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Chennai Express ( 2013 ) Happy New Year ( 2014 ) Dilwale ( 2015 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Raees ( 2017 ) Autism - related films Documentary Autism Every Day Autism Is a World Autism : The Musical Best Kept Secret Children of the Stars Dad 's in Heaven with Nixon The Horse Boy How to Dance in Ohio Life , Animated Normal People Scare Me Recovered : Journeys Through the Autism Spectrum and Back Refrigerator Mothers Too Sane for This World The Wall or psychoanalysis put to the test for autism Docudrama and biopic After Thomas Cries from the Heart Marathon Miracle Run Son - Rise : A Miracle of Love Temple Grandin Wretches & Jabberers Educational The Transporters Fictional Adam Backstreet Dreams Barfi ! Ben X The Black Balloon Bless the Child The Boy Who Could Fly Breaking and Entering Burning Bright Carne Change of Habit A Child Is Waiting Chocolate Cube Dark Floors David 's Mother Dear John Dr. Pomerantz Elling Eeshwar Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Family Pictures Fly Away God 's Ears Haridas Henry & Verlin House of Cards I Am Sam Imagination Joyful Noise Killer Diller Koi ... Mil Gaya Mabul Mario Mary and Max Mercury Rising Midwinter Night 's Dream Molly Mozart and the Whale My Name Is Khan Nell Nightworld : Lost Souls Ocean Heaven The Other Sister Quantum Apocalypse Raam Rain Man Relative Fear Run Wild , Run Free Salmon Fishing in the Yemen Season of Miracles Swati Mutyam Swathi Muthu Silent Fall Simple Simon Snow Cake The Accountant The Story of Luke Touch Under the Piano When the Bough Breaks White Frog Zig Zag Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Name_Is_Khan&oldid=836384026 '' Categories : 2010 films 20th Century Fox films Films about autism Films based on the September 11 attacks Films set in California Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films set in Pennsylvania Films shot in San Francisco Films set in the 2000s Films shot in Mumbai 2010s Hindi - language films Indian films Indian romantic drama films Indian drama films Interfaith romance films Political films Films directed by Karan Johar Films scored by Shankar -- Ehsaan -- Loy Cultural depictions of Barack Obama American films American drama films Hong Kong films Indian adventure films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 13 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 3) the character rizwan khan suffers from what syndrome in my name is khan | [
"Rizwan Khan (Shah Rukh Khan) is a Muslim child who lived with his brother Zakir (Jimmy Jimmy Shergill) and his mother (Zarina Wahab) in a middle-class family in the Borivali section of Mumbai. Rizwan has autism. However, he has certain gifts, particularly a special ability to repair things. His difference leads to special tutoring from a reclusive scholar and extra attention from his mother, all which leads to a heightened level of jealousy from his brother, who eventually leaves his family for a life in the United States."
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"autism"
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1446204720404387898 | E.T. Adventure | E.T. Adventure - wikipedia E.T. Adventure This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) E.T. Adventure Universal Studios Florida Area Woody Woodpecker 's Kidzone Status Operating Opening date June 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 06 - 07 ) Universal Studios Hollywood Area Lower Lot Status Closed Opening date June 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 12 ) Closing date March 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 14 ) Replaced by Revenge of the Mummy Universal Studios Japan Area Hollywood Status Closed Opening date March 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 31 ) Closing date May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) Replaced by Space Fantasy : The Ride General statistics Attraction type Suspended Dark ride Designer Universal Creative Height 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) Speed 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) Vehicle type Bikes Riders per vehicle 12 Rows Riders per row Duration 4 : 30 Height restriction 34 in ( 86 cm ) Pre-Show Host Steven Spielberg Ride Host E.T. Original Music John Williams Universal Express available E.T. Adventure is a dark ride featured at Universal Studios Florida , and formerly , Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Japan theme parks . The ride is based on the movie E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . E.T. Adventure 's animatronics were manufactured by Sally Corporation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Summary 2.1 Exterior queue 2.2 Update 2.3 Pre-show 2.4 Interior queue 2.5 Ride 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) E.T. Adventure originally opened at Universal Studios Florida in 1990 . One year later , the attraction opened in Universal Studios Hollywood . In 2001 , the third installation of this attraction was opened in Universal Studios Japan . On March 14 , 2003 , the Hollywood version was closed and later replaced by Revenge of the Mummy : The Ride . More recently , on May 10 , 2009 , the Japanese version was closed and later replaced by Space Fantasy : The Ride . The Orlando version was also slated to be removed as well , but Steven Spielberg , who directed the E.T. film and already angered by the removal of the Hollywood and Japanese versions , threatened to end cooperation with Universal Studios if it made attempts to do so . As a result , the Orlando version is still operating as of 2018 , and also got a refurbishment in 2017 . E.T. Adventure was also expected to open at Universal Studios South Korea prior to its cancellation . The attraction at Universal Studios Florida originally featured a different pre-show which ran from 1990 - 2002 . During this pre-show , Steven Spielberg is in a movie theater watching E.T , munching on popcorn and informs the guests that they have volunteered to be actors in a sequel to the film . The original pre-show was discontinued , because Spielberg wanted to change it for the 20th Anniversary . During the ride 's early years , guests could either ride on bicycles or on spaceships . The spaceships were removed in 2004 - 2005 , during a refurbishment . In 2012 , the ride at Universal Studios Florida received new track switches by Dynamic Structures . Summary ( edit ) The ride at Universal Studios Florida has guests begin by entering a sound stage . Some elements of this description may not be accurate for the Hollywood and Japan installations . Exterior queue ( edit ) The exterior queue is themed to a sound stage where E.T. is being filmed . TV monitors above guests ' heads display the filmmakers discussing their experiences on creating the film as well as E.T. trivia . There are also E.T. posters from the film 's 30th Anniversary re-release on display near the end of the queue , in English and various other languages . Guests are then ushered into the pre-show room . Update ( edit ) Oddly , the poster has been updated with a 30th Anniversary label , but still shows the 2002 re-release date . Pre-show ( edit ) Before going into the interior queue , Steven Spielberg appears on TV screens above the guests and tells them that E.T. 's teacher Botanicus needs E.T. to come back to his home world , `` The Green Planet '' , because the planet is dying . Only E.T. 's magical healing touch can save the planet and its inhabitants , so it is up to the guests to bring him home . He also tells the guests that they 'll make their journey on bikes and that they 'll need an `` Interplanetary Passport '' to get there . The guests then enter a second room where they give their name to one of `` Spielberg 's assistants '' which is programmed into a card that is used later in the ride . Prior to the 20th anniversary , the pre-show had an additional wraparound , stating that the ride is the set for a sequel , and the guests are the actors playing the parts . The `` Interplanetary Passports '' were originally called `` Passes '' , and the `` assistants '' were `` stagehands '' . Interior queue ( edit ) The interior queue is a forest setting where it is established that the police are looking for E.T. and the guests . In the interior queue , Botanicus is seen beaming down from his ship every few minutes , pleading for E.T. 's return . On the way , the guests pass by a Speak & Spell seen in the movie , while the letters H-E-L-P E-T come onto the screen of it while its signature loud clacking is heard , then the letters erase and ad lib . A hare from the film pops up every few seconds . The guests then board the ride vehicles . There is also a customized `` pine fresh '' scent created by scent marketing company , ScentAir . Ride ( edit ) Each individual seat is a bicycle , whose handles come down as the lap bars . The bike in the middle of the front row contains E.T. However , in the attraction 's early years , guests also had the option of riding in a spaceship modeled after the one that E.T. came to Earth on in the movie . But these ride vehicles were removed as guests preferred to ride the bikes , given how iconic they were in the famous flying scene in the movie . The vehicles travel past NASA and police officials who give chase and try to arrest the riders and capture E.T. As they are about to be caught , a police car appears out of nowhere and just as they are about to hit it , the bicycles begin to fly over the city and then into outer space . From on their bikes , the guests can see a miniature city below , including real moving cars and even a football stadium and two baseball fields . The bikes are then transported to a kind of portal area with flashing lights which , when finally turned around , arrives at the Green Planet . The guests then encounter Botanicus , who urges the visitors to save E.T. 's friends . E.T. 's healing touch travels through the Green Planet , reviving his friends and beginning a celebration with numerous baby E.T.s frolicking and playing . This lasts for about 3 minutes and is a huge contrast to the beginning ; the beginning is dark and scary while this part of the ride is light and colorful , with spurting water and singing . At the end , the guests pass an animatronic E.T. who thanks them all by the names that they gave to the travel agents / Spielberg 's Assistants . Then , in a flash of light , guests are sent back to Earth and into the unload area . As guests leave the ride , they can sometimes hear E.T. 's voice reminding them , `` I 'll be right here . '' See also ( edit ) Universal Studios Florida Incidents at Universal parks ( info on 2004 incident in Japan ) List of amusement rides based on film franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sally Corporation : ET Adventure Custom Dark Ride '' . Sally Corp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Portfolio '' . Dynamic Attractions . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Carolinda ( 2012 ) . `` Notice of Commencement '' ( PDF ) . Orange County Comptroller . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Manufactured Smells as a Marketing Tool Jump up ^ `` E.T. Adventure Ride at Universal Studios Florida KidZone '' . theotherorlando.com . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 19 . Et adventure video External links ( edit ) E.T. Adventure at Universal Orlando Resort E.T. Adventure at Universal Studios Japan E.T. Adventure at Orlando Rocks E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Other media E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( album ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( soundtrack ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( video game ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial in video games Related articles Atari video game burial E.T. Adventure Night Skies Universal Studios Florida Former attractions Production Central Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit Shrek 4 - D Superstar Parade Transformers : The Ride 3D Universal Music Plaza Stage New York The Blues Brothers Show Delancey Street Preview Center Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon Revenge of the Mummy San Francisco Fast & Furious : Supercharged Diagon Alley Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Hogwarts Express World Expo Men in Black : Alien Attack Fear Factor Live ( seasonal ) Springfield The Simpsons Ride Kang & Kodos ' Twirl ' n ' Hurl Woody Woodpecker 's Kidzone Curious George Goes to Town A Day in the Park with Barney E.T. Adventure Woody Woodpecker 's Nuthouse Coaster Hollywood Universal 's Horror Make - Up Show Annual events and festivities A Celebration of Harry Potter Halloween Horror Nights Macy 's Holiday Parade Mardi Gras Rock the Universe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E.T._Adventure&oldid=843324060 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1990 Closed amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1991 Amusement rides that closed in 2003 Amusement rides introduced in 2001 Amusement rides that closed in 2009 Amusement rides by name Universal Studios Florida Universal Parks & Resorts attractions by name Amusement rides introduced in 1992 Amusement rides manufactured by Sally Corporation E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Sally Corporation animatronics Universal Studios Hollywood Universal Studios Japan Amusement rides based on film franchises Animatronic attractions Former Universal Studios Hollywood attractions Space in amusement parks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 11 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what replaced the et ride at universal studios | [
"E.T. Adventure originally opened at Universal Studios Florida in 1990. One year later, the attraction opened in Universal Studios Hollywood. In 2001, the third installation of this attraction was opened in Universal Studios Japan. On March 14, 2003, the Hollywood version was closed and later replaced by Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride. More recently, on May 10, 2009, the Japanese version was closed and later replaced by Space Fantasy: The Ride. The Orlando version was also slated to be removed as well, but Steven Spielberg, who directed the E.T. film and already angered by the removal of the Hollywood and Japanese versions, threatened to end cooperation with Universal Studios if it made attempts to do so. As a result, the Orlando version is still operating as of 2018, and also got a refurbishment in 2017. E.T. Adventure was also expected to open at Universal Studios South Korea prior to its cancellation.\n"
] | [
"Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride"
] |
312279917087990232 | Sexual selection | Sexual selection - wikipedia Sexual selection Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the evolutionary concept . For the artificial selection of the sex of offspring , see sex selection . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sexual selection creates colourful differences between sexes in Goldie 's bird - of - paradise . Male above ; female below . Painting by John Gerrard Keulemans ( d. 1912 ) Sexual selection is a form of natural selection where one sex prefers a specific characteristic in an individual of the other sex . Peafowls exhibit sexual selection in that peahens look for peacocks with more `` eyes '' on their tail feathers . This causes the peacocks with fewer eyes to die out and those with more to become more common . Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with ( intersexual selection ) , and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex ( intrasexual selection ) . These two forms of selection mean that some individuals have better reproductive success than others within a population , either from being more attractive or preferring more attractive partners to produce offspring . For instance in the breeding season sexual selection in frogs occurs with the males first gathering at the water 's edge and making their mating calls : croaking . The females then arrive and choose the males with the deepest croaks and best territories . Generalizing , males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to a group of fertile females . Females have a limited number of offspring they can have and they maximize the return on the energy they invest in reproduction . The concept was first articulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace who described it as driving speciation and that many organisms had evolved features whose function was deleterious to their individual survival , and then developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century . Sexual selection can lead typically males to extreme efforts to demonstrate their fitness to be chosen by females , producing sexual dimorphism in secondary sexual characteristics , such as the ornate plumage of birds such as birds of paradise and peafowl , or the antlers of deer , or the manes of lions , caused by a positive feedback mechanism known as a Fisherian runaway , where the passing - on of the desire for a trait in one sex is as important as having the trait in the other sex in producing the runaway effect . Although the sexy son hypothesis indicates that females would prefer male offspring , Fisher 's principle explains why the sex ratio is 1 : 1 almost without exception . Sexual selection is also found in plants and fungi . The maintenance of sexual reproduction in a highly competitive world is one of the major puzzles in biology given that asexual reproduction can reproduce much more quickly as 50 % of offspring are not males , unable to produce offspring themselves . Many non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed , including the positive impact of an additional form of selection , sexual selection , on the probability of persistence of a species . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Darwin 1.2 Ronald Fisher 2 Theory 2.1 Reproductive success 2.2 Modern interpretation 2.3 Toolkit of natural selection 2.4 Sexual dimorphism 3 In different taxa 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Sources 5 External links History ( edit ) Darwin ( edit ) Sexual selection was first proposed by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species ( 1859 ) and developed in The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 1871 ) , as he felt that natural selection alone was unable to account for certain types of non-survival adaptations . He once wrote to a colleague that `` The sight of a feather in a peacock 's tail , whenever I gaze at it , makes me sick ! '' His work divided sexual selection into male - male competition and female choice . ... depends , not on a struggle for existence , but on a struggle between the males for possession of the females ; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor , but few or no offspring . ... when the males and females of any animal have the same general habits ... but differ in structure , colour , or ornament , such differences have been mainly caused by sexual selection . These views were to some extent opposed by Alfred Russel Wallace , mostly after Darwin 's death . He accepted that sexual selection could occur , but argued that it was a relatively weak form of selection . He argued that male - male competitions were forms of natural selection , but that the `` drab '' peahen 's coloration is itself adaptive as camouflage . In his opinion , ascribing mate choice to females was attributing the ability to judge standards of beauty to animals ( such as beetles ) far too cognitively undeveloped to be capable of aesthetic feeling . Ronald Fisher ( edit ) Ronald Fisher , the English statistician and evolutionary biologist developed a number of ideas about sexual selection in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection including the sexy son hypothesis and Fisher 's principle . The Fisherian runaway describes how sexual selection accelerates the preference for a specific ornament , causing the preferred trait and female preference for it to increase together in a positive feedback runaway cycle . In a remark that was not widely understood for another 50 years he said : ... plumage development in the male , and sexual preference for such developments in the female , must thus advance together , and so long as the process is unchecked by severe counterselection , will advance with ever - increasing speed . In the total absence of such checks , it is easy to see that the speed of development will be proportional to the development already attained , which will therefore increase with time exponentially , or in geometric progression . -- Ronald Fisher , 1930 Male long - tailed widowbird This causes a dramatic increase in both the male 's conspicuous feature and in female preference for it , until practical , physical constraints halt further exaggeration . A positive feedback loop is created , producing extravagant physical structures in the non-limiting sex . A classic example of female choice and potential runaway selection is the long - tailed widowbird . While males have long tails that are selected for by female choice , female tastes in tail length are still more extreme with females being attracted to tails longer than those that naturally occur . Fisher understood that female preference for long tails may be passed on genetically , in conjunction with genes for the long tail itself . Long - tailed widowbird offspring of both sexes inherit both sets of genes , with females expressing their genetic preference for long tails , and males showing off the coveted long tail itself . Richard Dawkins presents a non-mathematical explanation of the runaway sexual selection process in his book The Blind Watchmaker . Females that prefer long tailed males tend to have mothers that chose long - tailed fathers . As a result , they carry both sets of genes in their bodies . That is , genes for long tails and for preferring long tails become linked . The taste for long tails and tail length itself may therefore become correlated , tending to increase together . The more tails lengthen , the more long tails are desired . Any slight initial imbalance between taste and tails may set off an explosion in tail lengths . Fisher wrote that : The exponential element , which is the kernel of the thing , arises from the rate of change in hen taste being proportional to the absolute average degree of taste . -- Ronald Fisher , 1932 The peacock tail in flight , the classic example of a Fisherian runaway The female widow bird chooses to mate with the most attractive long - tailed male so that her progeny , if male , will themselves be attractive to females of the next generation - thereby fathering many offspring that carry the female 's genes . Since the rate of change in preference is proportional to the average taste amongst females , and as females desire to secure the services of the most sexually attractive males , an additive effect is created that , if unchecked , can yield exponential increases in a given taste and in the corresponding desired sexual attribute . It is important to notice that the conditions of relative stability brought about by these or other means , will be far longer duration than the process in which the ornaments are evolved . In most existing species the runaway process must have been already checked , and we should expect that the more extraordinary developments of sexual plumage are not due like most characters to a long and even course of evolutionary progress , but to sudden spurts of change . -- Ronald Fisher , 1930 Since Fisher 's initial conceptual model of the ' runaway ' process , Russell Lande and Peter O'Donald have provided detailed mathematical proofs that define the circumstances under which runaway sexual selection can take place . Theory ( edit ) Reproductive success ( edit ) Extinct Irish elk ( Megaloceros giganteus ) . These antlers span 2.7 metres ( 8.9 ft ) and have a mass of 40 kg ( 88 lb ) . The reproductive success of an organism is measured by the number of offspring left behind , and their quality or probable fitness . Sexual preference creates a tendency towards assortative mating or homogamy . The general conditions of sexual discrimination appear to be ( 1 ) the acceptance of one mate precludes the effective acceptance of alternative mates , and ( 2 ) the rejection of an offer is followed by other offers , either certainly , or at such high chance that the risk of non-occurrence is smaller than the chance advantage to be gained by selecting a mate . The conditions determining which sex becomes the more limited resource in intersexual selection can be best understood by way of Bateman 's principle which states that the sex which invests the most in producing offspring becomes a limiting resource over which the other sex competes `` , illustrated by the greater nutritional investment of an egg in a zygote , and the limited capacity of females to reproduce ; for example in humans a woman can only give birth every ten months whereas in theory a male can become a father every day . Modern interpretation ( edit ) Male mountain gorilla , a tournament species The sciences of evolutionary psychology , human behavioural ecology , and sociobiology study the influence of sexual selection in humans . Darwin 's ideas on sexual selection were met with scepticism by his contemporaries and not considered of great importance in the early 20th century , until in the 1930s biologists decided to include sexual selection as a mode of natural selection . Only in the 21st century have they become more important in biology . The theory however is generally applicable and analogous to natural selection . Flour beetle Tungara frog Research in 2015 indicates that sexual selection , including mate choice , `` improves population health and protects against extinction , even in the face of genetic stress from high levels of inbreeding '' and `` ultimately dictates who gets to reproduce their genes into the next generation - so it 's a widespread and very powerful evolutionary force . '' The study involved the flour beetle over a ten - year period where the only changes were in the intensity of sexual selection . Another theory , the handicap principle of Amotz Zahavi , Russell Lande and W.D. Hamilton , holds that the fact that the male is able to survive until and through the age of reproduction with such a seemingly maladaptive trait is taken by the female to be a testament to his overall fitness . Such handicaps might prove he is either free of or resistant to disease , or that he possesses more speed or a greater physical strength that is used to combat the troubles brought on by the exaggerated trait . Zahavi 's work spurred a re-examination of the field , which has produced an ever - accelerating number of theories . In 1984 , Hamilton and Marlene Zuk introduced the `` Bright Male '' hypothesis , suggesting that male elaborations might serve as a marker of health , by exaggerating the effects of disease and deficiency . In 1990 , Michael Ryan and A.S. Rand , working with the tungara frog , proposed the hypothesis of `` Sensory Exploitation '' , where exaggerated male traits may provide a sensory stimulation that females find hard to resist . Subsequently , the theories of the `` Gravity Hypothesis '' by Jordi Moya - Larano et al. ( 2002 ) , invoking a simple biomechanical model to account for the adaptive value for smaller male spiders of speed in clmbing vertical surfaces , and `` Chase Away '' by Brett Holland and William R. Rice have been added . In the late 1970s , Janzen and Mary Willson , noting that male flowers are often larger than female flowers , expanded the field of sexual selection into plants . In the past few years , the field has exploded to include other areas of study , not all of which fit Darwin 's definition of sexual selection . These include cuckoldry , nuptial gifts , sperm competition , infanticide ( especially in primates ) , physical beauty , mating by subterfuge , species isolation mechanisms , male parental care , ambiparental care , mate location , polygamy , and homosexual rape in certain male animals . Focusing on the effect of sexual conflict , as hypothesized by William Rice , Locke Rowe et Göran Arnvist , Thierry Lodé argues that divergence of interest constitutes a key for evolutionary process . Sexual conflict leads to an antagonistic co-evolution in which one sex tends to control the other , resulting in a tug of war . Besides , the sexual propaganda theory only argued that mate were opportunistically lead , on the basis of various factors determining the choice such as phenotypic characteristics , apparent vigour of individual , strength of mate signals , trophic resources , territoriality etc. and could explain the maintenance of genetic diversity within populations . Several workers have brought attention to the fact that elaborated characters that ought to be costly in one way or another for their bearers ( e.g. , the tails of some species of Xiphophorus fish ) do not always appear to have a cost in terms of energetics , performance or even survival . One possible explanation for the apparent lack of costs is that `` compensatory traits '' have evolved in concert with the sexually selected traits . Toolkit of natural selection ( edit ) Protarchaeopteryx - skull based on Incisivosaurus and wings on Caudipteryx Sexual selection may explain how certain characteristics ( such as feathers ) had distinct survival value at an early stage in their evolution . Geoffrey Miller proposes that sexual selection might have contributed by creating evolutionary modules such as Archaeopteryx feathers as sexual ornaments , at first . The earliest proto - birds such as China 's Protarchaeopteryx , discovered in the early 1990s , had well - developed feathers but no sign of the top / bottom asymmetry that gives wings lift . Some have suggested that the feathers served as insulation , helping females incubate their eggs . But perhaps the feathers served as the kinds of sexual ornaments still common in most bird species , and especially in birds such as peacocks and birds - of - paradise today . If proto - bird courtship displays combined displays of forelimb feathers with energetic jumps , then the transition from display to aerodynamic functions could have been relatively smooth . Sexual selection sometimes generates features that may help cause a species ' extinction , as has been suggested for the giant antlers of the Irish elk ( Megaloceros giganteus ) that became extinct in Pleistocene Europe . However , sexual selection can also do the opposite , driving species divergence - sometimes through elaborate changes in genitalia - such that new species emerge . Sexual dimorphism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Sexual dimorphism Sex differences directly related to reproduction and serving no direct purpose in courtship are called primary sexual characteristics . Traits amenable to sexual selection , which give an organism an advantage over its rivals ( such as in courtship ) without being directly involved in reproduction , are called secondary sex characteristics . The rhinoceros beetle is a classic case of sexual dimorphism . Plate from Darwin 's Descent of Man , male at top , female at bottom In most sexual species the males and females have different equilibrium strategies , due to a difference in relative investment in producing offspring . As formulated in Bateman 's principle , females have a greater initial investment in producing offspring ( pregnancy in mammals or the production of the egg in birds and reptiles ) , and this difference in initial investment creates differences in variance in expected reproductive success and bootstraps the sexual selection processes . Classic examples of reversed sex - role species include the pipefish , and Wilson 's phalarope . Also , unlike a female , a male ( except in monogamous species ) has some uncertainty about whether or not he is the true parent of a child , and so is less interested in spending his energy helping to raise offspring that may or may not be related to him . As a result of these factors , males are typically more willing to mate than females , and so females are typically the ones doing the choosing ( except in cases of forced copulations , which can occur in certain species of primates , ducks , and others ) . The effects of sexual selection are thus held to typically be more pronounced in males than in females . Differences in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of a species are referred to as sexual dimorphisms . These can be as subtle as a size difference ( sexual size dimorphism , often abbreviated as SSD ) or as extreme as horns and colour patterns . Sexual dimorphisms abound in nature . Examples include the possession of antlers by only male deer , the brighter coloration of many male birds in comparison with females of the same species , or even more distinct differences in basic morphology , such as the drastically increased eye - span of the male stalk - eyed fly . The peacock , with its elaborate and colourful tail feathers , which the peahen lacks , is often referred to as perhaps the most extraordinary example of a dimorphism . Male and female black - throated blue warblers and Guianan cock - of - the - rocks also differ radically in their plumage . Early naturalists even believed the females to be a separate species . The largest sexual size dimorphism in vertebrates is the shell dwelling cichlid fish Neolamprologus callipterus in which males are up to 30 times the size of females . Many other fish such as guppies also exhibit sexual dimorphism . Extreme sexual size dimorphism , with females larger than males , is quite common in spiders and birds of prey . In different taxa ( edit ) SEM image of lateral view of a love dart of the land snail Monachoides vicinus . The scale bar is 500 μm ( 0.5 mm ) . Sexual selection in birds - mammals - humans - scaled reptiles - amphibians - insects - spiders - major histocompatibility complex Human spermatozoa can reach 250 million in a single ejaculation Sexual selection has been observed to occur in plants , animals and fungi . In certain hermaphroditic snail and slug species of molluscs the throwing of love darts is a form of sexual selection . Certain male insects of the lepidoptera order of insects cement the vaginal pores of their females . A male bed bug ( Cimex lectularius ) traumatically inseminates a female bed bug ( top ) . The female 's ventral carapace is visibly cracked around the point of insemination . Today , biologists say that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition - competition between members of the same species - distinguishing between competition before or after sexual intercourse . Illustration from The Descent of Man showing the tufted coquette Lophornis ornatus : female on left , ornamented male on right Before copulation , intrasexual selection - usually between males - may take the form of male - to - male combat . Also , intersexual selection , or mate choice , occurs when females choose between male mates . Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics ( including horns , antlers , etc . ) , which Darwin described as `` weapons '' , while traits selected by mate ( usually female ) choice are called `` ornaments '' . Due to their sometimes greatly exaggerated nature , secondary sexual characteristics can prove to be a hindrance to an animal , thereby lowering its chances of survival . For example , the large antlers of a moose are bulky and heavy and slow the creature 's flight from predators ; they also can become entangled in low - hanging tree branches and shrubs , and undoubtedly have led to the demise of many individuals . Bright colourations and showy ornamenations , such as those seen in many male birds , in addition to capturing the eyes of females , also attract the attention of predators . Some of these traits also represent energetically costly investments for the animals that bear them . Because traits held to be due to sexual selection often conflict with the survival fitness of the individual , the question then arises as to why , in nature , in which survival of the fittest is considered the rule of thumb , such apparent liabilities are allowed to persist . However , one must also consider that intersexual selection can occur with an emphasis on resources that one sex possesses rather than morphological and physiological differences . For example , males of Euglossa imperialis , a non-social bee species , form aggregations of territories considered to be leks , to defend fragrant - rich primary territories . The purpose of these aggregations is only facultative , since the more suitable fragrant - rich sites there are , the more habitable territories there are to inhabit , giving females of this species a large selection of males with whom to potentially mate . After copulation , male -- male competition distinct from conventional aggression may take the form of sperm competition , as described by Parker in 1970 . More recently , interest has arisen in cryptic female choice , a phenomenon of internally fertilised animals such as mammals and birds , where a female can get rid of a male 's sperm without his knowledge . Victorian cartoonists quickly picked up on Darwin 's ideas about display in sexual selection . Here he is fascinated by the apparent steatopygia in the latest fashion . Finally , sexual conflict is said to occur between breeding partners , sometimes leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females . Sexual selection can also occur as a product of pheromone release , such as with the stingless bee , Trigona corvina . Female mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sexual traits . Females of many animal species prefer to mate with males with external ornaments - exaggerated features of morphology such as elaborate sex organs . These preferences may arise when an arbitrary female preference for some aspect of male morphology -- initially , perhaps , a result of genetic drift -- creates , in due course , selection for males with the appropriate ornament . One interpretation of this is known as the sexy son hypothesis . Alternatively , genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism , features that also benefit females . This idea is known as the good genes hypothesis . Darwin conjectured that heritable traits such as beards and hairlessness in different human populations are results of sexual selection in humans . Geoffrey Miller has hypothesized that many human behaviours not clearly tied to survival benefits , such as humour , music , visual art , verbal creativity , and some forms of altruism , are courtship adaptations that have been favoured through sexual selection . In that view , many human artefacts could be considered subject to sexual selection as part of the extended phenotype , for instance clothing that enhances sexually selected traits . Some argue that the evolution of human intelligence is a sexually selected trait , as it would not confer enough fitness in itself relative to its high maintenance costs . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cecie Starr ( 2013 ) . Biology : The Unity & Diversity of Life ( Ralph Taggart , Christine Evers , Lisa Starr ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 281 . Jump up ^ Vogt , Yngve ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Large testicles are linked to infidelity '' . Phys.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ; A.R. Wallace ( 1858 ) . `` On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London . Zoology. 3 : 46 -- 50 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1858. tb02500. x . Jump up ^ Hartfield , Matthew ; P.D. Keightley ( 2012 ) . `` Current hypotheses for the evolution of sex and recombinationn '' ( PDF ) . Integrative Zoology. 7 : 192 -- 209 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 4877.2012. 00284. x . ^ Jump up to : Population benefits of sexual selection explain the existence of males phys.org May 18 , 2015 Report on a study by the University of East Anglia Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species ( 1st edition ) . Chapter 4 , page 88 . `` And this leads me to say a few words on what I call Sexual Selection . This depends ... '' http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F373&pageseq=12 Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species ( 1st edition ) . Chapter 4 , page 89 . http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F373&pageseq=12 Jump up ^ Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1892 ) . `` Note on Sexual Selection ( S459 : 1892 ) '' . Smith , Charles . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dawkins , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Blind Watchmaker . Longman , London . Published in Penguin Books 1988 , 1991 , and 2006 . Chapter 8 , Explosions and Spirals . Jump up ^ Andersson , M , Sexual Selection , Princeton University Press , Princeton , 1994 . Jump up ^ Ronald Fisher in a letter to Charles Galton Darwin , 22 November 1932 , cited in Fisher , R.A. , Bennett , J.H. 1999 . The genetical theory of natural selection : A complete variorum edition , Oxford University Press , Oxford , p. 308 Jump up ^ Lande , R. ( 1981 ) . `` Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits '' . PNAS. 78 ( 6 ) : 3721 -- 3725 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 78.6. 3721 . PMC 319643 . PMID 16593036 . http://www.pnas.org/content/78/6/3721 Jump up ^ O'Donald , Peter ( 1980 ) . Genetic Models of Sexual Selection . Cambridge University Press , New York , NY . 250 pp . Jump up ^ Miller , Geoffey , The Mating Mind , p. 24 Jump up ^ Sexual Selection and the Mind Jump up ^ Hosken , David J. ; House , Clarissa M. ( January 2011 ) . `` Sexual Selection '' . Current Biology . 21 : R62 -- R65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2010.11. 053 . Jump up ^ Moya - Laraño , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Gravity still matters '' . Functional Ecology. 21 : 1178 -- 1181 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2435.2007. 01335. x . Jump up ^ Thierry Lodé ( 2006 ) . `` La guerre des sexes chez les animaux '' Eds Odile Jacob , Paris . ISBN 2 - 7381 - 1901 - 8 Jump up ^ Sexual Selection Costs & Compensations ^ Jump up to : Miller , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) . The Mating Mind . Anchor Books , a division of Random House , Inc . ( First Anchor Books Edition , April 2001 ) . New York , NY . Anchor ISBN 0 - 385 - 49517 - X Jump up ^ Gould , Stephen J. ( 1974 ) . `` Origin and Function of ' Bizarre ' Structures - Antler Size and Skull Size in ' Irish Elk ' , Megaloceros giganteus '' . Evolution. 28 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 220 . doi : 10.2307 / 2407322 . Jump up ^ Eberhard , W.G. ( 1985 ) . Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass . Jump up ^ Nieuwenhuis , B.P.S. ( 2012 ) . `` Sexual selection in fungi '' . Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 25 : 2397 -- 2411 . doi : 10.1111 / jeb. 12017 . Jump up ^ Tales of two snails : sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa Oxford Journals Jump up ^ von Byern , Janek ; Grunwald , Ingo . Biological Adhesive Systems : From Nature to Technical and Medical Application . Springer Science & Business Media , 2011 . p. 124 . ISBN 9783709102862 . Jump up ^ Campbell , N.A. ; J.B. Reece ( 2005 ) . Biology . Benjamin Cummings . p. 1230 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 7146 - X . Jump up ^ Kimsey , Lynn Siri ( 1980 ) . `` The behaviour of male orchid bees ( Apidae , Hymenoptera , Insecta ) and the question of leks '' . Animal Behaviour. 28 ( 4 ) : 996 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1016 / s0003 - 3472 ( 80 ) 80088 - 1 . Jump up ^ Parker , Geoffrey A. ( 1970 ) . `` Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects '' . Biological Reviews . 45 : 525 -- 567 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185x. 1970. tb01176. x . Jump up ^ Eberhard , WG. ( 1996 ) Female control : Sexual selection by cryptic female choice . Princeton , Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Locke Rowe , Göran Arnvist. ( 2013 ) Sexual conflict , Princeton Univ Press . Jump up ^ Jarau , Stefan ; Dambacher , Jochen ; Twele , Robert ; Aguilar , Ingrid ; Francke , Wittko ; Ayasse , Manfred ( 2010 ) . `` The Trail Pheromone of a Stingless Bee , Trigona corvina ( Hymenoptera , Apidae , Meliponini ) , Varies between Populations '' . Chemical Senses. 35 ( 7 ) : 593 -- 601 . doi : 10.1093 / chemse / bjq057 . ISSN 0379 - 864X . PMID 20534775 . Jump up ^ Andersson M ( 1994 ) . Sexual Selection . Princeton Univ Press , Princeton , NJ . Jump up ^ PLoS ONE : Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Brain Size in Primates Sources ( edit ) Andersson , M. ( 1994 ) Sexual selection . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00057 - 3 Arnqvist , G. & Rowe , L. ( 2013 ) Sexual conflict . Princeton University Press Lande , C.F.R. ( 1981 ) . `` Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 ( 6 ) : 3721 -- 5 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 78.6. 3721 . PMC 319643 . PMID 16593036 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Cronin , H. ( 1991 ) The ant and the peacock : altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today . Cambridge University Press . Darwin , C. ( 1871 ) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex . John Murray , London . Eberhard , W.G. ( 1996 ) Female control : Sexual selection by cryptic female choice . Princeton , Princeton University Press . Fisher , R.A. ( 1930 ) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection . Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 850440 - 3 , Chapter 6 Memeoid.net Lodé , T. ( 2006 ) La guerre des sexes chez les animaux . Eds Odile Jacob . ISBN 2 - 7381 - 1901 - 8 Miller , G.F. ( 1998 ) How mate choice shaped human nature : A review of sexual selection and human evolution . In : C. Crawford & D. Krebs ( Eds . ) Handbook of evolutionary psychology : Ideas , issues , and applications . Lawrence Erlbaum , pp. 87 -- 129 Miller , G.F. ( 2000 ) The Mating Mind : How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature . Heinemann , London . ISBN 0 - 434 - 00741 - 2 Rosenberg , J. & Tunney , R.J. ( 2008 ) . Human vocabulary use as display . Evolutionary Psychology , 6 , 538 - 549 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sexual selection . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the stage of life at which both sexes become capable of reproduction is | [
"Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection). These two forms of selection mean that some individuals have better reproductive success than others within a population, either from being more attractive or preferring more attractive partners to produce offspring.[1][2] For instance in the breeding season sexual selection in frogs occurs with the males first gathering at the water's edge and making their mating calls: croaking. The females then arrive and choose the males with the deepest croaks and best territories. Generalizing, males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to a group of fertile females. Females have a limited number of offspring they can have and they maximize the return on the energy they invest in reproduction."
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"Sexual selection"
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7532863095208925151 | When I Was Your Man | When I Was Your Man - wikipedia When I Was Your Man Jump to : navigation , search `` When I Was Your Man '' Single by Bruno Mars from the album Unorthodox Jukebox Released January 15 , 2013 Format CD digital download Recorded 2011 Genre Pop Length 3 : 34 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Andrew Wyatt Producer ( s ) The Smeezingtons Bruno Mars singles chronology `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` When I Was Your Man '' ( 2013 ) `` Treasure '' ( 2013 ) `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( 2012 ) `` When I Was Your Man '' ( 2013 ) `` Treasure '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` When I Was Your Man '' on YouTube `` When I Was Your Man '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album , Unorthodox Jukebox ( 2012 ) . Atlantic Records released the song as the third promotional single and as the second official single , taken from the album , to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . `` When I Was Your Man '' was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine and Andrew Wyatt ; with Mars , Lawrence and Levine credited for composing the song as well . The pop song is an emotional piano ballad with lyrics describing the heartbreak and regret Mars felt from letting his lover get away , and his expressed hope that her new man will give her all the love and attention that he failed to provide . It features Mars singing and a piano accompaniment as the sole instrumentation . `` When I Was Your Man '' received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who generally praised Mars ' vocal prowess ; calling it a `` vulnerable and emotional ballad '' . The song won `` Favorite Hit '' at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . `` When I Was Your Man '' topped the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , and reached the top ten on the singles chart of Australia , Canada , Denmark , France , Ireland , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , South Korea and the United Kingdom . It was certified quadruple - platinum in Australia and in the US ; while in Canada , it was certified six times platinum . `` When I Was Your Man '' was the worlds eighth best selling digital single of 2013 , with sales of 8.3 million copies ; joining an elite group of the best - selling singles worldwide . Cameron Duddy and Mars directed the ballad 's accompanying music video . It portrays Mars as a `` lonely balladeer '' who sits at his piano donned in a pair of sunglasses while setting a half - full glass of whiskey atop it . Critics resoundingly complimented the simplicity of the video 's production . The song has been covered by artists , including Mike Ward , who released a studio version of the song after he performed it on The Voice UK . Ward 's cover peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . `` When I Was Your Man '' was also added to the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Mars performed the song on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) and at the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 -- 18 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical 4.2 Awards and recognition 5 Chart performance 5.1 North America 5.2 International 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions and usage in media 8 Music video 8.1 Development and synopsis 8.2 Reception 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Other versions 11.3 Year - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 13.1 Promotional release 13.2 Single release 14 References 15 External links Writing and production ( edit ) While working on the album , Mars said : `` I 'm never singing another ballad again , '' but that came from the gut -- it 's the most honest , real thing I 've ever sung , '' he says . `` When there are no safe bets , that 's when I feel my blood move . '' He also shared how important the lyrics to this song are for him when he posted a photograph of Unorthodox Jukebox 's artwork via his Twitter account . `` Soon you guys will hear a song I wrote called When I Was Your Man . I 've never been this nervous . Ca n't explain it , '' he tweeted . Philip Lawrence explained the inspiration of the song : `` I think Bruno and I are both huge fans of older music , like Billy Joel and Elton John . We always loved those moments where you can sit at the piano and emote . Those intimate moments when an artist is so naked and vulnerable ; you ca n't help but be drawn to it . We always wanted to find a stripped down song like that , which is how that song came to be . The subject matter was real life ; Bruno had experienced that , so we tried to say it in the best and catchiest way we could . '' `` When I Was Your Man '' was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin . Bruno Mars played the piano , while the recording was done by Ari Levine at Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California . Charlez Moniz was responsible for providing additional engineering to the recording , while David Kutch mastered it at Mastering Palace . Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' A 20 - second sample of `` When I Was Your Man '' , where Mars sings about a lost love , while piano is playing on the background . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` When I Was Your Man '' was written by Andrew Wyatt , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine , while production was handled by the latter three production - team The Smeezingtons . Having chord progressions Am - C - Dm - G - G7 - C ( verse ) and F-G-C ( chorus ) , the song is written in the key of C Major , with Mars ' vocals range from the low note of G3 to the high note of C5 . The pop piano ballad finds Mars singing about a pre-fame heartbreak as he regrets letting his woman get away . It starts with a rolling piano riff ; unto a nearly scat `` vocal cadence '' : `` Same bed but it feels just a little bit bigger now / Our song on the radio but it do n't sound the same '' , as he laments the `` single state '' he created for himself . Next , he sings of his failings ; to do right by his woman , `` I shoulda bought you flowers / And held your hand / Shoulda gave you all my hours / When I had the chance '' . Its title phrase re-emerges in the final chorus , juxtaposed by Bruno from all the things he `` shoulda '' done , into things he hopes his ex 's new man will do ; concluding : `` Do all of the things I should have done / When I was your man '' . In an interview to Rolling Stone , Mars revealed , while reluctant , that he wrote the song for his girlfriend , model Jessica Caban , when he was worried about losing her . In contrast with the song , Mars and Caban stayed together ; remaining a couple as of 2014 . Mars also said , in the interview , that he finds it difficult to perform the song ; saying : `` You 're bringing up all these old emotions again , '' and that : `` It 's just like bleeding ! '' For Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust , the song `` starts out dangerously close to ' Drops of Jupiter ' territory , but luckily , there are no fried chicken or soy latte lyrics to be found here . '' He also noted that , `` ' When I Was Your Man ' goes minimal with the musical accompaniment , featuring just Bruno and his piano , sounding halfway between an Alicia Keys ballad and Prince 's ' How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? ' . '' Andy Gill of The Independent called it a `` McCartney-esque piano ballad . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix thought that the song `` sounds like a cross between Stevie Wonder and Elton John , '' also seeing `` a touch of Michael Jackson '' in his delivery . Sam Lansky of Idolator agreed , writing that `` while evoking Elton John , the track sounds like it was recorded live in a piano bar , with audible background noise , like the spooling of film on a projector . '' Robert Copsey of Digital Spy said that Mars lists everything he should have done for the one he loved before she broke up with him . Release ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was released as the third and final promotional single taken from Unorthodox Jukebox , on December 3 , 2012 . Later , it was reported by Mars that `` Young Girls '' was scheduled to be the second single from the album . However , a week later , while performing `` When I Was Your Man '' on a TV show , he announced that it would be the second official single from the album . To confirm the news , Mediabase also published that the song will be soon released to radio stations . `` When I Was Your Man '' was released as the second single from Unorthodox Jukebox . Atlantic Records serviced the song to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15 , 2013 . The single was released on the United Kingdom on February 10 , 2013 via digital download by Atlantic Records . On March 8 , 2013 , Warner Music Group sent the song to mainstream radio in Italy . It was released as a CD single in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland on April 5 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The song has received generally positive reviews from most music critics . Sam Lanksy of Idolator gave the song a favorable review , calling it `` an emotional ballad that shows off Mars ' sweet vocals . '' Lansky also praised it , naming it `` another exceptional offering from Unorthodox Jukebox , which is shaping up to be one of the year 's best pop releases . '' Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust gave the song a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars , commenting that ' When I Was Your Man ' is `` a much more satisfying , less ostentatious ballad than ' Young Girls ' -- though maybe the lyrics are a little too clichéd to result in a classic soul ballad the way Bruno seems to be going for . '' However , he praised Mars , which according to him , `` nobody puts a song like this over quite like him , and when he hits the big high note on the song 's bridge , it 's about as striking a moment as you 're likely to hear on a pop record this year . It might be a little too perfect to be as devastating as a song like ' Someone Like You ' , but it might be a big hit just the same , and it 's guaranteed to absolutely slay in a live set . '' Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly was positive , writing that `` Old - school charm still gets Mars the furthest , and the best thing here is the classic torch song ' When I Was Your Man ' , which finds him at the piano listing all the ways he wronged an ex . ' Caused a good , strong woman like you to walk out my life , ' he cries in his Sinatra - smooth tenor , oozing charm . Maybe he 's a jerk . But he 's the jerk that girl 's going home with tonight . '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented that `` The piano tells it all on this song , which is one of the most certain on the album . '' Later , he stated , `` If this is n't the beginning of the Billy Joel comeback , people should lose their jobs . '' Jason Lipshut of Billboard wrote that `` it will make for a killer lighters - in - the - air moment in concert . Although it 's not quite an Alicia Keys-esque powerhouse , ' When I Was Your Man ' smartly allows Mars to momentarily remove his fedora and bare his soul . '' The Arizona Republic 's Ed Masley viewed `` When I Was Your Man '' as one of Unorthodox Jukebox best tracks and described it as `` stripped - down soul '' . Jim Farber of New York Daily News wrote that in the ballad , `` he matches his bravura performance to a tune stirring enough to inspire aspiring stars on the ' X Factor / Idol ' axis for years to come . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix called it a `` beautiful piano ballad , '' writing that `` There 's not a lot of embellishment , there are no samples and there is not a wasted note . '' Sandy Cohen of The Huffington Post wrote that `` Mars is at his best on the bare piano ballad ' When I Was Your Man ' . '' Andrew Chan of Slant Magazine gave a mixed review for the song , writing that `` his melody and lyrics end up sounding as slight as they did before -- an embarrassment for an artist who 's staked so much of his image on sturdy , old - fashioned songcraft . '' Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey preferred `` Locked Out of Heaven '' to `` When I Was Your Man '' , despite being `` a kind gesture and all '' . Awards and recognition ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' won `` Favorite Hit '' at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , and for Favorite Song at the 2014 People 's Choice Awards . The ballad was nominated for Break - Up Song at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards . The song was one of the several winners of the 2014 ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Most Performed Song . It was the fourth most played song on radio , the eighth most played on Top 40 and the eighth most played on Adult Contemporary radios , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Mediabase ranked the song as the 15th most played on Top 40 radio stations in 2013 . In the UK , `` When I Was Your Man '' was the tenth pop track most played in 2013 . Chart performance ( edit ) North america ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was released on iTunes as a promotional single , leading the song to debut at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . His performance on The Voice re-entered the song at number 62 . `` When I Was Your Man '' entered the top 10 the week of February 13 , 2013 , charting at number 9 , becoming Mars ' 10th top 10 single . At that time , `` Locked Out of Heaven '' was at number 2 , and thus Mars became the first male artist to place two titles as a lead act in the Hot 100 's top 10 simultaneously since `` Grenade '' and `` Just the Way You Are '' doubled up for eight consecutive weeks . On February 27 , 2013 , the song jumped from number 8 to number 3 on the Hot 100 with `` Airplay Gainer '' honors for a seventh week in a row , tying it with Rihanna 's `` Rude Boy '' ( 2010 ) , T - Pain 's `` Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) , '' featuring Yung Joc ( 2007 ) , and Beyonce 's `` Baby Boy , '' featuring Sean Paul ( 2003 ) , for the longest streak dating to the award 's 1985 launch . The song reached number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , in its 16th week after being discounted to 69 cents on the iTunes music store , making it Mars ' slowest - peaking single . It also became the second number 1 song in the chart 's to feature exclusively piano and vocals . Mars , Adele and John Legend are the only who have been able to achieve this feat . With `` When I Was Your Man '' topping the Hot 100 , Mars reached the same mark as Diddy , Ludacris , Prince and Lionel Richie . Elvis Presley was the only male who reached five leaders more quickly than Mars . It stayed at number one for one week , before being replaced by P ! nk 's `` Just Give Me a Reason . '' On the Radio Songs chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number one , becoming Mars ' fifth number 1 on the Radio Songs . Among men , Mars ties 50 Cent and trails only Usher ( seven No. 1s ) , Ludacris and Kanye West ( six ) since the chart 's 1990 start . Mariah Carey leads with 11 Radio Songs No. 1s . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number 1 , giving Mars the highest total among solo males of number one songs ( six ) on the chart ( only Katy Perry and Rihanna lead all acts with eleven number one 's each ) . After a year , Justin Timberlake 's `` Not a Bad Thing '' passed Mars for most number one songs on the Mainstream Top 40 . The song reached its one million downloads in the United States on February 27 , 2013 . It became the ninth best - selling song of 2013 in the US with 3,928,000 downloads sold . As of January 2014 , it has sold over 4,123,000 downloads in the US . On the Canadian Hot 100 chart , the song was a success in its first week , debuting at number 45 . Later , it re-entered at number 48 . It only peaked at number 3 . Despite having peaked at the top of Canadian CHR / Top 40 and Hot AC charts . It was kept from the top spot on Canada AC . It was certified four times platinum by the Music Canada , indicating shipment of 320,000 copies . International ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' peaked at number 2 , in the United Kingdom . The song was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting sales of 600,000 copies . On the Danish Singles Chart , `` When I Was Your Man '' debuted at number 23 on February 15 , 2013 . The song reached a high point of number 4 on March 8 , 2013 , and on March 22 , 2013 , it was certified double - platinum by the IFPI Denmark , indicating streams of 3,600,000 . `` When I Was Your Man '' entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on January 1 , 2013 . After three weeks the song jumped in the top ten , to number 4 , remaining for two non-consecutive weeks , becoming its highest peak . The single has received a double - platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30,000 copies . In Australia , the song debuted at number 44 on the ARIA Charts week of December 23 , 2012 . Later , it jumped to number 21 . In its third week , it dropped to number 29 , however , in its fourth week , the song climbed to number 18 , becoming his eighth top - twenty single in Australia . In its fifth week , the song gave a huge climb to number 6 , becoming his sixth top - ten single in Australia . In South Korea , the song peaked at number 7 on the `` International Download Chart '' . In 2012 , the single sold 38,178 copies and in 2013 it was able to sell 258,106 . Overall , the single sold 296,284 copies in both years . Worldwide , it was the eighth best selling digital single of 2013 with sales of 8.3 million copies As of January 2016 , the song has sold 8 , 9 million copies worldwide . Live performances ( edit ) `` When I Was Your Man '' was performed live for the first time on the season three finale of US The Voice . Mars performed the song with two piano players and no stage production except for blue lighting . Unlike , most performers he did not sing with a contestant from the show . Rap - Up considered that Mars `` rocked the stage '' during his performance , while EW 's Hillary Bussis found the crowd to `` go crazy '' because of his lyrics or persuading Mars `` to ditch those Cee Lo shades '' . He also performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on January 10 , 2013 . The performance had Mars with piano accompaniment . Kyle McGovern of Spin wrote that `` he swells and contracts with every new regret and heartbroken epiphany . '' McGovern also stated , `` Mars might still be locked out of heaven , but it sounds like he 's getting closer to the angels . '' `` When I Was Your Man '' was performed at The Jonathan Ross Show after an interview , on March 3 , 2013 . The song was performed at season five the finale of Let 's Dance for Comic Relief , on March 9 , 2013 . On April 3 , 2014 , Mars performed the song live on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Carl Williott called the performance `` flawless '' . It was sung on the show Vivement Dimanche , on April 7 , 2013 . On May 26 , 2013 , the single was performed at the Radio 1 's Big Weekend . It was the twelfth song of his second and third worldwide tours , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 - 2015 ) and 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 - 2018 ) , respectively . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) In 2013 , The Voice UK contestant Mike Ward performed the song during the competition . A studio version of his performance was released and peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . Country singer Thomas Rhett recorded a cover of the song as a ' thank - you ' to fans . The song was released for sale on February 3 , 2015 and it debuted at No. 27 on the Hot Country Songs chart and despite failing to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked inside of the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , which acts as an extension of the former chart , peaking at number 7 there . `` When I Was Your Man '' was included on the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Music video ( edit ) Development and synopsis ( edit ) The music video of the song was directed by Cameron Duddy and Mars , and was released February 5 , 2013 . The video portrays the taping of a TV special , in which Mars is playing a lonely balladeer on the ivories while sitting in front of a piano with sunglasses donned and a half - full glass of whiskey atop his instrument , wearing a suit with a carnation boutonnière , while he keeps reminding himself of what he could have done to keep his lover . The video is based on 70 's vibe and retro effects . The set and the idea of the video is similar to one used for `` Love in the Key of C '' , a 1997 Belinda Carlisle minor hit . Reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone , called the video `` powerful '' and a found `` the final crescendo reaching a breaking point of true sorrow '' . Chris Payne , from Billboard called the music video `` somber '' . Nicole Sia of Spin praised `` the song 's visual '' . According to Lansky of Idolator , `` the clip , which is basically just Mars ... sitting and singing at the piano ... works '' . He continued , `` While he certainly could have gone for something a little more high - concept , the clip 's elegant framing just draws attention to ... the song '' . Track listing ( edit ) Promotional CD single `` When I Was Your Man '' -- 3 : 34 Official CD single `` When I Was Your Man '' -- 3 : 36 `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( Cazzette 's Answering Machine Mix ) -- 5 : 04 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at : Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California ; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Bruno Mars -- lead vocals , songwriting , piano Philip Lawrence -- songwriting Andrew Wyatt -- songwriting The Smeezingtons -- production Ari Levine -- songwriting , recording Charles Moniz -- additional engineer Manny Marroquin -- mixing David Kutch -- mastering Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox , Atlantic Records Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 - 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 13 Brazil ( Crowley Broadcast Analysis ) 9 Brazil Hot Pop Songs Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Iceland ( RÚV ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 60 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Portugal ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) 7 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop / Rock General ( Record Report ) Other versions ( edit ) Mike Ward version Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 60 Thomas Rhett version Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 27 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 - 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 32 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 89 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 3,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Promotional release ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide December 3 , 2012 Digital download ( iTunes countdown single ) Atlantic Single release ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States January 15 , 2013 Mainstream radio Atlantic United Kingdom February 10 , 2013 Digital download Italy March 8 , 2013 Mainstream radio Warner Germany April 5 , 2013 CD single Atlantic Austria Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diehl , Matt ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Bruno Mars and Diplo Hit Paris Strip Club for ' Unorthodox ' Inspiration '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' When I Was Your Man ' - Bruno Mars Latest News '' . Bruno Mars . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ LeDonne , Rob ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Philip Lawrence : Bruno Mars ' Right Hand Man Goes Solo '' . American Songwriter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unorthodox Jukebox ( CD booklet ) . Bruno Mars . United States : Atlantic Records . 2012 . 533064 - 2 . 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Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Return To Top Of Hot 100 It '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , Billboard ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars ' ' Man ' Gunning For No. 1 On Hot 100 Next Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` John Legend 's ' All Of Me ' Tops Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Debuts At No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Lands Fifth Hot 100 No. 1 With ' When I Was Your Man ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Return To Top Of Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Bruno Mars Sets Pop Songs Record , Justin Timberlake Tops Rhythmic '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Highlights : Justin Timberlake Passes Bruno Mars For Most Pop Songs No. 1s Among Solo Males '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Baauer 's ' Harlem Shake ' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 10 Albums and Songs of 2013 '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Click on Read More Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Songs & New Music : December 27 , 2012 '' . Billboard . January 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Songs & New Music : January 5 , 2013 '' . Billboard . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Tops UK Singles Chart ; Baauer 's ' Harlem Shake ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danishcharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer ifpi.dk '' . IFPI Denmark ( in Danish ) . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart > June 17 , 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gaon Digital Chart - Week 51 , 2014 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online download -- 2012 Month End Chart - December '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online download -- 2013 Year End Chart '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music subscription revenues help drive growth in most major markets '' . IFPI . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon Chart - 2014 Year End International Download Chart '' . Gaon Digital Chart. 2015 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . `` South Korea Gaon Chart - 2015 Year End International Download Chart '' . Gaon Digital Chart. 2016 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuchik , Natalie ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Bruno Mars performs ' When I Was Your Man ' live on ' The Voice ' '' . AXS . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars performs `` When I Was Your Man '' on the Voice finale `` . Rap - Up . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bussis , Hillary ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Voice season finale recap : Cassadee Pope wins season 3 '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGovern , Kyle ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Wistfully Recalls ' When I Was Your Man ' on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ' '' . Spin ( magazine ) . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Performs On ' The Jonathan Ross Show ' And Talks About Spam : Watch '' . Idolator . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , Capital Fm ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Performs ' When I Was Your Man ' Live On Let 's Dance Live Final - Video '' . Capital Fm . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williott , Carl ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Bruno Mars Get Emotional During `` When I Was Your Man '' On ' Ellen `` . Idolator . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , France 2 ( April 7 , 2013 ) . `` Spéciale M. Pokora '' . France 2 ( in French ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trent , Trini ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Closes BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend '' . Trini Trent TV . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Romps Through ' Moonshine Jungle ' Tour in Philadelphia : Live Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Luís ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Ele é funk , ele é rock , ele é um romântico . Bruno Mars fê - la bonita em Lisboa '' . Blitz ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Ward Charts '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Anrew ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Thomas Rhett Put Country Spin on Bruno Mars ' ' When I Was Your Man '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Rhett Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Rhett Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trilha sonora internacional de Amor à Vida tem Bruno Mars , Daft Punk e Alicia Keys '' . TVG ( in Portuguese ) . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` When I Was Your Man '' . MTV . United States . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Bruno Mars -- ' When I Was Your Man ' '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , Rolling Stone ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Plays Lonely Balladeer in ' When I Was Your Man ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Chris ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Releases Somber ' When I Was Your Man ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sia , Nicole ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars Pours His Heart Out on ' 70s Soundstage for ' When I Was Your Man ' Video '' . Spin . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Love in the key of C '' . BelindaCarlisleHD . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lansky , Sam ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bruno Mars ' `` When I Was Your Man '' Video : Watch The Retro Performance Clip `` . Idolator . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 10 BRASIL Weekly Songs : 30 / 09 / 2013 à 04 / 10 / 2013 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Crowley Broadcast Analysis . Archived from the original on October 2013 . Jump up ^ BPP , ed . ( July 2013 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 42 ) : 84 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201318 into search . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Bruno Mars . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars : When I Was Your Man '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 11 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Bruno Mars '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs - April 20 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bruno Mars search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201324 into search . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 05 - 21 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 2013 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . ARIA . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop ( NL ) . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RAPPORTS ANNUELS 2013 : Singles '' ( in French ) . Ultratop ( WA ) . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 '' . IRMA . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 2013 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013 : Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2013 '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 - Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 - Adult Contemporany Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 - Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . ARIA Charts . Australia : Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bruno Mars ; ' When I Was Your Man ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Photos de Certificados Musicales Amprofon '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bruno Mars ; ' When I Was Your Man ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Enter When I Was Your Man in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bruno Mars -- When I Was Your Man '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Bruno Mars songs Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs written Doo - Wops & Hooligans `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Grenade '' `` The Lazy Song '' `` Talking to the Moon '' `` Marry You '' `` Count On Me '' Unorthodox Jukebox `` Locked Out of Heaven '' `` When I Was Your Man '' `` Treasure '' `` Gorilla '' `` Young Girls '' 24K Magic `` 24K Magic '' `` That 's What I Like '' `` Versace on the Floor '' `` Chunky '' Featured singles `` Nothin ' on You '' `` Billionaire '' `` Lighters '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' `` Mirror '' `` Bubble Butt '' `` Uptown Funk '' Other singles `` It Will Rain '' Promotional singles `` Liquor Store Blues '' `` Somewhere in Brooklyn '' `` Moonshine '' Other songs `` Runaway Baby '' Book Template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_I_Was_Your_Man&oldid=814609160 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2012 songs 2013 singles 2013 songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Bruno Mars songs Song recordings produced by The Smeezingtons Songs written by Andrew Wyatt Songs written by Ari Levine Songs written by Bruno Mars Songs written by Philip Lawrence ( songwriter ) Pop ballads Torch songs Soul ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 21 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was when i was your man written | [
"\"When I Was Your Man\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album, Unorthodox Jukebox (2012). Atlantic Records released the song as the third promotional single and as the second official single, taken from the album, to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15, 2013. \"When I Was Your Man\" was written by Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine and Andrew Wyatt; with Mars, Lawrence and Levine credited for composing the song as well."
] | [
"2012"
] |
6520790481995264631 | List of Minnesota Timberwolves seasons | List of Minnesota Timberwolves seasons - wikipedia List of Minnesota Timberwolves seasons This article is a list of seasons completed by the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association . The Timberwolves joined the NBA as an expansion team for the 1989 -- 90 NBA season , along with the Orlando Magic . League Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff Berth Season League Conference Finish Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards 1989 -- 90 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 22 60 . 268 34 1990 -- 91 NBA Western 11th Midwest 5th 29 53 . 354 26 1991 -- 92 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 15 67 . 183 40 1992 -- 93 NBA Western 12th Midwest 5th 19 63 . 232 36 1993 -- 94 NBA Western 12th Midwest 5th 20 62 . 244 38 1994 -- 95 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 21 61 . 256 41 1995 -- 96 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 26 56 . 317 33 1996 -- 97 NBA Western 6th Midwest 3rd 40 42 . 488 24 Lost First Round ( Rockets ) 3 -- 0 1997 -- 98 NBA Western 7th Midwest 3rd 45 37 . 549 17 Lost First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 2 1998 -- 99 NBA Western 8th Midwest 4th 25 25 . 500 12 Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 3 -- 1 1999 -- 00 NBA Western 6th Midwest 3rd 50 32 . 610 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 1 2000 -- 01 NBA Western 8th Midwest 4th 47 35 . 573 11 Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 3 -- 1 2001 -- 02 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 50 32 . 610 8 Lost First Round ( Mavericks ) 3 -- 0 2002 -- 03 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 51 31 . 622 9 Lost First Round ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 Kevin Garnett ( ASG MVP ) 2003 -- 04 NBA Western 1st Midwest 1st 58 24 . 707 -- Won First Round ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 Kevin Garnett ( MVP ) 2004 -- 05 NBA Western 9th Northwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 8 2005 -- 06 NBA Western 14th Northwest 4th 33 49 . 402 11 Kevin Garnett ( JWKC ) 2006 -- 07 NBA Western 13th Northwest 4th 32 50 . 390 19 2007 -- 08 NBA Western 13th Northwest 4th 22 60 . 268 32 2008 -- 09 NBA Western 12th Northwest 4th 24 58 . 293 30 2009 -- 10 NBA Western 15th Northwest 5th 15 67 . 183 38 2010 -- 11 NBA Western 15th Northwest 5th 17 65 . 207 38 Kevin Love ( MIP ) 2011 -- 12 NBA Western 12th Northwest 5th 26 40 . 394 21 2012 -- 13 NBA Western 12th Northwest 5th 31 51 . 378 29 2013 -- 14 NBA Western 10th Northwest 3rd 40 42 . 488 19 2014 -- 15 NBA Western 15th Northwest 5th 16 66 . 195 35 Andrew Wiggins ( ROY ) 2015 -- 16 NBA Western 13th Northwest 5th 29 53 . 354 26 Karl - Anthony Towns ( ROY ) 2016 -- 17 NBA Western 13th Northwest 5th 31 51 . 378 20 2017 -- 18 NBA Western 8th Northwest 4th 47 35 . 573 Lost First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 1 Regular Season Record 925 1405 . 397 1989 -- 2018 Playoff Record 17 30 . 362 Postseason Series Record : 2 -- 8 References ( edit ) Minnesota Timberwolves Founded in 1989 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Franchise Franchise Expansion draft All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments and records Broadcasters Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas Metrodome Target Center General managers McKinney McCloskey Saunders McHale Kahn Saunders Newton Layden G League affiliate Iowa Wolves Administration Owner Glen Taylor General Manager Scott Layden President of Basketball Operations Tom Thibodeau Head Coach Tom Thibodeau Division championships ( 1 ) Culture and lore Crunch the Wolf Failed relocation to New Orleans Joe Somebody Mayo Clinic Square Retired numbers 21 Flip Minnesota Timberwolves seasons 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Minnesota_Timberwolves_seasons&oldid=838432391 '' Categories : Minnesota Timberwolves seasons Minnesota Timberwolves lists Talk About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 00 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the minnesota timberwolves made the playoffs | [
"\n\n\nSeason\n\nLeague\n\nConference\n\nFinish\n\nDivision\n\nFinish\n\nWins\n\nLosses\n\nWin%\n\nGB\n\nPlayoffs\n\nAwards\n\n\n\n1989–90\nNBA\nWestern\n13th\nMidwest\n6th\n22\n60\n.268\n34\n\n\n\n\n1990–91\nNBA\nWestern\n11th\nMidwest\n5th\n29\n53\n.354\n26\n\n\n\n\n1991–92\nNBA\nWestern\n13th\nMidwest\n6th\n15\n67\n.183\n40\n\n\n\n\n1992–93\nNBA\nWestern\n12th\nMidwest\n5th\n19\n63\n.232\n36\n\n\n\n\n1993–94\nNBA\nWestern\n12th\nMidwest\n5th\n20\n62\n.244\n38\n\n\n\n\n1994–95\nNBA\nWestern\n12th\nMidwest\n6th\n21\n61\n.256\n41\n\n\n\n\n1995–96\nNBA\nWestern\n13th\nMidwest\n6th\n26\n56\n.317\n33\n\n\n\n\n1996–97\nNBA\nWestern\n6th\nMidwest\n3rd\n40\n42\n.488\n24\nLost First Round (Rockets) 3–0\n\n\n\n1997–98\nNBA\nWestern\n7th\nMidwest\n3rd\n45\n37\n.549\n17\nLost First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2\n\n\n\n1998–99\nNBA\nWestern\n8th\nMidwest\n4th\n25\n25\n.500\n12\nLost First Round (Spurs) 3–1\n\n\n\n1999–00\nNBA\nWestern\n6th\nMidwest\n3rd\n50\n32\n.610\n5\nLost First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1\n\n\n\n2000–01\nNBA\nWestern\n8th\nMidwest\n4th\n47\n35\n.573\n11\nLost First Round (Spurs) 3–1\n\n\n\n2001–02\nNBA\nWestern\n5th\nMidwest\n3rd\n50\n32\n.610\n8\nLost First Round (Mavericks) 3–0\n\n\n\n2002–03\nNBA\nWestern\n4th\nMidwest\n3rd\n51\n31\n.622\n9\nLost First Round (Lakers) 4–2\nKevin Garnett (ASG MVP)\n\n\n2003–04\nNBA\nWestern\n1st\nMidwest\n1st\n58\n24\n.707\n—\nWon First Round (Nuggets) 4–1 Won Conference Semifinals (Kings) 4–3Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–2\nKevin Garnett (MVP)\n\n\n2004–05\nNBA\nWestern\n9th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n44\n38\n.537\n8\n\n\n\n\n2005–06\nNBA\nWestern\n14th\nNorthwest\n4th\n33\n49\n.402\n11\n\nKevin Garnett (JWKC)\n\n\n2006–07\nNBA\nWestern\n13th\nNorthwest\n4th\n32\n50\n.390\n19\n\n\n\n\n2007–08\nNBA\nWestern\n13th\nNorthwest\n4th\n22\n60\n.268\n32\n\n\n\n\n2008–09\nNBA\nWestern\n12th\nNorthwest\n4th\n24\n58\n.293\n30\n\n\n\n\n2009–10\nNBA\nWestern\n15th\nNorthwest\n5th\n15\n67\n.183\n38\n\n\n\n\n2010–11\nNBA\nWestern\n15th\nNorthwest\n5th\n17\n65\n.207\n38\n\nKevin Love (MIP)\n\n\n2011–12\nNBA\nWestern\n12th\nNorthwest\n5th\n26\n40\n.394\n21\n\n\n\n\n2012–13\nNBA\nWestern\n12th\nNorthwest\n5th\n31\n51\n.378\n29\n\n\n\n\n2013–14\nNBA\nWestern\n10th\nNorthwest\n3rd\n40\n42\n.488\n19\n\n\n\n\n2014–15\nNBA\nWestern\n15th\nNorthwest\n5th\n16\n66\n.195\n35\n\nAndrew Wiggins (ROY)\n\n\n2015–16\nNBA\nWestern\n13th\nNorthwest\n5th\n29\n53\n.354\n26\n\nKarl-Anthony Towns (ROY)\n\n\n2016–17\nNBA\nWestern\n13th\nNorthwest\n5th\n31\n51\n.378\n20\n\n\n\n\n2017–18\nNBA\nWestern\n8th\nNorthwest\n4th\n47\n35\n.573\n2\nLost First Round (Rockets) 4–1\n\n\n\nRegular Season Record\n925\n1405\n.397\n1989–2018\n\n\nPlayoff Record\n17\n30\n.362\nPostseason Series Record: 2–8\n"
] | [
"2017–18"
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3864463086629830823 | Harley-Davidson Street | Harley - Davidson Street - wikipedia Harley - Davidson Street Jump to : navigation , search Harley - Davidson Street 750 and 500 Manufacturer Harley - Davidson Production 2014 -- present Assembly Kansas City , Missouri , USA ( US , Canada and Mexico ) Bawal , India ( rest of world ) Class Cruiser Engine 60 ° SOHC , water - cooled V - twin with balance shaft Street 750 : 749 cc ( 45.7 cu in ) Street 500 : 494 cc ( 30.1 cu in ) Bore / stroke Street 750 : 3.35 in × 2.60 in ( 85.0 mm × 66.0 mm ) Street 500 : 2.72 in × 2.60 in ( 69.0 mm × 66.0 mm ) Compression ratio Street 750 : 10.5 : 1 Power 53 hp ( 40 kW ) @ 8,000 rpm ( Street 750 ) Torque 47.9 lb ft ( 64.9 N m ) @ 4,000 rpm ( Street 750 ) Transmission 6 speed , belt drive Frame type Steel Suspension Front : Telescopic forks Rear : Dual shocks , box section swingarm Brakes Front : Single - caliper disc Rear : Single - caliper disc Tires 100 / 80x17 150 / 70x15 , 140 / 75R15 Rake , trail 32 ° , 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) Wheelbase 59.5 in ( 1,511 mm ) L : 87.6 in ( 2,226 mm ) W : 32.1 in ( 815 mm ) H : 27.9 in ( 709 mm ) Seat height 25 in ( 640 mm ) Weight 480 lb ( 220 kg ) ( claimed ) ( wet ) Fuel capacity 3.5 US gal ( 13 L ) Related Harley - Davidson VRSC The Harley - Davidson Street motorcycle series was announced by Harley - Davidson at the 2013 EICMA show in Milan for 2014 introduction . It will comprise Harley 's first all - new models in 13 years , and Harley 's first lightweight motorcycle since the 1974 Sprint . The 750 is powered by a 749 cc displacement version of Harley 's 60 ° SOHC V - twin , water - cooled Revolution engine dubbed the Revolution X . The Street 500 has a 494 cc narrower - bore but otherwise identical engine . Production for sale in the United States and Canada is done at Harley 's Kansas City facility ; production for the rest of the world , including engines , is done at the Harley - Davidson India subsidiary in Bawal with indigenous components . The Street series are positioned as Harley 's entry - level models , with a price point that is the lowest for Harley 's US lineup by over $1,200 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Harley - Davidson Street Rod 2 Riders Edge program 3 Reactions 4 References 5 External links Harley - Davidson Street Rod ( edit ) For the V - Rod Street Rod , see Harley - Davidson VRSC . For 2017 Harley has released the Street Rod based on the 750 Street model . The new model has new features such as higher output Revolution X engine 68.4 hp ( 51.0 kW ) @ 8,750 rpm and 47.2 lb ft ( 64.0 N m ) @ 4,000 rpm , 43 mm inverted front forks and piggyback reservoir rear shocks , drag style bars and 17 inch wheels . The new model came about from feedback from the market that wanted a sporty standard and is meant to compete with bikes like the Yamaha FZ - 07 and FZ - 09 . Riders edge program ( edit ) The Street 500 replaced the Buell Blast in Harley - Davidson 's rider training program . Reactions ( edit ) Speculation about Harley `` outsourcing '' production of 500 and 750 cc models ( called small - displacement in US press ) to India began at least as early as 2011 , along with harsh criticism that by not offering smaller bikes there , Harley `` does n't understand emerging markets '' . The New York Times also opined that Harley 's move towards medium - displacement echoed that of other manufacturers for the developing world . `` The midsize is becoming a point of convergence . Commuter motorcycles are getting larger and more complex ; from the other direction , Harley - Davidson recently unveiled its lighter Street 500 and Street 750 models . '' -- Samanth Subramanian , The New York Times , January 3 , 2014 Strong growth of the Indian market led an American commentator to call this `` The most important new Harley - Davidson in living memory '' , and another to predict more bidirectional interaction between American and Indian manufacturers and consumers , naming the Harley Street along with other Indian - made or Indian - owned marques like Hero MotoCorp , KTM , and BMW : 2014 Harley - Davidson Street 750 side view References ( edit ) Citations ^ Jump up to : Bornhop 2013a . ^ Jump up to : Canet 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hindustan Times 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming 2013 . Jump up ^ Forbes 2014 . Jump up ^ Bornhop 2013b . Jump up ^ Hoyer , Mark ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Harley - Davidson Street Rod 750 - FIRST LOOK REVIEW '' . Cycle World . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cathcart 2011 . Jump up ^ Beeler 2012 . Jump up ^ Subramanian 2014 . Jump up ^ Siler 2013 . Sources Cathcart , Alan ( April 6 , 2011 ) , Will Harley - Davidson outsource motorcycle production to India ? , Motorcyclist Beeler , Jensen ( June 2 , 2012 ) , No Sub-800cc Motorcycle for India ? Why Harley - Davidson Does n't Understand Emerging Markets , Asphalt & Rubber Bornhop , Andrew ( November 4 , 2013 ) , REVEALED ! 2014 HARLEY - DAVIDSON STREET 500 AND STREET 750 , Cycle World Fleming , Charles ( November 4 , 2013 ) , `` First Look : Harley - Davidson unveils new Street 500 and Street 750 '' , The Los Angeles Times Siler , Wes ( November 4 , 2013 ) , Harley 's Indian Gamble -- 2014 Harley - Davidson Street 750 And 500 , RideApart Bornhop , Andrew ( November 12 , 2013 ) , WHERE IS IT MADE ? 2014 HARLEY - DAVIDSON STREET 750 AND STREET 500 -- Is this affordable new Harley from India ? Or Kansas City ? We tell you the complete story. , Cycle World Subramanian , Samanth ( January 3 , 2014 ) , `` A Cult Motorcycle From India Takes On the World '' , The New York Times Trefis Team ( January 16 , 2014 ) , Harley - Davidson 's Street 750 Debuts In India , Forbes Watson , Tim ( January 28 , 2014 ) , Why Your Next Bike May Come From India , RideApart Mohile , Shally Seth ( February 5 , 2014 ) , `` Harley - Davidson India Launches Street 750 at Auto Expo 2014 '' , Mint , India -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) , Priced at Rs. 4.10 lakh ... Street 750 will be by far its cheapest model in India since a Harley - Davidson motorcycle now costs at least Rs. 9 lakh . Harley - Davidson Street 750 launched with a shocking price tag ! , Noida , India : Zee News , February 5 , 2014 `` Harley - Davidson Street 750 , first look , review '' , Hindustan Times , March 4 , 2014 , The Street 750 comes with a cruiser typical 1511mm long wheelbase , and seats riders in armchair comfort ... Canet , Don ( March 24 , 2014 ) , 2015 HARLEY - DAVIDSON STREET 750 , WITH DYNO RUN -- FIRST RIDE , Cycle World External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harley - Davidson Street . Official website ( hide ) Harley - Davidson model families Currently produced Softail FLST FXST Factory custom Super Glide ( FX ) Touring FL Sportster Sportster ( K , X ) Trike Freewheeler ( FLRT ) Ultra Classic ( FLHTCUTG ) Urban / Street Street V - Rod ( VRSC ) Historical Civilian Servi - Car ( G ) ( 1932 -- 1973 ) Lightweight ( 1948 -- 1966 ) Topper ( scooter ) ( 1960 -- 1965 ) Military WLA / WLC ( 1942 -- 1952 ) XA ( c. 1942 ) MT350E ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Racing Historical WLDR ( 1938 -- 1951 ) KR and KRTT ( 1952 -- 1959 ) Current XR - 750 and XRTT ( 1970 -- ) * Harley - Davidson XG750R ( 2016 - ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harley-Davidson_Street&oldid=800118719 '' Categories : Cruiser motorcycles Harley - Davidson motorcycles Indian motorcycles Motorcycles introduced in 2014 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 16 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the harley davidson street 750 made | [
"The Harley-Davidson Street motorcycle series was announced by Harley-Davidson at the 2013 EICMA show in Milan for 2014 introduction. It will comprise Harley's first all-new models in 13 years,[1][3] and Harley's first lightweight motorcycle since the 1974 Sprint.[5] The 750 is powered by a 749 cc displacement version of Harley's 60° SOHC V-twin, water-cooled Revolution engine dubbed the Revolution X. The Street 500 has a 494 cc narrower-bore but otherwise identical engine.[1] Production for sale in the United States and Canada is done at Harley's Kansas City facility; production for the rest of the world, including engines, is done at the Harley-Davidson India subsidiary in Bawal with indigenous components.[3][6] The Street series are positioned as Harley's entry-level models, with a price point that is the lowest for Harley's US lineup by over $1,200."
] | [
"Harley's Kansas City facility"
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-5398382852601944524 | Yellow fever | Yellow fever - Wikipedia Yellow fever Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` yellow fever '' , see Yellow fever ( disambiguation ) . `` American Plague '' redirects here . For the rock band , see The American Plague . `` Yellow plague '' redirects here . For the Yellow Plague of Rhos in medieval Wales , see Maelgwn Gwynedd . Yellow fever Synonyms Yellow jack , yellow plague , bronze john A TEM micrograph of the yellow fever virus ( 234,000 × magnification ) Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever , chills , muscle pain , yellow skin Complications Liver failure , bleeding Usual onset 3 - 6 days post exposure Duration 3 - 4 days Causes Yellow fever virus spread by mosquitoes Diagnostic method Blood test Prevention Yellow fever vaccine Treatment Supportive care Frequency ~ 127,000 severe cases ( 2013 ) Deaths 5,100 ( 2015 ) Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration . In most cases , symptoms include fever , chills , loss of appetite , nausea , muscle pains particularly in the back , and headaches . Symptoms typically improve within five days . In about 15 % of people within a day of improving , the fever comes back , abdominal pain occurs , and liver damage begins causing yellow skin . If this occurs , the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is also increased . The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito . It infects only humans , other primates , and several species of mosquitoes . In cities , it is spread primarily by Aedes aegypti , a type of mosquito found throughout the tropics and subtropics . The virus is an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus . The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses , especially in the early stages . To confirm a suspected case , blood sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is required . A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists , and some countries require vaccinations for travelers . Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the transmitting mosquito . In areas where yellow fever is common and vaccination is uncommon , early diagnosis of cases and immunization of large parts of the population is important to prevent outbreaks . Once infected , management is symptomatic with no specific measures effective against the virus . Death occurs in up to half of those who get severe disease . In 2013 , yellow fever resulted in about 127,000 severe infections and 45,000 deaths , with nearly 90 % of these occurring in African nations . Nearly a billion people live in an area of the world where the disease is common . It is common in tropical areas of the continents of South America and Africa , but not in Asia . Since the 1980s , the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing . This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune , more people living in cities , people moving frequently , and changing climate increasing the habitat for mosquitoes . The disease originated in Africa , from where it spread to South America through the slave trade in the 17th century . Since the 17th century , several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas , Africa , and Europe . In the 18th and 19th centuries , yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases . In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Transmission 3 Pathogenesis 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 5.1 Vaccination 5.2 Compulsory vaccination 5.3 Vector control 6 Treatment 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Africa 7.2 South America 7.3 Asia 8 History 8.1 Discovery of causes and transmission 9 Research 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Yellow fever begins after an incubation period of three to six days . Most cases only cause a mild infection with fever , headache , chills , back pain , fatigue , loss of appetite , muscle pain , nausea , and vomiting . In these cases , the infection lasts only three to four days . In 15 % of cases , however , people enter a second , toxic phase of the disease with recurring fever , this time accompanied by jaundice due to liver damage , as well as abdominal pain . Bleeding in the mouth , the eyes , and the gastrointestinal tract cause vomit containing blood , hence the Spanish name for yellow fever , vómito negro ( `` black vomit '' ) . There may also be kidney failure , hiccups , and delirium . The toxic phase is fatal in about 20 to 50 % of cases , making the overall fatality rate for the disease about 3.0 to 7.5 % . However , the fatality rate of those with the toxic phase of the disease may exceed 50 % . Surviving the infection provides lifelong immunity , and normally no permanent organ damage results . Cause ( edit ) Yellow fever virus Virus classification Group : Group IV ( ( + ) ssRNA ) Order : Unassigned Family : Flaviviridae Genus : Flavivirus Species : Yellow fever virus Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus , a 40 -- to 50 - nm - wide enveloped RNA virus , the type species and namesake of the family Flaviviridae . It was the first illness shown to be transmissible by filtered human serum and transmitted by mosquitoes , by Walter Reed around 1900 . The positive - sense , single - stranded RNA is around 11,000 nucleotides long and has a single open reading frame encoding a polyprotein . Host proteases cut this polyprotein into three structural ( C , prM , E ) and seven nonstructural proteins ( NS1 , NS2A , NS2B , NS3 , NS4A , NS4B , NS5 ) ; the enumeration corresponds to the arrangement of the protein coding genes in the genome . Minimal yellow fever virus ( YFV ) 3'UTR region is required for stalling of the host 5 ' - 3 ' exonuclease XRN1 . The UTR contains PKS3 pseudoknot structure which serves as a molecular signal to stall the exonuclease and is the only viral requirement for subgenomic flavivirus RNA ( sfRNA ) production . The sfRNAs are a result of incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the exonuclease and are important for viral pathogenicity . Yellow fever belongs to the group of hemorrhagic fevers . The viruses infect , amongst others , monocytes , macrophages , and dendritic cells . They attach to the cell surface via specific receptors and are taken up by an endosomal vesicle . Inside the endosome , the decreased pH induces the fusion of the endosomal membrane with the virus envelope . The capsid enters the cytosol , decays , and releases the genome . Receptor binding , as well as membrane fusion , are catalyzed by the protein E , which changes its conformation at low pH , causing a rearrangement of the 90 homo dimers to 60 homo trimers . After entering the host cell , the viral genome is replicated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) and in the so - called vesicle packets . At first , an immature form of the virus particle is produced inside the ER , whose M - protein is not yet cleaved to its mature form and is therefore denoted as prM ( precursor M ) and forms a complex with protein E. The immature particles are processed in the Golgi apparatus by the host protein furin , which cleaves prM to M . This releases E from the complex which can now take its place in the mature , infectious virion . Transmission ( edit ) Aedes aegypti feeding Adults of the yellow fever mosquito A. aegypti : The male is on the left , females are on the right . Only the female mosquito bites humans to transmit the disease . Yellow fever virus is mainly transmitted through the bite of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti , but other mostly Aedes mosquitoes such as the tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) can also serve as a vector for this virus . Like other arboviruses which are transmitted by mosquitoes , the yellow fever virus is taken up by a female mosquito when it ingests the blood of an infected human or another primate . Viruses reach the stomach of the mosquito , and if the virus concentration is high enough , the virions can infect epithelial cells and replicate there . From there , they reach the haemocoel ( the blood system of mosquitoes ) and from there the salivary glands . When the mosquito next sucks blood , it injects its saliva into the wound , and the virus reaches the bloodstream of the bitten person . Transovarial and transstadial transmission of the yellow fever virus within A. aegypti , that is , the transmission from a female mosquito to her eggs and then larvae , are indicated . This infection of vectors without a previous blood meal seems to play a role in single , sudden breakouts of the disease . Three epidemiologically different infectious cycles occur , in which the virus is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans or other primates . In the `` urban cycle '' , only the yellow fever mosquito A. aegypti is involved . It is well adapted to urban areas and can also transmit other diseases , including Zika fever , dengue fever , and chikungunya . The urban cycle is responsible for the major outbreaks of yellow fever that occur in Africa . Except in an outbreak in 1999 in Bolivia , this urban cycle no longer exists in South America . Besides the urban cycle , both in Africa and South America , a sylvatic cycle ( forest or jungle cycle ) is present , where Aedes africanus ( in Africa ) or mosquitoes of the genus Haemagogus and Sabethes ( in South America ) serve as vectors . In the jungle , the mosquitoes infect mainly non-human primates ; the disease is mostly asymptomatic in African primates . In South America , the sylvatic cycle is currently the only way humans can become infected , which explains the low incidence of yellow fever cases on the continent . People who become infected in the jungle can carry the virus to urban areas , where A. aegypti acts as a vector . Because of this sylvatic cycle , yellow fever can not be eradicated . In Africa , a third infectious cycle known as `` savannah cycle '' or intermediate cycle , occurs between the jungle and urban cycles . Different mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are involved . In recent years , this has been the most common form of transmission of yellow fever in Africa . Concern exists about yellow fever spreading to southeast Asia , where its vector A. aegypti already occurs . Pathogenesis ( edit ) After transmission from a mosquito , the viruses replicate in the lymph nodes and infect dendritic cells in particular . From there , they reach the liver and infect hepatocytes ( probably indirectly via Kupffer cells ) , which leads to eosinophilic degradation of these cells and to the release of cytokines . Apoptotic masses known as Councilman bodies appear in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes . Fatality may occur when cytokine storm , shock , and multiple organ failure follow . Diagnosis ( edit ) Yellow fever is most frequently a clinical diagnosis , made on the basis of symptoms and the infected person 's whereabouts prior to becoming ill . Mild courses of the disease can only be confirmed virologically . Since mild courses of yellow fever can also contribute significantly to regional outbreaks , every suspected case of yellow fever ( involving symptoms of fever , pain , nausea and vomiting six to 10 days after leaving the affected area ) is treated seriously . If yellow fever is suspected , the virus can not be confirmed until six to 10 days after the illness . A direct confirmation can be obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction where the genome of the virus is amplified . Another direct approach is the isolation of the virus and its growth in cell culture using blood plasma ; this can take one to four weeks . Serologically , an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay during the acute phase of the disease using specific IgM against yellow fever or an increase in specific IgG - titer ( compared to an earlier sample ) can confirm yellow fever . Together with clinical symptoms , the detection of IgM or a fourfold increase in IgG - titer is considered sufficient indication for yellow fever . Since these tests can cross-react with other flaviviruses , like dengue virus , these indirect methods can not conclusively prove yellow fever infection . Liver biopsy can verify inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes and detect viral antigens . Because of the bleeding tendency of yellow fever patients , a biopsy is only advisable post mortem to confirm the cause of death . In a differential diagnosis , infections with yellow fever must be distinguished from other feverish illnesses like malaria . Other viral hemorrhagic fevers , such as Ebola virus , Lassa virus , Marburg virus , and Junin virus , must be excluded as the cause . Prevention ( edit ) Personal prevention of yellow fever includes vaccination and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where yellow fever is endemic . Institutional measures for prevention of yellow fever include vaccination programmes and measures of controlling mosquitoes . Programmes for distribution of mosquito nets for use in homes are providing reductions in cases of both malaria and yellow fever . Use of EPA - registered insect repellent is recommended when outdoors . Exposure for even a short time is enough for a potential mosquito bite . Long - sleeved clothing , long pants , and socks are useful for prevention . The awareness of peak mosquito exposure is from dusk to dawn . The application of larvicides to water - storage containers can help eliminate potential mosquito breeding sites . Adult mosquitos can be killed through insecticide spray usage , which decreases the transmission of yellow fever . Use insect repellent when outdoors such as those containing DEET , picaridin , IR3535 , or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin . Wear proper clothing to reduce mosquito bites . When weather permits , wear long sleeves , long pants and socks when outdoors . Mosquitoes may bite through thin clothing , so spraying clothes with repellent containing permethrin or another EPA - registered repellent will give extra protection . Clothing treated with permethrin is commercially available . Mosquito repellents containing permethrin are not approved for application directly to the skin . The peak biting times for many mosquito species are dusk to dawn . However , A. aegypti , one of the mosquitoes that transmits yellow fever virus , feeds during the daytime . Staying in accommodations with screened or air - conditioned rooms , particularly during peak biting times , also reduces the risk of mosquito bites . Vaccination ( edit ) The cover of a certificate that confirms the holder has been vaccinated against yellow fever Main article : Yellow fever vaccine Vaccination is recommended for those traveling to affected areas , because non-native people tend to develop more severe illness when infected . Protection begins by the 10th day after vaccine administration in 95 % of people , and had been reported to last for at least 10 years . WHO now states that a single dose of vaccination is sufficient to confer lifelong immunity against yellow fever disease . '' The attenuated live vaccine stem 17D was developed in 1937 by Max Theiler . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends routine vaccinations for people living in affected areas between the 9th and 12th month after birth . Up to one in four people experience fever , aches , and local soreness and redness at the site of injection . In rare cases ( less than one in 200,000 to 300,000 ) , the vaccination can cause yellow fever vaccine - associated viscerotropic disease , which is fatal in 60 % of cases . It is probably due to the genetic morphology of the immune system . Another possible side effect is an infection of the nervous system , which occurs in one in 200,000 to 300,000 cases , causing yellow fever vaccine - associated neurotropic disease , which can lead to meningoencephalitis and is fatal in less than 5 % of cases . The Yellow Fever Initiative , launched by WHO in 2006 , vaccinated more than 105 million people in 14 countries in West Africa . No outbreaks were reported during 2015 . The campaign was supported by the GAVI Alliance , and governmental organizations in Europe and Africa . According to the WHO , mass vaccination can not eliminate yellow fever because of the vast number of infected mosquitoes in urban areas of the target countries , but it will significantly reduce the number of people infected . In March 2017 , WHO launched a vaccination campaign in Brazil with 3.5 million doses from an emergency stockpile . In March 2017 the WHO recommended vaccination for travellers to certain parts of Brazil . In March 2018 , Brazil shifted its policy and announced it planned to vaccinate all 77.5 million currently - unvaccinated citizens by April 2019 . Compulsory vaccination ( edit ) Some countries in Asia are theoretically in danger of yellow fever epidemics ( mosquitoes with the capability to transmit yellow fever and susceptible monkeys are present ) , although the disease does not yet occur there . To prevent introduction of the virus , some countries demand previous vaccination of foreign visitors if they have passed through yellow fever areas . Vaccination has to be proved by the production of a vaccination certificate which is valid 10 days after the vaccination and lasts for 10 years . Although the WHO on 17 May 2013 advised that subsequent booster vaccinations are unnecessary , an older ( than 10 years ) certificate may not be acceptable at all border posts in all affected countries . A list of the countries that require yellow fever vaccination is published by the WHO . If the vaccination can not be conducted for some reasons , dispensation may be possible . In this case , an exemption certificate issued by a WHO - approved vaccination center is required . Although 32 of 44 countries where yellow fever occurs endemically do have vaccination programmes , in many of these countries , less than 50 % of their population is vaccinated . Vector control ( edit ) Information campaign for prevention of dengue and yellow fever in Paraguay Control of the yellow fever mosquito A. aegypti is of major importance , especially because the same mosquito can also transmit dengue fever and chikungunya disease . A. aegypti breeds preferentially in water , for example in installations by inhabitants of areas with precarious drinking water supply , or in domestic waste , especially tires , cans , and plastic bottles . These conditions are common in urban areas in developing countries . Two main strategies are employed to reduce mosquito populations . One approach is to kill the developing larvae . Measures are taken to reduce the water accumulations in which the larva develops . Larvicides are used , as well as larvae - eating fish and copepods , which reduce the number of larvae . For many years , copepods of the genus Mesocyclops have been used in Vietnam for preventing dengue fever . It eradicated the mosquito vector in several areas . Similar efforts may be effective against yellow fever . Pyriproxyfen is recommended as a chemical larvicide , mainly because it is safe for humans and effective even in small doses . The second strategy is to reduce populations of the adult yellow fever mosquito . Lethal ovitraps can reduce Aedes populations , but with a decreased amount of pesticide because it targets the mosquitoes directly . Curtains and lids of water tanks can be sprayed with insecticides , but application inside houses is not recommended by the WHO . Insecticide - treated mosquito nets are effective , just as they are against the Anopheles mosquito that carries malaria . Treatment ( edit ) As for other flavivirus infections , no cure is known for yellow fever . Hospitalization is advisable and intensive care may be necessary because of rapid deterioration in some cases . Different methods for acute treatment of the disease have been shown not to be very successful ; passive immunization after the emergence of symptoms is probably without effect . Ribavirin and other antiviral drugs , as well as treatment with interferons , do not have a positive effect in patients . Asymptomatic treatment includes rehydration and pain relief with drugs such as paracetamol ( acetaminophen in the United States ) . Acetylsalicylic acid ( aspirin ) should not be given because of its anticoagulant effect , which can be devastating in the case of internal bleeding that can occur with yellow fever . Epidemiology ( edit ) Yellow fever is common in tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa . Worldwide , about 600 million people live in endemic areas . The WHO estimates 200,000 cases of disease and 30,000 deaths a year occur ; the number of officially reported cases is far lower . Africa ( edit ) Endemic range of yellow fever in Africa ( 2009 ) An estimated 90 % of the infections occur on the African continent . In 2008 , the largest number of recorded cases was in Togo . In 2016 , a large outbreak originated in Angola and spread to neighboring countries before being contained by a massive vaccination campaign . In March and April , 11 cases were reported in China , the first appearance of the disease in Asia in recorded history . Phylogenetic analysis has identified seven genotypes of yellow fever viruses , and they are assumed to be differently adapted to humans and to the vector A. aegypti . Five genotypes ( Angola , Central / East Africa , East Africa , West Africa I , and West Africa II ) occur only in Africa . West Africa genotype I is found in Nigeria and the surrounding areas . This appears to be especially virulent or infectious , as this type is often associated with major outbreaks . The three genotypes in East and Central Africa occur in areas where outbreaks are rare . Two recent outbreaks in Kenya ( 1992 -- 1993 ) and Sudan ( 2003 and 2005 ) involved the East African genotype , which had remained unknown until these outbreaks occurred . South America ( edit ) Endemic range of yellow fever in South America ( 2009 ) In South America , two genotypes have been identified ( South American genotypes I and II ) . Based on phylogenetic analysis these two genotypes appear to have originated in West Africa and were first introduced into Brazil . The date of introduction into South America appears to be 1822 ( 95 % confidence interval 1701 to 1911 ) . The historical record shows an outbreak of yellow fever occurred in Recife , Brazil , between 1685 and 1690 . The disease seems to have disappeared , with the next outbreak occurring in 1849 . It was likely introduced with the importation of slaves through the slave trade from Africa . Genotype I has been divided into five subclades , A through E . In late 2016 , a large outbreak began in Minas Gerais state of Brazil that was characterized as a sylvan or jungle epizootic . It began as an outbreak in brown howler monkeys , which serve as a sentinel species for yellow fever , that then spread to men working in the jungle . No cases had been transmitted between humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito , which can sustain urban outbreaks that can spread rapidly . In April 2017 , the sylvan outbreak continued moving toward the Brazilian coast where most people were unvaccinated . By the end of May the outbreak appeared to be declining after more than 3,000 suspected cases , 758 confirmed and 264 deaths confirmed to be yellow fever . The Health Ministry launched a vaccination campaign and was concerned about spread during the Carnival season in February and March . The CDC issued a Level 2 alert ( practice enhanced precautions . ) A Bayesian analysis of genotypes I and II has shown that genotype I accounts for virtually all the current infections in Brazil , Colombia , Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago while genotype II accounted for all cases in Peru . Genotype I originated in the Northern Brazilian region around 1908 ( 95 % HPD : 1870 -- 1936 ) . Genotype II originated in Peru in 1920 ( 95 % HPD : 1867 -- 1958 ) . The estimated rate of mutation for both genotypes was ~ 5 × 10 substitutions / site / year , similar to that of other RNA viruses . Asia ( edit ) Though the main vector ( A. aegypti ) also occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia , the Pacific , and Australia , yellow fever has never occurred in these parts of the globe until the introduction of 11 cases by jet travel from an outbreak in Africa in 2016 . Proposed explanations include the idea that the strains of the mosquito in the east are less able to transmit the yellow fever virus , that immunity is present in the populations because of other diseases caused by related viruses ( for example , dengue ) , and that the disease was never introduced because the shipping trade was insufficient , but none is considered satisfactory . Another proposal is the absence of a slave trade to Asia on the scale of that to the Americas . The trans - Atlantic slave trade was probably the means of introduction into the Western Hemisphere from Africa . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of yellow fever and Timeline of yellow fever Carlos Finlay Walter Reed The evolutionary origins of yellow fever most likely lie in Africa , with transmission of the disease from nonhuman primates to humans . The virus is thought to have originated in East or Central Africa and spread from there to West Africa . As it was endemic in Africa , the natives had developed some immunity to it . When an outbreak of yellow fever would occur in an African village where colonists resided , most Europeans died , while the native population usually suffered nonlethal symptoms resembling influenza . This phenomenon , in which certain populations develop immunity to yellow fever due to prolonged exposure in their childhood , is known as acquired immunity . The virus , as well as the vector A. aegypti , were probably transferred to North and South America with the importation of slaves from Africa , part of the Columbian Exchange following European exploration and colonization . The first definitive outbreak of yellow fever in the New World was in 1647 on the island of Barbados . An outbreak was recorded by Spanish colonists in 1648 in the Yucatán Peninsula , where the indigenous Mayan people called the illness xekik ( `` blood vomit '' ) . In 1685 , Brazil suffered its first epidemic , in Recife . The first mention of the disease by the name `` yellow fever '' occurred in 1744 . McNeill argues that the environmental and ecological disruption caused by the introduction of sugar plantations created the conditions for mosquito and viral reproduction , and subsequent outbreaks of yellow fever . Deforestation reduced populations of insectivorous birds and other creatures that fed on mosquitoes and their eggs . Sugar curing house , 1762 : Sugar pots and jars on sugar plantations served as breeding place for larvae of A. aegypti , the vector of yellow fever . Although yellow fever is most prevalent in tropical - like climates , the northern United States were not exempted from the fever . The first outbreak in English - speaking North America occurred in New York City in 1668 , and a serious one afflicted Philadelphia in 1793 . English colonists in Philadelphia and the French in the Mississippi River Valley recorded major outbreaks in 1669 , as well as those occurring later in the 18th and 19th centuries . The southern city of New Orleans was plagued with major epidemics during the 19th century , most notably in 1833 and 1853 . Its residents called the disease `` yellow jack '' . At least 25 major outbreaks took place in the Americas during the 18th and 19th centuries , including particularly serious ones in Cartagena in 1741 , Cuba in 1762 and 1900 , Santo Domingo in 1803 , and Memphis in 1878 . Considerable debate existed over whether the number of deaths caused by disease in the Haitian Revolution of the 1780s was exaggerated . Major outbreaks have also occurred in southern Europe . Gibraltar lost many to outbreaks in 1804 , 1814 , and 1828 . Barcelona suffered the loss of several thousand citizens during an outbreak in 1821 . Urban epidemics continued in the United States until 1905 , with the last outbreak affecting New Orleans . In Colonial times and during the Napoleonic Wars , the West Indies were known as a particularly dangerous posting for soldiers due to yellow fever being endemic in the area . The mortality rate in British garrisons in Jamaica was seven times that of garrisons in Canada , mostly because of yellow fever and other tropical diseases such as malaria . Both English and French forces posted there were seriously affected by the `` yellow jack '' . Wanting to regain control of the lucrative sugar trade in Saint - Domingue ( Hispaniola ) , and with an eye on regaining France 's New World empire , Napoleon sent an army under the command of his brother - in - law General Charles Leclerc to Saint - Domingue to seize control after a slave revolt . The historian J.R. McNeill asserts that yellow fever accounted for about 35,000 to 45,000 casualties of these forces during the fighting . Only one - third of the French troops survived for withdrawal and return to France . Napoleon gave up on the island and his plans for North America , selling the Louisiana Purchase to the US in 1803 . In 1804 , Haiti proclaimed its independence as the second republic in the Western Hemisphere . Yellow fever epidemic of 1878 can still be found in New Orleans ' cemeteries . The yellow fever epidemic of 1793 in Philadelphia , which was then the capital of the United States , resulted in the deaths of several thousand people , more than 9 % of the population . The national government fled the city , including President George Washington . Additional yellow fever epidemics struck Philadelphia , Baltimore , and New York City in the 18th and 19th centuries , and traveled along steamboat routes from New Orleans . They caused some 100,000 -- 150,000 deaths in total . In 1853 , Cloutierville , Louisiana , had a late - summer outbreak of yellow fever that quickly killed 68 of the 91 inhabitants . A local doctor concluded that some unspecified infectious agent had arrived in a package from New Orleans . 650 residents of Savannah , Georgia died from yellow fever in 1854 . In 1858 , St. Matthew 's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston , South Carolina , suffered 308 yellow fever deaths , reducing the congregation by half . A ship carrying persons infected with the virus arrived in Hampton Roads in southeastern Virginia in June 1855 . The disease spread quickly through the community , eventually killing over 3,000 people , mostly residents of Norfolk and Portsmouth . In 1873 , Shreveport , Louisiana , lost almost a quarter of its population to yellow fever . In 1878 , about 20,000 people died in a widespread epidemic in the Mississippi River Valley . That year , Memphis had an unusually large amount of rain , which led to an increase in the mosquito population . The result was a huge epidemic of yellow fever . The steamship John D. Porter took people fleeing Memphis northward in hopes of escaping the disease , but passengers were not allowed to disembark due to concerns of spreading yellow fever . The ship roamed the Mississippi River for the next two months before unloading her passengers . The last major U.S. outbreak was in 1905 in New Orleans . Discovery of causes and transmission ( edit ) Ezekiel Stone Wiggins , known as the Ottawa Prophet , proposed that the cause of a yellow fever epidemic in Jacksonville , Florida , in 1888 , was astronomical . The planets were in the same line as the sun and earth and this produced , besides Cyclones , Earthquakes , etc. , a denser atmosphere holding more carbon and creating microbes . Mars had an uncommonly dense atmosphere , but its inhabitants were probably protected from the fever by their newly discovered canals , which were perhaps made to absorb carbon and prevent the disease . Yellow fever in Buenos Aires , 1871 In 1848 , Josiah C. Nott suggested that yellow fever was spread by insects such as moths or mosquitoes , basing his ideas on the pattern of transmission of the disease . Carlos Finlay , a Cuban doctor and scientist , proposed in 1881 that yellow fever might be transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact . Since the losses from yellow fever in the Spanish -- American War in the 1890s were extremely high , Army doctors began research experiments with a team led by Walter Reed , and composed of doctors James Carroll , Aristides Agramonte , and Jesse William Lazear . They successfully proved Finlay 's '' mosquito hypothesis '' . Yellow fever was the first virus shown to be transmitted by mosquitoes . The physician William Gorgas applied these insights and eradicated yellow fever from Havana . He also campaigned against yellow fever during the construction of the Panama Canal . A previous effort of canal building by the French had failed ( in part due to mortality from the high incidence of yellow fever and malaria , which killed many workers ) . Although Dr. Walter Reed has received much of the credit in United States history books for `` beating '' yellow fever , he had fully credited Dr. Finlay with the discovery of the yellow fever vector , and how it might be controlled . Reed often cited Finlay 's papers in his own articles , and also credited him for the discovery in his personal correspondence . The acceptance of Finlay 's work was one of the most important and far - reaching effects of the Walter Reed Commission of 1900 . Applying methods first suggested by Finlay , the United States government and Army eradicated yellow fever in Cuba and later in Panama , allowing completion of the Panama Canal . While Reed built on the research of Finlay , historian François Delaporte notes that yellow fever research was a contentious issue . Scientists , including Finlay and Reed , became successful by building on the work of less prominent scientists , without always giving them the credit they were due . Reed 's research was essential in the fight against yellow fever . He is also credited for using the first type of medical consent form during his experiments in Cuba , an attempt to ensure that participants knew they were taking a risk by being part of testing . Max Theiler Like Cuba and Panama , Brazil also led a highly successful sanitation campaign against mosquitoes and yellow fever . Beginning in 1903 , the campaign led by Oswaldo Cruz , then director general of public health , not only resulted in eradicating the disease but reshaped the physical landscape of Brazilian cities , like Rio de Janeiro , as well . During rainy seasons Rio de Janeiro had regularly suffered floods , as water from the bay surrounding the city overflowed into Rio 's narrow streets . Coupled with the poor drainage systems found throughout Rio , this created swampy conditions in the city 's neighborhoods . Pools of stagnant water stood year long in city streets and proved to be a fertile ground for disease - carrying mosquitoes . Thus , under Cruz 's direction , public health units known as `` mosquito inspectors '' fiercely worked to combat yellow fever throughout Rio by spraying , exterminating rats , improving drainage and destroying unsanitary housing . Ultimately , the city 's sanitation and renovation campaigns reshaped Rio de Janeiro 's neighborhoods . Its poor residents were pushed from city centers to Rio 's suburbs , or to towns found in the outskirts of the city . In later years , Rio 's most impoverished inhabitants would come to reside in favelas . During 1920 -- 23 , the Rockefeller Foundation 's International Health Board undertook an expensive and successful yellow fever eradication campaign in Mexico . The IHB gained the respect of Mexico 's federal government because of the success . The eradication of yellow fever strengthened the relationship between the US and Mexico , which had not been very good in the past . The eradication of yellow fever was also a major step toward better global health . In 1927 , scientists isolated the yellow fever virus in West Africa . Following this , two vaccines were developed in the 1930s . The vaccine 17D was developed by the South African microbiologist Max Theiler at the Rockefeller Institute in New York City . This vaccine was widely used by the U.S. Army during World War II . Following the work of Ernest Goodpasture , Theiler used chicken eggs to culture the virus and won a Nobel Prize in 1951 for this achievement . A French team developed the French neurotropic vaccine ( FNV ) , which was extracted from mouse brain tissue . Since this vaccine was associated with a higher incidence of encephalitis , FNV was not recommended after 1961 . Vaccine 17D is still in use , and more than 400 million doses have been distributed . Little research has been done to develop new vaccines . Some researchers worry that the 60 - year - old technology for vaccine production may be too slow to stop a major new yellow - fever epidemic . Newer vaccines , based on vero cells , are in development and should replace 17D at some point . Using vector control and strict vaccination programs , the urban cycle of yellow fever was nearly eradicated from South America . Since 1943 , only a single urban outbreak in Santa Cruz de la Sierra , Bolivia , has occurred . Since the 1980s , though , the number of yellow fever cases has been increasing again , and A. aegypti has returned to the urban centers of South America . This is partly due to limitations on available insecticides , as well as habitat dislocations caused by climate change . It is also because the vector control program was abandoned . Although no new urban cycle has yet been established , scientists believe this could happen again at any point . An outbreak in Paraguay in 2008 was thought to be urban in nature , but this ultimately proved not to be the case . In Africa , virus eradication programs have mostly relied upon vaccination . These programs have largely been unsuccessful because they were unable to break the sylvatic cycle involving wild primates . With few countries establishing regular vaccination programs , measures to fight yellow fever have been neglected , making the future spread of the virus more likely . Research ( edit ) In the hamster model of yellow fever , early administration of the antiviral ribavirin is an effective early treatment of many pathological features of the disease . Ribavirin treatment during the first five days after virus infection improved survival rates , reduced tissue damage in the liver and spleen , prevented hepatocellular steatosis , and normalised levels of alanine aminotransferase , a liver damage marker . The mechanism of action of ribavirin in reducing liver pathology in yellow fever virus infection may be similar to its activity in treatment of hepatitis C , a related virus . Because ribavirin had failed to improve survival in a virulent rhesus model of yellow fever infection , it had been previously discounted as a possible therapy . Infection was reduced in mosquitoes with the wMel strain of Wolbachia . Yellow fever has been researched by several countries as a potential biological weapon . 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Mosquito Empires : Ecology and war in the greater Caribbean , 1620 -- 1914 . NY : Cambridge University Press . pp. 44 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : McNeill , J.R. ( 1 April 2004 ) . `` Yellow Jack and Geopolitics : Environment , Epidemics , and the Struggles for Empire in the American Tropics , 1650 -- 1825 '' . OAH Magazine of History . 18 ( 3 ) : 9 -- 13 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 9 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ The earliest mention of `` yellow fever '' appears in a manuscript of 1744 by Dr. John Mitchell of Virginia ; copies of the manuscript were sent to Mr. Cadwallader Colden , a physician in New York , and to Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia ; the manuscript was eventually printed ( in large part ) in 1805 and reprinted in 1814 . See : ( John Mitchell ) ( 1805 ) ( Mitchell 's account of the Yellow Fever in Virginia in 1741 -- 2 ) Archived 2017 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , The Philadelphia Medical Museum , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 . ( John Mitchell ) ( 1814 ) `` Account of the Yellow fever which prevailed in Virginia in the years 1737 , 1741 , and 1742 , in a letter to the late Cadwallader Colden , Esq. of New York , from the late John Mitchell , M.D.F.R.S. of Virginia , '' Archived 2017 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . American Medical and Philosophical Register , 4 : 181 -- 215 . The term `` yellow fever '' appears on p. 186 . On p. 188 , Mitchell mentions `` ... the distemper was what is generally called yellow fever in America . '' However , on pages 191 -- 192 , he states `` ... I shall consider the cause of the yellowness which is so remarkable in this distemper , as to have given it the name of the Yellow Fever . '' However , that Dr. Mitchell misdiagnosed the disease that he observed and treated , and the disease was probably Weil 's disease or hepatitis . See : Jarcho S ( 1957 ) . `` John Mitchell , Benjamin Rush , and yellow fever '' . Bull Hist Med. 31 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 6 . PMID 13426674 . 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Cowart , `` Yellow Jack in Jacksonville , Yellow Fever visited Duval County , Florida , in 1888 '' Archived 2013 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Historical Text Archive Jump up ^ Josiah C. Nott ( 1848 ) `` Yellow Fever contrasted with Bilious Fever -- Reasons for believing it a disease sui generis -- Its mode of Propagation -- Remote Cause -- Probable insect or animalcular origin '' , The New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal , `` 4 '' : 563 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Carlos Juan Finlay ( presented : August 14 , 1881 ; published : 1882 ) `` El mosquito hipoteticamente considerado como agente de transmission de la fiebre amarilla '' Archived 2017 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . ( The mosquito hypothetically considered as an agent in the transmission of yellow fever ) Anales de la Real Academia de Ciencias Médicas , Físicas y Naturales de la Habana , 18 : 147 -- 169 . Available on - line in English at : Charles Finlay , with Rudolph Matas , translator ( 1881 ) `` The mosquito hypothetically considered as an agent in the transmission of yellow fever poison , '' Archived 2017 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal , 9 : 601 -- 616 . Delta Omega.org Archived 2012 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chaves - Carballo E ( 2005 ) . `` Carlos Finlay and yellow fever : triumph over adversity '' . Mil Med. 170 ( 10 ) : 881 -- 5 . doi : 10.7205 / milmed. 170.10. 881 . PMID 16435764 . Jump up ^ Pierce , J.R. ; Writer , J. ( 2005 ) . Yellow Jack : How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed Discovered Its Deadly Secrets . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 47261 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission '' . UVA Health Sciences : Historical Collections . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Delaporte , Francois ( 1991 ) . The History of Yellow Fever : An Essay on the Birth of Tropical Medicine . Cambridge : MIT Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Molly Caldwell ( 2006 ) . The American Plague : . New York : Berkley Publishing Group . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Teresa A. Meade , A History of Modern Latin America : 1800 To The Present , 1st ed . ( Chichester : Wiley - Blackwell , 2010 ) , pp. 148 - 149 . Jump up ^ Fosdick , Raymond B. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation . New York : Harper & Brothers . pp. 58 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Birn AE , Solórzano A ( 1999 ) . `` Public health policy paradoxes : science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation 's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s '' . Soc Sci Med. 49 ( 9 ) : 1197 -- 213 . doi : 10.1016 / s0277 - 9536 ( 99 ) 00160 - 4 . PMID 10501641 . Jump up ^ L. Bigon ( 2014 ) , `` Transnational Networks of Administrating Disease and Urban Planning in West Africa : The Inter-Colonial Conference on Yellow Fever , Dakar , 1928 '' GeoJournal , 79 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Sbrana E , Xiao SY , Guzman H , Ye M , Travassos da Rosa AP , Tesh RB ( 2004 ) . `` Efficacy of post-exposure treatment of yellow fever with ribavirin in a hamster model of the disease '' . Am J Trop Med Hyg. 71 ( 3 ) : 306 -- 12 . PMID 15381811 . Jump up ^ Huggins JW ( 1989 ) . `` Prospects for treatment of viral hemorrhagic fevers with ribavirin , a broad - spectrum antiviral drug '' . Rev Infect Dis. 11 ( Suppl 4 ) : S750 -- 61 . doi : 10.1093 / clinids / 11. Supplement_4. S750 . PMID 2546248 . Jump up ^ http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001892 Archived 2016 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Impact of Wolbachia on Infection with Chikungunya and Yellow Fever Viruses in the Mosquito Vector Aedes aegypti Jump up ^ Endicott , S.L. ; Hageman , E. ( 1998 ) . The United States and Biological Warfare : Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33472 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Crosby , M. ( 2006 ) . The American Plague : The Untold Story of Yellow Fever , the Epidemic that Shaped Our History . New York : The Berkley Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 425 - 21202 - 5 . Espinosa , M. ( 2009 ) . Epidemic Invasions : Yellow Fever and the Limits of Cuban Independence , 1878 -- 1930 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 21811 - 3 . Murphy , J. ( 2003 ) . An American Plague : The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 . New York : Clarion Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 77608 - 2 . Nuwer , D.S. ( 2009 ) . Plague Among the Magnolias : The 1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Mississippi . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1653 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : A95 ICD - 9 - CM : 060 MeSH : D015004 DiseasesDB : 14203 External resources MedlinePlus : 001365 eMedicine : med / 2432 emerg / 645 Medicine portal Viruses portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Yellow fever . Wikipedia 's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Yellow fever at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Finlay CJ ( 2012 ) . `` The Mosquito Hypothetically Considered as the Transmitting Agent of Yellow Fever '' . MEDICC Review . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 9 . `` U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission . '' Claude Moore Health Sciences Library , University of Virginia `` Yellow fever virus '' . NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11089 . Zoonotic viral diseases ( A80 -- B34 , 042 -- 079 ) Arthropod - borne Mosquito - borne Bunyavirales Arbovirus encephalitides : La Crosse encephalitis LACV Batai virus ( BATV ) Bwamba Fever ( BWAV ) California encephalitis CEV Jamestown Canyon virus Tete virus Tahyna virus ( TAHV ) Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Rift Valley fever RVFV Bunyamwera fever ( BUNV ) Ngari virus ( NRIV ) Flaviviridae Arbovirus encephalitides : Japanese encephalitis JEV Australian encephalitis MVEV KUNV Saint Louis encephalitis SLEV Usutu virus West Nile fever WNV Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Dengue fever DENV - 1 - 4 Yellow fever YFV Zika fever Zika virus Togaviridae Arbovirus encephalitides : Eastern equine encephalomyelitis EEEV Western equine encephalomyelitis WEEV Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis VEEV Chikungunya CHIKV O'Nyong - nyong fever ONNV Ross River fever RRV Semliki Forest virus Sindbis fever Reoviridae Banna virus encephalitis Tick - borne Bunyavirales Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Crimean -- Congo hemorrhagic fever CCHFV Heartland virus Bhanja virus Sandfly fever Naples virus Lone Star virus Tete virus Flaviviridae Arbovirus encephalitides : Tick - borne encephalitis TBEV Powassan encephalitis POWV Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Omsk hemorrhagic fever OHFV Kyasanur forest disease KFDV AHFV Langat virus ( LGTV ) Reoviridae Colorado tick fever CTFV Kemerovo tickborne viral fever Sandfly - borne Bunyavirales Adria virus ( ADRV ) Pappataci fever Toscana virus Sandfly fever Naples virus Oropouche fever Oropouche virus SFTS virus Rhabdoviridae Chandipura virus Mammal - borne Rodent - borne Arenaviridae Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Lassa fever LASV Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever GTOV Argentine hemorrhagic fever JUNV Brazilian hemorrhagic fever SABV Bolivian hemorrhagic fever MACV LUJV CHPV Bunyavirales Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome DOBV HTNV PUUV SEOV AMRV Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ANDV SNV Bat - borne Filoviridae Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Ebola virus disease BDBV EBOV SUDV TAFV Marburg virus disease MARV RAVV Rhabdoviridae Rabies ABLV MOKV DUVV LBV CHPV Paramyxoviridae Henipavirus encephalitis HeV NiV Primate - borne Herpesviridae Herpes B virus Retroviridae Simian foamy virus HTLV - 1 HTLV - 2 Poxviridae Tanapox Yaba monkey tumor virus Multiple vectors Rhabdoviridae Rabies RABV Mokola virus Poxviridae Monkeypox GND : 4276496 - 8 NDL : 00568824 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_fever&oldid=834523593 '' Categories : Yellow fever Biological weapons Epidemics Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with medical app sidebar Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT RTTID Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ትግርኛ Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 04 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who found the real cause of yellow fever | [
"In 1848, Josiah C. Nott suggested that yellow fever was spread by insects such as moths or mosquitoes, basing his ideas on the pattern of transmission of the disease.[86] Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor and scientist, proposed in 1881 that yellow fever might be transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact.[87][88] Since the losses from yellow fever in the Spanish–American War in the 1890s were extremely high, Army doctors began research experiments with a team led by Walter Reed, and composed of doctors James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse William Lazear. They successfully proved Finlay's ″mosquito hypothesis″. Yellow fever was the first virus shown to be transmitted by mosquitoes. The physician William Gorgas applied these insights and eradicated yellow fever from Havana. He also campaigned against yellow fever during the construction of the Panama Canal. A previous effort of canal building by the French had failed (in part due to mortality from the high incidence of yellow fever and malaria, which killed many workers).[10]"
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"doctors James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse William Lazear"
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-6369376669696887593 | List of free-trade zones in the United Arab Emirates | List of Free - Trade zones in the United Arab Emirates - wikipedia List of Free - Trade zones in the United Arab Emirates This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Free - trade zones in the United Arab Emirates are areas that have a special tax , customs and imports regime and are governed by their own framework of regulations ( with the exception of UAE criminal law ) . The UAE has a number of free zones across Dubai , Abu Dhabi , Sharjah , Fujairah , Ajman , Ras al - Khaimah and Umm al - Quwain . Free zones may be broadly categorized as seaport free zones , airport free zones , and mainland free zones . Free - trade zone exemptions are : 100 % foreign ownership of the enterprise 100 % import and export tax exemptions 100 % repatriation of capital and profits Corporate tax exemptions for up to 50 years No personal income taxes Assistance with labor recruitment , and additional support services , such as sponsorship and housing . Each Free Zone is designed around one or more business industry categories and only offers licenses to companies within those categories . An independent Free Zone Authority ( FZA ) governs each free zone , and is the agency responsible for issuing FTZ operating licenses and assisting companies with establishing their business in the FTZ . Investors can either register a new company in the form of a Free Zone Establishment ( FZE ) or simply establish a branch or representative office of their existing or parent company based within the UAE or abroad . An FZE is a limited liability company governed by the rules and regulations of the Free Zone in which it is established . Except for acquiring nationality in the UAE , the provisions of the Commercial Companies Law ( CCL ) do not apply to FZEs , provided that the Free Zones have special provisions regulating such companies . Contents 1 Free zones 2 Free zones under construction 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Free zones ( edit ) The Microsoft sign at the entrance of the Dubai Microsoft campus , Dubai Internet City Dubai Maritime City , Dubai under construction in 2008 There are more than 37 Free Zones operating in UAE . Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi Airport Free Zone ( ADAFZ ) Abu Dhabi Global Markets ( ADGM ) ADPC - Khalifa Port and Industrial Zone ( KPIZ ) Twofour54 Industrial City of Abu Dhabi Higher Corporation for Specialized Economic Zones Masdar City Free Zone Dubai Dubai Academic City Dubai Airport Free Zone Dubai Biotechnology & Research Park ( DuBiotech ) Dubai Car and Automotive City Free Zone ( DUCAMZ ) Dubai Design District Dubai Gold and Diamond Park Dubai Healthcare City Dubai Industrial City ( DIC ) Dubai International Academic City Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Internet City ( DIC ) Dubai Knowledge Village Dubai Logistics City Dubai Media City Dubai Multi Commodities Centre or Jumeirah Lakes Towers Free Zone Dubai Outsource Zone Dubai Silicon Oasis Dubai Studio City Dubai Techno Park Dubai Technology and Media Free Zone International Media Production Zone Jebel Ali Free Zone Economic Zones World Sharjah ; Hamriyah Free Zone Sharjah Airport International Free Zone U.S.A. Regional Trade Center ( USARTC ) Free Zone Sharjah Publishing City Free Zone Sharjah Media City Free Zone Ajman ; Ajman Free Zone Ajman Media City Free Zone Ras Al Khaimah RAK Investment Authority Free Zone Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone Ras Al Khaimah Media Free Zone Fujairah Fujairah Free Zone Fujairah Creative City Umm Al Quwain Umm Al Quwain Free Trade Zone ( UAQFTZ ) Free zones under construction ( edit ) Dubai Maritime City Dubai Carpet Free Zone Dubai Auto Parts City Heavy Equipment and Trucks Zone Mohammad Bin Rashid Technology Park Dubai Flower Center Dubai Textile Village International Humanitarian City Dubai International Arbitration Center See also ( edit ) Free economic zone List of free - trade zones in Dubai List of company registers List of offshore financial centres References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Free Zone Business Registration -- Dubai '' . UAE : Freezone Registration . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Petch , Neil . `` Benefits of UAE Free Trade Zones '' . Virtuzone . External links ( edit ) Detailed comparison of free zones in the United Arab Emirates 7 things to know before starting business in the UAE Dubai History Timeline Geography Government Culture History Trucial Oman Al Maktoum dynasty Bani Yas Geography Bur Dubai Deira Deira Corniche Dubai Creek Government Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Dubai Police Force Dubai Municipality Education American University in Dubai Dubai Men 's College Dubai Women 's College Birla Institute of Technology and Science Zayed University SP Jain Center of Management Mahatma Gandhi University Our Own English High School The Indian High School Dubai Modern High School Dubai British School English College Dubai International School of Choueifat American School of Dubai Dubai American Academy Religion Grand Mosque Hindu Temple St. Mary 's Catholic Church St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church Demographics Emiratis Expatriates Indians Pakistanis List of people from Dubai Towns Buildings Places Structures Towns Dubai Hatta Al Aweer Buildings and structures List of buildings in Dubai 21st Century Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Chelsea Tower Dubai Frame Dubai World Trade Centre Emirates Towers Etisalat Tower 1 Etisalat Tower 2 more Parks Mushrif Park Safa Park Zabeel Park Real estate Palm Islands The World Dubai Marina Dubai Waterfront Business Bay Dubailand Bawadi Dubai South Dubai Festival City Jumeirah Beach Residence Palm Jumeirah Palm Jebel Ali Palm Deira Bridges and tunnels Al Shindagha Tunnel Al Maktoum Bridge Floating Bridge Al Garhoud Bridge Business Bay Crossing Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing Economy Trade Commerce Trade and commerce Emaar Nakheel Dubai Holding Al - Ghurair Group Ashai Group International Etisalat Du Dubai Ports World Art Dubai Gold Souk / Spice Souk Ports Port Rashid Jebel Ali Al Hamriya Port Port Saeed Free zones Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Internet City Dubai Knowledge Village Dubai Media City Dubai Production City Dubai Silicon Oasis Dubai Studio City Jebel Ali Shopping malls Mall of the Emirates BurJuman Ibn Battuta Mall Dubai Mall Deira City Centre Transport Transport Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai International Airport Abra Dubai Metro Red Line Green Line Dubai Tram Dubai Trolley Dubai Water Canal Emirates Airlines Palm Jumeirah Monorail Routes E 11 E 311 E 44 E 66 E 77 E 611 D 94 D 92 D 89 D 85 D 75 D 73 D 90 Sister cities Chennai Detroit Geneva Shanghai Casablanca Frankfurt Guangzhou Osaka Beirut Dundee Gold Coast Moscow Istanbul Damascus Barcelona Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_free-trade_zones_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=864432012 '' Categories : Economy of the United Arab Emirates - related lists Geography of the United Arab Emirates Government - owned companies of the United Arab Emirates Neighbourhoods in the United Arab Emirates Free Trade Zones of the United Arab Emirates Lists of companies of the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates geography - related lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 04 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do you mean by free zone in uae | [
"Free-trade zones in the United Arab Emirates are areas that have a special tax, customs and imports regime and are governed by their own framework of regulations (with the exception of UAE criminal law).\n"
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"areas that have a special tax, customs and imports regime and are governed by their own framework of regulations (with the exception of UAE criminal law)"
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-3929233523854998948 | Rocket Raccoon | Rocket Raccoon - wikipedia Rocket Raccoon Jump to : navigation , search Rocket Raccoon Rocket Raccoon , from the cover of Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord # 2 Art by Nic Klein . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Created by Bill Mantlo Keith Giffen In - story information Full name Rocket Raccoon Place of origin Halfworld Team affiliations Guardians of the Galaxy Abilities Master tactician and field commander Expert marksman and sniper Accomplished starship aviator Normal - physical attributes of an Earth raccoon Rocket Raccoon is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Keith Giffen , the character first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) . He is an intelligent , anthropomorphic raccoon , who is an expert marksman and master tactician . His name and aspects of his character are a nod to The Beatles ' 1968 song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy . The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team , including animated television series , toys , and video games . He appears in the 2014 live - action film Guardians of the Galaxy and its 2017 sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , with his voice provided by Bradley Cooper and motion capture provided by Sean Gunn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Guardians of the Galaxy 2.2 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video games 4.4 Toys 4.5 Newspaper comic strips 4.6 Theme park 5 Collected editions 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) The character was created by Bill Mantlo and Keith Giffen , and inspired by the Beatles song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Other references to the song were featured in Rocket 's appearance in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , which was titled `` Now Somewhere In the Black Holes of Sirius Major There Lived a Young Boy Named Rocket Raccoon '' and saw the Hulk help Rocket stop a villain trying to steal `` Gideon 's Bible '' , which in the Marvel Universe was a book that contained the sum of all knowledge on the Loonies colony . Rocket Raccoon first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) , in the back - up feature `` The Sword in the Star '' , under the name `` Rocky '' . He would next appear in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , where it is learned that `` Rocky '' is short for `` Rocket '' . In 1985 , he received his own four - issue limited series and in an afterword to the first issue , Mantlo himself asserted that this was the same character seen in Preview , penciled by Mike Mignola and inked by Al Gordon with Al Milgrom . Rocket appeared in Quasar # 15 in 1990 and later appeared in three issues of Sensational She - Hulk in 1992 ( # 44 - 46 ) . The character only appeared in a total of ten comic books in his first thirty years of existence . Besides a brief appearance in a 2006 issue of Exiles , Rocket Raccoon was next seen in 2007 's Annihilation : Conquest and Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord limited series , and their spin - off series , a new volume of Guardians of the Galaxy . He remained a regular member of the series cast until it was canceled with issue # 25 in 2010 , also appearing in the follow - up limited series The Thanos Imperative . Along with fellow Guardian Groot , Rocket starred in backup features in Annihilators # 1 - 4 ( March -- June 2011 ) and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 - 4 ( Sept. -- Dec. 2011 ) . Rocket Raccoon , along with the other members of the Guardians , appeared in issues # 4 - 8 of Avengers Assemble , a series intended as a jumping - on point for fans of the film The Avengers . He appears prominently in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 , a part of the 2012 Marvel NOW ! relaunch . In February 2014 , it was announced that Skottie Young will be the writer and artist for a Rocket Raccoon ongoing series . The series began in July 2014 , with the first issue selling over 300,000 copies . Jake Parker replaced Young as the artist beginning with issue # 5 . The series ended in May 2015 as one of many titles to be cancelled for Marvel 's Secret Wars event . A new volume , titled Rocket Raccoon and Groot , began in January 2016 as part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel relaunch . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon # 1 ( May 1985 ) . Cover art by Mike Mignola and Al Gordon . Rocket Raccoon acts as the `` Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant '' , an area of outer space sealed off from the rest of the cosmos by the so - called Galacian Wall . Rocket is captain of the starship Rack ' n ' Ruin , and he and his first mate Wal Rus ( a talking walrus ) come from the planet Halfworld in the Keystone Quadrant , an abandoned colony for the mentally ill where the animal companions were genetically manipulated to grant them human level intelligence and bipedal body construction for many to become caretakers of the inmates . Rocket was Halfworld 's chief law officer ( `` ranger '' ) who protected the colony against various threats . At one point , Judson Jakes tried to steal the Halfworld Bible , but was thwarted by Rocket and various animal associates . Later , Lord Dyvyne abducted Rocket 's friend Lylla , and Jakes began the Toy War . As the Toy War continued , Blackjack O'Hare teamed up with Rocket , and Rocket was reunited with Lylla . The Rack ' n ' Ruin was soon destroyed , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne teamed up to kill Rocket Raccoon . Rocket Raccoon and his friends cured the Loonies of their mental illnesses , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne were apparently killed . Rocket and the animals as well as the robots left Halfworld and took off into space for their own adventures . Some time later , Rocket was revealed to have been a laboratory subject on the Stranger 's planet , and escaped his captivity there . Guardians of the Galaxy ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon resurfaced as a member of the team chosen to accompany Star - Lord on his mission to stop a Phalanx infiltration of the Kree homeworld . Rocket is depicted as a gifted military tactician who is fearless , loyal , and insightful . It is heavily implied that he has a case of obsessive compulsive disorder . Rocket 's trademark rocket skates are absent . Rocket joins the new Guardians of the Galaxy at the behest of his friend Star - Lord . It is he who suggests that the team adopt that moniker after hearing it mentioned by Major Victory . Later on , when the team almost disbands and Peter Quill ( Star - Lord ) disappears ( sent into the Negative Zone by Ronan ) , Rocket keeps the team alive , and brings in Groot as member , as the two had become firm friends . Rocket takes over as leader until they rescue Peter , and save the Earth from an alien invasion . When the team tries to halt the growing War of Kings , Rocket leads the portion of the team assigned to make contact with the Shi'ar . They are unable to teleport into the Emperor Vulcan 's flagship and have to be rescued by the Starjammers and Rocket 's old friend Ch'od . They are able to bring back the rightful queen of the Shi'ar , but she is killed after Rocket departs , much to his horror . After the Guardians disband , Rocket Raccoon takes up a normal job with Timely Inc . He and Groot were reunited and tricked into returning to Halfworld : here , he found out his memories of the place were mostly half - truths and deliberately crafted fake memories . In reality , Jakes and Blackjack O'Hare had worked with Rocket in providing security at Halfworld Asylum for the Criminally Insane ; Doctor Dyvyne had been Head of Psychology there ; and both the anthropomorphic animals and the automaton clowns were deliberately created to work at the asylum , as their appearance would calm the inmates . The crises that Rocket half - remembered had been caused by the psychic supervillain the Star Thief , who had been admitted as an inmate and used his psychic powers to turn the inhabitants against each other . Rocket had turned the warders into a biological `` key '' to keep Star - Thief locked up , and deliberately altered his mind and left Halfworld so it could never be opened - but he was tricked into returning by the Thief , whose mind had escaped into the asylum after his host body died . When the Guardians of the Galaxy title was relaunched in 2013 , Rocket was again a member of the team . In the first issue of Secret Wars , the Guardians of the Galaxy take part in the incursion between Earth - 616 and Earth - 1610 , in which Rocket and Groot are killed by the Children of Tomorrow . All - new , All - Different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel , Rocket Raccoon takes leadership of the Guardians of the Galaxy while Star - Lord was busy handling things on Spartax . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon possesses the normal attributes of an Earth raccoon , including speed ( which has been additionally amplified by his training ) , and an acute sense of smell , sight , hearing and touch . Sharp claws allow him to scale walls , buildings , and trees with ease . He is an accomplished starship pilot , an expert marksman with the two laser pistols he carries as well as having an affinity for heavy weapons . He is a master military tactician and leader , attributes that help him take charge of the Guardians of the Galaxy when Star - Lord is unavailable . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Greg Ellis . He ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) is seen in the episode `` Michael Korvac '' . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Billy West ( in the episodes `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' ) and later by Trevor Devall ( for subsequent episodes ) . In the episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , he is shown as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and Sam Alexander 's trainer . Spider - Man and the Guardians save Earth from Korvac 's Chitauri army . In the episode `` The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy '' , Rocket Raccoon was with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they land on Earth to repair their spaceship at the time when Titus leads the Chitauri into targeting Sam 's Nova helmet . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a pirate version of Rocket Raccoon that lives in a pirate reality . He and Cosmo the Spacedog assisted Howard the Duck in a mutiny against Web Beard the Pirate when he claimed the treasure for himself . With help from Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid , the mutineers and Web Beard got back together even when helping Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid into fighting the Kraken . Rocket Raccoon appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced initially by Seth Green ( in `` Guardians and Spaceknights '' ) , and later by Trevor Devall ( in `` Widow 's Run '' ) . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' , where Seth Green reprises the role . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , voiced by Fumihiro Okabayashi . Trevor Devall reprises his role in the Guardians of the Galaxy series . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures : Frost Fight ! , voiced again by Trevor Devall . In order to afford money to repair their ship , Rocket Raccoon and Groot take on the bounty to obtain Santa Claus and end up meeting Mrs. Claus . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Rocket and Groot shorts , voiced again by Trevor Devall . Film ( edit ) Rocket in a character poster for the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . Rocket Raccoon appears in the live - action Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy , voiced by Bradley Cooper and played by Sean Gunn in motion capture . His real name in the film is 89P13 . In addition to being genetically altered , Rocket is shown to have cybernetic implants within his body . He is only referred to as `` Rocket '' in the film , even asking `` what 's a raccoon ? '' when told of his resemblance to the Earthly animal . He serves as the team 's pilot and technical expert , providing the weapon that Peter Quill uses against Ronan the Accuser in the final confrontation and piloting a Ravager ship in the final assault against Ronan 's fleet . Rocket also displays a talent for engineering jailbreaks . Having previously escaped from 22 prisons , he devises and executes a scheme to free his eventual teammates from a Nova Corps prison . Screenwriter Nicole Perlman has stated that early drafts of the film did not include the character due to `` a little bit of a fear that he would come across as cartoonish because he 's a raccoon . '' Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige was persuaded to approve Rocket 's inclusion in the film . A live raccoon named `` Oreo '' was used on set to help animators accurately capture the motion and behaviors of it for their CGI model . Director James Gunn took Oreo to the film 's European premiere . Cooper returns as the voice for Rocket in the sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , released in 2017 . In the film , he causes the team to get chased by the Sovereign after stealing their anulax batteries , much to Quill and Gamora 's ire . He is left on the planet they crash landed in ( as a result of him and Quill fighting over the controls ) to guard Nebula with Baby Groot after the rest explore Ego 's planet . They are captured by the Ravagers and imprisoned with Yondu . During their imprisonment , Rocket and Yondu bond over their similarities and manage to escape the ship alongside Groot and Yondu 's right - hand man Kraglin . They assist the other Guardians in combating Ego 's forces . When Rocket tries to assist Yondu in escaping the planet before it explodes , Yondu requests to stay behind to help Quill . Rocket gives him a protective suit and jet pack and welcomes him as a member of the Guardians . He is saddened by Yondu 's sacrifice in the climax . A running gag throughout the film involves Rocket being repeatedly mistaken for different animals , and being angered when called a raccoon . Bradley Cooper will reprise his role as Rocket in the upcoming film Avengers : Infinity War . Video games ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Super Hero Squad Online ; he is in the Rocket Box . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the crossover fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , voiced by Greg Ellis in a Cockney accent . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by Steven Blum . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by John DiMaggio . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Nolan North . He also appears in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Rocket and Groot appear as a combined character in Marvel Puzzle Quest . Rocket Raccoon appears in Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , voiced by Nolan North . Rocket Raccoon will appear as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , with Trevor Devall reprising his role . He will be assisted by Groot during gameplay . Toys ( edit ) A Rocket Raccoon action figure was available as part of a Guardians of the Galaxy three pack in 2011 as part of the Marvel Universe toyline . Rocket Raccoon is a build - a-figure in the Marvel Legends toyline released in 2013 . A Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set with a `` Dancing Baby Groot '' will be released by Hot Toys . Newspaper comic strips ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon began appearing in The Amazing Spider - Man newspaper comic strip in December 2016 , in a story where Spider - Man and Mary Jane discover him in a spaceship that has crashed upon the Earth . Theme park ( edit ) Rocket appears in the ride Guardians of the Galaxy Mission Breakout at Disney 's California Adventure with Bradley Cooper reprising his role from the films . He and the rest of the Guardians were captured by the Collector to be put on display , but he manages to escape and enters the room the guests are in through a vent ( where he 's an audio animatronic ) and hijacks the video to explain his plan on rescuing his friends . The guests will use their access passes to enter the gantry lift while Rocket rides on top to blow up the generator so that the Guardians , as well as the other creatures in the collection , can escape . The Guardians will then reunite with Mantis so that they can escape . Collected editions ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon : Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant ( hardcover , Aug. 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5527 - 0 ) collects : The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , and the story from Marvel Preview # 7 ( `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' ) . Rocket Raccoon & Groot : The Complete Collection ( softcover , April 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 6713 - 6 ) collects : a story from Tales to Astonish # 13 , the story from Marvel Preview # 7 , The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , Annihilators # 1 -- 4 , and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 -- 4 . Rocket Raccoon : A Chasing Tail ! ( hardcover , March 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193890 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon : Storytailor ! ( hardcover , August 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193906 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 7 - 11 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 0 : Bite and Bark ( softcover , October 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1302902186 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 11 , Groot # 1 - 6 , and material from Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers # 1 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 1 : Tricks of the Trades ! ( softcover , August 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199731 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 2 : ( softcover , November 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199748 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 7 - 10 , TBD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mazza , Ed ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Mantlo , Rocket Raccoon Co-Creator , Gets Private Guardians Screening In Care Facility '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Bill ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` 365 Reasons to Love Comics # 163 '' . Comics Should Be Good . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Brian ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Unlikely Journey of Guardians of the Galaxy Star Rocket Raccoon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rocket Raccoon at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Giffen , Keith ( p ) , Giffen , Keith ( i ) . `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' Marvel Preview 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Rise of Guardians of the Galaxy 's Rocket Raccoon '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Rocket was a punchline , putting in brief comic - relief cameos in titles like Incredible Hulk and She - Hulk ; he appeared in 10 comics total over 30 years . Jump up ^ Warmoth , Brian . `` Getting Exclusive at Marvel 's Cup O ' Joe '' . WizardUniverse.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Greeting the Guardians : Rocket Raccoon , Groot '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beames , Robert ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Teasing Guardians of the Galaxy As Next Movie ? '' . WhatCulture ! . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - book Avengers assemble ahead of movie version '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` NYCC : Bendis , McNiven & Wacker Relaunch the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meylikhov , Matthew ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Blasts Off ( and Probably Other Puns ) in New Skottie Young Series '' . Multiversity Comics . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon # 1 By Mister Skottie Young To Sell 300,000 ( Update ) '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . I understand that orders for Rocket Raccoon # 1 , the new comic from Mister Skottie Young that received such a strong showing for Free Comic Book Day , is close to topping 300,000 pre-orders from Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Jake Parker brings extra Groot to Rocket Raccoon # 5 ′ '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Announces Groot # 1 -- To Replace Rocket Raccoon For Secret Wars '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . During Secret Wars , Rocket Raccoon is cancelled and replaced by Groot . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon & Groot Reunite For New Adventures '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Skottie Young and Filipe Andrade continue the exploits of these two Guardians of the Galaxy in their own spotlight series ! Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Buscema , Sal ( p ) , Buscema , Sal ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon ! '' The Incredible Hulk 271 ( May 1982 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon / Animal Crackers '' Rocket Raccoon 1 ( May 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Masque of the Red Breath '' Rocket Raccoon 2 ( June 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Book of Revelations '' Rocket Raccoon 3 ( July 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Age of Enlightenment '' Rocket Raccoon 4 ( August 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gruenwald , Mark ( w ) , Manley , Mike ( p ) , Panosian , Dan ( i ) . `` Death Watch ( Journey Into Mystery Part 3 of 4 ) '' Quasar 15 ( October 1990 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 1 ( September 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 2 ( October 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Somebody 's Got To Do It '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 1 ( July 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Legacy '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 2 ( August 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Past Mistakes '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 8 ( February 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ; Livesay , John ( i ) . `` Blastaared '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 10 ( April 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Peacemakers '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 13 ( June 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` The Head That Wears the Crown '' War of Kings 3 ( July 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Sepulveda , Miguel ( p ) . `` Devastation '' The Thanos Imperative : Devastation 1 ( March 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Blame it on the Black Star '' Annihilators 1 ( May 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Wraithfire '' Annihilators 3 ( July 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Dell , John ( i ) . `` What exactly do you think you 're doing , Mister Quill ? '' '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 1 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` The End Times '' Secret Wars 1 ( July 2015 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Schiti , Valerio ( p ) , Schiti , Valerio ( i ) . Guardians of the Galaxy v4 , 1 ( December 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Arbeiter , Michael ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Other Films and TV Shows Where You Can Find the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Is A Joke Character ; Guardians of the Galaxy To Appear In Ultimate Spider - Man Cartoon Written By Bendis '' . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Avengers Assemble Clip : Teaming with the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN. April 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melching , Steven ( writer ) ; Archibald , Patrick ( director ) ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' . Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Season 1 . Episode 26 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` The voice of # RocketRaccoon is from Edmonton , Canada '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Trevor Devall will voice Rocket on DisneyXD 's Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names Avengers Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel Comics . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dietsch , T.J. ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Writer Reveals Hit Marvel Film Nearly Did n't Star Rocket Raccoon '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Kevin was a big fan of Rocket , and I 'm so glad because I really felt like that was necessary and that was needed . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : How They Made Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Space Adventure '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . We needed a raccoon to study how he looked and his behavior , so that our on - screen raccoon , which is generated through CGI will be realistic . Our Rocket is based on a combination of our voice actor , Bradley Cooper , our on - set actor , my brother Sean Gunn , the movements and behavior and look of Oreo ( the raccoon ) , as well as my own animation . Jump up ^ Smith , Kat ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` THN Catch - Up With Oreo Raccoon AKA Rocket Raccoon From Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . The Hollywood News . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . As we all know from the photos all over the internet Oreo did indeed go to the premiere . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Marvel Comics . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocket Box Now Available ! '' . Heroup.com . September 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 roster leaked '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Who Should Voice Rocket Raccoon in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Bradley Cooper 's Rocket Raccoon Voice Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket Raccoon joins Marvel Heroes '' . Marvel Heroes . July 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voice Compare Guardians of the Galaxy Rocket Raccoon '' . Behind the Voice Actors . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Goofing Around With Mr. Fantastic '' . Game Informer . August 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyld , Leo ( August 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Gaming Update '' . Guardthegalaxy.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nolan North is Rocket in Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy game Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TrevorDevall/status/857011662548746241 Jump up ^ `` Marvel Hasbro Toys Toy Fair 2013 '' . MTV . 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Rejoice Because Hot Toys Is Making THAT Groot Toy from Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . The potted Groot is a bonus accessory available exclusively to people who order the Hot Toys Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set from Sideshow Collectibles . External links ( edit ) Superhero fiction portal Fictional characters portal 1970s portal Rocket Raccoon at the Marvel Universe wiki Rocket Raccoon at the Comic Book DB Rocket Raccoon entry at the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Rocket Raccoon at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Marvel Comics characters ( R ) Heroes Rage Rawhide Kid Franklin Richards Rictor Redwing Red Wolf Red Sonja Reptil Rocket Raccoon Rockslide Rogue Rom Villains Radioactive Man Red Ghost Red Skull Rhino Ringmaster Ronan the Accuser Thunderbolt Ross Supporting characters Valeria Richards Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Betty Ross Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( Epcot Attraction ) Marvel 's cosmic setting Alien species Acanti Badoon Beyonders Brood Celestials D'Bari Dire Wraiths Galadorians Kree Kymellians Phalanx Shi'ar Skrulls Symbiotes Watcher Groups Access Blood Brothers Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) High Evolutionary Howard the Duck Maelstrom Magus Molecule Man Nebula Paibok Super-Skrull Thanos Uatu The Watcher Wraith Universal Church of Truth Agents of Cosmos Agent Venom Elders of the Universe Astronomer Champion Collector Contemplator Ego Gardener Grandmaster Obliterator Possessor Runner Trader Fraternity of Raptors Darkhawk Gyre Talon Razor Heralds of Galactus Air - Walker Fallen One Firelord Morg Nova Red Shift Silver Surfer Stardust Terrax Imperial Guard ( Shi'ar ) Astra Electron Fang Flashfire Gladiator Hobgoblin Magique Mentor Neutron Nightside Oracle Pulsar Smasher Starbolt Titan Nova Corps Garthan Saal Powerhouse Richard Rider ( Nova Prime ) Rhomann Dey Sam Alexander Royal Family ( Inhumans ) Ahura Boltagon Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Luna Maximoff Maximus Medusa Triton The Unspoken Spaceknights Ikon Rom the Space Knight Starshine Microverse Jarella Psycho - Man Psyklop Negative Zone Annihilus Blastaar Ravenous Storylines The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative Infinity The Black Vortex Superhuman races Deviants Eternals Inhumans Teams Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Cosmo Gladiator Ikon Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Enigma Force Arcturus Bug Flare Marionette Quark Guardians of the Galaxy Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Mantis Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Infinity Watch Adam Warlock Drax Gamora Maxam Moondragon Pip the Troll Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Hepzibah Korvus Raza Longknife Sikorsky Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocket_Raccoon&oldid=799983311 '' Categories : Animal superheroes Anthropomorphic animal characters Characters created by Bill Mantlo Characters created by Keith Giffen Comics characters introduced in 1976 Comics featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional aviators Fictional engineers Fictional inventors Fictional marksmen and snipers Fictional raccoons Fictional soldiers Guardians of the Galaxy characters Marvel Comics superheroes Marvel Comics titles Superhero film characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Scots 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the voice of rocket on guardians of the galaxy | [
"Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy. The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team, including animated television series, toys, and video games. He appears in the 2014 live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy and its 2017 sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, with his voice provided by Bradley Cooper and motion capture provided by Sean Gunn."
] | [
"Bradley Cooper"
] |
-640582848078549206 | Fifty Shades of Grey (film) | Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Fifty Shades of Grey Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Screenplay by Kelly Marcel Based on Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Anne V. Coates Lisa Gunning Production companies Focus Features Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) ( Los Angeles ) February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 125 minutes ( rated ) 128 minutes ( unrated ) Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $571.1 million Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2015 American erotic romantic drama film directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , with a screenplay by Kelly Marcel . The film is based on the 2011 novel of the same name by British author E.L. James and stars Dakota Johnson as Anastasia Steele , a college graduate who begins a sadomasochistic relationship with young business magnate Christian Grey , played by Jamie Dornan . The film premiered at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 and was released on February 13 , 2015 , by Universal Pictures and Focus Features . Despite receiving generally negative reviews , it was an immediate box office success , breaking numerous box office records and earning over $571 million worldwide . The film was the most awarded at the 36th Golden Raspberry Awards , winning five of six nominations , including Worst Picture ( tied with Fantastic Four ) and both leading roles . In contrast , Ellie Goulding 's single `` Love Me like You Do '' was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , while The Weeknd 's single `` Earned It '' was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . It is the first film in the Fifty Shades film series and was followed by two sequels , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Direction 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Rating and censorship 5.3 Opposition campaign 5.4 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit 8 Sequels 9 Parody 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty - one - year - old Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele is an English literature major at Washington State University 's ( `` WSU '' ) satellite campus near Vancouver , Washington . When her roommate , Kate Kavanagh , becomes ill and is unable to interview Christian Grey , a 27 - year - old billionaire entrepreneur , for the college newspaper , Ana agrees to go in her place . At Christian 's Seattle headquarters called Grey House , Ana stumbles her way through the meeting . Christian , who is that year 's WSU commencement speaker , takes an interest in her ; soon after , he visits the hardware store where Ana works . He agrees to Ana 's request for a photo shoot to accompany the article for which Ana had interviewed him . Christian invites Ana for coffee , but he leaves abruptly , saying he is not the man for her . Christian later sends Ana first edition copies of two Thomas Hardy novels , including Tess of the d'Urbervilles , as a gift . Ana and her friends celebrate graduation at a local bar . After drinking too much , Ana spontaneously calls Christian , saying she is returning the books and berates his behavior towards her . Christian goes to the bar and finds Ana , who passes out . She wakes up the next morning in Christian 's hotel room , relieved that they were not intimate . Ana and Christian begin seeing each other , though he insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement preventing her from revealing details about their dalliance . Christian explains that he only has interrelations involving bondage that is clearly defined in a signed contract . Ana reveals that she is a virgin . While considering the agreement and negotiating her own terms , and after visiting his `` playroom '' , a room stocked with a variety of BDSM toys , furniture , and gear , she and Christian have sex . Christian bestows Ana with gifts and favors , such as a new car and laptop computer . After Ana and Kate move to Seattle , Ana continues seeing Christian . During dinner at Christian 's parents , Ana suddenly mentions she is leaving the next day to visit her mother in Georgia . Later , Christian becomes frustrated when Ana expresses she wants more than the one - sided relationship he proposes . She is shocked when Christian unexpectedly arrives in Georgia , they have sex again but he leaves soon afterward , to tend to an emergency in Seattle . After returning home , Ana continues seeing Christian , who wants further sexual experimentation . Ana initially consents , but Christian keeps emotionally distant , upsetting her . While still considering the contract , and in an effort to understand Christian psychologically , Ana asks him to demonstrate how he would `` punish '' her for rule breaking . Christian whips Ana 's buttocks six times with a belt . Upset and disgusted , Ana breaks up with Christian after concluding that he is wrong for her and his practices border on being deviant and excessive . In an alternative ending , both Ana and Christian experience flashbacks . Christian jogs in the rain , while Ana sobs in her apartment . Christian encounters a gift Ana gave him with the note : `` This reminded me of a happy time . -- Ana '' . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson . Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele , a 21 - year - old English Literature student attending Washington State University . Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey , a 27 - year - old billionaire , entrepreneur , and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings Inc . Eloise Mumford as Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , Anastasia 's best friend / roommate who begins a relationship with Christian 's older brother , Elliot Grey . Jennifer Ehle as Carla Wilks , Anastasia 's mother . Marcia Gay Harden as Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey , Christian Grey 's adoptive mother . Victor Rasuk as Jose Rodriguez , one of Anastasia 's close friends . Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey , Christian 's adopted older brother . Rita Ora as Mia Grey , Christian 's adopted younger sister . Max Martini as Jason Taylor , Christian 's bodyguard and head of his security . Callum Keith Rennie as Ray Steele , Anastasia 's father . Andrew Airlie as Carrick Grey , Christian 's adoptive father . Dylan Neal as Bob Adams , Anastasia 's stepfather . Anthony Konechny as Paul Clayton , the brother of the owner of Clayton 's Hardware Store . Emily Fonda as Martina Rachel Skarsten as Andrea , Christian 's assistant Production ( edit ) By early 2013 , several Hollywood studios were keen to obtain film rights to The New York Times bestselling Fifty Shades trilogy of novels . Warner Bros. , Sony , Paramount , Universal , and Mark Wahlberg 's production company submitted bids for the film rights . Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2013 . Author James sought to retain some control during the movie 's creative process . James chose The Social Network producers Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti to produce the film . Although American Psycho writer Bret Easton Ellis publicly expressed his desire to write the screenplay for Fifty Shades of Grey , Kelly Marcel , screenwriter of Saving Mr. Banks , was hired for the job . Patrick Marber was brought in by Taylor - Wood to polish the screenplay , specifically to do some `` character work '' . Universal hired Mark Bomback for script doctoring . Mark Bridges served as the costume designer . Entertainment Weekly estimated the film 's budget as `` $40 million - or - so '' . Direction ( edit ) By May 9 , 2013 , the studio was considering Joe Wright to direct , but this proved unworkable due to Wright 's schedule . Other directors who had been under consideration included Patty Jenkins , Bill Condon , Bennett Miller , and Steven Soderbergh . In June 2013 , E.L. James announced Sam Taylor - Johnson would direct the film adaptation . Johnson was paid over $2 million for directing the film . 91⁄2 Weeks , Last Tango in Paris , and Blue Is the Warmest Colour were all cited by Taylor - Johnson as inspirations for the film . Casting ( edit ) Bret Easton Ellis stated that Robert Pattinson had been James 's first choice for the role of Christian Grey , but James felt that casting Pattinson and his Twilight co-star Kristen Stewart in the film would be `` weird '' . Ian Somerhalder and Chace Crawford both expressed interest in the role of Christian . Somerhalder later admitted if he had been considered , the filming process would ultimately have conflicted with his shooting schedule for The CW 's series The Vampire Diaries . On September 2 , 2013 , James revealed that Charlie Hunnam and Dakota Johnson had been cast as Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . The short list of other actresses considered for the role of Anastasia included Alicia Vikander , Imogen Poots , Elizabeth Olsen , Shailene Woodley , and Felicity Jones . Keeley Hazell auditioned for an unspecified role . Lucy Hale also auditioned for the film . Emilia Clarke was also offered the role of Anastasia but turned down the part because of the nudity required . Taylor - Johnson would give every actress who auditioned for the role of Anastasia four pages to read of a monologue from Ingmar Bergman 's Persona . The studio originally wanted Ryan Gosling for Christian , but he was not interested in the role . Garrett Hedlund was also considered , but he could not connect with the character . Stephen Amell said he would not have wanted to play the role of Grey because `` I actually did n't find him to be that interesting ... nothing about Christian Grey really spoke to me . '' Hunnam initially turned down the role of Christian but later reconsidered it , following a meeting with studio heads . Hunnam said of the audition process : `` I felt really intrigued and excited about it so I went and read the first book to get a clearer idea of who this character was , and I felt even more excited at the prospect of bringing him to life . We ( Taylor - Johnson and I ) kind of both suggested I do a reading with Dakota , who was her favorite , and as soon as we got in the room and I started reading with Dakota I knew that I definitely wanted to do it . There 's just like a tangible chemistry between us . It felt exciting and fun and weird and compelling . '' In response to the negative fan reaction the casting drew , producer Dana Brunetti said : `` There is a lot that goes into casting that is n't just looks . Talent , availability , their desire to do it , chemistry with other actor , etc . So if your favorite was n't cast , then it is most likely due to something on that list . Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective . '' During October 2013 , actress Jennifer Ehle was in talks for the role of Anastasia 's mother Carla . On October 12 , 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had exited the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his FX series Sons of Anarchy . Alexander Skarsgård , Jamie Dornan , Theo James , François Arnaud , Scott Eastwood , Luke Bracey , and Billy Magnussen were at the top of the list to replace Hunnam as Christian Grey . Finally , on October 23 , 2013 , Dornan was cast as Christian Grey . On October 31 , 2013 , Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez , Jr . On November 22 , 2013 , Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh . On December 2 , 2013 , singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian 's younger sister Mia . Ora originally wanted to work on the soundtrack . On December 3 , 2013 , Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian 's mother , Grace . Filming ( edit ) In September , filming was scheduled to start on November 5 , 2013 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . The following month , producer Michael De Luca announced filming would begin on November 13 , 2013 . Principal photography was again delayed and eventually started on December 1 , 2013 . Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver . Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building . The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver , from which Ana graduates . The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel . The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios . The production officially ended on February 21 , 2014 . Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13 , 2014 . The film was shot under the working title `` The Adventures of Max and Banks . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack James said that the film 's soundtrack would be released on February 10 , 2015 . The first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on December 24 , 2014 . On January 7 , 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released , later reaching the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 , and becoming a hit for the soundtrack . A promotional single , `` Salted Wound '' by Australian recording artist Sia , was released on January 27 , 2015 . To date , the soundtrack has sold 516,000 copies in the United States . Release ( edit ) Jamie Dornan at the world premiere of Fifty Shades of Grey , Berlinale 2015 In February 2013 , Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said the film `` could be ready to release ... as early as next summer . '' The studio initially announced an August 1 , 2014 , release . However , in November 2013 , it was pushed back to February 13 , 2015 , in time for Valentine 's Day . Fifty Shades of Grey was first screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 . The film was released in 75 IMAX screens across the US on February 13 , 2015 . Marketing ( edit ) On January 25 , 2014 , more than a year prior to release , Universal displayed posters with the phrase , `` Mr. Grey will see you now '' , in five locations across the United States . On February 14 , 2014 , the first photograph of Johnson as Anastasia was released . On June 18 , 2014 , the film 's official Twitter account released the first still of Dornan as Christian in honor of Christian 's birthday . On July 9 , 2014 , the book 's author , E.L. James , said on Twitter that the film 's trailer would be released on July 24 , 2014 . Beyoncé debuted a teaser for the trailer on her Instagram account five days before the trailer 's release . On July 24 , Dornan and Johnson were on The Today Show to present part of the trailer appropriate for morning television ; the full trailer , which contained more racy scenes , was released later the same day on the internet ( 200 days before its initial theatrical release ) . The trailer featured a new version of `` Crazy in Love '' by Beyoncé , which was scored and arranged by her frequent collaborator Boots . The trailer was viewed 36.4 million times in the week after its July 24 release . This made it the most viewed trailer on YouTube in 2014 , until it was surpassed in October by the trailer for Avengers : Age of Ultron . However , in mid-December the trailer reached 93 million views and was again the most viewed of 2014 . The trailer accumulated over 100 million views in its first week of release through different channels and websites , becoming the biggest trailer ever released in history . By February 2015 , the trailer had been viewed more than 193 million times on YouTube alone . And by late February , Fifty Shades of Grey related material garnered over 329 million views including 113 million views for its official trailer . A second trailer was released on November 13 , 2014 . A third trailer aired during Super Bowl XLIX , on February 1 , 2015 . The film was promoted through an ad campaign that asked people whether they were `` curious '' . Nick Carpou , Universal 's president of domestic distribution , said : `` Our campaign gave people permission to see the film . '' `` Valentines is a big deal for couples and a great relationship event , and the date with the long Presidents Day weekend created a perfect storm for us . This date positioned us to take full advantage of the romance angle , which is how we sold the film in our marketing campaign , '' he said . Rating and censorship ( edit ) There was initial speculation that the film could receive an NC - 17 rating in the United States . Studios typically steer away from the adults - only rating due to the impact the classification has on a film 's commercial viability , with some theater chains refusing to exhibit NC - 17 - rated films . While screenwriter Marcel said she expected the film to be NC - 17 - rated , producer De Luca anticipated the less restrictive R rating . On January 5 , 2015 , the MPAA did give the film an R rating , basing its decision on `` strong sexual content including dialogue , some unusual behavior and graphic nudity , and language . '' On January 30 , in Australia , the film was rated MA15+ by the ACB for `` strong sex scenes , sexual themes and nudity '' . On February 2 , 2015 , the British BBFC classified the film an 18 certificate , mentioning `` strong sex '' . In Canada , Ontario , Manitoba , Alberta , and British Columbia , the film was rated at 18A by the OFRB , MFCB , AFR , and BCFCO , respectively , due to its `` occasional upsetting or disturbing scenes , and partial or full nudity in a brief sexual situation . '' In Quebec , the Régie du cinéma rated the movie under the 16 + category for its eroticism . In France , the film earned a 12 rating . In Lebanon , the film earned an NC - 21 rating . In Argentina , the Advisory Commission of Cinematographic Exhibition ( the rating arm of the INCAA ) rated the film SAM16 / R . Anti-pornography watchdog group Morality in Media argued that the film 's R rating `` severely undermines the violent themes in the film and does not adequately inform parents and patrons of the film 's content '' , and that the MPAA was encouraging sexual violence by letting the film by without an NC - 17 rating . The film was scheduled for a February 12 , 2015 , release in Malaysia , but it was denied a certificate by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board ( LPF ) for its `` unnatural '' and `` sadistic '' content . The LPF chairman , Abdul Halim Abdul Hamid , said Fifty Shades was `` more pornography than a movie . '' The film was also banned in Indonesia , Kenya , Russia 's North Caucasus , the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , Papua New Guinea , Cambodia , and India . The film was released in Nigeria for a week , before being removed from cinemas by the National Film and Video Censors Board ( NFVCB ) . Studios will not pursue a theatrical release in China . The film 's sex scenes were censored after protests from various religious groups in the Philippines , and as a result it is in limited release in that country with an R - 18 rating from the MTRCB . A similarly cut version was released in Zimbabwe . Roughly 20 minutes were cut from the film for screening in Vietnam , leaving no sex scenes . The scene in which Ana is beaten with a belt is skipped entirely . Opposition campaign ( edit ) On January 28 , 2015 , a campaign in the United States by the National Center on Sexual Exploitation started two petitions to boycott the film 's release . Their website makes more than 50 allegations that the film has a negative impact on the community . It said , `` Hollywood is advertising the Fifty Shades story as an erotic love affair , but it is really about sexual abuse and violence against women . The porn industry has poised men and women to receive the message that sexual violence is enjoyable . Fifty Shades models this porn message and Hollywood cashes the check . '' By February 7 , one of the petitions had garnered more than 53,000 signatures . On February 2 , in Michigan , a man petitioned to halt the film 's release at a local Celebration ! Cinema . Despite the man 's efforts , the president of the cinemas declined to cancel the release of the film . He said , `` We 've been in business for 70 years and people often times object to content , and it 's not our job to censor the content of a widespread movie . It 's not in our best interest . It 's not in the community 's best interest . '' The film sold 3,000 tickets before the release and was expected to sell a total of 10,000 tickets . The American Family Association called for theaters not to show the film : `` The irony is not lost that the film 's main character is named , ' Christian , ' while this film presents anything but a ' Christian ' view of intimacy ... It is the epitome of elevating abuse , and we call on all theaters to reject promoting such abuse on their screens . '' Thomas Williams of the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture commented on the release of the film in the United States on Valentine 's Day , stating `` The irony of Universal Pictures ' decision to release its bondage - erotica film Fifty Shades of Grey on the day dedicated to honoring a Christian martyr has not gone unnoticed to many observers , who seem to find the choice unclassy at best . '' Home Media ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey was released via DVD and Blu - ray on May 8 , 2015 . The Blu - ray edition features an unrated cut of the film ; the version includes an additional three minutes of footage , the bulk of which are in the form of an alternate ending . Upon its release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped both the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks combined Blu - ray Disc and DVD sales , as well as the Blu - ray Disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks up to the week ending May 17 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey grossed $166.2 million in North America and $404.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $571 million , against a budget of $40 million . It is currently the fourth - highest - grossing film directed by a woman ( behind Mamma Mia ! , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and Wonder Woman ) , and at the time of the end of it 's theatrical run , it was the fourth - highest - grossing R - rated film of all time ( behind The Hangover Part II , The Passion of the Christ , and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $256.55 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . Tickets went on sale in the United States from January 11 , 2015 . According to ticket - selling site Fandango , Fifty Shades of Grey is the fastest - selling R - rated title in the site 's 15 - year history , surpassing Sex and the City 2 . It also had the biggest first week of ticket sales on Fandango for a non-sequel film , surpassing 2012 's The Hunger Games . It is fourth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales behind The Twilight Saga : New Moon , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , and The Hunger Games . The demand prompted US theater owners to add new showtimes . Weeks before the film 's release , several box office analysts suggested as much as a $60 million domestic four - day opening while Box Office Mojo reported that a $100 million opening could be possible . Outside the United States , Fifty Shades of Grey pre-sold 4.5 million tickets in 39 markets . In the UK , it sold £ 1.3 million ( $1.9 million ) worth of tickets a week before release . On release , it set several records at the box office , including : Box office record Record details Previous record holder Previous record holder details Ref ( s ) February opening weekend $85,171,450 The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 , $83.8 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day opening weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) Widest R - rated opening 3,646 theaters The Hangover Part II ( 2011 , 3,615 theaters ) Valentine 's Day gross $36,752,460 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $23,392,046 ) Opening weekend for a female directed film $85,171,450 Twilight ( 2008 , $69,637,740 ) Overseas opening weekend for an R - rated film $156 million The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 , $117 million ) Highest - grossing Universal 's R - rated film overseas $385.1 million Ted ( 2012 , $330 million ) North America ( edit ) In the U.S. and Canada , it is the highest - grossing sex film , the seventeenth highest - grossing film of 2015 , and the fourth - highest - grossing romantic film of all time . It opened in the U.S. and Canada simultaneously with Kingsman : The Secret Service on Thursday , February 12 , 2015 , across 2,830 theaters and was widened to 3,646 theaters the next day making it the widest R - rated opening ( surpassed by Mad Max : Fury Road ) , and the fourth - widest R - rated release of all time . It earned $8.6 million from Thursday night previews which is the second - highest late - night gross for a film released in February ( behind Deadpool ) and the third - highest for an R - rated film ( behind Deadpool and The Hangover Part II ) . The film topped the box office on its opening day grossing $30.2 million ( including Thursday previews ) from 3,646 theaters setting a record for highest February opening day ( previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) and fourth - highest overall among R - rated films . During its traditional three - day opening the film opened at No. 1 at the box office earning $85.1 million , setting records for the biggest opening weekend for a film released in February ( a record previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) . Women comprised 82 % of the total audiences during its opening day , and 68 % on Valentine 's Day . Revenue from the second weekend dropped massively by 73.9 % to $22.25 million , which is the second - biggest drop for a 3,000 - plus - screen release ( only behind Friday the 13th 's 80.4 % drop ) and the biggest for a 3,500 - plus - screen release . It is just the eighth film to open on more than 3,000 screens to drop by 70 % or more . The film topped the box office for two consecutive weekends before falling to No. 4 in its third weekend while Focus took the top spot . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside the U.S. and Canada , box office analysts were predicting as much as $158 million opening . It opened Wednesday , February 11 , 2015 , in 4 countries , earning $3.7 million . It opened in 34 more countries on February 12 , earning $28.6 million in two days . The film set opening - day records for Universal Pictures in 25 markets and opening day records for an R - rated film in 34 territories . Through Sunday , February 15 , it earned an opening - weekend total of $156 million from 58 countries from 10,979 screens ( $173.6 million through Monday ) where it opened at No. 1 in 54 of the 58 countries , marking the biggest overseas opening for an R - rated film , the fourth - biggest of 2015 , and Universal 's third - biggest overseas opening weekend ever . The film set an all - time opening record in 13 markets , Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 30 markets and biggest opening for any R - rated film in 31 markets . The biggest opener outside of the United States was witnessed in the UK , Ireland and Malta , where it earned £ 13.55 million ( $20.8 million ) in its opening weekend , which is the biggest debut ever for an 18 - rated film and the second - biggest for a non-sequel film ( behind I Am Legend ) . In just 10 days of release it became the highest - grossing 18 - rated film of all time . It topped the UK box office for two consecutive weekends . Other high openings include Germany ( $14.1 million ) , France ( $12.3 million ) , Russia ( $11 million ) , Italy ( $10.1 million ) , Spain ( $8.7 million ) , Brazil ( $8.3 million ) , Mexico ( $8.1 million ) , Australia ( $8 million ) . In Japan , the film was unsuccessful opening at No. 5 with $682,000 but falling out of the top 10 the following week . The Hollywood Reporter cited out possible reasons for the film 's failure , attributing it to the `` delayed release of the new Japanese - language editions of the books , poor timing for the film release and an R - 15 , re-edit blurring out parts of the sex scenes . '' It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends until it was overtaken by Warner Bros . ' Jupiter Ascending in its fourth weekend . It became Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing R - rated film of all time overseas ( breaking Ted 's record ) , Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film in 14 countries , and Universal Pictures ' eighth - highest - grossing film overseas . In total earnings , its largest markets overseas are the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $52.5 million ) , Germany ( $43.7 million ) , Brazil , ( $31.3 million ) , France ( $29.5 million ) , and Spain ( $22.6 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Director Sam Taylor - Johnson later admitted to regret making Fifty Shades of Grey . Fifty Shades of Grey received generally unfavorable reviews from critics , with criticism aimed at its acting , screenplay , and pacing ; however , some critics noted it as an improvement over the book , and others praised the cinematography and set design . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 25 % based on 261 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While creatively better endowed than its print counterpart , Fifty Shades of Grey is a less than satisfying experience on the screen . '' The review aggregator website Metacritic gave the film a score of 46 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that `` the dialogue is laughable , the pacing is sluggish and the performances are one - note . '' Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times wrote : `` Fifty Shades of Grey the movie , for the record , is not quite as bad as Fifty Shades of Grey the book . But that 's not saying much '' . We Got This Covered critic Isaac Feldberg gave the film one and a half stars out of five and wrote that it `` feels like two , distinct films grappling for dominance over the screen : one a sensual and stylish romance , and the other a numbingly explicit Harlequin bodice - ripper brought to life . Regrettably , the latter and lesser of the two ends up on top '' . The Guardian lead film critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film one star out of five , calling it `` the most purely tasteful and softcore depiction of sadomasochism in cinema history '' with `` strictly daytime soap '' performances . A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the movie `` terrible '' , but wrote that `` it might nonetheless be a movie that feels good to see , whether you squirm or giggle or roll your eyes or just sit still and take your punishment . '' In a positive review for The Daily Telegraph , Robbie Collin called the film `` sexy , funny and self - aware in every way the original book is n't . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York 's Daily News praised the directing , screenplay , and Johnson 's performance , but called Dornan 's performance , the leads ' chemistry , and the supporting cast `` underused '' . She praised the film for honoring the essence of its source and the director 's way of balancing `` atmosphere with action '' . In The Guardian , Jordan Hoffmann awarded the film three out of five stars , writing , `` this big screen adaptation still manages to be about people , and even a little bit sweet '' , and that the sex scenes `` are there to advance the plot , and only the most buttoned - up prude will be scandalised . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B − , writing : `` This perfectly normal way of consuming erotica suggests that the movie Fifty Shades of Grey will work better as home entertainment , when each viewer can race past the blah - blah about how well Christian plays the piano and pause on the fleeting image of the man minus his pants . '' In The Sydney Morning Herald , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` the film provides a language for decision - making around violence more developed than most Hollywood fodder '' , and that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience . It dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' Various critics have noted the similarities between Fifty Shades of Grey and Adrian Lyne 's 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) . Both films are literary adaptations , centering on a sadomasochistic affair . In an interview in June 2017 , Taylor - Johnson later admitted to regretting directing the movie claiming that her differences with E.L. James caused her to walk away from the series . Like I mean truly horrible Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2012 , the film company Smash Pictures announced its intent to film a pornographic version of the Fifty Shades trilogy , entitled Fifty Shades of Grey : An XXX Adaptation . A release date of January 10 , 2013 , was announced . In November 2012 , Universal , which had secured the Fifty Shades film rights , filed a lawsuit against Smash Pictures , stating that the film violated its copyright in that it was not filmed as a parody adaptation but `` copies without reservation from the unique expressive elements of the Fifty Shades trilogy , progressing through the events of Fifty Shades of Grey and into the second book , Fifty Shades Darker '' . The lawsuit asked for an injunction , for the profits from all sales of the film , as well as damages , saying that `` a quickly and cheaply produced pornographic work ( ... ) is likely to cause Plaintiffs irreparable harm by poisoning public perception of the Fifty Shades Trilogy and the forthcoming Universal films . '' Smash Pictures responded to the lawsuit by issuing a counterclaim and requesting a continuance , stating that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was part of the public domain because it was originally published in various venues as a fan fiction based on the Twilight series . A lawyer for Smash Pictures further commented that the federal copyright registrations for the books were `` invalid and unenforceable '' and that the film `` did not violate copyright or trademark laws '' . The lawsuit was eventually settled out of court for an undisclosed sum and Smash Pictures agreed to stop any further production or promotion of the film . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) In April 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that E.L. James 's husband , Niall Leonard , was enlisted to write the script for the film 's sequel . In the same month , at the 2015 Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Universal announced the release dates of the sequels , with Fifty Shades Darker being released on February 10 , 2017 , and Fifty Shades Freed was released on February 9 , 2018 . However , the sequels will not see Sam Taylor - Johnson returning as director . On August 20 , 2015 , the U.S. House of Cards director James Foley was a frontrunner to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back - to - back . Parody ( edit ) A spoof version of the film , Fifty Shades of Black , was released on January 29 , 2016 , in North America . Marlon Wayans and Rick Alvarez wrote the script , in which Wayans stars as Christian Black . The film was distributed by SquareOne Entertainment in Germany and Open Road Films in the United States ; IM Global produce and finance it , as well as handling international releases . Kali Hawk parodied the role of Anastasia Steele , with supporting cast including Affion Crockett , Mike Epps , Jane Seymour , and Fred Willard . Principal photography began on August 11 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , with a production budget of around $5 million . See also ( edit ) Film portal Washington portal Sex in film Wild Orchid ( film ) , 1989 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It is Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film of all time in Brazil , Denmark , Italy , Poland , Venezuela , Croatia , Czech Republic , Estonia , Paraguay , Romania , Serbia / Montenegro , Slovakia , Slovenia and Ukraine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's alternative ending revealed '' . Melty.com . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' : Eloise Mumford Tapped to Play Anastasia Steele 's Roommate '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Ehle Joining ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' As Anastasia Steele 's Mother '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Adds Marcia Gay Harden as Christian Grey 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casts ' How to Make It in America ' Star Victor Rasuk as Jose '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Actor Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rita Ora ( @ RitaOra ) ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official ! I 've been cast in @ FiftyShades of Grey as Christian 's sister Mia . # FiftyShades '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Max Martini to Play Christian Grey 's Bodyguard in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Casts Callum Keith Rennie '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Dylan Neal to Play Anastasia 's step - father in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Feature : Rachel Skarsten Talks `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' and Her Big Decision `` . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ; Zeitchik , Steven ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey has studios hot and bothered '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Talks Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` British Erotica Series Catches Hollywood 's Eye '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Making Unprecedented Demands for Film Rights to Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Feature Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades Of Patrick Bateman : Bret Easton Ellis Would n't Mind Writing `` Grey '' Screenplay `` . Lais . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie Hires Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades ' Movie Hires Writer for Script Work '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Mark Bomback to Polish ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenplay '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scharf , Lindzi ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Meet ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' costume designer Mark Bridges '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Cover Story : Fit To Be Tied '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Wright Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Derby '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Toldja ! No Go on Joe Wright and ' 50 Shades of Grey ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Flirts With Director Joe Wright '' . Variety . PMC . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' announces director : Sam Taylor - Johnson '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Salaries 2016 : Who Got Raises ( and Who Did n't ) , From Movie Stars to Showrunners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director : Working With EL James Was `` Really , Really Frustrating '' ( Q&A ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Bret Easton Ellis tweets that Robert Pattinson was E.L. James ' first choice for Christian '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Noble , Melissa ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Author Says ' No ' to Casting Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart '' . OK ! . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Michael ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Ian Somerhalder Talks ' Vampire Diaries ' Kiss & ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casting Rumors ( AUDIO ) '' . RyanSeacrest.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tie me up , please ! Chace Crawford guns for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Somerhalder Is Not Angry He Was n't Cast In ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` 50 Shades film : Jamie dorman and Dakota Johnson cast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Casting : Shailene Woodley and Other Surprise Names That Passed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Susannah ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Keeley Hazell : ' I auditioned twice for Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Lucy Hale on Her Country Career , Fifty Shades of Grey Audition and Pretty Little Liars Plans '' . People . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff , Sneider ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Dakota Johnson Is Strapped In , Hunnam or No Hunnam '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Charlie Hunnam to Star in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on Fifty Shades of Grey Co-Star Dakota Johnson : `` There 's Just a Tangible Chemistry '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fans petition `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' casting , producer defends choices `` . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Christian Grey Casting Madness : Shirtless Scott Eastwood vs Francois Arnaud in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Movie ? Actor Hints Rumors on Twitter , 2014 Trailer Release Date in Jeopardy ? '' . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TheWrap , Staff ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Jamie Dornan , Billy Magnussen First to Test for Christian Grey '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades of Grey : Rita Ora cast as Jamie Dornan 's sister '' . Daily Telegraph . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Hear The Surprising Story Behind Rita Ora 's Part '' . MTV . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Gets a Start Date -- Find Out When Filming Begins ! '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' producer : Christian Grey should be ' fresh face ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Starts Filming '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Photos : Jamie Dornan And Dakota Johnson Start Shooting Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie '' . Entertainmentwise.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' filming location updates from Vancouver '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns Bentall 5 Tower into Grey House '' . Yvrshoots.com . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns University of British Columbia into Washington State University , Vancouver '' . Yvrshoots . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` # FiftyShades of Grey filming in the Hotel Vancouver today '' . TwitPic . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Cast Shoots Charlie Tango , Clayton 's Hardware Store Scenes ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey begins filming in Vancouver 's Gastown '' . Vancouver Sun . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Returns as Christian Grey ( With the Silk Tie ! ) for Fifty Shades of Grey Reshoots '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , EL ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . eljamesauthor.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Fifty Shades ' Album Whips Past Half - Million in Sales '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Belloni , Matthew ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Chairman Wants ' Fifty Shades ' for Summer 2014 , More ' Bourne ' and ' Van Helsing ' Reboot ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Movie Release Date Announced ... But Who 's the Cast ? '' . Extra . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' release moved to Valentine 's Day 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' to Make International Debut at Berlin Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nolan Feenay ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey IMAX Screenings Prove That Size Really Does Matter '' . TIME . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Set for 75 Imax Screens '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive new ' Fifty Shades ' image : A billboard - size Christian Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fahy , Colette ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dakota Johnson seen in her first official Fifty Shades of Grey movie pictures & # 124 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifty Shades Freed ( @ FiftyShades ) ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Happy Birthday Christian Grey # FiftyShades '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ EL James ( @ E_L_James ) ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Hold on to your hats folks . You 'll get your first look at the FSoG movie trailer on July 24 . I 've had a sneak peek and WOW ! # WeAimToPlease '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the full ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' trailer : What we could n't show on TV '' . Today.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan Feeney ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The Story Behind Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' Update `` . TIME . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : BOOTS Talks About Reworking Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' and Scoring the `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Trailer `` . Complex . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' is a YouTube Phenomenon , Even if Viewers Wo n't Admit It '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andrew ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Fifty Shades ' Preview Is Most Viewed Trailer of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Lewis ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Most Viewed Trailers of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Universal : ' Fifty Shades ' Trailer Scores Historic 100M Views In First Week '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tracking $60 M Bow ; Strong Ticket Sales In The South & Midwest '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Goes Shirtless as Christian Grey in New Fifty Shades of Grey Teaser '' . People Magazine . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arlene Washington ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` New ' 50 Shades ' Trailer Brags : We 've Racked Up 250 Million Views So Far '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Nets $94.4 Million in Debut '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Final Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Record $94.4 M Debut in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Dominates Box Office With Record $90 Million U.S. Debut '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Exley , Jennifer ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenwriter Plans NC - 17 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Producer Talks Sex '' . VH1 . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Has Officially Been Rated ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES OF GREY ( DCP ) '' . Australian Film Classification . January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Gets 18A Rating From Canadian Censors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Films '' . consumerprotectionbc.ca . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showtimes ( Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' . Cinexplex.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France Gives ' Fifty Shades ' Lenient 12 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie details '' . Cinema City . Jump up ^ `` Cincuenta Sombras es Apta para mayores de 16 años con reservas ¿ Qué significa ? '' . Hoyts ( in Spanish ) . Argentina . February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Esther Zuckerman ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Morality in Media Criticizes R - rating for Fifty Shades of Grey '' . TIME . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Josh Gardner ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Morality group blasts R rating for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' and says film is so violent Motion Picture Association should have made it NC - 17 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Malaysia '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey movie banned in Malaysia for being ' unnatural ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richwine , Lisa ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' goes global , but film too hot for some countries '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Russia 's North Caucasus ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' will not be released in UAE cinemas '' . Emirates 24 / 7 . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey film banned in Papua New Guinea due to sexual content '' . ABC Online . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fifty Shades '' banned in Cambodia `` . Yahoo News . February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naman Ramachandran ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` India Bans Edited Version of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Izuzu , Chidumga ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` National Film and Video Censors Board bans movie from cinemas '' . Pulse.ng . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's censorship board demands that erotic scenes of Fifty Shades of Grey film be edited '' . U.S. News & World Report . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : In the censored Vietnam version there is no sex at all '' . The Independent . UK . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Ugly Truth About ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie '' . Charisma News . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Say no to porn . Boycott 50 Shades of Grey , the movie : sign the petition '' . Lifesitenews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Dani ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Petitions want ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' showings canceled '' . WoodTV . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis , Derek ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Local man starts petition to stop `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' from coming to Celebration ! Cinema `` . Fox 17 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guess Who 's Boycotting ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Ahead of the Film 's Release ? '' . Alternet . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Thomas ( 14 February 2015 ) . `` Christians Offended by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Hijack of Saint Valentine 's Day -- Breitbart '' . Breitbart News . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` News : Fifty Shades of Grey ( US DVD R1 / BD RA ) '' . DVDActive . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Still on Top of Home Video Charts '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tops $100 M US , $300 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Becomes 6th R - Rated Film To Top $500 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` No. 7 ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Title in Fandango History '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in Fandango History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Record Valentine 's Day Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lily Harrison ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Is Already Fandango 's Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in History '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Tracking for $45 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Could Nab $45 M Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Marketing : More Sizzle Than Sex '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Forecast : ' Fifty Shades ' to Dominate Valentine 's Day Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Arousing Overseas Audiences Too '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades takes £ 1.3 million at box office before opening '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opeing Weekends by Month -- February '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 4 - Day President 's Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Valentine 's Day ' Massacres Presidents ' Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Grey ' Makes Green Over Valentine 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Biggest Opening in History for a Female Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Higher In Global Bow At $266.6 M ; Record R - Rated Opening Overseas -- Tuesday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades ' Now Uni 's Biggest R - Rated Film Overseas ; Nears $500 M Global B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Drama '' . Box Office Mojo . March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Posts Second Best R - Rated Preview Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST RELEASES BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Ryan Reynolds ' ' Deadpool ' Opens to Record $12.7 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office Dominatrix : ' Fifty Shades ' Nabs $30.2 M Friday for Record $80 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Report : Moviegoers Submit to ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Posting A $81.7 M Weekend , $90.7 M Four - Day ; ' Kingsman ' Strong With $35.6 M -- Sunday Final Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BROOKS BARNES and MICHAEL CIEPLY ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` In a Shift , ' Shades ' Dominates Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Flee From ' Fifty Shades ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Lower With $22.26 M ; ' Hot Tub 2 's Tracking Off -- Monday B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BIGGEST SECOND WEEKEND DROPS ( Wide Releases That Fell 60 % or More ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Will Smith 's ' Focus ' Lower In Actuals With $18.69 M Opening -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Focus ' Pulls Off Minor Heist at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Global Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Heads for $235 M - Plus World Domination '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Heating Up International Box Office With Record $158 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Eyes $158 M+ Opening Weekend Overseas ; Biggest - Ever For An R - Rated Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Universal Records In Overseas Debuts ; $100 M+ Weekend ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Cumes $28.6 M Overseas In Two Days ; Whips Opening Records '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of pure UK box - office gold '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND AND MALTA ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Becomes Highest - Grossing 18 - Rated Film Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Exotic Marigold ' Sequel Topples ' Fifty Shades ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Opens in Fifth , ' Big Hero 6 ' Passes $70 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' American Sniper ' Opens on Top , ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Out of Top 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Why ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Failed to Hit the Mark in Japan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Mr Grey Dominates , Mr Smith 's ' Focus ' Pulls & Ms Smith 's ' Exotic Marigold Hotel ' Upgrades : More International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jupiter ' Ascends To Top Of International B.O. ; ' Chappie ' Lively In Asia -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cinderella ' Tops International Box Office As ' Fifty Shades ' Joins Uni 's Top 10 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International Gross '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Euro Summer Box Office 's Rosy Outlook : Admissions Up , Soccer Off -- Chart '' . Deadline Hollywood . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International gross '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Mr. Grey To Beat ' Christ ' February Opening Day ; Industry Projects $91 M Bow -- Late Night Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' lacks gray matter , as well as heat '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A few shades better than the book '' . The Seattle Times . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Pete ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Review '' . We Got This Covered . London . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey review -- making a bad fist of it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey premiere : ' the most raucous audience reaction since Mamma Mia ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weitzman ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey first look review : some pleasure , occasional pain '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : EW movie review '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey -- and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 19 Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey -- movie review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 1⁄2 Weeks : the story of the original 50 Shades of Grey '' . The Telegraph . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Before ' Fifty Shades , ' How ' 9 1 / 2 Weeks ' Director Put S&M Onscreen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sarah ( November 2012 ) . `` Who Was the Real Woman Behind ' Nine and a Half Weeks ' ? '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Fifty Shades Director Regrets Making The Film '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson reveals Fifty Shades regret : ' EL James did n't like me ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenporte , Barbie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Porn Parody Will Be Written / Directed by Mr. Filth . How Romantic '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades Porn Parody Targeted In Big Hollywood Lawsuit '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Company behind ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' porn sued by Universal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Universal files lawsuit against ' Fifty Shades ' porn ' rip - off ' '' . Times Live . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Costanza , Justine Ashley ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Porn Lawsuit Heats Up : Is The XXX Adaptation Illegal ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ; Kim Masters ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` EL James ' Husband Writing ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock , Rebecca Ford ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel to Hit Theaters in 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Wo n't Direct Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Foley Frontrunner To Direct ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Sequel For Universal '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SquareOne Takes Marlon Wayans ' ' Fifty Shades ' Spoof for Germany '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ali Jaafar ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades Of Black ' Starts Shooting ; iQiYi To Distribute ' Talking To Hollywood With Betty Zhou ' - Global Briefs '' . Deadline Hollywood . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Production begins on ' Fifty Shades Of Black ' '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) . 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The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! 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Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_of_Grey_(film)&oldid=850533254 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films Adultery in films American films American erotic films American romantic drama films BDSM in films Censored media Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Fifty Shades Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by Sam Taylor - Wood Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in Seattle Films shot in Vancouver Focus Features films IMAX films Obscenity controversies in film Universal Pictures films Works based on Twilight series Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Napulitano Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 13 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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"Principal photography was again delayed and eventually started on December 1, 2013.[56] Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver.[57] Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building.[58][59]\n"
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3224044049253267995 | It Was a Very Good Year | It was a Very Good Year - wikipedia It was a Very Good Year Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It Was a Very Good Year '' is a song Ervin Drake composed in 1961 for and originally recorded by Bob Shane with the Kingston Trio . It was subsequently made famous by Frank Sinatra 's version in D minor , which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male in 1966 . Gordon Jenkins was awarded Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) for the Sinatra version . This single peaked at # 28 on the U.S. pop chart and became Sinatra 's first # 1 single on the Easy Listening charts . That version can be found on Sinatra 's 1965 album September of My Years , and was featured in The Sopranos season two opener , `` Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist 's Office ... '' . A live , stripped - down performance is included on his Sinatra at the Sands album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Inspiration 3 Recordings 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) The song recounts the type of girls the singer had relationships with at various years in his life : when he was 17 , `` small - town girls on the village green '' ; at 21 , `` city girls who lived up the stair '' ; at 35 , `` blue - blooded girls of independent means '' . Each of these years he calls `` very good '' . In the song 's final verse , the singer reflects that he is older , and in the autumn of his years , and he thinks back on his entire life `` as vintage wine '' . All of these romances were sweet to him , like a wine from a very good ( i.e. , vintage ) year . Inspiration ( edit ) Ervin Drake 's inspiration to write the song was his then wife - to - be , Edith Vincent Bermaine . She was a showgirl , whom he had dated , and eventually married twenty years after the song was written . Recordings ( edit ) The Kingston Trio introduced the song on their album Goin ' Places ( 1961 ) . This is the recording that influenced Frank Sinatra to want to record his own version . Lonnie Donegan released it as a 45 rpm single on Pye Records , in 1963 . The Turtles recorded a version on their debut album , It Ai n't Me Babe ( 1965 ) . They also released it as a single in Canada ( Quality 1791 ) in January 1966 . Wes Montgomery included a version of the song in his album Goin ' Out Of My Head ( 1965 ) . Chad & Jeremy included the song into their Second album ( January , 1965 ) . It was the last track on their last UK LP so it seems to correlate with the song title somehow . They also released it as a single in The US ( World Artists 1052 ) & Canada ( Capitol 72239 ) as `` A Very Good Year '' Frank Sinatra on his September of My Years album ( 1965 ) and a stripped - down performance on his Sinatra at the Sands live album ( 1966 ) Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass included a melancholy instrumental version of the song on their album What Now My Love ( 1966 ) Gábor Szabó recorded a version in his album Spellbinder ( 1966 ) . Eddie Harris recorded a version in his album Mean Greens ( 1966 ) . William Shatner did a spoken - word cover of this song interspersed with lines from Hamlet on his album The Transformed Man ( 1968 ) . Lou Rawls covered this song in 1966 , produced by David Axelrod and included on his hit album Soulin ' as part of a `` Memory Lane '' medley . Rawls also performed it just before his death on 2006 's `` An Evening of Stars '' telethon , backed by the Rickey Minor Band . Harry James released a version in 1967 on his album Our Leader ! ( Dot DLP 3801 and DLP 25801 ) . Lennie Hibbert included this as the last song on the album `` Creation '' ( Studio One ) mislabeled as `` Nature Boy . '' The brilliant Jackie Mitoo organ instrumental is accompanied only by hand drums . Boris Karloff performed a moving rendition of the song on The Jonathan Winters Show in 1968 , at the age of 80 . Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In did a skit wherein Dan Rowan changes army uniforms from World War II , Korea , and then Vietnam as the song plays in the background . In 1971 , Michael Jackson sang a parody of this song in a skit with Diana Ross during the Diana ! TV Special . Baden Powell recorded an instrumental version of it , titled `` It Was A Wonderful Year '' , on his album Grandezza on Guitar ( 1971 ) Della Reese performed the song at the Playboy Club in Chicago and was later featured on her LP , One More Time ! . In the 78th episode of The Muppet Show , Statler and Waldorf performed the song from their box . British pop star Robbie Williams recorded a version for his album Swing When You 're Winning ( 2001 ) , in duet with Sinatra 's original vocals . The instrumental track was also sampled from Sinatra 's original recording . Frank Sinatra 's version of the song was featured in the Spike Lee film Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) . In a 1993 episode of The Simpsons ( `` Duffless '' ) , Homer sings a parody of this song entitled `` I Drank Some Very Good Beer '' , recounting the first beer he ever purchased ( with a fake ID ; his name was Brian McGee ) and he `` stayed up listening to Queen . '' The Flaming Lips covered this song on the compilation Chairman of the Board ( Interpretations of Songs Made Famous by Frank Sinatra ) ( 1993 ) . The Reverend Horton Heat covered the song in 2000 and released it as a single to promote the album Spend a Night in the Box ( 2000 ) . It has been adapted in French , as `` C'était une très bonne année '' , by Robert Charlebois on his album Doux sauvage ( 2001 ) . Paul Young included a cover version on his album The Essential Paul Young ( 2003 ) Ray Charles covered the song ( as a duet with Willie Nelson ) on his album Genius Loves Company ( 2004 ) . In 2005 , They Might Be Giants parodied this song on their first ever podcast . An instrumental version appears on the album Big City ( 2005 ) by Dave Stryker . Gordon Goodwin 's Big Phat Band recorded a version for the album The Phat Pack ( 2006 ) . Irish folk singer / songwriter Ronnie Drew included a coverversion of the song on his album There 's life in the old dog yet ( 2006 ) Brett Anderson sang it live as can be heard on the album Live at Queen Elizabeth Hall ( 2007 ) . At the end of the song Brett jokingly says that he wrote it last night . Dee Snider of Twisted Sister recorded a version for the album SIN - atra ( 2011 ) , a heavy metal cover album of Frank Sinatra songs A recording was included on Alfie Boe 's album Alfie ( 2011 ) . Alain Resnais used the Sinatra recording over the closing credits of his film You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet ( 2012 ) . The song plays no role in the film proper , but in You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet ( French title : Vous n'avez encore rien vu ) has similar themes and tone of autumnal reminiscence as the Sinatra recording -- a dead stage director invites his actors to a wake and performance of a play they all had acted in for him . Shirley Bassey recorded it on her album Hello Like Before ( 2014 ) , produced by Stuart Barr . Mel Torme hosted a 1971 summer replacement television show named after the song , using it as open and close music See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1966 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rubeck , Shaw , Blake et al. , The Kingston Trio On Record ( Naperville IL : KK Inc , 1986 ) , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Friedwald , Will ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) . `` When He Was 46 it Was a Very Good Year - WSJ '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 22 - Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66 : A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ervin Drake , songwriter of ' It Was a Very Good Year , ' dies at 95 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Peppiat , Wheaton et . el . Sinatra : A Man and his Music . Warner Bros. DVD , prod . Hemion , Raskin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Chad Stuart & Jeremy Clyde '' . Chadandjeremy.net. 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Frank Sinatra singles discography Columbia singles ( 1939 - 1940 ) `` All or Nothing at All '' RCA Victor singles ( 1940 - 1942 ) `` Imagination '' `` East of the Sun ( and West of the Moon ) '' `` The One I Love ( Belongs to Somebody Else ) '' `` Stardust '' `` Oh ! Look at Me Now '' `` Without a Song '' `` Let 's Get Away from It All '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Pale Moon ( An Indian Love Song ) '' `` Embraceable You '' `` How About You ? '' `` There Are Such Things '' Bluebird singles ( 1942 - 1943 ) `` Night and Day '' `` The Night We Called It a Day '' `` The Song Is You '' Columbia singles ( 1943 - 1953 ) `` Close to You '' `` You 'll Never Know '' `` Sunday , Monday , or Always '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening '' `` White Christmas '' `` Saturday Night ( Is the Loneliest Night of the Week ) '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` Ol ' Man River '' `` Stormy Weather '' `` When Your Lover Has Gone '' `` Dream '' `` If I Loved You '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Mighty Lak ' a Rose '' `` Nancy ( with the Laughing Face ) '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` Day by Day '' `` Full Moon and Empty Arms '' `` Soliloquy ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' `` Begin the Beguine '' `` Silent Night '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` September Song '' `` Sweet Lorraine '' `` Time after Time '' `` Mam'selle '' `` Almost Like Being in Love '' `` Tea for Two '' `` My Romance '' `` So Far '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` But Beautiful '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` All of Me '' `` Nature Boy '' `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' `` My Melancholy Baby '' `` Autumn in New York '' `` Why Ca n't You Behave ? '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Let 's Take an Old Fashioned Walk '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` The Old Master Painter '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Nevertheless ( I 'm in Love with You ) '' `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` April in Paris '' `` I Could Write a Book '' `` The Birth of the Blues '' Capitol singles ( 1953 - 1961 ) `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' `` I 've Got the World on a String '' `` My One and Only Love '' `` South of the Border ( Down Mexico Way ) '' `` I Love You '' `` Young at Heart '' `` Do n't Worry ' bout Me '' `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' `` The Gal That Got Away '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' `` Melody of Love '' `` Two Hearts , Two Kisses ( Make One Love ) '' `` Learnin ' the Blues '' `` Love and Marriage '' `` ( Love Is ) The Tender Trap '' `` You 're Sensational '' `` True Love '' `` Well , Did You Evah ! '' `` Mind If I Make Love to You ? '' `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' `` All the Way '' `` Chicago ( That Toddlin ' Town ) '' `` Witchcraft '' `` French Foreign Legion '' `` High Hopes '' `` Old MacDonald '' `` My Blue Heaven '' `` I 'll Remember April '' `` I Love Paris '' Reprise singles ( 1961 - 1983 ) `` Granada '' `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' `` The One I Love ( Belongs to Somebody Else ) '' `` I 'm Getting Sentimental Over You '' `` Polka Dots and Moonbeams '' `` Without a Song '' `` Stardust '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` Me and My Shadow '' `` Call Me Irresponsible '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` My Kind of Town '' `` Softly , as I Leave You '' `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Was a Very Good Year '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Summer Wind '' `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' `` That 's Life '' `` The September of My Years '' `` Somethin ' Stupid '' `` The World We Knew ( Over and Over ) '' `` My Way '' `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' `` Something '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Send in the Clowns '' `` Bad , Bad Leroy Brown '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' `` Here 's to the Band '' `` To Love a Child '' Qwest singles ( 1983 - 1984 ) `` Teach Me Tonight '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` It 's All Right with Me '' `` Until the Real Thing Comes Along '' Compositions `` This Love of Mine '' `` Sheila '' `` Peachtree Street '' `` Take My Love '' `` I 'm a Fool to Want You '' `` Mistletoe and Holly '' `` Mr. Success '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Was_a_Very_Good_Year&oldid=810000416 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1966 singles Frank Sinatra songs Songs about old age Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male Songs written by Ervin Drake Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 20 : 53 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song when i was 17 | [
"\"It Was a Very Good Year\" is a song Ervin Drake composed in 1961 for and originally recorded by Bob Shane with the Kingston Trio.[1][2] It was subsequently made famous by Frank Sinatra's version in D minor,[3] which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male in 1966. Gordon Jenkins was awarded Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) for the Sinatra version. This single peaked at #28 on the U.S. pop chart and became Sinatra's first #1 single on the Easy Listening charts.[4] That version can be found on Sinatra's 1965 album September of My Years, and was featured in The Sopranos season two opener, \"Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist's Office...\". A live, stripped-down performance is included on his Sinatra at the Sands album."
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"Ervin Drake"
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-5696675804486100744 | List of current world boxing champions | List of current World Boxing champions - wikipedia List of current World Boxing champions Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of current world boxing champions . Since at least John L. Sullivan , in the late 19th century , there have been world champions in professional boxing . The first of today 's organizations to award a world title was the World Boxing Association ( WBA ) , then known as the National Boxing Association ( NBA ) , when it sanctioned its first title fight in 1921 between Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpentier for the world heavyweight championship . There are now four major sanctioning bodies in professional boxing . The official rules and regulations of the World Boxing Association , World Boxing Council ( WBC ) , International Boxing Federation ( IBF ) , and World Boxing Organization ( WBO ) all recognize each other in their rankings and title unification rules . Each of these organizations sanction and regulate championship bouts and award world titles . American boxing magazine The Ring began awarding world titles in 1922 . There are seventeen weight divisions . To compete in a division , a boxer 's weight must not exceed the upper limit . Manny Pacquiao has won world championships in eight different weight divisions , more than any other boxer . The Klitschko brothers , Vitali and Wladimir , held all four major titles in the heavyweight division from 2011 to 2013 ; they were the first brothers to hold versions of the heavyweight championship at the same time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Championships 1.1 World Boxing Association 1.2 World Boxing Council 1.3 International Boxing Federation 1.4 World Boxing Organization 1.5 The Ring 1.6 Lineal 2 Current champions 2.1 Heavyweight ( 200 + lb / 90.7 + kg ) 2.2 Cruiserweight ( 200 lb / 90.7 kg ) 2.3 Light heavyweight ( 175 lb / 79.4 kg ) 2.4 Super middleweight ( 168 lb / 76.2 kg ) 2.5 Middleweight ( 160 lb / 72.6 kg ) 2.6 Light middleweight ( 154 lb / 69.9 kg ) 2.7 Welterweight ( 147 lb / 66.7 kg ) 2.8 Light welterweight ( 140 lb / 63.5 kg ) 2.9 Lightweight ( 135 lb / 61.2 kg ) 2.10 Super featherweight ( 130 lb / 59 kg ) 2.11 Featherweight ( 126 lb / 57.2 kg ) 2.12 Super bantamweight ( 122 lb / 55.3 kg ) 2.13 Bantamweight ( 118 lb / 53.5 kg ) 2.14 Super flyweight ( 115 lb / 52.2 kg ) 2.15 Flyweight ( 112 lb / 50.8 kg ) 2.16 Light flyweight ( 108 lb / 49 kg ) 2.17 Minimumweight ( 105 lb / 47.6 kg ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Championships When a champion , for reasons beyond his control such as an illness or injury , is unable to defend his title within the normal mandatory time , the sanctioning bodies may order an interim title bout and award the winner an interim championship . The WBA and WBC may change the status of their inactive champions to `` Champion in Recess '' . World Boxing Association The World Boxing Association ( WBA ) was founded in 1921 as the National Boxing Association ( NBA ) , a national regulating body of the United States . On August 23 , 1962 , the NBA became the WBA , which today has its head office in Panama . According to WBA championship rules , when a champion also holds a title of one of the other three major sanctioning bodies in an equivalent weight division , that boxer is granted a special recognition of `` Unified Champion '' , and is given more time between mandatory title defences . The WBA Championships Committee and President may also designate a champion as a `` Super Champion '' or `` Undisputed Champion '' in exceptional circumstances ; the standard WBA title is then vacated and contested between WBA - ranked contenders . When a WBA `` Regular Champion '' makes between five and ten successful defences , he may be granted the WBA `` Super '' title upon discretion of a vote of the WBA 's board of governors . World Boxing Council The World Boxing Council ( WBC ) was founded in Mexico City , Mexico on February 14 , 1963 in order to establish an international regulating body . The WBC established many of today 's safety measures in boxing , such as the standing eight count , a limit of 12 rounds instead of 15 , and additional weight divisions . More information about the WBC 's titles including `` Silver '' , `` Diamond '' , `` Emeritus '' , `` Honorary '' , and `` Supreme Champion '' can be read at the WBC article . International Boxing Federation The International Boxing Federation ( IBF ) originated in September 1976 as the United States Boxing Association ( USBA ) when American members of the WBA withdrew in order to legitimize boxing in the United States with `` unbiased '' ratings . In April 1983 , the organization established an international division that was known as the United States Boxing Association - International ( USBA - I ) . In May 1984 , the New Jersey - based USBA - I was renamed and became the IBF . World Boxing Organization The World Boxing Organization ( WBO ) was founded in San Juan , Puerto Rico ( which is a self - governing commonwealth of the United States ) in 1988 . In its early years the WBO 's titles were not widely recognized . By 2012 when the Japan Boxing Commission officially recognized the governing body , it had gained similar status to the other three major sanctioning bodies . Its motto is `` dignity , democracy , honesty . '' When a WBO champion has reached `` preeminent status '' , the WBO 's Executive Committee may designate him as a `` Super Champion '' . However , this is only an honorary title and not the same as the WBA 's policy of having separate `` Super '' and `` Regular '' champions . A WBO `` Super Champion '' can not win or lose that recognition in the ring ; it is merely awarded by the WBO . The Ring The boxing magazine The Ring maintains its own version of the lineal championship . The original sequence began from the magazine 's first publication in the 1920s until the lineal championships were placed on hiatus in 1989 , continuing as late as 1992 in some divisions . When The Ring started awarding titles again in 2001 , it did not calculate retrospective lineages to fill in the gap years , instead nominating a new champion . CBZ commented in 2004 , `` The Ring has forfeited its credibility by pulling names out of its ass to name fighters as champions '' . In 2007 , The Ring was acquired by the owners of fight promoter Golden Boy Promotions , which has publicized The Ring 's world championships when they are at stake in fights it promotes ( such as Joe Calzaghe vs. Roy Jones Jr. in 2008 ) . Since 2012 , to reduce the number of vacant titles , The Ring allows fights between a No. 1 or No. 2 contender and a No. 3 , No. 4 , or No. 5 contender to fill a vacant title . This has prompted further doubts about its credibility . Some boxing journalists have been extremely critical of the new championship policy and state that if this new policy is followed , the Ring title will lose the credibility it once held . Lineal The Transnational Boxing Rankings Board ( TBRB ) was formed in October 2012 as a volunteer initiative to provide boxing with top - ten rankings , identify the singular world champion of every division . Board membership includes fifty respected boxing journalists and record keepers from around the world who are uncompromised by sanctioning bodies and promoters . The board was formed to continue where The Ring `` left off '' in the aftermath of its purchase by Golden Boy Promotions in 2007 and the following dismissal of the editorial board headed by Nigel Collins . After the new editors announced a controversial new championship policy in May 2012 , three prominent members of the Ring Advisory Panel resigned . These three members ( Springs Toledo , Cliff Rold and Tim Starks ) became the founding members of the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board , which was formed over the summer of 2012 with the assistance of Stewart Howe of England . The board only awards vacant championships when the two top - ranked fighters in any division meet , and currently recognizes legitimate world champions or `` true champions '' in each weight class . Current champions The current champions in each weight division are listed below . Each champion 's professional boxing record is shown in the following format : wins -- losses -- draws -- no contests ( knockout wins ) . Heavyweight ( 200 + lb / 90.7 + kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Anthony Joshua Super champion United Kingdom 21 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 20 ) April 29 , 2017 Deontay Wilder United States 40 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 39 ) January 17 , 2015 Anthony Joshua United Kingdom 21 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 20 ) April 9 , 2016 Anthony Joshua United Kingdom 21 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 20 ) March 31 , 2018 vacant vacant Manuel Charr Regular champion Syria 31 -- 4 -- 0 -- 0 ( 17 ) November 25 , 2017 Cruiserweight ( 200 lb / 90.7 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Murat Gassiev Unified champion Russia 26 -- 0 -- 0 -- 1 ( 19 ) February 3 , 2018 Oleksandr Usyk Ukraine 14 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 11 ) January 27 , 2018 Murat Gassiev Russia 26 -- 0 -- 0 -- 1 ( 19 ) December 3 , 2016 Oleksandr Usyk Ukraine 14 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 11 ) September 17 , 2016 vacant vacant Arsen Goulamirian Interim champion France 23 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 15 ) March 24 , 2018 Denis Lebedev Champion in recess Russia 30 -- 2 -- 0 -- 1 ( 22 ) February 1 , 2018 Light heavyweight ( 175 lb / 79.4 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Dmitry Bivol Russia 13 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 11 ) September 23 , 2017 Adonis Stevenson Canada 29 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 ( 24 ) June 8 , 2013 Artur Beterbiev Russia 12 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 12 ) November 11 , 2017 Sergey Kovalev Russia 32 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 ( 28 ) November 25 , 2017 vacant Adonis Stevenson Canada 29 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 ( 24 ) June 8 , 2013 Oleksandr Gvozdyk Interim champion Ukraine 15 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 12 ) March 17 , 2018 Super middleweight ( 168 lb / 76.2 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal George Groves Super champion United Kingdom 28 -- 3 -- 0 -- 0 ( 20 ) May 27 , 2017 David Benavidez United States 20 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 17 ) September 8 , 2017 James DeGale United Kingdom 24 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 ( 14 ) April 7 , 2018 Gilberto Ramírez Mexico 37 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 25 ) April 9 , 2016 vacant vacant Tyron Zeuge Regular champion Germany 22 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 ( 12 ) November 5 , 2016 José Uzcátegui Interim champion Venezuela 27 -- 2 -- 0 -- 0 ( 23 ) March 3 , 2018 Middleweight ( 160 lb / 72.6 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Gennady Golovkin Super champion Kazakhstan 38 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 ( 34 ) June 3 , 2014 Gennady Golovkin Kazakhstan 38 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 ( 34 ) May 18 , 2016 Gennady Golovkin Kazakhstan 38 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 ( 34 ) October 17 , 2015 Billy Joe Saunders United Kingdom 26 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 12 ) December 19 , 2015 Canelo Álvarez Mexico 49 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 ( 34 ) November 21 , 2015 vacant Ryōta Murata Regular champion Japan 14 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 11 ) October 22 , 2017 Jermall Charlo Interim champion United States 27 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 21 ) April 21 , 2018 Light middleweight ( 154 lb / 69.9 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Jarrett Hurd Super champion United States 22 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 15 ) April 8 , 2018 Jermell Charlo United States 30 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 15 ) May 21 , 2016 Jarrett Hurd United States 22 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 15 ) February 25 , 2017 Jaime Munguia Mexico 29 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 25 ) May 12 , 2018 vacant vacant Brian Castaño Regular champion Argentina 15 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 11 ) October 22 , 2016 Welterweight ( 147 lb / 66.7 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Keith Thurman Super champion United States 28 -- 0 -- 0 -- 1 ( 22 ) February 7 , 2017 vacant Errol Spence Jr . United States 23 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 20 ) May 27 , 2017 Jeff Horn Australia 18 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 ( 12 ) July 2 , 2017 vacant vacant Lucas Matthysse Regular champion Argentina 39 -- 4 -- 0 -- 1 ( 36 ) January 27 , 2018 Light welterweight ( 140 lb / 63.5 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Kiryl Relikh Belarus 22 -- 2 -- 0 -- 0 ( 19 ) March 10 , 2018 José Ramírez United States 22 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 16 ) March 17 , 2018 vacant vacant vacant Mikey Garcia United States 38 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 30 ) March 10 , 2018 Regis Prograis Interim champion United States 21 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 18 ) March 9 , 2018 Lightweight ( 135 lb / 61.2 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Vasyl Lomachenko Ukraine 11 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 9 ) May 12 , 2018 Mikey Garcia United States 38 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 30 ) January 28 , 2017 Robert Easter Jr . United States 21 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 14 ) September 9 , 2016 Ray Beltrán Mexico 35 -- 7 -- 1 -- 1 ( 21 ) February 16 , 2018 Vasyl Lomachenko Ukraine 11 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 9 ) May 12 , 2018 vacant Super featherweight ( 130 lb / 59 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Gervonta Davis Super champion United States 20 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 19 ) April 21 , 2018 Miguel Berchelt Mexico 33 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 29 ) January 28 , 2017 vacant vacant vacant vacant Alberto Machado Regular champion Puerto Rico 19 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 16 ) October 21 , 2017 Featherweight ( 126 lb / 57.2 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Léo Santa Cruz Super champion Mexico 34 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 ( 19 ) January 28 , 2017 Gary Russell Jr . United States 29 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 17 ) March 28 , 2015 Josh Warrington United Kingdom 27 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 6 ) May 19 , 2018 Óscar Valdez Mexico 24 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 19 ) July 23 , 2016 vacant vacant Abner Mares Regular champion Mexico 31 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 ( 15 ) December 11 , 2016 Jesús Rojas Interim champion Puerto Rico 26 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 ( 19 ) September 15 , 2017 Carl Frampton Interim champion United Kingdom 25 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 14 ) April 21 , 2018 Super bantamweight ( 122 lb / 55.3 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Daniel Roman United States 24 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 ( 9 ) September 3 , 2017 Rey Vargas Mexico 32 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 22 ) February 25 , 2017 Ryosuke Iwasa Japan 25 -- 2 -- 0 -- 0 ( 16 ) September 13 , 2017 Isaac Dogboe Ghana 19 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 13 ) April 28 , 2018 vacant Guillermo Rigondeaux Cuba 17 -- 1 -- 0 -- 1 ( 11 ) April 13 , 2013 Moises Flores Interim champion Mexico 25 -- 0 -- 0 -- 2 ( 17 ) April 18 , 2015 Bantamweight ( 118 lb / 53.5 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Ryan Burnett Super champion United Kingdom 19 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 9 ) October 21 , 2017 vacant Emmanuel Rodríguez Puerto Rico 18 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 12 ) May 5 , 2018 Zolani Tete South Africa 27 -- 3 -- 0 -- 0 ( 21 ) April 22 , 2017 vacant vacant Naoya Inoue Regular champion Japan 16 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 14 ) May 25 , 2018 Reymart Gaballo Interim champion Philippines 19 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 16 ) March 23 , 2018 Super flyweight ( 115 lb / 52.2 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Khalid Yafai United Kingdom 24 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 15 ) December 10 , 2016 Srisaket Sor Rungvisai Thailand 45 -- 4 -- 1 -- 0 ( 40 ) March 18 , 2017 Jerwin Ancajas Philippines 30 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 ( 20 ) September 3 , 2016 vacant Srisaket Sor Rungvisai Thailand 45 -- 4 -- 1 -- 0 ( 40 ) February 24 , 2018 Srisaket Sor Rungvisai Thailand 45 -- 4 -- 1 -- 0 ( 40 ) February 24 , 2018 Flyweight ( 112 lb / 50.8 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Artem Dalakian Ukraine 16 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 11 ) February 24 , 2018 Cristofer Rosales Nicaragua 27 -- 3 -- 0 -- 0 ( 18 ) April 15 , 2018 vacant Sho Kimura Japan 16 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 ( 9 ) July 28 , 2017 vacant vacant Light flyweight ( 108 lb / 49 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Hekkie Budler Unified champion South Africa 32 -- 3 -- 0 -- 0 ( 10 ) May 19 , 2018 Ken Shiro Japan 13 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 7 ) May 20 , 2017 Hekkie Budler South Africa 32 -- 3 -- 0 -- 0 ( 10 ) May 19 , 2018 Ángel Acosta Puerto Rico 17 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 17 ) December 2 , 2017 Hekkie Budler South Africa 32 -- 3 -- 0 -- 0 ( 10 ) May 19 , 2018 vacant Carlos Cañizales Regular champion Venezuela 20 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 ( 16 ) March 18 , 2018 Minimumweight ( 105 lb / 47.6 kg ) WBA WBC IBF WBO The Ring Lineal Thammanoon Niyomtrong Thailand 17 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 7 ) June 29 , 2016 Wanheng Menayothin Thailand 50 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 18 ) November 6 , 2014 Hiroto Kyoguchi Japan 10 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 ( 7 ) July 23 , 2017 Ryuya Yamanaka Japan 16 -- 2 -- 0 -- 0 ( 5 ) August 27 , 2017 vacant vacant See also List of WBA world champions List of WBC world champions List of IBF world champions List of WBO world champions List of The Ring world champions List of lineal boxing world champions List of current female world boxing champions List of undefeated boxing world champions ( retired only ) List of undisputed boxing champions List of current boxing rankings References ^ Jump up to : `` Rules of World Boxing Association '' ( PDF ) . World Boxing Association . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Boxing Council Rules and Regulations '' ( PDF ) . World Boxing Council . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IBF / USBA Rules Governing Championship Contests '' ( PDF ) . International Boxing Federation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Boxing Organization Regulations of World Championship Contests '' . World Boxing Organization . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Ron ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Vitali Klitschko impressive in comeback victory '' . The Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Boxing Association History '' . World Boxing Association . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Boxing Council '' . World Boxing Council . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rules that have changed the History of Boxing '' . World Boxing Council . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the IBF '' . International Boxing Federation . December 4 , 2000 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2000 . Retrieved June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WBO logo '' . World Boxing Organization . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WBO Regulations of World Championship Contests '' ( PDF ) . World Boxing Organization . Section 14 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing News : The Disputed Light Heavyweight Champion of the World '' . Web.archive.org . October 15 , 2004 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeLisa , Mike ( August 2004 ) . `` What the CBZ Means When it Refers to `` Lineal Championships '' `` . The CBZ Journal . cyberboxingzone . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boy Enterprises ' Subsidiary , Sports and Entertainment Publications , LLC , Acquires The Ring Magazine , KO , World Boxing and Pro Wrestling Illustrated '' . Golden Boy Promotions . September 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kimball , George ( April 27 , 2008 ) . `` Calzaghe claim far from undisputed '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chat with Dan Rafael '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Horrible New Ring Magazine Championship Policy - Queensberry Rules Archived May 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ring Magazine 's pretend rankings upgrade ' championship ' policy '' . Theboxingtribune.com . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chat : Chat with Dan Rafael - SportsNation '' . Espn.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ring Magazine 's pretend rankings upgrade ' championship ' policy '' . Theboxingtribune.com . Jump up ^ `` The Transnational Boxing Rankings Board : More Support is Needed -- Boxing News 24 / 7 '' . Boxing247.com . July 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raskin , Eric ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` TBRB : A viable alphabet alternative ? '' . Espn.go.com . Jump up ^ Tim Starks ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` The Ring Magazine Shakes Up Its Leadership , Threatens Its Credibility '' . The Queensberry Rules . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Ring Updates Championship Policy - The Ring Archived January 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gibson , Paul ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Boxing loses credibility with every new champion . Can the sport be saved ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What if boxing had one champion for every weight division ? '' . The Guardian . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . External links Official list of current WBA champions Official list of current WBC champions Official list of current IBF champions Official list of current WBO champions Official list of current Ring magazine champions List of current and past lineal champions at Cyber Boxing Zone List of current boxing champions at BoxRec World professional boxing champions Current world boxing champions female champions Champions by sanctioning body Major world titles WBA list WBC list IBF list WBO list Other world titles The Ring list TBRB IBO list IBA WBU list Champions by weight class Heavyweight ( 200 + lb ) Cruiserweight ( 200 lb ) Light heavyweight ( 175 lb ) Super middleweight ( 168 lb ) Middleweight ( 160 lb ) Light middleweight ( 154 lb ) Welterweight ( 147 lb ) Light welterweight ( 140 lb ) Lightweight ( 135 lb ) Super featherweight ( 130 lb ) Featherweight ( 126 lb ) Super bantamweight ( 122 lb ) Bantamweight ( 118 lb ) Super flyweight ( 115 lb ) Flyweight ( 112 lb ) Light flyweight ( 108 lb ) Minimumweight ( 105 lb ) Champions in multiple weight classes Triple champions list Quadruple champions list Quintuple champions list Sextuple champions list Septuple champions list Octuple champions list Miscellaneous Lineal championship list Undisputed championship list Interim championship Pound for pound lists Undefeated champions Current boxing rankings World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Handball men women Field hockey men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track cyclo - 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cross Darts BDO PDC Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Inline speed skating Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller skating artistic Swimming short course Triathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_world_boxing_champions&oldid=843153876 '' Categories : Lists of boxing champions World boxing champions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 07 : 29 . 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"\n\nWBA\nWBC\nIBF\nWBO\nThe Ring\nLineal\n\n\nAnthony Joshua\nSuper champion\n United Kingdom\n21–0–0–0 (20)\nApril 29, 2017\nDeontay Wilder\n United States\n40–0–0–0 (39)\nJanuary 17, 2015\nAnthony Joshua\n United Kingdom\n21–0–0–0 (20)\nApril 9, 2016\nAnthony Joshua\n United Kingdom\n21–0–0–0 (20)\nMarch 31, 2018\nvacant\nvacant\n\n\nManuel Charr\nRegular champion\n Syria\n31–4–0–0 (17)\nNovember 25, 2017\n\n"
] | [
"Anthony Joshua"
] |
7686280569034479833 | Detroit Pistons | Detroit Pistons - wikipedia Detroit Pistons Jump to : navigation , search Detroit Pistons 2017 -- 18 Detroit Pistons season Conference Eastern Division Central Founded 1941 History Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons ( NBL ) 1941 -- 1948 Fort Wayne Pistons ( BAA ) 1948 -- 1949 Fort Wayne Pistons ( NBA ) 1949 -- 1957 Detroit Pistons 1957 -- present Arena Little Caesars Arena Location Detroit , Michigan Team colors Royal blue , red , chrome , navy blue , white Main sponsor Flagstar Bank President Stan Van Gundy General manager Jeff Bower Head coach Stan Van Gundy Ownership Tom Gores Affiliation ( s ) Grand Rapids Drive Championships 3 ( 1989 , 1990 , 2004 ) Conference titles 7 Western : 2 ( 1955 , 1956 ) Eastern : 5 ( 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 2004 , 2005 ) Division titles 9 ( 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) Retired numbers 11 ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 32 , 40 ) Website www.nba.com/pistons Uniforms Home Away The Detroit Pistons are an American professional basketball team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Pistons compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team plays its home games at Little Caesars Arena and was founded in Fort Wayne , Indiana as the Fort Wayne ( Zollner ) Pistons in 1941 , a member of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The Pistons joined the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) in 1948 . In 1949 , the NBL and BAA merged to become the NBA , and the Pistons became part of the merged league . Since moving to Detroit in 1957 , the Pistons have won three NBA championships in 1989 , 1990 and 2004 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1941 -- 1957 : The Fort Wayne ( Zollner ) Pistons 1.2 1957 -- 1979 : Decades of struggle 1.3 1980 -- 1994 : The Bad Boys era 1.4 1994 -- 2000 : The Grant Hill era 1.5 2000 -- 2008 : Goin ' to Work era 1.5. 1 2000 -- 2002 : Building a contender 1.5. 2 2003 -- 2008 : Six consecutive Eastern Conference Finals 1.6 2008 -- 2011 : Failed express rebuilding 1.7 2011 -- 2015 : New ownership ; more struggling 1.8 2015 -- 2016 : Return to the playoffs 1.9 2017 : Move back to downtown Detroit 2 Media coverage 2.1 Radio 2.2 TV 3 Uniforms 4 Mascots 5 Season - by - season records 6 Home arenas 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 Basketball Hall of Fame members 8 Head coaches 9 General managers 10 Individual records and awards 10.1 Franchise leaders 10.2 Individual awards 10.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 11 Rivalries 11.1 Chicago Bulls 11.2 Boston Celtics 11.3 Los Angeles Lakers 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) 1941 -- 1957 : the Fort Wayne ( Zollner ) Pistons ( edit ) The Detroit Pistons franchise was founded as the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons , a National Basketball League ( NBL ) team , in Fort Wayne , Indiana . Owner Fred Zollner 's Zollner Corporation was a foundry that manufactured pistons , primarily for car , truck , and locomotive engines . The Zollner Pistons were NBL champions in 1944 and 1945 . They also won the World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1944 , 1945 and 1946 . In 1948 , the team became the Fort Wayne Pistons , competing in the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . In 1949 , Fred Zollner brokered the formation of the National Basketball Association from the BAA and the NBL at his kitchen table . There are suggestions that Pistons players conspired with gamblers to shave points and throw various games during the 1953 -- 54 and 1954 -- 55 seasons . In particular , there are accusations that the team may have intentionally lost the 1955 NBA Finals to the Syracuse Nationals . In the decisive Game 7 , the Pistons led Syracuse 41 -- 24 early in the second quarter , then the Nationals rallied to win the game . Syracuse won on a free throw by George King with twelve seconds left in the game . The closing moments included a palming turnover by the Pistons ' George Yardley with 18 seconds left , a foul by Frank Brian with 12 seconds left that enabled King 's winning free throw , and a turnover by the Pistons ' Andy Phillip with three seconds left which cost Fort Wayne a chance to attempt the game - winning shot . 1957 -- 1979 : decades of struggle ( edit ) Dave Bing joined the team in 1966 , where in his rookie year he scored 1,601 points . Detroit Pistons logo 1957 -- 1971 . Detroit Pistons logo 1975 -- 1979 . Though the Pistons enjoyed a solid local following , Fort Wayne 's small size made it difficult for them to be profitable , especially as other early NBA teams based in smaller cities started folding or relocating to larger markets . After the 1956 -- 57 season , Zollner decided that Fort Wayne was too small to support an NBA team and announced the team would be playing elsewhere in the coming season . He ultimately settled on Detroit . Although it was the fifth largest city in the United States at the time , Detroit had not seen professional basketball in a decade . They lost the Detroit Eagles due to World War II , both the Detroit Gems of the NBL ( whose remnants became the Minneapolis Lakers ) and the Detroit Falcons of the BAA in 1947 , and the Detroit Vagabond Kings in 1949 . Zollner decided to keep the Pistons name , believing it made sense given Detroit 's status as the center of the automobile industry . The Pistons played in Olympia Stadium ( home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) at the time ) for their first four seasons , then moved to Cobo Arena . During the 1960s and 1970s , the Pistons were characterized by very strong individuals and weak teams . Some of the superstars who played for the team included Dave DeBusschere , Dave Bing , and Bob Lanier . At one point , DeBusschere was the youngest player - coach in the history of the NBA . A trade during the 1968 -- 69 season sent DeBusschere to the New York Knicks for Howard Komives and Walt Bellamy , both of whom were in the later stages of their careers . DeBusschere became a key player in leading the Knicks to two NBA titles . In 1974 , Zollner sold the team to glass magnate Bill Davidson , who remained the team 's principal owner until his death in 2009 . While the Pistons did qualify for the postseason in four straight seasons from 1974 to 1977 , they never advanced beyond the first round . In 1978 , Davidson became displeased with Cobo Arena , but opted not to follow the Detroit Red Wings to the under - construction Joe Louis Arena . Instead , he moved the team to the suburb of Pontiac , where they played in the 82,000 capacity Silverdome , a structure built for professional football ( and the home of the Detroit Lions at the time ) . 1980 -- 1994 : the Bad Boys era ( edit ) Detroit Pistons famous `` Bad Boys era '' logo 1979 -- 1996 . The Pistons stumbled their way out of the 1970s and into the 1980s , beginning with a 16 -- 66 record in 1979 -- 80 and following up with a 21 -- 61 record in 1980 -- 81 . The 1979 -- 80 team lost its last 14 games of the season which , when coupled with the seven losses at the start of the 1980 -- 81 season , comprised a then - NBA record losing streak of 21 games . The franchise 's fortunes finally began to turn in 1981 , when they drafted point guard Isiah Thomas from Indiana University . In November 1981 , the Pistons acquired Vinnie Johnson in a trade with the Seattle SuperSonics . They would later acquire center Bill Laimbeer in a trade with the Cleveland Cavaliers in February 1982 . Another key move by the Pistons was the hiring of head coach Chuck Daly in 1983 . Initially , the Pistons had a tough time moving up the NBA ladder . In 1984 , the Pistons lost a tough five - game series to the underdog New York Knicks , three games to two . In the 1985 playoffs , Detroit won its first - round series and faced the defending champion Boston Celtics in the conference semifinals . Though Boston would prevail in six games , Detroit 's surprise performance promised that a rivalry had begun . In the 1985 NBA draft , the team selected Joe Dumars 18th overall , a selection that would prove to be very wise . They also acquired Rick Mahorn in a trade with the Washington Bullets . However , the team took a step backwards , losing in the first round of the 1986 playoffs to the more athletic Atlanta Hawks . After the series , changes were made in order to make the team more defensive - minded . Prior to the 1986 -- 87 season , the Pistons acquired more key players : John Salley ( drafted 11th overall ) , Dennis Rodman ( drafted 27th ) and Adrian Dantley ( acquired in a trade with the Utah Jazz ) . The team adopted a physical , defense - oriented style of play , which eventually earned them the nickname `` Bad Boys '' . In 1987 , the team reached the Eastern Conference Finals against the Celtics . After pushing the defending champions to a 2 -- 2 tie , the Pistons were on the verge of winning Game 5 at the Boston Garden with seconds remaining . After a Celtics ' turnover , Thomas attempted to quickly inbound the ball and missed Daly 's timeout signal from the bench . Larry Bird stole the inbound pass and passed it to Dennis Johnson for the game - winning layup . While the Pistons would win Game 6 in Detroit , they would lose the series in a tough Game 7 back in Boston . A ticket for Game 1 of the 1988 NBA Finals at The Forum . Motivated by their loss to the Celtics , the 1988 Pistons , aided by midseason acquisition James Edwards , improved to a then - franchise - record 54 victories and the franchise 's first division title in 32 years . In the postseason , the Pistons avenged their two previous playoff losses to the Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals , defeating them in six games and advancing to the NBA Finals for the first time since the franchise moved to Detroit . The Pistons ' first trip to the Finals in 32 years saw them face the Los Angeles Lakers , who were led by Magic Johnson , James Worthy , and Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . After taking a 3 -- 2 series lead back to Los Angeles , Detroit appeared poised to win their first NBA title in Game 6 . In that game , Isiah Thomas scored an NBA Finals record 25 points in the third quarter while playing on a severely sprained ankle . However , the Lakers won the game , 103 -- 102 , on a pair of last - second free throws by Abdul - Jabbar following a controversial foul called on Bill Laimbeer , referred to by many as a `` phantom foul '' . With Thomas unable to compete at full strength , the Pistons narrowly fell in Game 7 , 108 -- 105 . Chuck Daly , coach of the 1989 and 1990 NBA champions . Prior to the 1988 -- 89 season , the Pistons moved to Auburn Hills to play at The Palace of Auburn Hills . The 1989 Pistons completed the building of their roster by trading Dantley for Mark Aguirre , a trade that Pistons ' fans would criticize heavily initially , but later praise . The team won 63 games , shattering their one - year - old franchise record , and steamrolled through the playoffs and into an NBA Finals rematch with the Lakers . This time the Pistons came out victorious in a four - game sweep to win their first NBA championship . Joe Dumars was named NBA Finals MVP . The Pistons successfully defended their title in 1990 , despite losing Mahorn to the Minnesota Timberwolves in the expansion draft . After winning 59 games and a third straight division title , the Pistons cruised through the first two rounds of the playoffs before playing a tough Eastern Conference Finals series against Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , and the Chicago Bulls . Facing each other for the third straight season , the Pistons and Bulls split the first six games before the Pistons finished the series with a decisive 93 -- 74 victory in Game 7 . Advancing to their third consecutive NBA Finals , the Pistons faced the Portland Trail Blazers . After splitting the first two games at The Palace , the Pistons went to Portland , where they had not won a game since 1974 , to play games 3 , 4 and 5 . The Pistons summarily won all three games in Portland , becoming the first NBA team to sweep the middle three games on the road . The decisive game came down to the final second . Trailing 90 -- 83 with two minutes remaining , the Pistons rallied to tie the game , then took a 92 -- 90 lead when Vinnie Johnson sank a 15 - foot jumper with 00.7 seconds left in the game ; this shot earned Johnson a new nickname in Detroit , `` 007 '' , to go with his original , `` The Microwave '' . Isiah Thomas was named NBA Finals MVP . The Pistons ' championship run came to an end in the 1991 Eastern Conference Finals , as they were swept by the eventual NBA champion Chicago Bulls in four games . The most critical Piston injury belonged to Isiah Thomas who had suffered a wrist injury a few months prior to the NBA Playoffs . The Conference Finals is best remembered for the Pistons walking off court in the last game just before it ended , unwilling to shake hands with the Bulls . After the series , Michael Jordan said , `` The dirty play and the flagrant fouls and unsportsmanlike conduct , hopefully that will be eliminated from the game with them gone . I think people are happy the game will get back to a clean game . '' Following this , the franchise went through a transitional period , as key players were either waived ( Johnson in 1991 ) , traded ( Edwards , Salley and Rodman ) , or retired ( Laimbeer in 1993 and Thomas in 1994 ) . 1994 -- 2000 : the Grant Hill era ( edit ) Following the 1993 -- 94 season , in which the Pistons ended up with a 20 -- 62 record , they were able to draft Grant Hill , a promising small forward , with the 3rd overall pick . However , this period also saw the team make numerous questionable personnel decisions , such as the loss of free agent Allan Houston to the New York Knicks , the signing of free agent wash - outs Loy Vaught and Bison Dele ; and head coaching changes from Ron Rothstein to Don Chaney to Doug Collins to Alvin Gentry to George Irvine in an eight - year span . Of these coaches , only Collins had any sort of success with the Pistons , winning 54 games in the 1996 -- 97 season . The franchise even changed its team colors in 1996 from its traditional red and blue to teal , burgundy , gold and black in what proved to be a highly unpopular move with fans . The only color that did not change was white . This period has become known , often derisively , as the `` teal era '' . 2000 -- 2008 : goin ' to work era ( edit ) 2000 -- 2002 : building a contender ( edit ) After being swept by the Miami Heat in the 2000 playoffs , Joe Dumars , who had retired following the 1998 -- 99 season , was hired as the team 's president of basketball operations . He quickly faced what appeared to be a setback for the franchise , as Grant Hill elected to leave the team for the Orlando Magic . However , Dumars managed to work a sign and trade with Orlando that brought the Pistons Ben Wallace and Chucky Atkins in exchange for Hill . Both quickly entered the Pistons ' starting lineup , and Wallace would develop into a defensive stalwart in the coming years . Conversely , Hill would play only 47 games in the following three seasons due to a recurring ankle injury . The Pistons suffered through another tough season in 2000 -- 01 , going 32 -- 50 despite Jerry Stackhouse averaging 29.8 points a game . After the season , Dumars fired Irvine and hired Rick Carlisle , a widely respected assistant coach who had been a contributor for the Celtics during the mid-1980s . The franchise also returned to its traditional red , white , and blue colors . Larry Brown coached the Pistons to the 2004 NBA title and the Eastern Conference championship the following season . Carlisle helped lead the Pistons to their first 50 - win season since 1997 , and their first playoff series victory since 1991 by defeating the Toronto Raptors in five games . They would , however , lose to the Boston Celtics in five games . 2003 -- 2008 : six consecutive Eastern Conference Finals ( edit ) In the 2002 offseason , Dumars revamped the Pistons ' roster by signing free agent Chauncey Billups , acquiring Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton from the Washington Wizards , and by drafting Tayshaun Prince from Kentucky . The Pistons posted consecutive 50 - win seasons and advanced to the 2003 Eastern Conference Finals , for the first time since 1991 . There , however , they were swept in four games by the New Jersey Nets . Despite the team 's improvement , Carlisle was fired in the 2003 offseason . There were believed to be five reasons for the firing : first , that Carlisle had appeared reluctant to play some of the team 's younger players , such as Prince and Mehmet Okur , during the regular season ; second , that some of the players had not gotten along with Carlisle ; third , that Carlisle 's offense was thought to be conservative ; fourth , that Hall of Famer Larry Brown had become available ; and finally fifth , that Carlisle was rumored to have alienated owner Bill Davidson with his personality . Brown accepted the job that summer . The starting five of the Pistons ' 2004 championship team . ( Left - to right : Richard Hamilton , Ben Wallace , Rasheed Wallace , Chauncey Billups , and Tayshaun Prince ) . A game ticket from March 2006 between the Detroit Pistons and the Washington Wizards . The Pistons are honored at the White House for the team 's victory in the 2004 NBA Finals . The Pistons ' transformation into a championship team was completed with the February 2004 acquisition of Rasheed Wallace . The Pistons now had another big man to pose a threat from all parts of the court . The Pistons finished the season 54 -- 28 , recording their best record since 1997 . In the 2004 playoffs , after defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in five games , they defeated the defending Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Nets in seven games after coming back from a 3 -- 2 deficit . The Pistons then defeated the Pacers , coached by Carlisle , in six tough games to advance to the NBA Finals for the first time since 1990 . Many analysts gave the Pistons little chance to win against their opponent , the Los Angeles Lakers , who had won three out of the previous four NBA championships , and who fielded a star - studded lineup that included Shaquille O'Neal , Kobe Bryant , Gary Payton and Karl Malone . However , the Pistons won the series in dominating fashion , defeating Los Angeles in five games for the team 's third NBA championship . The Pistons posted double - digit wins in three of their four victories , and held the Lakers to a franchise - low 68 points in game 3 . Chauncey Billups was named NBA Finals MVP . With the win , Bill Davidson became the first owner to win both a NBA and NHL championship in the same year , as he had also won the Stanley Cup as owner of the Tampa Bay Lightning . Despite losing key members of their bench during the offseason ( including Okur , Mike James and Corliss Williamson ) , the Pistons were considered a strong contender to win a second consecutive title in 2005 . They won 54 games during the regular season , their fourth consecutive season of 50 or more wins . During the 2005 playoffs , they easily defeated the Philadelphia 76ers 4 -- 1 and then rallied from a 2 -- 1 deficit to finish off the Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 2 . In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Pistons faced the Miami Heat . Once again , the Pistons fell behind . However , they would ultimately win the series in seven games . In the NBA Finals , the Pistons faced the San Antonio Spurs . After both teams split the first four games of the series , the turning point came at the end of game 5 in Detroit , which went into overtime . The Pistons were ahead 95 -- 93 when Robert Horry sank the game - winning three - point basket for the Spurs with 5.8 seconds left in the extra session . The Pistons fought back to win game 6 in San Antonio , setting up the first NBA Finals game 7 since 1994 . The Pistons then lost a hard - fought , low - scoring game to the Spurs , who won their third NBA championship since 1999 . The Pistons ' 2004 -- 05 season was marked by a major controversy , as well as distracting issues involving Larry Brown . In the first month of the season , a Pacers -- Pistons brawl erupted , one of the largest fan - player incidents in the history of American sports . It resulted in heavy fines and suspensions for several players , and a great deal of NBA and media scrutiny . Meanwhile , Brown was forced to leave the team on two occasions due to health concerns . During this time , he became involved in a series of rumors linking him to other job openings . Concerned about Brown 's health , and angered over his alleged pursuit of other jobs during the season , the Pistons bought out his contract soon after the 2005 NBA Finals . Brown was promptly named head coach of the New York Knicks , while the Pistons hired Flip Saunders , formerly of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Alternate logo from 2005 to 2017 . During the 2005 -- 06 season , the Pistons recorded the NBA 's best overall record . Their 37 -- 5 start exceeded the best start for any Detroit sports franchise in history and tied for the fourth - best start through 42 games in NBA history . Four of the five Pistons starters ( Chauncey Billups , Richard Hamilton , Rasheed Wallace , and Ben Wallace ) , were named to the All - Star team , and Flip Saunders served as the Eastern Conference All - Star team coach . The Pistons finished the regular season with a record of 64 -- 18 , setting new franchise records for both overall and road victories ( 27 ) . In addition , the team set an NBA record by starting the same lineup in 73 consecutive games from the start of the season . The top - seeded Pistons defeated the Milwaukee Bucks 4 -- 1 in the first round of the 2006 NBA Playoffs , but struggled in the second round against the Cleveland Cavaliers , falling behind 3 -- 2 before winning in seven games . Things did not improve against the second - seeded Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference Finals . Miami defeated the Pistons in six games en route to the 2006 NBA championship . During the 2006 offseason , the Pistons offered Ben Wallace a four - year , $48 million contract , which would have made him the highest - paid Piston ever at the time . However , Wallace agreed to a 4 - year , $60 million contract with the Chicago Bulls . To replace Ben Wallace , the Pistons signed Nazr Mohammed . He struggled to fill the team 's void at center , however , and the team began looking for additional help . On January 16 , 2007 , the Pistons signed free agent Chris Webber . The Pistons quickly began playing better basketball . They were only 21 -- 15 before Webber was acquired ; with him , the team went 32 -- 14 . On April 11 , the Pistons clinched the best record in the Eastern Conference , which guaranteed them home - court advantage for first three rounds of the playoffs . The Pistons opened the 2007 NBA Playoffs with a 4 -- 0 victory over the Orlando Magic , their first playoff series sweep since 1990 . The team advanced to face the Chicago Bulls , marking the first time that the Central Division rivals had met in the postseason since 1991 . After winning the first two games by 26 and 21 points , the Pistons overcame a 19 - point deficit to win game 3 , 81 -- 74 . The Bulls avoided elimination by winning games 4 and 5 , but the Pistons closed out the series , 95 -- 85 , in game 6 to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the fifth consecutive season . In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Pistons faced the Cleveland Cavaliers . After both teams split the first four games of the series , the turning point happened in game 5 . The game is best remembered for LeBron James ' performance where he scored the Cavaliers ' final 29 of 30 points , including the team 's final 25 points , to help defeat the Pistons 109 -- 107 in double overtime . The Pistons never recovered as they were eliminated in game 6 , 98 -- 82 . In the 2007 NBA draft , the Pistons selected Rodney Stuckey with the 15th overall pick and Arron Afflalo with the 27th overall pick . They also re-signed Chauncey Billups to a long - term contract , as well as re-signing top prospect Amir Johnson and key reserve Antonio McDyess . This season marked the 50th anniversary of the franchise in Detroit . At the start of the 2007 -- 08 season , Rasheed Wallace became the Pistons ' new center . Upon entering his third season , Saunders became the longest - tenured Pistons coach since Chuck Daly . Detroit finished the season with the second best record in the league at 59 -- 23 . The Boston Celtics held the first seed , and many speculated that Boston was their main competition in the Eastern Conference . In the 2008 NBA Playoffs , Detroit started out poorly with a game 1 loss to the seventh - seeded Philadelphia 76ers and found themselves in a 2 - games - to - 1 deficit . However , the Pistons rallied to defeat the Sixers in six games . In the semifinals , the Pistons faced the Orlando Magic . The Pistons rolled out to a game 1 romp , and won a tight Game 2 amid mild controversy . At the very end of the third quarter , Chauncey Billups hit a three - point field goal that gave the Pistons a three - point lead . However , the clock had stopped shortly into the play . League rules currently prohibit officials from using both instant replay and a timing device to measure how much time has elapsed when a clock malfunctions , nor is a replay from the time of the malfunction onward allowed . The officials estimated that the play took 4.6 seconds , and since there were 5.1 seconds remaining when it began , the field goal was counted . The NBA later admitted that the play actually took 5.7 seconds and the basket should not have counted . In addition to losing game 3 badly , 111 -- 86 , the Pistons also lost all - star point guard and team leader Chauncey Billups to a hamstring injury . Despite his absence , the Pistons rallied from 15 down in the third quarter to win game 4 90 -- 89 , on a field goal by Tayshaun Prince with just 8.9 seconds to play , taking a 3 -- 1 series lead . Again with Billups sitting on the sideline , they then proceeded to win game 5 in Detroit , winning the series 4 games to 1 . Detroit advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals for the sixth straight season , squaring off against the Celtics . This put the Pistons second on the all - time list of most consecutive conference finals appearances , only behind the Los Angeles Lakers who appeared in eight straight conference finals from the 1981 -- 82 to 1988 -- 89 seasons . They lost game 1 88 -- 79 , but won in game 2 on the road , 103 -- 97 , marking the Celtics ' first home court loss in the postseason . Immediately following that , the Celtics won their first road game of the postseason , 94 -- 80 , in game 3 . Game 4 saw the Pistons win 94 -- 75 . In the pivotal game 5 , they lost 106 -- 102 , despite rallying from 17 points down late in the game . In game 6 , the Pistons entered the fourth quarter leading 70 -- 60 , but a lack of focus , a poor game from Rasheed Wallace , and a rally - killing turnover by Tayshaun Prince ultimately led to their demise ; the Pistons ended their season with an 89 -- 81 loss . After that , the Celtics went on to win the 2008 NBA Finals . On June 3 , 2008 , the Pistons announced that Flip Saunders would not return as head coach . 2008 -- 2011 : failed express rebuilding ( edit ) On June 10 , 2008 , the Pistons hired Michael Curry to be their new head coach . In November 2008 , the Pistons traded key members Chauncey Billups and Antonio McDyess to the Denver Nuggets for Allen Iverson . McDyess was later waived on November 10 and rejoined the Pistons on December 9 . The trade was marked as a start of a new rebuilding process due to Iverson 's free agent status at the end of the season . The season was marked with many controversies and injuries . As a result of this , and poor play , the Pistons dropped down the standings , only clinching a playoff berth on April 10 , 2009 . The Pistons finished the season at 39 -- 43 , securing their first losing season in eight years . The Pistons were then swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers in four games in the first round of the 2009 NBA Playoffs . On June 30 , 2009 , Michael Curry was fired as head coach . Iverson would sign with the Memphis Grizzlies during the offseason . In the 2009 -- 10 offseason , Dumars reached an agreement with the former Bulls guard Ben Gordon on a 5 year / $55 million contract , as well as an agreement with former Milwaukee Bucks forward Charlie Villanueva on a 5 - year contract worth $35 million . That same month , the Pistons lost their two key members during the last few years , veterans Rasheed Wallace and Antonio McDyess . On July 8 , 2009 , Dumars hired former Cavaliers assistant coach John Kuester to be the Pistons new head coach . The Pistons would later resign Ben Wallace in August 2009 . Despite these changes , the team regressed even further , as they were hampered by setbacks and injuries . On March 23 , 2010 , the Pistons were eliminated from playoff contention with a loss to the Indiana Pacers . The Pistons finished with a 27 -- 55 record . It was their worst record since 1994 . Another 50 - loss season , this time finishing at 30 -- 52 , led to the firing of Kuester at the end of the 2010 -- 11 season . 2011 -- 2015 : New ownership ; more struggling ( edit ) On April 7 , 2011 , the Pistons reached a long - awaited agreement to sell the franchise to billionaire Tom Gores . The deal was granted by the NBA Board of Governors in May and also included The Palace of Auburn Hills and DTE Energy Music Theatre . According to Crain 's Detroit Business , the final sale price was $325 million , far lower than expected . Prior to the 2011 -- 12 season , the team decided to hire a new coach , Lawrence Frank , former head coach of the New Jersey Nets and an assistant coach of the Boston Celtics . The 2011 -- 12 season was an improvement from previous years for the Pistons , although they still posted a losing record . While they started the season 4 -- 20 , they managed to win half their remaining games to finish a lockout - shortened season with a record of 25 -- 41 . The team continued to build its young core with the drafting of the talented center Andre Drummond . Following the 2012 -- 13 season , coach Lawrence Frank was fired on April 18 , 2013 , after two losing seasons , and on June 10 , 2013 , the Pistons hired former player and coach , Maurice Cheeks . His tenure lasted for just a bit more than half a season , and he was replaced with interim coach John Loyer . In April , the Pistons announced that Joe Dumars would step down as President of Basketball Operations , yet remain as an advisor to the organization and its ownership team . On May 14 , 2014 , Stan Van Gundy was hired . Van Gundy signed a 5 - year , $35 million contract to become the head coach and President of Basketball Operations for the team . After starting the 2014 -- 15 season with a 5 -- 23 record , the Pistons waived Josh Smith , who was acquired in the summer of 2013 . The team went on a lengthy winning streak , but would only finish the season with a record of 32 -- 50 after Brandon Jennings ' Achilles injury . 2015 -- 2016 : return to the playoffs ( edit ) In the 2015 offseason , Pistons head coach Stan Van Gundy began to change the roster to his liking by making such acquisitions as Ersan İlyasova , Marcus Morris , Aron Baynes , and Steve Blake . They also drafted rookie Stanley Johnson with the 8th pick in the 2015 NBA draft and re-signed point guard Reggie Jackson . The Pistons entered the 2015 -- 16 season with a stronger roster than the previous season , although they lost starter Greg Monroe to the Milwaukee Bucks in free agency . Andre Drummond started the season strong , earning himself the honor of consecutive Eastern Conference Player of the Week awards for the weeks of November 1 and November 8 . The Pistons entered the All - Star break at 27 -- 27 . The Pistons did surpass their win totals from the 2009 -- 10 season to the 2014 -- 15 season on March 9 , 2016 , when Detroit defeated the Dallas Mavericks 102 -- 96 . On April 6 , 2016 , following a 108 -- 104 win over the Orlando Magic , the Pistons reached 42 wins and were assured their first winning season since the 2007 -- 08 season . On April 8 , 2016 , the Pistons defeated the Washington Wizards 112 -- 99 and clinched a playoff berth for the first time in seven years . The eighth - seeded Pistons faced the top - seeded Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round of the 2016 NBA Playoffs . They were swept in four games in a highly - competitive series . 2017 : move back to downtown Detroit ( edit ) Beginning with the 1978 -- 79 season , the Pistons played their home games in suburban Oakland County ( directly north of Detroit / Wayne County ) , first playing ten seasons at the Pontiac Silverdome , and then began play at The Palace of Auburn Hills starting in the 1988 -- 89 season . From 1999 , when the Lakers relocated from The Forum in suburban Inglewood to Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles , until the end of the 2016 -- 17 season , the Pistons remained the only NBA franchise to play in a suburban location , ending a 39 - year stay in Oakland County . Pistons owner Tom Gores , Palace Sports & Entertainment vice chairman Arn Tellum , and Olympia Entertainment ( the Ilitch family 's holding company that controls the Detroit Red Wings and Tigers ) had been in negotiations over a partnership since the summer of 2015 , with the Pistons possibly relocating to the new Little Caesars Arena as soon as the 2017 -- 18 season . Talks intensified just as the Pistons were set to open their 2016 -- 17 season , and as part of the terms of the agreement , there was discussion of a possible merger between Olympia and PS&E . Also contingent on a finalized agreement , the Pistons were looking for a parcel of land in the arena 's vicinity , to build a new practice facility and team headquarters . The leasing agreement / partnership needed both city and league approval to be finalized . On November 22 , 2016 , the Pistons announced their intention to move to Little Caesars Arena , and the site of the Palace of Auburn Hills would be redeveloped and sold , with the arena likely to be demolished as part of the redevelopment . On June 20 , 2017 , Detroit City Council approved the Pistons ' move to Little Caesars Arena . On August 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the move , which made it official . The move made Detroit the only U.S. city to have its Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , National Football League ( NFL ) , NBA , and NHL teams play in its downtown district , and one of only two U.S. cities to have said teams play within the city limits , the other being Philadelphia . Media coverage ( edit ) Main article : List of Detroit Pistons broadcasters Radio ( edit ) The Pistons flagship radio station is WXYT - FM . There are several affiliate stations throughout Michigan . The regular radio announcers are Mark Champion with play - by - play and Rick Mahorn with color commentary . TV ( edit ) The Pistons ' current exclusive local television rights holder is Fox Sports Detroit . The regular TV announcers are George Blaha with play - by - play , Greg Kelser with color commentary , Grant Long with studio analysis and Johnny Kane or Matt Shepard with sideline reports . Uniforms ( edit ) After moving from Fort Wayne , Indiana to Detroit in 1957 , the Pistons ' uniforms remained largely unchanged for two decades , featuring the word `` Pistons '' in blue block lettering . In the 1978 -- 79 season , the team featured a uniform with lightning bolts on the sides and in the wordmark on the front of the jerseys . The team ditched the lightning bolt theme and returned to its classic block lettering and simple side panel pattern in 1981 , staying with this look until 1996 . That year , the Pistons changed its colors to teal , black , yellow and red , and unveiled a new logo with a horse 's head and flaming mane . This uniform pattern lasted until 2001 , when the team returned to the traditional red , white and blue colors , and a uniform pattern taking cues from the 1981 -- 96 threads . On August 14 , 2013 , the Pistons unveiled a new alternate uniform , with navy blue and red colors . It featured the words `` Motor City '' across the front and mark the club 's first alternative look since the 2005 -- 06 NBA season . The uniforms are the first of their kind , designed to celebrate the pride and character of metro Detroit while paying homage to the region 's automotive roots . The team said in its press release that it `` worked in consultation with adidas and the NBA in development of the uniforms . Lettering and numbering style on the jersey is consistent with the team 's current home and away uniforms . To contrast the navy blue and red accents , lettering and numbers on the jerseys and shorts are white with hair - line red and blue trim . The club 's secondary logo appears on the shorts -- similar to the primary home and away uniforms . '' On October 4 , 2015 , the Pistons unveiled a new alternate pride uniform , intended to be worn during the 2015 -- 16 season . The team said in a press release that `` the inspiration for the Detroit Chrome jerseys came about as a way to honor our coolest cars from the past and the cars of the future . Detroit is universally known as the auto capitol of the world , where chrome leaves an indelible mark on the cars we create . The uniforms feature a matte chrome base color with clean simple lines inspired by the classic muscle cars that have roared up and down Woodward Avenue for decades . The navy trim and Detroit emblazoned across the chest represent the blue collar work ethic that the auto industry and region was built on . '' On May 16 , 2017 , the Pistons unveiled a new logo , which is a modernized version of the previous `` Bad Boys '' era logo used from 1979 to 1996 . Mascots ( edit ) Sir Slam A Lot ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Detroit Pistons seasons Home arenas ( edit ) The Detroit Pistons playing in The Palace of Auburn Hills , seen here in January 2006 . Fort Wayne ( Zollner ) Pistons : North Side High School Gym ( 1948 -- 1952 ) Allen County War Memorial Coliseum ( 1952 -- 1957 ) Detroit Pistons : Olympia Stadium ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Memorial Building ( University of Detroit ) ( 1957 -- 1961 ; used as an alternate when Olympia Stadium was occupied ) Cobo Arena ( 1961 -- 1978 ) Pontiac Silverdome ( 1978 -- 1988 ) The Palace of Auburn Hills ( 1988 -- 2017 ) Little Caesars Arena ( 2017 -- present ) Notes : On March 12 , 1960 , the Pistons hosted a playoff game against the Minneapolis Lakers at Grosse Pointe High School when no other facility ( including Olympia Stadium , which was booked for Ice Capades , and the University of Detroit ) was available . On April 27 , 1984 , the Pistons played game 5 of their playoff series against the New York Knicks at Joe Louis Arena due to a scheduling conflict . During the 1984 -- 85 season , the Silverdome 's roof collapsed , causing the team to temporarily relocate to Joe Louis Arena for the remaining 15 home games of the season ( March 6 , 1985 through May 10 , 1985 ) . Players ( edit ) Main article : Detroit Pistons all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) Detroit Pistons roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Bradley , Avery 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1990 -- 11 -- 26 Texas 4.0 ! F 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Bullock , Reggie 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 16 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Buycks , Dwight 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1989 -- 03 -- 06 Marquette 6.0 ! C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Drummond , Andre 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 279 lb ( 127 kg ) 1993 -- 08 -- 10 Connecticut 4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ellenson , Henry 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1997 -- 01 -- 13 Marquette 1.5 ! G 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Felder , Kay ( TW ) 7000175260000000000 ♠ 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 176 lb ( 80 kg ) 1995 -- 03 -- 29 Oakland 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Galloway , Langston 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1991 -- 12 -- 09 Saint Joseph 's 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Harris , Tobias 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1992 -- 07 -- 15 Tennessee 4.0 ! F 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Hearn , Reggie ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1991 -- 08 -- 14 Northwestern 1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jackson , Reggie 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 208 lb ( 94 kg ) 1990 -- 04 -- 16 Boston College 4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Johnson , Stanley 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1996 -- 05 -- 29 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kennard , Luke 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1996 -- 06 -- 24 Duke 5.5 ! F / C 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Leuer , Jon 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1989 -- 05 -- 14 Wisconsin 6.0 ! C 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Marjanović , Boban 7000220980000000000 ♠ 7 ft 3 in ( 2.21 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 1988 -- 08 -- 15 Serbia 5.5 ! F / C 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Moreland , Eric 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 12 -- 24 Oregon State 1.5 ! G 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Smith , Ish 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1988 -- 07 -- 05 Wake Forest 4.0 ! F 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Tolliver , Anthony 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 01 Creighton Head coach Stan Van Gundy Assistant coach ( es ) Malik Allen Bob Beyer ( Associate HC ) Aaron Gray Tim Hardaway Charles Klask Rex Walters Otis Smith ( Player Development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 01 -- 12 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Pistons hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Retired numbers ( edit ) Detroit Pistons retired numbers and honorees No . Player Position Tenure Date Chauncey Billups 2002 -- 2008 2013 -- 2014 February 10 , 2016 Chuck Daly Head coach 1983 -- 1992 January 25 , 1997 Ben Wallace 2000 -- 2006 2009 -- 2012 January 16 , 2016 Joe Dumars 1985 -- 1999 March 10 , 2000 10 Dennis Rodman 1986 -- 1993 April 1 , 2011 11 Isiah Thomas 1981 -- 1994 February 17 , 1996 15 Vinnie Johnson 1981 -- 1991 February 5 , 1994 16 Bob Lanier 1970 -- 1980 January 9 , 1993 21 Dave Bing 1966 -- 1975 March 18 , 1983 32 Richard Hamilton G / F 2002 -- 2011 February 26 , 2017 40 Bill Laimbeer 1982 -- 1994 February 4 , 1995 -- Bill Davidson Team owner 1974 -- 2009 December 28 , 2011 -- Jack McCloskey General manager 1979 -- 1992 March 29 , 2008 Notes : Reggie Jackson currently wears the number . Never played in the NBA ; number represents the two NBA championship teams he coached . Stanley Johnson wore the number at the time it was retired . Also team president from 2000 -- 2014 . Greg Monroe wore the number at the time it was retired ( 2010 -- 2015 ) . Banner raised to honor his 35 years with the team . Banner raised to honor his 13 years as the team 's general manager . Basketball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Detroit Pistons Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted Andy Phillip G / F 1952 -- 1956 1961 22 Dave DeBusschere 1962 -- 1968 17 Bob Houbregs C / F 1954 -- 1958 20 Bobby McDermott 1941 -- 1946 1988 21 Dave Bing 1966 -- 1975 1990 11 Harry Gallatin F / C 1957 -- 1958 1991 16 Bob Lanier 1970 -- 1980 1992 8 Walt Bellamy 1968 -- 1970 1993 15 Dick McGuire 1957 -- 1960 1993 12 George Yardley F / G 1953 -- 1959 18 Bailey Howell 1959 -- 1964 1997 11 Bob McAdoo F / C 1979 -- 1981 2000 11 Isiah Thomas 1981 -- 1994 2000 17 Earl Lloyd 1958 -- 1960 2003 Joe Dumars 1985 -- 1999 2006 45 Adrian Dantley 1986 -- 1989 2008 10 Dennis Rodman 1986 -- 1993 2011 24 Nathaniel Clifton C / F 1956 -- 1957 2014 Allen Iverson 2008 -- 2009 2016 Tracy McGrady G / F 2010 -- 2011 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Name Position Tenure Inducted Chuck Daly Head coach 1983 -- 1992 Larry Brown Head coach 2003 -- 2005 2002 Earl Lloyd Head coach 1971 -- 1972 2003 Dick Vitale Head coach 1978 -- 1979 2008 Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Name Position Tenure Inducted Fred Zollner Founder / Owner 1941 -- 1974 1999 Bill Davidson Owner 1974 -- 2009 2008 Notes : Lloyd was inducted as a contributor as the first African American player and bench coach in the NBA . Vitale was inducted as a contributor for his career as a college basketball broadcaster . Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Detroit Pistons head coaches General managers ( edit ) GM history GM Tenure Carl Bennett 1948 -- 1954 Fred Zollner 1954 -- 1957 Otto Adams 1957 Fred Delano 1957 -- 1958 W. Nicholas Kerbawy 1958 -- 1961 Francis Smith 1961 -- 1964 Don Wattrick 1964 -- 1965 Edwin Coil 1965 -- 1975 Oscar Feldman 1975 -- 1977 Bob Kauffman 1977 -- 1978 Bill Davidson 1978 -- 1979 Jack McCloskey 1979 -- 1992 Tom Wilson 1992 Billy McKinney 1992 -- 1995 Doug Collins 1995 -- 1998 Rick Sund 1998 -- 2000 Joe Dumars 2000 -- 2014 Jeff Bower 2014 -- present Individual records and awards ( edit ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) Isiah Thomas ( 18,822 ) Joe Dumars ( 16,401 ) Bob Lanier ( 15,488 ) Dave Bing ( 15,235 ) Bill Laimbeer ( 12,665 ) Richard Hamilton ( 11,582 ) Vinnie Johnson ( 10,146 ) Tayshaun Prince ( 10,006 ) Grant Hill ( 9,393 ) John Long ( 9,023 ) Bailey Howell ( 8,182 ) Gene Shue ( 8,034 ) Chauncey Billups ( 7,940 ) Kelly Tripucka ( 7,597 ) Jerry Stackhouse ( 7,451 ) Eddie Miles ( 7,419 ) George Yardley ( 7,339 ) Larry Foust ( 7,124 ) Dave DeBusschere ( 7,096 ) Ray Scott ( 6,724 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) Most minutes played Player Minutes Isiah Thomas 35,516 Joe Dumars 35,139 Bill Laimbeer 30,602 Tayshaun Prince 26,166 Dave Bing 26,052 Bob Lanier 24,640 Richard Hamilton 21,679 Ben Wallace 21,358 Vinnie Johnson 20,218 Lindsey Hunter 18,574 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Bill Laimbeer 9,430 Bob Lanier 8,063 Ben Wallace 7,264 Dennis Rodman 6,299 Larry Foust 5,200 Walter Dukes 4,986 Dave DeBusschere 4,947 Andre Drummond 4,946 Bailey Howell 4,583 Ray Scott 4,508 Most assists Player Assists Isiah Thomas 9,061 Joe Dumars 4,612 Dave Bing 4,330 Chauncey Billups 2,984 Grant Hill 2,720 Vinnie Johnson 2,661 Richard Hamilton 2,419 Bob Lanier 2,256 Tayshaun Prince 2,074 Lindsey Hunter 2,038 Most steals Player Steals Isiah Thomas 1,861 Ben Wallace 931 Joe Dumars 902 Lindsey Hunter 896 Chris Ford 785 Vinnie Johnson 708 Grant Hill 694 John Long 649 Bill Laimbeer 632 Terry Tyler 615 Most blocks Player Blocks Ben Wallace 1,486 Terry Tyler 1,070 Bob Lanier 859 Bill Laimbeer 857 John Salley 709 Rasheed Wallace 623 Andre Drummond 580 Tayshaun Prince 448 Jason Maxiell 426 Dennis Rodman 399 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Joe Dumars 990 Chauncey Billups 890 Lindsey Hunter 793 Rasheed Wallace 581 Tayshaun Prince 510 Terry Mills 495 Kentavious Caldwell - Pope 479 Richard Hamilton 413 Chucky Atkins 409 Jerry Stackhouse 401 Individual awards ( edit ) NBA Finals MVP Joe Dumars -- 1989 Isiah Thomas -- 1990 Chauncey Billups -- 2004 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Dennis Rodman -- 1990 , 1991 Ben Wallace -- 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 NBA Rookie of the Year Don Meineke -- 1953 Dave Bing -- 1967 Grant Hill -- 1995 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Corliss Williamson -- 2002 NBA Coach of the Year Ray Scott -- 1974 Rick Carlisle -- 2002 NBA Executive of the Year Joe Dumars -- 2003 NBA Sportsmanship Award Joe Dumars -- 1996 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Bob Lanier -- 1978 Kent Benson -- 1982 Isiah Thomas -- 1987 Joe Dumars -- 1994 Chauncey Billups -- 2008 All - NBA First Team Larry Foust -- 1955 George Yardley -- 1958 Gene Shue -- 1960 Dave Bing -- 1968 , 1971 Isiah Thomas -- 1984 -- 1986 Grant Hill -- 1997 All - NBA Second Team Fred Schaus -- 1950 Larry Foust -- 1952 George Yardley -- 1957 Gene Shue -- 1961 Bailey Howell -- 1963 Dave DeBusschere -- 1969 Dave Bing -- 1974 Isiah Thomas -- 1983 , 1987 Joe Dumars -- 1993 Grant Hill -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2000 Ben Wallace -- 2003 , 2004 , 2006 Chauncey Billups -- 2006 All - NBA Third Team Joe Dumars -- 1990 , 1991 Dennis Rodman -- 1992 Ben Wallace -- 2002 , 2005 Chauncey Billups -- 2007 Andre Drummond -- 2016 NBA All - Defensive First Team Joe Dumars -- 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 Dennis Rodman -- 1989 -- 1993 Ben Wallace -- 2002 -- 2006 NBA All - Defensive Second Team M.L. Carr -- 1979 Joe Dumars -- 1991 Clifford Robinson -- 2002 Chauncey Billups -- 2005 , 2006 Tayshaun Prince -- 2005 -- 2008 NBA All - Rookie First Team Dave DeBusschere -- 1963 Joe Caldwell -- 1965 Tom Van Arsdale -- 1966 Dave Bing -- 1967 Bob Lanier -- 1971 Terry Tyler -- 1979 Isiah Thomas -- 1982 Kelly Tripucka -- 1982 Joe Dumars -- 1986 Grant Hill -- 1995 Brandon Knight -- 2012 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Lindsey Hunter -- 1994 Željko Rebrača -- 2002 Rodney Stuckey -- 2008 Jonas Jerebko -- 2010 Greg Monroe -- 2011 Andre Drummond -- 2013 Kyle Singler -- 2013 NBA All - Star Weekend ( edit ) NBA Eastern All - Star Game head coach Chuck Daly -- 1990 Doug Collins -- 1997 Flip Saunders -- 2006 NBA All - Star Game MVP Bob Lanier -- 1974 Isiah Thomas -- 1984 , 1986 Rivalries ( edit ) See also : National Basketball Association rivalries Chicago Bulls ( edit ) Main article : Bulls -- Pistons rivalry Boston Celtics ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Pistons rivalry Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) Main article : Lakers -- Pistons rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Detroit Pistons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Pistons History '' . Detroit Pistons . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons New Logo '' . Detroit Pistons . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership '' ( Press release ) . Detroit Pistons . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA is born - Aug 03 , 1949 '' . A&E Television Networks , LLC . History Channel . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pretzer , Ryan ( October 16 , 2007 ) . `` Farewell , Fort Wayne '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Name -- the Detroit Pistons '' . Detroit Pistons . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Professional Basketball Tournament '' . NBA Hoops Online . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Odds : How Jack Molinas Almost Destroyed the Game of Basketball . By Charley Rosen . p. 154 . 2001 Seven Stories Press . ISBN 1 - 58322 - 268 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Syracuse Five Defeats Pistons in N.B.A. Play - Off Final , 92 -- 91 '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 1955 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` City Hails Nats ' World Title Triumph '' , Syracuse Herald - Journal , April 11 , 1955 , pp. 1 , 45 . Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1950 '' . United States Census . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Gems '' . NBA Hoops Online . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Falcons Basketball '' . NBA Hoops Online . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Van Dusen , Ryan ( March 12 , 2016 ) . `` 25 Things You Probably Did n't Know About the Pistons ' First 10 Years in Detroit '' . Detroit Sports Nation . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Haddad , Ken ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` 5 places the Detroit Pistons called home '' . ClickOnDetroit.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Anniversary '' . Pistons.com . October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Markusen , Bruce ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` 24 - year old DeBusschere was youngest coach in NBA history with Pistons '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dow , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` How a Coin Toss Brought Detroit a Hall of Famer '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markusen , Bruce ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Hall of Famer Bob Lanier was more than just two big feet '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pistons owner Davidson dies at 86 Davidson '' . ESPN.com . March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 NBA Western Conference Semifinals Pistons vs. Bulls '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 NBA Western Conference First Round Pistons vs. SuperSonics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 NBA Western Conference First Round Pistons vs. Bucks '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 NBA Western Conference First Round Pistons vs. Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Pistons : 1980 's '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Streak Finder '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dow , Bill ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Isiah Thomas became the greatest Detroit Piston ever '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , John . `` The Microwave '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of Trader Jack : Part III '' . Pistons.com . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Langlois , Keith ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Chuck Daly , 1930 - 2009 '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best moments in Joe Louis Arena history : No. 10 '' . Detroit Free Press . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langlois , Keith ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Best of Trader Jack : Part VI '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savage , Brendan ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Detroit Pistons Q&A : Rick Mahorn on the Bad Boys , Laimbeer & Barkley , the ' 04 champions '' . MLive . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Dan ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` 25 years ago the Pistons snatched Salley and Rodman in NBA Draft '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( August 22 , 1986 ) . `` TRIPUCKA TRADED BY PISTONS FOR DANTLEY '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Dan ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` How the Detroit Pistons came to be known as the Bad Boys '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : May , Peter ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` 25 years later , remembering ' a steal by Bird ' '' . ESPN Boston . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelso , Nick ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Boston Celtics Rivalries That Defined Generations of NBA Basketball '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Dan ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Edwards added a key piece to the championship runs for the Pistons '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 - 56 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 NBA Finals Pistons vs. Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Shaun ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Top NBA Finals moments : Isiah Thomas scores 25 in quarter on injured ankle '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skolnick , Ethan ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Riley Admits ' 88 Lakers Benefited from Phantom Foul vs. Detroit Pistons '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Muret , Don ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Twenty years in , the Palace still shines '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pretzer , Ryan ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Dealing Dantley '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dantley - for - aguirre Deal Doesn ` t Go Down Well In Detroit '' . Chicago Tribune . February 17 , 1989 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Matt ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` What 's the best trade the Pistons ever made ? '' . Detroit Bad Boys . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Dusen , Ryan ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` The 10 Best Trades in Pistons History '' . Detroit Sports Nation . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1988 - 89 Detroit Pistons '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard - Cooper , Scott ( June 16 , 1989 ) . `` NBA Expansion Draft : Timberwolves Get Mahorn ; Lakers Lose Rivers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad Boys Still the Best '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 - 90 Detroit Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NBA Playoff Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NBA Eastern Conference Finals Bulls vs. Pistons '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( June 8 , 1990 ) . `` Another Thriller As Blazers Tie Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , Darnell ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` An Historic Look At The NBA Finals ' 2 - 3 - 2 Format '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Dan ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` From every angle , the Microwave could get hot on the court '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fluck , Adam ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pippen and Bulls first had to beat Detroit 's Bad Boys '' . Bulls.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Barry ( January 26 , 1991 ) . `` Thomas ' Injury Signals Finish Of Pistons ' Reign '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chirco , Vito ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Why did the Pistons walk off the court without shaking hands with Jordan 's Bulls ? '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eno , Greg ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Day the `` Bad Boys '' Walked Out `` . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Backcourt - rich Pistons Waive Vinnie Johnson '' . Chicago Tribune . September 5 , 1991 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary ( August 14 , 1991 ) . `` Clippers Get Edwards -- or a Big Headache : NBA : They trade reserve guard Martin and a draft pick to get 7 - foot - 1 Piston center , but he is on his way to Italy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( September 9 , 1992 ) . `` Pistons Deal Salley , May Go After Olajuwon '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Chris ( October 2 , 1993 ) . `` Spurs Give Rodman Fresh Start : Pro basketball : Pistons get Sean Elliott in trade for the NBA leader in rebounds and problems '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( December 2 , 1993 ) . `` Laimbeer Retires , Citing Lost Desire '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Dusen , Ryan ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Draft Flashback : Grant Hill saves the day '' . Detroit Sports Nation . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Pistons : 1990 's '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( July 14 , 1996 ) . `` PRO BASKETBALL ; A New Backcourt : Childs and Houston Join the Knicks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wierenga , Jay ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` 10 Most Disappointing Detroit Pistons '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Basketball '' . Los Angeles Times . May 22 , 1992 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PRO BASKETBALL / UPDATE : AROUND THE NBA : Pistons Replace Rothstein With Chaney '' . Los Angeles Times . May 4 , 1993 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Dan ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Teal Era : When everything went wrong for the Pistons '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PISTONS REV UP `` NEW BREED '' WITH NEW LOGO AND LOOK `` . Sports Business Daily . May 22 , 1996 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eno , Greg ( August 8 , 2009 ) . `` Unwanted Ben Wallace Started Detroit Pistons ' 21 Century Re-Birth '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 Detroit Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlisle named Pistons coach '' . ESPN.com . May 27 , 2001 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 Detroit Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stack Comes Through to Help Pistons Move On '' . NBA.com . May 2 , 2002 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Balanced Celtics Wear Down Pistons to Move On '' . NBA.com . May 14 , 2002 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Sign Free Agent Guard Chauncey Billups '' . Pistons.com . July 17 , 2002 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PLUS : PRO BASKETBALL ; Pistons ' Stackhouse Traded to Wizards '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 2002 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft history : 2002 Draft '' . NBA.com . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 Detroit Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Slip Past Sixers in OT , Off to Conference Finals '' . NBA.com . May 16 , 2003 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kidd Drives Nets Back to NBA Finals '' . NBA.com . May 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric ( June 3 , 2003 ) . `` No sense trying to explain Carlisle 's firing '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Pistons Fire Highly Successful Carlisle , Set Sights On Brown '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Name Larry Brown as Head Coach '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wallace lands in Detroit in three - team deal '' . ESPN.com . February 20 , 2004 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pinto , Michael ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Pistons shock NBA world , win championship in 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Popper , Steve ( May 22 , 2004 ) . `` PRO BASKETBALL ; For Pacers ' Carlisle , a Grudge Match Minus the Grudge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Putterman , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Experts thought the Lakers would crush the Pistons in the 2004 NBA Finals . Not quite ... '' . The Comeback . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pistons Send Lakers Packing , Win Third NBA Title '' . NBA.com . June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton leads rout with 31 points '' . ESPN.com . June 11 , 2004 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 - 05 Season Preview : Detroit Pistons '' . NBA.com . June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 - 05 Detroit Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit finishes with a flourish in the fourth '' . NBA.com . May 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Setting the Pace '' . NBA.com . May 13 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Retire Miller 's Pacers ; Move On to Face Heat '' . NBA.com . May 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heat Take 3 - 2 Series Lead Despite Losing Wade to Injury '' . NBA.com . June 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Overcame Heat ; Will Defend Title vs. Spurs '' . NBA.com . June 6 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Top NBA Finals moments : Robert Horry saves day for Spurs against Pistons '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Engine That Wo n't Quit : Pistons Force Game 7 '' . NBA.com . June 21 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Dethrone Pistons To Take Third NBA Title '' . NBA.com . June 23 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jemele ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Brawl : Were lessons learned ? '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Larry Brown Circus Rolls Out of Detroit '' . ESPN.com . July 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons part ways with Brown after two seasons '' . USA Today . July 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Knicks , Brown make move official '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Name Flip Saunders as Head Coach '' . Pistons.com . July 21 , 2005 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 Season Preview : Detroit Pistons '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markusen , Bruce ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' 84 Tigers had the best start in the history of the game '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five Pistons hit double figures as Detroit wins 11th straight '' . ESPN.com . January 30 , 2006 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four Pistons Named as Reserves for 2006 NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons survive late rally , beat Heat for sixth straight '' . ESPN.com. April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons rout Knicks for franchise - best 64th win '' . ESPN.com. April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton nets 40 as Pistons oust Bucks from playoffs '' . ESPN.com . May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron and Co. put Pistons in 3 - 2 hole '' . ESPN.com . May 18 , 2006 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons hold Cavs to lowest point total in a game 7 '' . ESPN.com . May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heat dethrone Pistons , make first NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2006 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wade Leads Heat to First NBA Championship '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Wallace makes it official , signs with Bulls -- NBA -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons add Mohammed to try to fill Wallace 's void '' . ESPN.com . July 4 , 2006 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Sign Free - Agent Forward / Center Chris Webber '' . Pistons.com . January 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Webber gets front - row view of Pistons ' overtime loss '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Dusen , Ryan ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Home at Last : Remembering Chris Webber 's brief run with the Pistons '' . Detroit Sports Nation . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billups , Pistons push past Magic , clinch 1st seed in East '' . ESPN.com. April 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons overcome poor 4th - quarter shooting to sweep Magic '' . ESPN.com. April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Second Round Notes : Chicago vs. Detroit '' ( PDF ) . Bulls.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons bury turnover - prone Bulls in Round 2 opener '' . ESPN.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nance , Roscoe ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Pistons pound on Bulls again for 2 - 0 series lead '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billups , Prince spearhead Pistons ' comeback win '' . ESPN.com . May 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls battle back vs. Pistons to avoid sweep '' . USA Today . May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls one step ahead of Pistons throughout Game 5 '' . USA Today . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons finally eliminate Bulls in Game 6 '' . USA Today . May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Michael ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James dominates Pistons en route to Finals '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's 31 points , James ' balanced play puts Cavs in NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Draft Board '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Matt ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Andy Miller : Chauncey Billups will re-sign '' . Detroit Bad Boys . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Transactions '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Name All - Time Team as Part of 50th Season Celebration on April 8 '' . Pistons.com . March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime 2007 - 08 Preview Edition : Detroit Pistons '' . ESPN.com . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pistons fire head coach Lawrence Frank '' . FOX Sports . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , John ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Who will win it all ? The numbers speak '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers limit No. 2 seed Pistons to 35 2nd - half points in Game 1 upset '' . ESPN.com. April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dalembert spearheads Sixers ' stifling defense in Game 3 win '' . ESPN.com. April 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strong start boosts Pistons past 76ers , into second round '' . ESPN.com . May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard fails to put up big numbers as Billups , Pistons win Game 1 '' . ESPN.com . May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- After review , NBA says Billups ' 3 - pointer should not have counted -- NBA '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis leads way as Magic punish Pistons with 3 - pointers in Game 3 '' . ESPN.com . May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton scores 32 , Prince nails go - ahead shot to seal Game 4 win '' . ESPN.com . May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons pull away late to advance to 6th straight conference finals '' . ESPN.com . May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reaching Five Consecutive Conference Finals '' . NBA.com. 2007 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics too much for Pistons as Boston maintains unbeaten record at home '' . ESPN.com . May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton 's 25 help Pistons derail Celtics , even Eastern finals '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garnett , balanced Celtics stun Pistons for first playoff road win '' . ESPN.com . May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics have trouble with shot as Pistons send series to Boston tied 2 - 2 '' . ESPN.com . May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics stifle Pistons ' Game 5 push on Allen 's jumper , free throws '' . ESPN.com . May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce shoots Celtics to first Finals appearance since ' 87 '' . ESPN.com . May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics smash Lakers , bring home 17th NBA championship '' . ESPN.com . June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Curry to succeed Saunders as Pistons seek new voice '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Name Michael Curry as Head Coach '' . Pistons.com . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Marc ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Pistons acquire Iverson , send Billups and McDyess to Denver '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDyess waived by Nuggets '' . NBA.com . November 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hello , again : McDyess returns to Pistons month after being dealt '' . ESPN.com . December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Lawrence : Pistons sputter since Iverson trade '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Hamilton looks to put frustration behind '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youthful Nets falter as Pistons clinch eighth straight playoff appearance '' . ESPN.com. April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Piston confined to eighth seed after Gordon 's layup in final ticks breaks tie '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wade wins scoring title as Heat finish season with OT victory '' . ESPN.com. April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron takes control as Cavaliers sweep up Pistons '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blakely , A. Sherrod ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Pistons fire coach Michael Curry after one season '' . MLive . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iverson aiming to prove critics wrong '' . ESPN.com . September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Sign Free Agents Ben Gordon and Charlie Villanueva '' . Pistons.com . July 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons sign Gordon , Villanueva '' . ESPN.com . July 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Agent : Wallace commits to Celtics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDyess leaves Pistons for Spurs '' . ESPN.com . July 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Sources : Pistons turn to Kuester '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iott , Chris ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Poll : If no more roster moves are made , how good will the Pistons be this season ? '' . MLive . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aschburner , Steve ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Villanueva vows to make up for poor debut in Detroit '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers sweep season series vs. Pistons '' . ESPN.com . March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons hand Timberwolves franchise record - tying 67th loss '' . ESPN.com. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shuster , Rachel ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Pistons fire coach John Kuester after two seasons '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Davidson and Tom Gores Reach Agreement on Sale of Detroit Pistons '' ( Press release ) . Detroit Pistons. April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langlois , Keith ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` NBA Approves Tom Gores '' . Detroit Pistons . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Sold To Billionaire Tom Gores '' . HuffPost. April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) . `` ' Shocking ' bargain : Gores pays $325 million for Pistons '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons hire Lawrence Frank as new head coach '' . MLive . July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons show improvement , but rebuilding continues '' . The Oakland Press . April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayo , David ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` NBA Draft 2012 : Detroit Pistons select Andre Drummond with No. 9 overall pick '' . MLive . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons oust coach Frank after two seasons '' . Jump up ^ `` Pistons hire Cheeks as coach '' . FOX Sports . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detroit Pistons Relieve Maurice Cheeks of Head Coaching Duties Pistons.com , February 9 , 2014 Jump up ^ Mayo , David ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Pistons owner Tom Gores : Poor progress under Mo Cheeks ; John Loyer interim coach '' . MLive . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detroit Pistons Announce Organizational Changes Pistons.com , April 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Detroit Pistons Name Stan Van Gundy Head Coach and President of Basketball Operations Pistons.com , May 14 , 2014 , Jump up ^ `` Pistons waive Josh Smith '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rudnik , Jakub ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` What We Learned About the Detroit Pistons During the 2014 - 15 NBA Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 Detroit Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Terry ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pistons get Ersan Ilyasova from Bucks for Butler , Williams '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jahnke , James ; Ellis , Vince ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pistons get small forward Marcus Morris in trade with Suns '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jahnke , James ; Ellis , Vince ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Pistons agree to deal with Spurs center Baynes '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pistons acquire Steve Blake for insurance at point '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Pistons draft Johnson No. 8 : ' We love Stanley 's skills ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sources : Reggie Jackson re-signs with Pistons on 5 - year , $80 M contract '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Youngmisuk , Ohm ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Greg Monroe chooses maximum deal with Bucks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beard , Rod ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pistons ' Drummond named Eastern Conference player of the week '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Drummond Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . Pistons.com . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets hold off short - handed Pistons 103 - 92 '' . ESPN.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morris , Drummond help Pistons beat Mavericks 102 - 96 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons use strong second half to get past Magic 108 - 104 '' . ESPN.com. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons head to playoffs for 1st time in 7 years with win over Wizards '' . ESPN.com. April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pemberton , Dave ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pistons hoping to build on sweep by Cavaliers '' . The Oakland Press . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland 100 , Detroit 98 : Pistons one shot short , swept by Cavaliers '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shea , Bill ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` After 29 years , Pistons say goodbye to the Palace tonight '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Rod ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pistons ' fight back falls short in Palace finale '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( May 22 , 1999 ) . `` N.B.A. PLAYOFFS ; Farewell to Lakers , and to Forum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Block , Dustin ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Gilbert : All 30 NBA arenas now in urban cores '' . ClickOnDetroit.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Vince ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Gores confirms Pistons ' very close ' to move downtown , and soon '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Gregg ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Final Period Begins for Joe Louis Arena '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Derick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit Pistons finalizing deal to move downtown , sources say '' . ClickOnDetroit.com . Graham Media Group . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit Pistons hammering out 2 key issues for downtown arena move '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett Company . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Katrease ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Detroit City Council OKs $34.5 M public funding for Pistons move '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NBA unanimously approves Pistons move downtown '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners approve Pistons move to downtown Detroit '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons move makes Detroit only North American city with 4 pro teams in its downtown '' . www.clickondetroit.com . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Radio Network affiliates '' . Detroit Pistons . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beard , Rod ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Pistons returning to 97.1 FM The Ticket '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Basketball on FS Detroit and FS PLUS '' . Detroit Pistons . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Going Retro : Detroit Pistons '' . National Basketball Association . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Unveil First - Ever Motor City Uniforms '' ( Press release ) . Detroit Pistons . August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Chrome Jersey '' ( Press release ) . Detroit Pistons . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Lang ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Detroit Pistons roll out new `` chrome '' uniforms `` . National Basketball Association . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Unveil Newly Updated Primary Logo '' . Detroit Pistons . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Vince ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` New - but old ? Detroit Pistons unveil their next logo '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 - 49 Fort Wayne Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 - 50 Fort Wayne Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 - 51 Fort Wayne Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 - 52 Fort Wayne Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allen County War Memorial Coliseum - History '' . Allen County War Memorial Coliseum . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dow , Bill ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` Reflections on the Humble Beginnings of the Detroit Pistons '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Get New Home '' . St. Petersburg Times . July 14 , 1961 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Pistons retire Billups ' jersey '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Numerical Roster '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons retire Ben Wallace 's jersey , honoring 2004 NBA champ '' . USA Today . January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monarrez , Carlos ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` Rip Hamilton thanks whole family at Pistons jersey ceremony at Palace '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Savage , Brendan ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Detroit Pistons honor former owner Bill Davidson with banner in Palace rafters '' . MLive . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Pistons mourn loss of legendary general manager Jack McCloskey '' . NBA.com . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Vince ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Pistons ' Johnson , Jackson willing to switch numbers '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quagliata , Ben ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stanley Johnson changes his number out of respect for Ben Wallace '' . Detroit Bad Boys . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chirco , Vito ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dumars was an important man in both Detroit Pistons dynasties '' . Detroit Athletic Co . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iott , Chris ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Pistons ' Greg Monroe on Dennis Rodman : ' He gave me his blessing ' to continue wearing No. 10 '' . MLive . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iott , Chris ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pistons ' Greg Monroe likely to give up No. 10 jersey out of respect for Dennis Rodman '' . MLive . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Phillip '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave DeBusschere '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Houbregs '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby McDermott '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gallatin '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Lanier '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Bellamy '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dick McGuire '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Yardley '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bailey Howell '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bob McAdoo '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isiah Thomas '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earl Lloyd '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dumars '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Dantley '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nat Clifton '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Iverson '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy McGrady '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Daly '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Brown '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dick Vitale '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Zollner '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Davidson '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Pistons Executives '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Pistons : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award Winners '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corliss Williamson Wins Sixth Man Award '' . Pistons.com. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Coach of the Year Award Winners '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit 's Dumars Named Executive of the Year '' . NBA.com . May 14 , 2003 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Sportsmanship Award Winners '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Winners '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year - by - year All - NBA Teams '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award Winners '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year - by - year NBA All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pretzer , Ryan ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Early Pistons All - Stars '' . Pistons.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA All - Star Game MVPs '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Profile at sportsecyclopedia Profile at thedraftreview Profile at nbahoopsonline External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Detroit Pistons . Metro Detroit portal National Basketball Association portal Official website Detroit Pistons Founded in 1941 Formerly the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons ( 1941 -- 1948 ) and the Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1948 -- 1957 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise Franchise All - time roster Seasons Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas North Side High School Gym Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Olympia Stadium Memorial Building Grosse Pointe High School Cobo Arena Pontiac Silverdome Joe Louis Arena The Palace of Auburn Hills Little Caesars Arena G League affiliate Grand Rapids Drive Retired numbers Bill Davidson Jack McCloskey 10 11 15 16 21 32 40 Hall of Famers Walt Bellamy Dave Bing Larry Brown Chuck Daly Adrian Dantley Dave DeBusschere Joe Dumars Harry Gallatin Bob Houbregs Bailey Howell Allen Iverson Bob Lanier Earl Lloyd Bob McAdoo Bobby McDermott Dick McGuire Andy Phillip Dennis Rodman Isiah Thomas George Yardley Fred Zollner NBA Championships ( 3 ) 1989 1990 Conference Championships ( 7 ) 1955 1956 1988 1989 1990 2005 Culture and lore Hooper Jordan Rules John Mason Pacers -- Pistons brawl Rivals Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics Los Angeles Lakers Broadcasters TV Fox Sports Detroit Radio WXYT - FM Announcers George Blaha Greg Kelser Mark Champion Rick Mahorn Links to related articles Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons seasons Franchise Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1941 -- 1957 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1957 -- present ) NBL 1940s 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 NBA 1940s 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - 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"On November 22, 2016, the Pistons announced their intention to move to Little Caesars Arena, and the site of the Palace of Auburn Hills would be redeveloped and sold, with the arena likely to be demolished as part of the redevelopment.[228]"
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"Palace of Auburn Hills"
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4868897385814766529 | The Hateful Eight | The Hateful Eight - wikipedia The Hateful Eight Jump to : navigation , search The Hateful Eight Theatrical release poster Directed by Quentin Tarantino Produced by Richard N. Gladstein Shannon McIntosh Stacey Sher Written by Quentin Tarantino Starring Samuel L. Jackson Kurt Russell Jennifer Jason Leigh Walton Goggins Demián Bichir Tim Roth Michael Madsen Bruce Dern James Parks Channing Tatum Narrated by Quentin Tarantino Music by Ennio Morricone Cinematography Robert Richardson Edited by Fred Raskin Production companies Shiny Penny FilmColony Distributed by The Weinstein Company Release date December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) ( Cinerama Dome ) December 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 187 minutes ( Roadshow ) 168 minutes ( General ) Country United States Language English Budget $44 -- 54 million Box office $155.8 million The Hateful Eight ( often marketed as The H8ful Eight ) is a 2015 American Western film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino . It stars Samuel L. Jackson , Kurt Russell , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Walton Goggins , Demián Bichir , Tim Roth , Michael Madsen , and Bruce Dern as eight strangers who seek refuge from a blizzard in a stagecoach stopover some time after the American Civil War . Tarantino announced The Hateful Eight in November 2013 , having conceived it as a novel and sequel to his previous film Django Unchained ( 2012 ) . After the script leaked in January 2014 , he cancelled the film , directed a live reading of the script at the United Artists Theater in Los Angeles , then announced that he had changed his mind . Filming began on December 8 , 2014 , near Telluride , Colorado . The original score composed by Ennio Morricone , the first for a Tarantino film , was Morricone 's first complete Western score in 34 years , and his first score for a high - profile Hollywood production since Brian De Palma 's Mission to Mars in 2000 . Distributed by The Weinstein Company in the United States , The Hateful Eight was released on December 25 , 2015 , in a roadshow release in 70 mm film . It had a wide digital release on December 30 , 2015 . It received positive reviews , with Leigh receiving considerable praise . For his work on the score , Morricone won the Golden Globe and his first Academy Award for Best Original Score . The film also earned Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress ( Leigh ) and Best Cinematography ( Robert Richardson ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.2. 1 Guitar incident 3.3 Cinematography 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Piracy 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Police boycott 6.4 Race issues 6.5 Gender issues 6.6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Years after the Civil War , bounty hunter Major Marquis Warren is transporting three dead bounties to the town of Red Rock , Wyoming . He hitches a ride on a stagecoach driven by O.B. Jackson . Aboard is John Ruth , a bounty hunter known for bringing in outlaws alive to see them hang ; handcuffed to him is fugitive Daisy Domergue , whom Ruth is escorting to Red Rock . Ruth is suspicious of anyone who might steal his claim to the bounty . Ruth and Warren bond over Warren 's personal letter from Abraham Lincoln . Former Lost - Causer militiaman Chris Mannix , who claims he is traveling to Red Rock as the town 's new sheriff , persuades Ruth and Warren to let him on the stagecoach . Warren and Ruth form an alliance to protect each other 's bounties . Mannix and Warren almost come to blows over their controversial war records . The group seeks refuge from a blizzard at Minnie 's Haberdashery , a stagecoach lodge . They are greeted by Bob , a Mexican , who says the owner , Minnie , is visiting her mother . The other lodgers are Oswaldo Mobray , a hangman ; Joe Gage , a quiet cowboy traveling to visit his mother ; and Sanford Smithers , a former Confederate general traveling to put his missing son to rest . Suspicious , Ruth disarms all but Warren . As the group eats , Mannix surmises that Warren 's Lincoln letter is a forgery . Warren admits this , saying the letter buys him leeway with whites , outraging Ruth . Warren leaves a gun next to Smithers and provokes him into reaching for it by telling Smithers he tortured , raped , and killed Smithers ' son . When Smithers pulls a gun , Warren shoots him as revenge for Smithers ' execution of black soldiers at the Battle of Baton Rouge . While everyone is distracted by the confrontation , someone seen only by Daisy poisons the brewing coffee . Ruth and O.B. drink it , causing them to vomit blood , killing O.B. The dying Ruth attacks Daisy , but she kills him with his own gun . Warren disarms Daisy , holds the men at gunpoint and leaves her cuffed to Ruth 's corpse . Warren is joined by Mannix , whom Warren trusts because he nearly drank the poisoned coffee . Warren executes Bob , deducing that he is an impostor who killed the lodge owners , as Minnie hates Mexicans and would never leave one to care for the lodge . When Warren threatens to execute Daisy , Gage admits that he poisoned the coffee . A man hiding in the cellar shoots Warren in the genitals . Mobray draws a concealed gun and shoots Mannix , who returns fire , wounding Mobray and forcing Gage against the wall . Hours earlier , Bob , Mobray , Gage , and a fourth man , Jody , arrive at Minnie 's Haberdashery . They murder Minnie and five other bystanders , leaving only Smithers . Jody , Daisy 's brother , tells Smithers they plan to ambush Ruth to rescue Daisy ; his gang will spare Smithers if he keeps quiet , as they deduce that an extra lodger makes the setup more believable . The bandits dispose of the bodies , hide the evidence , and conceal guns around the lodge . As Ruth 's stagecoach arrives , Jody hides in the cellar . In the present , Mannix and Warren , both seriously wounded , hold Daisy , Gage , and the dying Mobray at gunpoint . They force Jody out of the cellar by threatening to kill Daisy . Jody surrenders and Warren executes him . Daisy claims fifteen of her brother 's men are waiting in Red Rock to kill Mannix and ransack the town ; if Mannix kills Warren and allows her to escape , the gang will spare him and let him claim the bounties of the deceased except her brother . As Daisy and Mobray taunt Warren , Warren shoots Daisy in the foot and Mobray in the leg ; Mobray soon dies from his wounds . Gage draws a hidden revolver but is shot dead by Mannix and Warren . Warren tries to shoot Daisy but is out of bullets . Mannix calls Daisy 's bluff and rejects her offer , but faints from blood loss . Daisy hacks off Ruth 's handcuffed arm and frees herself . As she reaches for a gun , Mannix regains consciousness , shoots , and wounds her . Warren persuades Mannix to hang her from the rafters in honor of Ruth . Afterward , as the two men lie dying , Mannix reads aloud Warren 's forged Lincoln letter . Cast ( edit ) Samuel L. Jackson as Major Marquis Warren Kurt Russell as John Ruth Jennifer Jason Leigh as Daisy Domergue Walton Goggins as Sheriff Chris Mannix Demián Bichir as Bob Tim Roth as Oswaldo Mobray Michael Madsen as Joe Gage Bruce Dern as General Sandy Smithers James Parks as O.B. Dana Gourrier as Minnie Mink Zoë Bell as Six - Horse Judy Lee Horsley as Ed Channing Tatum as Jody Production ( edit ) In November 2013 , writer - director Quentin Tarantino said he was working on a new film , another Western . He stated that it would not be a sequel to Django Unchained , though he later admitted that his first attempt at the story was as a sequel in novel form titled Django in White Hell , but he quickly realized that Django 's character did not fit the story . On January 12 , 2014 , the film 's title was announced as The Hateful Eight . The film was inspired by the 1960s Western TV series Bonanza , The Virginian and The High Chaparral . Tarantino said : Twice per season , those shows would have an episode where a bunch of outlaws would take the lead characters hostage . They would come to the Ponderosa and hold everybody hostage , or go to Judge Garth 's place -- Lee J. Cobb played him -- in The Virginian and take hostages . There would be a guest star like David Carradine , Darren McGavin , Claude Akins , Robert Culp , Charles Bronson , or James Coburn . I do n't like that storyline in a modern context , but I love it in a Western , where you would pass halfway through the show to find out if they were good or bad guys , and they all had a past that was revealed . I thought , ' What if I did a movie starring nothing but those characters ? No heroes , no Michael Landons . Just a bunch of nefarious guys in a room , all telling backstories that may or may not be true . Trap those guys together in a room with a blizzard outside , give them guns , and see what happens . The Hateful Eight Live Reading at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles , as part of LACMA 's Live Read series , on April 19 , 2014 Production would most likely have begun in mid 2014 , but after the script leaked online in January 2014 , Tarantino considered publishing it as a novel instead . He said he had given the script to a few trusted colleagues , including Bruce Dern , Tim Roth , and Michael Madsen . This version of the script featured a different ending in which Warren and Mannix attempt to kill Gage in revenge by forcing him to drink the poisoned coffee , sparking a firefight in which every character is killed . Tarantino described his vision for the character of Daisy Domergue as a `` Susan Atkins of the Wild West '' . On April 19 , 2014 , Tarantino directed a live reading of the leaked script at the United Artists Theater in the Ace Hotel Los Angeles . The event was organized by the Film Independent at Los Angeles County Museum of Art ( LACMA ) as part of the Live Read series and introduced by Elvis Mitchell . Tarantino explained that they would read the first draft of the script , and he added that he was writing two new drafts with a different ending . The actors who joined Tarantino included Samuel L. Jackson , Kurt Russell , Amber Tamblyn , James Parks , Walton Goggins , Zoë Bell , James Remar , Dana Gourrier , Dern , Roth and Madsen . Casting ( edit ) On September 23 , 2014 , it was revealed that Viggo Mortensen was in discussion with Tarantino for a role in the film . On October 9 , 2014 , Jennifer Jason Leigh was added to the cast to play Daisy Domergue . On November 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Channing Tatum was eyeing a major role in the film . Later the same day , The Weinstein Company confirmed the cast in a press release , which would include Samuel L. Jackson , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Kurt Russell , Tim Roth , Demián Bichir , Walton Goggins , Michael Madsen , and Bruce Dern . Tatum 's casting was also confirmed . Later on January 23 , 2015 , TWC announced an ensemble cast of supporting members , including James Parks , Dana Gourrier , Zoë Bell , Gene Jones , Keith Jefferson , Lee Horsley , Craig Stark , and Belinda Owino . In the earlier public reading of the first script , the role of Daisy Domergue had been read by Amber Tamblyn , and the role of Bob , a Frenchman rather than a Mexican , was read by Denis Ménochet ; at the reading , the role of Jody was read by James Remar . Regarding the cast , Tarantino has said , `` This is a movie where ( bigger movie stars ) would n't work . It needs to be an ensemble where nobody is more important than anybody else . '' Filming ( edit ) On September 26 , 2014 , the state of Colorado had signed to fund the film 's production with $5 million , and the complete film would be shot in Southwest Colorado . A 900 - acre ranch was issued to the production for the filming . There was a meeting on October 16 , and the county 's planning commission issued a permit for the construction of a temporary set . Principal photography began on December 8 , 2014 , in Colorado on the Schmid Ranch near Telluride . The film 's special make - up effects were created by Greg Nicotero , known for his work on the AMC series The Walking Dead . Guitar incident ( edit ) The guitar destroyed by Russell 's character was not a prop but an antique 1870s Martin guitar lent by the Martin Guitar Museum . According to sound producer Mark Ulano , the guitar was supposed to have been switched with a copy to be destroyed , but this was not communicated to Russell ; everyone on the set was `` pretty freaked out '' at the guitar 's destruction , and Leigh 's reaction was genuine , though `` Tarantino was in a corner of the room with a funny curl on his lips , because he got something out of it with the performance . '' Museum director Dick Boak said that the museum was not told that the script included a scene that called for a guitar being smashed , and determined that it was irreparable . The insurance remunerated the purchase value of the guitar . As a result of the incident , the museum no longer lends guitars to film productions . Cinematography ( edit ) Cinematographer Robert Richardson , who also worked with Tarantino on Kill Bill , Inglourious Basterds , and Django Unchained , filmed The Hateful Eight on 70 mm film , using Ultra Panavision 70 and Kodak Vision 3 film stocks : 5219 , 5207 , 5213 and 5203 . It is the widest release in 70 mm film since Ron Howard 's Far and Away in 1992 . The film uses Panavision anamorphic lenses with an aspect ratio of 2.76 : 1 , a very widescreen image that was used on some films in the 1950s and 1960s . The filmmakers also avoided any use of a digital intermediate in the 70mm roadshow release , which was color - timed photochemically by FotoKem , and the dailies were screened in 70mm . The wide digital release and a handful of 35mm prints were struck from a digital intermediate , done by Yvan Lucas at Shed / Santa Monica . Post-production ( edit ) Tarantino edited two versions of the film , one for the roadshow version and the other for general release . The roadshow version runs for three hours and two minutes , including six minutes of extra footage plus an overture and intermission , and has alternate takes of some scenes . Tarantino created two versions as he felt some of the footage he shot for 70mm would not play well on smaller screens . Classifications from the British Board of Film Classification confirm that the time difference between the Roadshow ( 187 minutes ) and the DCP ( 167 minutes ) releases is 20 minutes . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Hateful Eight ( soundtrack ) Tarantino announced at the 2015 Comic - Con that Ennio Morricone would compose the score for The Hateful Eight ; it is the first Western scored by Morricone in 34 years , since Buddy Goes West , and Tarantino 's first film to use an original score . Tarantino had previously used Morricone 's music in Kill Bill , Death Proof , Inglourious Basterds , and Django Unchained , and Morricone also wrote an original song , `` Ancora Qui '' , for the latter . Morricone had previously made statements that he would `` never work '' with Tarantino after Django Unchained , but ultimately changed his mind and agreed to score The Hateful Eight . According to Variety , Morricone composed the score without even seeing the film . The soundtrack was announced on November 19 , 2015 , for a December 18 release from Decca Records . Ennio Morricone composed 50 minutes of original music for The Hateful Eight . In addition to Morricone 's original score , the soundtrack includes dialogue excerpts from the film , `` Apple Blossom '' by The White Stripes from their De Stijl album , `` Now You 're All Alone '' by David Hess from The Last House on the Left and `` There Wo n't Be Many Coming Home '' by Roy Orbison from The Fastest Guitar Alive . Tarantino confirmed that the film would use three unused tracks from Morricone 's original soundtrack for the 1982 John Carpenter film The Thing -- `` Eternity '' , `` Bestiality '' and `` Despair '' -- as Morricone was pressed for time while creating the score . The final film also uses Morricone 's `` Regan 's Theme '' from the 1977 John Boorman film Exorcist II : The Heretic . Morricone 's score won several awards including a special award from New York Film Critics Circle . The score won a Golden Globe for Best Original Score . It also took the 2015 Academy Award for Best Motion Picture Score , Morricone 's first after several career nominations . The acoustic song played by Leigh 's character Domergue on a Martin guitar is the traditional Australian folk ballad `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' , which dates from the early 19th - century and was first published by Charles McAlister in 1907 . The rendition in the film includes lines which were not in MacAlister 's version . The film 's trailer used Welshly Arms ' cover of `` Hold On , I 'm Coming '' , although this is not used in the film itself . The soundtrack was released under the Third Man Records label , which is operated by musician Jack White . Release ( edit ) The cast and director of The Hateful Eight at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con to promote the film . On September 3 , 2014 , The Weinstein Company ( TWC ) acquired the worldwide distribution rights to the film for a fall 2015 release . TWC would sell the film worldwide , but Tarantino asked to personally approve the global distributors for the film . In preparation for its release , Tarantino arranged for approximately 100 theaters worldwide to be retrofitted with anamorphic equipped 70 mm film projectors , in order to display the film as he intended . The film was released on December 25 , 2015 , as a roadshow presentation in 70 mm film format theaters . The film was initially scheduled to be released in digital theaters on January 8 , 2016 . On December 14 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that the film would see wide release on December 31 , 2015 , while still screening the 70 mm version . The release date was moved to December 30 , 2015 , to meet demand . On July 11 , 2015 , Tarantino and the cast of the film appeared at Comic - Con to promote the film . In the UK , where the film was distributed by Entertainment Film Distributors , the sole 70mm print in the country opened at the Odeon Leicester Square on January 8 in a roadshow presentation , with the digital general release version opening the same day at other cinemas , except Cineworld , who refused to book the film after failing to reach an agreement to show the 70mm print . On March 15 , 2016 , The Hateful Eight was released in the United States on Digital HD , and on Blu - ray and DVD on March 29 , 2016 . Piracy ( edit ) On December 20 , 2015 , screener copies of The Hateful Eight and numerous other Oscar contenders , including Carol , The Revenant , Brooklyn , Creed , and Straight Outta Compton , were uploaded to many websites . The FBI linked the case to co-CEO Andrew Kosove of Alcon Entertainment . Kosove responded that he had `` never seen this DVD '' , and that `` it never touched his hands . '' Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Hateful Eight grossed $54.1 million in the U.S. and Canada , and $101.6 million in other countries , for worldwide gross of $155.7 million against a budget of around $44 million . The film opened in the US with a limited release on December 25 , 2015 , and over the weekend grossed $4.9 million from 100 theaters ( $46,107 per screen ) , finishing 10th at the box office . It had its wide release on December 30 , grossing $3.5 million on its first day . The film went on to gross $15.7 million in its opening weekend , finishing third at the box office behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $90.2 million ) and Daddy 's Home ( $29.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The film critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 75 % based on 296 reviews and an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Hateful Eight offers another well - aimed round from Quentin Tarantino 's signature blend of action , humor , and over-the - top violence -- all while demonstrating an even stronger grip on his filmmaking craft . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a weighted average score of 68 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . James Berardinelli wrote that The Hateful Eight `` is a high - wire thriller , full of masterfully executed twists , captivating dialogue , and a wildly entertaining narrative that gallops along at a pace to make three hours evaporate in an instant . Best film of the year ? Yes . '' Telegraph critic Robbie Collin wrote : `` The Hateful Eight is a parlour - room epic , an entire nation in a single room , a film steeped in its own filminess but at the same time vital , riveting and real . Only Tarantino can do this , and he 's done it again . '' Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film five out of five , and wrote that it was `` intimate yet somehow weirdly colossal , once again releasing ( Tarantino 's ) own kind of unwholesome crazy - funny - violent nitrous oxide into the cinema auditorium for us all to inhale ... `` Thriller '' is a generic label which has lost its force . But The Hateful Eight thrills . '' A.V. Club critic Ignatiy Vishnevetsky gave the film a grade of A - and wrote that `` with a script that could easily be a stage play , The Hateful Eight is about as close as this pastiche artist is likely to get to the classical tradition . '' In contrast , Owen Gleiberman of the BBC said , `` I 'm not alone in thinking that it 's Tarantino 's worst film -- a sluggish , unimaginative dud , brimming with venom but not much cleverness . '' Donald Clarke , writing in The Irish Times , wrote , `` What a shame the piece is so lacking in character and narrative coherence . What a shame so much of it is so gosh - darn boring . '' A.O. Scott in The New York Times said , `` Some of the film 's ugliness ... seems dumb and ill - considered , as if Mr. Tarantino 's intellectual ambition and his storytelling discipline had failed him at the same time . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film 's production design , idiosyncratic dialogue , and `` lip - smackingly delicious '' performances , but felt the film was overlong and that Morricone 's score was put to too limited use . Police boycott ( edit ) In October 2015 , Tarantino attended a Black Lives Matter rally and publicly commented on police brutality in the United States , saying , `` When I see murders , I do not stand by ... I have to call a murder a murder , and I have to call the murderers the murderers . '' Tarantino 's comments received national media attention and several police groups in the United States pledged to boycott The Hateful Eight and his other films . New York City Police Benevolent Association president Patrick J. Lynch said : `` With nearly one million law enforcement officers in this country who have families and friends who support them , the impact that police have economically on a product or project is immense . The law enforcement boycott of cop - hater Quentin Tarantino 's movie is one demonstration of that economic power . '' Tarantino responded that he was not a `` cop hater '' and would not be intimidated by the calls for a boycott . Richard Johnson of the New York Post called The Hateful Eight a `` box - office disaster , and the police officers who boycotted the movie are taking credit '' . However , Forbes rebutted this claim in an article titled `` No , Police Boycotts Against Quentin Tarantino did n't cause Hateful Eight to Flop '' , writing that the film , while not as commercially successful as some of Tarantino 's other films , was not a `` box - office disaster '' and cast doubt on claims that a boycott had a strong effect on sales . Race issues ( edit ) Tarantino told GQ that race issues were part of his creative process and were inescapable , saying : `` I was n't trying to bend over backwards in any way , shape , or form to make it socially relevant . But once I finished the script , that 's when all the social relevancy started . '' He told the Telegraph he wrote The Hateful Eight to reflect America 's fraught racial history , with the splitting of the cabin into northern and southern sides and a speech about the perils of `` frontier justice '' . A.O. Scott of The New York Times observed that the film rejects the Western genre 's tradition of ignoring America 's racial history , but felt its handling of race issues was `` dumb and ill - considered '' , and wrote : `` Tarantino does n't make films that are ' about race ' so much as he tries to burrow into the bowels of American racism with his camera and his pen . There is no way to do that and stay clean . '' Gender issues ( edit ) Some critics expressed unease at the treatment of the Daisy Domergue character , who is the subject of repeated physical and verbal abuse and finally lynched in a sequence which , according to Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com , `` lingers on Daisy 's death with near - pornographic fascination '' . A.O. Scott felt the film `` mutates from an exploration of racial animus into an orgy of elaborately justified misogyny '' . Laura Bogart regarded the treatment of Daisy as a `` betrayal '' of the positive female characters in previous Tarantino films such as Kill Bill . Juliette Peers wrote that `` compared to the stunning twists and inversions of norms that Tarantino 's other works offer when presenting female characters , The Hateful Eight 's sexual politics seem bleakly conservative . Daisy is feisty and highly intelligent , yet the plotline is arbitrarily stacked against her . '' Conversely , Courtney Bissonette of Bust praised Tarantino 's history of female characters and wrote of Daisy 's treatment : `` This is equality , man , and it 's more feminist to think that a criminal is getting treated the same despite her gender . They do n't treat her like a fairy princess because she is a woman , they treat her like a killer because she is a killer . '' Sophie Besl of Bitch Flicks argued that Daisy received no special treatment as a woman , is never sexually objectified , and has agency over her own actions ( including killing her captor ) . She defended the hanging scene as in the filmic tradition of villains `` getting what 's coming to ( them ) '' , and that equivalent scenes with male villains in previous Tarantino films raised no objections . However , Matthew Stogdon felt that as Daisy 's crimes are not explained , her status as a criminal deserving execution is not established , breaking the narrative rule of `` show , do n't tell '' . Walton Goggins described the lynching as symbolic of a positive step to erase racism : `` I see it as very uplifting , as very hopeful , and as a big step in the right direction , as a celebration , as a changing of one heart and one mind . '' However , Sasha Stone , writing for Awards Daily , felt it was implausible for Daisy to `` represent , somehow , all of the evil of the South , all of the racism , all of the injustice . She 's a tiny thing . There is no point in the film , or maybe one just barely , when Daisy inflicts any violence upon anyone -- and by then it could be argued that she is only desperately trying to defend herself . She is handcuffed to Kurt Russell , needing his permission to speak and eat , and then punched brutally in the face whenever she says anything . '' Tarantino intended the violence against Daisy to be shocking and wanted the audience 's allegiances to shift during the story . He said : `` Violence is hanging over every one of those characters like a cloak of night . So I 'm not going to go , ' OK , that 's the case for seven of the characters , but because one is a woman , I have to treat her differently . ' I 'm not going to do that . '' Producer Harvey Weinstein felt the allegations of sexism were `` fishing for stupidity '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Hateful Eight See also ( edit ) Film portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hateful Eight ( 70MM VERSION ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hateful Eight ( Multiplex version ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Making of ' Hateful Eight ' : How Tarantino Braved Sub-Zero Weather and a Stolen Screener '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino says next film will be another western '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino explains how Hateful Eight began as a Django novel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino 's next Western to be called The Hateful Eight '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino on Retirement , Grand 70 MM Intl Plans For ' The Hateful Eight '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino Shelves ' The Hateful Eight ' After Betrayal Results in Script Leak '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quentin Tarantino sues Gawker over Hateful Eight script leak '' . CBC News . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino mothballs ' Hateful Eight ' after script leak '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hateful Eight Script Leak : 8 Spoilers From Quentin Tarantino 's Western '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Jason Leigh gives life to devilish Daisy in ' Hateful Eight ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of a Staged Reading by Quentin Tarantino : The Hateful Eight '' . LACMA.org. April 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tarantino 's ' Hateful Eight ' Live - Read Reveals Script Still Developing '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Marianne ; Niemietz , Brian ; Coleman , Oli ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen and Quentin Tarantino talk business , and director gets closeup with Vanessa Ferlito '' . Daily News . New York City . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino Casts Jennifer Jason Leigh as Female Lead in ' Hateful Eight ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Channing Tatum Eyes ' Hateful Eight ' Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramisetti , Kirthana ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Hateful Eight ' cast announced : Samuel L. Jackson , Jennifer Jason Leigh and Channing Tatum among all - star cast in Quentin Tarantino 's latest film '' . Daily News . New York City . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Starts for Quentin Tarantino 's The Hateful Eight '' . ComingSoon.net . January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` In Conversation : Quentin Tarantino '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Lisa ; Svaldi , Aldo ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino set to shoot ' Hateful Eight ' in Colorado '' . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huertas , George ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino To Follow Through With ' The Hateful Eight ' '' . EmertainmentMonthly.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 12 / 8 / 14 : James Bond Pic Spectre & Hateful Eight Start Shooting , Vin Diesel Wraps Last Witch Hunter '' . SSN Insider . December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Kyle ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` New Tarantino movie starts filming near Telluride '' . 9News . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino Starts Shooting ' Hateful Eight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tarantino Holes Up A Few Outlaws In ' The Hateful Eight ' '' . NPR.org . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Hateful Eight '' Hates on Six Strings : Film Includes Real Destruction of Antique Martin `` . Jump up ^ `` Martin Responds to ' Hateful Eight ' Destruction of Antique Six String '' . Jump up ^ Pucho , Kristy ( September 2014 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino 's Hateful Eight To Be Widest 70mm Release in 20 Years '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Russ ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino Helps Get 70mm Projectors in 50 Theaters for ' The Hateful Eight ' '' . / Film.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` How Quentin Tarantino Resurrected Ultra Panavision 70 for ' The Hateful Eight ' Roadshow '' . Thompson on Hollywood ( Indiewire.com ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino Says He Cut Two Different Versions of ' The Hateful Eight ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino Delivers Mind - Blowing Look At ' Hateful Eight ' -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Raymond ( July 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tarantino and Morricone settle the score in Prague '' . The Prague Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Django Unchained ' Soundtrack Details '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Eric J. ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Italian Composer Ennio Morricone : I 'll Never Work With Tarantino Again '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 28 February 2016 ) . `` Legendary Composer Ennio Morricone Wins Original Score Oscar for ' Hateful Eight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hateful Eight ' Soundtrack Details '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quentin Tarantino Reveals ' Hateful Eight ' Score Features Unused Music By Ennio Morricone From John Carpenter 's ' The Thing ' '' . The Playlist ( Indiewire.com ) . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ennio Morricone , Ryuichi Nakamoto nominated for Golden Globes '' . factmag.com. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles MacAlister , Old Pioneering Days in the Sunny South ( 1907 ) , `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' ( 1 text ) Jump up ^ Ron Edwards , The Big Book of Australian Folk Song Jump up ^ `` What 's The Song On The Hateful Eight Trailer ? '' . Daystune . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weinsteins Will Distribute Quentin Tarantino 's ' Hateful Eight ' Worldwide '' . Deadline.com . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Berlin : Quentin Tarantino Personally Approving Buyers of ' Hateful Eight ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kenigsberg , Ben ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tarantino 's ' The Hateful Eight ' Resurrects Nearly Obsolete Technology '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Paula ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino to Retrofit Theaters to Accomodate ' Hateful Eight ' in 70mm '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hateful Eight ' To Hit Theaters Christmas Day in 70MM '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hateful Eight ' Getting Nationwide Release on Dec. 31 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hateful Eight ' Gets Early Digital Expansion : 1900 + Screens Starting Tonight '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Hateful Eight : not showing near you at three key UK cinema chains '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ricker , Thomas ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood 's Christmas is being ruined by unprecedented leaks '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Flies To $540 M in Second Best Box Office Weekend of All Time '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Kinsey . `` ' Star Wars ' Now 4th - Biggest Domestic Grosser on Way To $700 M ; ' Hateful Eight ' Adds $3.5 M in 1st Day of Expansion '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Will Beat ' Avatar ' Domestic Record Tuesday ; New Year 's Weekend $219.3 M Ticket Sales 2nd Best All - Time '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hateful Eight reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Hateful Eight , The ( United States , 2015 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hateful Eight review : ' only Tarantino can do this ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) . `` The Hateful Eight review : Agatha Christie with gags , guns and Samuel L Jackson '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino gets theatrical in the 70mm Western The Hateful Eight '' . AVClub.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Is The Hateful Eight Tarantino 's Worst ? '' . BBC . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Hateful Eight review : The wheels come off the wagon '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. `` Review : Quentin Tarantino 's ' The Hateful Eight ' Blends Verbiage and Violence '' . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hateful Eight ' : Film Review '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Richard ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Police : We 're why ' The Hateful Eight ' is bombing at box office '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino responds to police boycott calls : The complete conversation '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kludt , Tom ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino wo n't be ' intimidated ' by police boycott '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` No , Police Boycotts Against Quentin Tarantino did n't cause ' Hateful Eight ' to Flop '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Adam . `` Quentin Tarantino on White Supremacy And Black Lives Matter '' . Huffington Post Australia . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quentin Tarantino : ' the Confederate flag was the American Swastika ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller . `` The Hateful Eight '' . RogerEbert.Com . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Nayman , Adam ( 2015 ) . `` You 've Gotta Be ... Kidding Me : Quentin Tarantino 's The Hateful Eight '' . Cinema Scope Online . Canada : Cinema Scope Magazine . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peers , Juliette ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Elaborately justified misogyny ' : The Hateful Eight and Daisy Domergue '' . The Conversation . The Conversation US . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogart , Laura ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Hipster Misogyny : The Betrayal of `` The Hateful Eight '' `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bissonette , Courtney . `` A Feminist Defense of Quentin Tarantino '' . Bust . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Besl , Sophie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's All Calm Down for a Minute About ' The Hateful Eight ' : Analyzing the Leading Lady of a Modern Western '' . Bitch Flicks . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Stogdon , Matthew . `` THE HATEFUL EIGHT No One To Trust , Everyone To Hate '' . The Red Right Hand Movie Reviews . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/05/hateful-eight-ending-walton-goggins Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha . `` The Hateful Eight , Tarantino and that Misogyny Word '' . AwardsDaily . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Tapley , Kristopher . `` Claims of ' Hateful Eight ' Misogyny ' Fishing for Stupidity , ' Harvey Weinstein Says '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hateful Eight Official website The Hateful Eight on IMDb The Hateful Eight at AllMovie The Hateful Eight at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Quentin Tarantino Filmography Written and directed Feature films Reservoir Dogs Pulp Fiction Jackie Brown Kill Bill Volume 1 Volume 2 Death Proof Inglourious Basterds Django Unchained The Hateful Eight Short films My Best Friend 's Birthday Four Rooms ( segment `` The Man from Hollywood '' ) Written only True Romance Natural Born Killers From Dusk till Dawn Other work Past Midnight It 's Pat Crimson Tide The Rock Sin City `` Grave Danger '' Planet Terror Film soundtracks Pulp Fiction Jackie Brown Kill Bill : Volume 1 Kill Bill : Volume 2 Death Proof Inglourious Basterds Django Unchained The Hateful Eight Awards by film Inglourious Basterds Django Unchained The Hateful Eight Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hateful_Eight&oldid=826724688 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s Western ( genre ) films American films American Western ( genre ) films Fictional octets Films set in Wyoming Films shot in Colorado Nonlinear narrative films Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award BAFTA winners ( films ) Screenplays by Quentin Tarantino Films directed by Quentin Tarantino Films scored by Ennio Morricone Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 17 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year is the hateful eight set in | [
"Years after the Civil War, bounty hunter Major Marquis Warren is transporting three dead bounties to the town of Red Rock, Wyoming. He hitches a ride on a stagecoach driven by O.B. Jackson. Aboard is John Ruth, a bounty hunter known for bringing in outlaws alive to see them hang; handcuffed to him is fugitive Daisy Domergue, whom Ruth is escorting to Red Rock. Ruth is suspicious of anyone who might steal his claim to the bounty. Ruth and Warren bond over Warren's personal letter from Abraham Lincoln."
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7724558081337607958 | Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States | Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States - wikipedia Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Consumption of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2007 Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States of America is an umbrella term for alcohol consumption by individuals under the age of 21 in the country . Although the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21 in all states ( see National Minimum Drinking Age Act ) , the legal details vary greatly . While a few states completely ban alcohol usage for people under 21 , the majority have exceptions that permit consumption . Underage drinking has become an activity primarily done behind closed doors . Typically , underage drinkers hide their alcohol consumption by drinking quickly before they go out , which is often referred to as pregaming or pre-partying . Brittany Levine explained in her article `` Pre-Gaming '' in USA Today that `` of all drinking events involving pre-partying , 80 % involved additional drinking afterward . '' Those who oppose a complete ban on underage drinking argue that it is important that minors be introduced to alcohol in a controlled environment , so that supervision and guidance might occur instead of experimentation . Some parents are willing to provide alcohol for their children if they drink it in a controlled environment . Furnishing alcohol to one 's own children is permitted in 31 states , while it 's illegal to do so for other people 's children in all fifty states . Social host ordinances have been enacted in a number of jurisdictions to attempt to limit the parties where adults may permit minors to drink . Social host laws or ordinances have proliferated in the last ten years because it has been too difficult for law enforcement to prove which adults furnished or served alcohol to minors in their own home , so it permits them to cite or arrest the adult who has control of the premises . Contents ( hide ) 1 Controversies 1.1 Drinking age 1.2 Legal controversies 2 Prevention programs 2.1 Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students 2.2 `` Talk . They Hear You '' 3 Motivations 4 Arguments 5 Statistics 5.1 Rates 5.2 Alcohol access 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Controversies ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Drinking age ( edit ) In 2007 , the drinking age debate in the United States was renewed when Choose Responsibility began promoting the lowering of the drinking age coupled with education and rules to persuade people to drink responsibly before they are of legal age . Before one is eligible to buy , possess and consume alcohol , an alcohol education class must be completed in its entirety and each teen must pass a final examination before licensing can occur . If a teen has any alcohol - related law violations before they turn 18 , they will have a minimum of one year per violation before they are eligible to be licensed . In 2008 , McCardell and the presidents of over 100 U.S. colleges and universities launched the Amethyst Initiative , a campaign to debate the effectiveness of present alcohol laws . In 2008 , Gallup reported that 77 % of the population over 21 supported the 21 - year drinking age . As it stands , any state that lowers its alcohol purchase or possession age would lose ten percent of its federal highway funding . This could range from a $6 million -- 150 million loss for any single state . Legal controversies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most states in the U.S. regulate the use of alcohol by those under the age of 21 . Many believe that anyone under the age of twenty - one can not consume alcohol in the United States . However , this is incorrect because underage drinking is allowed in 31 states with parental consent and 17 states with spousal consent , if the consenting spouse is over 21 . Although the state laws pertaining to drinking by minors ( defined as those under the age of 18 ) are presumptively constitutional , as valid exercises of the police power , to protect public health , welfare , and morals , there exists a question of whether laws forbidding the consumption of alcohol by those 18 to 20 years of age are Constitutional , as such individuals are considered legal adults for all intents and purposes other than that of consuming alcohol and running for certain State and Federal offices , such as the Presidency of the United States , which is restricted for those 35 years of age and older . Under the Constitution of the United States , Amendment 14 , Section 1 , `` No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws '' . Many parallel State constitutional provisions similar to those contained in the 14th Amendment exist , and State constitutions often have explicit prohibitions against age discrimination , as well . Since citizens between the ages of 18 to 20 are adults , able to sign legal contracts , vote , be sentenced to death , and serve in the military , questions exist whether criminalizing alcohol consumption for these adults reduce them to a suspect class , thus depriving them of the equal protection of the law promised by the Equal Protection Clause ; effectively deprive them of the privileges and immunities of citizenship protected by the Citizenship Clause ; or infringe on the liberty or privacy interest protected by the concept of substantive due process implicit within the Due Process Clause . These questions were litigated before the Supreme Court of Louisiana , in Manuel v. State , 692 So . 2d 320 , 324 -- 25 ( La . 1995 ) ; the Court originally found such laws criminalizing the possession of alcohol by persons between the ages of 18 and 20 to be repugnant to the Constitution of said State . However , when the Court was threatened by the Legislature therein with the passage of a Constitutional amendment overruling Manuel , they reversed it , finding that laws forbidding 18 - to 20 - year - olds from drinking were constitutional , due to the alleged benefits that these laws had on statistical rates of drunk driving . However , this decision only applies to the State of Louisiana . On July 14 , 2009 , South Carolina Magistrate Judge Mel Maurer for Richland County ruled that Article 17 , Section 14 of the state constitution conditionally gives those 18 and over the `` full legal rights and responsibilities '' of all other adults , with one exception -- the General Assembly can restrict the sale of alcohol , but that section of the constitution does not specifically address consumption or possession . Other challenges to the questions of the constitutionality of underage drinking laws have not been made , either in the Courts of the several other States , or in the Federal courts . The prerogative held by police to enforce underage drinking laws is also debatable under certain circumstances . For example , since no state requires its citizens to carry identification except when they are driving , it is presumed that underage persons are under no obligation to carry identification while drinking , and , if those persons were approached by law enforcement under such circumstances , could presumably simply state they were in fact of the legal drinking age . Since a hunch is not considered probable cause to detain someone in the United States , it is debatable what recourse law enforcement might have to determine if such a person was telling the truth . Prevention programs ( edit ) According to Frances M. Harding of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 's ( SAMHSA ) Center for Substance Abuse Prevention , the SAMHSA 's goal `` is to change social norms '' . Brief alcohol Screening and Intervention for college students ( edit ) The Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students ( BASICS ) program consists of a brief survey given to students to help them assess their alcohol usage against other students . It also consists of one or two counseling sessions granted to the students to provide support and not be confrontational regarding their alcohol use . As of 2002 , a study found that students who completed the BASICS program `` reduced their average number of drinks per week , frequency of heavy drinking by two percent , their peak Blood Alcohol Concentration by thirty - five percent , and their rate of alcohol - related problems by two percent . '' `` Talk . They Hear you '' ( edit ) The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration created the `` Talk . They Hear You '' campaign that involved a mobile app to assist parents with having conversations about alcohol usage to their children . Motivations ( edit ) To summarize the motivations for underage drinking , cultural norms allow underage drinking while social pressures facilitate them . Although the legal drinking age is set at 21 , drinking at age 18 or upon entrance into college is the culturally accepted limit . This cultural permission is the primary reason many college students ignore laws concerning drinking . In addition to cultural motivations , students are socially expected to drink . Often if not always , social gatherings are centered on drinking . Furthermore , besides feeling the need to drink in order to be accepted , alcohol intoxication provides students who may be shy or feel out of their element with enough liquid courage to enjoy themselves . Arguments ( edit ) Those that are for lowering the drinking age generally argue that the moderate consumption of alcohol frequently as a complement to a meal or drink with friends is preferable to and healthier than the binge drinking habits more often associated with dry countries such as the United States . These opinions generally lead to the argument that it is far more effective and beneficial for laws to monitor , limit , and guide healthy drinking habits rather than to outright ban it . Furthermore , it is argued that alcohol abuse occurs -- at least in part -- as a result of the stringent drinking laws . Many of these proponents also argue that instead of there being a strict age limit , laws should be more gradual with suggestions such as having to take a test to get licensed to drink or implementing laws such as those in Europe that limit the type of alcohols or the setting under which they may be consumed . For those who argue for maintaining and even strengthening current drinking laws , however , citing past examples , generally argue that injuries and deaths related to drinking are bad enough presently . They also argue that initiatives to implement gradual drinking laws or educational programs are optimistic and unrealistic . Furthermore , they propose that drinking and driving related problems are rampant enough among those who are not legally of age and that lowering the drinking age would only enable these habits further , causing an even higher volume of alcohol - related problems . Statistics ( edit ) Rates ( edit ) Current Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 12 to 20 in the United States . Source : SAMHSA Although the incidence of underage drinking is still significant , government , university and national statistics have confirmed that alcohol use and binge drinking among high school students has declined steadily over the past three decades , and continues to decline annually . According to a United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration study involving 30,000 youths aged 12 to 20 years old , between 2002 and 2013 the percentage of underage drinkers declined from 28.8 % to 22.7 % . Underage binge drinkers decreased 19.3 % to 14.2 % . A December 2014 study performed by the University of Michigan also found that 75 % of senior high school students disapproved of drinking excessively on the weekends . Alcohol still proved to be the favored substance of abuse among American youths however , with tobacco and illicit drugs following in rank . Alcohol Access ( edit ) A survey of over 6000 teenagers revealed ( 1 ) : Teenagers and young adults typically get their alcohol from persons 21 or older . The second most common source for high school students is someone else under age 21 , and the third most common source for 18 - to 20 - year - old adults is buying it from a store , bar or restaurant ( despite the fact that such sales are against the law ) . In the 12th grade , boys were more likely than girls to buy alcohol from a store , bar or restaurant . The higher a teenager 's weekly income , the more likely he / she will buy alcohol from a store , bar or restaurant . It is easy to get alcohol at a party and from siblings or others 21 or older . How easy is it for youth to buy alcohol ? When young females attempted to buy beer without an ID at liquor , grocery or convenience stores , 47 -- 52 % of the attempts , beer was sold ( 1 , 2 ) and nearly 80 % of all the stores sold beer to the buyers at least once in three attempts ; nearly 25 % sold beer all three times. ( 1 ) When young females attempted to buy beer without an ID at bars or restaurants , 50 % of the attempts resulted in a sale to the buyer. ( 2 ) When young males and females attempted to buy beer without an ID at community festivals , 50 % of the attempts resulted in a sale to the buyer. ( 3 ) See also ( edit ) Alcohol advertising on college campuses California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alcohol Policy Information System ( APIS ) State Profiles of Underage Drinking Laws Jump up ^ ( Levine . https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-12-18-prepartying-study_N.htm ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol Policy Information Service '' . Jump up ^ http://www.socialhost.org/ Jump up ^ `` Underage Drinking & the Law '' . Jump up ^ McCardell . http://www.chooseresponsibility.org/proposal/ Jump up ^ http://www.bu.edu/today/2010/drinking-18-vs-21/ Jump up ^ http://www.gallup.com/poll/28237/Most-Americans-Oppose-Lowering-Legal-Drinking-Age-Nationwide.aspx ) Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( April 1 , 2008 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnhill , John H. , PhD . `` Drinking Age Debate . '' Salem Press Encyclopedia ( 2014 ) : Research Starters . Web . 17 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Paglia , Camille . `` It 's Time To Let Teenagers Drink Again . '' Time 183.19 ( 2014 ) : 22 . Military & Government Collection . Web . 17 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge : State law barring underage drinking is unconstitutional ^ Jump up to : Gebelhoff , Robert ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Alcohol use , binge drinking continues to fall among underage , report finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Campuses with Award - Winning Programs . '' Alcohol and other Drug Prevention Programs on College Campuses. 2003 . U.S. Department of Education . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ What Drives Underage Drinking ? An International Analysis . Rep. International Center for Alcohol Policies , 2004 . Web . 7 Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ Modlin , Gillian . `` Underage College Drinking . '' Telephone interview . 21 Mar. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking and Culture : International Comparisons . '' Choose Responsibility : Balance , Maturity , Common Sense . Choose Responsibility . Web . 07 Mar. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fell , James C. `` WHY 21 ? Addressing Underage Drinking . '' MADD . Mothers Against Drunk Driving . Web . 07 Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health : Summary of National Findings '' ( PDF ) . United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Underage Drinking & the Law - Statistics '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Youth Alcohol Access '' . Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control Shoulder Tap Program Choose Responsibility The Century Council : Learn the Facts MADD Online : Stats & Resources National Youth Rights Association SAMHSA 's `` Talk . They Hear You . '' page `` # 1 Party School '' . This American Life , December 18 , 2009 . This American Life examines the party ( and therefore drinking ) culture at Penn State . ( hide ) Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada China Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States&oldid=817356113 '' Categories : Alcohol in the United States Drinking culture Youth in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 21 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | at what age can you buy alcohol in usa | [
"Although the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21 in all states (see National Minimum Drinking Age Act), the legal details vary greatly. While a few states completely ban alcohol usage for people under 21, the majority have exceptions that permit consumption.[1]"
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-563811499302784688 | Merle Dixon | Merle Dixon - wikipedia Merle Dixon Jump to : navigation , search Merle Dixon The Walking Dead character First appearance `` Guts '' ( 1.02 ) November 7 , 2010 Last appearance `` This Sorrowful Life '' ( 3.15 ) March 24 , 2013 Created by Frank Darabont Portrayed by Michael Rooker Information Occupation Criminal Drug dealer Woodbury enforcer Family Will Dixon ( father ) Daryl Dixon ( brother ) Merle Dixon is a fictional character from the horror drama television series The Walking Dead , which airs on AMC in the United States . He was created by series developer Frank Darabont and portrayed by Michael Rooker . The character was first introduced in the first season as a Southern redneck hunter who has a younger brother , Daryl . He is misogynistic and racist , which causes tensions between him and his group of survivors . Following an encounter with series protagonist Rick Grimes , Merle disappears and joins the community of Woodbury , Georgia , where he becomes the right - hand man of The Governor . He becomes caught in the conflict between the Governor and Rick , especially when nobody in Rick 's group wants him in the group , except for Daryl . The character 's introduction garnered negative reviews from professional critics , but fan response was positive . When the character reappears in the third season , reviewers began to have more favorable views towards him . Merle is an original character in the television series and shares no counterpart in the comic books . He is also a main character in the 2013 video game The Walking Dead : Survival Instinct , which focuses on him and Daryl during the early days of the zombie apocalypse . Rooker made guest appearances as Merle in the series ' first and second seasons , before he was upgraded to a series regular for the third season , where he lost a significant amount of weight in preparation for the role . Rooker was among the cast members who were awarded the Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series 1.1 Fictional character biography 1.1. 1 Season 1 1.1. 2 Season 2 1.1. 3 Season 3 2 Development and reception 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Television series ( edit ) Fictional character biography ( edit ) Merle is the older brother of Daryl Dixon . Having no mother and a neglectful and abusive father , Merle raised Daryl when not incarcerated in juvenile detention . Though the length of time and military occupational specialty are not stated , Merle served in the United States Marine Corps , where at some point he mouthed off to a non-commissioned officer and subsequently punched five of his teeth out . According to Shane and Daryl , Merle was a drug dealer before the outbreak . He is also shown to have been a drug user ( e.g. , in `` Guts '' and `` This Sorrowful Life '' ) . Season 1 ( edit ) Merle first appears in the episode `` Guts '' , along with a group of survivors who had traveled into Atlanta to scavenge for supplies . While atop a department store roof , Merle begins firing a rifle at walkers on the street while the group demands that he stop . Merle insults T - Dog ( IronE Singleton ) , and subsequently beats T - Dog in a brief , intense fight . After momentarily announcing himself leader of the group , Merle is blind - sided by Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , who punches him and handcuffs him to a pipe before Merle can fight back . Merle is put under T - Dog 's watch while the other survivors attempt to find a way out of the city . When the survivors do find a way out , T - Dog attempts to save Merle , but accidentally drops the handcuff keys into a vent ; this forces him to abandon Merle on the roof . Before T - Dog flees , he chains the rooftop door shut to prevent walkers from getting Merle . In the next episode `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , as walkers begin to invade the building and reach the chained rooftop door , Merle struggles until he notices a hacksaw by the spilled toolbox the others had left behind . He uses his belt to reach the hacksaw and ultimately cuts off his own hand to escape , as the hacksaw blade was too dull to cut through the handcuffs . Rick and the group return to the camp and explain to Daryl that they abandoned Merle . Daryl , T - Dog , Rick and Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) decide to return to Atlanta to retrieve him as well as a bag of weapons Rick dropped downtown . Returning to the department store roof , the four see that Merle has severed his own hand with a dull hacksaw . In the next episode `` Vatos '' , the four find evidence that Merle survived the self - mutilation by cauterizing the wound . They follow Merle 's blood - trail through the department store but are unable to find him . Back outside , they discover their truck has been taken . Rick feels that the truck might have been stolen by Merle during his escape . Season 2 ( edit ) Merle appears as a hallucination to Daryl . Merle remains missing throughout the second season . He only appears in the episode `` Chupacabra '' , wherein Merle taunts and mocks Daryl in a hallucination for giving up on searching for him and reminds Daryl that he is in a group that had left Merle for dead on the rooftop . Merle also berates Daryl for a perceived weakness that Merle blames on the time Daryl has spent with the group . Season 3 ( edit ) In the episode `` Walk with Me '' , Merle is found to be living in Woodbury , where he has earned the status of the Governor 's right - hand man . He has fashioned a knife attachment onto the stump where his hand used to be . He has been hoping to find his brother , Daryl , since his own separation from the group . While investigating an incident involving a crashed helicopter , Merle and a group of survivors from Woodbury encounter Michonne and fellow Atlanta survivor Andrea , and bring them back to Woodbury , along with the sole survivor of the helicopter crash . In the episode `` Killer Within '' , Andrea gives Merle directions to the last location where she had seen Daryl . Merle is noticeably kept in line by the Governor , a sharp contrast to his nature in the Atlanta group . In the episode `` Hounded '' , Merle allows Michonne to leave Woodbury at the Governor 's orders , but in the next episode , `` Say the Word '' , the Governor sends Merle to lead a posse to hunt down Michonne . He wounds her and she kills members of the posse , but when Michonne escapes into the red zone , Merle calls off the hunt , reporting to the Governor that he killed her . Later on , Merle runs into Glenn and Maggie from the Atlanta group . He asks them to take him to Daryl . They refuse , so he holds Maggie hostage and demands Glenn drive them to Woodbury . In the episode `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' , Merle unsuccessfully tortures Glenn to obtain the location of the group , including beating Glenn and leaving him locked in a room with a walker and tied to a chair . In the episode `` Made to Suffer '' , Rick 's group infiltrates Woodbury and rescues Glenn and Maggie , Michonne attacks the Governor ; furious at losing an eye and his reanimated daughter to a woman Merle reported as dead , he publicly accuses Merle of treason and reveals that he has captured Daryl . In the episode `` The Suicide King '' , the Governor orders Merle and Daryl to fight to the death , but they are saved by Rick and Maggie , who attack Woodbury . When Merle begins to insult the group , Rick knocks him out . Rick 's group decides not to include Merle because of his attitude and his transgressions against Maggie and Glenn , but Daryl opts to leave the group to join Merle , refusing to leave his brother behind again . Merle and Daryl spend time fending for themselves in the woods . In the episode `` Home '' , they come across a family being attacked by walkers and Merle half - heartedly assists in Daryl 's efforts to rescue them . Merle then attempts to rob them , but Daryl points his crossbow at him and lets the family drive off before walking off on his own . Merle follows and they get into a physical confrontation , where the depth of their father 's abuse is shown when Merle inadvertently exposes scars on Daryl 's back . Merle realizes that his leaving home resulted in Daryl becoming the target of their father 's abuse . It is also revealed that the brothers had originally planned to rob the Atlanta group . Daryl then leaves to go back to the prison , despite Merle 's claims that the group will never accept him . The brothers arrive at the prison at the tail - end of an assault by the Governor and his men , who have crashed a truck through the prison gate and unleashed a horde of walkers onto the prison grounds . Merle and Daryl save Rick from attacking walkers . In the episode `` I Ai n't a Judas '' , Merle is promptly locked inside a prison cell , where he shares what he knows about Woodbury and the Governor with the group . He bonds with Hershel and apologizes to Michonne , claiming his attack on her was simply following the Governor 's orders . Later , Merle , hearing Beth 's singing , walks into the cell block where he and Rick share an antagonizing look from across the room . In the episode `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' , Merle unsuccessfully tries to get the prison group to attack the Governor after fighting Glenn . He later tries to get Michonne to join him with his mission . In the penultimate season three episode `` This Sorrowful Life '' , Rick confides in Merle , Daryl , and Hershel that the Governor promises to leave the prison alone if they hand over Michonne . Rick plans to do as the Governor requests and asks Merle to help deliver Michonne to the meeting place at noon . Merle , knowing that Rick will not go through with it , traps and ties up Michonne . However , after he and Michonne talk about personal matters , he lets her go and returns her katana , telling her he has something to do alone . He starts drinking whiskey before using loud music to lure a group of walkers to the exchange site where the Governor is waiting to ambush whoever will show up . The music also distracts the Governor 's henchmen while Merle secretly takes cover , intent on killing the Governor both for revenge and to prevent him from killing anyone else at the prison , mainly Daryl . After shooting several of the henchmen , Merle is caught and beaten by Martinez and two other men and then , injured and winded , fights one - on - one with the Governor . The Governor gets the upper hand and bites off two of Merle 's fingers . A wounded Merle then yells that he will not beg for mercy before the Governor shoots him in the chest with a pistol . Later on , Daryl , who left the prison to track down Merle and Michonne after Rick noticed them missing , finds Michonne unhurt and continues on to the exchange site , where he sees a reanimated Merle eating Ben 's corpse . Daryl breaks down in tears and pushes his reanimated brother away more than once before stabbing him repeatedly in the head , killing him for good . Development and reception ( edit ) Actor Michael Rooker described his thoughts on the role : `` Merle is a survivor of the Zombie Apocalypse . And you can tell when you first meet him that even before all the shit went down he was kind of an asshole . We do n't play a lot of it up in our portrayal but he 's the kind of person where you 're not really sure if he should be in charge ... if he would be a good leader or not , though he certainly thinks he is . '' Merle was one of a number of characters introduced in the second episode of the series , `` Guts '' . Kirkman was pleased with Rooker 's performance , retorting that it was `` ' The Michael Rooker Show ' for one solid episode . '' I actually got a chance to hang out with him and he 's a totally awesome guy . He always plays bad guys and psychos and it 's weird , because he 's this really boisterous , friendly guy . But yeah , his character is very important to the life of the show . He 's a completely original character that was never in the comic . He 's kind of the first human that they come across where it 's like , ' Hey , this guy 's really dangerous . ' Also Michael Rooker likes to ad - lib . He got us over our cursing limit a couple of times . I think it was a bit of a pain in the a -- for the post production people . Eric Goldman of IGN disliked the introduction of Merle , calling him `` ridiculous '' . Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club commented that `` Merle is a huge sore thumb in the middle of the episode : behaving like no one in his situation ever would , his character seems to exist for no other reason than to cause dramatically convenient trouble . '' In his review of the next episode , `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , Pierce notes that even though `` Merle is a racist asshole who might have gotten everyone killed , in a world where the only real distinction is between the living and the dead , leaving him to be torn apart leaves a bit of a bad taste in everyone 's mouth . '' Rooker confirmed his appearance in the second - season episode `` Chupacabra '' at the 2011 Aliens to Zombies Convention at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood , California . `` Nobody expected this level of Merle worship , '' he articulated . `` He 's such an out - there , crazy , anything goes kind of guy . There 's an uncertainty about Merle -- like he 'll come back when you least expect it . He 's the boogeyman , and viewers love that suspense . The number one question I 'm asked is , ' When is your character coming back ? ' I ca n't say when , but I promise it 'll be a wild ride . '' Writer Robert Kirkman insisted that Rooker was a delight during production , and hoped that he would regularly appear on The Walking Dead . Rooker initially estimated that he lost 20 pounds preparing for his return in the third season , and later tallied he had lost 28 pounds . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , commented that `` Merle was a terrible character , all dumb hick stereotypes and bluster '' but that in his return in the season 's third episode `` Walk with Me '' , `` while still unquestionably a son of a bitch , is easier to take , less overtly awful , and more imposing '' . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall commented that the Woodbury scenes in the next episode `` Killer Within '' `` continue to demonstrate the pull a man like the Governor would have over Merle '' , but Zack Handlen 's review of the episode for The A.V. Club noted that Merle 's interactions with the Governor introduce some tension between them . In his review of the episode `` Hounded '' , Handlen notes that Merle 's motivations `` seem to shift a bit to justify whatever the story needs him to do . But that 's probably intentional ; for all the Governor 's calm planning , Merle is a hothead , an asshole who thinks he 's a leader , and so he 's going to keep making impulse decisions until one of those decisions gets him killed . '' Erik Kain , for Forbes magazine , described the Governor 's betrayal of Merle in the mid-season finale `` Made to Suffer '' as a surprise he did n't see coming , while Zack Handlen 's review of the episode called the betrayal `` almost too perfectly designed ( ... ) It 's not completely unbelievable ; it 's just not as believable , or intense , as it should have been . '' In his review of the third season 's mid-season premiere episode `` The Suicide King '' , Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` I think The Walking Dead has sort of bungled the reintroduction of Merle Dixon . It was always a stretch that Merle would just happen to find the Grimes Gang again , considering the sheer lonely expanse in the new zombie - infested world . '' Zack Handlen called the episode 's opening `` a decent sequence '' which put the cliffhanger 's high stakes aside , partly because Merle and Daryl made it out alive . Eric Goldman at IGN specifically praised the performance of Michael Rooker in `` This Sorrowful Life '' , the final appearance of Merle . Zack Handlen called the episode 's last scene `` a good one , and it leads to the terrific final confrontation between Daryl and zombie Merle that makes up for a lot '' . Handlen commented : `` I 'm not sure I buy or even understand Merle 's change of heart , given how inconsistent the character has been . In his conversations with Michonne , we 're being sold the idea that he 's deeply conflicted about all the murdering he 's done , and that he 's had something like a change of heart since joining the prison group . Which does n't really fit into anything , although at least now Merle 's gradual integration with the main ensemble makes a little more sense ; he was n't supposed to be a monster , just a messed up asshole who eventually had enough regrets to try and do the right thing . There 's no background for this , and no real depth to Merle apart from Michael Rooker 's performance ( and Rooker is almost single - handedly responsible for any consistency the character ever had ) . '' He also felt that with Merle letting Michonne go , `` it 's nice to have a character actually behave better than you were expecting them to for once . And everything else with Merle from then on is great , from the scene with him drinking whiskey and using rock music to attract a herd of walkers , to his ambush of the Woodbury group that was waiting to ambush Rick , to the fight with the Governor . And , of course , the last bit , with Daryl finally finding his brother after it 's too late to save him . While the show so often struggles with finding emotion or resonance in its conversations ( ... ) there are still wordless exchanges like this , with Daryl sobbing as he stabs Merle again and again and again . There 's no real complexity to what 's happening , and no mystery , but it 's powerful regardless , inspiring fear and pity for both characters , and ending the hour on a high note . '' See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Horror fiction portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirk 2013 . Jump up ^ Keetley 2014 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Haworth , Drew . `` Terminal Reality 's The Walking Dead : Norman Reedus is Daryl Dixon '' . Playstation. Blog . SCEA , LLC . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Luke . `` Norman Reedus and Michael Rooker Voicing Activision 's New Walking Dead Game '' . GameNGuide . G&G . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Belluomini , Lance . `` Left Behind : Is It Morally Acceptable To Abandon Merle Dixon '' . In Robichaud , Christopher . The Walking Dead and Philosophy : Shotgun . Machete . Reason . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34668 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker interview ( Merle Dixon on `` The Walking Dead '' ) `` . The Desk of Brian . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Comic book series creator Robert Kirkman talks about last night 's ' Guts ' - y episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` Guts '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Guts '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( November 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tell It To The Frogs '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Karlin , Susan ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' : Michael Rooker on the return of Merle Dixon '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Writer Robert Kirkman talks about tonight 's episode , ' Chupacabra ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 3 : Michael Rooker Confirms His Return as Merle '' . Daily Dead . March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( CONTAINS SPOILERS ) The Making of Episode 303 , Walk With Me : Inside The Walking Dead The Walking Dead ( October 28 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Walk with Me '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' The Walking Dead ' - ' Killer Within ' : Hard labor '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Killer Within '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hounded ' '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Midseason Finale Review : Made To Suffer '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Made to Suffer ' '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : No Bullets in Me '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Suicide King '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` This Sorrowful Life '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Handlen , Zack ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` This Sorrowful Life '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Keetley , Dawn ( 2014 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Keetley , Dawn . `` We 're All Infected '' : Essays on AMC 's The Walking Dead and the Fate of the Human . McFarland . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0786476282 . Kirk , Chris ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead , Season 3 '' . Slate . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Merle Dixon on IMDb ( hide ) The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merle_Dixon&oldid=825845860 '' Categories : Fictional amputees Fictional bikers Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional drug dealers Fictional mercenaries Fictional methamphetamine users Fictional murderers Fictional torturers Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Fictional zombies and revenants The Walking Dead characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays daryl's brother on the walking dead | [
"Merle Dixon is a fictional character from the horror drama television series The Walking Dead, which airs on AMC in the United States. He was created by series developer Frank Darabont and portrayed by Michael Rooker. The character was first introduced in the first season as a Southern redneck hunter who has a younger brother, Daryl. He is misogynistic and racist,[1][2] which causes tensions between him and his group of survivors. Following an encounter with series protagonist Rick Grimes, Merle disappears and joins the community of Woodbury, Georgia, where he becomes the right-hand man of The Governor. He becomes caught in the conflict between the Governor and Rick, especially when nobody in Rick's group wants him in the group, except for Daryl."
] | [
"Michael Rooker"
] |
-7618227137578378410 | Ozone depletion | Ozone depletion - Wikipedia Ozone depletion This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Image of the largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded over the South Pole in September 2006 . Layers of the atmosphere ( not to scale ) . The Earth 's ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere from approximately 20 to 30 km ( 12 to 19 mi ) . Ozone depletion describes two related events observed since the late 1970s : a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth 's atmosphere ( the ozone layer ) , and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth 's polar regions . The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole . There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events . The main cause of ozone depletion and the ozone hole is manufactured chemicals , especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants , solvents , propellants , and foam - blowing agents ( chlorofluorocarbon ( CFCs ) , HCFCs , halons ) , referred to as ozone - depleting substances ( ODS ) . These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by the winds after being emitted at the surface . Once in the stratosphere , they release halogen atoms through photodissociation , which catalyze the breakdown of ozone ( O ) into oxygen ( O ) . Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased . Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks and other negative effects . The ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths of ultraviolet light ( UV light ) from passing through the Earth 's atmosphere . These wavelengths cause skin cancer , sunburn , and cataracts , which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of thinning ozone , as well as harming plants and animals . These concerns led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 , which bans the production of CFCs , halons , and other ozone - depleting chemicals . The ban came into effect in 1989 . Ozone levels stabilized by the mid-1990s and began to recover in the 2000s . Recovery is projected to continue over the next century , and the ozone hole is expected to reach pre-1980 levels by around 2075 . The Montreal Protocol is considered the most successful international environmental agreement to date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ozone cycle overview 2 Observations on ozone layer depletion 2.1 Chemicals in the atmosphere 2.1. 1 CFCs and related compounds in the atmosphere 2.2 Computer modeling 3 Ozone hole and its causes 3.1 Interest in ozone layer depletion 4 Consequences of ozone layer depletion 4.1 Increased UV 4.2 Biological effects 4.2. 1 Basal and squamous cell carcinomas 4.2. 2 Malignant melanoma 4.2. 3 Cortical cataracts 4.2. 4 Increased tropospheric ozone 4.2. 5 Increased production of vitamin D 4.2. 6 Effects on non-human animals 4.2. 7 Effects on crops 5 Public policy 5.1 ODS requirements in the marine industry 6 Prospects of ozone depletion 7 Research history 7.1 Rowland -- Molina hypothesis 7.2 Antarctic ozone hole 7.3 Arctic ozone hole 7.4 Tibet ozone hole 7.5 Potential depletion by storm clouds 8 Ozone depletion and global warming 9 Misconceptions 9.1 CFC weight 9.2 Percentage of man - made chlorine 9.3 First observation 9.4 Location of hole 10 World Ozone Day 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Ozone cycle overview ( edit ) Three forms ( or allotropes ) of oxygen are involved in the ozone - oxygen cycle : oxygen atoms ( O or atomic oxygen ) , oxygen gas ( O or diatomic oxygen ) , and ozone gas ( O or triatomic oxygen ) . Ozone is formed in the stratosphere when oxygen molecules photodissociate after intaking ultraviolet photons . This converts a single O into two atomic oxygen radicals . The atomic oxygen radicals then combine with separate O molecules to create two O molecules . These ozone molecules absorb ultraviolet ( UV ) light , following which ozone splits into a molecule of O and an oxygen atom . The oxygen atom then joins up with an oxygen molecule to regenerate ozone . This is a continuing process that terminates when an oxygen atom recombines with an ozone molecule to make two O molecules . O + O → 2 O The total amount of ozone in the stratosphere is determined by a balance between photochemical production and recombination . Ozone can be destroyed by a number of free radical catalysts ; the most important are the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) , nitric oxide radical ( NO ) , chlorine radical ( Cl ) and bromine radical ( Br ) . The dot is a notation to indicate that each species has an unpaired electron and is thus extremely reactive . All of these have both natural and man - made sources ; at the present time , most of the OH and NO in the stratosphere is naturally occurring , but human activity has drastically increased the levels of chlorine and bromine . These elements are found in stable organic compounds , especially chlorofluorocarbons , which can travel to the stratosphere without being destroyed in the troposphere due to their low reactivity . Once in the stratosphere , the Cl and Br atoms are released from the parent compounds by the action of ultraviolet light , e.g. CFCl + electromagnetic radiation → Cl + CFCl Ozone is a highly reactive molecule that easily reduces to the more stable oxygen form with the assistance of a catalyst . Cl and Br atoms destroy ozone molecules through a variety of catalytic cycles . In the simplest example of such a cycle , a chlorine atom reacts with an ozone molecule ( O ) , taking an oxygen atom to form chlorine monoxide ( ClO ) and leaving an oxygen molecule ( O ) . The ClO can react with a second molecule of ozone , releasing the chlorine atom and yielding two molecules of oxygen . The chemical shorthand for these gas - phase reactions is : Cl + O → ClO + O A chlorine atom removes an oxygen atom from an ozone molecule to make a ClO molecule ClO + O → Cl + 2 O This ClO can also remove an oxygen atom from another ozone molecule ; the chlorine is free to repeat this two - step cycle The overall effect is a decrease in the amount of ozone , though the rate of these processes can be decreased by the effects of null cycles . More complicated mechanisms have also been discovered that lead to ozone destruction in the lower stratosphere . The ozone cycle Global monthly average total ozone amount Lowest value of ozone measured by TOMS each year in the ozone hole A single chlorine atom would continuously destroy ozone ( thus a catalyst ) for up to two years ( the time scale for transport back down to the troposphere ) were it not for reactions that remove them from this cycle by forming reservoir species such as hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) and chlorine nitrate ( ClONO ) . Bromine is even more efficient than chlorine at destroying ozone on a per atom basis , but there is much less bromine in the atmosphere at present . Both chlorine and bromine contribute significantly to overall ozone depletion . Laboratory studies have also shown that fluorine and iodine atoms participate in analogous catalytic cycles . However , fluorine atoms react rapidly with water and methane to form strongly bound HF in the Earth 's stratosphere , while organic molecules containing iodine react so rapidly in the lower atmosphere that they do not reach the stratosphere in significant quantities . A single chlorine atom is able to react with an average of 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the catalytic cycle . This fact plus the amount of chlorine released into the atmosphere yearly by chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) demonstrates the danger of CFCs and HCFCs to the environment . Observations on ozone layer depletion ( edit ) The ozone hole is usually measured by reduction in the total column ozone above a point on the Earth 's surface . This is normally expressed in Dobson units ; abbreviated as `` DU '' . The most prominent decrease in ozone has been in the lower stratosphere . Marked decreases in column ozone in the Antarctic spring and early summer compared to the early 1970s and before have been observed using instruments such as the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS ) . Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral ( southern hemispheric ) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 ( Farman et al . ) are continuing . Antarctic total column ozone in September and October have continued to be 40 -- 50 percent lower than pre-ozone - hole values since the 1990s . A gradual trend toward `` healing '' was reported in 2016 . In 2017 , NASA announced that the ozone hole was the weakest since 1988 because of warm stratospheric conditions . It is expected to recover around 2070 . The amount lost is more variable year - to - year in the Arctic than in the Antarctic . The greatest Arctic declines are in the winter and spring , reaching up to 30 percent when the stratosphere is coldest . Reactions that take place on polar stratospheric clouds ( PSCs ) play an important role in enhancing ozone depletion . PSCs form more readily in the extreme cold of the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere . This is why ozone holes first formed , and are deeper , over Antarctica . Early models failed to take PSCs into account and predicted a gradual global depletion , which is why the sudden Antarctic ozone hole was such a surprise to many scientists . It is more accurate to speak of ozone depletion in middle latitudes rather than holes . Total column ozone declined below pre-1980 values between 1980 and 1996 for mid-latitudes . In the northern mid-latitudes , it then increased from the minimum value by about two percent from 1996 to 2009 as regulations took effect and the amount of chlorine in the stratosphere decreased . In the Southern Hemisphere 's mid-latitudes , total ozone remained constant over that time period . There are no significant trends in the tropics , largely because halogen - containing compounds have not had time to break down and release chlorine and bromine atoms at tropical latitudes . Large volcanic eruptions have been shown to have substantial albeit uneven ozone - depleting effects , as observed with the 1991 eruption of Mt . Pinotubo in the Philippines . Ozone depletion also explains much of the observed reduction in stratospheric and upper tropospheric temperatures . The source of the warmth of the stratosphere is the absorption of UV radiation by ozone , hence reduced ozone leads to cooling . Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO and CFCs themselves ; however , the ozone - induced cooling appears to be dominant . Predictions of ozone levels remain difficult , but the precision of models ' predictions of observed values and the agreement among different modeling techniques have increased steadily . The World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project -- Report No. 44 comes out strongly in favor of the Montreal Protocol , but notes that a UNEP 1994 Assessment overestimated ozone loss for the 1994 -- 1997 period . Chemicals in the atmosphere ( edit ) CFCs and related compounds in the atmosphere ( edit ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and other halogenated ozone depleting substances ( ODS ) are mainly responsible for man - made chemical ozone depletion . The total amount of effective halogens ( chlorine and bromine ) in the stratosphere can be calculated and are known as the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine ( EESC ) . CFCs were invented by Thomas Midgley , Jr. in the 1930s . They were used in air conditioning and cooling units , as aerosol spray propellants prior to the 1970s , and in the cleaning processes of delicate electronic equipment . They also occur as by - products of some chemical processes . No significant natural sources have ever been identified for these compounds -- their presence in the atmosphere is due almost entirely to human manufacture . As mentioned above , when such ozone - depleting chemicals reach the stratosphere , they are dissociated by ultraviolet light to release chlorine atoms . The chlorine atoms act as a catalyst , and each can break down tens of thousands of ozone molecules before being removed from the stratosphere . Given the longevity of CFC molecules , recovery times are measured in decades . It is calculated that a CFC molecule takes an average of about five to seven years to go from the ground level up to the upper atmosphere , and it can stay there for about a century , destroying up to one hundred thousand ozone molecules during that time . 1 , 1 , 1 - Trichloro - 2 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethane , also known as CFC - 113a , is one of four man - made chemicals newly discovered in the atmosphere by a team at the University of East Anglia . CFC - 113a is the only known CFC whose abundance in the atmosphere is still growing . Its source remains a mystery , but illegal manufacturing is suspected by some . CFC - 113a seems to have been accumulating unabated since 1960 . Between 2010 and 2012 , emissions of the gas jumped by 45 percent . Computer modeling ( edit ) Scientists have attributed ozone depletion to the increase of man - made ( anthropogenic ) halogen compounds from CFCs by combining observational data with computer models . These complex chemistry transport models ( e.g. SLIMCAT , CLaMS -- Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere ) work by combining measurements of chemicals and meteorological fields with chemical reaction rate constants . They identify key chemical reactions and transport processes that bring CFC photolysis products into contact with ozone . Ozone hole and its causes ( edit ) Ozone hole in North America during 1984 ( abnormally warm reducing ozone depletion ) and 1997 ( abnormally cold resulting in increased seasonal depletion ) . Source : NASA The Antarctic ozone hole is an area of the Antarctic stratosphere in which the recent ozone levels have dropped to as low as 33 percent of their pre-1975 values . The ozone hole occurs during the Antarctic spring , from September to early December , as strong westerly winds start to circulate around the continent and create an atmospheric container . Within this polar vortex , over 50 percent of the lower stratospheric ozone is destroyed during the Antarctic spring . As explained above , the primary cause of ozone depletion is the presence of chlorine - containing source gases ( primarily CFCs and related halocarbons ) . In the presence of UV light , these gases dissociate , releasing chlorine atoms , which then go on to catalyze ozone destruction . The Cl - catalyzed ozone depletion can take place in the gas phase , but it is dramatically enhanced in the presence of polar stratospheric clouds ( PSCs ) . These polar stratospheric clouds ( PSC ) form during winter , in the extreme cold . Polar winters are dark , consisting of 3 months without solar radiation ( sunlight ) . The lack of sunlight contributes to a decrease in temperature and the polar vortex traps and chills air . Temperatures hover around or below − 80 ° C. These low temperatures form cloud particles . There are three types of PSC clouds -- nitric acid trihydrate clouds , slowly cooling water - ice clouds , and rapid cooling water - ice ( nacerous ) clouds -- provide surfaces for chemical reactions whose products will , in the spring lead to ozone destruction . The photochemical processes involved are complex but well understood . The key observation is that , ordinarily , most of the chlorine in the stratosphere resides in `` reservoir '' compounds , primarily chlorine nitrate ( ClONO ) as well as stable end products such as HCl . The formation of end products essentially remove Cl from the ozone depletion process . The former sequester Cl , which can be later made available via absorption of light at shorter wavelengths than 400 nm . During the Antarctic winter and spring , however , reactions on the surface of the polar stratospheric cloud particles convert these `` reservoir '' compounds into reactive free radicals ( Cl and ClO ) . The process by which the clouds remove NO from the stratosphere by converting it to nitric acid in the PSC particles , which then are lost by sedimentation is called denitrification . This prevents newly formed ClO from being converted back into ClONO . The role of sunlight in ozone depletion is the reason why the Antarctic ozone depletion is greatest during spring . During winter , even though PSCs are at their most abundant , there is no light over the pole to drive chemical reactions . During the spring , however , the sun comes out , providing energy to drive photochemical reactions and melt the polar stratospheric clouds , releasing considerable ClO , which drives the hole mechanism . Further warming temperatures near the end of spring break up the vortex around mid-December . As warm , ozone and NO - rich air flows in from lower latitudes , the PSCs are destroyed , the enhanced ozone depletion process shuts down , and the ozone hole closes . Most of the ozone that is destroyed is in the lower stratosphere , in contrast to the much smaller ozone depletion through homogeneous gas phase reactions , which occurs primarily in the upper stratosphere . Interest in ozone layer depletion ( edit ) Public misconceptions and misunderstandings of complex issues like the ozone depletion are common . The limited scientific knowledge of the public led to a confusion with global warming or the perception of global warming as a subset of the `` ozone hole '' . In the beginning , classical green NGOs refrained from using CFC depletion for campaigning , as they assumed the topic was too complicated . They became active much later , e.g. in Greenpeace 's support for a CFC - free fridge produced by the former East German company VEB dkk Scharfenstein . The metaphors used in the CFC discussion ( ozone shield , ozone hole ) are not `` exact '' in the scientific sense . The `` ozone hole '' is more of a depression , less `` a hole in the windshield '' . The ozone does not disappear through the layer , nor is there a uniform `` thinning '' of the ozone layer . However they resonated better with non-scientists and their concerns . The ozone hole was seen as a `` hot issue '' and imminent risk as lay people feared severe personal consequences such as skin cancer , cataracts , damage to plants , and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean 's photic zone . Not only on the policy level , ozone regulation compared to climate change fared much better in public opinion . Americans voluntarily switched away from aerosol sprays before legislation was enforced , while climate change failed to achieve comparable concern and public action . The sudden recognition in 1985 that there was a substantial `` hole '' was widely reported in the press . The especially rapid ozone depletion in Antarctica had previously been dismissed as a measurement error . Scientific consensus was established after regulation . While the Antarctic ozone hole has a relatively small effect on global ozone , the hole has generated a great deal of public interest because : Many have worried that ozone holes might start appearing over other areas of the globe , though to date the only other large - scale depletion is a smaller ozone `` dimple '' observed during the Arctic spring around the North Pole . Ozone at middle latitudes has declined , but by a much smaller extent ( about 4 -- 5 percent decrease ) . If stratospheric conditions become more severe ( cooler temperatures , more clouds , more active chlorine ) , global ozone may decrease at a greater pace . Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool . When the Antarctic ozone hole breaks up each year , the ozone - depleted air drifts out into nearby regions . Decreases in the ozone level of up to 10 percent have been reported in New Zealand in the month following the breakup of the Antarctic ozone hole , with ultraviolet - B radiation intensities increasing by more than 15 percent since the 1970s . Consequences of ozone layer depletion ( edit ) Since the ozone layer absorbs UVB ultraviolet light from the sun , ozone layer depletion increases surface UVB levels ( all else equal ) , which could lead to damage , including increase in skin cancer . This was the reason for the Montreal Protocol . Although decreases in stratospheric ozone are well - tied to CFCs and to increases in surface UVB , there is no direct observational evidence linking ozone depletion to higher incidence of skin cancer and eye damage in human beings . This is partly because UVA , which has also been implicated in some forms of skin cancer , is not absorbed by ozone , and because it is nearly impossible to control statistics for lifestyle changes over time . Increased UV ( edit ) Ozone , while a minority constituent in Earth 's atmosphere , is responsible for most of the absorption of UVB radiation . The amount of UVB radiation that penetrates through the ozone layer decreases exponentially with the slant - path thickness and density of the layer . When stratospheric ozone levels decrease , higher levels of UVB reach the Earth 's surface . UV - driven phenolic formation in tree rings has dated the start of ozone depletion in northern latitudes to the late 1700s . In October 2008 , the Ecuadorian Space Agency published a report called HIPERION . The study used ground instruments in Ecuador and the last 28 years ' data from 12 satellites of several countries , and found that the UV radiation reaching equatorial latitudes was far greater than expected , with the UV Index climbing as high as 24 in Quito ; the WHO considers 11 as an extreme index and a great risk to health . The report concluded that depleted ozone levels around the mid-latitudes of the planet are already endangering large populations in these areas . Later , the CONIDA , the Peruvian Space Agency , published its own study , which yielded almost the same findings as the Ecuadorian study . Biological effects ( edit ) The main public concern regarding the ozone hole has been the effects of increased surface UV radiation on human health . So far , ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and , as noted above , no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes . If the high levels of depletion seen in the ozone hole were to be common across the globe , the effects could be substantially more dramatic . As the ozone hole over Antarctica has in some instances grown so large as to affect parts of Australia , New Zealand , Chile , Argentina , and South Africa , environmentalists have been concerned that the increase in surface UV could be significant . Ozone depletion would magnify all of the effects of UV on human health , both positive ( including production of Vitamin D ) and negative ( including sunburn , skin cancer , and cataracts ) . In addition , increased surface UV leads to increased tropospheric ozone , which is a health risk to humans . Basal and squamous cell carcinomas ( edit ) The most common forms of skin cancer in humans , basal and squamous cell carcinomas , have been strongly linked to UVB exposure . The mechanism by which UVB induces these cancers is well understood -- absorption of UVB radiation causes the pyrimidine bases in the DNA molecule to form dimers , resulting in transcription errors when the DNA replicates . These cancers are relatively mild and rarely fatal , although the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma sometimes requires extensive reconstructive surgery . By combining epidemiological data with results of animal studies , scientists have estimated that every one percent decrease in long - term stratospheric ozone would increase the incidence of these cancers by two percent . Malignant melanoma ( edit ) Another form of skin cancer , malignant melanoma , is much less common but far more dangerous , being lethal in about 15 -- 20 percent of the cases diagnosed . The relationship between malignant melanoma and ultraviolet exposure is not yet fully understood , but it appears that both UVB and UVA are involved . Because of this uncertainty , it is difficult to estimate the effect of ozone depletion on melanoma incidence . One study showed that a 10 percent increase in UVB radiation was associated with a 19 percent increase in melanomas for men and 16 percent for women . A study of people in Punta Arenas , at the southern tip of Chile , showed a 56 percent increase in melanoma and a 46 percent increase in nonmelanoma skin cancer over a period of seven years , along with decreased ozone and increased UVB levels . Cortical cataracts ( edit ) Epidemiological studies suggest an association between ocular cortical cataracts and UVB exposure , using crude approximations of exposure and various cataract assessment techniques . A detailed assessment of ocular exposure to UVB was carried out in a study on Chesapeake Bay Watermen , where increases in average annual ocular exposure were associated with increasing risk of cortical opacity . In this highly exposed group of predominantly white males , the evidence linking cortical opacities to sunlight exposure was the strongest to date . Based on these results , ozone depletion is predicted to cause hundreds of thousands of additional cataracts by 2050 . Increased tropospheric ozone ( edit ) Increased surface UV leads to increased tropospheric ozone . Ground - level ozone is generally recognized to be a health risk , as ozone is toxic due to its strong oxidant properties . The risks are particularly high for young children , the elderly , and those with asthma or other respiratory difficulties . At this time , ozone at ground level is produced mainly by the action of UV radiation on combustion gases from vehicle exhausts . Increased production of Vitamin D ( edit ) Vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet light . Thus , higher UVB exposure raises human vitamin D in those deficient in it . Recent research ( primarily since the Montreal Protocol ) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels . In particular , in the U.S. population , the lowest quarter of vitamin D ( < 17.8 ng / ml ) were found using information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to be associated with an increase in all - cause mortality in the general population . While blood level of Vitamin D in excess of 100 ng / ml appear to raise blood calcium excessively and to be associated with higher mortality , the body has mechanisms that prevent sunlight from producing Vitamin D in excess of the body 's requirements . Effects on non-human animals ( edit ) A November 2010 report by scientists at the Institute of Zoology in London found that whales off the coast of California have shown a sharp rise in sun damage , and these scientists `` fear that the thinning ozone layer is to blame '' . The study photographed and took skin biopsies from over 150 whales in the Gulf of California and found `` widespread evidence of epidermal damage commonly associated with acute and severe sunburn '' , having cells that form when the DNA is damaged by UV radiation . The findings suggest `` rising UV levels as a result of ozone depletion are to blame for the observed skin damage , in the same way that human skin cancer rates have been on the increase in recent decades . '' Effects on crops ( edit ) An increase of UV radiation would be expected to affect crops . A number of economically important species of plants , such as rice , depend on cyanobacteria residing on their roots for the retention of nitrogen . Cyanobacteria are sensitive to UV radiation and would be affected by its increase . `` Despite mechanisms to reduce or repair the effects of increased ultraviolet radiation , plants have a limited ability to adapt to increased levels of UVB , therefore plant growth can be directly affected by UVB radiation . '' Public Policy ( edit ) NASA projections of stratospheric ozone concentrations if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned The full extent of the damage that CFCs have caused to the ozone layer is not known and will not be known for decades ; however , marked decreases in column ozone have already been observed . The Montreal and Vienna conventions were installed long before a scientific consensus was established or important uncertainties in the science field were being resolved . The ozone case was understood comparably well by lay persons as e.g. Ozone shield or ozone hole were useful `` easy - to - understand bridging metaphors '' . Americans voluntarily switched away from aerosol sprays , resulting in a 50 percent sales loss even before legislation was enforced . After a 1976 report by the United States National Academy of Sciences concluded that credible scientific evidence supported the ozone depletion hypothesis a few countries , including the United States , Canada , Sweden , Denmark , and Norway , moved to eliminate the use of CFCs in aerosol spray cans . At the time this was widely regarded as a first step towards a more comprehensive regulation policy , but progress in this direction slowed in subsequent years , due to a combination of political factors ( continued resistance from the halocarbon industry and a general change in attitude towards environmental regulation during the first two years of the Reagan administration ) and scientific developments ( subsequent National Academy assessments that indicated that the first estimates of the magnitude of ozone depletion had been overly large ) . A critical DuPont manufacturing patent for Freon was set to expire in 1979 . The United States banned the use of CFCs in aerosol cans in 1978 . The European Community rejected proposals to ban CFCs in aerosol sprays , and in the U.S. , CFCs continued to be used as refrigerants and for cleaning circuit boards . Worldwide CFC production fell sharply after the U.S. aerosol ban , but by 1986 had returned nearly to its 1976 level . In 1993 , DuPont Canada closed its CFC facility . The U.S. Government 's attitude began to change again in 1983 , when William Ruckelshaus replaced Anne M. Burford as Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency . Under Ruckelshaus and his successor , Lee Thomas , the EPA pushed for an international approach to halocarbon regulations . In 1985 20 nations , including most of the major CFC producers , signed the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer , which established a framework for negotiating international regulations on ozone - depleting substances . That same year , the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole was announced , causing a revival in public attention to the issue . In 1987 , representatives from 43 nations signed the Montreal Protocol . Meanwhile , the halocarbon industry shifted its position and started supporting a protocol to limit CFC production . However , this shift was uneven with DuPont acting more quickly than their European counterparts . DuPont may have feared court action related to increased skin cancer especially as the EPA had published a study in 1986 claiming that an additional 40 million cases and 800,000 cancer deaths were to be expected in the U.S. in the next 88 years . The EU shifted its position as well after Germany gave up its defence of the CFC industry and started supporting moves towards regulation . Government and industry in France and the UK tried to defend their CFC producing industries even after the Montreal Protocol had been signed . At Montreal , the participants agreed to freeze production of CFCs at 1986 levels and to reduce production by 50 percent by 1999 . After a series of scientific expeditions to the Antarctic produced convincing evidence that the ozone hole was indeed caused by chlorine and bromine from manmade organohalogens , the Montreal Protocol was strengthened at a 1990 meeting in London . The participants agreed to phase out CFCs and halons entirely ( aside from a very small amount marked for certain `` essential '' uses , such as asthma inhalers ) by 2000 in non-Article 5 countries and by 2010 in Article 5 ( less developed ) signatories . At a 1992 meeting in Copenhagen , the phase - out date was moved up to 1996 . At the same meeting , methyl bromide ( MeBr ) , a fumigant used primarily in agricultural production , was added to the list of controlled substances . For all substances controlled under the protocol , phaseout schedules were delayed for less developed ( ' Article 5 ( 1 ) ' ) countries , and phaseout in these countries was supported by transfers of expertise , technology , and money from non-Article 5 ( 1 ) Parties to the Protocol . Additionally , exemptions from the agreed schedules could be applied for under the Essential Use Exemption ( EUE ) process for substances other than methyl bromide and under the Critical Use Exemption ( CUE ) process for methyl bromide . Civil society including especially NGOs , played critical roles at all stages of policy development leading up to the Vienna Conference , the Montreal Protocol , and in assessing compliance afterwards . The major companies claimed that no alternatives to HFC existed . An ozone - safe hydrocarbon refrigerant was developed at a Hamburg technological institute in Germany , and in 1992 came to the attention of the non-governmental organization ( NGO ) Greenpeace . Greenpeace was given the patent , called it `` Greenfreeze , '' and left the patent as open source . The NGO then worked successfully first with a small and struggling company to market an appliance beginning in Europe , then Asia and later Latin America , receiving a 1997 UNEP award . By 1995 , Germany had already made CFC refrigerators illegal . Since 2004 , corporations like Coca - Cola , Carlsberg , and IKEA have been forming a coalition to promote the ozone - safe Greenfreeze units . Production spread to companies like Electrolux , Bosch , and LG , with sales reaching some 300 million refrigerators by 2008 . In Latin America , a domestic Argentinian company began Greenfreeze production in 2003 , while the giant Bosch in Brazil began a year later . By 2013 it was being used by some 700 million refrigerators , making up about 40 percent of the market . In the U.S. , however , change has been much slower . To some extent , CFCs were being replaced by the less damaging hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ) , although concerns remain regarding HCFCs also . In some applications , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) were being used to replace CFCs . HFCs , which contain no chlorine or bromine , do not contribute at all to ozone depletion although they are potent greenhouse gases . The best known of these compounds is probably HFC - 134a ( R - 134a ) , which in the United States has largely replaced CFC - 12 ( R - 12 ) in automobile air conditioners . In laboratory analytics ( a former `` essential '' use ) the ozone depleting substances can be replaced with various other solvents . Chemical companies like Du Pont , whose representatives even disparaged Greenfreeze as `` that German technology , '' maneuvered the EPA to block the technology in the U.S. until 2011 . Ben & Jerry 's of Unilever and General Electric , spurred by Greenpeace , had expressed formal interest in 2008 which figured in the EPA 's final approval . More recently , policy experts have advocated for efforts to link ozone protection efforts to climate protection efforts . Many ODS are also greenhouse gases , some thousands of times more powerful agents of radiative forcing than carbon dioxide over the short and medium term . Thus policies protecting the ozone layer have had benefits in mitigating climate change . In fact , the reduction of the radiative forcing due to ODS probably masked the true level of climate change effects of other GHGs , and was responsible for the `` slow down '' of global warming from the mid-90s . Policy decisions in one arena affect the costs and effectiveness of environmental improvements in the other . ODS requirements in the marine industry ( edit ) The IMO has amended MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 12 regarding ozone depleting substances . As from July 1 , 2010 , all vessels where MARPOL Annex VI is applicable should have a list of equipment using ozone depleting substances . The list should include name of ODS , type and location of equipment , quantity in kg and date . All changes since that date should be recorded in an ODS Record book on board recording all intended or unintended releases to the atmosphere . Furthermore , new ODS supply or landing to shore facilities should be recorded as well . Prospects of ozone depletion ( edit ) Ozone levels stabilized in the 1990s following the Montreal Protocol , and have started to recover . They are projected to reach pre-1980 levels before 2075 . Ozone - depleting gas trends Since the adoption and strengthening of the Montreal Protocol has led to reductions in the emissions of CFCs , atmospheric concentrations of the most - significant compounds have been declining . These substances are being gradually removed from the atmosphere ; since peaking in 1994 , the Effective Equivalent Chlorine ( EECl ) level in the atmosphere had dropped about 10 percent by 2008 . The decrease in ozone - depleting chemicals has also been significantly affected by a decrease in bromine - containing chemicals . The data suggest that substantial natural sources exist for atmospheric methyl bromide ( CH Br ) . The phase - out of CFCs means that nitrous oxide ( N O ) , which is not covered by the Montreal Protocol , has become the most highly emitted ozone - depleting substance and is expected to remain so throughout the 21st century . A 2005 IPCC review of ozone observations and model calculations concluded that the global amount of ozone has now approximately stabilized . Although considerable variability is expected from year to year , including in polar regions where depletion is largest , the ozone layer is expected to begin to recover in coming decades due to declining ozone - depleting substance concentrations , assuming full compliance with the Montreal Protocol . The Antarctic ozone hole is expected to continue for decades . Ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica will increase by 5 -- 10 percent by 2020 and return to pre-1980 levels by about 2060 -- 2075 . This is 10 -- 25 years later than predicted in earlier assessments , because of revised estimates of atmospheric concentrations of ozone - depleting substances , including a larger predicted future usage in developing countries . Another factor that may prolong ozone depletion is the drawdown of nitrogen oxides from above the stratosphere due to changing wind patterns . A gradual trend toward `` healing '' was reported in 2016 . Research History ( edit ) See also : Ozone -- oxygen cycle The basic physical and chemical processes that lead to the formation of an ozone layer in the Earth 's stratosphere were discovered by Sydney Chapman in 1930 . Short - wavelength UV radiation splits an oxygen ( O ) molecule into two oxygen ( O ) atoms , which then combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone . Ozone is removed when an oxygen atom and an ozone molecule `` recombine '' to form two oxygen molecules , i.e. O + O → 2O . In the 1950s , David Bates and Marcel Nicolet presented evidence that various free radicals , in particular hydroxyl ( OH ) and nitric oxide ( NO ) , could catalyze this recombination reaction , reducing the overall amount of ozone . These free radicals were known to be present in the stratosphere , and so were regarded as part of the natural balance -- it was estimated that in their absence , the ozone layer would be about twice as thick as it currently is . In 1970 Paul Crutzen pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide ( N O ) , a stable , long - lived gas produced by soil bacteria , from the Earth 's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide ( NO ) in the stratosphere . Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere , where it is converted into NO . Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background , which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere . Thus human activity could affect the stratospheric ozone layer . In the following year , Crutzen and ( independently ) Harold Johnston suggested that NO emissions from supersonic passenger aircraft , which would fly in the lower stratosphere , could also deplete the ozone layer . However , more recent analysis in 1995 by David W. Fahey , an atmospheric scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , found that the drop in ozone would be from 1 -- 2 percent if a fleet of 500 supersonic passenger aircraft were operated . This , Fahey expressed , would not be a showstopper for advanced supersonic passenger aircraft development . Rowland -- Molina hypothesis ( edit ) In 1974 Frank Sherwood Rowland , Chemistry Professor at the University of California at Irvine , and his postdoctoral associate Mario J. Molina suggested that long - lived organic halogen compounds , such as CFCs , might behave in a similar fashion as Crutzen had proposed for nitrous oxide . James Lovelock had recently discovered , during a cruise in the South Atlantic in 1971 , that almost all of the CFC compounds manufactured since their invention in 1930 were still present in the atmosphere . Molina and Rowland concluded that , like N O , the CFCs would reach the stratosphere where they would be dissociated by UV light , releasing chlorine atoms . A year earlier , Richard Stolarski and Ralph Cicerone at the University of Michigan had shown that Cl is even more efficient than NO at catalyzing the destruction of ozone . Similar conclusions were reached by Michael McElroy and Steven Wofsy at Harvard University . Neither group , however , had realized that CFCs were a potentially large source of stratospheric chlorine -- instead , they had been investigating the possible effects of HCl emissions from the Space Shuttle , which are very much smaller . The Rowland -- Molina hypothesis was strongly disputed by representatives of the aerosol and halocarbon industries . The Chair of the Board of DuPont was quoted as saying that ozone depletion theory is `` a science fiction tale ... a load of rubbish ... utter nonsense '' . Robert Abplanalp , the President of Precision Valve Corporation ( and inventor of the first practical aerosol spray can valve ) , wrote to the Chancellor of UC Irvine to complain about Rowland 's public statements . Nevertheless , within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere . The concentrations of the source gases ( CFCs and related compounds ) and the chlorine reservoir species ( HCl and ClONO ) were measured throughout the stratosphere , and demonstrated that CFCs were indeed the major source of stratospheric chlorine , and that nearly all of the CFCs emitted would eventually reach the stratosphere . Even more convincing was the measurement , by James G. Anderson and collaborators , of chlorine monoxide ( ClO ) in the stratosphere . ClO is produced by the reaction of Cl with ozone -- its observation thus demonstrated that Cl radicals not only were present in the stratosphere but also were actually involved in destroying ozone . McElroy and Wofsy extended the work of Rowland and Molina by showing that bromine atoms were even more effective catalysts for ozone loss than chlorine atoms and argued that the brominated organic compounds known as halons , widely used in fire extinguishers , were a potentially large source of stratospheric bromine . In 1976 the United States National Academy of Sciences released a report concluding that the ozone depletion hypothesis was strongly supported by the scientific evidence . In response the United States , Canada and Norway banned the use of CFCs in aerosol spray cans in 1978 . Early estimates were that , if CFC production continued at 1977 levels , the total atmospheric ozone would after a century or so reach a steady state , 15 to 18 percent below normal levels . By 1984 , when better evidence on the speed of critical reactions was available , this estimate was changed to 5 to 9 percent steady - state depletion . Crutzen , Molina , and Rowland were awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on stratospheric ozone . Antarctic ozone hole ( edit ) The discovery of the Antarctic `` ozone hole '' by British Antarctic Survey scientists Farman , Gardiner and Shanklin ( first reported in a paper in Nature in May 1985 ) came as a shock to the scientific community , because the observed decline in polar ozone was far larger than anyone had anticipated . Satellite measurements showing massive depletion of ozone around the south pole were becoming available at the same time . However , these were initially rejected as unreasonable by data quality control algorithms ( they were filtered out as errors since the values were unexpectedly low ) ; the ozone hole was detected only in satellite data when the raw data was reprocessed following evidence of ozone depletion in in situ observations . When the software was rerun without the flags , the ozone hole was seen as far back as 1976 . Susan Solomon , an atmospheric chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , proposed that chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds ( PSCs ) in the cold Antarctic stratosphere caused a massive , though localized and seasonal , increase in the amount of chlorine present in active , ozone - destroying forms . The polar stratospheric clouds in Antarctica are only formed when there are very low temperatures , as low as − 80 ° C , and early spring conditions . In such conditions the ice crystals of the cloud provide a suitable surface for conversion of unreactive chlorine compounds into reactive chlorine compounds , which can deplete ozone easily . Moreover , the polar vortex formed over Antarctica is very tight and the reaction occurring on the surface of the cloud crystals is far different from when it occurs in atmosphere . These conditions have led to ozone hole formation in Antarctica . This hypothesis was decisively confirmed , first by laboratory measurements and subsequently by direct measurements , from the ground and from high - altitude airplanes , of very high concentrations of chlorine monoxide ( ClO ) in the Antarctic stratosphere . Alternative hypotheses , which had attributed the ozone hole to variations in solar UV radiation or to changes in atmospheric circulation patterns , were also tested and shown to be untenable . Meanwhile , analysis of ozone measurements from the worldwide network of ground - based Dobson spectrophotometers led an international panel to conclude that the ozone layer was in fact being depleted , at all latitudes outside of the tropics . These trends were confirmed by satellite measurements . As a consequence , the major halocarbon - producing nations agreed to phase out production of CFCs , halons , and related compounds , a process that was completed in 1996 . Since 1981 the United Nations Environment Programme , under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization , has sponsored a series of technical reports on the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion , based on satellite measurements . The 2007 report showed that the hole in the ozone layer was recovering and the smallest it had been for about a decade . The 2010 report found , `` Over the past decade , global ozone and ozone in the Arctic and Antarctic regions is no longer decreasing but is not yet increasing . The ozone layer outside the Polar regions is projected to recover to its pre-1980 levels some time before the middle of this century . In contrast , the springtime ozone hole over the Antarctic is expected to recover much later . '' In 2012 , NOAA and NASA reported `` Warmer air temperatures high above the Antarctic led to the second smallest season ozone hole in 20 years averaging 17.9 million square kilometres . The hole reached its maximum size for the season on Sept 22 , stretching to 21.2 million square kilometres . '' A gradual trend toward `` healing '' was reported in 2016 . The hole in the Earth 's ozone layer over the South Pole has affected atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere all the way to the equator . The ozone hole has influenced atmospheric circulation all the way to the tropics and increased rainfall at low , subtropical latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere . Arctic ozone hole ( edit ) On March 3 , 2005 , the journal Nature published an article linking 2004 's unusually large Arctic ozone hole to solar wind activity . On March 15 , 2011 , a record ozone layer loss was observed , with about half of the ozone present over the Arctic having been destroyed . The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) , a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation . By March 25 , the ozone loss had become the largest compared to that observed in all previous winters with the possibility that it would become an ozone hole . This would require that the quantities of ozone to fall below 200 Dobson units , from the 250 recorded over central Siberia . It is predicted that the thinning layer would affect parts of Scandinavia and Eastern Europe on March 30 -- 31 . On October 2 , 2011 , a study was published in the journal Nature , which said that between December 2010 and March 2011 up to 80 percent of the ozone in the atmosphere at about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) above the surface was destroyed . The level of ozone depletion was severe enough that scientists said it could be compared to the ozone hole that forms over Antarctica every winter . According to the study , `` for the first time , sufficient loss occurred to reasonably be described as an Arctic ozone hole . '' The study analyzed data from the Aura and CALIPSO satellites , and determined that the larger - than - normal ozone loss was due to an unusually long period of cold weather in the Arctic , some 30 days more than typical , which allowed for more ozone - destroying chlorine compounds to be created . According to Lamont Poole , a co-author of the study , cloud and aerosol particles on which the chlorine compounds are found `` were abundant in the Arctic until mid March 2011 -- much later than usual -- with average amounts at some altitudes similar to those observed in the Antarctic , and dramatically larger than the near - zero values seen in March in most Arctic winters '' . Tibet ozone hole ( edit ) As winters that are colder are more affected , at times there is an ozone hole over Tibet . In 2006 , a 2.5 million square kilometer ozone hole was detected over Tibet . Also again in 2011 an ozone hole appeared over mountainous regions of Tibet , Xinjiang , Qinghai and the Hindu Kush , along with an unprecedented hole over the Arctic , though the Tibet one is far less intense than the ones over the Arctic or Antarctic . Potential depletion by storm clouds ( edit ) Research in 2012 showed that the same process that produces the ozone hole over Antarctica occurs over summer storm clouds in the United States , and thus may be destroying ozone there as well . Ozone depletion and global warming ( edit ) Main article : Ozone depletion and global warming Among others , Robert Watson had a role in the science assessment and in the regulation efforts of ozone depletion and global warming . Prior to the 1980s , the EU , NASA , NAS , UNEP , WMO and the British government had dissenting scientific reports and Watson played a role in the process of unified assessments . Based on the experience with the ozone case , the IPCC started to work on a unified reporting and science assessment to reach a consensus to provide the IPCC Summary for Policymakers . There are various areas of linkage between ozone depletion and global warming science : Radiative forcing from various greenhouse gases and other sources The same CO radiative forcing that produces global warming is expected to cool the stratosphere . This cooling , in turn , is expected to produce a relative increase in ozone ( O ) depletion in polar area and the frequency of ozone holes . Conversely , ozone depletion represents a radiative forcing of the climate system . There are two opposing effects : Reduced ozone causes the stratosphere to absorb less solar radiation , thus cooling the stratosphere while warming the troposphere ; the resulting colder stratosphere emits less long - wave radiation downward , thus cooling the troposphere . Overall , the cooling dominates ; the IPCC concludes `` observed stratospheric O losses over the past two decades have caused a negative forcing of the surface - troposphere system '' of about − 0.15 ± 0.10 watts per square meter ( W / m ) . One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool . Although this cooling has been observed , it is not trivial to separate the effects of changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases and ozone depletion since both will lead to cooling . However , this can be done by numerical stratospheric modeling . Results from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory show that above 20 km ( 12 mi ) , the greenhouse gases dominate the cooling . As noted under ' Public Policy ' , ozone depleting chemicals are also often greenhouse gases . The increases in concentrations of these chemicals have produced 0.34 ± 0.03 W / m of radiative forcing , corresponding to about 14 percent of the total radiative forcing from increases in the concentrations of well - mixed greenhouse gases . The long term modeling of the process , its measurement , study , design of theories and testing take decades to document , gain wide acceptance , and ultimately become the dominant paradigm . Several theories about the destruction of ozone were hypothesized in the 1980s , published in the late 1990s , and are currently being investigated . Dr Drew Schindell , and Dr Paul Newman , NASA Goddard , proposed a theory in the late 1990s , using computational modeling methods to model ozone destruction , that accounted for 78 percent of the ozone destroyed . Further refinement of that model accounted for 89 percent of the ozone destroyed , but pushed back the estimated recovery of the ozone hole from 75 years to 150 years . ( An important part of that model is the lack of stratospheric flight due to depletion of fossil fuels . ) Misconceptions ( edit ) CFC weight ( edit ) Since CFC molecules are heavier than air ( nitrogen or oxygen ) , it is commonly believed that the CFC molecules can not reach the stratosphere in significant amount . However , atmospheric gases are not sorted by weight ; the forces of wind can fully mix the gases in the atmosphere . Lighter CFCs are evenly distributed throughout the turbosphere and reach the upper atmosphere , although some of the heavier CFCs are not evenly distributed . Percentage of man - made chlorine ( edit ) Sources of stratospheric chlorine Another misconception is that `` it is generally accepted that natural sources of tropospheric chlorine are four to five times larger than man - made ones . '' While strictly true , tropospheric chlorine is irrelevant ; it is stratospheric chlorine that affects ozone depletion . Chlorine from ocean spray is soluble and thus is washed by rainfall before it reaches the stratosphere . CFCs , in contrast , are insoluble and long - lived , allowing them to reach the stratosphere . In the lower atmosphere , there is much more chlorine from CFCs and related haloalkanes than there is in HCl from salt spray , and in the stratosphere halocarbons are dominant . Only methyl chloride , which is one of these halocarbons , has a mainly natural source , and it is responsible for about 20 percent of the chlorine in the stratosphere ; the remaining 80 percent comes from manmade sources . Very violent volcanic eruptions can inject HCl into the stratosphere , but researchers have shown that the contribution is not significant compared to that from CFCs . A similar erroneous assertion is that soluble halogen compounds from the volcanic plume of Mount Erebus on Ross Island , Antarctica are a major contributor to the Antarctic ozone hole . Nevertheless , a 2015 study showed that the role of Mount Erebus volcano in the Antarctic ozone depletion was probably underestimated . Based on the NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data over the last 35 years and by using the NOAA HYSPLIT trajectory model , researchers showed that Erebus volcano gas emissions ( including hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) ) can reach the Antarctic stratosphere via high - latitude cyclones and then the polar vortex . Depending on Erebus volcano activity , the additional annual HCl mass entering the stratosphere from Erebus varies from 1.0 to 14.3 kt . First observation ( edit ) G.M.B. Dobson ( Exploring the Atmosphere , 2nd Edition , Oxford , 1968 ) mentioned that when springtime ozone levels in the Antarctic over Halley Bay were first measured in 1956 , he was surprised to find that they were ~ 320 DU , or about 150 DU below spring Arctic levels of ~ 450 DU . These were at that time the only known Antarctic ozone values available . What Dobson describes is essentially the baseline from which the ozone hole is measured : actual ozone hole values are in the 150 -- 100 DU range . The discrepancy between the Arctic and Antarctic noted by Dobson was primarily a matter of timing : during the Arctic spring ozone levels rose smoothly , peaking in April , whereas in the Antarctic they stayed approximately constant during early spring , rising abruptly in November when the polar vortex broke down . The behavior seen in the Antarctic ozone hole is completely different . Instead of staying constant , early springtime ozone levels suddenly drop from their already low winter values , by as much as 50 percent , and normal values are not reached again until December . Location of hole ( edit ) Some people thought that the ozone hole should be above the sources of CFCs . However , CFCs are well mixed globally in the troposphere and stratosphere . The reason for occurrence of the ozone hole above Antarctica is not because there are more CFCs concentrated but because the low temperatures help form polar stratospheric clouds . In fact , there are findings of significant and localized `` ozone holes '' above other parts of the earth . World ozone Day ( edit ) In 1994 , the United Nations General Assembly voted to designate September 16 as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer , or `` World Ozone Day '' , to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol on that date in 1987 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer '' . Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion : 2010 ( PDF ) . World Meteorological Organization . 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andino , Jean M. 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Archived from the original on 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Relative Roles of Ozone and Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Change in the Stratosphere '' . Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory . February 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Silverman , Amy ( May 4 , 1995 ) . `` Freon Easy '' . Phoenix News . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FAQ , part I , section 1.3 . Jump up ^ Fabian , P. ; Borchers , R. ; Krüger , B.C. ; Lal , S. ( 1985 ) . `` The vertical distribution of CFC - 114 ( CClF2 - CClF2 ) in the atmosphere '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 90 : 13091 . Bibcode : 1985JGR ... 9013091F . doi : 10.1029 / JD090iD07p13091 . Jump up ^ ozone - depletion FAQ , Part II , section 4.3 Jump up ^ Yokouchi , Y. ; Noijiri , Y. ; Barrie , L.A. ; Toom - Sauntry , D. ; Machida , T. ; Inuzuka , Y. ; Akimoto , H. ; Li , H. - J. ; Fujinuma , Y. ; Aoki , S. ( 2000 ) . `` A strong source of methyl chloride to the atmosphere from tropical coastal land '' . Nature . 403 ( 6767 ) : 295 -- 298 . Bibcode : 2000Natur. 403 ... 295Y . doi : 10.1038 / 35002049 . PMID 10659845 . ^ Jump up to : ozone - depletion FAQ , Part II , section 4.4 Jump up ^ Zuev , V.V. ; Zueva , N.E. ; Savelieva , E.S. ; Gerasimov , V.V. ( 2015 ) . `` The Antarctic ozone depletion caused by Erebus volcano gas emissions '' . Atmospheric Environment. 122 : 393 -- 399 . Bibcode : 2015AtmEn. 122 ... 393Z . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2015.10. 005 . Jump up ^ ozone - depletion FAQ , Part III , section 6 Jump up ^ `` ozone - depletion FAQ , Antarctic '' . Faqs.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ozone hole : Definition '' . Answers.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Stephen O. ; Sarma , K. Madhava ( 2002 ) . Protecting the Ozone Layer : The United Nations History . Earthscan . p. 272 . ISBN 9781849772266 . Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , S.O. and K.M. Sarma. ( 2002 ) . Protecting the Ozone Layer : the United Nations History , Earthscan Press . London . Benedick , Richard Elliot ; World Wildlife Fund ( U.S. ) ; Institute for the Study of Diplomacy . Georgetown University . ( 1998 ) . Ozone Diplomacy : New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet ( 2nd ed . ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 65003 - 9 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ( Ambassador Benedick was the Chief U.S. Negotiator at the meetings that resulted in the Montreal Protocol . ) Chasek , Pamela S. , David L. Downie , and Janet Welsh Brown ( 2013 ) . Global Environmental Politics , 6th Edition , Boulder : Westview Press . Gareau , Brian ( 2013 ) . From Precaution to Profit : Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Protection in the Montreal Protocol . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 17526 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 30 . Grundmann , Reiner ( 2001 ) . Transnational Environmental Policy : Reconstructing Ozone . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22423 - 9 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Parson , Edward ( 2004 ) . Protecting the Ozone Layer : Science and Strategy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . External links ( edit ) Ozone layer at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) NOAA / ESRL Ozone Depletion NOAA Ozone Depleting Gas Index The Ozone Hole MACC stratospheric ozone service delivers maps , datasets and validation reports about the past and current state of the ozone layer . 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"Ozone depletion describes two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere(the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.[1] The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.\n"
] | [
"around Earth's polar regions"
] |
-3616153750604112591 | Oil painting | Oil painting - wikipedia Oil painting Jump to : navigation , search `` Oil on canvas '' redirects here . For the album , see Oil on Canvas . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mona Lisa , Leonardo da Vinci , c. 1503 -- 06 Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder . Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil , poppy seed oil , walnut oil , and safflower oil . The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint , such as the amount of yellowing or drying time . Certain differences , depending on the oil , are also visible in the sheen of the paints . An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired . The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium . The oil may be boiled with a resin , such as pine resin or frankincense , to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss . Although oil paint was first used for Buddhist paintings by Indian and Chinese painters in western Afghanistan sometime between the fifth and tenth centuries , it did not gain popularity until the 15th century . Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages . Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known . The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in Northern Europe , and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced the use of tempera paints in the majority of Europe . In recent years , water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and , to some extent , replaced traditional oil paint . Water - soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner , and allows very fast drying times ( 1 -- 3 days ) when compared with traditional oils ( 1 -- 3 weeks ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Techniques 2 History 3 Ingredients 4 Supports for oil painting 5 Process 6 Examples of famous works 7 References 8 Further reading Techniques ( edit ) Self - portrait , at work , Anders Zorn , 1897 Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint . Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil , artist grade mineral spirits , or other solvents to make the paint thinner , faster or slower - drying . ( Because these solvents thin the oil in the paint , they can also be used to clean paint brushes . ) A basic rule of oil paint application is ' fat over lean ' , meaning that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying . If each additional layer contains less oil , the final painting will crack and peel . This rule does not ensure permanence ; it is the quality and type of oil that leads to a strong and stable paint film . There are many other media that can be used with the oil , including cold wax , resins , and varnishes . These additional media can aid the painter in adjusting the translucency of the paint , the sheen of the paint , the density or ' body ' of the paint , and the ability of the paint to hold or conceal the brushstroke . These aspects of the paint are closely related to the expressive capacity of oil paint . Traditionally , paint was transferred to the painting surface using paintbrushes , but there are other methods , including using palette knives and rags . Oil paint remains wet longer than many other types of artists ' materials , enabling the artist to change the color , texture or form of the figure . At times , the painter might even remove an entire layer of paint and begin anew . This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet , but after a while the hardened layer must be scraped . Oil paint dries by oxidation , not evaporation , and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks ( some colors dry within days ) . It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year . History ( edit ) Self - portrait of Rembrandt , 1630 . An example of oil painting on copper . Although the history of tempera ( pigment mixed with either egg whites or egg yolks , then painted on a plastered section ) and related media in Europe indicates that oil painting was discovered there independently , there is evidence that oil painting was used earlier in Afghanistan . Outdoor surfaces and surfaces like shields -- both those used in tournaments and those hung as decorations -- were more durable when painted in oil - based media than when painted in the traditional tempera paints . Most Renaissance sources , in particular Vasari , credited northern European painters of the 15th century , and Jan van Eyck in particular , with the `` invention '' of painting with oil media on wood panel supports ( `` support '' is the technical term for the underlying backing of a painting ) . However , Theophilus ( Roger of Helmarshausen ? ) clearly gives instructions for oil - based painting in his treatise , On Various Arts , written in 1125 . At this period , it was probably used for painting sculptures , carvings and wood fittings , perhaps especially for outdoor use . However , early Netherlandish painting in the 15th century was the first to make oil the usual painting medium , and explore the use of layers and glazes , followed by the rest of Northern Europe , and only then Italy . Early works were still panel paintings on wood , but around the end of the 15th century canvas became more popular as the support , as it was cheaper , easier to transport , allowed larger works , and did not require complicated preliminary layers of gesso ( a fine type of plaster ) . Venice , where sail - canvas was easily available , was a leader in the move to canvas . Small cabinet paintings were also made on metal , especially copper plates . These supports were more expensive but very firm , allowing intricately fine detail . Often printing plates from printmaking were reused for this purpose . The popularity of oil spread through Italy from the North , starting in Venice in the late 15th century . By 1540 , the previous method for painting on panel ( tempera ) had become all but extinct , although Italians continued to use chalk - based fresco for wall paintings , which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates . Ingredients ( edit ) Flax seed is the source of linseed oil . The linseed oil itself comes from the flax seed , a common fiber crop . Linen , a `` support '' for oil painting ( see relevant section ) , also comes from the flax plant . Safflower oil or the walnut or poppyseed oil are sometimes used in formulating lighter colors like white because they `` yellow '' less on drying than linseed oil , but they have the slight drawback of drying more slowly and may not provide the strongest paint film . Linseed oil tends to dry yellow and can change the hue of the color . Recent advances in chemistry have produced modern water miscible oil paints that can be used and cleaned up with water . Small alterations in the molecular structure of the oil creates this water miscible property . An even newer type of paint , heat - set `` oils '' ( which are actually thermoplastic ) remain liquid until heated to 265 -- 280 ° F ( 130 -- 138 ° C ) for about 15 minutes . Since the paint otherwise never dries , cleanup is not needed ( except when one wants to use a different color with the same brush ) . Although not technically true oils ( the medium is an unidentified `` non-drying synthetic oily liquid , embedded with a heat sensitive curing agent '' ) , the paintings made with this paint resemble oil paintings and are usually shown as such. ( 1 ) Supports for oil painting ( edit ) Splined canvas Traditional artists ' canvas is made from linen , but less expensive cotton fabric has gained popularity . The artist first prepares a wooden frame called a `` stretcher '' or `` strainer '' . The difference between the two names is that stretchers are slightly adjustable , while strainers are rigid and lack adjustable corner notches . The canvas is then pulled across the wooden frame and tacked or stapled tightly to the back edge . Then the artist applies a `` size '' to isolate the canvas from the acidic qualities of the paint . Traditionally , the canvas was coated with a layer of animal glue ( modern painters will use rabbit skin glue ) as the size and primed with lead white paint , sometimes with added chalk . Panels were prepared with a gesso , a mixture of glue and chalk . Modern acrylic `` gesso '' is made of titanium dioxide with an acrylic binder . It is frequently used on canvas , whereas real gesso is not suitable for canvas . The artist might apply several layers of gesso , sanding each smooth after it has dried . Acrylic gesso is very difficult to sand . One manufacturer makes a `` sandable '' acrylic gesso , but it is intended for panels only and not canvas . It is possible to make the gesso a particular color , but most store - bought gesso is white . The gesso layer , depending on its thickness , will tend to draw the oil paint into the porous surface . Excessive or uneven gesso layers are sometimes visible in the surface of finished paintings as a change that 's not from the paint . Standard sizes for oil paintings were set in France in the 19th century . The standards were used by most artists , not only the French , as it was -- and evidently still is -- supported by the main suppliers of artists ' materials . Size 0 ( toile de 0 ) to size 120 ( toile de 120 ) is divided in separate `` runs '' for figures ( figure ) , landscapes ( paysage ) and marines ( marine ) that more or less preserve the diagonal . Thus a 0 figure corresponds in height with a paysage 1 and a marine 2 . Although surfaces like linoleum , wooden panel , paper , slate , pressed wood , Masonite , and cardboard have been used , the most popular surface since the 16th century has been canvas , although many artists used panel through the 17th century and beyond . Panel is more expensive , heavier , harder to transport , and prone to warp or split in poor conditions . For fine detail , however , the absolute solidity of a wooden panel has an advantage . Process ( edit ) A traditional wood palette used to hold and mix small amounts of paint while working . Oil paint is made by mixing pigments of colors with an oil medium . Different colors are made , or purchased premixed , before painting begins , but further shades of color are usually obtained by mixing small quantities together as the painting process is underway . An artist 's palette , traditionally a thin wood board held in the hand , is used for holding and mixing paints of different colors . Pigments may be any number of natural or synthetic substances with color , such as sulphides for yellow or cobalt salts for blue . Traditional pigments were based on minerals or plants , but many have proven unstable over long periods of time ; the appearance of many old paintings today is very different from the original . Modern pigments often use synthetic chemicals . The pigment is mixed with oil , usually linseed , but other oils may be used . The various oils dry differently , which creates assorted effects . Traditionally , artists mixed their own paints from raw pigments that they often ground themselves and medium . This made portability difficult and kept most painting activities confined to the studio . This changed in the 1800s , when tubes of oil paint became widely available following the American portrait painter John Goffe Rand 's invention of the squeezable or collapsible metal tube in 1841 ( the year of Claude Monet 's birth ) . Artists could mix colors quickly and easily , which enabled , for the first time , relatively convenient plein air painting ( a common approach in French Impressionism ) . A brush is most commonly employed by the artist to apply the paint , often over a sketched outline of their subject ( which could be in another medium ) . Brushes are made from a variety of fibers to create different effects . For example , brushes made with hog bristle might be used for bolder strokes and impasto textures . Fitch hair and mongoose hair brushes are fine and smooth , and thus answer well for portraits and detail work . Even more expensive are red sable brushes ( weasel hair ) . The finest quality brushes are called `` kolinsky sable '' ; these brush fibers are taken from the tail of the Siberian weasel . This hair keeps a superfine point , has smooth handling , and good memory ( it returns to its original point when lifted off the canvas ) , known to artists as a brush 's `` snap . '' Floppy fibers with no snap , such as squirrel hair , are generally not used by oil painters . In the past few decades , many synthetic brushes have been marketed . These are very durable and can be quite good , as well as cost efficient . Brushes come in many sizes and are used for different purposes . The type of brush also makes a difference . For example , a `` round '' is a pointed brush used for detail work . `` Flat '' brushes are used to apply broad swaths of color . `` Bright '' is a flat brush with shorter brush hairs . `` Filbert '' is a flat brush with rounded corners . `` Egbert '' is a very long , and rare , filbert brush . The artist might also apply paint with a palette knife , which is a flat metal blade . A palette knife may also be used to remove paint from the canvas when necessary . A variety of unconventional tools , such as rags , sponges , and cotton swabs , may be used to apply or remove paint . Some artists even paint with their fingers . Tubes of paint Most oil painters paint in layers known as `` glazes '' , a method also simply called `` indirect painting '' . This method was first perfected through an adaptation of the egg tempera painting technique , and was applied by the Flemish painters in Northern Europe with pigments ground in linseed oil . More recently , this approach has been called the `` mixed technique '' or `` mixed method '' . The first coat ( the underpainting ) is laid down , often painted with egg tempera or turpentine - thinned paint . This layer helps to `` tone '' the canvas and to cover the white of the gesso . Many artists use this layer to sketch out the composition . This first layer can be adjusted before proceeding further , an advantage over the `` cartooning '' method used in fresco technique . After this layer dries , the artist might then proceed by painting a `` mosaic '' of color swatches , working from darkest to lightest . The borders of the colors are blended together when the `` mosaic '' is completed , and then left to dry before applying details . Artists in later periods , such as the Impressionist era ( late 19th century ) , often expanded on this wet - on - wet method , blending the wet paint on the canvas without following the Renaissance - era approach of layering and glazing . This method is also called `` alla prima '' . This method was created due to the advent of painting outdoors , instead of inside a studio , because while outside , an artist did not have the time to let each layer of paint dry before adding a new layer . Several contemporary artists use a combination of both techniques to add bold color ( wet - on - wet ) and obtain the depth of layers through glazing . When the image is finished and has dried for up to a year , an artist often seals the work with a layer of varnish that is typically made from dammar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine . Such varnishes can be removed without disturbing the oil painting itself , to enable cleaning and conservation . Some contemporary artists decide not to varnish their work , preferring the surface unvarnished . Examples of famous works ( edit ) Arnolfini Portrait , Jan van Eyck , 1434 ( on panel ) La donna velata , Raphael , 1516 The Rape of Europa , Titian , 1562 The Raising of the Cross , Peter Paul Rubens , 1610 -- 11 The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp , Rembrandt , 1632 Innocent X , Velázquez , c 1650 The Milkmaid , Johannes Vermeer , 1658 - 1660 The Toilet of Venus , François Boucher , 1751 The Blue Boy , Thomas Gainsborough , 1770 Battle of Somosierra , Piotr Michałowski , 1837 Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son , Claude Monet , 1875 Bal du moulin de la Galette , Pierre - Auguste Renoir 1876 Portrait of Dr. Gachet , Vincent van Gogh , 1890 The Cardplayers , Paul Cézanne , 1892 The Old Guitarist , Pablo Picasso , 1903 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , Pablo Picasso , 1907 Composition VII , Wassily Kandinsky , 1913 Bella with White Collar , Marc Chagall , 1917 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barry , Carolyn . `` Earliest Oil Paintings Found in Famed Afghan Caves '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rediscovering treasures of Bamiyan '' . BBC News . 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Afghan caves hold world 's first oil paintings : expert -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) Jump up ^ Earliest Oil Paintings Discovered Jump up ^ Sciencemage.org , Science Magazine 2 May 2008 Jump up ^ Haaf , Beatrix ( 1987 ) . `` Industriell vorgrundierte Malleinen . Beiträge zur Entwicklungs - , Handels - und Materialgeschichte '' . Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung. 1 : 7 -- 71 . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Introduction to Art Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oil paintings . Further reading ( edit ) Chieffo , Clifford T. : Contemporary Oil Painter 's Handbook , Prentice Hall , 1976 . The Artist 's Handbook of Materials and Techniques , comprehensive reference book by Ralph Mayer ( 1940 ) Early Netherlandish art ( c. 1420s -- 1530s ) Early Netherlandish artists Active mainly in the Southern Netherlands ( mostly present - day Belgium ) Luís Alimbrot Alexander Bening Simon Bening Ambrosius Benson Lancelot Blondeel Aelbert Bouts Dieric Bouts Melchior Broederlam Robert Campin Petrus Christus Pierre Coustain Jacques Daret Gerard David Jean Delemer Jan de Beer Colijn de Coter Jan Gossaert Gerard Horenbout Lucas Horenbout Adriaen Isenbrandt Cornelis Liefrinck Lambert Lombard Simon Marmion Quinten Matsys Hans Memling Joachim Patinir Jan Provoost Aert van den Bossche Hugo van der Goes Vrancke van der Stockt Goswin van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden Jan van Dornicke Hubert van Eyck Jan van Eyck Justus van Gent Lieven van Lathem Bernard van Orley Jacob van Utrecht Master of Affligem Master of the Antwerp Adoration Master of the Embroidered Foliage Master of the Legend of St. Barbara Master of the Legend of Saint Lucy Master of the Legend of St. Ursula ( Bruges ) Master of the Legend of the Magdalen Master of the Lille Adoration Master of the Lübeck Bible Master of the Mansi Magdalen Master of the Morrison Triptych Master of the Prodigal Son Master of the View of Ste - Gudule Active mainly in the Northern Netherlands ( mostly present - day Netherlands ) Hieronymus Bosch Geertgen tot Sint Jans Jan Joest van Calcar Lucas van Leyden Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen Master of Alkmaar Master of the Amsterdam Death of the Virgin Master of the Figdor Deposition Main centres Antwerp Bruges Brussels Ghent Tournai The Hague Pioneering innovations Regular use of oil paints as a principal art medium Oil painting techniques ( oil on panel , glaze , wet - on - wet ) Genre art ( genre painting ) Landscape art ( world landscape ) Portraiture ( portrait painting ) Naturalism ( art ) Realism ( art ) General Early Netherlandish painting Works by Early Netherlandish masters Flemish Primitives Arts in the court of Philip the Good Guild of Saint Luke Members of the Guild of Saint Luke Netherlandish art International Gothic Northern Renaissance Netherlandish Renaissance Northern Mannerism Antwerp Mannerism Antwerp school Ghent - Bruges school Adoration of the Magi Nativity of Jesus in art Influenced Italian Renaissance painting German Renaissance painting Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting Dutch Golden Age painting Notable connoisseurs and scholars Egbert Haverkamp - Begemann Till - Holger Borchert Lorne Campbell Max Jakob Friedländer Craig Harbison Karel van Mander Erwin Panofsky Giorgio Vasari Gustav Friedrich Waagen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&oldid=805939153 '' Categories : Painting Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 16 : 25 . About Wikipedia | what type of paper is used for oil painting | [
"Although surfaces like linoleum, wooden panel, paper, slate, pressed wood, Masonite, and cardboard have been used, the most popular surface since the 16th century has been canvas, although many artists used panel through the 17th century and beyond. Panel is more expensive, heavier, harder to transport, and prone to warp or split in poor conditions. For fine detail, however, the absolute solidity of a wooden panel has an advantage."
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2126971673873286685 | Samsung Gear Fit 2 | Samsung Gear Fit 2 - Wikipedia Samsung Gear Fit 2 Jump to : navigation , search Samsung Gear Fit 2 Developer Samsung Electronics Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Product family Samsung Gear Type fitness wristband , smartwatch Release date June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) Operating system Tizen CPU 1 GHz Storage 4 GB Display Curved AMOLED , 38 mm ( 1.5 in ) diagonal , 216 x 432 pixel Weight 200mAh lithium - ion battery Predecessor Samsung Gear Fit Website samsung.com The Samsung Gear Fit2 is a fitness wristband made by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled in June 2016 , the Gear Fit2 is the successor to the Samsung Gear Fit released in 2014 . In comparison to the Gear Fit , The new wristband has an updated design , built - in GPS , and the ability to automatically recognize certain activities , an increasingly common feature in fitness bands and watches . The Gear Fit2 also features a Barometer and Heart Rate Monitor . It is compatible with Android phones running OS 4.4 or later with 1.5 GB of RAM . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Samsung Gear Fit2 Specs Jump up ^ Lauren Goode , The Verge . `` Samsung 's new Gear Fit 2 has GPS and a giant display . '' June 2 , 2016 . June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samsung Infographic `` ( 2 ) . '' June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved Apr 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Samsung Electronics Samsung Subsidiaries Sales Service Logitech Samsung Medison Samsung Telecommunications SEMES S - LCD Harman International Industries R&D Centers Central South America SRBR China SRC - B SRC - N SRC - G SRC - T SRCS SRCX CIS SRK SRR Europe SRUK SRPOL Japan SRJ - O Middle East SRIL SRJO North America SRA - Silicon Valley San Jose Lab SRCA SRA - D South East Asia SRIN SRPH South Asia SRBD SRI - N SRI - D SRI - B Joint ventures Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology ( 49 % ) STECO Products and brands Active Wash Anycall Ativ Bixby ChatON Chef Collection DeX Exynos Galaxy Galaxy Apps Gear Kies Knox Level Link Milk NX Pay S Voice Sens SUHD TV TouchWiz WatchON Yepp Zipel Operating systems Bada Tizen People Lee Byung - chul Lee Kun - hee Lee Jae - yong Eric B. Kim Choi Gee - sung Kwon Oh - hyun Other topics Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co . Samsung Global Scholarship Program Suwon Samsung Bluewings Seoul Samsung Thunders Samsung Galaxy ( eSports ) Smartwatch Wearable computer Calculator watch Wrist computer Android i 'm Watch Motorola Motoactv Samsung Galaxy Gear WIMM One ZGPAX s5 Omate TrueSmart Neptune Pine Android Wear Asus ZenWatch Asus ZenWatch 2 Asus ZenWatch 3 Casio WSD - F10 Casio WSD - F20 Huawei Watch Huawei Watch 2 LG G Watch LG G Watch R LG Watch Urbane LG Watch Urbane 2nd Edition LG Watch Sport LG Watch Style Michael Kors Access Moto 360 1st generation 2nd generation Moto 360 Sport Fossil Q Founder Fossil Q Marshal Fossil Q Wander Nixon Mission Polar M600 Samsung Gear Live Sony SmartWatch 3 Tag Heuer Connected Apple Watch Apple Watch Apple Watch Series 1 Apple Watch Series 2 Apple Watch Series 3 Tizen Samsung Gear Samsung Gear 2 Samsung Gear Fit Samsung Gear S Samsung Gear S2 Samsung Gear S3 Fossil Wrist PDA Ruputer ZYPAD MetaWatch Microsoft Band Pebble Pebble Time Qualcomm Toq Sony SmartWatch Wrist communicators Fashion S9110 Hyundai MB 910 LG GD910 Martian Watches SWaP Classic Z1 Android Watch - Phone Wrist data unit Casio Databank Timex Datalink Others Casio G - Shock GB - 6900 Nelsonic Game Watch Software Android Wear AsteroidOS Tizen WatchOS This mobile computing related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Gear_Fit_2&oldid=800065752 '' Categories : Samsung wearable devices Smartwatches Activity trackers Mobile computer stubs Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 09 : 43 . About Wikipedia | when was the samsung gear fit 2 released | [
"\nSamsung Gear Fit 2\n\n\n\n\nDeveloper\nSamsung Electronics\n\n\nManufacturer\nSamsung Electronics\n\n\nProduct family\nSamsung Gear\n\n\nType\nfitness wristband, smartwatch\n\n\nRelease date\nJune 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)\n\n\nOperating system\nTizen[1]\n\n\nCPU\n1 GHz\n\n\nStorage\n4 GB\n\n\nDisplay\nCurved AMOLED, 38 mm (1.5 in) diagonal, 216 x 432 pixel[1]\n\n\nWeight\n200mAh lithium-ion battery\n\n\nPredecessor\nSamsung Gear Fit\n\n\nWebsite\nsamsung.com\n\n"
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-7084198175019831059 | Slide rule | Slide rule - wikipedia Slide rule Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Slide rule ( disambiguation ) . A typical ten - inch student slide rule ( Pickett N902 - T simplex trig ) The slide rule , also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick , is a mechanical analog computer . The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division , and also for functions such as exponents , roots , logarithms and trigonometry , but typically not for addition or subtraction . Though similar in name and appearance to a standard ruler , the slide rule is not meant to be used for measuring length or drawing straight lines . Slide rules exist in a diverse range of styles and generally appear in a linear or circular form with a standardized set of markings ( scales ) essential to performing mathematical computations . Slide rules manufactured for specialized fields such as aviation or finance typically feature additional scales that aid in calculations common to those fields . At its simplest , each number to be multiplied is represented by a length on a sliding ruler . As the rulers each have a logarithmic scale , it is possible to align them to read the sum of the logarithms , and hence calculate the product , of the two numbers . The Reverend William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier . Before the advent of the electronic calculator , it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering . The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as computers were being gradually introduced ; but around 1974 the handheld electronic scientific calculator made them largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic concepts 2 Operation 2.1 Multiplication 2.2 Division 2.3 Other operations 2.3. 1 Roots and powers 2.3. 2 Trigonometry 2.3. 3 Logarithms and exponentials 2.3. 4 Addition and subtraction 3 Physical design 3.1 Standard linear rules 3.2 Circular slide rules 3.3 Cylindrical slide rules 3.4 Materials 4 History 4.1 Modern form 4.2 Specialized calculators 4.3 Decline 5 Compared to electronic digital calculators 6 The slide rule today 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Basic concepts ( edit ) Cursor on a slide rule In its most basic form , the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers . These common operations can be time - consuming and error - prone when done on paper . More elaborate slide rules allow other calculations , such as square roots , exponentials , logarithms , and trigonometric functions . Scales may be grouped in decades , which are numbers ranging from 1 to 10 ( i.e. 10 to 10 ) . Thus single decade scales C and D range from 1 to 10 across the entire width of the slide rule while double decade scales A and B range from 1 to 100 over the width of the slide rule . In general , mathematical calculations are performed by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with a mark on one of the fixed strips , and then observing the relative positions of other marks on the strips . Numbers aligned with the marks give the approximate value of the product , quotient , or other calculated result . The user determines the location of the decimal point in the result , based on mental estimation . Scientific notation is used to track the decimal point in more formal calculations . Addition and subtraction steps in a calculation are generally done mentally or on paper , not on the slide rule . Most slide rules consist of three linear strips of the same length , aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two . The outer two strips are fixed so that their relative positions do not change . Some slide rules ( `` duplex '' models ) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip , others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip ( which can usually be pulled out , flipped over and reinserted for convenience ) , still others on one side only ( `` simplex '' rules ) . A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not adjacent to each other or , in duplex models , are on the other side of the rule . The cursor can also record an intermediate result on any of the scales . Operation ( edit ) This slide rule is positioned to yield several values : From C scale to D scale ( multiply by 2 ) , from D scale to C scale ( divide by 2 ) , A and B scales ( multiply and divide by 4 ) , A and D scales ( squares and square roots ) . Multiplication ( edit ) A logarithm transforms the operations of multiplication and division to addition and subtraction according to the rules log ( x y ) = log ( x ) + log ( y ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( xy ) = \ log ( x ) + \ log ( y ) ) and log ( x / y ) = log ( x ) − log ( y ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( x / y ) = \ log ( x ) - \ log ( y ) ) . Moving the top scale to the right by a distance of log ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( x ) ) , by matching the beginning of the top scale with the label x ( \ displaystyle x ) on the bottom , aligns each number y ( \ displaystyle y ) , at position log ( y ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( y ) ) on the top scale , with the number at position log ( x ) + log ( y ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( x ) + \ log ( y ) ) on the bottom scale . Because log ( x ) + log ( y ) = log ( x y ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( x ) + \ log ( y ) = \ log ( xy ) ) , this position on the bottom scale gives x y ( \ displaystyle xy ) , the product of x ( \ displaystyle x ) and y ( \ displaystyle y ) . For example , to calculate 3 × 2 , the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale . The answer , 6 , is read off the bottom scale where 3 is on the top scale . In general , the 1 on the top is moved to a factor on the bottom , and the answer is read off the bottom where the other factor is on the top . This works because the distances from the `` 1 '' are proportional to the logarithms of the marked values : Operations may go `` off the scale ; '' for example , the diagram above shows that the slide rule has not positioned the 7 on the upper scale above any number on the lower scale , so it does not give any answer for 2 × 7 . In such cases , the user may slide the upper scale to the left until its right index aligns with the 2 , effectively dividing by 10 ( by subtracting the full length of the C - scale ) and then multiplying by 7 , as in the illustration below : Here the user of the slide rule must remember to adjust the decimal point appropriately to correct the final answer . We wanted to find 2 × 7 , but instead we calculated ( 2 / 10 ) × 7 = 0.2 × 7 = 1.4 . So the true answer is not 1.4 but 14 . Resetting the slide is not the only way to handle multiplications that would result in off - scale results , such as 2 × 7 ; some other methods are : Use the double - decade scales A and B . Use the folded scales . In this example , set the left 1 of C opposite the 2 of D. Move the cursor to 7 on CF , and read the result from DF . Use the CI inverted scale . Position the 7 on the CI scale above the 2 on the D scale , and then read the result off of the D scale below the 1 on the CI scale . Since 1 occurs in two places on the CI scale , one of them will always be on - scale . Use both the CI inverted scale and the C scale . Line up the 2 of CI with the 1 of D , and read the result from D , below the 7 on the C scale . Using a circular slide rule . Method 1 is easy to understand , but entails a loss of precision . Method 3 has the advantage that it only involves two scales . Division ( edit ) The illustration below demonstrates the computation of 5.5 / 2 . The 2 on the top scale is placed over the 5.5 on the bottom scale . The 1 on the top scale lies above the quotient , 2.75 . There is more than one method for doing division , but the method presented here has the advantage that the final result can not be off - scale , because one has a choice of using the 1 at either end . Other operations ( edit ) In addition to the logarithmic scales , some slide rules have other mathematical functions encoded on other auxiliary scales . The most popular were trigonometric , usually sine and tangent , common logarithm ( log10 ) ( for taking the log of a value on a multiplier scale ) , natural logarithm ( ln ) and exponential ( e ) scales . Some rules include a Pythagorean scale , to figure sides of triangles , and a scale to figure circles . Others feature scales for calculating hyperbolic functions . On linear rules , the scales and their labeling are highly standardized , with variation usually occurring only in terms of which scales are included and in what order : A , B two - decade logarithmic scales , used for finding square roots and squares of numbers C , D single - decade logarithmic scales three - decade logarithmic scale , used for finding cube roots and cubes of numbers CF , DF `` folded '' versions of the C and D scales that start from π rather than from unity ; these are convenient in two cases . First when the user guesses a product will be close to 10 but is not sure whether it will be slightly less or slightly more than 10 , the folded scales avoid the possibility of going off the scale . Second , by making the start π rather than the square root of 10 , multiplying or dividing by π ( as is common in science and engineering formulas ) is simplified . CI , DI , CIF , DIF `` inverted '' scales , running from right to left , used to simplify 1 / x steps used for finding sines and cosines on the C ( or D ) scale T , T1 , T2 used for finding tangents and cotangents on the C and CI ( or D and DI ) scales ST , SRT used for sines and tangents of small angles and degree -- radian conversion a linear scale , used along with the C and D scales for finding base - 10 logarithms and powers of 10 LLn a set of log - log scales , used for finding logarithms and exponentials of numbers Ln a linear scale , used along with the C and D scales for finding natural ( base e ) logarithms and e x ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( x ) ) The scales on the front and back of a Keuffel and Esser ( K&E ) 4081 - 3 slide rule The Binary Slide Rule manufactured by Gilson in 1931 performed an addition and subtraction function limited to fractions . Roots and powers ( edit ) There are single - decade ( C and D ) , double - decade ( A and B ) , and triple - decade ( K ) scales . To compute x 2 ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) ) , for example , locate x on the D scale and read its square on the A scale . Inverting this process allows square roots to be found , and similarly for the powers 3 , 1 / 3 , 2 / 3 , and 3 / 2 . Care must be taken when the base , x , is found in more than one place on its scale . For instance , there are two nines on the A scale ; to find the square root of nine , use the first one ; the second one gives the square root of 90 . For x y ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( y ) ) problems , use the LL scales . When several LL scales are present , use the one with x on it . First , align the leftmost 1 on the C scale with x on the LL scale . Then , find y on the C scale and go down to the LL scale with x on it . That scale will indicate the answer . If y is `` off the scale , '' locate x y / 2 ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( y / 2 ) ) and square it using the A and B scales as described above . Alternatively , use the rightmost 1 on the C scale , and read the answer off the next higher LL scale . For example , aligning the rightmost 1 on the C scale with 2 on the LL2 scale , 3 on the C scale lines up with 8 on the LL3 scale . Trigonometry ( edit ) The S , T , and ST scales are used for trig functions and multiples of trig functions , for angles in degrees . For angles from around 5.7 up to 90 degrees , sines are found by comparing the S scale with C ( or D ) scale ; though on many closed - body rules the S scale relates to the A scale instead , and what follows must be adjusted appropriately . The S scale has a second set of angles ( sometimes in a different color ) , which run in the opposite direction , and are used for cosines . Tangents are found by comparing the T scale with the C ( or D ) scale for angles less than 45 degrees . For angles greater than 45 degrees the CI scale is used . Common forms such as k sin x ( \ displaystyle k \ sin x ) can be read directly from x on the S scale to the result on the D scale , when the C - scale index is set at k . For angles below 5.7 degrees , sines , tangents , and radians are approximately equal , and are found on the ST or SRT ( sines , radians , and tangents ) scale , or simply divided by 57.3 degrees / radian . Inverse trigonometric functions are found by reversing the process . Many slide rules have S , T , and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes ( e.g. some Keuffel and Esser models , late - model Teledyne - Post Mannheim - type rules ) . So - called decitrig models use decimal fractions of degrees instead . Logarithms and exponentials ( edit ) Base - 10 logarithms and exponentials are found using the L scale , which is linear . Some slide rules have a Ln scale , which is for base e . Logarithms to any other base can be calculated by reversing the procedure for calculating powers of a number . For example , log2 values can be determined by lining up either leftmost or rightmost 1 on the C scale with 2 on the LL2 scale , finding the number whose logarithm is to be calculated on the corresponding LL scale , and reading the log2 value on the C scale . Addition and subtraction ( edit ) Slide rules are not typically used for addition and subtraction , but it is nevertheless possible to do so using two different techniques . The first method to perform addition and subtraction on the C and D ( or any comparable scales ) requires converting the problem into one of division . For addition , the quotient of the two variables plus one times the divisor equals their sum : x + y = ( x y + 1 ) y . ( \ displaystyle x + y = \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( y ) ) + 1 \ right ) y . ) For subtraction , the quotient of the two variables minus one times the divisor equals their difference : x − y = ( x y − 1 ) y . ( \ displaystyle x-y = \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( y ) ) - 1 \ right ) y . ) This method is similar to the addition / subtraction technique used for high - speed electronic circuits with the logarithmic number system in specialized computer applications like the Gravity Pipe ( GRAPE ) supercomputer and hidden Markov models . The second method utilizes a sliding linear L scale available on some models . Addition and subtraction are performed by sliding the cursor left ( for subtraction ) or right ( for addition ) then returning the slide to 0 to read the result . Physical design ( edit ) Standard linear rules ( edit ) A 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) teaching slide rule compared to a normal sized model The width of the slide rule is quoted in terms of the nominal width of the scales . Scales on the most common `` 10 - inch '' models are actually 25 cm , as they were made to metric standards , though some rules offer slightly extended scales to simplify manipulation when a result overflowed . Pocket rules are typically 5 inches . Models a couple of metres wide were sold to be hung in classrooms for teaching purposes . Typically the divisions mark a scale to a precision of two significant figures , and the user estimates the third figure . Some high - end slide rules have magnifier cursors that make the markings easier to see . Such cursors can effectively double the accuracy of readings , permitting a 10 - inch slide rule to serve as well as a 20 - inch . Various other conveniences have been developed . Trigonometric scales are sometimes dual - labeled , in black and red , with complementary angles , the so - called `` Darmstadt '' style . Duplex slide rules often duplicate some of the scales on the back . Scales are often `` split '' to get higher accuracy . Circular slide rules ( edit ) Circular slide rules come in two basic types , one with two cursors ( left ) , and another with a free dish and one cursor ( right ) . The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by holding a fast angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial . The onefold cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales . The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the widest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 ( i.e. by π ) . For example , a 10 cm circular would have a maximum precision approximately equal to a 31.4 cm ordinary slide rule . Circular slide rules also eliminate `` off - scale '' calculations , because the scales were designed to `` wrap around '' ; they never have to be reoriented when results are near 1.0 -- the rule is always on scale . However , for non-cyclical non-spiral scales such as S , T , and LL 's , the scale width is narrowed to make room for end margins . Circular slide rules are mechanically more rugged and smoother - moving , but their scale alignment precision is sensitive to the centering of a central pivot ; a minute 0.1 mm off - centre of the pivot can result in a 0.2 mm worst case alignment error . The pivot , however , does prevent scratching of the face and cursors . The highest accuracy scales are placed on the outer rings . Rather than `` split '' scales , high - end circular rules use spiral scales for more complex operations like log - of - log scales . One eight - inch premium circular rule had a 50 - inch spiral log - log scale . The main disadvantages of circular slide rules are the difficulty in locating figures along a dish , and limited number of scales . Another drawback of circular slide rules is that less - important scales are closer to the center , and have lower precisions . Most students learned slide rule use on the linear slide rules , and did not find reason to switch . One slide rule remaining in daily use around the world is the E6B . This is a circular slide rule first created in the 1930s for aircraft pilots to help with dead reckoning . With the aid of scales printed on the frame it also helps with such miscellaneous tasks as converting time , distance , speed , and temperature values , compass errors , and calculating fuel use . The so - called `` prayer wheel '' is still available in flight shops , and remains widely used . While GPS has reduced the use of dead reckoning for aerial navigation , and handheld calculators have taken over many of its functions , the E6B remains widely used as a primary or backup device and the majority of flight schools demand that their students have some degree of proficiency in its use . Proportion wheels are simple circular slide rules used in graphic design to broaden or slim images and photographs . Lining up the desired values on the emmer and inner wheels ( which correspond to the original and desired sizes ) will display the proportion as a percentage in a small window . They are not as common since the advent of computerized layout , but are still made and used . In 1952 , Swiss watch company Breitling introduced a pilot 's wristwatch with an integrated circular slide rule specialized for flight calculations : the Breitling Navitimer . The Navitimer circular rule , referred to by Breitling as a `` navigation computer '' , featured airspeed , rate / time of climb / descent , flight time , distance , and fuel consumption functions , as well as kilometer -- nautical mile and gallon -- liter fuel amount conversion functions . A simple circular slide rule , made by Concise Co. , Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan , with only inverse , square , and cubic scales . On the reverse is a handy list of 38 metric / imperial conversion factors . A Russian circular slide rule built like a pocket watch that works as single cursor slide rule since the two needles are ganged together . A two - scale slide rule built into a ring . Pickett circular slide rule with two cursors. ( 4.25 in / 10.9 cm width ) Reverse has additional scale and one cursor . Breitling Navitimer wristwatch with circular slide rule Cylindrical slide rules ( edit ) There are two main types of cylindrical slide rules : those with helical scales such as the Fuller , the Otis King and the Bygrave slide rule , and those with bars , such as the Thacher and some Loga models . In either case , the advantage is a much longer scale , and hence potentially greater precision , than afforded by a straight or circular rule . Otis King Model K Thacher slide rule , circa 1890 Materials ( edit ) Traditionally slide rules were made out of hard wood such as mahogany or boxwood with cursors of glass and metal . At least one high precision instrument was made of steel . In 1895 , a Japanese firm , Hemmi , started to make slide rules from bamboo , which had the advantages of being dimensionally stable , strong , and naturally self - lubricating . These bamboo slide rules were introduced in Sweden in September , 1933 , and probably only a little earlier in Germany . Scales were made of celluloid , plastic , or painted aluminium . Later cursors were acrylics or polycarbonates sliding on Teflon bearings . All premium slide rules had numbers and scales engraved , and then filled with paint or other resin . Painted or imprinted slide rules were viewed as inferior because the markings could wear off . Nevertheless , Pickett , probably America 's most successful slide rule company , made all printed scales . Premium slide rules included clever catches so the rule would not fall apart by accident , and bumpers to protect the scales and cursor from rubbing on tabletops . The recommended cleaning method for engraved markings is to scrub lightly with steel - wool . For painted slide rules , use diluted commercial window - cleaning fluid and a soft cloth . History ( edit ) William Oughtred ( 1575 -- 1660 ) , inventor of the slide rule The slide rule was invented around 1620 -- 1630 , shortly after John Napier 's publication of the concept of the logarithm . In 1620 Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale ; with additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide . In c. 1622 , William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule . Like his contemporary at Cambridge , Isaac Newton , Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students . Also like Newton , he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority , with his one - time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate . Oughtred 's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653 . In 1677 , Henry Coggeshall created a two - foot folding rule for timber measure , called the Coggeshall slide rule , expanding the slide rule 's use beyond mathematical inquiry . In 1722 , Warner introduced the two - and three - decade scales , and in 1755 Everard included an inverted scale ; a slide rule containing all of these scales is usually known as a `` polyphase '' rule . In 1815 , Peter Mark Roget invented the log log slide rule , which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm . This allowed the user to directly perform calculations involving roots and exponents . This was especially useful for fractional powers . In 1821 , Nathaniel Bowditch , described in the American Practical Navigator a `` sliding rule '' that contained scales trigonometric functions on the fixed part and a line of log - sines and log - tans on the slider used to solve navigation problems . In 1845 , Paul Cameron of Glasgow introduced a nautical slide rule capable of answering navigation questions , including right ascension and declination of the sun and principal stars . Modern form ( edit ) Engineer using a slide rule , with mechanical calculator in background , mid 20th century A more modern form of slide rule was created in 1859 by French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim , `` who was fortunate in having his rule made by a firm of national reputation and in having it adopted by the French Artillery . '' It was around this time that engineering became a recognized profession , resulting in widespread slide rule use in Europe -- but not in the United States . There , Edwin Thacher 's cylindrical rule took hold after 1881 . The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891 , and was produced by Keuffel and Esser Co. of New York . Astronomical work also required precise computations , and , in 19th - century Germany , a steel slide rule about two meters long was used at one observatory . It had a microscope attached , giving it accuracy to six decimal places . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer 's profession in the same way the stethoscope is that of the medical profession . German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun bought two Nestler slide rules in the 1930s . Ten years later he brought them with him when he moved to the U.S. after World War II to work on the American space effort . Throughout his life he never used any other slide rule . He used his two Nestlers while heading the NASA program that landed a man on the moon in July 1969 . Aluminium Pickett - brand slide rules were carried on Project Apollo space missions . The model N600 - ES owned by Buzz Aldrin that flew with him to the moon on Apollo 11 was sold at auction in 2007 . The model N600 - ES taken along on Apollo 13 in 1970 is owned by the National Air and Space Museum . Some engineering students and engineers carried ten - inch slide rules in belt holsters , a common sight on campuses even into the mid-1970s . Until the advent of the pocket digital calculator , students also might keep a ten - or twenty - inch rule for precision work at home or the office while carrying a five - inch pocket slide rule around with them . In 2004 , education researchers David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro conceived a new type of slide rule based on prosthaphaeresis , an algorithm for rapidly computing products that predates logarithms . However , there has been little practical interest in constructing one beyond the initial prototype . Specialized calculators ( edit ) Slide rules have often been specialized to varying degrees for their field of use , such as excise , proof calculation , engineering , navigation , etc. , but some slide rules are extremely specialized for very narrow applications . For example , the John Rabone & Sons 1892 catalog lists a `` Measuring Tape and Cattle Gauge '' , a device to estimate the weight of a cow from its measurements . There were many specialized slide rules for photographic applications ; for example , the actinograph of Hurter and Driffield was a two - slide boxwood , brass , and cardboard device for estimating exposure from time of day , time of year , and latitude . Specialized slide rules were invented for various forms of engineering , business and banking . These often had common calculations directly expressed as special scales , for example loan calculations , optimal purchase quantities , or particular engineering equations . For example , the Fisher Controls company distributed a customized slide rule adapted to solving the equations used for selecting the proper size of industrial flow control valves . Pilot balloon slide rules were used by meteorologists in weather services to determine the upper wind velocities from an ascending hydrogen or helium filled pilot balloon . In World War II , bombardiers and navigators who required quick calculations often used specialized slide rules . One office of the U.S. Navy actually designed a generic slide rule `` chassis '' with an aluminium body and plastic cursor into which celluloid cards ( printed on both sides ) could be placed for special calculations . The process was invented to calculate range , fuel use and altitude for aircraft , and then adapted to many other purposes . The E6 - B is a circular slide rule used by pilots and navigators . Circular slide rules to estimate ovulation dates and fertility are known as wheel calculators . John Rabone & Sons 1892 Cattle Gauge Hurter and Driffield 's actinograph Cryptographic slide rule used by the Swiss Army between 1914 and 1940 Decline ( edit ) The TI - 30 scientific calculator was introduced for under US $25 in 1976 ( $108 adjusted for inflation ) , signaling the end of the slide rule era . The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers , a new but rare resource in the 1950s , became more widely available to technical workers during the 1960s . ( See History of computing hardware ( 1960s -- present ) . ) Computers also changed the nature of calculation . With slide rules , a great emphasis was put on working the algebra to get expressions into the most computable form . Users would simply approximate or drop small terms to simplify a calculation . FORTRAN allowed complicated formulas to be implemented without such reformulation . Numerical integration was often easier than trying to find closed - form solutions for difficult problems . The young engineer asking for computer time to solve a problem that could have been done by a few swipes on the slide rule became a humorous cliché . Another step away from slide rules was the introduction of relatively inexpensive electronic desktop scientific calculators . The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI - 2 , introduced in 1965 , which used logarithms for multiplication and division ; and the Hewlett - Packard HP 9100A , introduced in 1968 . Both of these were programmable and provided exponential and logarithmic functions ; the HP had trigonometric functions ( sine , cosine , and tangent ) and hyperbolic trigonometric functions as well . The HP used the CORDIC ( coordinate rotation digital computer ) algorithm , which allows for calculation of trigonometric functions using only shift and add operations . This method facilitated the development of ever smaller scientific calculators . As with mainframe computing , the availability of these machines did not significantly affect the ubiquitous use of the slide rule until cheap hand held scientific electronic calculators became available in the mid-1970s . at which point , it rapidly declined . The pocket - sized Hewlett - Packard HP - 35 scientific calculator was the first handheld device of its type , but it cost US $ 395 in 1972 . This was justifiable for some engineering professionals but too expensive for most students . By 1975 , basic four - function electronic calculators could be purchased for less than $50 , and , by 1976 , the TI - 30 scientific calculator was sold for less than $25 . Compared to electronic digital calculators ( edit ) December 1951 advertisement for the IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch explicitly comparing electronic computers to engineers calculating with slide rules . Most people find slide rules difficult to learn and use . Even during their heyday , they never caught on with the general public . Addition and subtraction are not well - supported operations on slide rules and doing a calculation on a slide rule tends to be slower than on a calculator . This led engineers to take mathematical shortcuts favoring operations that were easy on a slide rule , creating inaccuracies and mistakes . On the other hand , the spatial , manual operation of slide rules cultivates in the user an intuition for numerical relationships and scale that people who have used only digital calculators often lack . A slide rule will also display all the terms of a calculation along with the result , thus eliminating uncertainty about what calculation was actually performed . A slide rule requires the user to separately compute the order of magnitude of the answer in order to position the decimal point in the results . For example , 1.5 × 30 ( which equals 45 ) will show the same result as 1,500,000 × 0.03 ( which equals 45,000 ) . This separate calculation is less likely to lead to extreme calculation errors , but forces the user to keep track of magnitude in short - term memory ( which is error - prone ) , keep notes ( which is cumbersome ) or reason about it in every step ( which distracts from the other calculation requirements ) . The typical arithmetic precision of a slide rule is about three significant digits , compared to many digits on digital calculators . As order of magnitude gets the greatest prominence when using a slide rule , users are less likely to make errors of false precision . When performing a sequence of multiplications or divisions by the same number , the answer can often be determined by merely glancing at the slide rule without any manipulation . This can be especially useful when calculating percentages ( e.g. for test scores ) or when comparing prices ( e.g. in dollars per kilogram ) . Multiple speed - time - distance calculations can be performed hands - free at a glance with a slide rule . Other useful linear conversions such as pounds to kilograms can be easily marked on the rule and used directly in calculations . Being entirely mechanical , a slide rule does not depend on grid electricity or batteries . However , mechanical imprecision in slide rules that were poorly constructed or warped by heat or use will lead to errors . Many sailors keep slide rules as backups for navigation in case of electric failure or battery depletion on long route segments . Slide rules are still commonly used in aviation , particularly for smaller planes . They are being replaced only by integrated , special purpose and expensive flight computers , and not general - purpose calculators . The E6B circular slide rule used by pilots has been in continuous production and remains available in a variety of models . Some wrist watches designed for aviation use still feature slide rule scales to permit quick calculations . The Citizen Skyhawk AT is a notable example . The slide rule today ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Faber - Castell slide rule with pouch Even today , some people prefer a slide rule over an electronic calculator as a practical computing device . Others keep their old slide rules out of a sense of nostalgia , or collect them as a hobby . A popular collectible model is the Keuffel & Esser Deci - Lon , a premium scientific and engineering slide rule available both in a ten - inch ( 25 cm ) `` regular '' ( Deci - Lon 10 ) and a five - inch `` pocket '' ( Deci - Lon 5 ) variant . Another prized American model is the eight - inch ( 20 cm ) Scientific Instruments circular rule . Of European rules , Faber - Castell 's high - end models are the most popular among collectors . Although a great many slide rules are circulating on the market , specimens in good condition tend to be expensive . Many rules found for sale on online auction sites are damaged or have missing parts , and the seller may not know enough to supply the relevant information . Replacement parts are scarce , expensive , and generally available only for separate purchase on individual collectors ' web sites . The Keuffel and Esser rules from the period up to about 1950 are particularly problematic , because the end - pieces on the cursors , made of celluloid , tend to chemically break down over time . There are still a handful of sources for brand new slide rules . The Concise Company of Tokyo , which began as a manufacturer of circular slide rules in July 1954 , continues to make and sell them today . In September 2009 , on - line retailer ThinkGeek introduced its own brand of straight slide rules , described as `` faithful replica ( s ) '' that are `` individually hand tooled '' . These are no longer available in 2012 . In addition , Faber - Castell has a number of slide rules still in inventory , available for international purchase through their web store . Proportion wheels are still used in graphic design . Various slide rule simulator apps are available for Android and iOS - based smart phones and tablets . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slide rules . Abacus Timeline of computing Flight computer Hans Peter Luhn , inventor of the Lunometer , a thread - counting gauge Nomogram Slide chart Vernier scale Volvelle Floating point Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Berrey , Lester V. ; van den Bark , Melvin ( 1953 ) . American Thesaurus of Slang : A Complete Reference Book of Colloquial Speech ( 2nd ed . ) . Crowell . OCLC 319462 . Jump up ^ Petroski , Henry ( 2011 ) . An Engineer 's Alphabet : Gleanings from the Softer Side of a Profession . Cambridge University Press . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 9781139505307 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger R. Flynn ( June 2002 ) . Computer sciences . 1 . Macmillan . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865567 - 3 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . The slide rule is an example of a mechanical analog computer ... Jump up ^ Swedin , Eric G. ; Ferro , David L. ( 24 October 2007 ) . Computers : The Life Story of a Technology . JHU Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8774 - 1 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Other analog mechanical computers included slide rules , the differential analyzer built by Vannevar E. Bush ( 1890 -- 1974 ) at the ... Jump up ^ Peter Grego ( 2009 ) . Astronomical cybersketching . Springer . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 85351 - 2 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . It is astonishing to think that much of the routine mathematical work that put people into orbit around Earth and landed astronauts on the Moon in the 1960s was performed using an unassuming little mechanical analog computer -- the ' humble ' slide rule . Jump up ^ Ernst Bleuler ; Robert Ozias Haxby ( 21 September 2011 ) . Electronic Methods . Academic Press . p. 638 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 085975 - 0 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . For example , slide rules are mechanical analog computers , Jump up ^ Harry Henderson ( 1 January 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology , Revised Edition . Infobase Publishing . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1003 - 5 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Another analog computer , the slide rule , became the constant companion of scientists , engineers , and students until it was replaced ... logarithmic proportions , allowing for quick multiplication , division , the extraction of square roots , and sometimes the calculation of trigonometric functions . Jump up ^ Behrens , Lawrence ; Rosen , Leonard J. ( 1982 ) . Writing and reading across the curriculum . Little , Brown . p. 273 . Then , just a decade ago , the invention of the pocket calculator made the slide rule obsolete almost overnight ... Jump up ^ Maor , Eli ( 2009 ) . e : The Story of a Number . Princeton University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14134 - 3 . Then in the early 1970s the first electronic hand - held calculators appeared on the market , and within ten years the slide rule was obsolete . Jump up ^ Castleden , Rodney ( 2007 ) . Inventions that Changed the World . Futura . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7088 - 0786 - 6 . With the invention of the calculator the slide rule became instantly obsolete . Jump up ^ Denning , Peter J. ; Metcalfe , Robert M. ( 1998 ) . Beyond calculation : the next fifty years of computing . Springer . p. xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98588 - 6 . The first hand calculator appeared in 1972 and made the slide rule obsolete overnight . Jump up ^ `` instruction manual '' . sphere.bc.ca . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AntiQuark : Slide Rule Tricks '' . antiquark.com . Jump up ^ `` Slide Rules '' . Tbullock.com. 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ At least one circular rule , a 1931 Gilson model , sacrificed some of the scales usually found in slide rules in order to obtain additional resolution in multiplication and division . It functioned through the use of a spiral C scale , which was claimed to be 50 feet and readable to five significant figures . See http://www.sphere.bc.ca/test/gilson/gilson-manual2.jpg . A photo can be seen at http://www.hpmuseum.org/srcirc.htm . An instruction manual for the unit marketed by Dietzgen can be found at http://www.sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Library_General.htm . All retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 336 ( Teknisk Tidskrift / 1933 . Allmänna avdelningen ) '' . Runeberg.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , David E. ( 1958 ) . History of Mathematics . Courier Corporation . p. 205 . ISBN 9780486204307 . Jump up ^ Applebaum , Wilbur ( 2003 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Slide Rule '' . Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution : From Copernicus to Newton . Routledge . ISBN 9781135582555 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron 's Nautical Slide Rule '' , The Practical Mechanic and Engineer 's Magazine , April 1845 , p. 187 and Plate XX - B Jump up ^ Kells , Lyman M. ; Kern , Willis F. ; Bland , James R. ( 1943 ) . The Log - Log Duplex Decitrig Slide Rule No. 4081 : A Manual . Keuffel & Esser . p. 92 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Polyphase Duplex Slide Rule , A Self - Teaching Manual , Breckenridge , 1922 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ The first pocket calculator that could replace the slide rule was the HP35 introduced in 1972 . Jump up ^ `` Lot 25368 Buzz Aldrin 's Apollo 11 Slide Rule - Flown to the Moon ... 2007 September Grand Format Air & Space Auction # 669 '' . Heritage Auctions . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Slide Rule , 5 - inch , Pickett N600 - ES , Apollo 13 '' . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Overton Harris , Slide rule simplified , American Technical Society , 1961 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prosthaphaeretic Slide Rule : A Mechanical Multiplication Device Based On Trigonometric Identities , The Mathematics And Computer Education Find Articles At Bnet '' . Findarticles.com. 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher sizing rules '' . natgasedu.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot Balloon Slide Rules '' . www.pilotballoon.com . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , M.G. ( 2003 ) . `` Circle of time : errors in the use of the pregnancy wheel '' . Journal of Maternal - Fetal and Neonatal Medicine . 14 ( 6 ) : 370 -- 372 . doi : 10.1080 / 14767050412331312200 . Jump up ^ `` The Wang LOCI - 2 '' . oldcalculatormuseum.com . Jump up ^ Wang Laboratories ( December 1966 ) . `` Now you can determine Copolymer Composition in a few minutes at your desk '' . Analytical Chemistry . 38 ( 13 ) : 62A -- 63A . doi : 10.1021 / ac50155a005 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Leibson , Steven ( 2010 ) . `` The HP 9100 Project : An Exothermic Reaction '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Volder , Jack E. ( June 2000 ) . `` The Birth of CORDIC '' ( PDF ) . Journal of VLSI Signal Processing . Hingham , MA , USA : Kluwer Academic Publishers . 25 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 105 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1008110704586 . ISSN 0922 - 5773 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stoll , Cliff . `` When Slide Rules Ruled , '' Scientific American , May 2006 , pp. 80 -- 87 . `` The difficulty of learning to use slide rules discouraged their use among the hoi polloi . Yes , the occasional grocery store manager figured discounts on a slipstick , and this author once caught his high school English teacher calculating stats for trifecta horse - race winners on a slide rule during study hall . But slide rules never made it into daily life because you could not do simple addition and subtraction with them , not to mention the difficulty of keeping track of the decimal point . Slide rules remained tools for techies . '' Jump up ^ Watson , George H. `` Problem - based learning and the three C 's of technology , '' The Power of Problem - Based Learning , Barbara Duch , Susan Groh , Deborah Allen , eds. , Stylus Publishing , LLC , 2001 . `` Numerical computations in freshman physics and chemistry were excruciating ; however , this did not seem to be the case for those students fortunate enough to already own a calculator . I vividly recall that at the end of 1974 , the students who were still using slide rules were given an additional 15 minutes on the final examination to compensate for the computational advantage afforded by the calculator , hardly adequate compensation in the opinions of the remaining slide rule practitioners . '' Jump up ^ Stoll , Cliff . `` When Slide Rules Ruled , '' Scientific American , May 2006 , pp. 80 -- 87 . `` With computation moving literally at a hand 's pace and the lack of precision a given , mathematicians worked to simplify complex problems . Because linear equations were friendlier to slide rules than more complex functions were , scientists struggled to linearize mathematical relations , often sweeping high - order or less significant terms under the computational carpet . So a car designer might calculate gas consumption by looking mainly at an engine 's power , while ignoring how air friction varies with speed . Engineers developed shortcuts and rules of thumb . At their best , these measures led to time savings , insight and understanding . On the downside , these approximations could hide mistakes and lead to gross errors . '' Jump up ^ Stoll , Cliff . `` When Slide Rules Ruled '' , Scientific American , May 2006 , pp. 80 -- 87 . `` One effect was that users felt close to the numbers , aware of rounding - off errors and systematic inaccuracies , unlike users of today 's computer - design programs . Chat with an engineer from the 1950s , and you will most likely hear a lament for the days when calculation went hand - in - hand with deeper comprehension . Instead of plugging numbers into a computer program , an engineer would understand the fine points of loads and stresses , voltages and currents , angles and distances . Numeric answers , crafted by hand , meant problem solving through knowledge and analysis rather than sheer number crunching . '' Jump up ^ `` Citizen Watch Company -- Citizen Eco-Drive / US , Canada , UK , IrelandCitizen Watch '' . citizenwatch.com . Jump up ^ `` Greg 's Slide Rules - Links to Slide Rule Collectors '' . Sliderule.ozmanor.com. 2004 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` About CONCISE '' . Concise.co.jp . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Slide Rule '' . ThinkGeek . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Slide Rule '' . ThinkGeek . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Rechenschieber '' . Faber - Castell . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . External links ( edit ) General information , history International Slide Rule Museum The history , theory and use of the engineering slide rule -- By Dr James B. Calvert , University of Denver United Kingdom Slide Rule Circle Home Page Oughtred Society Slide Rule Home Page -- Dedicated to the preservation and history of slide rules Rod Lovett 's Slide Rules - Comprehensive Aristo site with many search facilities Derek 's virtual slide rule gallery -- Javascript simulations of historical slide rules `` Slide rule '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Slide - rule '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Reglas de Cálculo -- A very big Faber Castell collection Collection of slide rules -- French Slide Rules ( Graphoplex , Tavernier - Gravet and others ) Eric 's Slide Rule Site -- History and use Slide Rules -- Information from The Museum of HP Calculators GND : 4177168 - 0 NDL : 00565380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slide_rule&oldid=817970111 '' Categories : Mechanical calculators Logarithms English inventions 1620 introductions Analog computers Historical scientific instruments Obsolete technologies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 17 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who invented slide rule and in what year | [
"The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. In 1620 Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale; with additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide.[17] In c. 1622, William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule.[18] Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students. Also like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority, with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.",
"The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. In 1620 Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale; with additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide.[17] In c. 1622, William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule.[18] Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students. Also like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority, with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653."
] | [
"William Oughtred",
"c. 1622"
] |
-84796796966021217 | Captain America: The Winter Soldier | Captain America : the Winter Soldier - wikipedia Captain America : the Winter Soldier Jump to : navigation , search `` Captain America 2 '' and `` The Winter Soldier ( film ) '' redirect here . For the 1979 film , see Captain America II : Death Too Soon . For the 1972 documentary , see Winter Soldier ( film ) . 2014 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Captain America : The Winter Soldier Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on Captain America by Joe Simon Jack Kirby Starring Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Sebastian Stan Anthony Mackie Cobie Smulders Frank Grillo Emily VanCamp Hayley Atwell Robert Redford Samuel L. Jackson Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $177 million Box office $714.3 million Captain America : The Winter Soldier is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger and the ninth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Cobie Smulders , Frank Grillo , Emily VanCamp , Hayley Atwell , Robert Redford , and Samuel L. Jackson . In Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Captain America , Black Widow , and Falcon join forces to uncover a conspiracy within S.H.I.E.L.D. while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier . A major influence in The Winter Soldier was conspiracy fiction from the 1970s such as Three Days of the Condor , with the script also drawing from the Winter Soldier story arc written by Ed Brubaker . The script was written in 2011 , with the Russo brothers entering negotiations to direct in June 2012 and casting beginning the following month . Principal photography commenced in April 2013 in Los Angeles , California before moving to Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . While the directors aimed for more realism , with focus on practical effects and intense stunt work , 2,500 visual effects shots were done by six different companies . Captain America : The Winter Soldier premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 , and was released in the United States on April 4 , 2014 , in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $714 million worldwide , and making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2014 . It also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . A sequel titled Captain America : Civil War , also directed by the Russo brothers , was released on May 6 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the Battle of New York , Steve Rogers works in Washington , D.C. for the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. under Director Nick Fury , while adjusting to contemporary society . Rogers and Agent Natasha Romanoff are sent with S.H.I.E.L.D. 's counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team , led by Agent Rumlow , to free hostages aboard a S.H.I.E.L.D. vessel from Georges Batroc and his mercenaries . Mid-mission , Rogers discovers Romanoff has another agenda : to extract data from the ship 's computers for Fury. Rogers returns to the Triskelion , S.H.I.E.L.D. 's headquarters , to confront Fury and is briefed about Project Insight : three Helicarriers linked to spy satellites , designed to preemptively eliminate threats . Unable to decrypt the data recovered by Romanoff , Fury becomes suspicious about Insight and asks senior S.H.I.E.L.D. official Alexander Pierce to delay the project . On his way to rendezvous with Maria Hill , Fury is ambushed by assailants led by a mysterious assassin called the Winter Soldier . Fury escapes to Rogers ' apartment , and warns Rogers that S.H.I.E.L.D. is compromised . Fury is gunned down by the Winter Soldier , before handing Rogers a flash drive containing data from the ship . Fury is pronounced dead during surgery , and Hill recovers the body . The next day , Pierce summons Rogers to the Triskelion . When Rogers withholds Fury 's information , Pierce brands him a fugitive . Hunted by S.T.R.I.K.E. , Rogers meets with Romanoff . Using data in the flash drive , they discover a secret S.H.I.E.L.D. bunker in New Jersey , where they activate a supercomputer containing the preserved consciousness of Arnim Zola . Zola reveals that ever since S.H.I.E.L.D. was founded after World War II , Hydra has secretly operated within its ranks , sowing global chaos with the objective of making humanity surrender its freedom in exchange for security . The pair narrowly escape death when a S.H.I.E.L.D. missile destroys the bunker , and realize that Pierce is Hydra 's leader within S.H.I.E.L.D. Rogers and Romanoff enlist the help of former USAF pararescueman Sam Wilson , whom Rogers befriended , and acquire his powered `` Falcon '' wingpack . Deducing that S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Jasper Sitwell is a Hydra mole , they force him to divulge that Zola developed a data - mining algorithm that can identify individuals becoming threats to Hydra . The Insight Helicarriers will sweep the globe , using satellite - guided guns to eliminate these individuals . Rogers , Romanoff , and Wilson are ambushed by the Winter Soldier , who kills Sitwell . During the fight , Rogers recognizes the Winter Soldier as Bucky Barnes , his childhood best friend who supposedly fell to his death on a mission , but actually was captured and experimented upon after WWII . Hill manages to extract the trio to a safehouse where Fury , who had faked his death , is waiting with plans to sabotage the Helicarriers by replacing their controller chips . After the World Security Council members arrive for the Helicarriers ' launch , Rogers broadcasts Hydra 's plot to everyone at the Triskelion . Romanoff , disguised as one of the Council members , disarms Pierce . Fury arrives and forces Pierce to unlock S.H.I.E.L.D. 's database so that Romanoff can leak classified information , exposing Hydra to the public . Following a struggle , Fury kills Pierce . Meanwhile , Rogers and Wilson storm two Helicarriers and replace the controller chips , but the Winter Soldier destroys Wilson 's suit and fights Rogers on the third . Rogers fends him off and replaces the final chip , allowing Hill to take control and have the vessels destroy each other . Rogers refuses to fight the Winter Soldier in an attempt to reach his friend , but as the ship collides with the Triskelion , Rogers is thrown out into the Potomac River . The Winter Soldier rescues the unconscious Rogers before disappearing into the woods . With S.H.I.E.L.D. in disarray , Romanoff appears before a Senate subcommittee and Fury , under the cover of his apparent death , heads to Eastern Europe in pursuit of Hydra 's remaining cells . Rogers and Wilson decide to find the Winter Soldier , while Rumlow , who was a double agent for Hydra , is hospitalized following the Triskelion 's destruction . In a mid-credits scene , Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , at a Hydra lab , proclaims that the `` age of miracles '' has begun as scientists examine an energy - filled scepter and two test subjects : one with superhuman speed , the other with telekinetic powers . In a post-credits scene , the Winter Soldier visits a Bucky memorial at the Smithsonian Institution . Cast ( edit ) The cast and crew of Captain America : The Winter Soldier at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , VanCamp , Mackie , Smulders , Jackson , Johansson , directors Anthony and Joe Russo , Evans , Grillo , Stan ) Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A World War II veteran who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum , frozen in suspended animation , and is now struggling to adjust to the modern world . Describing his character 's adjustment to the modern world , Evans said , `` It 's not so much about his shock with ( technology ) ... It 's more about the societal differences . He 's gone from the ' 40s to today ; he comes from a world where people were a little more trusting , the threats not as deep . Now , it 's harder to tell who 's right and wrong . Actions you take to protect people from threats could compromise liberties and privacy . That 's tough for Steve to swallow . '' Evans trained in parkour , Brazilian jiu - jitsu , karate , boxing , kickboxing , and gymnastics , as the Russo brothers believed that bringing Rogers into the modern day also meant that he had studied and mastered modern fighting styles and techniques . The filmmakers also looked to make the character 's shield , which has traditionally been used for defense , a more offensive weapon . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy working for S.H.I.E.L.D. , who partners with Rogers . Screenwriter Christopher Markus said that Black Widow was a `` great contrast '' to Captain America , describing her as `` incredibly modern , not very reverent , and just very straightforward whereas Steve is , you know a man from the 40s . He 's not a boy scout , but he is reserved and has a moral center , whereas her moral center moves . '' The Russos added , `` She 's a character who lies for a living . That 's what she does . He 's a character who tells the truth . Give them a problem and they 'll have different ways of approaching it . She 's pushing him to modernize , and he 's pushing her to add a certain level of integrity to her life . '' When asked about Romanoff 's relationship with Rogers , Johansson responded , `` By a series of unfortunate encounters , they will be in a situation in which their friendship becomes more intimate . They share many similarities because they live on the defensive without relying on anyone . Also , the two have been working for the government throughout their professional careers . With their friendship they begin to question what they want and what is their true identity . '' Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : Steve Rogers ' best friend , who has re-emerged as an enhanced brainwashed assassin after being thought killed in action during World War II . About the character , Feige said , `` Winter Soldier has been methodically , almost robotically , following orders for 70 years . '' Stan said despite his nine - picture deal with Marvel Studios including his appearance in The First Avenger , he was not sure about an imminent return for Bucky , and only heard the sequel was named after the Winter Soldier through a friend attending San Diego Comic - Con . The actor endured five months of physical training to prepare for the role and did historical research stating , `` I dove into the whole Cold War thing . I looked at the KGB . I looked at all kinds of spy movies , and all kinds of documentaries about that time , and what it was about . I grabbed anything from that time period . Anything about brainwashing . '' Stan also practiced daily with the knife used by the Winter Soldier . Regarding Bucky 's transition into the Winter Soldier , Stan said , `` You know , the truth of the situation is although he looks very different and there 's different things about him , it still comes from the same person . I think you 'll get to see that no matter what . I think part of my goal here was to make sure that you see an extension of that version but just a different color of that same version in a way . I think he 's still the same guy ; he 's cut from the same cloth . '' Stan stated he felt the character 's introduction in The Winter Soldier was `` a preview of the guy , '' with more to the character being explored in the film 's sequel Captain America : Civil War . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack . About the role , Mackie said `` ( Wilson is ) a really smart guy who went through major military training and becomes a tactical leader . '' Remarking , `` He 's the first African - American superhero . It makes me feel all the work I 've done has been paying off . I have a son , nephews and nieces , and I love the idea that they can dress up as the Falcon on Halloween . They now have someone they can idolize . That 's a huge honor for me . '' Marvel , who cast Mackie because of his `` energy and sense of fun , '' did not let him read a script before signing on . Mackie spent five months doing two - a-day workouts and eating an 11,000 calorie per day diet to get into shape for the role . Commenting on Rogers ' relationship with Wilson , Evans said , `` Meeting Mackie 's character , he used to serve , now he works at the VA counseling guys who come home with PTSD -- they connect on that level . I think they 're both wounded warriors who do n't bleed on other people . Cap has no one to bleed on . I think Mackie knows how to handle people like that. ... Sometimes when things are bad , trusting a stranger is the way to go . '' Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill : A high - ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who works closely with Nick Fury . Smulders said she performed some of her own stunts in the film , explaining , `` I try to do my own stunts whenever I can . You 're only allowed to do certain stunts . There is an amazing team of stunt people that do most of the work in this film . But , I studied a lot of tae kwon do . I also did a lot of training just with weapons because I 'm not very comfortable around guns . I had to get comfortable because that 's my character 's thing ... I like to get really physical so I feel empowered when I am on set and even though you do n't see it on screen , maybe I am taking people out that you do n't see off camera . '' Frank Grillo as Brock Rumlow : Commander of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team . About the character , Grillo said , `` He is a bad - ass guy . ( He ) pretty much beats the shit out of everyone in the movie and that 's really it . '' Regarding Rumlow 's alter ego , Grillo said , `` Very early on the Russos said , ' Look , this is an origin film for this character . We 're gon na discover who this is and this is a big movie with a lot of moving parts , but we 're gon na discover you in this film and , you know , here 's the information about who Brock Rumlow turns into and blah , blah , blah . ' And so we 've had multiple discussions about what comes after that , that thing . So , you know , it 's obvious Rumlow is covered in rubble and burned to crisp at the end , but you see he 's still there . They do n't do that for no reason . '' Emily VanCamp as Sharon Carter / Agent 13 : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent assigned to guard Rogers without his knowledge . About the character , VanCamp said , `` I play Agent 13 / Sharon Carter which everyone knows but we do n't really touch on that in this film . We 're just sort of introducing her . When we first see her we realize she 's living next to Captain America ... they sort of have a little thing going on and as we all know in the comic books they had a love affair off and on for years . They had a very complicated relationship . It 's almost as if they are planting the seeds now . Sort of leaving room to go wherever they want to go with it . '' Regarding her casting , Joe Russo said , `` We wanted someone that Cap would have an immediate interest in . It had to be a strong - willed person , and we felt that Emily 's work on Revenge was a great test tube for what this character could be . She 's obviously very credible with physicality , she holds the screen really well , and she even looks like the character from the books . '' Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter : A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers . On receiving the script , Atwell realized the character `` would be 96 , and I would be up to the eyeballs in prosthetics . '' The visual effects team was not satisfied with the initial make - up used to make Atwell look older , and eventually resorted to aging her through CGI methods . Robert Redford as Alexander Pierce : A senior leader within S.H.I.E.L.D. , a member of the World Security Council and an old comrade of Nick Fury . Redford was cast in part as an homage to his roles in 1970s thrillers such as Three Days of the Condor , and for what the directors described as `` an acting legend playing a villainous role '' akin to Henry Fonda in Once Upon a Time in the West . As to what attracted him to the film , Redford said it interested him by being different from his usual work , and that he `` wanted to experience this new form of filmmaking that 's taken over where you have kind of cartoon characters brought to life through high technology . '' Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : The director of S.H.I.E.L.D. Regarding Fury 's questionable code of ethics , Jackson said , `` Almost everything that comes out of Nick Fury 's mouth is a lie in some sense . He has to ask , is he even lying to himself , too ? He has a very good idea of what 's going on but his paranoia keeps him from believing some of it . '' Jackson added , `` You see Nick Fury the office guy , him going about the day - to - day work of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the politics as opposed to that other stuff . It 's great to have him dealing with Captain America in terms of being able to speak to him soldier to soldier and try to explain to him how the world has changed in another way while he was frozen in time . Some of the people who used to be our enemies are now our allies -- him trying to figure out , ' Well , how do we trust those guys ? ' or ' How do we trust the guys that you did n't trust who do n't trust you ? ' And explaining to him that the black and white of good guys / bad guys has now turned into this gray area . '' McFeely said , `` Fury represents an obstacle for Steve in some ways . They do n't always agree on how S.H.I.E.L.D. ought to be used . '' The writers gave Fury a more prominent role in The Winter Soldier , since within a plot featuring S.H.I.E.L.D. being dismantled , Fury would `` take the brunt of it '' . They also intended on having a character that had so far been depicted as a self - assured man in charge being depicted as vulnerable , to enhance the sense of danger of the Hydra conspiracy . Additionally , Toby Jones , Maximiliano Hernández , and Garry Shandling reprise their roles from previous MCU films as Arnim Zola , Jasper Sitwell , and Senator Stern , respectively . Georges St - Pierre plays Georges Batroc , a mercenary and a master of the French form of kickboxing known as savate . Callan Mulvey plays Jack Rollins , a member of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's S.T.R.I.K.E. unit . Chin Han , Jenny Agutter ( who previously appeared in The Avengers ) , Alan Dale , and Bernard White appear as members of the World Security Council . Comedic actors Danny Pudi and DC Pierson have small roles as a S.H.I.E.L.D. technician and an Apple Store employee , respectively . Gary Sinise narrates a Captain America - themed Smithsonian Institution exhibit , and Stan Lee cameos as a security guard there . Winter Soldier creator Ed Brubaker makes a cameo as a scientist working on the Winter Soldier . Co-director Joe Russo cameos as a doctor , and Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely cameo as two S.H.I.E.L.D. interrogators . Thomas Kretschmann , Henry Goodman , Elizabeth Olsen and Aaron Taylor - Johnson appear , uncredited , as Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , Dr. List , the Scarlet Witch , and Quicksilver , respectively , in the mid-credits scene . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) We hired our directors on Cap because they loved our explanation that we really want to make a ' 70s political thriller masquerading as a big superhero movie . Just like with the first film -- we got Joe Johnston because we said , `` We want to do a ' 40s World War II movie masquerading as a big superhero movie . '' I love that we 're doing a sequel to a film that 's a completely different genre than the first film . I think that 's fun . And the comics do it all the time . -- Kevin Feige , producer of Captain America : The Winter Soldier In April 2011 , before Captain America : The First Avenger was released in theaters , screenwriters Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely announced that Marvel had already hired the duo to work on the film 's sequel . In September 2011 , Chris Evans said that a sequel may not be released until 2014 . In January 2012 , Neal McDonough , who played Dum Dum Dugan in Captain America : The First Avenger , mentioned that a sequel would likely be filmed after the completion of Thor : The Dark World , which would likely have been before the end of 2012 . By March 2012 , Marvel whittled down the possible directors for the sequel to three candidates : George Nolfi , F. Gary Gray , and brothers Anthony and Joseph Russo . Walt Disney Studios announced the planned release of the sequel to Captain America : The First Avenger on April 4 , 2014 . Disney stated , `` The second installment will pick - up where ... The Avengers leaves off , as Steve Rogers continues his affiliation with Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. and struggles to embrace his role in the modern world . '' Markus later elaborated , `` I think S.H.I.E.L.D. is the water ( Rogers is ) swimming in . It 's definitely a Captain America movie . You know , if the first movie was a movie about the US Army , then this is a movie about S.H.I.E.L.D. ... You will learn about S.H.I.E.L.D. You will learn about where it came from and where it 's going and some of the cool things they have . '' In April , F. Gary Gray withdrew his name from consideration , choosing instead to direct the N.W.A biographical film Straight Outta Compton . Writing ( edit ) McFeely said the writing process began in the middle of 2011 , around the release of The First Avenger , with him and Markus `` noodling on in hopes that there would be a second one and we did a lot of just throwing stuff at the wall and seeing what stuck '' . The first few months of writing were a back and forth process with Marvel , but after an outline was finished , the story did not change much . They opted to set the story in the present day , and , after `` experimenting with flashback elements for more period World War II stuff '' , decided to abandon the flashbacks as `` it became unwieldy . '' The film would be `` Cap versus the world we all live in today '' , while averting excessive comedy regarding the hero 's time displacement , as Markus considered the Captain `` the most adaptive man on the planet . '' The tone would be more grounded in reality despite the advanced technology to contrast the fantasy elements from both the first Captain America and The Avengers . Despite that , the comic book origins guaranteed that the film would not have verisimilitude . This still proved a challenge in the reveal of Arnim Zola , that had to be extensively rewritten to convey how `` this grounded espionage paranoid thriller suddenly screeches to a halt and you switch gears really quickly with this ghost in the machine '' that introduces more science fiction elements . Markus and McFeely wanted to adapt Ed Brubaker 's Winter Soldier storyline from the comics , which they described as `` the tone of Cap 's modern franchise '' , but it took the duo six months to convince themselves that they could do it . In the meantime , while thinking how to progress from the war film tone of The First Avenger , the writers settled on the conspiracy genre for the screenplay , and cited Three Days of the Condor , The Parallax View , and Marathon Man as influences , feeling it better conveyed Captain America 's trust issues and contrasting values in the new world he was living in , with Markus saying , `` If you put that 1940s man into present day geo - politics everything is going to seem like a conspiracy . It 's just going to seem dirty and underhanded and shifty , and people wo n't be telling the truth . '' Three Days of the Condor in particular was used as the main source of the script structure , following the idea that the protagonist is being chased by a threat they , along with the audience , only discover halfway through the film . The writers felt this approach was similar to how Stan Lee reinvented Captain America in the 1960s and 1970s , with `` the Captain dealing with all sorts of the same things that the country ( was ) dealing with -- Vietnam , Watergate and all that stuff -- so he gets to have opinions on that '' , thus making the `` guy who is ostensibly from the more black and white 1940s react to this ultimately grey world that we live in . '' Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige described the film as a political thriller , and as the duo struggled to figure out a third act , Feige suggested that S.H.I.E.L.D. be brought down and have Captain America fight the agency . The writers thought this was a great story point , for implementing `` the physical manifestation of Cap changing the world . '' Markus even noted how the 1970s comics had similar conspiracies . The Hydra reveal made sure to include returning characters among the undercover villains , as well as references to the comics such as Arnim Zola being kept alive as a machine . Feige later elaborated on the political thriller nature of the film saying , In our attempt to make all of our films feel unique and feel different we found ourselves going back to things like ( Three Days of the Condor ) . Also the other political thrillers of the ' 70s : The Parallax View , All the President 's Men . This was a time that Cap existed in the comics . He found himself in the swinging ' 60s followed by the Watergate Era followed by the Reagan Era followed by where we are today . In the comics it was a hell of a journey for Steve . And we could n't take him through those years because in our cinematic universe he was asleep . But we wanted to force him to confront that kind of moral conundrum , something with that ' 70s flavor . And in our film that takes the form of S.H.I.E.L.D. Feige stated that Steve Rogers would be paired with other characters from The Avengers like Black Widow and Nick Fury , because unlike Tony Stark and Thor , who could return to their own supporting casts , Rogers had nowhere else to go , `` and it just made sense that he was the one that stayed with what remains of the Avengers at the end of the film . '' The writers considered including Hawkeye , but `` he did n't have enough to do and suddenly it seemed like we were giving him short shrift '' , leading all of his parts to be fulfilled by Black Widow , and Joe Russo added that Jeremy Renner 's schedule could not be worked out for him to appear . As to why the Red Skull from The First Avenger did not appear in The Winter Soldier , Joe Russo explained , `` I know we have a guy in a computer , but the tone we were chasing was sort of that conspiracy thriller . And we wanted to try and ground the movie as much as we could . And Red Skull , he 's a fantastical character and did n't necessarily fit for Cap 2 and especially because it was about the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. Certainly Hydra exists and that 's his legacy , but there 's something interesting about the fact that his legacy outlived the skull . And they 're still dealing with the demons of it , but not necessarily him . '' Chris McKenna , who worked with the Russo brothers on the sitcom Community , contributed to the script by writing jokes for the film . Pre-production ( edit ) It 's hard to make a political film that 's not topical . That 's what makes a political thriller different from just a thriller . And that 's what adds to the characters ' paranoia and the audience 's experience of that paranoia . But we 're also very pop - culture - obsessed and we love topicality , so we kept pushing to ( have ) scenes that , fortunately or unfortunately , played out ( during the time that Edward ) Snowden outed the NSA . That stuff was already in the zeitgeist . We were all reading the articles that were coming out questioning drone strikes , pre-emptive strikes , civil liberties -- ( Barack ) Obama talking about who they would kill ... We wanted to put all of that into the film because it would be a contrast to ( Captain America ) 's greatest - generation ( way of thinking ) . -- Anthony Russo , co-director of Captain America : The Winter Soldier By June 2012 , the Russo brothers entered negotiations to direct the sequel , and Samuel L. Jackson was confirmed to return as S.H.I.E.L.D. leader Nick Fury . Feige sought out the Russos after watching the genre - parodying season 2 finale of Community which they directed , and for the additional ideas they brought to the initial story pitch . Joe Russo detailed that since the intent was for a political thriller , `` all the great political thrillers have very current issues in them that reflect the anxiety of the audience . '' Thus the brothers opted to include references to drone warfare , targeted killing and global surveillance . Joe even noted how during principal photography , the issues became more topical due to the disclosure of several National Security Agency surveillance - related documents . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that the official title for the sequel was Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and that the Russo brothers would direct the film . After signing on to direct , the Russo brothers met with Ed Brubaker to learn more about where the Winter Soldier character came from , his thinking and the themes behind the character . In July 2012 , Anthony Mackie entered negotiations to star as Falcon alongside Chris Evans in the sequel . Sebastian Stan was also confirmed to be reprising his role as James Barnes . By August 2012 , Anna Kendrick , Felicity Jones , and Imogen Poots were being considered front - runners for a leading role in the film . In September 2012 , Chris Evans stated that filming would begin in March 2013 . Evans also stated that Rogers ' adjustment to the modern world , which was originally set to be included in The Avengers , would be better suited for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . At the end of the month , The Greater Cleveland Film Commission announced that Captain America : The Winter Soldier would film in Cleveland , Ohio after the production was approved for a $9.5 million tax credit . Producer Nate Moore said that after also serving as a location in The Avengers , Cleveland 's government was helpful in providing large locations for filming , which `` provided production value which we probably could not have built in a backlot . '' McFeely joked that while writing ambitious action scenes `` I did not realize a great American metropolis would say ' Sure , shut down three miles of freeway and go to town ' . '' Portions of the film were also scheduled to be shot in California and Washington , D.C. By October , Emilia Clarke , Jessica Brown Findlay , Teresa Palmer , Imogen Poots , and Alison Brie were being considered for Rogers ' love interest in the film , and Scarlett Johansson was brought back to reprise her role as Black Widow . Later in the month , Frank Grillo was testing for the role of the villain Crossbones in the film , and by the end of the month , Grillo closed a deal to portray the character and Cobie Smulders signed on to reprise her role as Maria Hill from The Avengers . In January 2013 , Hayley Atwell , who played Peggy Carter in Captain America : The First Avenger , said that she would not appear in the sequel . However Stanley Tucci , who played Dr. Abraham Erskine in the previous film , later said that Atwell would reappear in a flashback scene . Also in January , Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D , and Anthony Mackie said filming would begin on April 1 , 2013 . Later that month , Toby Jones , who portrayed Arnim Zola in the first film , said that he would reprise the role in the sequel . By the end of the month , stages were being built for a shoot at Raleigh Manhattan Beach Studios in Los Angeles . In February 2013 , Emily VanCamp entered negotiations to play a female lead in the film . By March 2013 , Maximiliano Hernández was signed to reprise his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Jasper Sitwell from Thor and The Avengers and Robert Redford entered in talks to join the cast , as a high - ranking member of S.H.I.E.L.D , which he later confirmed . Toward the end of March , UFC fighter Georges St - Pierre was cast as a character based on the comics ' Batroc the Leaper in the film . Captain America 's uniform was altered from the ones seen in previous films , with a Kevlar - based ballistic component that would protect Captain America but at the same time function like a military uniform . Joe Russo said , `` We wanted to use his Super Soldier outfit from the ( Steve Rogers : Super Soldier series ) as a way to represent , thematically , his place in the world of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the difference between working for S.H.I.E.L.D. and being Captain America . '' For the Falcon costume , the filmmakers were interested in adding more of a tactical design than was represented in the comic books , by including real - world webbing , straps and gear and stripping away the more comic book elements . Filming ( edit ) Film set for Captain America : The Winter Soldier on the National Mall . Principal photography began on April 1 , 2013 , at the Raleigh Manhattan Beach Studios in Los Angeles , under the working title Freezer Burn . Scenes taking place on the Lemurian Star were filmed on the Sea Launch Commander , docked in Long Beach , California . In early May , Dominic Cooper confirmed he would return as Howard Stark . On May 14 , 2013 , production moved to Washington , D.C. with filming taking place at the National Mall and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge . The following day , Garry Shandling was spotted on set reprising his Iron Man 2 role of Senator Stern . Other filming locations in Washington , D.C. included the Willard Hotel and Dupont Circle . Filming in Cleveland began on May 17 and was scheduled to last until mid-June with locations scheduled on the West Shoreway , the Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant in Cuyahoga Heights and the Lakeview Cemetery Dam . Cleveland was chosen as a stand - in for Washington , D.C , with the city 's East 6th Street doubling as 7th and D Streets in Southwest D.C. Other locations in Cleveland included the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland , the Cleveland Public Library , Cleveland State University , the Cleveland Arcade , Tower City Center , the Cleveland Museum of Art , and the Western Reserve Historical Society . Interior shots were also filmed inside private homes and the Pilgrim Congregational Church in Tremont . Filming in Cleveland concluded on June 27 , 2013 . Trent Opaloch , best known for his work on District 9 and Elysium , was brought in as the director of photography . Opaloch stated that while attempting to emulate the 1970s thrillers that served as inspiration for the writers and directors , the staging and lighting tried to bring realism through `` classic framing and naturalistic lighting '' , and the filming was done with hand - held cameras . To achieve this , Opaloch used Arri Alexa Plus 4 : 3 cameras with Panavision anamorphic lenses and Codex Digital recorders . Stunt work aimed for realistic action , prioritizing practical effects . The fight scenes were staged for months , with a choreography that aimed to highlight Captain America 's superhuman qualities , and `` move away from impressionistic action into specificity '' : the raid on the S.H.I.E.L.D. vessel had stealthiness as the Captain knocked out enemies to avert detection , and the freeway fight with Winter Soldier was more `` last minute '' to highlight the characters ' struggle to survive . In contrast to the quick editing and moving cameras of modern action films , The Winter Soldier aimed to feature longer action scenes that felt more visceral and dangerous . The Russos mentioned the bank robbing scene of Heat as a major influence , which they described as `` the most intense eight minutes of filmmaking I 've seen in a movie theater '' , and action scenes directed by Brian De Palma , such as the vault heist in Mission : Impossible , where `` very likable characters are put in impossible situations that the audience is put on the edge on how they 'd escape '' . Examples of these types of scenes include the ambushes on Nick Fury in the street and Captain America in the elevator . Post-production ( edit ) Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter before ( top ) and after ( bottom ) she was digitally altered to appear older in the film . Additional photography was filmed in December 2013 and January 2014 , in order for the Russos to accurately show the state of each character after the defeat of S.H.I.E.L.D. , having read the script of Avengers : Age of Ultron to guide their choices . Joss Whedon , director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron , wrote and directed the mid-credits scene , which featured Quicksilver , the Scarlet Witch , and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker . The title sequences were created by design firm Sarofsky , who had worked with the Russos since Community . Sarofsky collaborated with comic book artist David W. Mack on the sequences . Anthony Mackie said the Russo brothers relied on minimal use of computer - generated imagery , stating , `` The Russos , what they did that was so great was , they wanted to stay with live action , which is a dying art form . If they can build it , they built it . If we could do it , we did it . They wanted to do as little CGI as possible . That 's why the movie looks so great . '' Nevertheless , six special effects companies are involved in creating the visual effects of the film , including Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Scanline VFX , Lola VFX , Luma Pictures , Whiskytree and The Embassy , with previsualization completed by Proof . The film contained 2,500 visual effects shots , with 900 worked on by ILM . The film featured extensive use of digital doubles . Russell Earl , ILM visual effects supervisor , said , `` The character that we did the most work on was Falcon . We knew we were going to do CG wings . We also did some shots with wires and some with stunt doubles and head replacement . And we needed a very good digital double . '' Lola VFX , who worked on the pre-serum Steve Rogers scenes in this film and Captain America : The First Avenger , also worked on shots featuring an elderly Peggy Carter . This involved digitally transposing the facial features of an elderly actress onto the face of actress Hayley Atwell who had performed her lines with no make - up and only a few tracking markers . The Helicarriers in the film were completely digital . Earl said , `` In ( The Avengers ) it was more like an aircraft carrier , now it 's an aircraft carrier with the addition of battle ship - sized guns . We were all over the carriers ( with the virtual camera ) . We were on the decks ; we were flying next to them . We had a lot of close ups and different angles . And we did n't just have one ; we had three . On top of that , we had to destroy them all . '' This CGI environment was also used in close ups . Earl said , `` The challenge was to get in all of the detail to make it feel like it is a real , working ship . We created details down to the railings and all the human - scale stuff ... For the shots in which we were destroying them , we had to have the internals as well -- the hallways , the storage areas . '' Many of the shots of Washington , D.C. were digitally created due to numerous flight restrictions in the city which necessitated that locations be recreated by computer . However , aerial footage of the city was filmed and used for live action plate photography for shots involving the Triskelion , which is located on Theodore Roosevelt Island on the Potomac River . 350 different versions of the film were made , to accommodate for the different formats it would be released in domestically , while also accounting for international localization and formats . The versions had to be completed in 17 days , versus a normal turnaround time of three to four weeks for contemporary films , to make its theatrical release date . One of the various changes for localization was the contents of Captain America 's notebook list seen at the beginning of the film . The first five items were different depending on where the film was released , while the final five items were the same across all prints . Marvel held online polls allowing fans to select the items featured in each country 's release . Music ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( soundtrack ) In June 2013 , Henry Jackman announced that he would compose the film 's score . About the score Jackman said , `` ... it 's 50 % production and all the tricks I 've learnt from spending years in the record industry but then it 's also got the kind of injection of symphonic , thematic , heroic music that all kind of merges into one musical , and hopefully coherent piece '' . A soundtrack album was released by Hollywood Records on April 1 , 2014 . Release ( edit ) Chris Evans at the Paris premiere of Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released in 32 markets on March 26 , 2014 and in North America on April 4 , 2014 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . The film debuted on 668 IMAX screens worldwide , a record for films releasing in April . The world premiere took place on March 13 , 2014 at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California . The Paris premiere occurred on March 17 at Le Grand Rex , the London premiere took place on March 20 at Westfield London , the Beijing premiere took place on March 24 and the Cleveland premiere took place on April 1 . Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson auctioned off passes to one of the premieres for charity . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2013 , Marvel Studios released a teaser poster depicting a damaged and discolored Captain America shield . The Los Angeles Times said , `` the image suggests that ( Captain America ) might see some serious battle in the sequel '' while Rolling Stone said , `` the image hints at darker themes in the sequel '' . Later that month , Marvel Studios head and producer Kevin Feige , directors Joe and Anthony Russo , and cast members Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Samuel L. Jackson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Cobie Smulders , Emily VanCamp , and Frank Grillo held a panel at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International and presented footage from the film . In addition , Marvel had booths depicting a Smithsonian - type exhibit showing Captain America and the Howling Commandos from Captain America : The First Avenger . At the end of the month , audiences were shown a glimpse of the film along with some of Marvel 's other Phase Two slate of films at Disney XD 's Disney Fandom event . In August 2013 , Feige , Evans , Stan , and Mackie presented a clip of the film at Disney 's D23 Expo . In September 2013 , Marvel announced that it is again partnering with Harley - Davidson , continuing their relationship from Captain America : The First Avenger , with Captain America riding the company 's Softail Breakout motorcycle in the film . Jackson , Johansson , Evans , and the Russo brothers promoting the film in Paris in March 2014 . In October 2013 , Marvel released the first trailer for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Hollywood Reporter said , `` it looks like it 'll live up to the ' political thriller ' that 's been promised for months now . '' The Los Angeles Times said , `` ( the ) trailer runs 21⁄2 minutes and teases plenty of action , conspiracy and clever banter between Captain America and his S.H.I.E.L.D. colleagues , with a smattering of the previously released Comic - Con International and D23 footage . '' The Los Angeles Times also noted that the day before the release of the trailer , the studio released `` a teaser for a trailer . '' The trailer received 23.5 million views in the 24 hours after its release . In November 2013 , Jed Whedon , the co-creator of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , said that there are plans to reference events from the film into the show , stating , `` Nick Fury is in ( Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) , and S.H.I.E.L.D. makes an appearance , so we will definitely try to tee - up some stuff and probably play a little bit of the fallout from that film . '' In January 2014 , Disney announced that in honor of the film , Captain America would be making appearances at Disneyland . The meet and greet experience opened March 7 , 2014 and is called Captain America : The Living Legend and Symbol of Courage , located at Innoventions in Tomorrowland . Also in January , Marvel Comics released a prelude digital comic titled , Marvel 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier Infinite Comic , written by Peter David , with art by Rock - He Kim . The comic sees the return of the `` Zodiac '' , the mysterious weapon first seen in the One - Shot Agent Carter , which has fallen into the wrong hands . Captain America , Black Widow , and Rumlow must track the weapon down and put it back in S.H.I.E.L.D. protection . The first televised advertisement for Captain America : The Winter Soldier aired during Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Disney paid over $4 million per 30 - second spot . The Los Angeles Times said , `` The clip promoting the April 4 release had a recognizably melancholy tone as Chris Evans ' patriotic hero grapples with the moral ambiguities of the modern age . '' Also in February , Gameloft announced that a mobile video game , titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier -- The Official Game , would be released in conjunction with the release of the film in late March 2014 for iOS and Android platforms . A few days later General Motors announced that Chevrolet partnered with Marvel Entertainment and provided a specially designed Corvette Stingray C7 for use by the Black Widow in the film . The vehicle debuted at the 2014 Chicago Auto Show , where fans received limited - edition Captain America comic books . Evans was named the grand marshal of the 2014 Daytona 500 to promote the film 's release . Later in the month , a 30 - second television spot received `` a lot of attention on social media '' for a line featured in the clip . The line , which was said by Captain America , suggests that Nick Fury would die in the film . The Hollywood Reporter noted that it all seemed `` a bit too obvious '' , noting the fact that Jackson , who plays Fury , is reprising the role in Avengers : Age of Ultron , although pointing out that it could be in a postmortem flashback appearance . In March 2014 , Marvel released the Captain America Experience app , that allowed fans to capture a pictures of themselves with Captain America , and let them share it on Instagram and Twitter using specific hashtags to unlock 10 early screenings of the film across the United States , which took place on March 20 . On March 18 , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Captain America : The Winter Soldier . On April 1 , 2014 , Evans and Stan rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange in honor of the film 's theatrical release . Jackson appeared in advertisements for Sky Broadband . Home media ( edit ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for digital download on August 19 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on September 9 , 2014 . The physical media releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . The film was also collected in a 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier earned $259.8 million in North America and $454.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $714.3 million . It became the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2014 worldwide . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit for the film to be $166.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it ninth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . Captain America : The Winter Soldier made $10.2 million in Thursday night showings , more than double the midnight gross of its predecessor . It set an April single - day ( $36.9 million ) and April opening - weekend record ( $95.0 million ) , while its opening weekend was a 46 % increase over its predecessor . The film held the number one spot at the box office for three consecutive weekends , before being overtaken by The Other Woman in its fourth weekend . It achieved the largest total gross among films released in the month of April . At the end of its theatrical run , the film became the fourth highest - grossing film of 2014 behind American Sniper , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 , and Guardians of the Galaxy . Captain America : The Winter Soldier topped the box office on its opening weekend with $75.2 million from 32 overseas markets . The film debuted at number one in many territories , including Australia , China , and Russia and set a 3 - day opening - weekend record in China among Disney films , with $38.81 million . It topped the box office outside North America on two consecutive weekends , followed by two weeks in second , behind Rio 2 . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 based on 274 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Suspenseful and politically astute , Captain America : The Winter Soldier is a superior entry in the Avengers canon and is sure to thrill Marvel diehards . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 70 out of 100 based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Captain America : The Winter Soldier an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said the film `` takes the bold ( for Marvel ) step of reducing CGI spectacle to a relative minimum in favor of reviving the pleasures of hard - driving old - school action , surprising character development and intriguing suspense . '' Scott Foundas of Variety said it is `` chockfull of the breathless cliffhangers dictated by the genre , but equally rich in the quiet , tender character moments that made the first film unique among recent Marvel fare . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` While not on a par with The Avengers or the first and third Iron Man movies , this is another rock - solid chapter in the big - screen story of Marvel . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly noted the topicality of the film , stating , `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier is the first superhero film since the terrorist - inflected The Dark Knight that plugs you right into what 's happening now . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe said the film `` delivers all the 3D CGI mayhem audiences have come to expect from the Marvel entertainment juggernaut , but there 's darkness and confusion just under its comic - book surface . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said , `` What makes The Winter Soldier so enjoyable , and what will make it so profitable , is its emotional bandwidth -- all the vivid , nuanced life lived by its characters in between their frenzied escapades , '' and felt it fixed all the shortcomings of The First Avenger `` and then some '' . Conversely , Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` ( Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) is everything a big budget superhero film should be -- except inspired . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` Like many others of its type , ( Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) gets off to a kinetic start only to lose steam before blowing everything up . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph said , `` You ca n't help but feel disappointment that a film with a relatively spicy premise becomes , in the end , so risk - averse . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said the film `` has the usual overlong running time ( for the comic book superhero genre ) , the halfhearted feints in the direction of human feeling and the obligatory action sequences that are big without being either exciting or particularly legible . '' Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post Dispatch felt `` On paper this sequel has some promising elements , but on screen it retreats from the very issues that it raises , and on a shelf next to Captain America : The First Avenger , The Winter Soldier is pale . '' Jake Coyle of the Associated Press said the film 's biggest misstep was the handling of Stan 's Winter Soldier , and that it was `` getting difficult to tell the Marvel movies apart '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Best Action TV Spot Captain America : The Winter Soldier Won Best Music TV Spot Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Chris Evans Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Chris Evans and Anthony Mackie Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Anthony Mackie Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Evans Nominated Washington D.C. Film Critics Awards The Joe Barber Award for Best Portrayal of Washington , D.C. Captain America : The Winter Soldier Won 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Evans Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Movie Duo Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Action Movie Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actor Chris Evans Won Favorite Action Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Dan DeLeeuw , Russell Earl , Bryan Grill and Dan Sudick Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Best Production Design for a Fantasy Film Peter Wenham Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Best Director Joe Russo and Anthony Russo Nominated Best Writing Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Nominated Best Actor Chris Evans Nominated Best Supporting Actor Anthony Mackie Nominated Samuel L. Jackson Nominated Best Supporting Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Best Music Henry Jackman Nominated Best Editing Jeffrey Ford and Matthew Schmidt Nominated Best Production Design Peter Wenham Nominated Best Special Effects Dan DeLeeuw , Russell Earl , Bryan Grill , and Dan Sudick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Johan Thorngren , Greg Kegel , Quentin Marmier , Luis Calero for `` Triskelion '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Dan Pearson , Sheldon Serrao , Jose Burgos , Eric Jennings for `` Helicarrier broadside and crash '' Nominated Empire Awards Best Thriller Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Fight Chris Evans vs. Sebastian Stan Nominated Best Kiss Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America : Civil War was released on May 6 , 2016 , and again is directed by the Russo brothers . Evans , Johansson , Stan , Mackie , VanCamp and Grillo reprise their roles from The Winter Soldier and they are joined by Robert Downey , Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Paul Bettany as Vision , Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye , Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine , Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch , Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man , and William Hurt as Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross , all reprising roles from previous MCU films . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring surveillance List of films featuring drones Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2012 film The Avengers . Jump up ^ Kevin Feige confirmed that the scepter seen at the end of the film is the scepter used by Loki in The Avengers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . 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Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Spoiler Bomb : All of Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's Big Twists Explained '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Joe And Anthony Russo Share 15 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Secrets - Zola 's Scene Was The Trickiest In The Film To Get Right '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Setchfield , Nick ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel Screenwriters Talk Winter Soldier And Captain America 3 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Markus and McFeely on Writing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Beyond ! '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jerry ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Feige keeps tentpole fare fresh '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hunt , James ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Christopher Markus interview : writing Captain America 2 and 3 '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( February 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . 1 ( 296 ) : 78 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ; Rae , Brandon ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' : 9 Secrets From ' The Winter Soldier ' Set '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 Directors Joe and Anthony Russo Talk Filming Dates , the Title , the Evolution of the Script , Marvel 's Involvement , Hawkeye , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why Red Skull Was n't In Captain America 2 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Joe and Anthony Russo Talk COMMUNITY Season 6 ; Say `` Dan Harmon Will Make a Movie '' and Reveal Chris McKenna Wrote Jokes for CAPTAIN AMERICA 2 `` . Collider . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Soldier showdown : Joe and Anthony Russo take the helm of ' Captain America ' franchise '' . Film Journal International . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Russo Brothers in Talks For Marvel 's ' Captain America ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . 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Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Evans Talks ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' ; Says Sequel Will Get Into Material That Was Cut from ' The Avengers ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sangiacomo , Michael ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' sequel to be filmed in Cleveland in 2013 '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abdusshahid , Basheerah ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Interview with Leslie Green '' . DC Office of Motion Picture and Television Development ( Podcast ) . Event occurs at 7 : 00 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . We have Captain America 2 that should be shooting here in the Spring of 2013 . So we 're very excited about Marvel and Disney coming here for that . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Frank Grillo Testing for Villain Role in ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Hayley Atwell for ' Restless ' '' . Time Out . January 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Says Hayley Atwell Will Be Making a Cameo in CAPTAIN AMERICA : THE WINTER SOLDIER '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Mackie Talks Playing Falcon in ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' ; Says He 'll Be Able to Fly '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' to Shoot at Raleigh Manhattan Beach Studios in Los Angeles '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Revenge 's Emily VanCamp Landing Lead In ' Captain America 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Surprise : Robert Redford In Talks To Star In ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Setchfield , Nick ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Winter Soldier Directors Talk Captain America 's New Look '' . SFX . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' filming officially underway in Los Angeles '' . On Location Vacations. April 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Network '' . Total Film ( 207 ) : 17 . July 2013 . Liam Baskerville : `` Are you in Captain America 2 '' ? Dominic Cooper : `` Well ... it 's hard to say . We 're shooting something for it . I 've worn the costume again . But whether they just had me put it on as a joke , I do n't know ! ( laughs ) It was good fun getting back into it and he 's got some very cool shades now . But who knows ... '' Jump up ^ McGrath , Megan ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Closes Some D.C. Streets '' . WRC - TV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin R. ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Captain America Filming Tonight in Dupont Circle '' . DCist.com / Gothamist . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' starts shooting in Cleveland '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Clint ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' kicks off its Cleveland shoot with gunfire and Samuel L. Jackson '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' filming in Cleveland : Day 10 live blog '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nroman , Michael ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson locks lips with Chris Evans in surprise Captain America - Black Widow kiss '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Final week of Cleveland film shoot begins '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Cleveland film shoot travels back in time at Western Reserve Historical Society '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Interior shooting in Tremont for Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : It 's been a gas but Marvel movie shoot wraps in Greater Cleveland today ; ' Draft Day ' also wraps '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thoroughly Modern Marvel '' . Codex Digital . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier Headed Back for Additional Filming '' . ComingSoon.net . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon Directed One of the Post-Credits Scenes in CAPTAIN AMERICA : THE WINTER SOLDiER '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Andrew ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sarofsky Enters the Marvel Universe , Crafts Main Titles For CAPTAIN AMERICA '' . Screen . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Mackie On ' Captain America ' Sequel and the Perils of Slow - Mo Skydiving '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' Visual Effects Explained '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Imax , 4D and Dolby Atmos Mixes Trigger ' Controlled Chaos ' Distribution Demands '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Enk , Brian ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` What 's on Captain America 's To - Do List Across the Globe ? '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Rogers ' Notebook ( Featurette ) . Captain America : The Winter Soldier Blu - Ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2014 . Jump up ^ Composer Interview : Henry Jackman . Film Music Media . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Warmann , Amon ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` The HeyUGuys Interview : Henry Jackman on Scoring Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . HeyUGuys.co.uk . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villasor , Tim G. ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel releases new theatrical posters , trailers for ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . GMA Network . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kay , Jeremy ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier rules international box office on $75.2 m '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Sequel Set to Break April Record at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Penagos , Ryan ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Takes Over Hollywood for the Captain America : The Winter Soldier World Premiere '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Durand , Francois ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Paris Premiere At Le Grand Rex '' . Getty Images . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier UK premiere '' . Facebook . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America ' arrives in China '' . Washington Post . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' jam - packed premiere shines superheroic spotlight on Cleveland '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans at the Premiere of Captain America : The Winter Soldier in March 2014 '' . Charitybuzz . November 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Captain America : The Winter Soldier Teaser Poster Revealed '' . Marvel . July 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Teaser poster revealed '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Debuts First ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Poster '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Marvel Studios Takes Over Hall H '' . Marvel . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Today at the Marvel booth : these costumes will be part of a fake Smithsonian exhibit in CAP 2 # ComicCon '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Disney XD Transforms into Disney Fandom , a Three - Night Event Showcasing Programming From Disney , Pixar , Star Wars , Marvel and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Engel , Jeff ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Captain America to ride Harley - Davidson Breakout in ' Winter Soldier ' '' . Milwaukee Business Journal . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Trailer : See the Falcon in Action ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Teaser poster revealed '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' clip teases upcoming trailer '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Thor Might Not Be The Only Crossover '' . TV Guide . November 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Meet Captain America from ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' This Spring at Disneyland Park in Anaheim '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America Arrives at Disneyland Park in Anaheim March 7 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Winter Soldier ' Digital Comic Prelude '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Reveals Captain America : The Winter Soldier Prelude Comic '' . ComingSoon.net . January 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl : Disney Seeking Last - Minute Ad Buy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' : Cap , Widow , Falcon in action in ' Winter Soldier ' ad '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gameloft to Develop Official Mobile Game for Marvel 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Wall Street Journal . February 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Black Widow 's Corvette from next Captain America movie is filmed noir '' . Autoblog.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Daytona 500 grand marshal is Captain America '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Ad Teases Unexpected Spoiler ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bring a Cap Screening to Your Town With the Captain America Experience '' . Newsarama . March 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier Early Screenings Announced For Ten Cities '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Storm , Marc ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Evans & Sebastian Stan to Ring the Opening Bell at the NYSE '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nick Fury Rages in ' Captain America 2 ' Sky Broadband TV Spot '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Order Marvel 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier on Blu - ray '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` No. 9 ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' Opens to Huge $10.2 Million Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' Nabs Record $37 Million Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) -- Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : With Big ' Avengers ' Bump , ' Captain America ' Sets April Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Captain America ' Wins Close Fight with ' Rio 2 ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Captain ' Three - peats , ' Heaven ' Rises Over Easter Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Woman ' Gets Women , Ousts ' Captain America ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Neighbors ' Hazes ' Spider - Man ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tipton , Janelle ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ' Gets Release Date as Marvel 's ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Sets April Record '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rentrak Announces Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of April 13 , 2014 '' . Rentrak. April 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rentrak Announces Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of April 20 , 2014 '' . Rentrak via The Wall Street Journal . April 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Box office update : ' Captain America ' supersizes Friday 's box office with $37 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Superhero sequel deftly mixes fantasy , drama '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Movie Review Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Things get darker for ' Captain America ' '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` In ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier , ' a Franchise Comes Alive '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' sticks to Marvel formula '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Courage , Loyalty , Honor , Kablooey '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' review : Halfhearted '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joe ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' sequel pits freedom against security '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Captain America ' zippy but hollow '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 -- via Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . Golden Trailer Awards . May 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2014 Nominees Revealed ! '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Area Film Critics Association names ' Boyhood ' its Best Film of 2014 '' . Uproxx . December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Directors Joe & Anthony Russo Confirm They 'll Direct Captain America 3 ; Say They 're Breaking the Story Now with Screenwriters Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America to Return to Theaters May 6 , 2016 '' . Marvel . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ' Takes Shape at Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the burned guy in winter soldier | [
"Frank Grillo as Brock Rumlow:\nCommander of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team.[28] About the character, Grillo said, \"He is a bad-ass guy. [He] pretty much beats the shit out of everyone in the movie and that's really it.\"[29] Regarding Rumlow's alter ego, Grillo said, \"Very early on the Russos said, 'Look, this is an origin film for this character. We're gonna discover who this is and this is a big movie with a lot of moving parts, but we're gonna discover you in this film and, you know, here's the information about who Brock Rumlow turns into and blah, blah, blah.' And so we've had multiple discussions about what comes after that, that thing. So, you know, it's obvious Rumlow is covered in rubble and burned to crisp at the end, but you see he's still there. They don't do that for no reason.\"[30]"
] | [
"Frank Grillo as Brock Rumlow"
] |
3704658111967441057 | List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan | List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan - wikipedia List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan Party Seats Party Seats PML ( N ) 182 ANP PPP 46 PML ( Z ) PTI 32 NP MQM 24 AML JUI ( F ) 13 QWP PML ( F ) BNP JI AJIP PkMAP APML PML ( Q ) Independents 10 NPP Total = 332 The 14th National Assembly of Pakistan was the legislature of Pakistan following the 2013 general election of members of parliament ( MPs ) to the National Assembly of Pakistan , the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura . The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of 342 members , who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly ( MNAs ) , of which 272 are directly elected members ; 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportion of the total vote . The election saw each of Parliament 's 272 geographical constituencies return one MP to the National Assembly . It resulted in a Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) ( PML - N ) majority , and a massive loss of seats for the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) . The PML - N became the single largest party , though without an overall majority . The PML - N won 163 seats in the National Assembly . This resulted in a hung parliament . A coalition agreement was formed following negotiations with independent candidates who joined the PML - N , allowing the party to form a simple majority government by bringing on - board nineteen independent candidates , thirteen more than the minimum required to form a government . This swing resulted in Nawaz Sharif becoming the new Prime Minister of Pakistan for the third time . Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah won a PPP leadership vote to succeed Nisar Ali Khan as permanent Leader of the Opposition . Ayaz Sadiq and Murtaza Javed Abbasi of PML - N were elected as the legislature 's speaker and deputy speaker , respectively . Members of the 14th National Assembly took an oath on 1 June 2013 , and marked the constitutional transition of power from one democratically - elected government to another for the first time in the history of Pakistan . In July 2017 , the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from holding membership in the National Assembly following an investigation on corruption allegations regarding his family 's wealth , forcing him to resign as Prime Minister . Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was elected by the National Assembly as the new Prime Minister on 1 August 2017 . The 14th National Assembly was dissolved on 31 May 2018 after completing its five - year constitutional term . Contents 1 Members 2 Membership changes 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Region Constituency Political party Member Assumed office Ref . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 1 ( Peshawar - I ) Awami National Party Ghulam Ahmad Bilour 30 August 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 2 ( Peshawar - II ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Hamid - ul - Haq 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 3 ( Peshawar - III ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Sajid Nawaz 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 4 ( Peshawar - IV ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Arbab Amir Ayub 2 November 2017 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 5 ( Nowshera - I ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Imran Khattak 23 September 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 6 ( Nowshera - II ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Siraj Muhammad Khan 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 7 ( Charsadda - I ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Muhammad Gohar Shah 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 8 ( Charsadda - II ) Qaumi Watan Party Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 9 ( Mardan - I ) Awami National Party Ameer Haider Khan Hoti 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 10 ( Mardan - II ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Ali Muhammad Khan 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 11 ( Mardan - III ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Mujahid Ali 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 12 ( Swabi - I ) Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan Usman Khan Tarrakai 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 13 ( Swabi - II ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Aqibullah 30 August 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 14 ( Kohat ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Shehryar Khan Afridi 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 15 ( Karak ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Nasir Khan Khattak 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 16 ( Hangu ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Khial Zaman Orakzai 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 17 ( Abbottabad - I ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Muhammad Azhar Jadoon 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 18 ( Abbottabad - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Murtaza Javed Abbasi 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 19 ( Haripur ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Babar Nawaz Khan 6 November 2015 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 20 ( Mansehra - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sardar Muhammad Yousuf 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 21 ( Mansehra - cum - Tor Ghar ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Safdar Awan 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 22 ( Battagram ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Qari Muhammad Yousuf 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 23 ( Kohistan ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sar Zamin Khan 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 24 ( Dera Ismail Khan ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Fazl - ur - Rehman 5 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 25 ( Dera Ismail Khan - cum - Tank ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Dawar Khan Kundi 25 September 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 26 ( Bannu ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Akram Khan Durrani 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 27 ( Lakki Marwat ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Amirullah Marwat 26 September 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 28 ( Buner ) Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Sher Akbar Khan 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 29 ( Swat - I ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Murad Saeed 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 30 ( Swat - II ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Salim Rehman 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 31 ( Shangla ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ibad Ullah 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 32 ( Chitral ) All Pakistan Muslim League Shahzada Iftikhar Uddin 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 33 ( Upper Dir - cum - Lower Dir ) Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Sahabzada Tariq Ullah 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 34 ( Lower Dir ) Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Sahibzada Muhammad Yaqoob 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 35 ( Malakand ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Junaid Akbar 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 36 ( Mohmand Agency ) Independent Bilal Rehman 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 37 ( Kurram Agency ) Independent Sajid Hussain 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 38 ( Kurram Agency ) -- -- -- FATA NA - 39 ( Orakzai Agency ) Independent Ghazi Ghulab Jamal 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 40 ( North Waziristan Agency ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Nazeer Khan 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 41 ( South Waziristan Agency ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ghalib Khan 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 42 ( South Waziristan Agency ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Muhammad Jamal ud Din 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 43 ( Bajaur Agency ) Independent Bismillah Khan 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 44 ( Bajaur Agency ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shahab Uddin 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 45 ( Khyber Agency ) Independent Alhaj Shah Gee Gul Afridi 1 June 2013 FATA NA - 46 ( Khyber Agency ) Independent Nasir Khan 12 June 2013 FATA NA - 47 ( Frontier Regions ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Qaiser Jamal 1 June 2013 Islamabad NA - 48 ( Islamabad - I ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Asad Umar 16 September 2013 Islamabad NA - 49 ( Islamabad - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tariq Fazal Chaudhry 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 50 ( Rawalpindi - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shahid Khaqan Abbasi 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 51 ( Rawalpindi - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Javed Ikhlas 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 52 ( Rawalpindi - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 53 ( Rawalpindi - IV ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Ghulam Sarwar Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 54 ( Rawalpindi - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Malik Ibrar Ahmed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 55 ( Rawalpindi - VI ) Awami Muslim League ( Pakistan ) Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 56 ( Rawalpindi - VII ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Imran Khan 19 June 2013 Punjab NA - 57 ( Attock - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sheikh Aftab Ahmed 19 June 2013 Punjab NA - 58 ( Attock - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Malik Ihtebar Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 59 ( Attock - III ) Independent Muhammad Zain Elahi 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 60 ( Chakwal - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tahir Iqbal 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 61 ( Chakwal - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sardar Mumtaz Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 62 ( Jhelum - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Khadim Hussain 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 63 ( Jhelum - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Nawabzada Raja Matloob Mehdi 8 September 2016 Punjab NA - 64 ( Sargodha - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Amin Ul Hasnat Shah 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 65 ( Sargodha - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mohsin Shahnawaz Ranjha 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 66 ( Sargodha - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Hamid Hameed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 67 ( Sargodha - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 68 ( Sargodha - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sardar Shafqat Hayat Khan 30 August 2013 Punjab NA - 69 ( Khushab - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Uzair Khan 27 January 2014 Punjab NA - 70 ( Khushab - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Malik Shakir Bashir Awan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 71 ( Mianwali - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Obaidullah Shadikhel 30 August 2013 Punjab NA - 72 ( Mianwali - II ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Amjad Ali 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 73 ( Bhakkar - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Abdul Majeed Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 74 ( Bhakkar - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Afzal Khan Dhandla 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 75 ( Faisalabad - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ghulam Rasool Sahi 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 76 ( Faisalabad - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Tallal Chaudhry 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 77 ( Faisalabad - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Asim Nazir 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 78 ( Faisalabad - IV ) Punjab NA - 79 ( Faisalabad - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Shehbaz Babar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 80 ( Faisalabad - VI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mian Muhammad Farooq 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 81 ( Faisalabad - VII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Nisar Ahmad Jutt 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 82 ( Faisalabad - VIII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Afzal Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 83 ( Faisalabad - IX ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mian Abdul Manan 30 August 2013 Punjab NA - 84 ( Faisalabad - X ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Abid Sher Ali 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 85 ( Faisalabad - XI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Akram Ansari 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 86 ( Chiniot - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Qaiser Ahmed Sheikh 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 87 ( Chiniot - II - cum - Jhang ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ghulam Muhammad Lali 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 88 ( Jhang - cum - Chiniot ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ghulam Bibi Bharwana 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 89 ( Jhang - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sheikh Muhammad Akram 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 90 ( Jhang - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sahibzada Muhammad Nazeer Sultan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 91 ( Jhang - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Najaf Abbas Sial 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 92 ( Toba Tek Singh - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhary Khalid Javed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 93 ( Toba Tek Singh - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Junaid Anwar Chaudhry 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 94 ( Toba Tek Singh - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Asad Ur Rehman 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 95 ( Gujranwala - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Usman Ibrahim 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 96 ( Gujranwala - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Khurram Dastgir Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 97 ( Gujranwala - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Mehmood Bashir 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 98 ( Gujranwala - IV ) Punjab NA - 99 ( Gujranwala - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Umar Nazir Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 100 ( Gujranwala - VI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Azhar Qayyum 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 101 ( Gujranwala - VII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Iftikhar Cheema 7 April 2016 Punjab NA - 102 ( Hafizabad - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Saira Afzal Tarar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 103 ( Hafizabad - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shahid Hussain Bhatti 16 September 2013 Punjab NA - 104 ( Gujrat - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mazhar Ali 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 105 ( Gujrat - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 106 ( Gujrat - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Jaffar Iqbal 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 107 ( Gujrat - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Abid Raza 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 108 ( Mandi Bahauddin - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mumtaz Ahmed Tarar 17 June 2015 Punjab NA - 109 ( Mandi Bahauddin - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Nasir Iqbal Bosal 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 110 ( Sialkot - I ) Punjab NA - 111 ( Sialkot - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Armaghan Subhani 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 112 ( Sialkot - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shamim Ahmed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 113 ( Sialkot - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Iftikhar Ul Hassan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 114 ( Sialkot - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Zahid Hamid 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 115 ( Narowal - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mian Muhammad Rashid 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 116 ( Narowal - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Daniyal Aziz 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 117 ( Narowal - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ahsan Iqbal 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 118 ( Lahore - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Malik Riaz 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 119 ( Lahore - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Hamza Shahbaz Sharif 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 120 ( Lahore - III ) Punjab NA - 121 ( Lahore - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mehr Ishtiaq Ahmed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 122 ( Lahore - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ayaz Sadiq 6 November 2015 Punjab NA - 123 ( Lahore - VI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Pervaiz Malik 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 124 ( Lahore - VII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sheikh Rohail Asghar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 125 ( Lahore - VIII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Khawaja Saad Rafique 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 126 ( Lahore - IX ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Shafqat Mahmood 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 127 ( Lahore - X ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Waheed Alam Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 128 ( Lahore - XI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Afzal Khokhar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 129 ( Lahore - XII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shazia Mubashar 16 September 2013 Punjab NA - 130 ( Lahore - XIII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sohail Shaukat Butt 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 131 ( Sheikhupura - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Afzal 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 132 ( Sheikhupura - II - cum - Nankana Sahib ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Tanveer Hussain 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 133 ( Sheikhupura - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mian Javed Latif 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 134 ( Sheikhupura - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Irfan Dogar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 135 ( Nankana Sahib - I - cum - Sheikhupura ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Muhammad Barjees Tahir 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 136 ( Nankana Sahib - II - cum - Sheikhupura ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Choudhry Bilal Ahmed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 137 ( Nankana Sahib - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shizra Mansab Ali Khan 24 March 2015 Punjab NA - 138 ( Kasur - I - cum - Lahore ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Salman Haneef 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 139 ( Kasur - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Waseem Akhtar Shaikh 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 140 ( Kasur - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Malik Rasheed Ahmed Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 141 ( Kasur - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Muhammad Ishaq 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 142 ( Kasur - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Muhammad Hayat 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 143 ( Okara - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Nadeem Abbas 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 144 ( Okara - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Riaz - ul - Haq 6 November 2015 Punjab NA - 145 ( Okara - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ashiq Husain Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 146 ( Okara - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rao Muhammad Ajmal Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 147 ( Okara - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Moeen Wattoo 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 148 ( Multan - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Malik Abdul Gafar Dogar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 149 ( Multan - II ) Independent Malik Aamir Dogar 27 October 2014 Punjab NA - 150 ( Multan - III ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Shah Mehmood Qureshi 3 June 2013 Punjab NA - 151 ( Multan - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sikandar Hayat Bosan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 152 ( Multan - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Javed Ali Shah 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 153 ( Multan - VI ) Punjab NA - 154 ( Lodhran - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Iqbal Shah 19 February 2018 Punjab NA - 155 ( Lodhran - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Abdul Rehman Khan Kanju 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 156 ( Khanewal - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Riyaz Hayat Hiraj 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 157 ( Khanewal - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Khan Daha 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 158 ( Khanewal - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Aslam Bodla 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 159 ( Khanewal - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Iftikhar Nazir 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 160 ( Sahiwal - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Imran Ahmed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 161 ( Sahiwal - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Muhammad Ashraf 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 162 ( Sahiwal - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhary Muhammad Tufail 29 September 2016 Punjab NA - 163 ( Sahiwal - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Munir Azhar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 164 ( Pakpattan - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sardar Mansab Ali Dogar 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 165 ( Pakpattan - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Athar Hussain Gilani 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 166 ( Pakpattan - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Zahid Hussain 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 167 ( Vehari - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Chaudhry Nazeer Ahmad 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 168 ( Vehari - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Sajid Mehdi 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 169 ( Vehari - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tahir Iqbal Chaudhry 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 170 ( Vehari - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Saeed Ahmed Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 171 ( Dera Ghazi Khan - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Amjad Farooq 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 172 ( Dera Ghazi Khan - II ) -- -- -- Punjab NA - 173 ( Dera Ghazi Khan - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Awais Leghari 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 174 ( Rajanpur - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Jaffar Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 175 ( Rajanpur - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Hafeez Ur Rehman 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 176 ( Muzaffargarh - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sultan Mehmood 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 177 ( Muzaffargarh - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar 16 September 2013 Punjab NA - 178 ( Muzaffargarh - III ) Independent Jamshed Dasti 3 June 2013 Punjab NA - 179 ( Muzaffargarh - IV ) Punjab NA - 180 ( Muzaffargarh - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sardar Ashiq Hussain 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 181 ( Layyah - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Faiz Ul Hassan 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 182 ( Layyah - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Muhammad Saqlain 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 183 ( Bhawalpur - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Ali Hassan Gilani 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 184 ( Bahawalpur - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Najibuddin Awaisi 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 185 ( Bahawalpur - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Baligh Ur Rehman 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 186 ( Bahawalpur - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Riaz Hussain Pirzada 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 187 ( Bahawalpur - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Tariq Bashir Cheema 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 188 ( Bahawalnager - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Muhammad Asghar Shah 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 189 ( Bahawalnager - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Alam Dad Lalika 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 190 ( Bahawalnagar - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tahir Bashir Cheema 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 191 ( Bahawalnagar - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) Ijaz - ul - Haq 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 192 ( Rahim Yar Khan - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Khwaja Ghulam Rasool Koreja 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 193 ( Rahim Yar Khan - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sheikh Fayyaz Ud Din 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 194 ( Rahim Yar Khan - III ) Punjab NA - 195 ( Rahim Yar Khan - IV ) Pakistan Peoples Party Mustafa Mehmood 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 196 ( Rahim Yar Khan - V ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mian Imtiaz Ahmed 1 June 2013 Punjab NA - 197 ( Rahim Yar Khan - VI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Arshad Khan Leghari 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 198 ( Sukkur - cum - Shikarpur - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Nauman Islam Shaikh 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 199 ( Sukkur - cum - Shikarpur - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 200 ( Ghotki - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Ali Gohar Mehr 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 201 ( Ghotki - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Ali Mohammad Mahar 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 202 ( Shikarpur ) Pakistan Peoples Party Aftab Shaban Mirani 12 May 2014 Sindh NA - 203 ( Sheikhupur - Cum - Sukkur - Cum - Larkana ) Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) Ghos Bakhsh Khan Mahar 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 204 ( Larkana ) Sindh NA - 205 ( Larkana - cum - Qambar Shahdadkot ) Pakistan Peoples Party Nazeer Ahmed Baghio 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 206 ( Qambar Shahdadkot ) Pakistan Peoples Party Mir Aamir Ali 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 207 ( Larkana - cum - Sheikhupur - cum - Qambar Shahdadkot ) Pakistan Peoples Party Faryal Talpur 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 208 ( Jacobabad ) Pakistan Peoples Party Mir Ejaz Khan Jakhrani 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 209 ( Jacobabad - cum - Kashmore ) Pakistan Peoples Party Mir Shabbir Ali 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 210 ( Kashmore ) Pakistan Peoples Party Ahsan ur Rehman Mazari 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 211 ( Naushero Feroze - I ) National Peoples Party ( Pakistan ) Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 212 ( Naushero Feroze - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Asghar Ali Shah 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 213 ( Nawabshah - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Azra Peechoho 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 214 ( Nawabshah - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Syed Gulam Mustafa Shah 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 215 ( Khairpur - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Nawab Ali Wassan 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 216 ( Khairpur - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) Pir Sadaruddin Shah 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 217 ( Khairpur - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) Syed Kazim Ali 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 218 ( Matiari - cum - Hyderabad ) Pakistan Peoples Party Makhdoom Saeeduz Zaman 12 February 2016 Sindh NA - 219 ( Hyderabad - I ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 220 ( Hyderabad - II ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Syed Waseem Hussain 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 221 ( Hyderabad - cum - Matiari ) Pakistan Peoples Party Syed Mir Shah 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 222 ( Tando Muhammad Khan - cum - Hyderabad - cum - Badin ) Pakistan Peoples Party Naveed Qamar 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 223 ( Tando Allahyar - cum - Matiari ) Pakistan Peoples Party Haji Abdul Sattar 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 224 ( Badin - cum - Tando Muhammad Khan - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Sardar Kamal Khan 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 225 ( Badin - cum - Tando Muhammad Khan - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Fehmida Mirza 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 226 ( Mirpur Khas - cum - Umerkot - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Hussain Shah Jilani 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 227 ( Mirpur Khas - cum - Umerkot - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Mir Munawar Ali 3 June 2013 Sindh NA - 228 ( Umerkot ) Pakistan Peoples Party Nawab Muhammad Yousuf 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 229 ( Tharparkar - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Fakeer Sher Muhammad Bilalani 5 June 2013 Sindh NA - 230 ( Tharparkar - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Pir Noor Muhammad Shah Jeelani 5 June 2013 Sindh NA - 231 ( Jamshoro ) Pakistan Peoples Party Asad Sikandar 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 232 ( Dadu - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Rafiq Ahmed Jamali 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 233 ( Dadu - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Imran Zafar 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 234 ( Sanghar - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) Pir Baksh Junejo 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 235 ( Sanghar - cum - Mirpurkhas - cum - Umerkot ) Pakistan Peoples Party Shazia Marri 30 August 2013 Sindh NA - 236 ( Sanghar - II ) Pakistan Peoples Party Roshan Din Junejo 3 June 2013 Sindh NA - 237 ( Thatta - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Shamas - un-Nisa 30 August 2013 Sindh NA - 238 ( Thatta - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Ayaz Ali Shah Sheerazi 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 239 ( Karachi - I ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Mohammad Salman Khan Baloch 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 240 ( Karachi - II ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Khuwaja Sohail Mansoor 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 241 ( Karachi - III ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Iqbal Qadri 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 242 ( Karachi - IV ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Mahboob Alam 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 243 ( Karachi - V ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Abdul Waseem 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 244 ( Karachi - VI ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Sheikh Salahuddin 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 245 ( Karachi - VII ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Muhammad Kamal Malik 9 May 2016 Sindh NA - 246 ( Karachi - VIII ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Kunwar Naveed Jamil 29 April 2015 Sindh NA - 247 ( Karachi - IX ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Sufiyan Yousuf 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 248 ( Karachi - X ) Pakistan Peoples Party Shah Jahan Baloch 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 249 ( Karachi - XI ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Farooq Sattar 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 250 ( Karachi - XII ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Arif Alvi 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 251 ( Karachi - XIII ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Syed Ali Raza Abidi 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 252 ( Karachi - XIV ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Abdul Rashid Godial 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 253 ( Karachi - XV ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Muhammad Muzammil Qureshi 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 254 ( Karachi - XVI ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Muhammad Ali Rashid 16 September 2013 Sindh NA - 255 ( Karachi - XVII ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Syed Asif Husnain 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 256 ( Karachi - XVIII ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Iqbal Muhammad Ali Khan 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 257 ( Karachi - XIX ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Sajid Ahmed 1 June 2013 Sindh NA - 258 ( Karachi - XX ) Pakistan Peoples Party Abdul Hakeem Baloch 14 December 2016 Balochistan NA - 259 ( Quetta ) Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party Mehmood Khan Achakzai 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 260 ( Quetta - cum - Chagai - cum - Nushki - cum - Mastung ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Usman Badini 1 August 2017 Balochistan NA - 261 ( Pishin - cum - Ziarat ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Moulvi Agha Muhammad 19 December 2013 Balochistan NA - 262 ( Killa Abdullah ) Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party Abdul Qahar Khan Wadan 30 August 2013 Balochistan NA - 263 ( Loralai - cum - Musakhel - cum - Barkhan ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Ameer Zaman 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 264 ( Zhob - cum - Sherani - cum - Killa Saifullah ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Muhammad Khan Sherani 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 265 ( Sibi - cum - Kohlu - cum - Dera Bugti - cum - Harani ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mir Dostaan Khan Domki 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 266 ( Nasirabad - cum - Jaffarabad ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 267 ( Kachhi - cum - Jhal Magsi ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Khalid Hussain Magsi 9 May 2016 Balochistan NA - 268 ( Kalat - cum - Mastung ) National Party ( Pakistan ) Sardar Kamal Khan Bangulzai 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 269 ( Khuzdar ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Molana Qamar ud Din 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 270 ( Awaran - cum - Lasbela ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Jam Kamal Khan 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 271 ( Kharan - cum - Washuk - cum - Panjgur ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Abdul Qadir Baloch 1 June 2013 Balochistan NA - 272 ( Kech - cum - Gwadar ) Balochistan National Party Syed Essa Noori 13 August 2013 Indirectly elected on reserved seats Region Seat Political party Member Assumed office Ref . Balochistan Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Kiran Haider 1 June 2013 Balochistan Reserved seats for women Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party Naseema Hafeez Panezai 1 June 2013 Balochistan Reserved seats for women Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Aliya Kamran 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Ayesha Gulalai 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Nafeesa Inayatullah Khan Khattak 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Mussarat Ahmed Zeb 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Sajida Zulfiqar 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Shahida Akhtar Ali 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Naeema Kishwar Khan 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Begum Tahira Bukhari 1 June 2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Reserved seats for women Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Aisha Syed 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Anusha Rahman 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Zaib Jaffar 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tahira Aurangzeb 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Parveen Masood Bhatti 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Kiran Imran Dar 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shaista Pervaiz 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Nighat Parveen 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Begum Majeeda Wyne 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Khalida Mansoor 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Asyia Naz Tanoli 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rida Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Seema Mohiuddin Jameeli 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shahnaz Saleem Malik 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Laila Khan 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Arifa Khalid Pervaiz 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Surriya Asghar 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shahzadi Umerzadi Tiwana 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Maiza Hameed 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Farhana Qamar 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shaheen Shafiq 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Iffat Liaqat 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shazia Ashfaq Mattu 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Romina Khurshid Alam 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Zuhra Wadood Fatmi 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Asma Mamdot 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Marriyum Aurangzeb 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sabiha Nadeem 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ammara Khan 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Fais Azeem 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shiza Fatima 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tehmina Daultana 3 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Shakila Luqman 27 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Shireen Mehrunnisa Mazari 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Munaza Hassan 1 June 2013 Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Belum Hasnain 5 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Suraiya Jatoi 16 September 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Shagufta Jumani 3 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Nafisa Shah 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Mahreen Razaque Bhutto 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Shazia Sobia 6 November 2015 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Shahida Rehmani 3 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Musarat Rafique Mahesar 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Muttahida Qaumi Movement Kishwer Zehra 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Muttahida Qaumi Movement Fouzia Hameed 4 August 2014 Sindh Reserved seats for women Muttahida Qaumi Movement Saman Sultana Jaffri 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Muttahida Qaumi Movement Nikhat Shakeel Khan 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) Reeta Ishwar 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women National Peoples Party ( Pakistan ) Shahjehan 1 June 2013 Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Marvi Memon 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Darshan 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Bhawan Das 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Isphanyar M. Bhandara 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ramesh Kumar Vankwani 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tariq Christopher Qaiser 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Khalil Francis 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Peoples Party Ramesh Lal 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Lal Chand 3 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Muttahida Qaumi Movement Sanjay Perwani 1 June 2013 National Reserved seats for minorities Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) Aasiya Nasir 1 June 2013 Membership changes ( edit ) Region Constituency Incumbent elected in 2013 general elections for the 14th National Assembly Ref . Political party Member Notes Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 4 ( Peshawar - IV ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Gulzar Khan Was elected in May 2013 . Died while in office in August 2017 . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 19 ( Haripur ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Raja Aamer Zaman Was elected in May 2013 , but became ineligible to continue in office in 2014 as the constituency election was invalidated due to voting irregularities . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA - 19 ( Haripur ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Omar Ayub Khan Was elected in a by - election in January 2014 after Raja Aamer Zaman was disqualified . Became ineligible to continue in office in June 2015 as the constituency election was invalidated due to voting irregularities . Punjab NA - 63 ( Jhelum - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Malik Iqbal Mehdi Khan Was elected in May 2013 . Died while serving in office in May 2016 . Punjab NA - 69 ( Khushab - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sumaira Malik Was elected in May 2013 . Was disqualified to continue in office because of a fake degree case in October 2013 . Punjab NA - 78 ( Faisalabad - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rajab Ali Khan Elected in May 2013 . Died in May 2018 . Punjab NA - 98 ( Gujranwala - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Mian Tariq Mehmood Elected in May 2013 . He quit PML - N in February 2017 and joined PTI . Punjab NA - 103 ( Hafizabad - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Liaqat Abbas Bhatti Was elected in May 2013 , but became ineligible to continue in office as the constituency election was invalidated due to voting irregularities . Punjab NA - 108 ( Mandi Bahauddin - I ) Independent Muhammad Ijaz Ahmed Chaudhary Was elected in May 2013 . Was disqualified to continue in office in April 2015 because of a fake degree case and charges of human smuggling . Punjab NA - 110 ( Sialkot - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Khawaja Muhammad Asif Was elected in May 2013 . Was disqualified in April 2018 by the Islamabad High Court for holding the UAE work permit Punjab NA - 120 ( Lahore - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Nawaz Sharif Was elected in May 2013 and became Prime Minister . The Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified him in July 2017 from holding public office following an investigation into corruption allegations . Punjab NA - 137 ( Sheikhupura - VII ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rai Mansab Ali Khan Was elected in May 2013 . Died while serving in office in January 2015 . Punjab NA - 144 ( Okara - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Arif Chaudhry Was elected in May 2013 , but was disqualified to continue in office in August 2015 because of a fake degree case . Punjab NA - 149 ( Multan - II ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Javed Hashmi Was elected in May 2013 , but vacated the seat in August 2014 after switching parties . Punjab NA - 153 ( Multan - VI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Ashiq Hussain Bukhari Was elected in May 2013 , but was disqualified to continue in office in September 2014 because of a fake degree case . Punjab NA - 153 ( Multan - VI ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Rana Muhammad Qasim Noon Was elected in by - election in March 2016 . Resigned in April 2018 after quitting PML - N Punjab NA - 154 ( Lodhran - I ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Muhammad Siddique Khan Was elected in May 2013 , but was disqualified to continue in office in October 2015 because of a fake degree case . Punjab NA - 154 ( Lodhran - I ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Jehangir Khan Tareen Elected in 2015 by - election . Was disqualified by the Supreme Court in December 2017 . Punjab NA - 162 ( Sahiwal - III ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Rai Hassan Nawaz Was elected in May 2013 , but was disqualified to continue in office in May 2015 because of an inaccurate assets declaration . Punjab NA - 172 ( D.G. Khan - II ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Hafiz Abdul Kareem Was elected in May 2013 . Resigned from the seat to become a member of the Senate of Pakistan in March 2018 . Punjab NA - 179 ( Muzaffargarh - IV ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Syed Basit Sultan Bukhari Was elected in May 2013 . Resigned in April 2018 after quitting PML - N Punjab NA - 194 ( Rahim Yar Khan - III ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Makhdoom Khusro Bakhtiar Was elected in May 2013 . Resigned in April 2018 after quitting PML - N Sindh NA - 202 ( Shikarpur - I ) National Peoples Party ( Pakistan ) Muhammad Ibrahim Jatoi Was elected in May 2013 , but became ineligible to continue in office in 2014 as the constituency election was invalidated by voting irregularities . Sindh NA - 204 ( Larkana - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Muhammad Ayaz Soomro Was elected in May 2013 . Died in March 2018 . Sindh NA - 211 ( Naushero Feroze - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Zulfiqar Ali Behan Was declared candidate returned in August 2014 . Disqualified in January 2016 . Sindh NA - 218 ( Hyderabad - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Ameen Faheem Was elected in May 2013 . Died while serving in office in November 2015 . Sindh NA - 237 ( Thatta - I ) Pakistan Peoples Party Sadiq Ali Memon Was elected in May 2013 , but was disqualified to continue in office in August 2014 because of a dual nationality case . Sindh NA - 245 ( Karachi - VII ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Muhammad Rehan Hashmi Was elected in May 2013 , but resigned from the seat in 2016 to run in local government elections in Karachi . Sindh NA - 246 ( Karachi - VIII ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Nabil Gabol Was elected in May 2013 , but vacated the seat in February 2015 after switching parties . Sindh NA - 258 ( Karachi - XX ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Abdul Hakeem Baloch Was elected in May 2013 , but vacated the seat in September 2016 after switching parties . Balochistan NA - 260 ( Quetta - Chagai - Mastung ) Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party Abdul Rahim Mandokhail Was elected in May 2013 . Died while serving in office in May 2017 . Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Alizeh Iqbal Haider Was elected on the reserved seats for women in May 2013 , but resigned from the seat due to personal issues in November 2015 . Sindh Reserved seats for women Muttahida Qaumi Movement Tahira Asif Was elected on the reserved seats for women in May 2013 . Assassinated while serving in office in June 2014 . Sindh Reserved seats for women Pakistan Peoples Party Shazia Marri Was elected on the reserved seats for women in June 2013 . Resigned from the reserved seat to run for a general seat in the by - election in NA - 235 ( Sanghar - II ) in August 2013 . Punjab Reserved seats for women Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Ayesha Raza Farooq Was elected on the reserved seats for women in May 2013 . Resigned from the seat to become a member of the Senate of Pakistan in 2015 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Was elected in by - election after seat become vacant . Jump up ^ Election was not held in the constituency due to poor law and order situation . ^ Jump up to : Was disqualified . Retained the seat later in by - election . ^ Jump up to : Elected in by - election as election was terminated in this constituency due to the death of a contesting candidate . ^ Jump up to : Was appointed after seat became vacant . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan PM loses vital coalition partner as MQM quits '' . BBC News . 3 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N enjoys simple majority with induction of 18 independents '' . DAWN. 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's new era under Sharif '' . China Daily Asia . 24 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif 's PML - N emerges as single largest party in Pak polls '' . Zeenews.india.com. 14 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif 's cabinet takes oath '' . India TV News . Archived from the original on 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Khursheed Shah named as Opposition Leader in NA -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 7 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ayaz Sadiq , Abbasi elected NA speaker , deputy speaker '' ( 3 June 2013 ) . Pakistan Today . Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Newly elected Members of National Assembly take oath '' . The News . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Country 's 14th National Assembly comes to life '' . Pakistan Today . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhatti , Haseeb ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif steps down as PM after SC 's disqualification verdict '' . Dawn.com . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chaudhry , Fahad ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Shahid Khaqan Abbasi sworn in as prime minister of Pakistan '' . DAWN . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly stands dissolved as second successive democratic government completes five - year term '' . DAWN. 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . 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Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Balochistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Punjab '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Minorities '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dissident PTI 's lawmaker Gulzar Khan passes away '' . Daily Pakistan Global . 28 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Re-election on NA - 19 , Haripur : Over 9,000 voters to decide MNA today -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 29 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC unseats PML - N 's Omar Ayub '' . Dawn. 20 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N lawmaker Malik Iqbal Mehdi dies in India '' . Daily Times ( 24 May 2016 ) . Archived from the original on 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Procuring a fake degree : Top court disqualifies PML - N 's Sumaira Malik -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 29 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N leader Rajab Ali Baloch passes away '' . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N suffers fresh setback as MNA , former MPA join PTI - The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former members of the 14th National Assembly '' . National Assembly . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rigging in NA - 103 37 election officials booked '' . Dawn. 5 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polling for NA - 108 by - election underway in Mandi Bahauddin Pakistan Dunya News '' . Dunya News . 8 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khawaja Asif disqualified by Islamabad High Court '' . DAWN.COM. 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif resigns over Panama Papers verdict '' . BBC News . 28 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N 's Dr Shazra wins Nankana by - poll '' . Pakistan Today . 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Independent may leave major parties in the dust in Okara by - poll '' . Pakistan Today . 9 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PTI - backed Dogar triumphs as Hashmi concedes NA - 149 by - poll '' . Dawn. 16 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheating the system : MNA disqualified for fake diploma -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 29 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Correspondent , The Newspaper 's Staff ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` PML - N retains NA - 153 '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` JSPM merges with PTI on promise of south Punjab province - The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Election tribunal orders re-election in NA - 154 , deseats PML - N lawmaker '' . Dawn. 26 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Chaudhry , Fahad ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` ' Disqualified on mere interpretation of trust deed , ' says Jahangir Tareen '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PTI legislator disqualified for inaccurate asset declaration -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 12 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Friends or foes ? '' . The Friday Times . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Khan , Iftikhar A. ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` PML - N gains Senate control amid surprise PPP showing '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` From stronghold to nightmare '' . DAWN.COM. 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mirani retains NA - 202 after re-checking of rejected votes '' . Dawn. 27 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PPP MNA Ayaz Soomro breathes his last in New York - The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Time to vote : NPP lawmaker 's election on NA - 211 declared void -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 11 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NA - 218 by - elections : Makhdooms record 13th victory from Hala -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 19 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sindh : Strongholds and changing political trends -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 22 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MQM lawmaker Rehan Hashmi resigns from NA seat '' . Pakistan Today . 17 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nabil Gabol resigns from MQM , National Assembly -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 24 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Sindh '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PkMAP 's MNA Abdul Rahim Mandokhail passes away Abb Takk News '' . abbtakk.tv . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PPP 's Alizeh Iqbal Haider resigns from National Assembly -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 12 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MQM lawmaker Tahira Asif passes away -- The Express Tribune '' . Express Tribune . 19 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` By - polls : PML - N wins five NA seats , PPP three , PTI two '' . www.geo.tv . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . www.senate.gov.pk . Senate of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Members of the National Assembly of Pakistan 1947 -- 54 1955 -- 58 1962 -- 65 1965 -- 69 1972 -- 77 1977 -- 77 1985 -- 88 1988 -- 90 1990 -- 93 1993 -- 96 1997 -- 99 2002 -- 07 2008 -- 13 2013 -- 18 2018 -- 23 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_14th_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan&oldid=860533021 '' Categories : Pakistani general election , 2013 Lists of members of the National Assembly of Pakistan by term Pakistani MNAs 2013 -- 18 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seats of mqm in national assembly | [
"\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nSeats\n\nParty\n\nSeats\n\n\n\nPML (N)\n182\n\nANP\n2\n\n\n\nPPP\n46\n\nPML (Z)\n1\n\n\n\nPTI\n32\n\nNP\n1\n\n\n\nMQM\n24\n\nAML\n1\n\n\n\nJUI (F)\n13\n\nQWP\n1\n\n\n\nPML (F)\n5\n\nBNP\n1\n\n\n\nJI\n4\n\nAJIP\n1\n\n\n\nPkMAP\n3\n\nAPML\n1\n\n\n\nPML (Q)\n2\n\nIndependents\n10\n\n\n\nNPP\n2\nTotal = 332\n"
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"24"
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2132018468048873830 | Cullinan Diamond | Cullinan diamond - wikipedia Cullinan diamond Jump to : navigation , search `` Star of Africa '' redirects here . For other uses , see Star of Africa ( disambiguation ) . Cullinan Diamond The rough diamond Weight 3,106.75 carats ( 621.350 g ) Color Near colourless Cut 105 stones of assorted cuts Country of origin South Africa Mine of origin Premier Mine Cut by Asscher Brothers Original owner Premier Diamond Mining Company Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown ( I and II ) and as a private individual ( III -- IX ) The Cullinan Diamond is the largest gem - quality rough diamond ever found , weighing 3,106.75 carats ( 621.35 g ) , discovered at the Premier No. 2 mine in Cullinan , South Africa , on 26 January 1905 . It was named after Thomas Cullinan , the mine 's chairman . In April 1905 , the Cullinan was put on sale in London , but despite considerable interest , it was still unsold after two years . In 1907 the Transvaal Colony government bought the Cullinan and presented it to King Edward VII on his 66th birthday . Cullinan produced stones of various cuts and sizes , the largest of which is named Cullinan I or the Great Star of Africa , and at 530.4 carats ( 106.08 g ) it is the largest clear cut diamond in the world . Cullinan I is mounted in the head of the Sovereign 's Sceptre with Cross . The second - largest is Cullinan II or the Second Star of Africa , weighing 317.4 carats ( 63.48 g ) , mounted in the Imperial State Crown . Both diamonds are part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom . Seven other major diamonds , weighing a total of 208.29 carats ( 41.66 g ) , are privately owned by Queen Elizabeth II , who inherited them from her grandmother , Queen Mary , in 1953 . The Queen also owns minor brilliants and a set of unpolished fragments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery and early history 1.1 Presentation to Edward VII 1.2 Cutting process 2 Diamonds cut from the Cullinan 2.1 Cullinan I 2.2 Cullinan II 2.3 Cullinan III 2.4 Cullinan IV 2.5 Cullinan V 2.6 Cullinan VI 2.7 Cullinan VII 2.8 Cullinan VIII 2.9 Cullinan IX 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Discovery and early History ( edit ) Wells and the diamond The Cullinan diamond was found 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) below the surface at Premier Mine in Cullinan , Transvaal Colony , by Frederick Wells , surface manager at the mine , on 26 January 1905 . It was approximately 10.1 centimetres ( 4.0 in ) long , 6.35 centimetres ( 2.50 in ) wide , 5.9 centimetres ( 2.3 in ) deep , and weighed 3,106 carats ( 621.2 grams ) . Newspapers called it the `` Cullinan Diamond '' , a reference to Sir Thomas Cullinan , who opened the mine in 1902 . It was three times the size of the Excelsior Diamond , found in 1893 at Jagersfontein Mine , weighing 972 carats ( 194.4 g ) . Four of its eight surfaces were smooth , indicating that it once had been part of a much larger stone broken up by natural forces . It had a blue - white hue and contained a small pocket of air , which at certain angles produced a rainbow , or Newton 's rings . Shortly after its discovery , Cullinan went on public display at the Standard Bank in Johannesburg , where it was seen by an estimated 8,000 -- 9,000 visitors . In April 1905 , the rough gem was deposited with Premier Mining Co. 's London sales agent , S. Neumann & Co . Due to its immense value , detectives were assigned to a steamboat that was rumoured to be carrying the stone , and a parcel was ceremoniously locked in the captain 's safe and guarded on the entire journey . It was a diversionary tactic -- the stone on that ship was fake , meant to attract those who would be interested in stealing it . Cullinan was sent to the United Kingdom in a plain box via registered post . On arriving in London , it was conveyed to Buckingham Palace for inspection by King Edward VII . It drew considerable interest from potential buyers , but Cullinan went unsold for two years . Presentation to Edward VII ( edit ) Transvaal Prime Minister , Louis Botha , suggested buying the diamond for Edward VII as `` a token of the loyalty and attachment of the people of the Transvaal to His Majesty 's throne and person '' . In August 1907 , a vote was held in Parliament on the Cullinan 's fate , and a motion authorising the purchase was carried by 42 votes in favour to 19 against . Initially , Henry Campbell - Bannerman , then British Prime Minister , advised the king to decline the offer , but he later decided to let Edward VII choose whether or not to accept the gift . Eventually , he was persuaded by Winston Churchill , then Colonial Under - Secretary . For his trouble , Churchill was sent a replica of the diamond , which he enjoyed showing off to guests on a silver plate . The Transvaal Colony government bought the diamond on 17 October 1907 for £ 150,000 or about US $750,000 at the time , which adjusted for pound - sterling inflation is equivalent to £ 15 million in 2016 . Due to a 60 % tax imposed on mining profits , the Treasury received most of its money back from the Premier Diamond Mining Company . The diamond was presented to the king at Sandringham House on 9 November 1907 -- his sixty - sixth birthday -- in the presence of a large party of guests , including the Queen of Norway , the Queen of Spain , the Duke of Westminster and Lord Revelstoke . The king asked his colonial secretary , Lord Elgin , to announce that he accepted the gift `` for myself and my successors '' and that he would ensure `` this great and unique diamond be kept and preserved among the historic jewels which form the heirlooms of the Crown '' . Cutting process ( edit ) Joseph making the split The king chose Asscher Brothers of Amsterdam to cleave and polish the rough stone into brilliant gems of various cuts and sizes . Abraham Asscher collected it from the Colonial Office in London on 23 January 1908 . He returned to the Netherlands by train and ferry with the diamond in his coat pocket . Meanwhile , to much fanfare , a Royal Navy ship carried an empty box across the North Sea , again throwing off potential thieves . Even the captain had no idea that his `` precious '' cargo was a decoy . On 10 February 1908 , the rough stone was split in half by Joseph Asscher at his diamond - cutting factory in Amsterdam . At the time , technology had not yet evolved to guarantee the quality of modern standards , and cutting the diamond was difficult and risky . After weeks of planning , an incision 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) deep was made to enable Asscher to cleave the diamond in one blow . Making the incision alone took four days , and a steel knife broke on the first attempt , but a second knife was fitted into the groove and split it clean in two along one of four possible cleavage planes . In all , splitting and cutting the diamond took eight months , with three people working 14 hours per day to complete the task . `` The tale is told of Joseph Asscher , the greatest cleaver of the day , '' wrote Matthew Hart in his book Diamond : A Journey to the Heart of an Obsession ( 2002 ) , `` that when he prepared to cleave the largest diamond ever known ... he had a doctor and nurse standing by and when he finally struck the diamond ... he fainted dead away '' . Lord Ian Balfour , in his book Famous Diamonds ( 2009 ) , dispels the fainting story , suggesting it was more likely Joseph would have celebrated , opening a bottle of champagne . When Joseph 's nephew Louis heard the story , he exclaimed `` No Asscher would ever faint over any operation on any diamond '' . Nine largest stones split from the rough Cullinan diamond Diamonds cut from the Cullinan ( edit ) Cullinan produced 9 major stones of 1,055.89 carats ( 211.178 g ) in total , and 96 minor brilliants weighing 7.55 carats ( 1.510 g ) ( on average , 0.079 carats each ) -- a yield from the rough stone of 34.25 per cent . There are also 9.5 carats ( 1.90 g ) of unpolished fragments . All but the two largest stones -- Cullinans I and II -- remained in Amsterdam by arrangement as the fee for Asscher 's services , until the South African government bought them ( except Cullinan VI , which Edward VII had purchased and given to his wife Queen Alexandra in 1907 ) , and the High Commissioner for Southern Africa presented them to Queen Mary on 28 June 1910 . Mary also inherited Cullinan VI from Alexandra , and she left all of her Cullinan diamonds to her granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 . Cullinans I and II are part of the Crown Jewels , which belong to the Queen in right of the Crown . Asscher sold the minor stones to various buyers , including then prime minister of South Africa , Louis Botha , and the diamond merchants Arthur and Alexander Levy , who supervised the cutting of Cullinan . Some were purchased by Mary and set in a long platinum chain , which Elizabeth has never worn in public , saying that `` it gets in the soup '' . In the 1970s , two minor Cullinan diamonds owned by Louis Botha 's heirs were analysed by De Beers at their laboratory in Johannesburg , and they were found to be completely free of nitrogen or any other impurities . Cullinans I and II have been examined in the 1980s by gemologists at the Tower of London and both graded as colourless type IIa . Cullinan I ( edit ) The nine major stones . Top : Cullinans II , I , and III . Bottom : Cullinans VIII , VI , IV , V , VII and IX . Cullinan I , or the Great Star of Africa , is a pendeloque - cut brilliant weighing 530.2 carats ( 106.04 g ) and has 74 facets . It is set at the top of the Sovereign 's Sceptre with Cross which had to be redesigned in 1910 to accommodate it . Cullinan I was surpassed as the world 's largest cut diamond of any colour by the 545.67 - carat ( 109.134 g ) Golden Jubilee Diamond in 1992 , but is still the largest clear cut diamond in the world . In terms of clarity , it has a few tiny cleavages and a small patch of graining . The 5.89 cm × 4.54 cm × 2.77 cm ( 2.32 in × 1.79 in × 1.09 in ) diamond is fitted with loops and can be taken out of its setting to be worn as a pendant suspended from Cullinan II to make a brooch . Queen Mary , wife of George V , often wore it like this . In 1908 , the stone was valued at US $2,500,000 -- two and a half times the rough Cullinan 's estimated value . Cullinan II ( edit ) Cullinan II , or the Second Star of Africa , is a cushion - cut brilliant with 66 facets weighing 317.4 carats ( 63.48 g ) set in the front of the Imperial State Crown , below the Black Prince 's Ruby ( a large spinel ) . It measures 4.54 cm × 4.08 cm × 2.42 cm ( 1.79 in × 1.61 in × 0.95 in ) . The diamond has a number of tiny flaws , scratches on the table facet , and a small chip at the girdle . Like Cullinan I , it is held in place by a yellow gold enclosure , which is screwed onto the crown . Cullinan III ( edit ) Cullinan III , or the Lesser Star of Africa , is pear - cut and weighs 94.4 carats ( 18.88 g ) . In 1911 , Queen Mary , wife and queen consort of George V , had it set in the top cross pattée of a crown that she personally bought for her coronation . In 1912 , the Delhi Durbar Tiara , worn the previous year by Mary instead of a crown at the Delhi Durbar , where her husand wore the Imperial Crown of India , was also adapted to take Cullians III and IV . In 1914 , Cullinan III was permanently replaced on the crown by a crystal model . Today , it is most frequently worn in combination with Cullinan IV by Elizabeth II as a brooch . In total , the brooch is 6.5 cm ( 2.6 in ) long and 2.4 cm ( 0.94 in ) wide . Cullinan III has also been used as a pendant on the Coronation Necklace , where it occasionally replaced the 22.4 - carat ( 4.48 g ) Lahore Diamond . Cullinan IV ( edit ) Queen Mary wearing Cullinans I and II as a brooch on her chest , III as a pendant on the Coronation Necklace , and IV in the base of her crown , below the Koh - i - Noor Cullinan IV , also referred to as a Lesser Star of Africa , is square - cut and weighs 63.6 carats ( 12.72 g ) . It was also set in the base of Queen Mary 's Crown ; however , it too was removed in 1914 . On 25 March 1958 , while she and Prince Philip were on a state visit to the Netherlands , the Queen Elizabeth II revealed that Cullinan III and IV are known in her family as `` Granny 's Chips '' . They visited the Asscher Diamond Company , where Cullinan had been cut 50 years earlier . It was the first time the Queen had worn the brooch publicly . During her visit , she unpinned the brooch and offered it for examination to Louis Asscher , nephew of Joseph Asscher , who split the rough diamond . Aged 84 , he was deeply moved by the fact the Queen had brought the diamonds with her , knowing how much it would mean to him seeing them again after so many years . Cullinan V ( edit ) Cullinan V is an 18.8 - carat ( 3.76 g ) heart - shaped diamond set in the centre of a platinum brooch that formed a part of the stomacher made for Queen Mary to wear at the Delhi Durbar in 1911 . The brooch was designed to show off Cullinan V and is pavé - set with a border of smaller diamonds . It can be suspended from the VIII brooch and can be used to suspend the VII pendant . It was often worn like this by Mary . Cullinan VI ( edit ) Cullinan VI is marquise - cut and weighs 11.5 carats ( 2.30 g ) . It hangs from the brooch containing Cullinan VIII and forming part of the stomacher of the Delhi Durbar parure . Cullinan VI along with VIII can also be fitted together to make yet another brooch , surrounded by some 96 smaller diamonds . The design was created around the same time that the Cullinan V heart - shaped brooch was designed , both having a similar shape . Cullinan VII ( edit ) Cullinan VII is also marquise - cut and weighs 8.8 carats ( 1.76 g ) . It was originally given by Edward VII to his wife and consort Queen Alexandra . After his death she gave the jewel to Queen Mary , who had it set as a pendant hanging from the diamond - and - emerald Delhi Durbar necklace , part of the parure . Cullinan VIII ( edit ) Cullinan VIII is an oblong - cut diamond weighing 6.8 carats ( 1.36 g ) . It is set in the centre of a brooch forming part of the stomacher of the Delhi Durbar parure . Together with Cullinan VI it forms a brooch . Cullinan IX ( edit ) Cullinan IX is smallest of the principal diamonds to be obtained from the rough Cullinan . It is a pendeloque or stepped pear - cut stone , weighs 4.39 carats ( 0.878 g ) , and is set in a platinum ring known as the Cullinan IX Ring . See also ( edit ) South Africa portal List of diamonds List of largest rough diamonds Elizabeth II 's jewels References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bariand and Duchamp , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Scarratt and Shor , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jewellery made from the world 's largest diamond is to go on display '' ( PDF ) . Royal Collection Trust . 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Scarratt and Shor , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hatch , pp. 170 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Scarratt and Shor , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Lee , pp. 489 -- 490 . Jump up ^ Helme , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Field , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Bariand and Duchamp , p. 97 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth `` consistent series '' supplied in Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.K. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Balfour , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Seff and Seff , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Helme , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Crookes , pp. 77 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Hart , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Koskoff , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Spencer , pp. 318 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Scarratt and Shor , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Balfour , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Crown Jewels '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . 211 . United Kingdom : House of Commons . 16 July 1992 . col . 944W . Jump up ^ Scarratt and Shor , p. 125 . Jump up ^ `` Life '' . Vol. 10 . Time . July 1987 . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Helme , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Scarrat and Shor , pp. 126 , 131 . ^ Jump up to : Manutchehr - Danai , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Cut Diamond in the World '' . Gem & Jewellery News . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 . December 1992 . ISSN 0964 - 6736 . Jump up ^ `` The Sovereign 's Sceptre with Cross '' . Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no . 31712 . ^ Jump up to : Scarratt and Shor , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Mears , et al. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Morgan , p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` The Imperial State Crown '' . Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no . 31701 . Jump up ^ Keay , p. 175 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Durbar Tiara '' . Royal Collection Trust . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cullinan III and IV Brooch '' . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The diamonds and their history '' ( PDF ) . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jewellery made from the Cullinan Diamond '' ( PDF ) . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mears , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cullinan VI and VIII Brooch '' . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Durbar Necklace and Cullinan VII Pendant '' . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cullinan IX Ring '' . Royal Collection Trust . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Balfour , Ian ( 2009 ) . Famous Diamonds . Antique Collectors ' Club . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85149 - 479 - 8 . Bariand , Pierre ; Duchamp , Michel ( 1992 ) . The Larousse Encyclopedia of Precious Gems. Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 30289 - 4 . Cartwright , Alan Patrick ( 1977 ) . Diamonds and Clay . Purnell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 868 - 43017 - 1 . Crookes , William ( 1909 ) . Diamonds. Harper & Brothers . ASIN B0114VJCD4 . Dickinson , Joan Y. ( 2012 ) . The Book of Diamonds . Courier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 15682 - 8 . Field , Leslie ( 1997 ) . The Queen 's Jewels . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 8172 - 0 . Hart , Matthew ( 2002 ) . Diamond : A Journey to the Heart of an Obsession . Plume Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28370 - 1 . Hatch , F.H. ( April 1905 ) . `` A Description of the Big Diamond Recently Found in the Premier Mine , Transvaal '' . Geological Magazine . Cambridge University Press : 170 -- 172 . doi : 10.1017 / s001675680013198x . Helme , Nigel ( 1974 ) . Thomas Major Cullinan : A Biography . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 091286 - 1 . Keay , Anna ( 2011 ) . The Crown Jewels . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 51575 - 4 . Koskoff , David E. ( 1981 ) . The Diamond World . Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 038005 - 2 . Lee , Sidney ( 1925 ) . King Edward VII : A Biography. 2 . Macmillan . ASIN B00ESCVL04 . Manutchehr - Danai , Mohsen ( 2013 ) . Dictionary of Gems and Gemology . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3 - 662 - 04288 - 5 . Mears , Kenneth J. ( 1988 ) . The Tower of London : 900 Years of English History . Phaidon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 2527 - 4 . Mears , Kenneth J. ; Thurley , Simon ; Murphy , Claire ( 1994 ) . The Crown Jewels . Historic Royal Palaces . ASIN B000HHY1ZQ . Morgan , Henry H. ( 17 October 1908 ) . `` Polishing the Great Cullinan Diamond '' . Scientific American . 99 ( 16 ) : 262 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican10171908 - 262 . Scarratt , Kenneth ; Shor , Russell ( 2006 ) . `` The Cullinan Diamond Centennial : A History and Gemological Analysis of Cullinans I and II '' . Gems & Gemology. 42 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 132 . doi : 10.5741 / gems. 42.2. 120 . Seff , Philip ; Seff , Nancy R. ( 1990 ) . Our Fascinating Earth . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8092 - 4185 - 9 . Spencer , Leonard J. ( 1910 ) . `` Notes on the weight of the ' Cullinan ' diamond '' . Mineralogical Magazine . Vol . XV no . 71 . pp. 318 -- 326 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cullinan Diamond . The Cullinan Diamond at the Royal Collection Trust ( archived ) Famous Diamonds at Cape Town Diamond Museum ( hide ) Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom Crowns Principal crowns St Edward 's Crown Imperial State Crown Consort crowns The Queen Mother 's Crown Queen Mary 's Crown Queen Alexandra 's Crown Queen Adelaide 's Crown Mary of Modena 's State Crown Coronets Coronet of George , Prince of Wales Coronet of Frederick , Prince of Wales Others Imperial Crown of India Queen Victoria 's Small Diamond Crown Coronation Crown of George IV State Crown of George I Tudor Crown Robes and ornaments Robes Spurs Armills Orbs Rings Sceptres Mirror of Great Britain Precious stones Cullinan I Cullinan II Koh - i - Noor Black Prince 's Ruby St Edward 's Sapphire Stuart Sapphire Anointing objects Ampulla Coronation Spoon Processional objects Swords Curtana St Edward 's Staff Trumpets Maces Plate and fonts Altar plate Banqueting plate Christening fonts Lily Font See also Honours of Scotland Honours of the Principality of Wales Coronet of Charles , Prince of Wales Elizabeth II 's jewels Crown Jeweller Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cullinan_Diamond&oldid=840589011 '' Categories : Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom Diamonds originating in South Africa 1905 in South Africa Transvaal History of Pretoria Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bikol Central Български Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the star of africa diamond kept | [
"Cullinan produced stones of various cuts and sizes, the largest of which is named Cullinan I or the Great Star of Africa, and at 530.4 carats (106.08 g) it is the largest clear cut diamond in the world. Cullinan I is mounted in the head of the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross. The second-largest is Cullinan II or the Second Star of Africa, weighing 317.4 carats (63.48 g), mounted in the Imperial State Crown. Both diamonds are part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom."
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5831636088112034613 | 50 home run club | 50 home run club - wikipedia 50 home run club Jump to : navigation , search Mark McGwire ( left ) and Sammy Sosa ( right ) are the only players to join the 50 home run club in four consecutive seasons . In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season . Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this , doing so in 1920 . By reaching the milestone , he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single - season , breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season . Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions , repeating the achievement in 1921 , 1927 and 1928 . He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001 , respectively , thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons . Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club , collecting 73 in 2001 . The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge , achieving the feat during the 2017 season . In total , 29 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and nine have done so more than once . Of these , seventeen were right - handed batters , eleven were left - handed , and one was a switch hitter , meaning he could bat from either side of the plate . Four of these players ( including two active members of the 50 home run club ) have played for only one major league team . The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have five players reach the milestone while on their roster : Ruth , Mickey Mantle , Roger Maris , Alex Rodriguez , and Aaron Judge . Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club and two of them ( Willie Mays and Rodriguez ) are also members of the 3,000 hit club . Ten players won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season . Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs , leading both leagues in batting average , home runs and runs batted in ( RBI ) . Mantle and Maris -- collectively known as the M&M Boys -- are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season , hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single - season record for home runs by a pair of teammates . Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition to attaining 50 home runs . Prince Fielder , at 23 years and 139 days , was the youngest player to reach the milestone while Bonds , at age 37 , was the oldest . Due to the infrequent addition of members into the 50 home run club , Baseball Digest called it `` a restrictive fraternity comprising slugging elite '' in 1954 , when there were only six members . Of the seventeen members eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame , eight have been elected and three were elected on the first ballot . Eligibility requires that a player has `` been retired five seasons '' or deceased for at least six months , disqualifying four active players and five players who have been retired for less than five seasons . Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members ; fifteen players joined the club on a total of 24 occasions from 1995 to 2010 . Additionally , several of these recent members have had ties to performance - enhancing drugs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Babe Ruth was the first member of the 50 home run club and joined it in four seasons , a record he shares with Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa . Jimmie Foxx achieved the 50 home run club and won the MVP Award in 1932 and 1938 . Mickey Mantle ( right ) earned the Triple Crown in addition to achieving the 50 home run club in 1956 . Five years later , he and Roger Maris ( left ) became the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season . Key Year The year the player 's 50 home run season occurred Player ( X ) Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point Team The player 's team for his 50 home run season HR Number of home runs in that season Career HR The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career Denotes single - season home run record progression Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active Members of the 50 home run club Year Player Team HR Career HR Ref 1920 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth New York Yankees 54 714 1921 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth ( 2 ) New York Yankees 59 714 1927 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth ( 3 ) New York Yankees 60 714 1928 Ruth , Babe Babe Ruth ( 4 ) New York Yankees 54 714 1930 Wilson , Hack Hack Wilson Chicago Cubs 56 244 1932 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 1938 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox 50 534 1938 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers 58 331 1947 Mize , Johnny Johnny Mize New York Giants 51 359 1947 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 1949 Kiner , Ralph Ralph Kiner ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 1955 Mays , Willie Willie Mays New York Giants 51 660 1956 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle New York Yankees 52 536 1961 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees 54 536 1961 Maris , Roger Roger Maris New York Yankees 61 275 1965 Mays , Willie Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants 52 660 1977 Foster , George George Foster Cincinnati Reds 52 348 Fielder , Cecil Cecil Fielder Detroit Tigers 51 319 1995 Belle , Albert Albert Belle Cleveland Indians 50 381 Anderson , Brady Brady Anderson Baltimore Orioles 50 210 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 52 583 1997 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners 56 630 1997 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 1998 Vaughn , Greg Greg Vaughn San Diego Padres 50 355 1998 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners 56 630 1998 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs 66 609 1998 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 70 583 1999 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 63 609 1999 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire ( 4 ) St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 2000 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa ( 3 ) Chicago Cubs 50 609 2001 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers 52 696 2001 Gonzalez , Luis Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 2001 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa ( 4 ) Chicago Cubs 64 609 2001 Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 73 762 2002 Thome , Jim Jim Thome Cleveland Indians 52 612 2002 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) Texas Rangers 57 696 2005 Jones , Andruw Andruw Jones Atlanta Braves 51 434 2006 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 2006 Ortiz , David David Ortiz Boston Red Sox 54 541 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 54 696 2007 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 Bautista , José José Bautista Toronto Blue Jays 54 328 2013 Davis , Chris Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles 53 261 2017 Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins 59 267 2017 Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge New York Yankees 52 56 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball home run champions Major League Baseball single - season home run record List of Major League Baseball home run records Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Fielder is not officially retired , he will spend the remaining four years of his contract on the 60 - day disabled list . References ( edit ) General `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ Johnston , Joey ( July 1987 ) . `` Will 50 - Homer Seasons Become Extinct in the Majors ? '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 46 ( 7 ) : 60 -- 61 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( September 29 , 1997 ) . `` On Baseball ; Numbers Tell It All : 1997 Was Impressive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Larry Walker ... missed joining McGwire and Griffey in the 50 home run club ( 49 ) . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista belts 49th as Jays edge Red Sox '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Bautista ( 's ) ... next blast will put him in the 50 home run club . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single - Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge Hits 2 More Homers , Breaking Mark McGwire 's Rookie Record '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mantle Eligible for ' Hall ' Today '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . January 16 , 1974 . p. 24 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle took the triple crown in 1956 when he batted . 353 with 52 home runs and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mantle Named Most Valuable Player '' . The Milwaukee Journal . November 15 , 1956 . p. 20 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Mantle , who won the triple batting crown ... , became the eighth man in history to win the batting , home run and runs batted in titles in one season . ( He ) led the league , both leagues in fact , with a . 353 batting average , 52 homers and 130 runs batted in . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Plenty of duos have look of M&M Boys '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . ( T ) heir combined total of 115 still stands as the benchmark for teammates . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the Single - Season Home Run Record '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ( Maris ) and Mantle ... broke the record for most single - season home runs by a pair of teammates . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` Belle battled fans , teammates , self '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . In 1995 , ... he became the first player to amass 50 doubles and 50 homers in the same year . Jump up ^ `` Belle is forgotten man '' . The Spokesman - Review . September 27 , 1998 . p . C5 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ( H ) e became the first player to hit 50 homers and 50 doubles in 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Prince hits 50 , but it 's 52 he wants to ' shut up ' his dad '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; Giants ' Bonds Is Fastest to 50 Homers '' . The New York Times . August 12 , 2001 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , George K. ( October 1954 ) . `` 37 Stars Hit 50 Homers in Year ! '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , IL , USA : Century Publishing . 13 ( 9 ) : 43 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Not as exclusive as the `` Four Homers in One Game Club '' but , nevertheless , a restrictive sort of fraternity is that comprising batters who have blasted 50 -- or more -- home runs in one season . This group of slugging elite ... Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 30 , 2001 ) . `` Baseball : Notebook ; Measure of Inflation For Home Run Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . I think it takes some of the luster off the numbers that some of the best players established ... Jump up ^ Schwarz , Alan ( June 9 , 2002 ) . `` Ideas & Trends ; Scoring Hits , Runs and Asterisks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Where 50 home runs in a season once meant something ( just 18 players did it before 1995 ) , 16 have since ... Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Bautista 's homer binge brings questions '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . McGwire has admitted to using steroids during his career and Sosa and Bonds have been dogged by allegations . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Mitchell Report proposes solutions '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Rodriguez Admits to Use of Performance Enhancers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ortiz and Ramirez Said to Be on 2003 Doping List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hack Wilson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Greenberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mize Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Kiner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mickey Mantle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` George Foster Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Anderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark McGwire Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sammy Sosa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Gonzalez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thome Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andruw Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Ortiz Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Fielder announces playing career over '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Fielder Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Bautista Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giancarlo Stanton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50_home_run_club&oldid=832650286 '' Categories : Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most home runs in one season | [
"\nMembers of the 50 home run club\n\nYear\nPlayer\nTeam\nHR\nCareer HR\nRef\n\n\n1920\nRuth, BabeBabe Ruth\nNew York Yankees\n54^\n714\n[5]\n\n\n1921\nRuth, BabeBabe Ruth (2)\nNew York Yankees\n59^\n714\n[5]\n\n\n1927\nRuth, BabeBabe Ruth (3)\nNew York Yankees\n60^\n714\n[5]\n\n\n1928\nRuth, BabeBabe Ruth (4)\nNew York Yankees\n54\n714\n[5]\n\n\n1930\nWilson, HackHack Wilson\nChicago Cubs\n56\n244\n[29]\n\n\n1932\nFoxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n58\n534\n[30]\n\n\n1938\nFoxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx (2)\nBoston Red Sox\n50\n534\n[30]\n\n\n1938\nGreenberg, HankHank Greenberg\nDetroit Tigers\n58\n331\n[31]\n\n\n1947\nMize, JohnnyJohnny Mize\nNew York Giants\n51\n359\n[32]\n\n\n1947\nKiner, RalphRalph Kiner\nPittsburgh Pirates\n51\n369\n[33]\n\n\n1949\nKiner, RalphRalph Kiner (2)\nPittsburgh Pirates\n54\n369\n[33]\n\n\n1955\nMays, WillieWillie Mays\nNew York Giants\n51\n660\n[34]\n\n\n1956\nMantle, MickeyMickey Mantle\nNew York Yankees\n52\n536\n[35]\n\n\n1961\nMantle, MickeyMickey Mantle (2)\nNew York Yankees\n54\n536\n[35]\n\n\n1961\nMaris, RogerRoger Maris\nNew York Yankees\n61^\n275\n[36]\n\n\n1965\nMays, WillieWillie Mays (2)\nSan Francisco Giants\n52\n660\n[34]\n\n\n1977\nFoster, GeorgeGeorge Foster\nCincinnati Reds\n52\n348\n[37]\n\n\n1990\nFielder, CecilCecil Fielder\nDetroit Tigers\n51\n319\n[38]\n\n\n1995\nBelle, AlbertAlbert Belle\nCleveland Indians\n50\n381\n[39]\n\n\n1996\nAnderson, BradyBrady Anderson\nBaltimore Orioles\n50\n210\n[40]\n\n\n1996\nMcGwire, MarkMark McGwire\nOakland Athletics\n52\n583\n[41]\n\n\n1997\nGriffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.\nSeattle Mariners\n56\n630\n[42]\n\n\n1997\nMcGwire, MarkMark McGwire (2)\nOakland Athletics\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n58\n583\n[41]\n\n\n1998\nVaughn, GregGreg Vaughn\nSan Diego Padres\n50\n355\n[43]\n\n\n1998\nGriffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr. (2)\nSeattle Mariners\n56\n630\n[42]\n\n\n1998\nSosa, SammySammy Sosa\nChicago Cubs\n66\n609\n[44]\n\n\n1998\nMcGwire, MarkMark McGwire (3)\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n70^\n583\n[41]\n\n\n1999\nSosa, SammySammy Sosa (2)\nChicago Cubs\n63\n609\n[44]\n\n\n1999\nMcGwire, MarkMark McGwire (4)\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n65\n583\n[41]\n\n\n2000\nSosa, SammySammy Sosa (3)\nChicago Cubs\n50\n609\n[44]\n\n\n2001\nRodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez\nTexas Rangers\n52\n696\n[45]\n\n\n2001\nGonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez\nArizona Diamondbacks\n57\n354\n[46]\n\n\n2001\nSosa, SammySammy Sosa (4)\nChicago Cubs\n64\n609\n[44]\n\n\n2001\nBonds, BarryBarry Bonds\nSan Francisco Giants\n73^\n762\n[47]\n\n\n2002\nThome, JimJim Thome\nCleveland Indians\n52\n612\n[48]\n\n\n2002\nRodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (2)\nTexas Rangers\n57\n696\n[45]\n\n\n2005\nJones, AndruwAndruw Jones\nAtlanta Braves\n51\n434\n[49]\n\n\n2006\nHoward, RyanRyan Howard\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n58\n382\n[8]\n\n\n2006\nOrtiz, DavidDavid Ortiz\nBoston Red Sox\n54\n541\n[50]\n\n\n2007\nRodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (3)\nNew York Yankees\n54\n696\n[45]\n\n\n2007\nFielder, PrincePrince Fielder[A]\nMilwaukee Brewers\n50\n319\n[52]\n\n\n2010\nBautista, JoséJosé Bautista\nToronto Blue Jays\n54\n328\n[53]\n\n\n2013\nDavis, ChrisChris Davis\nBaltimore Orioles\n53\n261\n[54]\n\n\n2017\nStanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton\nMiami Marlins\n59\n267\n[55]\n\n\n2017\nJudge, AaronAaron Judge\nNew York Yankees\n52\n56\n[56]\n\n"
] | [
"Barry Bonds"
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-3523670428086351517 | When in Rome, do as the Romans do | When in Rome , do as the Romans do - Wikipedia When in Rome , do as the Romans do Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the proverb . For other uses , see When in Rome . Look up when in Rome , do as the Romans do in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series I Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rome When in Rome , do as the Romans do ( often shortened to when in Rome ... ) or a later version when in Rome , do as the Pope does , a proverb attributed to Saint Ambrose , means that it is advisable to follow the conventions of the area in which you are residing or visiting . Saint Monica and her son , Saint Augustine , found out that Saturday was observed as a fast day in Rome , where they planned to visit . It was not a fast day in Milan , where they lived . They consulted Saint Ambrose who said `` When I am here ( in Milan ) I do not fast on Saturday , when in Rome I do fast on Saturday . '' That reply is said to have brought about the saying `` When in Rome , do as the Romans do . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Speake , Jennifer , ed. ( 2015 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs ( 6th ed . ) . OUP Oxford . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 01 - 910 - 5959 - 9 . OCLC 914473236 . Jump up ^ Cresswell , Julia ( 2010 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins . OUP Oxford . Rome ; pp. 371 -- 372 . ISBN 978 - 01 - 995 - 4793 - 7 . OCLC 965141221 . Jump up ^ Dixon , James Main ( 1891 ) . Dictionary of Idiomatic English Phrases . T. Nelson and Sons . p. 273 . OCLC 156125145 . Jump up ^ Marvin , Dwight Edwards ( 1922 ) . The Antiquity of Proverbs : Fifty Familiar Proverbs and Folk Sayings with Annotations and Lists of Connected Forms , Found in All Parts of the World . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . pp. 294 -- 299 . OCLC 978104222 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Ebenezer Cobham ( 1900 ) . Dictionary of Phrase and Fable : Giving the Derivation , Source , Or Origin of Common Phrases , Allusions , and Words that Have a Tale to Tell ( 3 ed . ) . Cassell . p. 1070 . OCLC 258268902 . This Ancient Rome - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Christianity - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about ethics is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_in_Rome,_do_as_the_Romans_do&oldid=835221920 '' Categories : Proverbs Metaphors referring to places Ancient Rome stubs Christianity stubs Ethics stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 09 : 57 . About Wikipedia | where does saying when in rome come from | [
"Saint Monica and her son, Saint Augustine, found out that Saturday was observed as a fast day in Rome, where they planned to visit. It was not a fast day in Milan, where they lived. They consulted Saint Ambrose who said \"When I am here (in Milan) I do not fast on Saturday, when in Rome I do fast on Saturday.\" That reply is said to have brought about the saying \"When in Rome, do as the Romans do.\"[4][5]"
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"Saint Ambrose"
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-2108547656590552587 | Parliament of India | Parliament of India - Wikipedia Parliament of India Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 2 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 29 '' E / 28.61722 ° N 77.20806 ° E / 28.61722 ; 77.20806 Parliament of India Emblem of India Type Type Bicameral Houses Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha History Founded 26 January 1950 ( 68 years ago ) ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Preceded by Constituent Assembly of India Leadership President Ram Nath Kovind Since 25 July 2017 Chairman of Rajya Sabha ( Vice President ) Venkaiah Naidu Since 11 August 2017 Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha P.J. Kurien , INC Since 21 August 2012 Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House ( Lok Sabha ) Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the House ( Rajya Sabha ) Arun Jaitley , BJP Since 2 June 2014 Structure Seats 790 245 Members of Rajya Sabha 545 Members of Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha political groups NDA ( Majority ) UPA Lok Sabha political groups NDA ( Majority ) UPA Elections Rajya Sabha voting system Single transferable vote Lok Sabha voting system First past the post Rajya Sabha last election 21 July and 08 August 2017 Lok Sabha last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Rajya Sabha next election 16 January , 23 March and 21 June 2018 Lok Sabha next election April -- May 2019 Meeting place Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website parliamentofindia.nic.in Constitution Constitution of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India . The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses . It is a bicameral legislature with two houses : the Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) and the Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) . The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha . The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers . Those elected or nominated ( by the President ) to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament ( MP ) . The Members of Parliament , Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single - member districts and the Members of Parliament , Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all of the State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation . The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President , and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science , culture , art and history . The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Parliament House 2.1 General layout of the parliament 2.2 Proposal for a new building 3 Composition 3.1 President of India 3.2 Lok Sabha 3.3 Rajya Sabha 4 Session of parliament 5 Lawmaking procedures 6 Parliamentary committees 7 Incidents 8 Parliament Session and debates 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Main articles : Imperial Legislative Council and Constituent Assembly of India Parliament House Main article : Sansad Bhavan The Sansad Bhavan ( Parliament House ) is located in New Delhi . It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker , who were responsible for planning and construction of New Delhi by British government . The construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Viceroy and Governor - General of India , Irwin . The construction costs for the building were ₹ 8.3 million ( US $120,000 ) . The parliament is 560 feet ( 170 m ) in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) . The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha , Rajya Sabha and the Library hall . Surrounding these three chambers is the four storied circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees , offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs . General layout of the Parliament The centre and the focus of the building is the Central Hall . It consists of chambers of the Lok Sabha , the Rajya Sabha and the Library Hall and between them lie garden courts . Surrounding these three chambers is the four storyed circular structure providing accommodations for Ministers , Chairmen , Parliamentary committees , Party offices , important offices of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariats and also the offices of the ministry of Parliamentary affairs . The Central Hall is circular in shape and the dome is 29.87 m ( 98 feet ) in diameter . It is a place of historical importance . The Indian Constitution was framed in the Central Hall . The Central Hall was originally used in the library of erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States . In 1946 , it was converted and refurbished into Constituent Assembly Hall . At present , the Central Hall is used for holding joint sittings of both the houses of parliament and also used for address by the President in the commencement of first session after each general election . Proposal for a new building A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex . The new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex . A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the Former Speaker , Meira Kumar . The present building , an 85 - year - old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues . The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag . Composition The Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with the President of India acting as their head . President of India Main article : President of India The President of India , the Head of state is a component of Parliament . Under Article 60 and Article 111 , President 's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills / laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his / her approval to the bills . The President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of 5 years . Lok Sabha Main article : Lok Sabha Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) or the lower house has 545 members . 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies across the country and 2 members are appointed by the President of India from Anglo - Indian Community . Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age , irrespective of gender , caste , religion or race , who is otherwise not disqualified , is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha. The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members . It has a term of five years . To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha , a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older , mentally sound , should not be bankrupt and should not be criminally convicted . The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is , so far as practicable , the same for all States . Rajya Sabha Main article : Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha ( Council of States ) or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution . One third of the members retire every second year , and are replaced by newly elected members . Each member is elected for a term of six years . Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states . The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members . It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members , of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President . The number of members from a state depends on its population . The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years . Session of Parliament The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session . The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six - month gap between the two sessions . Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year . In India , the parliament conducts three sessions each year : Budget session : February to May Monsoon session : July to September Winter session : November to December Lawmaking procedures Main article : Lawmaking procedure in India Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill . A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal , which , when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President , becomes an Act of Parliament . Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha . The council of states can only make recommendations over the bills to the House , within a period of fourteen days . Parliamentary committees Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length . The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions . Parliamentary committees are of two kinds : Ad hoc committees and the Standing committees . Standing committees are permanent committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an act of Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament . The work of these committees is of a continuing nature . Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submits a report . Incidents Main article : 2001 Indian Parliament attack On 13 December 2001 , Indian Parliament was attacked by an Islamic terrorist group . The perpetrators were Lashkar - e-Taiba ( Let ) and Jaish - e-Mohammed ( JeM ) terrorists . The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists , six Delhi Police personnel , two Parliament Security Services personnel and a gardener , which totalled 14 fatalities . It also led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan , resulting in the 2001 - 2002 India - Pakistan standoff . Parliament session and debates On 16 November 2016 , The winter session of Indian Parliament had started and during the sittings in both Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament , observed strong opposition , and uproar by political parties , on note ban initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016 . Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947 . Constituent Assembly of India Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1946 . Indian Prime Minister , Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House . President of the United States , Barack Obama addressing Joint Session of the Parliament in 2010 . See also Politics of India Election Commission of India Member of Parliament , Lok Sabha Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha PRS Legislative Research Indian Parliamentary Group List of legislatures by country List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha References Jump up ^ `` Live : Ram Nath Kovind becomes the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 11 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` P.J. Kurien is Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sumitra Mahajan elected speaker '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M Thambidurai elected deputy speaker of Lok Sabha '' . Times of India . 13 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India '' . The Times of India . 26 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PIB Press Releases '' . Pib.nic.in . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy Chairman , Rajya Sabha , Parliament of India '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Parliament , Delhi '' . delhiassembly.nic.in . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi may see a new Parliament building '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 13 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Firstpost ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitution of India ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . 1 December 2007 . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament -- Government : National Portal of India '' . Home : National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Parliament '' ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Lok Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How bill becomes act '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Committee . `` Parliament of India '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Committees of Rajya Sabha . `` General Information '' . Rajya Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha - Committee Home . `` Introduction '' . Lok Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terrorists attack Parliament ; five intruders , six cops killed '' . rediff.com. 13 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Further reading `` The Parliamentary System '' by Arun Shourie , Publisher : Rupa & Co External links Media related to Parliament of India at Wikimedia Commons Works written on the topic Parliament of India at Wikisource Parliaments of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Soviet Union Czechoslovakia ( 1920 -- 1939 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1969 -- 1992 ) Yugoslavia Related Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_India&oldid=848091267 '' Categories : 1952 establishments in India Bicameral legislatures National legislatures Parliament of India Parliaments by country Politics of India Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 18 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many times should the parliament meet in a year | [
"The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. In India, the parliament conducts three sessions each year:[15]\n"
] | [
"at least twice a year"
] |
-1820851602377455505 | Nissan Juke | Nissan Juke - wikipedia Nissan Juke Jump to : navigation , search Nissan Juke ( F15 ) Overview Manufacturer Nissan Also called Infiniti ESQ Production June 2010 -- present Model years 2011 -- 2017 ( North America ) 2011 -- present ( outside of North America ) Assembly Yokosuka , Kanagawa , Japan ( Oppama Plant ) Sunderland , United Kingdom ( NMUK ) Purwakarta , Indonesia ( Nissan Motor Indonesia ) Body and chassis Class Subcompact crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV / hatchback Layout FF / AWD Platform Nissan B platform Related Nissan Micra Nissan Note Nissan Cube Dacia Duster Renault Captur Powertrain Engine 1.5 L HR15DE I4 ( petrol ) 1.6 L MR16DDT Turbo I4 ( petrol ) 1.6 L HR16DE I4 ( petrol ) 3.8 L VR38DETT Twin - Turbo V6 ( Juke - R , petrol ) 1.5 L Renault K9K I4 ( diesel ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual CVT 6 - speed dual - clutch automatic ( Juke - R ) Wheelbase 2,530 mm ( 99.6 in ) Length 4,125 mm ( 162.4 in ) Width 1,765 mm ( 69.5 in ) Height 1,570 mm ( 61.8 in ) Curb weight 1,321 -- 1,334 kg ( 2,912 -- 2,941 lb ) ( MT ) 1,342 -- 1,365 kg ( 2,959 -- 3,009 lb ) ( CVT ) 1,427 -- 1,456 kg ( 3,146 -- 3,210 lb ) ( AWD ) Chronology Predecessor Nissan Dualis ( Japan ) Successor Nissan Kicks ( North America ) The Nissan Juke is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan since 2010 . The production version made its debut at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March , and was introduced to North America at the 2010 New York International Auto Show to be sold for the 2011 model year . The name `` juke '' means to dance or change directions demonstrating agility . On 11 February 2009 , Nissan announced that the model would go into production at the Nissan Motor Manufacturing ( UK ) Ltd ( NMUK ) plant in Washington , UK , during 2010 following its appearance as the Nissan Qazana concept car at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show . The Washington plant manufactures for the European market , while Nissan 's facility in Oppama , Japan , produces the vehicle for all other countries and is the sole supplier of the all - wheel drive variant . The car was launched in the UK on September 24 , 2010 . In Japan , where the car was launched on 9 June 2010 , orders totalled 10,943 units in its first month , surpassing Nissan 's monthly target of 1,300 . By 5 October 2010 , Japanese sales had increased to 20,000 while European and US figures also exceeded expectations with orders for 30,000 and 17,500 cars taken for the respective markets . 2014 Nissan Juke The Juke is sold in China as the rebadged Infiniti ESQ . In 2014 , at the International Auto Show in Geneva , Nissan unveiled the revised Nissan Juke for 2015 model year , which went on sale in the summer of 2014 . On the exterior , the revision is basically limited to LED accent lights in front , while new standard equipment includes a rear - view camera , keyless go and Bluetooth hands - free phone system . A NISMO version powered by an uprated variant of the standard 1.6 L Turbo joined the lineup for the 2013 model year and was followed by a NISMO RS for the 2015 model year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Styling 1.2 Cabin 1.3 Dashboard 1.4 I - CON 2 Performance 3 Models 3.1 Juke 3.2 Juke Nismo 2013 3.3 Juke - R 3.4 Nissan Juke ACENTA 4 Specs 5 Infiniti ESQ 6 Marketing 7 Reaction 8 Reception 9 Awards and recognition 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Design ( edit ) Interior Rear view The Juke was designed at Nissan Design Europe in London and refined at Nissan 's Design Centre in Japan . It is based on the Nissan B platform . Styling ( edit ) The car 's profile is dominated by the prominent wheel arches and the body 's high waistline which contrast with the slim side windows , which is a modern interpretation of `` coke bottle styling '' popular during the 1960s and 1970s . Echoing a style first seen on the Maxima , Nissan 's high performance electric coupé concept shown at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show , the glasshouse resembles a crash helmet visor . A coupé - like appearance is achieved by the rear door handles being located near the C - pillars , within the window frame . Locating the rear door handles within the window frame is a Nissan styling tradition , begun with the 1985 Nissan Pathfinder , copied form the first generation of the Lancia Y . The sport motif continues inside with the red - or grey - painted centre console bearing similarity to a motorcycle fuel tank . The front end features a stacked array of lights . Running lamps and indicators are mounted atop the front wings , their lenses visible from inside the cabin as an aid to manoeuvring . Below them , under the lower edges of an expansive , curved grille , the main headlamps are intended to be reminiscent of those fitted to rally cars during the 1960s and 1970s . Where fitted , fog lamps are situated on a third level within the sump guard at the bottom . Cabin ( edit ) The Juke features seating for five ( two in front , three in back ) . The rear seats have a 60 / 40 split and can be folded down independently in order to carry larger objects . The rear cargo area is small but features additional storage beneath the floor ( front wheel drive models only ) . Dashboard ( edit ) The steering column instrumentation cluster features a tachometer , speedometer , and a small display between them that displays real - time fuel efficiency , odometer , and trip odometer . The center portion of the dash contains the radio and the I - CON control ( if so equipped -- see below ) . Depending on market and trim level the Juke may be equipped with : iPod or USB connectivity , NissanConnect GPS navigation , rear - view camera , and Bluetooth audio . A somewhat deep glovebox on the passenger side houses an iPod connector ( if so equipped ) . I - CON ( edit ) Common to all but base models is Nissan 's Integrated Control System , dubbed I - CON : a command module that sits in the lower dashboard , which manages both the climate control and the vehicle 's drive mode ( Normal , Sport or Eco ) . Its display and nomenclature change according to the function selected . Among the available display data are fuel efficiency stats , real - time G - force measurements , and turbo boost pressure . Performance ( edit ) Braking performance 97 km / h ( 60 -- 0 mph ) : 38 m ( 124 ft ) Acceleration ( with MR16DDT engine only ) 97 km / h ( 0 -- 60 mph ) : 8.8 s ( CVT ) 400 m ( 1 / 4 mile ) : 15.2 s at 147.9 km / h ( 91.9 mph ) Top speed : 219.2 km / h ( 137 mph ) Fuel economy ( with MR16DDT engine ) Xtronic CVT : 10.55 / 12.66 km / l Manual transmission : 10.55 / 13.5 km / l ( litre ) Models ( edit ) Juke ( edit ) The original Juke serves as the base model for the other Juke models . The Juke has different trim designations depending on international markets . Canada S level in both manual & automatic CVT transmission . SV level , I - CON system is NOT standard & is available as an option . SL level , I - CON system is standard , Navigation system is available . USA Three levels were initially available with the MR16DDT engine : S , SV and SL . The base engine is rated at 188 hp ( 140 kW ) 5,600 rpm and 177 lb ⋅ ft ( 240 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 2,000 rpm . The base S model is available only with a CVT transmission and lacks the I - CON display . The SV model adds I - CON , optional 6 - speed manual transmission , and moonroof . The SL model adds leather seats , USB connectivity , and a rear - view camera . All - wheel drive with torque vectoring is optional on all trims but can not be paired with a manual transmission . Japan Four levels are specified . The RX and RS models are equipped with the HR15DE I4 engine , while the MR16DDT is supplied for the 16GT and 16GT FOUR . Europe Five trim levels are indicated for the HR16DE , K9K and MR16DDT engines : Visia , Acenta ( also available with Sport and Premium packs ) , Tekna , Nismo , and Nismo RS . New Zealand Two trim levels , ST and Ti , are available . Both are front wheel drive and are powered by the HR16DE engine with the sole transmission , the XTRONIC CVT . Some features on the higher spec Ti include 17 inch alloy wheels , Dynamic Control System ( DCS ) drive modes , intelligent key with push start button and dual front , side and curtain airbags . The 1.6 turbo engine will be released in the coming months . Indonesia Juke for Indonesian market comes with two trims : RX and Red , with one engine type : HR15DE I4 . Both trims available only with XTRONIC CVT transmission . The Red model , only available on Indonesia , adds roof spoiler , different grill colour and bigger audio display screen . On Februari 2015 Nissan Motor Indonesia added `` Revolt '' trim to the lineup , while introducing facelift for Indonesian Juke . So the line up consists RX and Revolt trims ( Red models was no longer offered ) with red or black interior option . Chile The Juke for sale in Chile is the one made in UK , and the sales started in 2012 . Three trim levels are offered : Sense , Advance , Exclusive , with two engines , 1.6 and 1.6 Turbo , with the turbo engine only available in the Exclusive trim level . All of them come with CVT transmission except the Exclusive Turbo , and the AWD option is only offered in the Exclusive . Sri Lanka The Japanese made Juke is sold in Sri Lanka same as the Japanese version Four levels are specified . The RX and RS models are equipped with the HR15DE I4 engine , while the MR16DDT is supplied for the 16GT and 16GT FOUR . Juke Nismo 2013 ( edit ) Nissan Juke Nismo 2014 , 2014 Sportiest Car of the Year in Latvia . New for 2013 , the NISMO version differs from the base Juke in styling changes to the bumpers and skirts , interior styling , modified suspension and steering , 18 in ( 46 cm ) wheels , an unspecified `` torque vectoring '' option , and engine tuning . The engine is rated at 197 hp ( 147 kW ) @ 6,000 rpm and 184 lb ⋅ ft ( 249 N ⋅ m ) of torque @ 2,000 rpm . For the American Market there is also a higher - end Nismo RS variant , with upgraded standard equipment ( Recaro front seats , carbon fiber ) . The engine is upgraded to 215 hp ( 160 kW ) @ 6,300 rpm and 210 lb ⋅ ft ( 285 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,600 rpm . The New York Times review was generally positive , but : `` About that styling : I love it , but you might hate it ... The face is dominated by bug - eye headlamps , and the running lights bulge up above the hood such that they 're in the driver 's line of sight . At night , the effect is of large bio-luminescent slugs lounging atop the front fenders . Admittedly , it 's more appealing than I 'm making it sound . '' Juke - R ( edit ) Juke - R shown at the 2012 Paris Motor Show The Juke - R is a limited production run Juke with a Nissan GT - R 's VR engine that produces 545 hp ( 406 kW ) . Nissan has recently announced a total of 23 Juke - Rs will be produced with the 2013 GT - R 's running gear and performance stats . Nissan Juke Acenta ( edit ) The Juke ACENTA is the latest production model Juke with a DIG - T 115 2WD petrol Engine with a fuel consumption of 50.4 mpg and a CO2 Emission rating of 129g / km , it has a six - speed manual transmission . Body sizes are : Height 1565mm , Length 4135mm , Body Width 1765mm . Specs ( edit ) 1.6 1.6 1.6 DIG - T 1.6 DIG - T ( Nismo ) 1.5 dCi DPF In Production Since : 02 / 2013 10 / 2010 10 / 2010 03 / 2013 10 / 2010 Engine Type : Inline - 4 Inline - 4 , Turbocharged Inline - 4 Turbodiesel , Common rail Displacement : 1598 cm3 1618 cm3 1461 cm3 Power : 69 kW ( 94 PS ; 93 bhp ) / 5400 86 kW ( 117 PS ; 115 bhp ) / 6000 140 kW ( 190 PS ; 188 bhp ) / 5600 147 kW ( 200 PS ; 197 bhp ) / 6000 81 kW ( 110 PS ; 109 bhp ) / 4000 Torque : 140 N ⋅ m ( 103 lb ⋅ ft ) / 3200 -- 4400 157 N ⋅ m ( 116 lb ⋅ ft ) / 4000 240 N ⋅ m ( 177 lb ⋅ ft ) / 2000 -- 5600 250 N ⋅ m ( 184 lb ⋅ ft ) / 2000 -- 4800 240 N ⋅ m ( 177 lb ⋅ ft ) / 1750 Standard Drivetrain : Front - wheel drive optional Drivetrain : -- -- All - wheel drive -- Standard Transmission : 5 - Speed Manual 6 - Speed Manual Optional Transmission : -- Continuously variable transmission -- Weight : 1195 -- 1225 kg 1215 -- 1272 ( 1217 -- 1290 ) kg 1325 -- 1350 ( 1455 -- 1475 ) kg 1325 -- 1350 ( 1455 -- 1475 ) kg 1320 -- 1360 kg maximum payload : 420 -- 450 kg 380 -- 458 kg 385 -- 410 kg 385 -- 410 kg 390 -- 430 kg Acceleration , 0 -- 100 km / h : 12 , 0 s 11 , 1 ( 11 , 5 ) s 8 , 2 ( 8 , 8 ) s 7 , 8 ( 8 , 2 ) s 11 , 2 s Top Speed : 168 km / h ( 170 ) 178 km / h ( 200 ) 215 km / h ( 200 ) 215 km / h 175 km / h Fuel Consumption per 100 km ( Combined ) : 6 , 0 6 , 0 ( 6 , 3 l ) Super 6 , 9 ( 7 , 4 ) l Super 6 , 9 ( 7 , 4 ) l Super 4 , 8 l Diesel CO-Emission , combined : 138 139 ( 145 ) g / km 159 ( 175 ) g / km 159 -- 169 ( 175 ) g / km 124 g / km Euro Emissions Classification : Euro 5 ( ) = with AWD ( ) = with CVT Infiniti ESQ ( edit ) Beginning in 2014 the Juke has been sold in China as the Infiniti ESQ . As of 2016 , the ESQ is the only Infiniti model not to have a name beginning with the letter Q . Infiniti ESQ ( China ) Marketing ( edit ) In August 2013 , Nissan launched a commercial for the Juke , featuring Stormtroopers from the Star Wars series . Reaction ( edit ) Reviews regarding the Nissan Juke have mainly been somewhat positive with the vehicle 's unconventional styling regarded as a matter of personal taste . Many regard the tight interior dimensions as a negative . Reception ( edit ) It was reported that customers of the Juke mainly consisted of young buyers and the elderly , resulting in an average age in the late 40s . In Europe , it is Nissan 's second best - selling car behind the Qashqai . U.S. sales of the Juke are slowing in 2015 , but the crossover sold an impressive 38,000 units in 2013 and 2014 , and about 36,000 copies in 2011 and 2012 . Awards and recognition ( edit ) The Nissan Juke received Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) Top Safety Pick in 2011 . A Nissan Juke driven by stunt - driver Terry Grant claimed a Guinness World Record when it was driven around the Goodwood Hill Course on two wheels in 2 minutes 55 seconds . See also ( edit ) List of Nissan vehicles Nissan MR engine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 Nissan Kicks Is Here to Replace the Juke - News - Car and Driver '' . caranddriver.com . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Juke gets 2018 update ; facelift and new tech options rule the way - Pocket - lint '' . www.pocket-lint.com . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New and Used Nissan Juke : Prices , Photos , Reviews , Specs '' . The Car Connection . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . It 's a subcompact five - door hatchback ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Nissan Qazana concept car ( 2010 ) '' . Car Magazine . 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Juke sells like hot cakes '' . autoevolution.com. 2010 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Infiniti ESQ to be a luxury Nissan Juke for China '' . Car Advice . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nissan Juke SUV Review '' . 2015carreviews.com . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Juke first drive '' . Auto Express . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Juke SL AWD '' . Drivencarreviews.com. 2010 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` First Test : 2011 Nissan Juke SV '' . Motortrend.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nissan Juke SL - Short Take Road Test '' . Caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Juke '' . Nissan USA . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Choose Nissan : Juke '' . ChooseNissan . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan Japan : Juke '' ... nissan.co.jp . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan adds Juke 16GT and 16GT FOUR grades '' . Nissan Global . 2010 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kompas Cyber Media . `` Nissan Juke Revolt Tampil Lebih Sporty '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kompas Cyber Media . `` Nissan New Juke `` Facelift '' yang Lebih Segar `` . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Juke Nismo Makes Its World Premiere At Le Mans '' . newsroom.nissan-europe.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Zog , Your Ride Is Ready '' , NY Times , 02 / 08 / 2014 Jump up ^ `` Nissan Launches Limited Run of Exciting JUKE - R as it Stars in Own Movie '' . nissannews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great offers on New Nissan cars - Nissan Offers '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Motor Features `` Star Wars '' Character `` Stormtroopers '' in Its `` JUKE '' Model Promotion Blitz `` . Bloomberg L.P. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ McIlroy , John . `` New Nissan Z car to be a crossover '' . Autocar . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Second - Generation Nissan Juke Switches to New Modular Platform '' . MotorTrend. 2015 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ 2011 Top Safety Picks By The IIHS Jump up ^ `` Terry Grant drives a lap of a course on only two wheels in a Nissan Juke - Car Videos on '' . Buyyourcar.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nissan Juke and Infiniti ESQ . Official website Nissan Motor Company Marques Current Datsun Infiniti Nissan Venucia Defunct / Integrated Prince Kurogane Aichi Shatai Sold Nissan Diesel Divisions and subsidiaries Autech Infiniti Nismo Nissan Motor India Private Limited Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK Joint ventures Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. 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Marinos A brand of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . Commons Nissan light truck timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Mini MPV Cube Compact minivan Stanza Wagon / Multi Axxess Subcompact crossover SUV Juke Kicks Compact crossover SUV Rogue Rogue Select Rogue Sport / Qashqai Rogue / X-Trail Mid-size crossover SUV Murano Murano Murano Pathfinder Compact SUV X-Trail X-Trail Xterra Xterra Mid-size SUV Pathfinder Pathfinder Pathfinder Full - size SUV Armada Armada Minivan Van Quest Quest Quest Quest Van NV200 NV Pick - up Datsun Truck Hardbody Truck Frontier Frontier NP300 Titan Titan Note Vehicle sold only in Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Juke&oldid=842832015 '' Categories : Nissan vehicles Mini sport utility vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2010 Vehicles with CVT transmission 2010s automobiles Cars of England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 23 : 58 . 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"The Nissan Juke is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan since 2010. The production version made its debut at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March, and was introduced to North America at the 2010 New York International Auto Show to be sold for the 2011 model year. The name \"juke\" means to dance or change directions demonstrating agility."
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-4715393717647393816 | Grey's Anatomy (season 3) | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) DVD cover art for the third season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network ABC Original release September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The third season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 21 , 2006 , and concluded on May 17 , 2007 . The season was produced by Touchstone Television , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company , the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , and T.R. Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , Alex Karev , and George O'Malley , respectively , continuing their expansive storylines as focal points throughout the season . Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr. , Kate Walsh , Isaiah Washington , and Patrick Dempsey also returned , while previous guest stars Sara Ramirez and Eric Dane were promoted to series regulars , following the extension of their contracts . The season followed the continuation of the surgical residency of five young interns , as they experience the demands of the competitive field of medicine , which becomes defining in their personal evolution . Although set in fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington , filming primarily occurred in Los Angeles , California . Whereas the first season mainly focused on the impact the surgical field has on the main characters , and the second one provided a detailed perspective on the physicians ' private lives , the third season deals with the tough challenges brought by the last phase of the surgeons ' internship , combining the professional motif emphasized in the first season , with the complex personal background used in the second . Through the season , several new storylines are introduced , including the arrival of Dane 's character , Dr. Mark Sloan , conceived and introduced as an antagonizing presence . In a departure from the previous season , the third season aired in a new competitive time slot of 9 : 00 pm on Thursdays , competing against the heavily promoted and highly rated dramatic television series CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , which simultaneously aired on the CBS Network . Season three of Grey 's Anatomy contained 25 episodes , in addition to two clip shows that were produced to recap the previous events of the show , before the introduction of major new arcs . `` Complications of the Heart '' aired on the same night as the season premiere , recapping the last episodes of the second season with insights into future episodes in the third , while `` Every Moment Counts '' aired before the twentieth episode . The season also aired a two - part episode arc , which primarily served as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin - off , Private Practice , focusing on the departure of Walsh 's character , Dr. Addison Montgomery . The series ended its third season with an average of 19.22 million viewers per episode and a 6.8 / 35 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking eighth in the television season , outperformed by CSI . Television critics expressed a mainly negative outlook on the development of the series throughout the season , with the reviews ranging from mixed to unfavorable , as exaggeration and lack of realism have been highlighted as the main issues in the declining quality of the storylines . Despite the negative critical response , the performance of the cast members and the production technique of the crew received outstanding recognition through numerous awards and nominations . Earning major category nominations at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards and the 65th Golden Globe Awards , the season achieved the series ' highest number of recipients , with Heigl being the most awarded cast member . The series was ranked sixth in USA Today 's `` best of television '' list , following the conclusion of the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main Cast 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing and filming 3.3 Spin - off launch 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 DVD Release 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Ramirez was upgraded to series regular status , after numerous appearances throughout the second season . The third season had twelve roles receiving star billing , with ten returning from the previous season , of whom nine were part of the original cast . All the main characters are physicians in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . Ellen Pompeo portrayed Meredith Grey , both the protagonist and the narrator of the series , whose main goal is achieving a balance between the difficulties of the internship , and the complicated relationships in her private life . Sandra Oh portrayed Cristina Yang , who quickly develops as Meredith 's best friend , despite the continuous competition against the other interns . Katherine Heigl portrayed intern Isobel `` Izzie '' Stevens , mourning the death of her fiancé as she unexpectedly decides to quit her job ; she concludes that she is too personally involved with her patients . Justin Chambers acted as Alexander `` Alex '' Karev , whose abrasive , arrogant attitude is softened with a more emotional and sensitive outlook on his career and relationships . T.R. Knight played the role of intern George O'Malley , who gradually becomes more self - confident after his feelings for Meredith diminish . Chandra Wilson portrayed fifth - year resident in general surgery , Miranda Bailey , the resident in charge of the five interns . James Pickens , Jr. acted as Seattle Grace Hospital 's Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber , who has to deal with the choice between his career and his marriage . Kate Walsh played Addison Montgomery , obstetrician - gynecologist and neonatal surgeon , who comes to terms with her husband Derek Shepherd 's desire to divorce , while dealing with the arrival of her former lover . Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon , Preston Burke , who becomes engaged to intern Cristina Yang after their developing a relationship . Patrick Dempsey portrayed attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , whose relationship with intern Meredith Grey has been the focal point of the series since its inception . Sara Ramirez began receiving star billing in the season premiere , after numerous appearances during the last episodes of the second season . She portrayed orthopedic surgeon and fifth - year resident , Calliope `` Callie '' Torres , whose relationship with intern George O'Malley evolves into a sudden marriage with unpleasant repercussions . Eric Dane was also promoted to the series regular status after a guest appearance in the eighteenth episode of the previous season , and an uncredited one in the second episode of this season . He began receiving star billing in the third episode of the season , portraying attending physician , otolaryngologist and plastic surgeon Mark Sloan , whose arc , describing the attempt at resuming his relationship with Addison Montgomery , is heavily developed throughout the season . Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline . Brooke Smith continues her role as cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn , whose storylines include the rivalry with Preston Burke , her arrival to perform surgery of George O'Malley's dying father , and Richard Webber 's decision to hire her in the hospital . Chyler Leigh portrayed Meredith 's half - sister , Lexie Grey , who is accepted into the hospital 's internship program after her mother 's sudden death . Kate Burton appeared as Meredith Grey 's mother , Ellis Grey , a renowned surgeon suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , who ultimately dies following a heart attack . Veterinary physician Finn Dandrige was portrayed by Chris O'Donnell and appeared in the first four episodes of the season to resume the storyline of his romantic relationship with Meredith , previously introduced in the second season . Deceased since the second - season finale , character Dennsion `` Denny '' Duquette , Jr . ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) appeared in two episodes of the season , during Meredith 's limbo sequence . Elizabeth Reaser portrayed Rebecca `` Ava '' Pope , recurring character and love interest for Alex Karev . She arrives as a patient suffering from amnesia and severe facial injuries after being involved in a massive ferry crash . Loretta Devine acted as Adele Webber , Richard 's wife , whose continuous struggle to have a normal marriage culminates in her asking her husband to retire . Other guest stars include Sarah Utterback in the role of nurse Olivia Harper , former love interest of both George O'Malley and Alex Karev , Kali Rocha portraying fifth - year resident Sydney Heron , who enters a competition against Miranda Bailey and Callie Torres for the position of Chief Resident , Roger Rees in the role of Colin Marlowe , a cardiothoracic surgeon and Cristina Yang 's former professor and lover , Jeff Perry portraying Meredith Grey 's father , Thatcher Grey ; Mare Winningham in the role of Susan Grey , Embeth Davidtz playing Derek Shepherd 's sister Nancy Shepherd , a surgeon who is revealed to have slept with Mark Sloan ; Tsai Chin in the role of Helen Yang Rubenstein , Cristina 's mother , and Diahann Carroll portraying Jane Burke , Preston Burke 's overly protective mother . Future Private Practice series regulars Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell starred in the twenty - second and twenty - third episodes of the season , portraying Violet Turner , Cooper Freedman , Peter Wilder , Sam Bennett and William `` Dell '' Parker , respectively , in order to make the transition to the proposed spin - off . Main Cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev T.R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery - Shepherd Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Eric Dane as Dr. Mark Sloan ( From Episode 3 ) Isaiah Washington as Dr. Preston Burke Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Time Has Come Today '' Daniel Minahan Shonda Rhimes September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) 25.41 The interns of Seattle Grace Hospital help Izzie cope with the loss of her fiancé , Denny Duquette as well as her decision to quit the internship program . Meredith is uncertain what the future holds after she has sex with Derek and whether he is willing to leave Addison after a marriage of eleven years . Addison finds Meredith 's panties in Derek 's tux pocket , and realizes that he slept with Meredith . After spending the night in his office , Webber is confronted by his wife , Adele ( Loretta Devine ) . She gives him an ultimatum , forcing him to decide between his career and his marriage . Addison and Alex treat a newborn baby who was found abandoned in a trash can , and they are faced with four minors who could be the mother . George seeks relationship advice from Derek after they are forced to stay under quarantine in the locker room , when Derek confesses his feeling towards Meredith . Bailey gets attached to a patient in isolation whose wife dies , and relives the moments when her husband 's life was threatened . 38 `` I Am a Tree '' Jeff Melman Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) 23.48 Cristina makes a bad first impression on Burke 's parents and is also surprised to find that he is a `` mama 's boy '' . Burke 's mother believes that Cristina is too selfish and driven for her son , and is only trying to take advantage of his extensive knowledge of cardiothoracic surgery . Izzie uses baking to cope with her grieving , and bakes hundreds of muffins . After pinning Meredith 's panties to a bulletin board , Addison takes a day off from the hospital and spends the day drinking . Due to Addison taking the day off , Bailey has Alex help her in the pit , and they 're faced with a teenage patient who has been impaled on a tree branch . A brain tumor patient quizzes Meredith and Cristina over their respective relationships . Webber discovers that Callie has been living in the hospital and tells her she has to leave because of hospital policy . Bailey finds the panties on the bulletin board and loses it , demanding to know who they belong to . Callie sees Meredith 's embarrassment and takes the blame , which in turn causes George to become jealous , fearing Callie might have cheated on him . A surgical patient lives what may be her last day to the fullest . Meredith must choose between Derek and Finn , and struggles coming to a decision . In the end she tells them both that she would like to try dating them both instead . 39 `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' Adam Arkin Debora Cahn October 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) 22.80 Cristina is determined to help Burke overcome his hand tremor and get back into the operating room . Izzie attempts to return to the hospital for the first time since she left the program , but ends up standing in front of the hospital all day , unable to go in and confront Webber . Alex treats a young patient who has a long history of injuries , leading him to suspect abuse . It is discovered that she ca n't feel pain which makes her believe she is a super hero . Derek and Cristina treat a man who elects to have brain surgery so he is able to look after his child . George gets annoyed at Callie after she moves in with him , resulting in them arguing over a patient . Meredith gets annoyed as both Derek and Finn interrupt the other as they are dating her . Mark is determined to get back together with Addison , but she continuously refuses him . 40 `` What I Am '' Dan Lerner Allan Heinberg October 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 12 ) 22.88 Meredith 's appendix bursts and she is admitted for surgery . Addison works with a pregnant woman who wants to give birth naturally , but needs to have a cesarean section . Addison begins to doubt her abilities as a surgeon after Derek broke up with her ; Addison takes Alex off her rotation . Meredith is high from the painkillers and she and Addison speak frankly and apologize to each other . The interns work with a car salesman who wants to get back to his regular routine after he has a risky surgery , however , he lights a cigarette that catches his face on fire . Derek and Mark argue over the best way to treat him , each believing that their specialty is the most important and pressing . Callie breaks things off with George after he stands her up for Izzie , and she later hooks up with Mark . Derek clears Burke for surgery again , but Burke has serious doubts about whether his hand is ready or able to perform surgery again . He keeps his doubts to himself , except to tell Cristina . He practices on a corpse and he and Cristina realize his hand ca n't perform surgery unless he has help . They decide together to hide the truth by having Cristina assist him in his surgeries . After her surgery , Meredith makes a decision between Derek and Finn , telling Finn that he is a good man and probably a better man , but Derek is `` the one '' . Izzie meets Denny 's father , who gives her 8.7 million dollars according to Denny 's wishes . 41 5 `` Oh , the Guilt '' Jeff Melman Zoanne Clack & Tony Phelan & Joan Rater October 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) 22.05 The interns are excited to attend their first Morbidity and Mortality conference but their excitement evaporates quickly after finding out Denny Duquette is first on the agenda . Bailey is raked over the coals for letting her interns run unsupervised about the hospital for long durations. Bailey treats a young mother battling breast cancer and realizes that she blames her infant son for everything that had happened to her . Derek and Addison finalize their divorce ; Derek gives up most of their property to Addison but later learns that Mark and Addison 's relationship was not just a one - night affair and that they kept seeing each other for three months . Addison and Meredith treat a former couple who got stuck inside one another during sex , however , after separating the pair , the man has a heart attack that causes him go into surgery . In the midst of the surgery , Burke 's right hand begins to tremble again . Cristina covers for him by asking to practice her running whipstitch . Izzie decides to give up surgery after receiving Denny 's check , but she becomes re-motivated after watching Cristina operate . Callie confesses to Meredith that she slept with another man , but does n't name Mark . Meredith contemplates telling Derek about her break up with Finn , but is hesitant , despite the fellow interns telling her to let him know as fast as she can . George is surprised when Callie tells him that she broke up with him . 42 6 `` Let the Angels Commit '' Jessica Yu Stacy McKee November 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) 21.02 Cristina scrubs in on the rare `` humpty dumpty '' surgery , much to the envy of her fellow doctors . Bailey wants to scrub in and writes her name on the surgical board as the resident in charge . Cristina erases Bailey 's name in order to cover for Burke 's hand tremor , which leads Bailey to believe that he was the one responsible for the deletion , leading her to question her talent for surgery and becoming discouraged . Derek receives a surprise visit from his sister and learns that she had slept with Mark , something that threatens their fragile friendship . George and Addison work with a pregnant woman with an unusual dilemma . Mark takes Alex off plastics after he chooses Addison 's patient over being on hold at the DMV for Mark , but he later witnesses Mark and Callie discussing their one - night stand . Izzie returns to work , but is on probation and is not allowed to talk to patients , perform any surgery , or even go into an operating room . Bailey directs Meredith to be Izzie 's boss for the day and the two treat a patient that may need to be admitted into psychiatry . At the end of the episode , Bailey witnesses Cristina reorganizing the operations board , and becomes suspicious . 43 7 `` Where the Boys Are '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding November 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) 20.65 Derek invites Burke to join him on a quiet camping trip , but George , Alex , Webber , Joe and Walter come along , ruining Derek 's plans . George notices Burke 's hand tremor whilst fishing with him , but Burke brushes off George 's concerns . Addison and Callie team up to work on a patient but realize that their passion for medicine is not the only thing they share , as they had both slept with Mark and later regretted it . Alex tells George that Callie slept with Mark , and he is unable to accept the truth , even though he and Callie were broken up at the time . Things go from bad to worse when George and Alex fight , and Walter gets injured in the process . Meredith assists Mark on a sex - change procedure as he keeps trying to get her to sleep with him , but complications arise when it 's discovered that the patient has breast cancer . Bailey confronts Cristina after realizing that she was the one to erase Bailey 's name off the surgery board , not Burke , and finally regains confidence in her abilities as a surgeon . As a result , Bailey takes revenge on Cristina by assigning her to the case of a child who swallowed 21 Monopoly pieces , and keeps her off surgeries until she admits why she took Bailey 's name off the board . Izzie has to have a counselling session with Sydney , the perky resident who annoyed the interns when Bailey was on maternity leave . 44 8 `` Staring at the Sun '' Jeff Melman Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . November 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) 20.92 Harold O'Malley is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital , and George 's brothers come along and become friendly with Callie . George , however , does not want Callie to socialize with his family , so he assures her that their relationship is over , with no chances of reconciliation . Meredith tries to take things slow with Derek and refuses to have sex with him , while he tries to have a civilized relationship with his now ex-wife , Addison . Derek and Addison confront Webber when they believe he may be suffering from depression . Alex and Izzie help Mark treat a man after he received pectoral implants , and following on from advice from the patient , Alex kisses Izzie after he realizes that he still has feelings for her which are not returned . George and Bailey are on the verge of discovering Burke 's condition . Meredith and Bailey treat a five - year old girl , who was accidentally run over by her nanny . 45 9 `` From a Whisper to a Scream '' Julie Anne Robinson Kip Koenig November 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 23 ) 18.51 A traumatic car accident which fills the emergency room has everyone challenged emotionally . George calls Erica Hahn from Seattle Presbyterian Hospital to perform heart surgery on his father after he finds out about Burke 's condition . George 's parents task Izzie with finding out why George had them change surgeon , but this only leads to George snapping at Izzie . Meredith figures out that Burke needs Cristina to operate . Cristina has a crisis of conscience about her deceptive teamwork with Burke , and turns to Webber . Burke is shocked to see that Webber is considering replacing him with Dr. Hahn as the Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital , but eventually learns that Webber 's plan was to make him Chief after his retirement . However , after Cristina confesses about his hand tremor , Webber is forced to warn him about the severe consequences he will have to face . Callie attempts to rebuild her relationship with George . Addison , Mark , and Alex work together on a pregnant woman , and Alex and Addison realize they may have feelings for each other . 46 10 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' Seith Mann Carolina Paiz November 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) 24.01 Recent events strain Burke and Cristina 's relationship and they both realize that the chances of reconciliation are lowering . Meredith 's half - sister , Molly , goes into labor and is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital under the care of Addison . Meredith does not want to see or talk to Susan , her stepmother , and tells her that she is not family and their relationship should go no further . Harold attempts to discover the cause of George 's anger . Derek and Mark must work together when two conjoined brothers seek medical help for separation . However , the patients could become paralyzed or die following the procedure , and Derek is unsure on whether to continue until he gets a pep talk from Bailey . Webber demands that Burke has surgery again to fix his hand . Meredith has to tell her mother that Webber will not keep seeing her and she relives the night that he left her for good twenty years ago . Meredith is devastated when her mother says that she should never have had a daughter as she believes that is the reason that Webber had left her . Cristina faces the wrath of Bailey and the other interns following her part in Burke 's scheme . 47 11 `` Six Days ( Part 1 ) '' Greg Yaitanes Krista Vernoff January 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 11 ) 23.03 After a successful heart surgery performed by Dr. Hahn , George 's father undergoes surgery to remove the tumor that has spread through his body . Webber and Bailey perform the surgery and do a certain procedure according to Mr. O'Malley's wishes , in spite of their medical opinion . Thatcher Grey visits Seattle Grace Hospital to stay by the side of his daughter Molly , who has just given birth to a girl . Meredith has trouble connecting to him and hesitates in talking to him all day long . Alex works with Addison when the baby needs an emergency surgery , and afterwards they nearly kiss . Derek has trouble sleeping due to Meredith 's disturbing snoring as she learns that he had been sleeping on the couch for days . A young girl is admitted to the hospital , suffering from a severe bone condition that is thought to be inoperable . Despite Derek 's neurological advice , Callie believes that a certain expensive surgery might be live - saving . Izzie begs to scrub in on a surgery , but Bailey refuses to let her do so until she cashes in her check . 48 12 `` Six Days ( Part 2 ) '' Greg Yaitanes Krista Vernoff January 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 18 ) 21.94 George learns about the procedure that Webber and Bailey performed on his father which ultimately leads to a worsening of his condition . The O'Malley family now have to face a difficult decision regarding Harold 's inability to breathe on his own . They must take him off life support . Meredith finally talks to her father and realizes that her snoring is one of the many things they have in common , despite her inability to admit it . Meredith and Derek continue to argue over her snoring , but the situation is resolved following Meredith 's talk with her dad . There 's tension between Alex and Addison that eventually leads to them kissing . Addison confesses to Callie that she got pregnant with Mark 's son but aborted him after realizing that Mark could never be a good father . Burke lets Cristina know about the status of his condition , but the pair still refuse to talk to each other . Izzie is barred from the girl 's surgery after Bailey finds out that she paid for the operation , but she ultimately wins her respect after realizing that without the money the girl could have never been saved . The girl begins a new life as a normal child thanks to Izzie 's generous donation . 49 13 `` Great Expectations '' Michael Grossman Eric Buchman January 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 25 ) 21.50 After Webber announces his retirement , rumors begin to circulate on his departure and successor . Mark is determined to leave Seattle for good , and irritates Meredith and Alex by making them tend to a patient who will need constant attention but Meredith accidentally gives Mark incentive to stay after letting him know of the open Chief position . Derek is angry at Meredith for causing Mark to remain in Seattle , but soon realizes that she is not the reason he is really angry . The attending physicians at Seattle Grace Hospital fight to get Webber 's attention , but he expresses his disappointment in their conduct . He also forces Bailey to get signatures from all the attendings so she can create a free medical clinic , before confessing to her that he thinks she will be Chief one day . Bailey secures the signatures , but has no funding until Izzie offers to spend her entire 8.7 million dollar inheritance on the project . Addison , Izzie , and George treat a patient with a cervical tumor , and Izzie gets worried about George due to his dad having recently died from cancer . Things get more complicated when the patient 's Puritan parents arrive . Addison is avoiding Alex following their kiss . Callie and Cristina treat a marathon runner who collapsed after a blackout . George , devastated after his father 's death , reunites with Callie and uses sex to overcome his grief , before eventually proposing to her . Cristina and Burke still do n't speak to each other , but she eventually breaks , and Burke ends up proposing to her . Webber endeavors to reunite with his wife , Adele , and decides to retire , only to come home and find she 's with another man . 50 14 `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' Julie Anne Robinson Tony Phelan & Joan Rater February 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 01 ) 24.18 The race for the Chief 's position is on , and the attending physicians , Derek , Burke , Addison , and Mark , compete for Webber 's affections by trying to help out everywhere possible . The Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic is open for business , but no one shows up . Izzie is disappointed in what she invested Denny 's legacy in , and she and Alex team up to steal patients from the emergency room . Callie and George get back from Las Vegas , announcing their marriage , much to everyone 's disbelief . Izzie is not supportive of their marriage and tries to get George to realize the mistake he has made . George and Webber treat a patient with cancer , but her blood has a neurotoxin in it that causes all the staff around her to fall ill . The staff have to operate on her in hazmat suits , and later in small bursts to complete her surgery . Cristina does n't give Burke an answer to his proposal , but after watching him risk his life during the surgery , she agrees to marry him . Meanwhile , Meredith 's Alzheimer 's - stricken mother , Ellis Grey , experiences a change in her medical condition by becoming lucid for the day . She is disappointed in the mediocrity her daughter has fallen into and begins to despise Derek , blaming him for what happened to the Meredith that used to be `` a force of nature '' . Ellis has to have heart surgery and , despite her mother 's wishes , Meredith schedules the upcoming surgery . Webber talks to Ellis and realizes that she is still in love with him , but she loses her memory after their talk ends , before Meredith has the chance to tell her how she really feels . 51 15 `` Walk on Water '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes February 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 08 ) 25.20 A mass trauma situation , which turns out to be a ferryboat accident , challenges the whole staff of Seattle Grace Hospital . Webber finds difficulty in coping with his separation from his wife and dyes his hair `` for the ladies '' , which becomes an internal joke between Mark , Burke , and Derek . Cristina tries to tell Meredith about her upcoming marriage , but does n't have the strength to . George promises to find a woman 's son , who has been separated from her at the accident . The woman refuses to go into surgery until she is assured that her son is alive . Izzie has to take care of a man who got stuck between two cars on the ferry , but nobody helps her due to the large number of injured people . Alex rescues a pregnant woman with severe wounds on her face , and promises to take care of her . Meredith looks after a girl who has been separated from her mother after the accident and can not communicate , but while helping a patient , he accidentally pushes Meredith , and she falls into the water , with nobody but the silent little girl as a witness . 52 16 `` Drowning on Dry Land '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes February 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 15 ) 25.76 Meredith struggles to stay afloat and eventually begins drowning , but nobody is around to notice . Derek finds her coat on a man she had helped , and starts looking for her and , much to his shock , the little girl Meredith took care of indicates that she is in the water . Derek saves her , but she is almost dead , due to hypothermia . The little girl gets reunited with her mother . Izzie has to perform brain surgery on a man stuck between cars , as he begins to experience seizures . She drills holes into his head , perforates his skull and ultimately saves his life before he is rescued and transferred to Seattle Grace Hospital ; this leads to Webber allowing her back into surgeries . George lies to the woman whose son he had been looking for , in order to get her to surgery , and eventually finds Callie operating on the son . Alex is unsuccessful in searching for the pregnant Jane Doe 's family as she undergoes surgery , and at the same time he also has to deal with the families of the victims . The interns find out about Meredith 's situation and express their hopelessness . She wakes up in what appears to be limbo and meets her deceased acquaintances . 53 17 `` Some Kind of Miracle '' Adam Arkin Shonda Rhimes & Marti Noxon February 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 22 ) 27.39 Webber struggles to keep Meredith alive , whose body does not seem to respond to treatment , much to Derek 's devastation . Meanwhile , a metaphor shows Meredith in what she believes is limbo , displaying her interacting with deceased acquaintances whose decision would influence her chances of survival . Cristina remedies her grief for Meredith by leaving the hospital and going shopping , while Alex continues to bond with the pregnant Jane Doe who remains unclaimed , due to her inability to remember anything . Derek is aware that Meredith is a good swimmer and blames Ellis Grey for her daughter 's depression . Ellis goes into cardiac arrest and meets Meredith in the alternate universe , and declares her love and respect for her , telling her to wake up . She does so , and sees everyone who loves her by her side . Cristina lets her know about her engagement to Burke . Addison tells Mark that if he wants to reunite with her , he must go celibate for 60 days . 54 18 `` Scars and Souvenirs '' James Frawley Debora Cahn March 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 15 ) 22.68 The race between the attending physicians for the Chief of Surgery position heats up after a new competitor enters the fray . They soon realize that the new surgeon , Colin Marlow , was Cristina 's professor in medical school and they used to have a long - term relationship . When Burke finds out about it he realizes that his and Cristina 's relationship is on the rocks . George finds out that Callie 's family is rich , but she had previously hidden the fact in order to find out whether George loves her for who she really is , which eventually leads to an argument toward the pair . Webber , Callie , and Izzie treat a war veteran with a bullet in his back . Derek treats his former colleague from New York , but they argue over the best care as Derek wants to push a risky surgery , and his colleague does n't want any more surgeries . Alex continues to work with Jane Doe , whose memory has n't come back , and later he moves into George 's old room . Meredith and Derek have dinner with her father and stepmother . Meredith starts to connect with Susan , but her relationship with Thatcher seems to be irreparable . Izzie wakes up , realizing that she slept with George while they were both drunk . 55 19 `` My Favorite Mistake '' Tamra Davis Chris Van Dusen March 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 22 ) 22.30 In the aftermath of Izzie 's affair with George , he does n't seem to remember anything , and Izzie does her best to avoid Callie , but she becomes nervous when she has to help Callie and George treat a patient with FOP . Callie lets George know that they will be having dinner with her father , but George does not make a good impression , being hungover after last night 's events . Alex helps Jane Doe choose what her face will look like after Mark performs reconstructive surgery on her . He also gives her a new perspective on how the world will see her from then on . The hospital board begins interviewing the candidates for the Chief 's position , and Colin intimidates everyone with his ten - year plan . However , after taking advice from Bailey , Mark seems to have convinced the board that he is appropriate for the job , despite continuous efforts from Derek , Burke , and Addison , whose careers in the hospital outlast his . Cristina looks for a way to save a man 's foot when he makes it clear that he does n't want it amputated . Izzie seeks advice from Addison about her affair , confessing that sleeping with George felt right , despite him being married . Mark takes Meredith as his intern for the day in order to impress Webber , something that Derek does n't approve of , feeling that Mark has become manipulative . 56 20 `` Time After Time '' Christopher Misiano Stacy McKee April 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) 21.12 When Izzie 's daughter , Hannah Klein , is brought to the hospital for leukemia treatment , her adoptive parents come searching for Izzie , and ask her to donate her bone marrow in support . She is saddened to learn that her daughter does not want to see her , but is surprised to see how alike they are . George helps Izzie out , but forgets about a coffee break with Callie . Mark offers to be Webber 's wingman , to get him back into dating . Derek comes to the conclusion that his relationship with Meredith is the only thing standing in his way to become the Chief of Surgery . Colin continues to intrude on Burke and Cristina 's lives with an impending surgery he will perform . He tries to convince Cristina to break up with Burke , due to their targets being completely different . After realizing that Cristina has changed , Colin drops out of the race for Chief and leaves the hospital . Meredith starts to grow closer to her stepmother , Susan , but they experience a blip when Meredith snaps at her for her constant mothering . A couple arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital to see Ava , whom they initially believe to be their daughter , but the mother rejects Ava without telling her . They leave Alex to inform Ava , causing Ava to lash out . 57 21 `` Desire '' Tom Verica Mark Wilding April 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 26 ) 20.08 The interns of Seattle Grace Hospital start to use every free minute to study for their upcoming exam which will determine their entire residency in the surgical field . Cristina is jealous of George who can study with Callie , whose learning cards have become legendary . After the realization that George and Izzie might have feelings for each other , Callie decides to give the cards to Cristina . The attending physicians vie for the Chief position by tending to the chairman of the hospital board , after he is admitted as a patient . They soon learn that there is a fish in his urinary tract and learn that his wife has been aware of his affair with his secretary . She eventually resigns and leaves him , and his wife asks for divorce . In the clinic , Izzie treats a patient with a recurring cold , which turns out to be a symptom of something worse . Webber starts to question his decision to retire as he believes that there is a lot more he can do as a surgeon and can not be done with his career in his early fifties . Cristina gets annoyed at Burke as he tries pressuring her into choosing a flavor for their wedding cake while she is trying to study . Addison and Alex deliver Ava 's baby , through a cesarian - section , before sleeping together , but afterwards Alex tells her to make sure that it never happens again . Derek starts to question his relationship with Meredith , feeling that he is the only one putting an effort for it to work out . George tells Izzie that he is considering transferring to a different hospital . 58 59 22 23 `` The Other Side of This Life '' Michael Grossman Shonda Rhimes May 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 03 ) 21.23 After things become too complicated in Seattle , Addison travels to Los Angeles to reunite with her old friends from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . Much to her best friend 's shock , the real reason for her visit is in order to get pregnant but she is devastated to learn that she can not . Whilst there , Addison assists her friend in treating a surrogate mother , who had sex with three different men who all claim that the baby is theirs . Cristina finds difficulty in planning her wedding under the constant watch of her and Burke 's mother , who are determined to create an extravagant wedding , despite her wishes of having a small ceremony . Callie is surprised to be invited to be Cristina 's bridesmaid . Susan is admitted to the hospital , bringing Thatcher with her , but he suspects that she might be trying to bring Thatcher and Meredith together by faking hiccups . Mark talks to Derek and expresses his disappointment in not working things out with Addison , who he had truly fallen in love with . Burke is surprised when his mother tells him that he 's making a mistake marrying Cristina , but she reassures him that she supports his decision . George is determined to transfer to Mercy West , despite Izzie 's continuous begging . Addison becomes the temporary obstetrician - gynecologist at the Oceanside Wellness Center in Los Angeles and deals with the aftermath of the discovery that she can not have children . She is comforted by Pete Wilder who flirts with and eventually kisses her . The doctors offer her a position , but she denies it after realizing that Seattle is where her life is . The Los Angeles team also continue to treat a man with no sex drive , which infuriates his wife , who has a high one . After Susan returns to the hospital with chest pain , she is rushed into emergency surgery and ultimately dies . Thatcher is devastated by the news and blames Meredith for her death , and slaps her . George and Burke confide in each other about their relationship problems , and Burke 's intensify after an argument with his mother . Izzie finds difficulty in accepting that George is going to transfer because of her , but realizes that she ca n't deny her feelings towards him , which leads to them kissing . Meanwhile , Derek must perform surgery on Ava and she gets her hopes high after realizing that she might get her memory back . 60 24 `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 '' Christopher Misiano Allan Heinberg May 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ) 19.58 The five interns finally have to face one of the biggest test of their careers , which will influence the rest of their lives as surgeons . Meredith is still feeling guilty about her stepmother 's death , but feels confident that she will pass the exam , despite warnings from both Cristina and Richard . However , after her father , Thatcher , causes a scene at the hospital , Meredith finds herself unable to focus and does n't write anything on the exam paper . Meanwhile , George gets accepted in the Mercy West Hospital surgical residency program and has to face a decision which will change his relationship with Izzie forever . Callie 's suspicions of her husband 's unfaithfulness grow , and is thrilled about George 's transfer to a different hospital . Alex learns that Ava 's memory has come back , but he becomes infuriated with her after learning that she is not willing to let her family know where she is . Bailey realizes that Callie 's chances of becoming Chief Resident have increased considerably , while Burke can not get Cristina to talk to him about their upcoming wedding . The attending physicians work with three injured mountain climbers who left their friend behind in order to save their own lives . Derek continues to feel pushed out by Meredith , and at Burke 's stag party he flirts with another woman . Joe and his boyfriend consider adopting a baby , but things go bad for them when their surrogate mother collapses . Addison makes the shocking discovery that Adele , Webber 's wife , is pregnant . Webber eventually bumps into her , but Adele hides in the ladies ' bathroom , and when he finally enters he finds her collapsed on the floor . 61 25 `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Rob Corn Tony Phelan & Joan Rater May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 22.57 The mountain climbers lie about the axe in their friend 's head , telling Derek that it accidentally got there . During surgery , he and George discover that it was deliberately put there , and one of the climbers admits that he was trying to `` put him out of his misery '' . Adele is stabilized following her collapse , but she soon suffers a miscarriage . Webber learns Adele was actually pregnant with his son , not someone she had one night stand with . Bailey is disappointed to see that Callie is the new Chief Resident and begins to question her abilities as a surgeon . Callie tells George she wants a baby . Webber chooses Derek as Chief of Surgery , but he refuses , telling Webber that he should continue . Ava 's husband shows up at the hospital to find her , but when he 's gone , Ava confesses to Alex that she wants to be with him , but he turns her down . Cristina and Burke 's wedding day arrives , but Cristina wo n't stay out of the hospital . However , Cristina 's nervousness results in Burke realizing that he does not love the real Cristina , and leaves her . Meredith and Derek are uncertain about their future . George fails his internship exam . Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) This season is the last to be produced by ABC Studios under title of Touchstone Television , as the company 's decision to change its name occurred after the conclusion of the season . Shonda Rhimes returned as the series ' showrunner and executive producer . She also continued her position from the first two seasons as one of the most prominent members of the writing staff . Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon and Rob Corn also returned as executive producers , along with Mark Wilding , Peter Horton and Krista Vernoff , who have been in this position since the inception of the series . Allan Heinberg , however , joins the production team at the beginning of the third season as a co-executive producer , before his promotion to an executive . Kent Hodder , Nancy Bordson and Steve Mulholland served as executive producers for four episodes during the season . Horton left the series at the conclusion of the season , whereas James D. Parriott , who previously served a writer and executive producer for the first two seasons , did not continue his work on the show during this season . Joan Rater and Tony Phelan continued to serve as co-executive producers , with Rater being a supervising producer as well . Stacy McKee , who previously served as a producer and writer for the series , was promoted to co-executive producer . After having written three episodes for the first season and five for the second , Rhimes returned as a writer for six episodes , out of which one was written along with Marti Noxon . Krista Vernoff , Tony Phelan , Stacy McKee and Mark Wilding returned to the series as members of the writing staff , with Vernoff and Phelan writing three episodes and McKee and Wilding producing the script of two episodes . Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman , Jr. worked together for the writing of one episode , after three episodes they have written for the series in the past . The season includes the first episode to be written by Debora Cahn , who would become one of the series ' main writers , as well as a consulting and supervisor producer . Other writers include Kip Koenig , Carolina Paiz , Eric Buchman , Joan Rater and Chris Van Dusen . Rob Corn returned to the series to direct three episodes for the season , after writing two episodes in the second season . Greg Yaitanes is credited for directing two episodes during the season , the only ones to have been directed by him in the series . Other prominent directors were Jeff Melman , Michael Grossman , Julie Anne Robinson and Adam Arkin , each directing two or more episodes during the season . Danny Lux continued his position as the main music composer for the series , while Herbert Davis and Walt Fraser served as the season 's cinematography directors . Susan Vaill and Edward Ornelas resumed their positions as editors , seeing David Greenspan , Matthew Ramsey and Avi Fisher being added to the team . Fisher , however , left the series at the conclusion of the season . Writing and filming ( edit ) `` Whatever I come up with , she is always game to play . She 's been so good at what she 's done that I 've just let the character do what I 've wanted the character to do , which has been wonderful . She 's managed to sell every single thing because she 's really believed it . The incredible thing is that you can have no fear to write what you think because she is always able to deliver . '' -- Executive producer Betsy Beers on Ellen Pompeo 's portrayal of character Meredith Grey The season was primarily filmed in Los Angeles , California . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building for the media company Fisher Communications and Fisher 's ABC affiliated Komo radio and television stations for Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , such as air ambulances landing on the Komo Television newscopter 's helipad . This puts Seattle Grace conveniently close to the Space Needle , which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . However , the hospital used for most other exterior and many interior shots is not in Seattle , are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California . Most scenes are primarily taped in Los Feliz , Los Angeles , at the Prospect Studios , and the set occupies two stages , including the hospital pieces , but some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Several props used are genuine medical supplies , including the MRI machine . Before the production of the season officially began , producer Shonda Rhimes stated that she was planning a major development in Ellen Pompeo 's character , Meredith Grey . `` There 's a spirit there that 's just very interesting to me . She was charming and there was something about her so intriguing to watch '' , stated Rhimes in response to Pomepo 's portrayal of her character . Executive producer Betsy Beers stated that the writing staff was going to focus on the balance between her vulnerability and her courage , also dealing with changes in the relationship with her friends . Pompeo noted that the uncertainty of her character 's fate is what helped her evolve into a more adaptable actor . Rhimes also disclosed that an episode with Ellis Grey 's unexpected lucidity and eventual death was in plans since the beginning of the series . Rhimes described how Pompeo got through the challenge of sending Meredith in the afterlife : `` It was an exciting place to take her . Exciting to watch her find her way back . '' In response to Izzie 's arc , Shonda Rhimes discussed the impact Denny Duquette 's death will have on her , noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism , which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine . In the aftermath of Denny 's death , Katherine Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor . Executive producer Betsy Beers explained , however , that Denny 's death served to make Izzie more mature , and Heigl affirmed that `` At the beginning of the third season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was . She lost her optimism . She realizes now that life is difficult , but she still tries very hard to see the best in people . '' Creator Shonda Rhimes compared what she deemed the two `` most iconic moments of the season '' , describing how the season begins with Izzie lying in the prom dress on the bathroom , and ends with Cristina standing motionless in her wedding dress . Cast member Eric Dane described the impact his first scene in the season had on him , stating that it was a spectacular entrance : `` It was a brand new towel , which had a hard time staying together . So every time I put it together and let my hands go , it was almost like throwing caution to the wind . '' Cast member Sara Ramirez noted that one of the most significant scene in the season was when Izzie and George `` have this beautiful moment when neither of them speaks , but they say so much and it was just so rich '' , describing how their interaction during the scene determined everything that would be developed for their arc later . Betsy Beers , however , noted that the most `` powerful '' scene in the season saw Cristina Yang and Preston Burke in the on - call room , talking about the future of their relationship : `` It 's fascinating to see how their entire relationship changes and almost disintegrates in this one exchange '' . Beers and Rhimes expressed their desire to introduce Patrick Dempsey 's passion of car racing in the series , although this ultimately did not occur during the season . `` Patrick loved it . He 's always driving something new , always trying something out '' , stated the series creator , regarding Dempsey 's response to the storyline . Rhimes also described the difficulty she faced in finding an appropriate love interest for the character of Alex Karev : `` We kept meeting with people and it was n't until we met Elizabeth Reaser and sat down with her , and in two seconds in realized that she was absolutely the one we 'd been looking for . '' Reaser explained that when she was cast , there were no definite plans for the development of her character , and that only the intrigue of the ferry accident had been explained to her . She also deemed her character `` frustrated and scared '' . As for the make up process , Reaser stated : `` The prosthetic changes your outlook on yourself . It can be very disorienting . It 's intense . '' Beers , however , noted that the focus on Ava was mainly due to her inability to express her feelings through facial expressions , only communicating with her eyes and voice . Executive producer Rob Corn stated that his plan for the original arc was about Jane Doe 's inner life , struggling to get out of the situation she is trapped in . He stated that the main characteristics they had been looking for in the actress for the part were strength and vulnerability . He also called Reaser 's performance `` heart - wrenching and wonderful '' . Betsy Beers , the show 's supervising executive producer , found Izzie to have been marked for life by Denny 's death , which matured her `` in a very sobering way '' , but played a major role in making her feel more confident . She also noted the undeniable connection between Izzie and Alex Karev , whose desire to do honorable things has been compared with his `` cutting and sarcastic '' personality . After Izzie 's continuous efforts to change Alex during their relationship in the previous season , Beers announced the possibility of a relationship between the two of them . She also contrasted the female leads on the show with women in film , explaining how the characters on television are shaped in unique ways . Spin - off launch ( edit ) Main article : Private Practice ( TV series ) On February 21 , 2007 , The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin - off medical drama television series for the series featuring Kate Walsh 's character , Addison Montgomery . Subsequent reports confirmed the decision , stating that an expanded two - hour broadcast of Grey 's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin - off . The cast was reportedly unhappy about the decision , as all hoped the spin - off would have been given to them . Pompeo commented that she felt , as the star , she should have been consulted , and Heigl , disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Izzie . The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3 , 2007 , sees Addison take `` a leave of absence '' from Seattle Grace Hospital , to visit her best friend from Los Angeles , Naomi Bennett , a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist , in order to get pregnant . While in Los Angeles , she meets Bennett 's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center and even becomes the clinic 's obstetrician - gynecologist for the day . The two - hour broadcast served as the twenty - second and the twenty - third episodes of the third season , and was directed by Michael Grossman , according to Variety . The cast included Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell and Merrin Dungey . ABC officially picked up Private Practice for its 2007 lineup on May 11 , 2007 . KaDee Strickland 's character , Charlotte King , who would be introduced in the spin - off 's first - season premiere , did not appear in the backdoor pilot . Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11 , 2007 , prior to the commencement of the first season . She did not have to audition for the role , but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes . Also not present in the backdoor pilot was Audra McDonald , due to her character , Bennett , being portrayed by a different actress , Merrin Dungey . However , on June 29 , 2007 , ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced , with no reason given for the change . The premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars , and provided a lead - in to fellow freshman series , Dirty Sexy Money . Pushing Daisies , a third new series for the evening , rounded out the lineup as a lead - in to Private Practice . The series aired a total of six seasons . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` Tragedy is not always drama - sometimes you have to let your characters smile and allow the grin to stay awhile . Reducing everything to tears and hopeless self - loathing is n't good writing ; it 's desperate craftsmanship . Here 's hoping that the show can perform some much - needed self - surgery before season four begins this fall . '' -- Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment on the characters ' development during the season . The season received mixed to negative reviews , after two seasons that resulted in heavy critical acclaim . Following a positive outlook on the second season , Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment expressed disappointment during the third one , mainly due to the declining quality and lack of realism of the storylines . He noted a growing number of similarities between the season 's arcs and the ones that are developed in soap operas , by stating that `` the line which separates primetime television from soap opera is oftentimes razor thin '' and admitting that , despite his considering the series `` the best drama '' , he freely admits that it requires some inherent suspension of disbelief , after it `` found itself mired in the annoying and absurd '' . Whereas Monfette acknowledged that the fans would consider the problem to have been a simple case of lazy writing , he noted that over-writing played a main role in the series becoming unexpectedly unrealistic . He also noted the senseless intrigues in the Derek / Meredith relationship , by stating that the season would not have achieved high ratings if a functional relationship had been introduced : `` The season generally opts to stall out for its vast majority , providing Meredith with some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do '' . Monfette criticized the romantic development of the characters throughout the season , by describing Cristina and Burke 's relationship as an excuse for the possibility of a wedding for Meredith , whereas Burke 's unfair behavior towards Cristina is thought to be manipulative , exposing her to his overly romantic notion of an ideal ceremony . The way the doubts regarding the success of their relationship were resolved in the season finale was described as `` most obvious and least compelling . '' IGN Entertainment was also critical of Alex Karev 's storyline , who is seen falling for a pregnant and badly injured Jane Doe , despite having always been `` self - obsessed '' . Monfette once again noted the lack of realism in the improvement of Jane Doe 's condition , as she gives birth to her baby and undergoes reconstructive surgery in a short amount of time . However , her incapability and continuous struggle to remember who she is was considered to be `` the most affecting and honest plotline of the season '' , noting the nuanced and emotionally resonant scenes , which gave the show a `` charmingly positive , feel - good foundation '' . Monfette considered Izzie 's affair with George as the season 's worst but most significant storyline , criticizing its being `` force - red , emotionally incorrect , a mismatch from the beginning and a narrative long - shot '' , which does not express love , but lust . He agreed that the essential problem of the season was its reluctance to move , leading to frustration after seeing `` the entertaining familiar characters so weighed down by their most annoying of traits '' . In response to the season premiere , Oscar Dahl of Buddytv.com noted the predictability of the series , but expressed hope in its further development , by stating that it has become `` a medical chick flick , but a damn good one '' with a big and attractive cast . He also praised the interaction between the characters , noting the `` smart '' dialogue that helps each character evolve . However , Dahl expressed disappointment in the over emotional scenes , describing them as `` off - putting '' and `` not believable '' , while comparing them to real life interactions between people who emote in a more subtle manner than displayed on television . `` Emotions ran high in the premiere and there was much crying '' , stated Dahl , but noted that the dialogue , who he had previously been worried would be `` too cutesy '' , was not bothering , and rather realistic , noting how the show is `` smartly written '' . He also described the acting of Ellen Pompeo and Katherine Heigl as `` worthy of attention '' . New York Post 's Robert Rorke reviewed the numerous characters with heavy romantic development , noting perpetual `` merry - go - round of hookups , breakups and makeup sex '' , while describing the lack of sentimental involvement of Katherine Heigl 's character in the first half of the season . However , he deemed Izzie Stevens `` the hear and soul '' of the `` sex - filled series '' , due to the season mostly focusing on the events that come to define her as a person . Rorke named her the show 's heroine , and wrote that `` Izzie is a welcome , calming presence , despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiancé Denny Duquette '' , considering her to have been more prominent than the title character , Meredith Grey , whose storyline received negative critiques : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas . But lately , she 's been a little dopey , with that endless McDreamy soliloquies . '' He also noted Meredith 's decreasing importance in the ongoing arc , describing how Sandra Oh 's character development was vital to the success of the season , as he compared her `` cutthroat exterior '' with the emotional side of her personality that evolves throughout the season . New York Post compared Izzie , who is described as having achieved a depth , to Miranda Bailey , noting the maturity they have , which is uncharacteristic to the fellow interns . Robert Rorke positively reviewed Chandra Wilson 's performance by stating that she was `` formidable '' . Prior to the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , Stuart Levine of Variety reviewed the performances of the three cast members nominated in the Outstanding Supporting Actress category . `` The ladies of Grey 's Anatomy dominate the category , and it 'd be far from a stretch to say at least two of those women rose to high dramatics last season '' , commented Levine , while praising Sandra Oh for her portrayal of Cristina Yang who endured a tumultuous seasoning relationship , seeing her trepidation at spending a life together with the man she loved . He regarded the appearances of Chandra Wilson as more subdued , though `` by no means less well - executed '' . He deemed Miranda Bailey a rock , being the most level - headed character on the show with a right thing to say in any situation . He expressed admiration towards Chandra Wilson , by describing her as being `` flashy and over the top '' , which he considers better than being consistently good . Considering Heigl 's chances of winning the Emmy , Levine assessed of her performance , by remarking the slight difficulty she has in reaching each emotional state Izzie Stevens has to go through : `` Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines , and she 's up to the challenge . '' However , he also noted that Izzie 's irrational actions during crisis situations may be bothering . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Heigl was awarded at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , in spite of her mother 's doubts . The season was one of the most acclaimed of the show , receiving numerous awards and nominations . Several cast and crew members were nominated for their work on the show during its third season at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . Chandra Wilson received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in `` Oh , the Guilt '' , the season 's fifth episode , whereas Sandra Oh was nominated for the same category for her portrayal of Cristina Yang in `` From a Whisper to a Scream '' , the season 's ninth episode . However , they both lost to co-star Katherine Heigl , whose portrayal of Izzie Stevens in `` Time After Time '' , the twentieth episode of the season , resulted in her first Emmy win . T.R. Knight was also nominated for his performance in the third season in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series category , for the two - episode arc `` Six Days '' , the eleventh and second episodes of the season . Elizabeth Reaser and Kate Burton were nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , for their performances as Rebecca Pope in `` My Favorite Mistake '' , the nineteenth episode in the season , and Ellis Grey in `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' , the fourteenth episode . Linda Lowy and John Brace were nominated for Outstanding Casting in a Drama Series , while Norman T. Leavitt , Brigitte Bugayong , Thomas R. Burman and Bari Dreiband - Burman were nominated for Best Prosthetic Make - Up . The production team was acclaimed for the Best Drama Series category , but only received a nomination . Sara Ramirez was nominated at the 2007 Alma Awards for her portrayal of Callie Torres . At the 65th Golden Globe Awards , the series was nominated for Best Television Drama Series , while Katherine Heigl 's individual performance resulted in a nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television . The show 's third season was once again recognized at the 38th National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Awards , when the production team was nominated for Best Drama Series . Also at the 2007 ceremony , Isaiah Washington won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Preston Burke in this season , while Chandra Wilson won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Several cast members have been awarded at the PRISM Awards in 2007 : Katherine Heigl in the Favorite Female TV Star category for portraying Izzie Stevens , Patrick Dempsey for Favorite Male TV Star in the role of Derek Shepherd , and Chandra Wilson in the Favorite Scene Stealing Star category for her performance of Miranda Bailey . Mark Gordon , Shonda Rhimes , James D. Parriott , Betsy Beers , Peter Horton and Rob Corn have been nominated at the Producers Guild of America 2007 Awards for Television Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Drama for the production of the third season , after winning the award at the 2006 Awards for the second season . At the 2007 Satellite Awards , Ellen Pompeo won the award Best Actress in Drama Series , while T.R. Knight was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film and Chandra Wilson for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film . At the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series ' regular cast received a nomination for Outstanding Cast in Drama Series . Katherine Heigl and Patrick Dempsey were nominated at the 2007 Teen Choice Awards . Also in 2007 , the female cast and crew of Grey 's Anatomy received the Women in Film Lucy Award , which honors those whose work in television has positively influenced attitudes toward women . Ratings ( edit ) The second season of Grey 's Anatomy ended with an average of 19.440 million viewers per episode and a 6.9 rating share for in the 18 -- 49 demographic , determining the series to finish in the fifth place out of all the 100 television shows in the season . Due to its high ratings , the series received a full third season renewal for the fall prime time line up . In response to numerous fan complaints regarding scheduling during the previous seasons , the American Broadcasting Company decided to do major changes in the season . After two seasons of airing as a lead - out to fellow ABC series Desperate Housewives , the network decided to move Grey 's Anatomy to 9 : 00 ET in the Thursday night time slot , dominated by CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , where the series began airing as a lead - in to Ugly Betty , which aired in the time slot from its first season , until the conclusion of the third in 2009 . The show maintained its position as a top ten series and became the eighth most watched program in the season , with an average of 19.220 million viewers per episode . The highest - rated episode of the season was the seventeenth , the highly anticipated conclusion of a three - story arc , which was watched by 27.390 , receiving a 9.7 rating , a # 4 ranking in the week and a # 1 ranking in the time slot . The episode outperformed CSI 's `` Fallen Idols '' , which ranked seventh with a 7.7 rating and 21.780 million viewers tuning in . The lowest - rated episode of its ninth , which was watched by 18.510 million viewers , ranking third in the week with a 6.5 rating , outperforming CSI 's Thanksgiving special episode , `` Living Legend '' , watched by 17.170 million viewers with a 6.1 rating and # 4 ranking . The season premiere was watched by 25.410 million viewers and received 9.0 rating after being ranked # 1 in both the time slot and the week . The number of viewers increased significantly compared to the previous season premiere , which was watched by 18.980 million viewers and received a 6.8 rating . `` Time Has Come Today '' also outperformed the previous season finale , which was watched by 22.500 million viewers and was rated 8.0 . The season finale was watched by 22.570 million viewers and received an 8.0 rating , ranking third in the week after American Idol . Wayne Firedman of Media Daily News described the move from the Sunday night time slot to Thursdays as `` the network 's boldest and biggest move '' . He also expressed concerns regarding the tough competition the series will face , due to airing against CBS Network 's CSI . Stephen McPherson of ABC Entertainment explained the reason for the change : `` To have all hits on Sunday night does n't help us . We wanted to be aggressive '' . DVD release ( edit ) `` This release will appeal to die - hard Grey 's fans who want to eat up every morsel of info they can about the show , but for casual fans the set does n't really offer that much . '' -- Kelly West , Cinema Blend The third season was officially released on DVD in region 1 on September 11 , 2007 , becoming available in both the United States and Canada . It was released two weeks before the fourth season originally began airing . The title of the box set , `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season Three -- Seriously Extended '' is a pun , referring to the success the series had , using the medical term `` extension '' . Also in the official title is the world `` seriously '' , who is one frequently used in the series . The box set consists of episodes with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and widescreen format , enhanced for television with a 16 : 9 aspect ratio . It was distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment . The same set was released in region 4 on October 31 , 2007 , being made available first in Australia . In region 2 , the season was first released in Romania on August 12 , 2008 , shortly after the season concluded airing on national television . In the United Kingdom , the season was released on September 15 , 2008 , approximately a year after its original release in the United States . Although the season aired in high definition , it has not been released on Blu - ray disc in any region to date . The box set includes all the original twenty - five episodes that aired on the American Broadcasting Company , being divided into seven discs . Subtitles are available in French , in Spanish and in English for the hearing impaired , whereas the available languages for the character voices are English , French and Spanish . It featured audio commentaries with cast members Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Ellen Pompeo , Kate Burton and Sandra Oh for the first , fourteenth and twenty - first episodes . It also featured the first , seventh , thirteenth and fourteenth episodes as extended episodes , with a longer running time . The bonus features were available on the seventh disc , including interviews with cast members Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo and Elizabeth Reaser , listed under the titles of `` Making Rounds With Patrick Dempsey '' , `` One on One with Ellen Pompeo '' and `` Prescription for Success : Making Jane Doe a Star '' , respectively . The region 1 release featured footage from behind the scenes , under the title of `` In Stitches : Season 3 Outtakes '' and unaired scenes from nine episodes , including the season premiere and the finale , under the name of `` Dissecting Grey 's Anatomy '' . Omnipresent in the bonus material were executive producers Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers , providing their outlook on characters , actors and the production process . Currently ranked 2144th in Movies and Television on Amazon.com and 1713th in Film and Television on Amazon.co.uk , the box set received mixed reviews . Kelly West of Cinema Blend noted that the `` seriously extended episodes '' were not significantly expanded , only adding a few minutes of extra footage , which do n't influence the storyline . She also noted a `` weakness '' in the audio commentary provided by four of the actresses , who she deemed to have been fantastic during the series , describing the features as `` random chit - chats '' . However , she praised Sandra Oh 's commentary , noting that she put the most effort in hers by trying to come up with interest topics , while being `` amusing and worth listening to '' . She described the bonus features as `` mildly entertaining '' , emphasizing Dempsey 's interview about his passion for racing cars , which she regarded useless . USA Today had a positive perspective on the box set , by calling it `` scintillating '' and `` addictive '' . Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Third Season - Seriously Extended Set Details Special Features 25 episodes ( 1 extended ) 7 - disc set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Extended Episodes Making Rounds With Patrick Dempsey - Spend Some Private Time With Patrick Dempsey At The Track Prescription For Success : Make Jane Doe a Star Good Medicine : Favorite Scenes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 11 , 2007 September 15 , 2008 October 31 , 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast and Crew Bios '' . ABC.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Full Cast and Crew '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Diggs goes for ' Grey ' spin '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . December 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . April 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Renames Television Studio '' . ABC . Walt Disney . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 's Anatomy Season Three DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2007 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Grey 's Anatomy '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan . `` Where Is Grey 's Anatomy Filmed , Anyway ? '' . The Cambio Network . Wetpaint . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY ) ... '' . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rorke , Robert ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Heart Throb - Grey 's Anatomy Katherine Heigl on , Sex , Love and Cupcakes '' . New York Post . Paul Carlucci . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` HEART THROB - GREY 'S ANATOMY 'S KATHERINE HEIGL ON SEX , LOVE AND CUPCAKES '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Delicate Surgery on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' stars fuming over spinoff '' . MSN . Today Entertainment . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ; Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl positively glows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Director set for ' Grey 's ' spinoff '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking Grey 's / Private Practice Casting News ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meltzer Zepeda , Dana ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Private Practice Preview : Hail to the New Chief ( of Staff ) '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Private Practice ' Recast : Merrin Dungey out , Audra McDonald in , on the ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 2007 - 08 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . ABC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina . `` ' Private Practice ' Season 6 is a go - plus good news for ' Body of Proof ' and ' Apartment 23 ' fans '' . Zap2it . Fall TV Preview . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . TV.IGN.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Premiere Review '' . BuddyTV.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Stuart ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Supporting Actress : Drama - Shades of ' Grey ' for ABC 's hospital gal pals '' . Variety . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Katherine Heigl : Nobody Thought I 'd Win The Emmy '' . People.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 59th Primetime Emmys Winners Revealed '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past ALMA Recipients '' . AlmaAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 65TH GOLDEN GLOBE AWARD WINNERS '' . GoldenGlobes.org . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Ben G. ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` WIF 's Lucy Award goes to women of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 19 / 05 through 05 / 28 / 06 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 18 / 06 through 06 / 03 / 07 '' . ABC Medianet . June 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABCMediaNet.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABCMediaNet.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABCMediaNet.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Moves ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' Challenges Thursday Night Competition '' . Media Daily News / Media Post Publications . May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy season 3 Seriously Extended '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy on DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 4 '' . Tvfanatic.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 '' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 '' . jbhifionline.com.au . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Season 3 DVD box set Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Series 3 '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Episodes '' . TV Guide . `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode Guide '' . American Broadcasting Company . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_3)&oldid=828199831 '' Categories : 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy episodes Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 03 : 37 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n37\n1\n\"Time Has Come Today\"\nDaniel Minahan\nShonda Rhimes\nSeptember 21, 2006 (2006-09-21)\n25.41[5]\n\n\nThe interns of Seattle Grace Hospital help Izzie cope with the loss of her fiancé, Denny Duquette as well as her decision to quit the internship program. Meredith is uncertain what the future holds after she has sex with Derek and whether he is willing to leave Addison after a marriage of eleven years. Addison finds Meredith's panties in Derek's tux pocket, and realizes that he slept with Meredith. After spending the night in his office, Webber is confronted by his wife, Adele (Loretta Devine). She gives him an ultimatum, forcing him to decide between his career and his marriage. Addison and Alex treat a newborn baby who was found abandoned in a trash can, and they are faced with four minors who could be the mother. George seeks relationship advice from Derek after they are forced to stay under quarantine in the locker room, when Derek confesses his feeling towards Meredith. Bailey gets attached to a patient in isolation whose wife dies, and relives the moments when her husband's life was threatened.\n\n\n38\n2\n\"I Am a Tree\"\nJeff Melman\nKrista Vernoff\nSeptember 28, 2006 (2006-09-28)\n23.48[6]\n\n\nCristina makes a bad first impression on Burke's parents and is also surprised to find that he is a \"mama's boy\". Burke's mother believes that Cristina is too selfish and driven for her son, and is only trying to take advantage of his extensive knowledge of cardiothoracic surgery. Izzie uses baking to cope with her grieving, and bakes hundreds of muffins. After pinning Meredith's panties to a bulletin board, Addison takes a day off from the hospital and spends the day drinking. Due to Addison taking the day off, Bailey has Alex help her in the pit, and they're faced with a teenage patient who has been impaled on a tree branch. A brain tumor patient quizzes Meredith and Cristina over their respective relationships. Webber discovers that Callie has been living in the hospital and tells her she has to leave because of hospital policy. Bailey finds the panties on the bulletin board and loses it, demanding to know who they belong to. Callie sees Meredith's embarrassment and takes the blame, which in turn causes George to become jealous, fearing Callie might have cheated on him. A surgical patient lives what may be her last day to the fullest. Meredith must choose between Derek and Finn, and struggles coming to a decision. In the end she tells them both that she would like to try dating them both instead.\n\n\n39\n3\n\"Sometimes a Fantasy\"\nAdam Arkin\nDebora Cahn\nOctober 5, 2006 (2006-10-05)\n22.80[7]\n\n\nCristina is determined to help Burke overcome his hand tremor and get back into the operating room. Izzie attempts to return to the hospital for the first time since she left the program, but ends up standing in front of the hospital all day, unable to go in and confront Webber. Alex treats a young patient who has a long history of injuries, leading him to suspect abuse. It is discovered that she can't feel pain which makes her believe she is a super hero. Derek and Cristina treat a man who elects to have brain surgery so he is able to look after his child. George gets annoyed at Callie after she moves in with him, resulting in them arguing over a patient. Meredith gets annoyed as both Derek and Finn interrupt the other as they are dating her. Mark is determined to get back together with Addison, but she continuously refuses him.\n\n\n40\n4\n\"What I Am\"\nDan Lerner\nAllan Heinberg\nOctober 12, 2006 (2006-10-12)\n22.88[8]\n\n\nMeredith's appendix bursts and she is admitted for surgery. Addison works with a pregnant woman who wants to give birth naturally, but needs to have a cesarean section. Addison begins to doubt her abilities as a surgeon after Derek broke up with her; Addison takes Alex off her rotation. Meredith is high from the painkillers and she and Addison speak frankly and apologize to each other. The interns work with a car salesman who wants to get back to his regular routine after he has a risky surgery, however, he lights a cigarette that catches his face on fire. Derek and Mark argue over the best way to treat him, each believing that their specialty is the most important and pressing. Callie breaks things off with George after he stands her up for Izzie, and she later hooks up with Mark. Derek clears Burke for surgery again, but Burke has serious doubts about whether his hand is ready or able to perform surgery again. He keeps his doubts to himself, except to tell Cristina. He practices on a corpse and he and Cristina realize his hand can't perform surgery unless he has help. They decide together to hide the truth by having Cristina assist him in his surgeries. After her surgery, Meredith makes a decision between Derek and Finn, telling Finn that he is a good man and probably a better man, but Derek is \"the one\". Izzie meets Denny's father, who gives her 8.7 million dollars according to Denny's wishes.\n\n\n41\n5\n\"Oh, the Guilt\"\nJeff Melman\nZoanne Clack & Tony Phelan & Joan Rater\nOctober 19, 2006 (2006-10-19)\n22.05[9]\n\n\nThe interns are excited to attend their first Morbidity and Mortality conference but their excitement evaporates quickly after finding out Denny Duquette is first on the agenda. Bailey is raked over the coals for letting her interns run unsupervised about the hospital for long durations. Bailey treats a young mother battling breast cancer and realizes that she blames her infant son for everything that had happened to her. Derek and Addison finalize their divorce; Derek gives up most of their property to Addison but later learns that Mark and Addison's relationship was not just a one-night affair and that they kept seeing each other for three months. Addison and Meredith treat a former couple who got stuck inside one another during sex, however, after separating the pair, the man has a heart attack that causes him go into surgery. In the midst of the surgery, Burke's right hand begins to tremble again. Cristina covers for him by asking to practice her running whipstitch. Izzie decides to give up surgery after receiving Denny's check, but she becomes re-motivated after watching Cristina operate. Callie confesses to Meredith that she slept with another man, but doesn't name Mark. Meredith contemplates telling Derek about her break up with Finn, but is hesitant, despite the fellow interns telling her to let him know as fast as she can. George is surprised when Callie tells him that she broke up with him.\n\n\n42\n6\n\"Let the Angels Commit\"\nJessica Yu\nStacy McKee\nNovember 2, 2006 (2006-11-02)\n21.02[10]\n\n\nCristina scrubs in on the rare \"humpty dumpty\" surgery, much to the envy of her fellow doctors. Bailey wants to scrub in and writes her name on the surgical board as the resident in charge. Cristina erases Bailey's name in order to cover for Burke's hand tremor, which leads Bailey to believe that he was the one responsible for the deletion, leading her to question her talent for surgery and becoming discouraged. Derek receives a surprise visit from his sister and learns that she had slept with Mark, something that threatens their fragile friendship. George and Addison work with a pregnant woman with an unusual dilemma. Mark takes Alex off plastics after he chooses Addison's patient over being on hold at the DMV for Mark, but he later witnesses Mark and Callie discussing their one-night stand. Izzie returns to work, but is on probation and is not allowed to talk to patients, perform any surgery, or even go into an operating room. Bailey directs Meredith to be Izzie's boss for the day and the two treat a patient that may need to be admitted into psychiatry. At the end of the episode, Bailey witnesses Cristina reorganizing the operations board, and becomes suspicious.\n\n\n43\n7\n\"Where the Boys Are\"\nDaniel Minahan\nMark Wilding\nNovember 9, 2006 (2006-11-09)\n20.65[11]\n\n\nDerek invites Burke to join him on a quiet camping trip, but George, Alex, Webber, Joe and Walter come along, ruining Derek's plans. George notices Burke's hand tremor whilst fishing with him, but Burke brushes off George's concerns. Addison and Callie team up to work on a patient but realize that their passion for medicine is not the only thing they share, as they had both slept with Mark and later regretted it. Alex tells George that Callie slept with Mark, and he is unable to accept the truth, even though he and Callie were broken up at the time. Things go from bad to worse when George and Alex fight, and Walter gets injured in the process. Meredith assists Mark on a sex-change procedure as he keeps trying to get her to sleep with him, but complications arise when it's discovered that the patient has breast cancer. Bailey confronts Cristina after realizing that she was the one to erase Bailey's name off the surgery board, not Burke, and finally regains confidence in her abilities as a surgeon. As a result, Bailey takes revenge on Cristina by assigning her to the case of a child who swallowed 21 Monopoly pieces, and keeps her off surgeries until she admits why she took Bailey's name off the board. Izzie has to have a counselling session with Sydney, the perky resident who annoyed the interns when Bailey was on maternity leave.\n\n\n44\n8\n\"Staring at the Sun\"\nJeff Melman\nGabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman, Jr.\nNovember 16, 2006 (2006-11-16)\n20.92[12]\n\n\nHarold O'Malley is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital, and George's brothers come along and become friendly with Callie. George, however, does not want Callie to socialize with his family, so he assures her that their relationship is over, with no chances of reconciliation. Meredith tries to take things slow with Derek and refuses to have sex with him, while he tries to have a civilized relationship with his now ex-wife, Addison. Derek and Addison confront Webber when they believe he may be suffering from depression. Alex and Izzie help Mark treat a man after he received pectoral implants, and following on from advice from the patient, Alex kisses Izzie after he realizes that he still has feelings for her which are not returned. George and Bailey are on the verge of discovering Burke's condition. Meredith and Bailey treat a five-year old girl, who was accidentally run over by her nanny.\n\n\n45\n9\n\"From a Whisper to a Scream\"\nJulie Anne Robinson\nKip Koenig\nNovember 23, 2006 (2006-11-23)\n18.51[13]\n\n\nA traumatic car accident which fills the emergency room has everyone challenged emotionally. George calls Erica Hahn from Seattle Presbyterian Hospital to perform heart surgery on his father after he finds out about Burke's condition. George's parents task Izzie with finding out why George had them change surgeon, but this only leads to George snapping at Izzie. Meredith figures out that Burke needs Cristina to operate. Cristina has a crisis of conscience about her deceptive teamwork with Burke, and turns to Webber. Burke is shocked to see that Webber is considering replacing him with Dr. Hahn as the Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital, but eventually learns that Webber's plan was to make him Chief after his retirement. However, after Cristina confesses about his hand tremor, Webber is forced to warn him about the severe consequences he will have to face. Callie attempts to rebuild her relationship with George. Addison, Mark, and Alex work together on a pregnant woman, and Alex and Addison realize they may have feelings for each other.\n\n\n46\n10\n\"Don't Stand So Close to Me\"\nSeith Mann\nCarolina Paiz\nNovember 30, 2006 (2006-11-30)\n24.01[14]\n\n\nRecent events strain Burke and Cristina's relationship and they both realize that the chances of reconciliation are lowering. Meredith's half-sister, Molly, goes into labor and is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital under the care of Addison. Meredith does not want to see or talk to Susan, her stepmother, and tells her that she is not family and their relationship should go no further. Harold attempts to discover the cause of George's anger. Derek and Mark must work together when two conjoined brothers seek medical help for separation. However, the patients could become paralyzed or die following the procedure, and Derek is unsure on whether to continue until he gets a pep talk from Bailey. Webber demands that Burke has surgery again to fix his hand. Meredith has to tell her mother that Webber will not keep seeing her and she relives the night that he left her for good twenty years ago. Meredith is devastated when her mother says that she should never have had a daughter as she believes that is the reason that Webber had left her. Cristina faces the wrath of Bailey and the other interns following her part in Burke's scheme.\n\n\n47\n11\n\"Six Days (Part 1)\"\nGreg Yaitanes\nKrista Vernoff\nJanuary 11, 2007 (2007-01-11)\n23.03[15]\n\n\nAfter a successful heart surgery performed by Dr. Hahn, George's father undergoes surgery to remove the tumor that has spread through his body. Webber and Bailey perform the surgery and do a certain procedure according to Mr. O'Malley's wishes, in spite of their medical opinion. Thatcher Grey visits Seattle Grace Hospital to stay by the side of his daughter Molly, who has just given birth to a girl. Meredith has trouble connecting to him and hesitates in talking to him all day long. Alex works with Addison when the baby needs an emergency surgery, and afterwards they nearly kiss. Derek has trouble sleeping due to Meredith's disturbing snoring as she learns that he had been sleeping on the couch for days. A young girl is admitted to the hospital, suffering from a severe bone condition that is thought to be inoperable. Despite Derek's neurological advice, Callie believes that a certain expensive surgery might be live-saving. Izzie begs to scrub in on a surgery, but Bailey refuses to let her do so until she cashes in her check.\n\n\n48\n12\n\"Six Days (Part 2)\"\nGreg Yaitanes\nKrista Vernoff\nJanuary 18, 2007 (2007-01-18)\n21.94[16]\n\n\nGeorge learns about the procedure that Webber and Bailey performed on his father which ultimately leads to a worsening of his condition. The O'Malley family now have to face a difficult decision regarding Harold's inability to breathe on his own. They must take him off life support. Meredith finally talks to her father and realizes that her snoring is one of the many things they have in common, despite her inability to admit it. Meredith and Derek continue to argue over her snoring, but the situation is resolved following Meredith's talk with her dad. There's tension between Alex and Addison that eventually leads to them kissing. Addison confesses to Callie that she got pregnant with Mark's son but aborted him after realizing that Mark could never be a good father. Burke lets Cristina know about the status of his condition, but the pair still refuse to talk to each other. Izzie is barred from the girl's surgery after Bailey finds out that she paid for the operation, but she ultimately wins her respect after realizing that without the money the girl could have never been saved. The girl begins a new life as a normal child thanks to Izzie's generous donation.\n\n\n49\n13\n\"Great Expectations\"\nMichael Grossman\nEric Buchman\nJanuary 25, 2007 (2007-01-25)\n21.50[17]\n\n\nAfter Webber announces his retirement, rumors begin to circulate on his departure and successor. Mark is determined to leave Seattle for good, and irritates Meredith and Alex by making them tend to a patient who will need constant attention but Meredith accidentally gives Mark incentive to stay after letting him know of the open Chief position. Derek is angry at Meredith for causing Mark to remain in Seattle, but soon realizes that she is not the reason he is really angry. The attending physicians at Seattle Grace Hospital fight to get Webber's attention, but he expresses his disappointment in their conduct. He also forces Bailey to get signatures from all the attendings so she can create a free medical clinic, before confessing to her that he thinks she will be Chief one day. Bailey secures the signatures, but has no funding until Izzie offers to spend her entire 8.7 million dollar inheritance on the project. Addison, Izzie, and George treat a patient with a cervical tumor, and Izzie gets worried about George due to his dad having recently died from cancer. Things get more complicated when the patient's Puritan parents arrive. Addison is avoiding Alex following their kiss. Callie and Cristina treat a marathon runner who collapsed after a blackout. George, devastated after his father's death, reunites with Callie and uses sex to overcome his grief, before eventually proposing to her. Cristina and Burke still don't speak to each other, but she eventually breaks, and Burke ends up proposing to her. Webber endeavors to reunite with his wife, Adele, and decides to retire, only to come home and find she's with another man.\n\n\n50\n14\n\"Wishin' and Hopin'\"\nJulie Anne Robinson\nTony Phelan & Joan Rater\nFebruary 1, 2007 (2007-02-01)\n24.18[18]\n\n\nThe race for the Chief's position is on, and the attending physicians, Derek, Burke, Addison, and Mark, compete for Webber's affections by trying to help out everywhere possible. The Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic is open for business, but no one shows up. Izzie is disappointed in what she invested Denny's legacy in, and she and Alex team up to steal patients from the emergency room. Callie and George get back from Las Vegas, announcing their marriage, much to everyone's disbelief. Izzie is not supportive of their marriage and tries to get George to realize the mistake he has made. George and Webber treat a patient with cancer, but her blood has a neurotoxin in it that causes all the staff around her to fall ill. The staff have to operate on her in hazmat suits, and later in small bursts to complete her surgery. Cristina doesn't give Burke an answer to his proposal, but after watching him risk his life during the surgery, she agrees to marry him. Meanwhile, Meredith's Alzheimer's-stricken mother, Ellis Grey, experiences a change in her medical condition by becoming lucid for the day. She is disappointed in the mediocrity her daughter has fallen into and begins to despise Derek, blaming him for what happened to the Meredith that used to be \"a force of nature\". Ellis has to have heart surgery and, despite her mother's wishes, Meredith schedules the upcoming surgery. Webber talks to Ellis and realizes that she is still in love with him, but she loses her memory after their talk ends, before Meredith has the chance to tell her how she really feels.\n\n\n51\n15\n\"Walk on Water\"\nRob Corn\nShonda Rhimes\nFebruary 8, 2007 (2007-02-08)\n25.20[19]\n\n\nA mass trauma situation, which turns out to be a ferryboat accident, challenges the whole staff of Seattle Grace Hospital. Webber finds difficulty in coping with his separation from his wife and dyes his hair \"for the ladies\", which becomes an internal joke between Mark, Burke, and Derek. Cristina tries to tell Meredith about her upcoming marriage, but doesn't have the strength to. George promises to find a woman's son, who has been separated from her at the accident. The woman refuses to go into surgery until she is assured that her son is alive. Izzie has to take care of a man who got stuck between two cars on the ferry, but nobody helps her due to the large number of injured people. Alex rescues a pregnant woman with severe wounds on her face, and promises to take care of her. Meredith looks after a girl who has been separated from her mother after the accident and cannot communicate, but while helping a patient, he accidentally pushes Meredith, and she falls into the water, with nobody but the silent little girl as a witness.\n\n\n52\n16\n\"Drowning on Dry Land\"\nRob Corn\nShonda Rhimes\nFebruary 15, 2007 (2007-02-15)\n25.76[20]\n\n\nMeredith struggles to stay afloat and eventually begins drowning, but nobody is around to notice. Derek finds her coat on a man she had helped, and starts looking for her and, much to his shock, the little girl Meredith took care of indicates that she is in the water. Derek saves her, but she is almost dead, due to hypothermia. The little girl gets reunited with her mother. Izzie has to perform brain surgery on a man stuck between cars, as he begins to experience seizures. She drills holes into his head, perforates his skull and ultimately saves his life before he is rescued and transferred to Seattle Grace Hospital; this leads to Webber allowing her back into surgeries. George lies to the woman whose son he had been looking for, in order to get her to surgery, and eventually finds Callie operating on the son. Alex is unsuccessful in searching for the pregnant Jane Doe's family as she undergoes surgery, and at the same time he also has to deal with the families of the victims. The interns find out about Meredith's situation and express their hopelessness. She wakes up in what appears to be limbo and meets her deceased acquaintances.\n\n\n53\n17\n\"Some Kind of Miracle\"\nAdam Arkin\nShonda Rhimes & Marti Noxon\nFebruary 22, 2007 (2007-02-22)\n27.39[21]\n\n\nWebber struggles to keep Meredith alive, whose body does not seem to respond to treatment, much to Derek's devastation. Meanwhile, a metaphor shows Meredith in what she believes is limbo, displaying her interacting with deceased acquaintances whose decision would influence her chances of survival. Cristina remedies her grief for Meredith by leaving the hospital and going shopping, while Alex continues to bond with the pregnant Jane Doe who remains unclaimed, due to her inability to remember anything. Derek is aware that Meredith is a good swimmer and blames Ellis Grey for her daughter's depression. Ellis goes into cardiac arrest and meets Meredith in the alternate universe, and declares her love and respect for her, telling her to wake up. She does so, and sees everyone who loves her by her side. Cristina lets her know about her engagement to Burke. Addison tells Mark that if he wants to reunite with her, he must go celibate for 60 days.\n\n\n54\n18\n\"Scars and Souvenirs\"\nJames Frawley\nDebora Cahn\nMarch 15, 2007 (2007-03-15)\n22.68[22]\n\n\nThe race between the attending physicians for the Chief of Surgery position heats up after a new competitor enters the fray. They soon realize that the new surgeon, Colin Marlow, was Cristina's professor in medical school and they used to have a long-term relationship. When Burke finds out about it he realizes that his and Cristina's relationship is on the rocks. George finds out that Callie's family is rich, but she had previously hidden the fact in order to find out whether George loves her for who she really is, which eventually leads to an argument toward the pair. Webber, Callie, and Izzie treat a war veteran with a bullet in his back. Derek treats his former colleague from New York, but they argue over the best care as Derek wants to push a risky surgery, and his colleague doesn't want any more surgeries. Alex continues to work with Jane Doe, whose memory hasn't come back, and later he moves into George's old room. Meredith and Derek have dinner with her father and stepmother. Meredith starts to connect with Susan, but her relationship with Thatcher seems to be irreparable. Izzie wakes up, realizing that she slept with George while they were both drunk.\n\n\n55\n19\n\"My Favorite Mistake\"\nTamra Davis\nChris Van Dusen\nMarch 22, 2007 (2007-03-22)\n22.30[23]\n\n\nIn the aftermath of Izzie's affair with George, he doesn't seem to remember anything, and Izzie does her best to avoid Callie, but she becomes nervous when she has to help Callie and George treat a patient with FOP. Callie lets George know that they will be having dinner with her father, but George does not make a good impression, being hungover after last night's events. Alex helps Jane Doe choose what her face will look like after Mark performs reconstructive surgery on her. He also gives her a new perspective on how the world will see her from then on. The hospital board begins interviewing the candidates for the Chief's position, and Colin intimidates everyone with his ten-year plan. However, after taking advice from Bailey, Mark seems to have convinced the board that he is appropriate for the job, despite continuous efforts from Derek, Burke, and Addison, whose careers in the hospital outlast his. Cristina looks for a way to save a man's foot when he makes it clear that he doesn't want it amputated. Izzie seeks advice from Addison about her affair, confessing that sleeping with George felt right, despite him being married. Mark takes Meredith as his intern for the day in order to impress Webber, something that Derek doesn't approve of, feeling that Mark has become manipulative.\n\n\n56\n20\n\"Time After Time\"\nChristopher Misiano\nStacy McKee\nApril 19, 2007 (2007-04-19)\n21.12[24]\n\n\nWhen Izzie's daughter, Hannah Klein, is brought to the hospital for leukemia treatment, her adoptive parents come searching for Izzie, and ask her to donate her bone marrow in support. She is saddened to learn that her daughter does not want to see her, but is surprised to see how alike they are. George helps Izzie out, but forgets about a coffee break with Callie. Mark offers to be Webber's wingman, to get him back into dating. Derek comes to the conclusion that his relationship with Meredith is the only thing standing in his way to become the Chief of Surgery. Colin continues to intrude on Burke and Cristina's lives with an impending surgery he will perform. He tries to convince Cristina to break up with Burke, due to their targets being completely different. After realizing that Cristina has changed, Colin drops out of the race for Chief and leaves the hospital. Meredith starts to grow closer to her stepmother, Susan, but they experience a blip when Meredith snaps at her for her constant mothering. A couple arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital to see Ava, whom they initially believe to be their daughter, but the mother rejects Ava without telling her. They leave Alex to inform Ava, causing Ava to lash out.\n\n\n57\n21\n\"Desire\"\nTom Verica\nMark Wilding\nApril 26, 2007 (2007-04-26)\n20.08[25]\n\n\nThe interns of Seattle Grace Hospital start to use every free minute to study for their upcoming exam which will determine their entire residency in the surgical field. Cristina is jealous of George who can study with Callie, whose learning cards have become legendary. After the realization that George and Izzie might have feelings for each other, Callie decides to give the cards to Cristina. The attending physicians vie for the Chief position by tending to the chairman of the hospital board, after he is admitted as a patient. They soon learn that there is a fish in his urinary tract and learn that his wife has been aware of his affair with his secretary. She eventually resigns and leaves him, and his wife asks for divorce. In the clinic, Izzie treats a patient with a recurring cold, which turns out to be a symptom of something worse. Webber starts to question his decision to retire as he believes that there is a lot more he can do as a surgeon and cannot be done with his career in his early fifties. Cristina gets annoyed at Burke as he tries pressuring her into choosing a flavor for their wedding cake while she is trying to study. Addison and Alex deliver Ava's baby, through a cesarian-section, before sleeping together, but afterwards Alex tells her to make sure that it never happens again. Derek starts to question his relationship with Meredith, feeling that he is the only one putting an effort for it to work out. George tells Izzie that he is considering transferring to a different hospital.\n\n\n58\n\n59\n22\n\n23\n\"The Other Side of This Life\"\nMichael Grossman\nShonda Rhimes\nMay 3, 2007 (2007-05-03)\n21.23[26]\n\n\nAfter things become too complicated in Seattle, Addison travels to Los Angeles to reunite with her old friends from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Much to her best friend's shock, the real reason for her visit is in order to get pregnant but she is devastated to learn that she cannot. Whilst there, Addison assists her friend in treating a surrogate mother, who had sex with three different men who all claim that the baby is theirs. Cristina finds difficulty in planning her wedding under the constant watch of her and Burke's mother, who are determined to create an extravagant wedding, despite her wishes of having a small ceremony. Callie is surprised to be invited to be Cristina's bridesmaid. Susan is admitted to the hospital, bringing Thatcher with her, but he suspects that she might be trying to bring Thatcher and Meredith together by faking hiccups. Mark talks to Derek and expresses his disappointment in not working things out with Addison, who he had truly fallen in love with. Burke is surprised when his mother tells him that he's making a mistake marrying Cristina, but she reassures him that she supports his decision. George is determined to transfer to Mercy West, despite Izzie's continuous begging.\n\nAddison becomes the temporary obstetrician-gynecologist at the Oceanside Wellness Center in Los Angeles and deals with the aftermath of the discovery that she cannot have children. She is comforted by Pete Wilder who flirts with and eventually kisses her. The doctors offer her a position, but she denies it after realizing that Seattle is where her life is. The Los Angeles team also continue to treat a man with no sex drive, which infuriates his wife, who has a high one. After Susan returns to the hospital with chest pain, she is rushed into emergency surgery and ultimately dies. Thatcher is devastated by the news and blames Meredith for her death, and slaps her. George and Burke confide in each other about their relationship problems, and Burke's intensify after an argument with his mother. Izzie finds difficulty in accepting that George is going to transfer because of her, but realizes that she can't deny her feelings towards him, which leads to them kissing. Meanwhile, Derek must perform surgery on Ava and she gets her hopes high after realizing that she might get her memory back.\n\n\n60\n24\n\"Testing 1-2-3\"\nChristopher Misiano\nAllan Heinberg\nMay 10, 2007 (2007-05-10)\n19.58[27]\n\n\nThe five interns finally have to face one of the biggest test of their careers, which will influence the rest of their lives as surgeons. Meredith is still feeling guilty about her stepmother's death, but feels confident that she will pass the exam, despite warnings from both Cristina and Richard. However, after her father, Thatcher, causes a scene at the hospital, Meredith finds herself unable to focus and doesn't write anything on the exam paper. Meanwhile, George gets accepted in the Mercy West Hospital surgical residency program and has to face a decision which will change his relationship with Izzie forever. Callie's suspicions of her husband's unfaithfulness grow, and is thrilled about George's transfer to a different hospital. Alex learns that Ava's memory has come back, but he becomes infuriated with her after learning that she is not willing to let her family know where she is. Bailey realizes that Callie's chances of becoming Chief Resident have increased considerably, while Burke cannot get Cristina to talk to him about their upcoming wedding. The attending physicians work with three injured mountain climbers who left their friend behind in order to save their own lives. Derek continues to feel pushed out by Meredith, and at Burke's stag party he flirts with another woman. Joe and his boyfriend consider adopting a baby, but things go bad for them when their surrogate mother collapses. Addison makes the shocking discovery that Adele, Webber's wife, is pregnant. Webber eventually bumps into her, but Adele hides in the ladies' bathroom, and when he finally enters he finds her collapsed on the floor.\n\n\n61\n25\n\"Didn't We Almost Have It All?\"\nRob Corn\nTony Phelan & Joan Rater\nMay 17, 2007 (2007-05-17)\n22.57[28]\n\n\nThe mountain climbers lie about the axe in their friend's head, telling Derek that it accidentally got there. During surgery, he and George discover that it was deliberately put there, and one of the climbers admits that he was trying to \"put him out of his misery\". Adele is stabilized following her collapse, but she soon suffers a miscarriage. Webber learns Adele was actually pregnant with his son, not someone she had one night stand with. Bailey is disappointed to see that Callie is the new Chief Resident and begins to question her abilities as a surgeon. Callie tells George she wants a baby. Webber chooses Derek as Chief of Surgery, but he refuses, telling Webber that he should continue. Ava's husband shows up at the hospital to find her, but when he's gone, Ava confesses to Alex that she wants to be with him, but he turns her down. Cristina and Burke's wedding day arrives, but Cristina won't stay out of the hospital. However, Cristina's nervousness results in Burke realizing that he does not love the real Cristina, and leaves her. Meredith and Derek are uncertain about their future. George fails his internship exam.\n\n"
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-606881121456328503 | Liver | Liver - wikipedia Liver Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Liver ( disambiguation ) . Liver The human liver is located in the upper right abdomen Location of human liver ( in red ) Details Precursor Foregut System Digestive system Artery Hepatic artery Vein Hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein Nerve Celiac ganglia and vagus nerve Identifiers Latin Jecur , iecur Greek Hepar ( ἧπαρ ) root hepat - ( ἡπατ - ) MeSH A03. 62 TA A05. 8.01. 001 FMA 7197 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The liver , an organ only found in vertebrates , detoxifies various metabolites , synthesizes proteins , and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion . In humans , it is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . It also plays a role in metabolism , regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells and hormone production . The liver , an accessory digestive gland , produces bile , an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat . Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The gallbladder , a small pouch that sits just under the liver , stores bile produced by the liver . The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high - volume biochemical reactions , including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules , many of which are necessary for normal vital functions . Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions vary , but textbooks generally cite it being around 500 . Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat - from ἡπατο - , the Greek word for liver . There is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term , although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term . Artificial livers are yet to be developed to promote long - term replacement in the absence of the liver . As of 2017 , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1. 1 Lobes 1.1. 2 Surfaces 1.1. 3 Impressions 1.2 Microscopic anatomy 1.3 Functional anatomy 1.4 Couinaud classification system 2 Gene and protein expression 3 Development 3.1 Fetal blood supply 4 Physiology 4.1 Blood supply 4.2 Biliary flow 4.3 Synthesis 4.4 Breakdown 4.5 Other functions 4.6 Relation to medicine and pharmacology 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Symptoms 5.3 Diagnosis 5.4 Liver regeneration 5.5 Liver transplantation 6 Society and culture 6.1 Food 7 Other animals 8 References 8.1 Works cited 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The liver is a reddish - brown wedge - shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape . A human liver normally weighs 1.44 -- 1.66 kg ( 3.2 -- 3.7 lb ) , and has a width of about 15 cm . It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body . Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity , it rests just below the diaphragm , to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder . The liver is connected to two large blood vessels : the hepatic artery and the portal vein . The hepatic artery carries oxygen - rich blood from the aorta , whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas . These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids , which then lead to a lobule . Lobules are the functional units of the liver . Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells ( hepatocytes ) which are the basic metabolic cells . The lobules are held together by a fine dense irregular fibroelastic connective tissue layer which extends into the structure of the liver , by accompanying the vessels ( veins and arteries ) , ducts and nerves through the hepatic portal , as a fibrous capsule called Glisson 's capsule . The whole surface of the liver is covered in a serous coat derived from peritoneum and this has an inner fibrous coat ( Glisson 's capsule ) to which it is firmly adhered . The fibrous coat is of areolar tissue and follows the vessels and ducts to support them . Gross Anatomy ( edit ) Lobes ( edit ) Further information : Lobes of liver The liver , viewed from above , showing the left and right lobes separate dby the falciform ligament . The liver , viewed from below , surface showing four lobes and the impressions . The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above -- a right and a left lobe , seen and four when viewed from below ( left , right , caudate and quadrate lobes ) . The falciform ligament , divides the liver into a left and right lobe . From below , the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes , one in front of the other . A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves . This line is called `` Cantlie 's line '' . Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver ( ligamentum teres ) , which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections . An important anatomical landmark , the porta hepatis , divides this left portion into four segments , which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner . From this parietal view , seven segments can be seen , because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view . Surfaces ( edit ) On the diaphragmatic surface , apart from a small triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm , the liver is covered by a thin double - layered membrane , the peritoneum , that helps to reduce friction against other organs . This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm . The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments . These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints , and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance , though they serve as surface landmarks . The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall . The visceral surface or inferior surface , is uneven and concave . It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis . Impressions ( edit ) Impressions of the liver There are several impressions on the surface of the liver which accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs . Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa , are two impressions , one behind the other and separated by a ridge . The one in front is a shallow colic impression , formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland . The suprarenal impression is a small triangular depressed area on the liver . It is located close to the right of the fossa , between the bare area and the caudate lobe , and immediately above the renal impression . The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland . Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression , lying between it and the neck of the gall - bladder . This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum , and is known as the duodenal impression . The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression . This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach , and to the right of this is a rounded eminence , the tuber omentale , which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum . Microscopic Anatomy ( edit ) Cells , ducts and blood vessels Microscopic anatomy of the liver Types of capillaries -- sinusoid on right Microscopically , each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules . The lobules are roughly hexagonal , and consist of plates of hepatocytes radiating from a central vein . The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver . A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad , which can be found running along each of the lobule 's corners . The portal triad , misleadingly named , consists of five structures : a branch of the hepatic artery , a branch of the hepatic portal vein , and a bile duct , as well as lymphatic vessels and a branch of the vagus nerve . Between the hepatocyte plates are liver sinusoids , which are enlarged capillaries through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters via the portal triads , then drains to the central vein . Histology , the study of microscopic anatomy , shows two major types of liver cell : parenchymal cells and non-parenchymal cells . 70 -- 85 % of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes . Non-parenchymal cells constitute 40 % of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5 % of its volume . The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell , sinusoidal endothelial cells , and phagocytic Kupffer cells . Hepatic stellate cells are non-parenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space , between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte . Additionally , intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen . Functional Anatomy ( edit ) The central area or hilum , known as the porta hepatis is where the common bile duct , hepatic portal vein , and the hepatic artery proper enter the liver . The duct , vein , and artery divide into left and right branches , and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes . The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane , Cantlie 's line , joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava . The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes . The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes . The right lobe is further divided into an anterior and posterior segment by the right hepatic vein . The left lobe is divided into the medial and lateral segments by the left hepatic vein . Couinaud classification system ( edit ) Main article : Liver segment Shape of human liver in animation . Eight subsegments by Couinaud labelled . In the widely used Couinaud ( or `` French '' ) system , the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein . The caudate lobe is a separate structure which receives blood flow from both the right - and left - sided vascular branches . The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent segments . Each segment has its own vascular inflow , outflow and biliary drainage . In the centre of each segment there is a branch of the portal vein , hepatic artery and bile duct . In the periphery of each segment there is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins . The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units ( numbered I to VIII ) , with unit 1 , the caudate lobe , receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of portal vein . It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the IVC . The remainder of the units ( II to VIII ) are numbered in a clockwise fashion : Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression Approximately 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60 % of these genes are expressed in a normal , adult liver . Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver , with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue . A large fraction of the corresponding liver specific proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins . Other liver specific proteins are certain liver enzymes such as HAO1 and RDH16 , proteins involved in bile synthesis such as BAAT and SLC27A5 , and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs , such as ABCB11 and SLC2A2 . Examples of highly liver - specific proteins include apolipoprotein A II , coagulation factors F2 and F9 , complement factor related proteins and the fibrinogen beta chain protein . Development ( edit ) Organogenesis , the development of the organs takes place from the third to the eighth week during embryogenesis . The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the foregut endoderm ( endoderm being one of the 3 embryonic germ layers ) and the constituents of the adjacent septum transversum mesenchyme . In the human embryo , the hepatic diverticulum is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme . The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate , to branch , and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver . A portion of the hepatic diverticulum ( that region closest to the digestive tube ) continues to function as the drainage duct of the liver , and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder . Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme , fibroblast growth factor from the developing heart also contributes to hepatic competence , along with retinoic acid emanating from the lateral plate mesoderm . The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early liver bud . Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts . Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme . After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme , the hepatic architecture begins to be established , with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing . The liver bud separates into the lobes . The left umbilical vein becomes the ductus venosus and the right vitelline vein becomes the portal vein . The expanding liver bud is colonized by hematopoietic cells . The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes . The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins , first producing a monolayer , and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells . In ductal plate , focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer , become surrounded by portal mesenchyme , and undergo tubulogenesis into intrahepatic bile ducts . Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinudoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi . Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion , they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte , and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant glycogen accumulation . In the adult liver , hepatocytes are not equivalent , with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism , carbohydrate metabolism , ammonia detoxification , and bile production and secretion . WNT / β - catenin has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon . At birth the liver comprises roughly 4 % of body weight and is at average 120 g . Over the course of further development , it will increase to 1.4 -- 1.6 kg but will only take up 2.5 -- 3.5 % of body weight . Fetal blood supply ( edit ) In the growing fetus , a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus . The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus , and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver . There it joins with the left branch of the portal vein . The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava , allowing placental blood to bypass the liver . In the fetus , the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the placenta . The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal thymus , creating the T - cells or T - lymphocytes . After birth , the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red bone marrow . After two to five days , the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated ; the former becomes the round ligament of liver and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum . In the disorders of cirrhosis and portal hypertension , the umbilical vein can open up again . Physiology ( edit ) The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes . The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions , usually in combination with other systems and organs . Currently , there is no artificial organ or device capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver . Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis , an experimental treatment for liver failure . Blood supply ( edit ) Liver veins The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries . The hepatic portal vein delivers approximately 75 % of the liver 's blood supply , and carries venous blood drained from the spleen , gastrointestinal tract , and its associated organs . The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver , accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow . Oxygen is provided from both sources ; approximately half of the liver 's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein , and half is met by the hepatic arteries . Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule . The central veins coalesce into hepatic veins , which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava . Biliary flow ( edit ) Main article : Enterohepatic circulation Biliary tract The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts . The biliary tract , also known as the biliary tree , is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine , the duodenum . The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi , small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes . The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule , where they merge to form bile ducts . Within the liver , these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts , and once they exit the liver they are considered extrahepatic . The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts , which exit the liver at the transverse fissure , and merge to form the common hepatic duct . The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct . Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct , or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct . The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla , also known as the ampulla of Vater . Synthesis ( edit ) Further information : Proteins produced and secreted by the liver The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate , protein , amino acid , and lipid metabolism . The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism : The liver synthesizes and stores approximately 100g of glycogen via glycogenesis , the formation of glycogen from glucose . When needed , the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis , the breakdown of glycogen into glucose . The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis , which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate or glycerol . Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breakdown of fat , which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis . The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism , synthesis as well as degradation . It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis . The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors as well as red blood cell production . Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I ( fibrinogen ) , II ( prothrombin ) , V , VII , VIII , IX , X , XI , XIII , as well as protein C , protein S and antithrombin . In the first trimester fetus , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . By the 32nd week of gestation , the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task . The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin , a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow . The liver plays several roles in lipid metabolism : it performs cholesterol synthesis , lipogenesis , the production of triglycerides , and a bulk of the body 's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver . The liver plays a key role in digestion , as it produces and excretes bile ( a yellowish liquid ) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet . Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum , and some is stored in the gallbladder . The liver also produces insulin - like growth factor 1 ( IGF - 1 ) , a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults . Breakdown ( edit ) The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones . The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation , facilitating its excretion into bile . The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products . It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances ( e.g. , methylation ) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism . This sometimes results in toxication , when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor . Preferably , the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine . The liver breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle , and the urea is excreted in the urine . Other functions ( edit ) The liver stores a multitude of substances , including glucose ( in the form of glycogen ) , vitamin A ( 1 -- 2 years ' supply ) , vitamin D ( 1 -- 4 months ' supply ) , vitamin B12 ( 3 -- 5 years ' supply ) , vitamin K , iron , and copper . The liver is responsible for immunological effects -- the mononuclear phagocyte system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells , acting as a ' sieve ' for antigens carried to it via the portal system . The liver produces albumin , the most abundant protein in blood serum . It is essential in the maintenance of oncotic pressure , and acts as a transport for fatty acids and steroid hormones . The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen , a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin , an enzyme that is released when the kidney senses low blood pressure . The liver produces the enzyme catalase in order to break down hydrogen peroxide , a very toxic substance due to it being a powerful oxidising agent , into water and oxygen . Relation to Medicine and pharmacology ( edit ) The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging and therefore any medications that require oxidation ( for instance , benzodiazepines ) are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels . However , medications with shorter half - lives , such as lorazepam and oxazepam , are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : Liver disease Left lobe liver tumor The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body . Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions , the liver is also prone to many diseases . The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity . Hepatitis is a common condition of inflammation of the liver . The most usual cause of this is viral , and the most common of these infections are hepatitis A , B , C , D , and E. Some of these infections are sexually transmitted . Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the Herpesviridae family such as the herpes simplex virus . Chronic ( rather than acute ) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of liver cancer . Globally , about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with HBV ( with 843,724 in the U.S. ) and 142 million are chronically infected with HCV ( with 2.7 million in the U.S. ) . Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E respectively , but these generally resolve , and do not become chronic ( see Hepatitis A , Hepatitis E ) . Hepatitis D virus is a `` satellite '' of hepatitis B virus ( can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B ) , and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B , globally ( see Hepatitis D ) . Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver . This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal . Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under alcoholic liver diseases and these include alcoholic hepatitis , fatty liver , and cirrhosis . Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption , but can also include gender , genetics , and liver insult . Liver damage can also be caused by drugs , particularly paracetamol and drugs used to treat cancer . A rupture of the liver can be caused by a liver shot used in combat sports . Budd -- Chiari syndrome is a condition caused by blockage of the hepatic veins ( including thrombosis ) that drain the liver . It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain , ascites and liver enlargement . Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease of the liver . It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver , with the intralobular ducts ( Canals of Hering ) affected early in the disease . When these ducts are damaged , bile and other toxins build up in the liver ( cholestasis ) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage . This can lead to scarring ( fibrosis ) and cirrhosis . Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver , and can result in portal hypertension . Congested anastomoses between the portal venous system and the systemic circulation , can be a subsequent condition . Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system . The bilirubin results from the breakup of the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells ; normally , the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile . There are also many pediatric liver diseases , including biliary atresia , alpha - 1 antitrypsin deficiency , alagille syndrome , progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis , Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hepatic hemangioma a benign tumour the most common type of liver tumour , thought to be congenital . A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue , usually in later life , and usually asymptomatic , is polycystic liver disease . Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes . However , the liver has a great capacity to regenerate and has a large reserve capacity . In most cases , the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage . Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes . It can be palpated in a liver span measurement . Liver diseases may be diagnosed by liver function tests -- blood tests that can identify various markers . For example , acute - phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation . Symptoms ( edit ) The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following : Pale stools occur when stercobilin , a brown pigment , is absent from the stool . Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver . Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine Jaundice ( yellow skin and / or whites of the eyes ) This is where bilirubin deposits in skin , causing an intense itch . Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure . Often this itch can not be relieved by drugs . Swelling of the abdomen , ankles and feet occurs because the liver fails to make albumin . Excessive fatigue occurs from a generalized loss of nutrients , minerals and vitamins . Bruising and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease . The liver makes substances which help prevent bleeding . When liver damage occurs , these substances are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur . Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson 's capsule in conditions of hepatitis and pre-eclampsia . Diagnosis ( edit ) The diagnosis of liver disease is made by liver function tests , groups of blood tests , that can readily show the extent of liver damage . If infection is suspected , then other serological tests will be carried out . A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness , and some form of imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may also be needed . Sometimes a liver biopsy will be necessary , and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage . This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist . Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the subcapsular anterior surface of the liver . Maximum intensity projection ( MIP ) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver Lateral MIP view in the same patient A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown . Liver regeneration ( edit ) Main article : Liver regeneration The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue ; as little as 25 % of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver . This is , however , not true regeneration but rather compensatory growth in mammals . The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function , not original form . This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored . In some other species , such as fish , the liver undergoes true regeneration by restoring both shape and size of the organ . In the liver , large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active . This is predominantly due to the hepatocytes re-entering the cell cycle . That is , the hepatocytes go from the quiescent G0 phase to the G1 phase and undergo mitosis . This process is activated by the p75 receptors . There is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells , called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes ( not to be confused with oval red blood cells of ovalocytosis ) , which are thought to reside in the canals of Hering . These cells can differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes . Cholangiocytes are the epithelial lining cells of the bile ducts . They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts , but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts . Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver . Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek Titan Prometheus who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus where , each day , his liver was devoured by an eagle , only to grow back each night . The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver 's remarkable capacity for self - repair . Liver transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Liver transplantation Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge , England in 1963 and 1967 , respectively . After resection of left lobe liver tumor Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure . Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis , such as chronic hepatitis C , alcoholism , autoimmune hepatitis , and many others . Less commonly , liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure , in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks . Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury . Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person 's liver is removed ( hepatectomy ) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient . This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation . Only 20 percent of an adult 's liver ( Couinaud segments 2 and 3 ) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child . More recently , adult - to - adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor 's right hepatic lobe , which amounts to 60 percent of the liver . Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate , both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well . This procedure is more controversial , as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor , and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases . A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality , and at least 14 cases have been found . The risk of postoperative complications ( and death ) is far greater in right - sided operations than that in left - sided operations . With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging , living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation . The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row computed tomography ( MDCT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry . MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy . Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy , which makes them unsuitable for donation , could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations . MDCT image . Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver , measure the liver volume , and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure . Phase contrast CT image . Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus . Society and culture ( edit ) In Greek mythology , Prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans , by being chained to a rock where a vulture ( or an eagle ) would peck out his liver , which would regenerate overnight . ( The liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent . ) Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of divination called haruspicy , where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals . In Plato , and in later physiology , the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions ( specifically wrath , jealousy and greed ) which drive men to action . The Talmud ( tractate Berakhot 61b ) refers to the liver as the seat of anger , with the gallbladder counteracting this . The Persian , Urdu , and Hindi languages ( جگر or जिगर or jigar ) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings , or `` their best '' ; e.g. , `` This Mecca has thrown to you the pieces of its liver ! '' . The term jan e jigar , literally `` the strength ( power ) of my liver '' , is a term of endearment in Urdu . In Persian slang , jigar is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable , especially women . In the Zulu language , the word for liver ( isibindi ) is the same as the word for courage . The legend of Liver - Eating Johnson says that he would cut out and eat the liver of each man killed after dinner . In the motion picture The Message , Hind bint Utbah is implied or portrayed eating the liver of Hamza ibn ' Abd al - Muttalib during the Battle of Uhud . Although there are narrations that suggest that Hind did `` taste '' , rather than eat , the liver of Hamza , the authenticity of these narrations has to be questioned . On November 26 , 1987 , the city of Ferrol , Spain , inaugurated what is believed to be the only monument to the liver in the world . The then - mayor , Jaime Quintanilla , also happened to be a doctor , and thought appropriate to promote the monument . At an approximate cost of $3.200 , the monument stands in the village of Balón . A plaque reads ( In Galician language , free translation ) : `` The Liver ( is the ) basis of Life '' , and below `` Through History , Mankind tried to cure all illness . By helping it on this duty , you are doing a great job . We are grateful for it '' . Food ( edit ) Main article : Liver ( food ) The liver of mammals , fowl , and fish are commonly eaten as food by humans . Domestic pig , ox , lamb , calf , chicken , and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets . Liver can be baked , boiled , broiled , fried , stir - fried , or eaten raw ( asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine , or liver sashimi in Japanese cuisine . In many preparations , pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys , like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill ( e.g. meurav Yerushalmi ) . Liver is often made into spreads . Well - known examples include liver pâté , foie gras , chopped liver , and leverpastej . Liver sausages such as Braunschweiger and liverwurst are also a valued meal . Liver sausages may also be used as spreads . A traditional South African delicacy , namely skilpadjies , is made of minced lamb 's liver wrapped in netvet ( caul fat ) , and grilled over an open fire . Animal livers are rich in iron and vitamin A , and cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement . Traditionally , some fish livers were valued as food , especially the stingray liver . It was used to prepare delicacies , such as poached skate liver on toast in England , as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine . Other animals ( edit ) Sheep 's liver The liver is found in all vertebrates , and is typically the largest visceral ( internal ) organ . Its form varies considerably in different species , and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs . Nonetheless , in most species it is divided into right and left lobes ; exceptions to this general rule include snakes , where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar - like form . The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates . An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus . Although it performs many functions of a liver , it is not considered a true liver but a homolog of the vertebrate liver . The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver - specific proteins vitellogenin , antithrombin , plasminogen , alanine aminotransferase , and insulin / Insulin - like growth factor ( IGF ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Elias , H. ; Bengelsdorf , H. ( 1 July 1952 ) . `` The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 14 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 337 . doi : 10.1159 / 000140715 . 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Jump up ^ Kuntz , Erwin ; Kuntz , Hans - Dieter ( 2009 ) . `` Liver resection '' . Hepatology : Textbook and Atlas ( 3rd ed . ) . Springer . pp. 900 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 76839 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Inderbir ( 2008 ) . `` The Liver Pancreas and Spleen '' . Textbook of Anatomy with Colour Atlas . Jaypee Brothers . pp. 592 -- 606 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8061 - 833 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : McMinn , R.M.H. ( 2003 ) . `` Liver and Biliary Tract '' . Last 's Anatomy : Regional and Applied . Elsevier . pp. 342 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7295 - 3752 - 0 . Jump up ^ Skandalakis , Lee J. ; Skandalakis , John E. ; Skandalakis , Panajiotis N. ( 2009 ) . `` Liver '' . Surgical Anatomy and Technique : A Pocket Manual . pp. 497 -- 531 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 09515 - 8_13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 09515 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary 2012 , p. 925 . ^ Jump up to : Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext . Benjamin - Cummings Pub Co. 2012 . ISBN 9780321852120 . ^ Jump up to : Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext . Benjamin - Cummings Pub Co. 2012 . p. 881 . ISBN 9780321852120 . ^ Jump up to : Kmieć Z ( 2001 ) . `` Cooperation of liver cells in health and disease '' . Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 161 : III -- XIII , 1 -- 151 . PMID 11729749 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Gillian ( 2006 ) . Human Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 404 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Couinaud classification Radiology Reference Article '' . Radiopaedia.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Three - dimensional Anatomy of the Couinaud Liver Segments '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Strunk , H. ; Stuckmann , G. ; Textor , J. ; Willinek , W. ( 2003 ) . `` Limitations and pitfalls of Couinaud 's segmentation of the liver in transaxial Imaging '' . European Radiology. 13 ( 11 ) : 2472 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s00330 - 003 - 1885 - 9 . PMID 12728331 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Radiology Assistant : Anatomy of the liver segments '' . Radiologyassistant.nl. 2006 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in liver - The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Uhlén , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 . Jump up ^ Kampf , Caroline ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Edlund , Karolina ; Lundberg , Emma ; Pontén , Fredrik ; Nielsen , Jens ; Uhlen , Mathias ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The human liver - specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody - based profiling '' . The FASEB Journal . 28 ( 7 ) : 2901 -- 2914 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 14 - 250555 . ISSN 0892 - 6638 . PMID 24648543 . Jump up ^ Gilbert SF ( 2000 ) . Developmental Biology ( 6th ed . ) . Sunderland ( MA ) : Sinauer Associates . ^ Jump up to : Lade AG , Monga SP ( 2011 ) . `` Beta - catenin signaling in hepatic development and progenitors : which way does the WNT blow ? '' . Dev Dyn. 240 ( 3 ) : 486 -- 500 . doi : 10.1002 / dvdy. 22522 . PMC 4444432 . PMID 21337461 . Jump up ^ Berg T , DeLanghe S , Al Alam D , Utley S , Estrada J , Wang KS ( 2010 ) . `` β - catenin regulates mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation during hepatogenesis '' . J Surg Res. 164 ( 2 ) : 276 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jss. 2009.10. 033 . PMC 2904820 . PMID 20381814 . Jump up ^ Clemente , Carmin D. ( 2011 ) . Anatomy a Regional Atlas of the Human Body . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58255 - 889 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shneider , Benjamin L. ; Sherman , Philip M. ( 2008 ) . Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease . Connecticut : PMPH - USA . p. 751 . ISBN 1 - 55009 - 364 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext . Benjamin - Cummings Pub Co. 2012 . p. 939 . ISBN 9780321852120 . Jump up ^ Jelkmann , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) . `` The role of the liver in the production of thrombopoietin compared with erythropoietin '' . European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 ( 7 ) : 791 -- 801 . doi : 10.1097 / 00042737 - 200107000 - 00006 . PMID 11474308 . Jump up ^ `` If a person stops consuming the vitamin , the body 's stores of this vitamin usually take about 3 to 5 years to exhaust '' . Jump up ^ Cirrhosis Overview National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Hepatitis A , B , and C Center : Symptoms , Causes , Tests , Transmission , and Treatments . Webmd.com ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schweitzer A , Horn J , Mikolajczyk RT , Krause G , Ott JJ ( 2015 ) . `` Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection : a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013 '' . Lancet . 386 ( 10003 ) : 1546 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 15 ) 61412 - X . PMID 26231459 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries , 1990 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1545 -- 1602 . 2016 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31678 - 6 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 . Jump up ^ `` www.hepatitisc.uw.edu '' . Jump up ^ `` WHO Hepatitis E '' . Jump up ^ Dény P ( 2006 ) . `` Hepatitis delta virus genetic variability : from genotypes I , II , III to eight major clades ? '' . Curr . Top . Microbiol . Immunol. 307 : 151 -- 71 . PMID 16903225 . Jump up ^ Rajani R , Melin T , Björnsson E , Broomé U , Sangfelt P , Danielsson A , Gustavsson A , Grip O , Svensson H , Lööf L , Wallerstedt S , Almer SH ( Feb 2009 ) . `` Budd - Chiari syndrome in Sweden : epidemiology , clinical characteristics and survival -- an 18 - year experience '' . Liver International . 29 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 3231.2008. 01838. x . PMID 18694401 . Jump up ^ Hirschfield , GM ; Gershwin , ME ( Jan 24 , 2013 ) . `` The immunobiology and pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis '' . Annual Review of Pathology. 8 : 303 -- 30 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - pathol - 020712 - 164014 . PMID 23347352 . Jump up ^ Dancygier , Henryk ( 2010 ) . Clinical Hepatology Principles and Practice of . Springer . pp. 895 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 04509 - 7 . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Saxena , Romil ; Theise , Neil ( 2004 ) . `` Canals of Hering : Recent Insights and Current Knowledge '' . Seminars in Liver Disease . 24 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 8 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 823100 . PMID 15085485 . Jump up ^ Extraintestinal Complications : Liver Disease Crohn 's & Colitis Foundation of America . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Liver Information Archived 2010 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . HealthLine . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Ghent , Cam N ( 2009 ) . `` Who should be performing liver biopsies ? '' . Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 ( 6 ) : 437 -- 8 . PMC 2721812 . PMID 19543575 . Jump up ^ Sheporaitis , L ; Freeny , PC ( 1998 ) . `` Hepatic and portal surface veins : A new anatomic variant revealed during abdominal CT '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 171 ( 6 ) : 1559 -- 64 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 171.6. 9843288 . PMID 9843288 . Jump up ^ Häussinger , Dieter , ed. ( 2011 ) . Liver Regeneration . Berlin : De Gruyter . p. 1 . ISBN 9783110250794 . Jump up ^ Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease ( 7th ed . ) . 1999 . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 8089 - 2302 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chu , Jaime ; Sadler , Kirsten C. ( 2009 ) . `` New school in liver development : Lessons from zebrafish '' . Hepatology. 50 ( 5 ) : 1656 -- 63 . doi : 10.1002 / hep. 23157 . PMC 3093159 . PMID 19693947 . Jump up ^ W.T. Councilman ( 1913 ) . `` Two '' . Disease and Its Causes . New York Henry Holt and Company London Williams and Norgate The University Press , Cambridge , U.S.A. Jump up ^ Suzuki K , Tanaka M , Watanabe N , Saito S , Nonaka H , Miyajima A ( 2008 ) . `` p75 Neurotrophin receptor is a marker for precursors of stellate cells and portal fibroblasts in mouse fetal liver '' . Gastroenterology. 135 ( 1 ) : 270 -- 281. e3 . doi : 10.1053 / j. gastro. 2008.03. 075 . PMID 18515089 . Jump up ^ Tietz PS , Larusso NF ( May 2006 ) . `` Cholangiocyte biology '' . Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 22 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 87 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mog. 0000218965.78558. bc . PMID 16550043 . Jump up ^ An argument for the ancient Greek 's knowing about liver regeneration is provided by Chen , T.S. ; Chen , P.S. ( 1994 ) . `` The myth of Prometheus and the liver '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 87 ( 12 ) : 754 -- 755 . PMC 1294986 . PMID 7853302 . Counterarguments are provided by Tiniakos , D.G. ; Kandilis , A. ; Geller , S.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tityus : A forgotten myth of liver regeneration '' . Journal of Hepatology. 53 ( 2 ) : 357 -- 361 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhep. 2010.02. 032 . PMID 20472318 . and by Power , C. ; Rasko , J.E. ( 2008 ) . `` Whither prometheus ' liver ? Greek myth and the science of regeneration '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 149 ( 6 ) : 421 -- 426 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 149 - 6 - 200809160 - 00009 . PMID 18794562 . Jump up ^ Bramstedt K ( 2006 ) . `` Living liver donor mortality : where do we stand ? '' . Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 ( 4 ) : 755 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1572 - 0241.2006. 00421. x . PMID 16494593 . Jump up ^ Krishna , Gopi ; Hillman , James ( 1970 ) . Kundalini -- the evolutionary energy in man . London : Stuart & Watkins . p. 77 . ISBN 1570622809 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Great Battle Of Badar ( Yaum - E-Furqan ) . Shawuniversitymosque.org ( 2006 - 07 - 08 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` La Voz de Galicia `` Ferrol monument mentioned in US newspaper '' 07 / 30 / 2015 `` '' . Jump up ^ Schwabe , Calvin W. ( 1979 ) . Unmentionable Cuisine . University of Virginia Press . pp. 313 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1162 - 5 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 354 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Yuan , Shaochun ; Ruan , Jie ; Huang , Shengfeng ; Chen , Shangwu ; Xu , Anlong ( 2015 ) . `` Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system '' ( PDF ) . Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 48 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 305 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dci. 2014.05. 004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yu , Jr - Kai Sky ; Lecroisey , Claire ; Le Pétillon , Yann ; Escriva , Hector ; Lammert , Eckhard ; Laudet , Vincent ( 2015 ) . `` Identification , Evolution and Expression of an Insulin - Like Peptide in the Cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 3 ) : e0119461 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119461 . PMC 4361685 . PMID 25774519 . Jump up ^ Escriva , Hector ; Chao , Yeqing ; Fan , Chunxin ; Liang , Yujun ; Gao , Bei ; Zhang , Shicui ( 2012 ) . `` A Novel Serpin with Antithrombin - Like Activity in Branchiostoma japonicum : Implications for the Presence of a Primitive Coagulation System '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) : e32392 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0032392 . PMC 3299649 . PMID 22427833 . Jump up ^ Guo , Bin ; Zhang , Shicui ; Wang , Shaohui ; Liang , Yujun ( 2009 ) . `` Expression , mitogenic activity and regulation by growth hormone of growth hormone / insulin - like growth factor in Branchiostoma belcheri '' ( PDF ) . Cell and Tissue Research . 338 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 77 . doi : 10.1007 / s00441 - 009 - 0824 - 8 . PMID 19657677 . Works cited ( edit ) Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders. 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 0985 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up liver in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Livers . Liver at the Human Protein Atlas Liver at the Open Directory Project . VIRTUAL Liver -- online learning resource Liver enzymes ( hide ) Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell GND : 4034933 - 0 NDL : 00565010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liver&oldid=819373624 '' Categories : Liver Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лакку Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 00 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the size of a human liver | [
"The liver is a reddish-brown wedge-shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs 1.44–1.66 kg (3.2–3.7 lb),[10] and has a width of about 15 cm.[11] It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder.[5]"
] | [
"weighs 1.44–1.66 kg (3.2–3.7 lb),[10] and has a width of about 15 cm"
] |
-6233872532546289925 | Go Rest High on That Mountain | Go Rest High on that Mountain - Wikipedia Go Rest High on that Mountain `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Single by Vince Gill from the album When Love Finds You B - side `` Maybe Tonight '' Released August 28 , 1995 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded Genre Country Length 5 : 15 ( Album version ) 4 : 27 ( Radio edit ) Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Vince Gill Producer ( s ) Tony Brown Vince Gill singles chronology `` You Better Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' ( 1995 ) `` High Lonesome Sound '' ( 1996 ) `` You Better Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' ( 1995 ) `` High Lonesome Sound '' ( 1996 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill . It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You . It is a eulogic ballad . Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley , who died in 1989 . Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob , in 1993 , of a heart attack . Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record . The song won the CMA 's Song of the Year award in 1996 and a BMI Most - Performed Song award in 1997 . It also received two Grammy Awards for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Song in the 38th Grammy Awards . The single reached No. 14 on the Country Singles chart in 1995 . It has sold 648,000 digital copies in the US since becoming available for download . On May 2 , 2013 , Gill performed the song with Loveless at the funeral of fellow country artist George Jones . At one point during the performance , Gill became too emotional to sing some of the words , but was able to complete the song by focusing primarily on his guitar playing . In a speech just prior to Gill 's and Loveless ' performance , Gill underlined their duet by stating that he always was aware of a `` special anointing '' in his duets with Loveless , and compared them particularly to Jones ' duets with singer Melba Montgomery during the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 Notes Critical reception ( edit ) Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably calling the song `` beautiful , majestic , and easily one of the best singles of Gill 's already distinguished career . '' She goes on to say that the composition `` boasts a touching spiritual lyric and Gill 's consistently impeccable vocal delivery . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in mid-1995 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' debuted at number 70 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 2 , 1995 . The song has sold 777,000 digital copies as of December 2017 after it became available for download in the U.S. Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 74 See also ( edit ) Vince Gill discography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cash , Rosanne ; Rudder , Randy ( 2006 ) . Country Music Reader . Country Music Books . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 9769745 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carlin , Richard ( 2003 ) . Country Music : A Biographical Dictionary . Taylor & Francis . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93802 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners search '' . Grammy.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gill > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : December 7 , 2015 '' . RoughStock . Jump up ^ YouTube . Grand Ole Opry . Vince Gill and Patty Loveless - `` Go Rest High On That Mountain '' at George Jones ' Funeral Opry. 2013 Possum Tracks Touring Co . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . YouTube Jump up ^ Billboard , September 2 , 1995 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2841 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gill Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Awards and achievements Preceded by `` Independence Day '' performed by Martina McBride CMA Award for Song of the Year - `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' by Vince Gill Succeeded by Matraca Berg & Gary Harrison -- `` Strawberry Wine '' hide Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_Rest_High_on_That_Mountain&oldid=825158665 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1994 songs Vince Gill songs Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by Vince Gill Songs in memory of deceased persons MCA Records singles Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote go rest high on that mountain | [
"\"Go Rest High on That Mountain\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You. It is a eulogic ballad. Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley, who died in 1989. Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob, in 1993, of a heart attack. Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record."
] | [
"Vince Gill"
] |
-3668926942634511494 | Anabolic steroid | Anabolic steroid - wikipedia Anabolic steroid This article is about androgens as medications . For androgens as natural hormones , see Androgen . Anabolic -- androgenic steroids Drug class Chemical structure of the natural AAS testosterone ( androst - 4 - en - 17β - ol - 3 - one ) . Class identifiers Synonyms Anabolic steroids ; Androgens Use Various ATC code A14A Biological target Androgen receptor Chemical class Steroids ; Androstanes ; Estranes Clinical data Drugs.com Drug Classes External links MeSH D045165 In Wikidata Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic -- androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , `` that which is thrown up , mound '' . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high - intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long - term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low - density lipoprotein and decreased high - density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization . Ergogenic uses for AAS in sports , racing , and bodybuilding as performance - enhancing drugs are controversial because of their adverse effects and the potential to gain unfair advantage in physical competitions . Their use is referred to as doping and banned by most major sporting bodies . For many years , AAS have been by far the most detected doping substances in IOC - accredited laboratories . In countries where AAS are controlled substances , there is often a black market in which smuggled , clandestinely manufactured or even counterfeit drugs are sold to users . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Medical 1.1. 1 Anabolic 1.1. 2 Androgenic 1.1. 3 Other 1.2 Enhancing performance 1.3 Available forms 1.3. 1 Routes of administration 2 Adverse effects 2.1 Physiological 2.1. 1 Cancer 2.1. 2 Cardiovascular 2.1. 3 Growth defects 2.1. 4 Feminization 2.1. 5 Masculinization 2.1. 6 Kidney problems 2.1. 7 Liver problems 2.2 Neuropsychiatric 2.2. 1 Diagnostic Statistical Manual assertion 2.2. 2 Personality profiles 2.2. 3 Mood and anxiety 2.2. 4 Aggression and hypomania 2.3 Reproductive 3 Pharmacology 3.1 Mechanism of action 3.2 Anabolic and androgenic effects 3.2. 1 Body composition and strength improvements 3.3 Dissociation of effects 3.3. 1 Intracellular metabolism 3.3. 2 Functional selectivity 3.3. 3 Non-genomic mechanisms 3.3. 4 Antigonadotropic effects 3.4 GABA receptor modulation 3.5 Comparison of AAS 3.5. 1 5α - Reductase and androgenicity 3.5. 2 Aromatase and estrogenicity 3.5. 3 Progestogenic activity 3.5. 4 Oral activity and hepatotoxicity 3.5. 5 Neurosteroid activity 4 Chemistry 4.1 Detection in body fluids 5 History 5.1 Discovery of androgens 5.2 Development of synthetic AAS 6 Society and culture 6.1 Etymology 6.2 Legal status 6.2. 1 United States 6.2. 2 United Kingdom 6.3 Status in sports 6.4 Usage 6.4. 1 Law enforcement 6.4. 2 Professional wrestling 6.5 Economics 7 Research 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Uses ( edit ) Medical ( edit ) Various AAS and related compounds . Since the discovery and synthesis of testosterone in the 1930s , AAS have been used by physicians for many purposes , with varying degrees of success . These can broadly be grouped into anabolic , androgenic , and other uses . Anabolic ( edit ) Bone marrow stimulation : For decades , AAS were the mainstay of therapy for hypoplastic anemias due to leukemia or kidney failure , especially aplastic anemia . AAS have largely been replaced in this setting by synthetic protein hormones ( such as epoetin alfa ) that selectively stimulate growth of blood cell precursors . Growth stimulation : AAS can be used by pediatric endocrinologists to treat children with growth failure . However , the availability of synthetic growth hormone , which has fewer side effects , makes this a secondary treatment . Stimulation of appetite and preservation and increase of muscle mass : AAS have been given to people with chronic wasting conditions such as cancer and AIDS . Stimulation of lean body mass and prevention of bone loss in elderly men , as some studies indicate . However , a 2006 placebo - controlled trial of low - dose testosterone supplementation in elderly men with low levels of testosterone found no benefit on body composition , physical performance , insulin sensitivity , or quality of life . Prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women . Nandrolone decanoate is approved for this use . Although they have been indicated for this indication , AAS saw very little use for this purpose due to their virilizing side effects . Androgenic ( edit ) Androgen replacement therapy for men with low levels of testosterone ; also effective in improving libido for elderly males . Induction of male puberty : Androgens are given to many boys distressed about extreme delay of puberty . Testosterone is now nearly the only androgen used for this purpose and has been shown to increase height , weight , and fat - free mass in boys with delayed puberty . Masculinizing hormone therapy for transgender men , other transmasculine people , and intersex people , by producing masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as a voice deepening , increased bone and muscle mass , masculine fat distribution , facial and body hair , and clitoral enlargement , as well as mental changes such as alleviation of gender dysphoria and increased sex drive . Other ( edit ) Treatment of breast cancer in women , although they are now very rarely used for this purpose due to their marked virilizing side effects . In low doses as a component of hormone therapy for postmenopausal and transgender women , for instance to increase energy , well - being , libido , and quality of life , as well as to reduce hot flashes . Testosterone is usually used for this purpose , although methyltestosterone is also used . Male hormonal contraception ; currently experimental , but potential for use as effective , safe , reliable , and reversible male contraceptives . Enhancing performance ( edit ) See also : Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids Numerous vials of injectable AAS Most steroid users are not athletes . Between 1 million and 3 million people ( 1 % of the population ) are thought to have used AAS in the United States . Studies in the United States have shown that AAS users tend to be mostly middle - class heterosexual men with a median age of about 25 who are noncompetitive bodybuilders and non-athletes and use the drugs for cosmetic purposes . `` Among 12 - to 17 - year - old boys , use of steroids and similar drugs jumped 25 percent from 1999 to 2000 , with 20 percent saying they use them for looks rather than sports , a study by insurer Blue Cross Blue Shield found . '' ( Eisenhauer ) Another study found that non-medical use of AAS among college students was at or less than 1 % . According to a recent survey , 78.4 % of steroid users were noncompetitive bodybuilders and non-athletes , while about 13 % reported unsafe injection practices such as reusing needles , sharing needles , and sharing multidose vials , though a 2007 study found that sharing of needles was extremely uncommon among individuals using AAS for non-medical purposes , less than 1 % . Another 2007 study found that 74 % of non-medical AAS users had post-secondary degrees and more had completed college and fewer had failed to complete high school than is expected from the general populace . The same study found that individuals using AAS for non-medical purposes had a higher employment rate and a higher household income than the general population . AAS users tend to research the drugs they are taking more than other controlled - substance users ; however , the major sources consulted by steroid users include friends , non-medical handbooks , internet - based forums , blogs , and fitness magazines , which can provide questionable or inaccurate information . AAS users tend to be unhappy with the portrayal of AAS as deadly in the media and in politics . According to one study , AAS users also distrust their physicians and in the sample 56 % had not disclosed their AAS use to their physicians . Another 2007 study had similar findings , showing that , while 66 % of individuals using AAS for non-medical purposes were willing to seek medical supervision for their steroid use , 58 % lacked trust in their physicians , 92 % felt that the medical community 's knowledge of non-medical AAS use was lacking , and 99 % felt that the public has an exaggerated view of the side - effects of AAS use . A recent study has also shown that long term AAS users were more likely to have symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and also showed stronger endorsement of more conventional male roles . A recent study in the Journal of Health Psychology showed that many users believed that steroids used in moderation were safe . AAS have been used by men and women in many different kinds of professional sports to attain a competitive edge or to assist in recovery from injury . These sports include bodybuilding , weightlifting , shot put and other track and field , cycling , baseball , wrestling , mixed martial arts , boxing , football , and cricket . Such use is prohibited by the rules of the governing bodies of most sports . AAS use occurs among adolescents , especially by those participating in competitive sports . It has been suggested that the prevalence of use among high - school students in the U.S. may be as high as 2.7 % . Male students used AAS more frequently than female students and , on average , those that participated in sports used steroids more often than those that did not . Available forms ( edit ) See also : List of androgens / anabolic steroids The AAS that have been used most commonly in medicine are testosterone and its many esters ( but most typically testosterone undecanoate , testosterone enanthate , testosterone cypionate , and testosterone propionate ) , nandrolone esters ( typically nandrolone decanoate and nandrolone phenylpropionate ) , stanozolol , and metandienone ( methandrostenolone ) . Others that have also been available and used commonly but to a lesser extent include methyltestosterone , oxandrolone , mesterolone , and oxymetholone , as well as drostanolone propionate ( dromostanolone propionate ) , metenolone ( methylandrostenolone ) esters ( specifically metenolone acetate and metenolone enanthate ) , and fluoxymesterone . Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , known as androstanolone or stanolone when used medically , and its esters are also notable , although they are not widely used in medicine . Boldenone undecylenate and trenbolone acetate are used in veterinary medicine . Designer steroids are AAS that have not been approved and marketed for medical use but have been distributed through the black market . Examples of notable designer steroids include 1 - testosterone ( dihydroboldenone ) , methasterone , trenbolone enanthate , desoxymethyltestosterone , tetrahydrogestrinone , and methylstenbolone . Major AAS marketed for clinical or veterinary use show Generic name Class Brand name ( s ) Route ( s ) Launch Hits Androstanolone Dihydrotestosterone Andractim , others Many 1953 125,000 Boldenone undecylenate ( vet ) Testosterone ; 17β - Esterified Equipoise , Parenabol IM 1960s 544,000 Danazol Testosterone ; 17α - Alkynylated Danocrine Oral 1971 1,670,000 Drostanolone propionate Dihydrotestosterone ; 17β - Esterified Masteron IM 1961 574,000 Ethylestrenol 19 - Nortestosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Maxibolin , Orabolin Oral 1961 117,000 Fluoxymesterone Testosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Halotestin , Ultandren Oral 1957 478,000 Mestanolone Dihydrotestosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Androstalone , Ermalone Oral 1950s 278,000 Mesterolone Dihydrotestosterone Proviron Oral 1934 528,000 Metandienone Testosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Dianabol Oral , IM 1958 996,000 Metenolone acetate Dihydrotestosterone ; 17β - Esterified Primobolan Oral 1961 224,000 Metenolone enanthate Dihydrotestosterone ; 17β - Esterified Primobolan Depot IM 1962 371,000 Methyltestosterone Testosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Metandren Oral 1936 597,000 Nandrolone decanoate 19 - Nortestosterone ; 17β - Esterified Deca - Durabolin IM 1962 926,000 Nandrolone phenylpropionate 19 - Nortestosterone ; 17β - Esterified Durabolin IM 1959 395,000 Norethandrolone 19 - Nortestosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Nilevar , Pronabol Oral 1956 124,000 Oxandrolone Dihydrotestosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Oxandrin , Anavar Oral 1964 1,280,000 Oxymetholone Dihydrotestosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Anadrol , Anapolon Oral 1961 902,000 Prasterone ( DHEA ) Testosterone ; Prohormone Numerous Many 1970s 11,600,000 Stanozolol Dihydrotestosterone ; 17α - Alkylated Winstrol , Stromba Oral , IM 1962 1,790,000 Testosterone Testosterone Numerous Many 1937 12,700,000 Testosterone cypionate Testosterone ; 17β - Esterified Depo - Testosterone IM 1951 1,290,000 Testosterone enanthate Testosterone ; 17β - Esterified Delatestryl IM 1954 1,210,000 Testosterone propionate Testosterone ; 17β - Esterified Testoviron IM 1937 1,010,000 Testosterone undecanoate Testosterone ; 17β - Esterified Aveed , Andriol , Nebido Oral , IM 1970s 385,000 Trenbolone acetate ( vet ) 19 - Nortestosterone ; 17β - Esterified Finajet , Finaject IM 1970s 651,000 = Mostly discontinued or withdrawn . = Fully discontinued or withdrawn . Vet = Veterinary only . Hits = Google Search hits ( as of December 2017 ) . Routes of administration ( edit ) A vial of injectable testosterone cypionate There are four common forms in which AAS are administered : oral pills ; injectable steroids ; creams / gels for topical application ; and skin patches . Oral administration is the most convenient . Testosterone administered by mouth is rapidly absorbed , but it is largely converted to inactive metabolites , and only about one - sixth is available in active form . In order to be sufficiently active when given by mouth , testosterone derivatives are alkylated at the 17α position , e.g. methyltestosterone and fluoxymesterone . This modification reduces the liver 's ability to break down these compounds before they reach the systemic circulation . Testosterone can be administered parenterally , but it has more irregular prolonged absorption time and greater activity in muscle in enanthate , undecanoate , or cypionate ester form . These derivatives are hydrolyzed to release free testosterone at the site of injection ; absorption rate ( and thus injection schedule ) varies among different esters , but medical injections are normally done anywhere between semi-weekly to once every 12 weeks . A more frequent schedule may be desirable in order to maintain a more constant level of hormone in the system . Injectable steroids are typically administered into the muscle , not into the vein , to avoid sudden changes in the amount of the drug in the bloodstream . In addition , because estered testosterone is dissolved in oil , intravenous injection has the potential to cause a dangerous embolism ( clot ) in the bloodstream . Transdermal patches ( adhesive patches placed on the skin ) may also be used to deliver a steady dose through the skin and into the bloodstream . Testosterone - containing creams and gels that are applied daily to the skin are also available , but absorption is inefficient ( roughly 10 % , varying between individuals ) and these treatments tend to be more expensive . Individuals who are especially physically active and / or bathe often may not be good candidates , since the medication can be washed off and may take up to six hours to be fully absorbed . There is also the risk that an intimate partner or child may come in contact with the application site and inadvertently dose himself or herself ; children and women are highly sensitive to testosterone and can suffer unintended masculinization and health effects , even from small doses . Injection is the most common method used by individuals administering AAS for non-medical purposes . The traditional routes of administration do not have differential effects on the efficacy of the drug . Studies indicate that the anabolic properties of AAS are relatively similar despite the differences in pharmacokinetic principles such as first - pass metabolism . However , the orally available forms of AAS may cause liver damage in high doses . Adverse effects ( edit ) Known possible side effects of AAS include : Dermatological / integumental : oily skin , acne vulgaris , acne conglobata , seborrhea , stretch marks ( due to rapid muscle enlargement ) , hypertrichosis ( excessive body hair growth ) , androgenic alopecia ( pattern hair loss ; scalp baldness ) , fluid retention / edema . Reproductive / endocrine : libido changes , reversible infertility , hypogonadotropic hypogonadism . Male - specific : spontaneous erections , nocturnal emissions , priapism , erectile dysfunction , gynecomastia ( mostly only with aromatizable and hence estrogenic AAS ) , oligospermia / azoospermia , testicular atrophy , intratesticular leiomyosarcoma , prostate hypertrophy , prostate cancer . Female - specific : masculinization , irreversible voice deepening , hirsutism ( excessive facial / body hair growth ) , menstrual disturbances ( e.g. , anovulation , oligomenorrhea , amenorrhea , dysmenorrhea ) , clitoral enlargement , breast atrophy , uterine atrophy , teratogenicity ( in female fetuses ) . Child - specific : premature epiphyseal closure and associated short stature , precocious puberty in boys , delayed puberty and contrasexual precocity in girls . Psychiatric / neurological : mood swings , irritability , aggression , violent behavior , impulsivity / recklessness , hypomania / mania , euphoria , depression , anxiety , dysphoria , suicidality , delusions , psychosis , withdrawal , dependence , neurotoxicity , cognitive impairment . Musculoskeletal : muscle hypertrophy , muscle strains , tendon ruptures , rhabdomyolysis . Cardiovascular : dyslipidemia ( e.g. , increased LDL levels , decreased HDL levels , reduced apo - A1 levels ) , atherosclerosis , hypertension , left ventricular hypertrophy , cardiomyopathy , myocardial hypertrophy , polycythemia / erythrocytosis , arrhythmias , thrombosis ( e.g. , embolism , stroke ) , myocardial infarction , sudden death . Hepatic : elevated liver function tests ( AST , ALT , bilirubin , LDH , ALP ) , hepatotoxicity , jaundice , hepatic steatosis , hepatocellular adenoma , hepatocellular carcinoma , cholestasis , peliosis hepatis ; all mostly or exclusively with 17α - alkylated AAS . Renal : renal hypertrophy , nephropathy , acute renal failure ( secondary to rhabdomyolysis ) , focal segmental glomerulosclerosis , renal cell carcinoma . Others : glucose intolerance , insulin resistance , immune dysfunction . Physiological ( edit ) Depending on the length of drug abuse , there is a chance that the immune system can be damaged . Most of these side - effects are dose - dependent , the most common being elevated blood pressure , especially in those with pre-existing hypertension . In addition to morphological changes of the heart which may alter cardiovascular inefficiency irreversibly . AAS have been shown to alter fasting blood sugar and glucose tolerance tests . AAS such as testosterone also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or coronary artery disease . Acne is fairly common among AAS users , mostly due to stimulation of the sebaceous glands by increased testosterone levels . Conversion of testosterone to DHT can accelerate the rate of premature baldness for males genetically predisposed , but testosterone itself can produce baldness in females . A number of severe side effects can occur if adolescents use AAS . For example , AAS may prematurely stop the lengthening of bones ( premature epiphyseal fusion through increased levels of estrogen metabolites ) , resulting in stunted growth . Other effects include , but are not limited to , accelerated bone maturation , increased frequency and duration of erections , and premature sexual development . AAS use in adolescence is also correlated with poorer attitudes related to health . Cancer ( edit ) WHO organization International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) list AAS under Group 2A : Probably carcinogenic to humans . Cardiovascular ( edit ) Other side - effects can include alterations in the structure of the heart , such as enlargement and thickening of the left ventricle , which impairs its contraction and relaxation , and therefore reducing ejected blood volume . Possible effects of these alterations in the heart are hypertension , cardiac arrhythmias , congestive heart failure , heart attacks , and sudden cardiac death . These changes are also seen in non-drug - using athletes , but steroid use may accelerate this process . However , both the connection between changes in the structure of the left ventricle and decreased cardiac function , as well as the connection to steroid use have been disputed . AAS use can cause harmful changes in cholesterol levels : Some steroids cause an increase in LDL `` bad '' cholesterol and a decrease in HDL `` good '' cholesterol . In addition , steroids provoke a rapid increase in body weight and an accompanying rise in blood pressure , both of which leave users more vulnerable to a cardiovascular event . Growth defects ( edit ) AAS use in adolescents quickens bone maturation and may reduce adult height in high doses . Low doses of AAS such as oxandrolone are used in the treatment of idiopathic short stature , but this may only quicken maturation rather than increasing adult height . Feminization ( edit ) 22 - year - old man with gynecomastia not due to AAS use . Before and after gynecomastia surgery . See also : Feminization ( biology ) There are also sex - specific side effects of AAS . Development of breast tissue in males , a condition called gynecomastia ( which is usually caused by high levels of circulating estradiol ) , may arise because of increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the enzyme aromatase . Reduced sexual function and temporary infertility can also occur in males . Another male - specific side - effect that can occur is testicular atrophy , caused by the suppression of natural testosterone levels , which inhibits production of sperm ( most of the mass of the testes is developing sperm ) . This side - effect is temporary ; the size of the testicles usually returns to normal within a few weeks of discontinuing AAS use as normal production of sperm resumes . Masculinization ( edit ) See also : Virilization Female - specific side effects include increases in body hair , permanent deepening of the voice , enlarged clitoris , and temporary decreases in menstrual cycles . Alteration of fertility and ovarian cysts can also occur in females . When taken during pregnancy , AAS can affect fetal development by causing the development of male features in the female fetus and female features in the male fetus . Kidney problems ( edit ) Kidney tests revealed that nine of the ten steroid users developed a condition called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis , a type of scarring within the kidneys . The kidney damage in the bodybuilders has similarities to that seen in morbidly obese patients , but appears to be even more severe . Liver problems ( edit ) High doses of oral AAS compounds can cause liver damage . Peliosis hepatis has been increasingly recognised with the use of AAS . Neuropsychiatric ( edit ) Addiction experts in psychiatry , chemistry , pharmacology , forensic science , epidemiology , and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs . AAS were ranked 19th in dependence , 9th in physical harm , and 15th in social harm . See also : Anabolic -- androgenic steroids abuse A 2005 review in CNS Drugs determined that `` significant psychiatric symptoms including aggression and violence , mania , and less frequently psychosis and suicide have been associated with steroid abuse . Long - term steroid abusers may develop symptoms of dependence and withdrawal on discontinuation of AAS '' . High concentrations of AAS , comparable to those likely sustained by many recreational AAS users , produce apoptotic effects on neurons , raising the specter of possibly irreversible neurotoxicity . Recreational AAS use appears to be associated with a range of potentially prolonged psychiatric effects , including dependence syndromes , mood disorders , and progression to other forms of substance abuse , but the prevalence and severity of these various effects remains poorly understood . There is no evidence that steroid dependence develops from therapeutic use of AAS to treat medical disorders , but instances of AAS dependence have been reported among weightlifters and bodybuilders who chronically administered supraphysiologic doses . Mood disturbances ( e.g. depression , ( hypo - ) mania , psychotic features ) are likely to be dose - and drug - dependent , but AAS dependence or withdrawal effects seem to occur only in a small number of AAS users . Large - scale long - term studies of psychiatric effects on AAS users are not currently available . In 2003 , the first naturalistic long - term study on ten users , seven of which having completed the study , found a high incidence of mood disorders and substance abuse , but few clinically relevant changes in physiological parameters or laboratory measures were noted throughout the study , and these changes were not clearly related to periods of reported AAS use . A 13 - month study , which was published in 2006 and which involved 320 body builders and athletes suggests that the wide range of psychiatric side - effects induced by the use of AAS is correlated to the severity of abuse . Diagnostic statistical Manual assertion ( edit ) DSM - IV lists General diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder guideline that `` The pattern must not be better accounted for as a manifestation of another mental disorder , or to the direct physiological effects of a substance ( e.g. drug or medication ) or a general medical condition ( e.g. head trauma ) . '' . As a result , AAS users may get misdiagnosed by a psychiatrist not told about their habit . Personality profiles ( edit ) Cooper , Noakes , Dunne , Lambert , and Rochford identified that AAS - using individuals are more likely to score higher on borderline ( 4.7 times ) , antisocial ( 3.8 times ) , paranoid ( 3.4 times ) , schizotypal ( 3.1 times ) , histrionic ( 2.9 times ) , passive - aggressive ( 2.4 times ) , and narcissistic ( 1.6 times ) personality profiles than non-users . Other studies have suggested that antisocial personality disorder is slightly more likely among AAS users than among non-users ( Pope & Katz , 1994 ) . Bipolar dysfunction , substance dependency , and conduct disorder have also been associated with AAS use . Mood and anxiety ( edit ) Affective disorders have long been recognised as a complication of AAS use . Case reports describe both hypomania and mania , along with irritability , elation , recklessness , racing thoughts and feelings of power and invincibility that did not meet the criteria for mania / hypomania . Of 53 bodybuilders who used AAS , 27 ( 51 % ) reported unspecified mood disturbance . Aggression and hypomania ( edit ) From the mid-1980s onward , the media reported `` roid rage '' as a side effect of AAS . A 2005 review determined that some , but not all , randomized controlled studies have found that AAS use correlates with hypomania and increased aggressiveness , but pointed out that attempts to determine whether AAS use triggers violent behavior have failed , primarily because of high rates of non-participation . A 2008 study on a nationally representative sample of young adult males in the United States found an association between lifetime and past - year self - reported AAS use and involvement in violent acts . Compared with individuals that did not use steroids , young adult males that used AAS reported greater involvement in violent behaviors even after controlling for the effects of key demographic variables , previous violent behavior , and polydrug use . A 1996 review examining the blind studies available at that time also found that these had demonstrated a link between aggression and steroid use , but pointed out that with estimates of over one million past or current steroid users in the United States at that time , an extremely small percentage of those using steroids appear to have experienced mental disturbance severe enough to result in clinical treatments or medical case reports . A 1996 randomized controlled trial , which involved 43 men , did not find an increase in the occurrence of angry behavior during 10 weeks of administration of testosterone enanthate at 600 mg / week , but this study screened out subjects that had previously abused steroids or had any psychiatric antecedents . A trial conducted in 2000 using testosterone cypionate at 600 mg / week found that treatment significantly increased manic scores on the YMRS , and aggressive responses on several scales . The drug response was highly variable . However : 84 % of subjects exhibited minimal psychiatric effects , 12 % became mildly hypomanic , and 4 % ( 2 subjects ) became markedly hypomanic . The mechanism of these variable reactions could not be explained by demographic , psychological , laboratory , or physiological measures . A 2006 study of two pairs of identical twins , in which one twin used AAS and the other did not , found that in both cases the steroid - using twin exhibited high levels of aggressiveness , hostility , anxiety , and paranoid ideation not found in the `` control '' twin . A small - scale study of 10 AAS users found that cluster B personality disorders were confounding factors for aggression . The relationship between AAS use and depression is inconclusive . There have been anecdotal reports of depression and suicide in teenage steroid users , but little systematic evidence . A 1992 review found that AAS may both relieve and cause depression , and that cessation or diminished use of AAS may also result in depression , but called for additional studies due to disparate data . In the case of suicide , 3.9 % of a sample of 77 those classified as AAS users reported attempting suicide during withdrawal ( Malone , Dimeff , Lombardo , & Sample , 1995 ) . Reproductive ( edit ) Androgens such as testosterone , androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone are required for the development of organs in the male reproductive system , including the seminal vesicles , epididymis , vas deferens , penis and prostate . AAS are testosterone derivatives designed to maximize the anabolic effects of testosterone . AAS are consumed by elite athletes competing in sports like weightlifting , bodybuilding , and track and field . Male recreational athletes take AAS to achieve an `` enhanced '' physical appearance . AAS consumption disrupts the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis ( HPG axis ) in males . In the HPG axis , gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) is secreted from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete the two gonadotropins , follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) . In adult males , LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone which is required to form new sperm through spermatogenesis . AAS consumption leads to dose - dependent suppression of gonadotropin release through suppression of GnRH from the hypothalamus ( long - loop mechanism ) or from direct negative feedback on the anterior pituitary to inhibit gonadotropin release ( short - loop mechanism ) , leading to AAS - induced hypogonadism . Pharmacology ( edit ) Mechanism of action ( edit ) See also : Steroid hormone The human androgen receptor bound to testosterone The protein is shown as a ribbon diagram in red , green , and blue , with the steroid shown in white . The pharmacodynamics of AAS are unlike peptide hormones . Water - soluble peptide hormones can not penetrate the fatty cell membrane and only indirectly affect the nucleus of target cells through their interaction with the cell 's surface receptors . However , as fat - soluble hormones , AAS are membrane - permeable and influence the nucleus of cells by direct action . The pharmacodynamic action of AAS begin when the exogenous hormone penetrates the membrane of the target cell and binds to an androgen receptor ( AR ) located in the cytoplasm of that cell . From there , the compound hormone - receptor diffuses into the nucleus , where it either alters the expression of genes or activates processes that send signals to other parts of the cell . Different types of AAS bind to the AAR with different affinities , depending on their chemical structure . Some AAS such as metandienone bind weakly to this receptor in vitro , but still exhibit AR - mediated effects in vivo . The reason for this discrepancy is not known . The effect of AAS on muscle mass is caused in at least two ways : first , they increase the production of proteins ; second , they reduce recovery time by blocking the effects of stress hormone cortisol on muscle tissue , so that catabolism of muscle is greatly reduced . It has been hypothesized that this reduction in muscle breakdown may occur through AAS inhibiting the action of other steroid hormones called glucocorticoids that promote the breakdown of muscles . AAS also affect the number of cells that develop into fat - storage cells , by favouring cellular differentiation into muscle cells instead . AAS can also decrease fat by increasing basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) , since an increase in muscle mass increases BMR . Anabolic and androgenic effects ( edit ) Relative androgenic : anabolic activity in animals Preparation Ratio Testosterone 1 : 1 Testosterone cypionate 1 : 1 Testosterone enanthate 1 : 1 Methyltestosterone 1 : 1 Fluoxymesterone 1 : 2 Oxymetholone 1 : 3 Oxandrolone 1 : 3 -- 1 : 13 Nandrolone decanoate 1 : 2.5 -- 1 : 4 As their name suggests , AAS have two different , but overlapping , types of effects : anabolic , meaning that they promote anabolism ( cell growth ) , and androgenic ( or virilizing ) , meaning that they affect the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics . Some examples of the anabolic effects of these hormones are increased protein synthesis from amino acids , increased appetite , increased bone remodeling and growth , and stimulation of bone marrow , which increases the production of red blood cells . Through a number of mechanisms AAS stimulate the formation of muscle cells and hence cause an increase in the size of skeletal muscles , leading to increased strength . The androgenic effects of AAS are numerous . Depending on the length of use , the side effects of the steroid can be irreversible . Processes affected include pubertal growth , sebaceous gland oil production , and sexuality ( especially in fetal development ) . Some examples of virilizing effects are growth of the clitoris in females and the penis in male children ( the adult penis size does not change due to steroids ) , increased vocal cord size , increased libido , suppression of natural sex hormones , and impaired production of sperm . Effects on women include deepening of the voice , facial hair growth , and possibly a decrease in breast size . Men may develop an enlargement of breast tissue , known as gynecomastia , testicular atrophy , and a reduced sperm count . The androgenic : anabolic ratio of an AAS is an important factor when determining the clinical application of these compounds . Compounds with a high ratio of androgenic to an anabolic effects are the drug of choice in androgen - replacement therapy ( e.g. , treating hypogonadism in males ) , whereas compounds with a reduced androgenic : anabolic ratio are preferred for anemia and osteoporosis , and to reverse protein loss following trauma , surgery , or prolonged immobilization . Determination of androgenic : anabolic ratio is typically performed in animal studies , which has led to the marketing of some compounds claimed to have anabolic activity with weak androgenic effects . This disassociation is less marked in humans , where all AAS have significant androgenic effects . A commonly used protocol for determining the androgenic : anabolic ratio , dating back to the 1950s , uses the relative weights of ventral prostate ( VP ) and levator ani muscle ( LA ) of male rats . The VP weight is an indicator of the androgenic effect , while the LA weight is an indicator of the anabolic effect . Two or more batches of rats are castrated and given no treatment and respectively some AAS of interest . The LA / VP ratio for an AAS is calculated as the ratio of LA / VP weight gains produced by the treatment with that compound using castrated but untreated rats as baseline : ( LA -- LA ) / ( VP -- VP ) . The LA / VP weight gain ratio from rat experiments is not unitary for testosterone ( typically 0.3 -- 0.4 ) , but it is normalized for presentation purposes , and used as basis of comparison for other AAS , which have their androgenic : anabolic ratios scaled accordingly ( as shown in the table above ) . In the early 2000s , this procedure was standardized and generalized throughout OECD in what is now known as the Hershberger assay . Body composition and strength improvements ( edit ) Body weight in men may increase by 2 -- 5 kg as a result of short - term ( < 10 weeks ) AAS use , which may be attributed mainly to an increase of lean mass . Animal studies also found that fat mass was reduced , but most studies in humans failed to elucidate significant fat mass decrements . The effects on lean body mass have been shown to be dose - dependent . Both muscle hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibers have been observed . The hydration of lean mass remains unaffected by AAS use , although small increments of blood volume can not be ruled out . The upper region of the body ( thorax , neck , shoulders , and upper arm ) seems to be more susceptible for AAS than other body regions because of predominance of ARs in the upper body . The largest difference in muscle fiber size between AAS users and non-users was observed in type I muscle fibers of the vastus lateralis and the trapezius muscle as a result of long - term AAS self - administration . After drug withdrawal , the effects fade away slowly , but may persist for more than 6 -- 12 weeks after cessation of AAS use . Strength improvements in the range of 5 -- 20 % of baseline strength , depending largely on the drugs and dose used as well as the administration period . Overall , the exercise where the most significant improvements were observed is the bench press . For almost two decades , it was assumed that AAS exerted significant effects only in experienced strength athletes . A randomized controlled trial demonstrated , however , that even in novice athletes a 10 - week strength training program accompanied by testosterone enanthate at 600 mg / week may improve strength more than training alone does . This dose is sufficient to significantly improve lean muscle mass relative to placebo even in subjects that did not exercise at all . The anabolic effects of testosterone enanthate were highly dose dependent . Dissociation of effects ( edit ) Endogenous / natural AAS like testosterone and DHT and synthetic AAS mediate their effects by binding to and activating the AR . On the basis of animal bioassays , the effects of these agents have been divided into two partially dissociable types : anabolic ( myotrophic ) and androgenic . Dissociation between the ratios of these two types of effects is observed in rat bioassays with various AAS relative to the ratio observed with testosterone . Explanations for the dissociation include differences in intracellular metabolism , functional selectivity ( recruitment of coactivators ) , and non-genomic mechanisms ( i.e. , signaling through non-AR membrane androgen receptors , or mARs ) . Support for the latter two explanations is limited and more hypothetical , but there is a good deal of support for the intracellular metabolism explanation . The measurement of the dissociation between anabolic and androgenic effects among AAS is based largely on a simple although arguably unsophisticated and outdated model involving rat tissue bioassays . It is referred to as the myotrophic -- androgenic index . In this model , anabolic ( myotrophic ) activity is measured by change in the weight of the rat bulbocavernosus / levator ani muscle and androgenic activity is measured by change in the weight of the rat ventral prostate ( or , alternatively , the rat seminal vesicles ) in response to exposure to the AAS , and the measurements are then compared and used to form a ratio . Intracellular metabolism ( edit ) Testosterone is metabolized in various tissues by 5α - reductase into DHT , which is 3 - to 10-fold more potent as an AR agonist , and by aromatase into estradiol , which is an estrogen and lacks significant AR affinity . In addition , DHT is metabolized by 3α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ( 3α - HSD ) and 3β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ( 3β - HSD ) into 3α - androstanediol and 3β - androstanediol , respectively , which are metabolites with little or no AR affinity . 5α - Reductase is widely distributed throughout the body , and is concentrated to various extents in skin ( particularly the scalp , beard - area of the face , pubic area , and genital area ( penis and scrotum ) ) , prostate , seminal vesicles , liver , and the brain . In contrast , expression of 5α - reductase in skeletal muscle is undetectable . Aromatase is highly expressed in adipose tissue and the brain , and is also expressed significantly in skeletal muscle . 3α - HSD is also highly expressed in skeletal muscle . Natural AAS like testosterone and DHT and synthetic AAS are analogues and are very similar structurally . For this reason , they have the capacity to bind to and be metabolized by the same steroid - metabolizing enzymes . According to the intracellular metabolism explanation , the androgenic - to - anabolic ratio of a given AR agonist is related to its capacity to be transformed by the aforementioned enzymes in conjunction with the AR activity of any resulting products . For instance , whereas the AR activity of testosterone is greatly potentiated by local conversion via 5α - reductase into DHT in tissues where 5α - reductase is expressed , an AAS that is not metabolized by 5α - reductase or is already 5α - reduced , such as DHT itself or a derivative ( like mesterolone or drostanolone ) , would not undergo such potentiation in said tissues . Moreover , nandrolone is metabolized by 5α - reductase , but unlike the case of testosterone and DHT , the 5α - reduced metabolite of nandrolone has much lower affinity for the AR than does nandrolone itself , and this results in reduced AR activation in 5α - reductase - expressing tissues . As so - called `` androgenic '' tissues such as skin / hair follicles and male reproductive tissues are very high in 5α - reductase expression , while skeletal muscle is virtually devoid of 5α - reductase , this may primarily explain the high myotrophic -- androgenic ratio and dissociation seen with nandrolone , as well as with various other AAS . Aside from 5α - reductase , aromatase may inactivate testosterone signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue , so AAS that lack aromatase affinity , in addition to being free of the potential side effect of gynecomastia , might be expected to have a higher myotrophic -- androgenic ratio in comparison . In addition , DHT is inactivated by high activity of 3α - HSD in skeletal muscle ( and cardiac tissue ) , and AAS that lack affinity for 3α - HSD could similarly be expected to have a higher myotrophic -- androgenic ratio ( although perhaps also increased long - term cardiovascular risks ) . In accordance , DHT , mestanolone ( 17α - methyl - DHT ) , and mesterolone ( 1α - methyl - DHT ) are all described as very poorly anabolic due to inactivation by 3α - HSD in skeletal muscle , whereas other DHT derivatives with other structural features like metenolone , oxandrolone , oxymetholone , drostanolone , and stanozolol are all poor substrates for 3α - HSD and are described as potent anabolics . The intracellular metabolism theory explains how and why remarkable dissociation between anabolic and androgenic effects can occur despite the fact that these effects are mediated through the same signaling receptor , and of course why dissociation is invariably incomplete . In support of the model is the rare condition congenital 5α - reductase type 2 deficiency , in which the 5α - reductase type 2 enzyme is defective , production of DHT is impaired , and DHT levels are low while testosterone levels are normal . Males with this condition are born with ambiguous genitalia and a severely underdeveloped or even absent prostate gland . In addition , at the time of puberty , such males develop normal musculature , voice deepening , and libido , but have reduced facial hair , a female pattern of body hair ( i.e. , largely restricted to the pubic triangle and underarms ) , no incidence of male pattern hair loss , and no prostate enlargement or incidence of prostate cancer . They also notably do not develop gynecomastia as a consequence of their condition . Functional selectivity ( edit ) An animal study found that two different kinds of androgen response elements could differentially respond to testosterone and DHT upon activation of the AR . Whether this is involved in the differences in the ratios of anabolic - to - myotrophic effect of different AAS is unknown however . Non-genomic mechanisms ( edit ) Testosterone signals not only through the nuclear AR , but also through mARs , including ZIP9 and GPRC6A . It has been proposed that differential signaling through mARs may be involved in the dissociation of the anabolic and androgenic effects of AAS . Indeed , DHT has less than 1 % of the affinity of testosterone for ZIP9 , and the synthetic AAS metribolone and mibolerone are ineffective competitors for the receptor similarly , indicating that AAS do show differential interactions with the AR and mARs . However , women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome ( CAIS ) , who have a male genotype ( 46 , XY ) and testes but a defect in the AR such that it is non-functional ( and hence are completely insensitive to the AR - mediated effects of androgens like testosterone ) , show a perfectly female phenotype despite having testosterone levels in the high end of the normal male range . In addition , these women have little or no sebum production , incidence of acne , or body hair growth ( including in the pubic and axillary areas ) . Moreover , CAIS women have lean body mass that is normal for females but is of course greatly reduced for males . These observations suggest that the AR is mainly or exclusively responsible for masculinization and myotrophy caused by androgens . In any case , the mARs have been found to be involved in some other effects of testosterone like modulation of prostate cancer risk and progression . Antigonadotropic effects ( edit ) Changes in endogenous testosterone levels may also contribute to differences in myotrophic -- androgenic ratio between testosterone and synthetic AAS . AR agonists are antigonadotropic -- that is , they dose - dependently suppress gonadal testosterone production and hence reduce systemic testosterone concentrations . By suppressing endogenous testosterone levels and effectively replacing AR signaling in the body with that of the exogenous AAS , the myotrophic -- androgenic ratio of a given AAS may be further , dose - dependently increased , and this hence may be yet an additional mechanism contributing to the differences in myotrophic -- androgenic ratio among different AAS . In addition , some AAS , such as 19 - nortestosterone derivatives like nandrolone , are also potent progestogens , and activation of the progesterone receptor ( PR ) is antigonadotropic similarly to activation of the AR . The combination of sufficient AR and PR activation can suppress circulating testosterone levels into the castrate range in men ( i.e. , complete suppression of gonadal testosterone production and circulating testosterone levels decreased by about 95 % ) . As such , combined progestogenic activity may serve to further increase the myotrophic -- androgenic ratio for a given AAS . GABA receptor modulation ( edit ) Some AAS , such as testosterone , DHT , stanozolol , and methyltestosterone , have been found to modulate the GABA receptor similarly to endogenous neurosteroids like allopregnanolone , 3α - androstanediol , dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate , and pregnenolone sulfate . It has been suggested that this may contribute as an alternative or additional mechanism to the neurological and behavioral effects of AAS . Comparison of AAS ( edit ) AAS differ in a variety of ways including in their capacities to be metabolized by steroidogenic enzymes such as 5α - reductase , 3 - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases , and aromatase , in whether their potency as AR agonists is potentiated or diminished by 5α - reduction , in their ratios of anabolic / myotrophic to androgenic effect , in their estrogenic , progestogenic , and neurosteroid activities , in their oral activity , and in their capacity to produce hepatotoxicity . Pharmacological properties of major AAS show Compound Class 5α - R AROM 3 - HSD AAR Estr Prog Oral Hepat Androstanolone DHT -- -- + * -- -- -- -- Boldenone -- ± -- * * ± -- -- -- Drostanolone DHT -- -- -- * * * -- -- -- -- Ethylestrenol 19 - NT ; 17α - A + ( ↓ ) ± -- * * * + + + + Fluoxymesterone T ; 17α - A + ( ↑ ) -- -- * -- -- + + Mestanolone DHT ; 17α - A -- -- + * -- -- + + Mesterolone DHT -- -- + * -- -- ± -- Metandienone T ; 17α - A -- ± -- * * + -- + + Metenolone DHT -- -- -- * * -- -- ± -- Methyltestosterone T ; 17α - A + ( ↑ ) + -- * + -- + + Nandrolone 19 - NT + ( ↓ ) ± -- * * * ± + -- -- Norethandrolone 19 - NT ; 17α - A + ( ↓ ) ± -- * * * + + + + Oxandrolone DHT ; 17α - A -- -- -- * * * -- -- + ± Oxymetholone DHT ; 17α - A -- -- -- * * * + -- + + Stanozolol DHT ; 17α - A -- -- -- * * * -- -- + + Testosterone + ( ↑ ) + -- * + -- ± -- Trenbolone 19 - NT -- -- -- * * * -- + -- -- + = Yes . ± = Low . -- = No . ↑ = Potentiated . ↓ = Inactivated . * * * = High . * * = Moderate . * = Low . 5α - R = Metabolized by 5α - reductase . AROM = Metabolized by aromatase. 3 - HSD = Metabolized by 3α - and / or 3β - HSD . AAR = Anabolic - to - androgenic ratio ( amount of anabolic ( myotrophic ) effect relative to androgenic effect ) . Estr = Estrogenic . Prog = Progestogenic . Oral = Oral activity . Hepat = Hepatotoxicity . = As testosterone undecanoate . Sources : Relative affinities ( % ) of AAS and related steroids show Compound Chemical name PR AR ER GR MR SHBG CBG Androstanolone DHT 1.4 -- 1.5 60 -- 120 < 0.1 < 0.1 , 0.3 0.15 100 0.8 Boldenone Δ - T < 1 50 -- 75 ? < 1 ? ? ? Danazol 2 , 3 - Isoxazol - 17α - Ety - T 9 8 ? < 0.1 ? 8 10 Dienolone ∆ - 19 - NT 17 134 < 0.1 1.6 0.3 ? ? Dimethyldienolone ∆ - 7α , 17α - DiMe - 19 - NT 198 122 0.1 6.1 1.7 ? ? Dimethyltrienolone ∆ - 7α , 17α - DiMe - 19 - NT 306 180 0.1 22 52 ? ? Drostanolone 2α - Me - DHT ? ? ? ? ? 39 ? Ethisterone 17α - Ety - T 35 0.1 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 25 -- 92 0.3 Ethylestrenol 3 - DeO - 17α - Et - 19 - NT ? ? ? ? ? < 1 ? Fluoxymesterone 9α - F - 11β - OH - 17α - Me - T ? ? ? ? ? ≤ 3 ? Gestrinone ∆ - 17α - Ety - 18 - Me - 19 - NT 75 -- 76 83 -- 85 < 0.1 , 3 -- 10 77 3.2 ? ? Levonorgestrel 17α - Ety - 18 - Me - 19 - NT 170 84 -- 87 < 0.1 14 0.6 -- 0.9 14 -- 50 < 0.1 Mestanolone 17α - Me - DHT 5 -- 10 100 -- 125 ? < 1 ? 84 ? Mesterolone 1α - Me - DHT ? ? ? ? ? 82 -- 440 ? Metandienone ∆ - 17α - Me - T ? ? ? ? ? ? Metenolone ∆ - 1 - Me - DHT ? ? ? ? ? ? Methandriol 17α - Me - A5 ? ? ? ? ? 40 ? Methasterone 2α , 17α - DiMe - DHT ? ? ? ? ? 58 ? Methyldienolone ∆ - 17α - Me - 19 - NT 71 64 < 0.1 6 0.4 ? ? Methyltestosterone 17α - Me - T 45 , 100 -- 125 ? 1 -- 5 ? 5 -- 64 < 0.1 Methyl - 1 - testosterone ∆ - 17α - Me - DHT ? ? ? ? ? 69 ? Metribolone ∆ - 17α - Me - 19 - NT 208 -- 210 199 -- 210 < 0.1 10 -- 26 18 0.2 -- 0.8 ≤ 0.4 Mibolerone 7α , 17α - DiMe - 19 - NT 214 108 < 0.1 1.4 2.1 6 ? Nandrolone 19 - NT 20 154 -- 155 < 0.1 0.5 1.6 1 -- 16 0.1 Norethandrolone 17α - Et - 19 - NT ? ? ? ? ? ? Norethisterone 17α - Ety - 19 - NT 155 -- 156 43 -- 45 < 0.1 2.7 -- 2.8 0.2 5 -- 21 0.3 Norgestrienone ∆ - 17α - Ety - 19 - NT 63 -- 65 70 < 0.1 11 1.8 ? ? Normethandrone 17α - Me - 19 - NT 100 146 < 0.1 1.5 0.6 7 ? Oxandrolone 2 - Oxa - 17α - Me - DHT ? ? ? ? ? < 1 ? Oxymetholone 2 - OHMeEne - 17α - Me - DHT ? ? ? ? ? ≤ 3 ? RU - 2309 ( 17α - Me - THG ) ∆ - 17α , 18 - DiMe - 19 - NT 230 143 < 0.1 155 36 ? ? Stanozolol 2 , 3 - Pyrazol - 17α - Me - DHT ? ? ? ? ? 1 -- 36 ? Testosterone 1.0 -- 1.2 100 < 0.1 0.17 0.9 19 -- 82 3 -- 8 1 - Testosterone ∆ - DHT ? ? ? ? ? 98 ? Tibolone 7α - Me - 17α - Ety - 19 - N - 5 ( 10 ) - T 12 12 ? ? ? ? Δ - Tibolone 7α - Me - 17α - Ety - 19 - NT 180 70 < 1 1 -- 8 < 1 Trenbolone ∆ - 19 - NT 74 -- 75 190 -- 197 < 0.1 2.9 1.33 ? ? Trestolone 7α - Me - 19 - NT 50 -- 75 100 -- 125 ? < 1 ? 12 ? Values are percentages ( % ) . Reference ligands ( 100 % ) were progesterone for the PR , testosterone for the AR , estradiol for the ER , dexamethasone for the GR , aldosterone for the MR , dihydrotestosterone for SHBG , and cortisol for CBG . = 1 - hour incubation time ( 4 hours is standard for this assay ; may affect affinity value ) . Sources : Anabolic and androgenic activities of AAS show Steroid Ref . / Std . Route Anabolic activity by Androgenic activity Dissociation index by Nitr . ratio Myotrophy Nitr . ratio Myotrophy Androisoxazole par . 2.1 Androisoxazole MT p.o. 1.7 Androisoxazole MT p.o. 1.55 0.22 7 Androstanolone TP par . 2.5 1.53 1.6 Androstanolone par . 0.3 Androstanolone MT p.o. 0.8 Androstanolone MT p.o. 0.26 0.53 0.13 Bolasterone MT par . 5.75 1.9 Bolasterone MT p.o. 4.2 1.3 3.2 Bolasterone MT par . 13.4 3.0 4.5 Bolasterone par . 11.4 2.24 -- 6.6 2 -- 5 Clostebol acetate TP par . 0.68 0.14 5 Clostebol acetate TP par . 1.26 0.483 Clostebol acetate par . 0.10 0.03 Drostanolone par . 0.62 -- 1.30 0.25 -- 0.4 2.5 -- 3.0 Ethyldienolone MT par . 1.0 0.1 10 Ethyldienolone MT p.o. 1.5 0.3 5 Ethylestrenol par . 2.6 Ethylestrenol MT p.o. Ethylestrenol MT p.o. 4.207 0.222 19 Ethylestrenol MT p.o. 1.7 0.21 8.1 Ethylestrenol MT p.o. 2.0 0.4 5 Ethylestrenol MT par . 0.4 0.17 2.3 Fluoxymesterone MT p.o. 20 9.5 Fluoxymesterone MT p.o. 28.2 4.5 6.3 Fluoxymesterone MT p.o. 0.9 Fluoxymesterone MT p.o. 3.8 1.5 2.7 Fluoxymesterone MT p.o. 0.72 0.46 1.5 Fluoxymesterone MT p.o. 1.75 0.93 1.9 Fluoxymesterone MT p.o. 5 9 0.55 Fluoxymesterone par . 1.6 Fluoxymesterone par . 17.45 1.18 -- 7.51 -- 7.57 2.3 -- 15 Mebolazine par . 0.27 < 0.06 -- 0.12 > 2 Mebolazine MT p.o. 3.3 2.1 0.15 14 22 Mestanolone MT p.o. 0.8 1.0 0.8 Metandienone par . 0.5 Metandienone par . 2.1 0.6 3.5 Metandienone par . 2.25 Metandienone par . 0.89 0.45 1.97 Metandienone MT p.o. 1.4 Metandienone MT p.o. 1.2 0.35 3.4 Metandienone MT par . 1.9 0.64 Metandienone TP par . 0.1 0.1 1.0 Metandienone TP par . 6.0 0.8 7.5 Metenolone MT p.o. 13 Metenolone par . 16 Metenolone par . 0.88 0.44 -- 0.57 Metenolone TP par . 0.30 0.01 -- 0.02 15 -- 30 Metenolone acetate MT p.o. 0.86 0.12 7 Methandriol MT p.o. 0.70 0.78 0.9 Methandriol MT p.o. 0.8 0.68 1.8 Methandriol MT p.o. 0.70 0.46 1.1 0.7 Methandriol TP par . 0.067 0.025 Methylclostebol MT par . 0.85 0.1 8.5 Methylclostebol MT p.o. 0.5 0.1 -- 0.15 3 -- 5 Methylclostebol MT p.o. 0.65 0.32 0.12 5.4 2.7 Methylclostebol par . 0.46 0.26 -- 0.27 1.7 -- 1.8 Methyldiazinol MT p.o. 3.0 0.2 15 Methyltestosterone p.o. 1.14 0.94 -- 1.03 1.1 -- 1.2 Nandrolone MT p.o. 0.73 0.074 9.9 Nandrolone par . 3.3 Nandrolone par . 10 Nandrolone p.o. 5 Nandrolone TP par . 16 Nandrolone TP par . 10 Nandrolone decanoate TP par . 3.29 -- 4.92 0.41 -- 0.31 12.1 -- 10.6 Nandrolone phenylpropionate TP par . 2.2 0.14 16 Nandrolone phenylpropionate TP par . 2.05 0.18 11.1 Norboletone MT p.o. 16.3 Norboletone TP par . 3.4 0.15 20 Norclostebol acetate TP par . 1.12 0.25 4.5 Norclostebol acetate TP par . 0.57 0.04 14.2 Norethandrolone TP par . 1.0 0.06 16 Norethandrolone TP par . 0.8 0.12 6.6 Norethandrolone TP par . 0.77 0.38 Norethandrolone TP par . 3 -- 4 Norethandrolone par . 1.3 Norethandrolone MT p.o. 0.25 -- 0.5 4 -- 8 Norethandrolone MT p.o. 0.75 0.22 3.4 Norethandrolone MT p.o. Norethandrolone MT p.o. 3.9 0.19 20 Norethandrolone MT p.o. 6.7 Norethandrolone MT p.o. 1.028 0.335 3.1 Normethandrone TP par . 1.0 0.06 16 Normethandrone par . 4.5 0.37 12 Normethandrone p.o. 14.2 6 -- 1.92 2 -- 7 Normethandrone p.o. 0.60 0.25 2.4 Normethandrone MT p.o. 3.25 1.25 2.6 Normethandrone MT p.o. 4.6 1.1 4.2 Normethandrone MT p.o. 5.8 1.1 5.3 Oxabolone cipionate TP par . 1.2 -- 1.6 0.25 -- 0.4 3 -- 6 Oxandrolone MT p.o. 6.3 Oxandrolone MT par . 3.22 0.24 13 Oxymesterone MT par . 3.3 0.48 6.9 Oxymesterone MT par . 3.3 0.5 6.6 Oxymesterone MT p.o. 1.34 0.42 -- 0.61 2.2 -- 3.2 Oxymesterone MT p.o. Oxymesterone MT p.o. 1.8 0.36 5.0 Oxymesterone par . 4.3 Oxymetholone MT par . 1.46 0.31 4.7 Oxymetholone MT p.o. 2.5 Oxymetholone MT p.o. 3.2 0.45 7.1 Oxymetholone MT p.o. 1.75 0.2 8.75 Oxymetholone MT par . 4.4 1.0 4.4 Oxymetholone par . 4.3 Oxymetholone par . 2.3 0.64 -- 1.0 2.3 -- 3.6 Oxymetholone par . Stanozolol MT p.o. 0.33 6 Stanozolol MT p.o. 2.2 0.33 7 Stanozolol MT p.o. 10 0.33 30 Stanozolol MT p.o. 3.2 0.3 10.6 Stanozolol MT par . 3.7 0.52 7.1 Stanozolol MT p.o. 2.5 Stanozolol MT p.o. 0.4 Stanozolol par . 4.3 Stanozolol par . 7.5 2.5 Stanozolol TP par . 0.13 0.03 Testosterone MT p.o. 0.6 Testosterone MT par . 2.0 Testosterone MT p.o. 0.36 0.28 -- 0.50 0.7 -- 1.3 Testosterone MT p.o. 0.38 0.57 0.67 Testosterone TP par . 0.17 0.63 Tiomesterone MT p.o. 4.65 0.61 7.5 = Monkeys . Sources : 5α - Reductase and androgenicity ( edit ) Testosterone can be robustly converted by 5α - reductase into DHT in so - called androgenic tissues such as skin , scalp , prostate , and seminal vesicles , but not in muscle or bone , where 5α - reductase either is not expressed or is only minimally expressed . As DHT is 3 - to 10-fold more potent as an agonist of the AR than is testosterone , the AR agonist activity of testosterone is thus markedly and selectively potentiated in such tissues . In contrast to testosterone , DHT and other 4 , 5α - dihydrogenated AAS are already 5α - reduced , and for this reason , can not be potentiated in androgenic tissues . 19 - Nortestosterone derivatives like nandrolone can be metabolized by 5α - reductase similarly to testosterone , but 5α - reduced metabolites of 19 - nortestosterone derivatives ( e.g. , 5α - dihydronandrolone ) tend to have reduced activity as AR agonists , resulting in reduced androgenic activity in tissues that express 5α - reductase . In addition , some 19 - nortestosterone derivatives , including trestolone ( 7α - methyl - 19 - nortestosterone ( MENT ) ) , 11β - methyl - 19 - nortestosterone ( 11β - MNT ) , and dimethandrolone ( 7α , 11β - dimethyl - 19 - nortestosterone ) , can not be 5α - reduced . Conversely , certain 17α - alkylated AAS like methyltestosterone are 5α - reduced and potentiated in androgenic tissues similarly to testosterone . 17α - Alkylated DHT derivatives can not be potentiated via 5α - reductase however , as they are already 4 , 5α - reduced . The capacity to be metabolized by 5α - reductase and the AR activity of the resultant metabolites appears to be one of the major , if not the most important determinant of the androgenic -- myotrophic ratio for a given AAS . AAS that are not potentiated by 5α - reductase or that are weakened by 5α - reductase in androgenic tissues have a reduced risk of androgenic side effects such as acne , androgenic alopecia ( male - pattern baldness ) , hirsutism ( excessive male - pattern hair growth ) , benign prostatic hyperplasia ( prostate enlargement ) , and prostate cancer , while incidence and magnitude of other effects such as muscle hypertrophy , bone changes , voice deepening , and changes in sex drive show no difference . Aromatase and estrogenicity ( edit ) Testosterone can be metabolized by aromatase into estradiol , and many other AAS can be metabolized into their corresponding estrogenic metabolites as well . As an example , the 17α - alkylated AAS methyltestosterone and metandienone are converted by aromatase into methylestradiol. 4 , 5α - Dihydrogenated derivatives of testosterone such as DHT can not be aromatized , whereas 19 - nortestosterone derivatives like nandrolone can be but to a greatly reduced extent . Some 19 - nortestosterone derivatives , such as dimethandrolone and 11β - MNT , can not be aromatized due to steric hindrance provided by their 11β - methyl group , whereas the closely related AAS trestolone ( 7α - methyl - 19 - nortestosterone ) , in relation to its lack of an 11β - methyl group , can be aromatized . AAS that are 17α - alkylated ( and not also 4 , 5α - reduced or 19 - demethylated ) are also aromatized but to a lesser extent than is testosterone . However , it is notable that estrogens that are 17α - substituted ( e.g. , ethinylestradiol and methylestradiol ) are of markedly increased estrogenic potency due to improved metabolic stability , and for this reason , 17α - alkylated AAS can actually have high estrogenicity and comparatively greater estrogenic effects than testosterone . The major effect of estrogenicity is gynecomastia ( woman - like breasts ) . AAS that have a high potential for aromatization like testosterone and particularly methyltestosterone show a high risk of gynecomastia at sufficiently high dosages , while AAS that have a reduced potential for aromatization like nandrolone show a much lower risk ( though still potentially significant at high dosages ) . In contrast , AAS that are 4 , 5α - reduced , and some other AAS ( e.g. , 11β - methylated 19 - nortestosterone derivatives ) , have no risk of gynecomastia . In addition to gynecomastia , AAS with high estrogenicity have increased antigonadotropic activity , which results in increased potency in suppression of the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis and gonadal testosterone production . Progestogenic activity ( edit ) Many 19 - nortestosterone derivatives , including nandrolone , trenbolone , ethylestrenol ( ethylnandrol ) , metribolone ( R - 1881 ) , trestolone , 11β - MNT , dimethandrolone , and others , are potent agonists of the progesterone receptor ( AR ) and hence are progestogens in addition to AAS . Similarly to the case of estrogenic activity , the progestogenic activity of these drugs serves to augment their antigonadotropic activity . This results in increased potency and effectiveness of these AAS as antispermatogenic agents and male contraceptives ( or , put in another way , increased potency and effectiveness in producing azoospermia and reversible male infertility ) . Oral activity and hepatotoxicity ( edit ) Non-17α - alkylated testosterone derivatives such as testosterone itself , DHT , and nandrolone all have poor oral bioavailability due to extensive first - pass hepatic metabolism and hence are not orally active . A notable exception to this are AAS that are androgen precursors or prohormones , including dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) , androstenediol , androstenedione , boldione ( androstadienedione ) , bolandiol ( norandrostenediol ) , bolandione ( norandrostenedione ) , dienedione , mentabolan ( MENT dione , trestione ) , and methoxydienone ( methoxygonadiene ) ( although these are relatively weak AAS ) . AAS that are not orally active are used almost exclusively in the form of esters administered by intramuscular injection , which act as depots and function as long - acting prodrugs . Examples include testosterone , as testosterone cypionate , testosterone enanthate , and testosterone propionate , and nandrolone , as nandrolone phenylpropionate and nandrolone decanoate , among many others ( see here for a full list of testosterone and nandrolone esters ) . An exception is the very long - chain ester testosterone undecanoate , which is orally active , albeit with only very low oral bioavailability ( approximately 3 % ) . In contrast to most other AAS , 17α - alkylated testosterone derivatives show resistance to metabolism due to steric hindrance and are orally active , though they may be esterified and administered via intramuscular injection as well . In addition to oral activity , 17α - alkylation also confers a high potential for hepatotoxicity , and all 17α - alkylated AAS have been associated , albeit uncommonly and only after prolonged use ( different estimates between 1 and 17 % ) , with hepatotoxicity . In contrast , testosterone esters have only extremely rarely or never been associated with hepatotoxicity , and other non-17α - alkylated AAS only rarely , although long - term use may reportedly still increase the risk of hepatic changes ( but at a much lower rate than 17α - alkylated AAS and reportedly not at replacement dosages ) . In accordance , D - ring glucuronides of testosterone and DHT have been found to be cholestatic . Aside from prohormones and testosterone undecanoate , almost all orally active AAS are 17α - alkylated . A few AAS that are not 17α - alkylated are orally active . Some examples include the testosterone 17 - ethers cloxotestosterone , quinbolone , and silandrone , which are prodrugs ( to testosterone , boldenone ( Δ - testosterone ) , and testosterone , respectively ) , the DHT 17 - ethers mepitiostane , mesabolone , and prostanozol ( which are also prodrugs ) , the 1 - methylated DHT derivatives mesterolone and metenolone ( although these are relatively weak AAS ) , and the 19 - nortestosterone derivatives dimethandrolone and 11β - MNT , which have improved resistance to first - pass hepatic metabolism due to their 11β - methyl groups ( in contrast to them , the related AAS trestolone ( 7α - methyl - 19 - nortestosterone ) is not orally active ) . As these AAS are not 17α - alkylated , they show minimal potential for hepatotoxicity . Neurosteroid activity ( edit ) DHT , via its metabolite 3α - androstanediol ( produced by 3α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ( 3α - HSD ) ) , is a neurosteroid that acts via positive allosteric modulation of the GABA receptor . Testosterone , via conversion into DHT , also produces 3α - androstanediol as a metabolite and hence has similar activity . Some AAS that are or can be 5α - reduced , including testosterone , DHT , stanozolol , and methyltestosterone , among many others , can or may modulate the GABA receptor , and this may contribute as an alternative or additional mechanism to their central nervous system effects in terms of mood , anxiety , aggression , and sex drive . Chemistry ( edit ) See also : List of androgens / anabolic steroids , List of androgen esters , and Structure -- activity relationships of anabolic steroids AAS are androstane or estrane steroids . They include testosterone ( androst - 4 - en - 17β - ol - 3 - one ) and derivatives with various structural modifications such as : 17α - Alkylation : methyltestosterone , metandienone , fluoxymesterone , oxandrolone , oxymetholone , stanozolol , norethandrolone , ethylestrenol 19 - Demethylation : nandrolone , trenbolone , norethandrolone , ethylestrenol , trestolone , dimethandrolone 5α - Reduction : androstanolone , drostanolone , mestanolone , mesterolone , metenolone , oxandrolone , oxymetholone , stanozolol 3β - and / or 17β - esterification : testosterone enanthate , nandrolone decanoate , drostanolone propionate , boldenone undecylenate , trenbolone acetate As well as others such as 1 - dehydrogenation ( e.g. , metandienone , boldenone ) , 1 - substitution ( e.g. , mesterolone , metenolone ) , 2 - substitution ( e.g. , drostanolone , oxymetholone , stanozolol ) , 4 - substitution ( e.g. , clostebol , oxabolone ) , and various other modifications . Detection in body fluids ( edit ) The most commonly employed human physiological specimen for detecting AAS usage is urine , although both blood and hair have been investigated for this purpose . The AAS , whether of endogenous or exogenous origin , are subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways . The primary urinary metabolites may be detectable for up to 30 days after the last use , depending on the specific agent , dose and route of administration . A number of the drugs have common metabolic pathways , and their excretion profiles may overlap those of the endogenous steroids , making interpretation of testing results a very significant challenge to the analytical chemist . Methods for detection of the substances or their excretion products in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry . History ( edit ) Discovery of androgens ( edit ) The use of gonadal steroids pre-dates their identification and isolation . Medical use of testicle extract began in the late 19th century while its effects on strength were still being studied . The isolation of gonadal steroids can be traced back to 1931 , when Adolf Butenandt , a chemist in Marburg , purified 15 milligrams of the male hormone androstenone from tens of thousands of litres of urine . This steroid was subsequently synthesized in 1934 by Leopold Ružička , a chemist in Zurich . In the 1930s , it was already known that the testes contain a more powerful androgen than androstenone , and three groups of scientists , funded by competing pharmaceutical companies in the Netherlands , Germany , and Switzerland , raced to isolate it . This hormone was first identified by Karoly Gyula David , E. Dingemanse , J. Freud and Ernst Laqueur in a May 1935 paper `` On Crystalline Male Hormone from Testicles ( Testosterone ) . '' They named the hormone testosterone , from the stems of testicle and sterol , and the suffix of ketone . The chemical synthesis of testosterone was achieved in August that year , when Butenandt and G. Hanisch published a paper describing `` A Method for Preparing Testosterone from Cholesterol . '' Only a week later , the third group , Ruzicka and A. Wettstein , announced a patent application in a paper `` On the Artificial Preparation of the Testicular Hormone Testosterone ( Androsten - 3 - one - 17 - ol ) . '' Ruzicka and Butenandt were offered the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work , but the Nazi government forced Butenandt to decline the honor , although he accepted the prize after the end of World War II . Clinical trials on humans , involving either oral doses of methyltestosterone or injections of testosterone propionate , began as early as 1937 . Testosterone propionate is mentioned in a letter to the editor of Strength and Health magazine in 1938 ; this is the earliest known reference to an AAS in a U.S. weightlifting or bodybuilding magazine . There are often reported rumors that German soldiers were administered AAS during the Second World War , the aim being to increase their aggression and stamina , but these are , as yet , unproven . Adolf Hitler himself , according to his physician , was injected with testosterone derivatives to treat various ailments . AAS were used in experiments conducted by the Nazis on concentration camp inmates , and later by the allies attempting to treat the malnourished victims that survived Nazi camps . President John F. Kennedy was administered steroids both before and during his presidency . Development of synthetic AAS ( edit ) The development of muscle - building properties of testosterone was pursued in the 1940s , in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Bloc countries such as East Germany , where steroid programs were used to enhance the performance of Olympic and other amateur weight lifters . In response to the success of Russian weightlifters , the U.S. Olympic Team physician John Ziegler worked with synthetic chemists to develop an AAS with reduced androgenic effects . Ziegler 's work resulted in the production of methandrostenolone , which Ciba Pharmaceuticals marketed as Dianabol . The new steroid was approved for use in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in 1958 . It was most commonly administered to burn victims and the elderly . The drug 's off - label users were mostly bodybuilders and weight lifters . Although Ziegler prescribed only small doses to athletes , he soon discovered that those having abused Dianabol suffered from enlarged prostates and atrophied testes . AAS were placed on the list of banned substances of the IOC in 1976 , and a decade later the committee introduced ' out - of - competition ' doping tests because many athletes used AAS in their training period rather than during competition . Three major ideas governed modifications of testosterone into a multitude of AAS : Alkylation at C17α position with methyl or ethyl group created orally active compounds because it slows the degradation of the drug by the liver ; esterification of testosterone and nortestosterone at the C17β position allows the substance to be administered parenterally and increases the duration of effectiveness because agents soluble in oily liquids may be present in the body for several months ; and alterations of the ring structure were applied for both oral and parenteral agents to seeking to obtain different anabolic - to - androgenic effect ratios . Society and culture ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Androgens were discovered in the 1930s and were characterized as having effects described as androgenic ( i.e. , virilizing ) and anabolic ( e.g. , myotrophic , renotrophic ) . The term anabolic steroid can be dated as far back as at least the mid-1940s , when it was used to describe the at - the - time hypothetical concept of a testosterone - derived steroid with anabolic effects but with minimal or no androgenic effects . This concept was formulated based on the observation that steroids had ratios of renotrophic to androgenic potency that differed significantly , which suggested that anabolic and androgenic effects might be separable . In 1953 , a testosterone - derived steroid known as norethandrolone ( 17α - ethyl - 19 - nortestosterone ) was synthesized at G.D. Searle & Company and was studied as a progestin , but was not marketed . Subsequently , in 1955 , it was re-examined for testosterone - like activity in animals and was found to have similar anabolic activity to testosterone , but only one - sixteenth of its androgenic potency . It was the first steroid with a marked and favorable separation of anabolic and androgenic effect to be discovered , and has accordingly been described as the `` first anabolic steroid '' . Norethandrolone was introduced for medical use in 1956 , and was quickly followed by numerous similar steroids , for instance nandrolone phenylpropionate in 1959 and stanozolol in 1962 . With these developments , anabolic steroid became the preferred term to refer to such steroids ( over `` androgen '' ) , and entered widespread use . Although anabolic steroid was originally intended to specifically describe testosterone - derived steroids with a marked dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effect , it is applied today indiscriminately to all steroids with AR agonism - based anabolic effects regardless of their androgenic potency , including even non-synthetic steroids like testosterone itself . While many anabolic steroids have diminished androgenic relative to anabolic potency , there is no anabolic steroid that is exclusively anabolic , and hence all anabolic steroids retain androgenicity . ( Likewise , all `` androgens '' are inherently anabolic . ) Indeed , it is probably fundamentally impossible to completely dissociate anabolic and androgenic effects , as both types of effects are mediated by the same signaling receptor , the AR . As such , the distinction between the terms anabolic steroid and androgen is questionable , and this is the basis for the revised and more recent term anabolic -- androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Legal status ( edit ) Various compounds with anabolic and androgenic effects , their relation with AAS The legal status of AAS varies from country to country : some have stricter controls on their use or prescription than others though in many countries they are not illegal . In the U.S. , AAS are currently listed as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act , which makes simple possession of such substances without a prescription a federal crime punishable by up to one year in prison for the first offense . Unlawful distribution or possession with intent to distribute AAS as a first offense is punished by up to ten years in prison . In Canada , AAS and their derivatives are part of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act and are Schedule IV substances , meaning that it is illegal to obtain or sell them without a prescription ; however , possession is not punishable , a consequence reserved for schedule I , II , or III substances . Those guilty of buying or selling AAS in Canada can be imprisoned for up to 18 months . Import and export also carry similar penalties . In Canada , researchers have concluded that steroid use among student athletes is extremely widespread . A study conducted in 1993 by the Canadian Centre for Drug - Free Sport found that nearly 83,000 Canadians between the ages of 11 and 18 use steroids . AAS are also illegal without prescription in Australia , Argentina , Brazil and Portugal , and are listed as Class C Controlled Drugs in the United Kingdom . AAS are readily available without a prescription in some countries such as Mexico and Thailand . United States ( edit ) Steroid pills intercepted by the US Drug Enforcement Administration during the Operation Raw Deal bust in September 2007 . The history of the U.S. legislation on AAS goes back to the late 1980s , when the U.S. Congress considered placing AAS under the Controlled Substances Act following the controversy over Ben Johnson 's victory at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . AAS were added to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act in the Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 . The same act also introduced more stringent controls with higher criminal penalties for offenses involving the illegal distribution of AAS and human growth hormone . By the early 1990s , after AAS were scheduled in the U.S. , several pharmaceutical companies stopped manufacturing or marketing the products in the U.S. , including Ciba , Searle , Syntex , and others . In the Controlled Substances Act , AAS are defined to be any drug or hormonal substance chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone ( other than estrogens , progestins , and corticosteroids ) that promote muscle growth . The act was amended by the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 , which added prohormones to the list of controlled substances , with effect from January 20 , 2005 . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , AAS are classified as class C drugs for their illegal abuse potential , which puts them in the same class as benzodiazepines . AAS are in Schedule 4 , which is divided in 2 parts ; Part 1 contains most of the benzodiazepines and Part 2 contains the AAS . Part 1 drugs are subject to full import and export controls with possession being an offence without an appropriate prescription . There is no restriction on the possession when it is part of a medicinal product . Part 2 drugs require a Home Office licence for importation and export unless the substance is in the form of a medicinal product and is for self - administration by a person . Status in sports ( edit ) See also : Use of performance - enhancing drugs in sport Legal status of AAS and other drugs with anabolic effects in Western countries AAS are banned by all major sports bodies including Association of Tennis Professionals , Major League Baseball , Fédération Internationale de Football Association the Olympics , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , World Wrestling Entertainment and the National Football League . The World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) maintains the list of performance - enhancing substances used by many major sports bodies and includes all anabolic agents , which includes all AAS and precursors as well as all hormones and related substances . Spain has passed an anti-doping law creating a national anti-doping agency . Italy passed a law in 2000 where penalties range up to three years in prison if an athlete has tested positive for banned substances . In 2006 , Russian President Vladimir Putin signed into law ratification of the International Convention Against Doping in Sport which would encourage cooperation with WADA . Many other countries have similar legislation prohibiting AAS in sports including Denmark , France , the Netherlands and Sweden . Usage ( edit ) See also : Anabolic -- androgenic steroids abuse Law Enforcement ( edit ) United States federal law enforcement officials have expressed concern about AAS use by police officers . `` It 's a big problem , and from the number of cases , it 's something we should n't ignore . It 's not that we set out to target cops , but when we 're in the middle of an active investigation into steroids , there have been quite a few cases that have led back to police officers , '' says Lawrence Payne , a spokesman for the United States Drug Enforcement Administration . The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin stated that `` Anabolic steroid abuse by police officers is a serious problem that merits greater awareness by departments across the country '' . It is also believed that police officers across the United Kingdom `` are using criminals to buy steroids '' which he claims to be a top risk factor for police corruption . Professional wrestling ( edit ) Main article : WWE § Wellness Program Following the murder - suicide of Chris Benoit in 2007 , the Oversight and Government Reform Committee investigated steroid usage in the wrestling industry . The Committee investigated WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , asking for documentation of their companies ' drug policies . WWE CEO and Chairman , Linda and Vince McMahon respectively , both testified . The documents stated that 75 wrestlers -- roughly 40 percent -- had tested positive for drug use since 2006 , most commonly for steroids . Economics ( edit ) Main article : Illegal trade in anabolic steroids Several large buckets containing tens of thousands of AAS vials confiscated by the DEA during Operation Raw Deal in 2007 . AAS are frequently produced in pharmaceutical laboratories , but , in nations where stricter laws are present , they are also produced in small home - made underground laboratories , usually from raw substances imported from abroad . In these countries , the majority of steroids are obtained illegally through black market trade . These steroids are usually manufactured in other countries , and therefore must be smuggled across international borders . As with most significant smuggling operations , organized crime is involved . In the late 2000s , the worldwide trade in illicit AAS increased significantly , and authorities announced record captures on three continents . In 2006 , Finnish authorities announced a record seizure of 11.8 million AAS tablets . A year later , the DEA seized 11.4 million units of AAS in the largest U.S seizure ever . In the first three months of 2008 , Australian customs reported a record 300 seizures of AAS shipments . In the U.S. , Canada , and Europe , illegal steroids are sometimes purchased just as any other illegal drug , through dealers who are able to obtain the drugs from a number of sources . Illegal AAS are sometimes sold at gyms and competitions , and through the mail , but may also be obtained through pharmacists , veterinarians , and physicians . In addition , a significant number of counterfeit products are sold as AAS , in particular via mail order from websites posing as overseas pharmacies . In the U.S. , black - market importation continues from Mexico , Thailand , and other countries where steroids are more easily available , as they are legal . Research ( edit ) AAS , alone and in combination with progestogens , have been studied as potential male hormonal contraceptives . Dual AAS and progestins such as trestolone and dimethandrolone undecanoate have also been studied as male contraceptives , with the latter under active investigation as of 2018 . 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In recent years several laboratories ( Kochakian , Albright , Wilkins ) have entertained the hope of finding a protein anabolic steroid without any , or with only minor , sexual effects . These studies have received special impetus and encouragement from the observation of Kochakian that certain steroids have greater renotrophic ( anabolic ? ) than androgenic effects . Jump up ^ Walter Sneader ( 23 June 2005 ) . Drug Discovery : A History . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 206 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 89979 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Camille Georges Wermuth ( 2 May 2011 ) . The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry . Academic Press . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 056877 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : James Edward Wright ( 1994 ) . Altered States : The Use and Abuse of Anabolic Steroids . Masters Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57028 - 013 - 9 . Jump up ^ United States . Patent Office ( 1957 ) . Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office . U.S. Patent Office . 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Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 's senate passes anti-doping law '' . Herald Tribune . Associated Press . October 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Italian anti-doping laws could mean 3 years in jail '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Act on promotion of doping - free sport '' ( PDF ) . kum.dk. 2004 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of health of athletes and the fight against doping '' ( PDF ) . WADA. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-doping legislation in the netherlands '' ( PDF ) . WADA. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Swedish Act prohibiting certain doping substances ( 1991 : 1969 ) '' ( PDF ) . WADA. 1991 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Keeping , Juliana ( 27 December 2010 ) . `` Steroid abuse among law enforcement a problem nationwide '' . The Ann Arbor News . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anabolic Steroid Use and Abuse by Police Officers : Policy & Prevention '' . The Police Chief . June 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lockhart B ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) . `` WWE steroid investigation : A controversy McMahon ' does n't need ' '' . Greenwich Time . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ documents Archived December 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Deposition details McMahon steroid testimony News from southeastern Connecticut '' . The Day . 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Assael , Shaun ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` ' Raw Deal ' busts labs across U.S. , many supplied by China '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Yesalis , C ( 2000 ) . `` Source of Anabolic Steroids '' . Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise . Champaign , Ill. : Human Kinetics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9 . Jump up ^ Black , Terry ( 1996 ) . `` Does the Ban on Drugs in Sport Improve Societal Welfare ? '' . Faculty of Business , Queensland University of Technology . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pound RW ( 2006 ) . `` Organized Crime '' . Inside dope : how drugs are the biggest threat to sports , why you should care , and what can be done about them . Mississaug , Ontario : Wiley . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 83733 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kanayama G , Hudson JI , Pope HG ( November 2008 ) . `` Long - term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic - androgenic steroid abuse : a looming public health concern ? '' . Drug Alcohol Depend. 98 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2008.05. 004 . PMC 2646607 . PMID 18599224 . Jump up ^ `` Steroids '' . National Institute on Drug Abuse . GDCADA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Drug Enforcement Administration 's International Operations ( Redacted ) '' . Office of the Inspector General . USDOJ . February 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nieschlag E , Kumar N , Sitruk - Ware R ( 2013 ) . `` 7α - methyl - 19 - nortestosterone ( MENTR ) : the population council 's contribution to research on male contraception and treatment of hypogonadism '' . Contraception. 87 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2012.08. 036 . PMID 23063338 . Jump up ^ https://www.endocrine.org/news-room/2018/dimethandrolone-undecanoate-shows-promise-as-a-male-birth-control-pill Further reading ( edit ) Schänzer W ( 1996 ) . `` Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids '' . Clin. Chem. 42 ( 7 ) : 1001 -- 20 . PMID 8674183 . Yesalis CE ( 2000 ) . Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise . Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9 . Daniels RC ( February 1 , 2003 ) . The Anabolic Steroid Handbook . RCD Books . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 9548227 - 0 - 6 . Gallaway S ( January 15 , 1997 ) . The Steroid Bible ( 3rd Sprl ed . ) . Belle Intl . p. 125 . ISBN 1 - 890342 - 00 - 9 . Llewellyn W ( January 28 , 2007 ) . Anabolics 2007 : Anabolic Steroid Reference Manual ( 6th ed . ) . Body of Science . p. 988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9679304 - 6 - 6 . Roberts A , Clapp B ( January 2006 ) . Anabolic Steroids : Ultimate Research Guide . Anabolic Books , LLC . p. 394 . ISBN 1 - 59975 - 100 - 3 . Tygart TT ( December 2009 ) . `` Steroids , the Media , and Youth '' . Prevention Researcher Integrated Research Services , Inc . SIRS Researcher. 16 ( 7 -- 9 ) . Eisenhauer L ( Nov 7 , 2005 ) . `` Do I Look OK ? '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch ( St. Louis , MO ) . Retrieved 25 Oct 2010 . Fragkaki AG , Angelis YS , Koupparis M , Tsantili - Kakoulidou A , Kokotos G , Georgakopoulos C ( 2009 ) . `` Structural characteristics of anabolic androgenic steroids contributing to binding to the androgen receptor and to their anabolic and androgenic activities . Applied modifications in the steroidal structure '' . Steroids. 74 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / j. steroids. 2008.10. 016 . PMID 19028512 . McRobb L , Handelsman DJ , Kazlauskas R , Wilkinson S , McLeod MD , Heather AK ( 2008 ) . `` Structure - activity relationships of synthetic progestins in a yeast - based in vitro androgen bioassay '' . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 110 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 39 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsbmb. 2007.10. 008 . PMID 18395441 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Anabolic -- androgenic steroids at Wikimedia Commons Androgens and antiandrogens Androgens ( incl . AAS ) AR agonists Testosterone derivatives : Androstenediol dipropionate Boldenone undecylenate Clostebol Clostebol acetate Clostebol caproate Clostebol propionate Cloxotestosterone acetate Prasterone ( dehydroepiandrosterone , DHEA ) Prasterone enanthate ( DHEA enanthate ) Prasterone sulfate ( DHEA sulfate ) Quinbolone Testosterone Testosterone esters ( e.g. , testosterone cypionate , testosterone enanthate , testosterone propionate , testosterone undecanoate , testosterone ester mixtures ( Deposterona , Omnadren , Sustanon , Testoviron Depot ) ) Dihydrotestosterone derivatives : Androstanolone ( stanolone , dihydrotestosterone , DHT ) Androstanolone esters Bolazine capronate Drostanolone propionate ( dromostanolone propionate ) Epitiostanol Mepitiostane Mesterolone Metenolone acetate ( methenolone acetate ) Metenolone enanthate ( methenolone enanthate ) Stenbolone acetate 19 - Nortestosterone derivatives : Bolandiol dipropionate Nandrolone esters ( e.g. , nandrolone decanoate , nandrolone phenylpropionate ) Norclostebol Norclostebol acetate Oxabolone cipionate ( oxabolone cypionate ) Trenbolone acetate Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate ( trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate ) 17α - Alkylated testosterone derivatives : Bolasterone Calusterone Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ) Fluoxymesterone Formebolone Metandienone ( methandienone , methandrostenolone ) Methandriol ( methylandrostenediol ) Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate Methandriol dipropionate Methandriol propionate Methyltestosterone ( + esterified estrogens ) Methyltestosterone 3 - hexyl ether Oxymesterone Penmesterol Tiomesterone ( thiomesterone ) 17α - Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives : Androisoxazole Furazabol Mebolazine ( dimethazine ) Mestanolone Oxandrolone Oxymetholone Stanozolol 17α - Alkylated 19 - nortestosterone derivatives : Ethylestrenol Mibolerone Norethandrolone Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone , normethisterone ) Propetandrol ( propethandrol ) 17α - Vinyltestosterone derivatives : Norvinisterone ( vinylnortestosterone ) 17α - Ethynyltestosterone derivatives : Danazol Gestrinone Progestins ( e.g. , ethisterone ( ethynyltestosterone ) , levonorgestrel , norgestrel , norethisterone ( norethindrone ) , lynestrenol , norgestrienone ) Tibolone Progesterone derivatives : Medroxyprogesterone acetate Progonadotropins Antiestrogens ( e.g. , tamoxifen , clomifene ) GnRH agonists ( e.g. , GnRH ( gonadorelin ) , leuprorelin ) Gonadotropins ( e.g. , LH , hCG ) Antiandrogens AR antagonists Steroidal : Abiraterone acetate Canrenone Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Dienogest Drospirenone Medrogestone Megestrol acetate Nomegestrol acetate Osaterone acetate Oxendolone Potassium canrenoate Spironolactone Nonsteroidal : Apalutamide Bicalutamide Cimetidine Darolutamide Enzalutamide Flutamide Ketoconazole Nilutamide Seviteronel Topilutamide ( fluridil ) Steroidogenesis inhibitors 5α - Reductase Alfatradiol Dutasteride ( + tamsulosin ) Epristeride Finasteride Saw palmetto extract Others Abiraterone acetate Aminoglutethimide Bifluranol Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Ketoconazole Nilutamide Seviteronel Spironolactone Antigonadotropins D receptor antagonists ( prolactin releasers ) ( e.g. , domperidone , metoclopramide , risperidone , haloperidol , chlorpromazine , sulpiride ) Estrogens ( e.g. , bifluranol , diethylstilbestrol , estradiol , estradiol esters , ethinylestradiol , ethinylestradiol sulfonate , paroxypropione ) GnRH agonists ( e.g. , leuprorelin ) GnRH antagonists ( e.g. , cetrorelix ) Progestogens ( incl. , chlormadinone acetate , cyproterone acetate , hydroxyprogesterone caproate , gestonorone caproate , medroxyprogesterone acetate , megestrol acetate ) Others Androstenedione immunogens : Androvax ( androstenedione albumin ) Ovandrotone albumin ( Fecundin ) WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Androgen receptor modulators Estrogens and antiestrogens Progestogens and antiprogestogens List of androgens / anabolic steroids Androgen receptor modulators AR Agonists Testosterone derivatives : 4 - Androstenediol 4 - Dehydroepiandrosterone ( 4 - DHEA ) 4 - Hydroxytestosterone 4 , 17α - Dimethyltestosterone 5 - Androstenedione 11 - Ketotestosterone 11β - Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone ( 11 - ketoandrostenedione , 11 - oxoandrostenedione ) Androstenediol ( 5 - androstenediol ) Androstenediol 3β - acetate Androstenediol 17β - acetate Androstenediol diacetate Androstenediol dipropionate Androstenedione ( 4 - androstenedione ) Atamestane Boldenone Boldenone undecylenate Boldione ( 1 , 4 - androstadienedione ) Clostebol Clostebol acetate Clostebol caproate Clostebol propionate Cloxotestosterone Cloxotestosterone acetate Dehydroandrosterone DHEA ( androstenolone , prasterone ; 5 - DHEA ) DHEA enanthate ( prasterone enanthate ) DHEA sulfate Exemestane Formestane Plomestane Quinbolone Silandrone Testosterone ( + dutasteride ) Testosterone esters Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate Dihydrotestosterone derivatives : 1 - Androstenediol 1 - Androstenedione 1 - Androsterone ( 1 - andro , 1 - DHEA ) 1 - Testosterone 3α - Androstanediol 5α - Androst - 2 - en - 17 - one 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11 - Ketodihydrotestosterone Androsterone Bolazine Bolazine capronate Dihydroethisterone Dihydroethyltestosterone Dihydrofluoxymesterone Dihydromethylandrostenediol Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) ( androstanolone , stanolone ) Dihydrotestosterone esters Drostanolone Drostanolone propionate Epiandrosterone Epitiostanol Mepitiostane Mesabolone Mesterolone Mesterolone cipionate Methyldiazinol Nisterime Nisterime acetate Prostanozol Stenbolone Stenbolone acetate Testifenon ( testiphenon , testiphenone ) 19 - Nortestosterone derivatives : 7α - Methyl - 19 - norandrostenedione ( MENT dione , trestione ) 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenediol 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenedione 19 - Nordehydroepiandrosterone Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Bolandione ( 19 - nor - 4 - androstenedione ) Bolmantalate ( nandrolone adamantoate ) Dienedione Dienolone Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone buciclate Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate Dimethandrolone undecanoate LS - 1727 ( nandrolone 17β - N - ( 2 - chloroethyl ) - N - nitrosocarbamate ) Methoxydienone ( methoxygonadiene ) Nandrolone Nandrolone esters Norclostebol Norclostebol acetate Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone , normethisterone ) Oxabolone Oxabolone cipionate ( oxabolone cypionate ) Trenbolone Trenbolone acetate Trenbolone enanthate Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate Trenbolone undecanoate Trendione Trestolone ( MENT ) Trestolone acetate Trestolone enanthate Dihydrotestosterone and 19 - nortestosterone derivatives : 5α - Dihydrolevonorgestrel 5α - Dihydronandrolone 5α - Dihydronorethandrolone 5α - Dihydronorethisterone 5α - Dihydronormethandrone 5α - Dihydrotrestolone 19 - Norandrosterone 17α - Alkylated testosterone derivatives : Bolasterone Calusterone Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol ( CDMA ) Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ) Chloromethylandrostenediol ( CMA ) Enestebol Ethyltestosterone Fluoxymesterone Formebolone Hydroxystenozole Metandienone ( methandrostenolone ) Methandriol ( methylandrostenediol ) Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate Methandriol diacetate Methandriol dipropionate Methandriol propionate Methylclostebol ( chloromethyltestosterone ) Methyltestosterone ( + esterified estrogens ) Methyltestosterone 3 - hexyl ether Oxymesterone Penmesterol Tiomesterone 17α - Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives : Androisoxazole Desoxymethyltestosterone Furazabol Mebolazine ( dimethazine ) Mestanolone Metenolone Metenolone acetate Metenolone enanthate Methasterone Methyl - 1 - testosterone Methylepitiostanol Methylstenbolone Oxandrolone Oxymetholone Stanozolol 17α - Alkylated 19 - nortestosterone derivatives : Bolenol Dimethyldienolone Dimethyltrienolone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol Methyldienolone Methylhydroxynandrolone ( MOHN , MHN ) Metribolone Mibolerone Norboletone Norethandrolone Propetandrol RU - 2309 Tetrahydrogestrinone 17α - Vinyltestosterone derivatives : Norvinisterone ( vinylnortestosterone ) Vinyltestosterone 17α - Ethynyltestosterone derivatives : Δ - Tibolone Danazol Desogestrel Ethisterone ( ethynyltestosterone ) Etonogestrel Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel butanoate Lynestrenol Norethisterone Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone acetate oxime Norethisterone enanthate Norgestrel Norgestrienone Quingestanol Quingestanol acetate Tibolone Progesterone derivatives : Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Others / unsorted : 3 - Keto - 5α - abiraterone 5α - Androstane Alternariol Cl - 4AS - 1 Drupanol ZM - 182345 Mixed ( SARMs ) Nonsteroidal : 198RL26 ACP - 105 AC - 262536 Acetothiolutamide Andarine ( acetamidoxolutamide , androxolutamide , GTx - 007 , S - 4 ) BMS - 564929 DTIB Enobosarm ( ostarine , MK - 2866 , GTx - 024 , S - 22 ) FTBU - 1 GSK - 4336A GSK - 8698 LG - 121071 ( LGD - 121071 ) LGD - 2226 LGD - 2941 ( LGD - 122941 ) LGD - 3303 LGD - 4033 JNJ - 26146900 JNJ - 28330835 JNJ - 37654032 ORM - 11984 R - 1 RAD140 RU - 59063 S - 1 S - 23 S - 40503 S - 101479 Triclosan Steroidal : EM - 9017 MK - 0773 TFM - 4AS - 1 YK - 11 Antagonists Steroidal : 7α - Thioprogesterone 7α - Thiospironolactone 7α - Thiomethylspironolactone 9 , 11 - Dehydrocortexolone 17α - butyrate ( CB - 03 - 04 ) 11α - Hydroxyprogesterone 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate Abiraterone Abiraterone acetate Allyltestosterone Benorterone BOMT Canrenoic acid Canrenone Chlormadinone acetate Clometerone Cortexolone 17α - propionate ( CB - 03 - 01 ) Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delanterone Delmadinone acetate Dicirenone Dienogest Drospirenone DU - 41165 Edogestrone EM - 4350 EM - 5854 EM - 5855 EM - 6537 Epitestosterone Galeterone Guggulsterone Medrogestone Megestrol acetate Mespirenone Metogest Mexrenone Mifepristone Nomegestrol acetate Nordinone Osaterone Osaterone acetate Oxendolone Potassium canrenoate Promegestone Prorenone Rosterolone RU - 15328 SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) Spironolactone Spirorenone Spiroxasone Topterone Trimegestone Trimethyltrienolone ( R - 2956 ) Zanoterone Nonsteroidal : 5N - Bicalutamide AA560 Antarlides Arabilin Apalutamide Atraric acid AZD - 3514 Bakuchiol BAY - 1024767 Bicalutamide Bisphenols ( e.g. , BADGE , BFDGE , bisphenol A , bisphenol F , bisphenol S ) BMS - 501949 BMS - 570511 BMS - 641988 CH5137291 Cimetidine Cioteronel Darolutamide DDT ( via metabolite p , p ' - DDE ) Dieldrin DIMP Endosulfan Enzalutamide EPI - 001 Fenarimol Flutamide Hydroxyflutamide Inocoterone Inocoterone acetate Ketoconazole Lavender oil LG - 105 LG - 120907 LGD - 1331 Linuron Methiocarb N - Butylbenzenesulfonamide N - Desmethylapalutamide N - Desmethylenzalutamide Nilutamide ONC1 - 13B ORM - 15341 Pentomone PF - 998425 Phenothrin Prochloraz Procymidone Proxalutamide Ralaniten ( EPI - 002 ) Ralaniten acetate ( EPI - 506 ) RD - 162 Ro 2 - 7239 Ro 5 - 2537 RU - 22930 RU - 56187 RU - 57073 RU - 58642 RU - 58841 Seviteronel Thalidomide Topilutamide ( fluridil ) Valproic acid Vinclozolin YM - 580 YM - 92088 YM - 175735 GPRC6A Agonists Cations ( incl . aluminum , calcium , gadolinium , magnesium , strontium , zinc ) Dehydroandrosterone Dihydrotestosterone Estradiol L - α - Amino acids ( incl . L - arginine , L - lysine , L - ornithine ) Osteocalcin SHBG Testosterone See also Receptor / signaling modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogen receptor modulators Progesterone receptor modulators List of androgens / anabolic steroids Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anabolic_steroid&oldid=849075411 '' Categories : Androgens and anabolic steroids Bodybuilding Contraception for males Endocrine system Exercise physiology Doping in sport Hepatotoxins Hormonal antineoplastic drugs IARC Group 2A carcinogens World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 10 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of substance is an anabolic-androgenic steroid | [
"Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS),[1] are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone. They are anabolic and increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles, and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects, including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair. The word anabolic, referring to anabolism, comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole, \"that which is thrown up, mound\". Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists, the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone.\n"
] | [
"steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone"
] |
3771174801399023812 | Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime | Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Codename fortuna grandprimeve Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Series Samsung Galaxy Model SM - G530H / DS ( Dual SIM variant ) SM - G530F ( LTE variant ) SM - G530BT ( Brazilian variant ) SM - G530FZ SM - G530M SM - G531F ( Value Edition LTE ) SM - G531H / DL ( Value Edition Dual SIM ) SM - G531BT ( Brazilian variant ; SBTVD Dual SIM variant ) SM - G531F / DD ( Value Edition LTE Dual SIM ) SM - G531Y ( Value Edition ) Compatible networks ( GSM / GPRS / EDGE ) : 850 , 900 , 1800 , and 1900 MHz ; 3G ( HSPA 42.2 / 5.76 Mbit / s ) : HSDPA 850 / ‒ 900 / ‒ 1900 / ‒ 2100 MHz ; 4G LTE ( Cat4 150 / 50 Mbit / s ) : 700 , 800 , 850 , 900 , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , and 2600 MHz First released June 2015 Predecessor Samsung Galaxy Core Prime Successor Samsung Galaxy J2 Prime / Grand Prime+ Related Samsung Galaxy On5 Samsung Galaxy On7 Type Touchscreen smartphone Form factor Slate 144.8 mm ( 5.70 in ) H 72.1 mm ( 2.84 in ) W 8.6 mm ( 0.34 in ) D Weight 156 g ( 5.5 oz ) Operating system Original : Android 4.4. 4 `` KitKat '' Android 5.0 - 5.1. 1 `` Lollipop '' ( Value Edition variants ) Current : Android 5.1. 1 `` Lollipop '' Unofficial : Android 7.1. 1 `` Nougat '' System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410 Marvell PXA1908 ( Value Edition ) Spreadtrum SC7730 ( SM - G531Y ) CPU ARMv8 1.2 GHz Quad - core CPU ARMv7 1.3 GHz Quad - core CPU ( SM - G531Y ) GPU Adreno 306 Vivante GC7000UL ( Value Edition ) Mali - 400 MP ( SM - G531Y ) Memory 1 GB RAM Storage 8 GB Removable storage microSD , microSDXC up to 256 GB Battery 2600 mAh Li - ion Data inputs Accelerometer Proximity sensor Geomagnetic sensor Compass Display 5.0 in ( 130 mm ) 540x960 px ( 220 dpi ) Rear camera 8 Megapixel with LED flash Front camera 5 Megapixel Connectivity Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n ( 2.4 GHz ) GPS Bluetooth LE 4.0 with ANT+ Bluetooth 4.1 with A2DP ( G531F ) NFC ( G530F / FZ ; G531F ) Other Digital TV ( SBTVD ( SM - G530BT ; SM - G531BT ) USB On - The - Go ( SM - G531F ) SAR 0.412 W / kg ( Head SAR ) 0.382 W / kg ( Body - worn SAR ) Website Official Website References The Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime is an entry level Android smartphone manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics . The Grand Prime line serves as a successor to the Core Prime . It was originally introduced in 2014 as an exclusive for the Pakistani market , but was later released as a budget phone the following year for a number of markets in Asia . It is also made available in the United States through mobile providers such as MetroPCS , Cricket , Verizon , T - Mobile , and Sprint . It is also available in Canadian providers , such as Freedom Mobile , Chatr Mobile , Koodo , SpeakOut and Public Mobile . In 2016 , Samsung announced that it will release the successor to the Grand Prime . It was launched as the Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus , known as the J2 Prime in some territories . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samsung 's Galaxy Grand Prime Full Help '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Grand Prime - SM - G530HZWDXTC '' . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Value Edition '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy_Grand_Prime&oldid=854929222 '' Categories : Android ( operating system ) devices Samsung mobile phones Samsung Galaxy Mobile phones introduced in 2014 Touchscreen mobile phones Talk About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Español Bahasa Indonesia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 19 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the galaxy grand prime come out | [
"Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime\n\nCodename\nfortunagrandprimeveManufacturer\nSamsung ElectronicsSeries\nSamsung GalaxyModel\nSM-G530H/DS (Dual SIM variant)SM-G530F (LTE variant)SM-G530BT (Brazilian variant)SM-G530FZSM-G530MSM-G531F (Value Edition LTE)SM-G531H/DL (Value Edition Dual SIM)SM-G531BT (Brazilian variant; SBTVD Dual SIM variant) SM-G531F/DD (Value Edition LTE Dual SIM)SM-G531Y (Value Edition)Compatible networks\n(GSM/GPRS/EDGE): 850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz; 3G (HSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbit/s): HSDPA 850/‒900/‒1900/‒2100 MHz;4G LTE (Cat4 150/50 Mbit/s): 700, 800, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, and 2600 MHzFirst released\nJune 2015Predecessor\nSamsung Galaxy Core PrimeSuccessor\nSamsung Galaxy J2 Prime/Grand Prime+Related\nSamsung Galaxy On5Samsung Galaxy On7Type\nTouchscreen smartphoneForm factor\nSlateDimensions\n144.8 mm (5.70 in) H 72.1 mm (2.84 in) W 8.6 mm (0.34 in) DWeight\n156 g (5.5 oz)Operating system\nOriginal: Android 4.4.4 \"KitKat\"Android 5.0-5.1.1 \"Lollipop\" (Value Edition variants)Current: Android 5.1.1 \"Lollipop\"Unofficial: Android 7.1.1 \"Nougat\"System on chip\nQualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410Marvell PXA1908 (Value Edition)Spreadtrum SC7730 (SM-G531Y)CPU\nARMv8 1.2GHz Quad-core CPUARMv7 1.3GHz Quad-core CPU (SM-G531Y)GPU\nAdreno 306Vivante GC7000UL (Value Edition)Mali-400 MP (SM-G531Y)Memory\n1 GB RAMStorage\n8 GBRemovable storage\nmicroSD, microSDXC up to 256 GBBattery\n2600 mAh Li-ionData inputs\nAccelerometerProximity sensorGeomagnetic sensorCompassDisplay\n5.0 in (130 mm) 540x960 px (220dpi)Rear camera\n8 Megapixel with LED flashFront camera\n5 MegapixelConnectivity\nWi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n (2.4 GHz) GPS Bluetooth LE 4.0 with ANT+ Bluetooth 4.1 with A2DP(G531F) NFC (G530F/FZ; G531F)Other\nDigital TV (SBTVD (SM-G530BT; SM-G531BT)USB On-The-Go (SM-G531F)SAR\n0.412 W/kg (Head SAR)0.382 W/kg (Body-worn SAR)Website\nOfficial WebsiteReferences\n[1]\n[2]\n\n[3]"
] | [
"June 2015"
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1129977563415713652 | List of Sword Art Online episodes | List of Sword Art Online Episodes - wikipedia List of Sword Art Online Episodes Sword Art Online Cover of the first DVD volume released by Aniplex of America . Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 25 Release Original network Tokyo MX Original release July 8 ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) -- December 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 23 ) Season chronology Next → Sword Art Online II Sword Art Online is a science fantasy anime series adapted from the light novel series of the same title written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by Abec . It was produced by A-1 Pictures , Genco , and the SAO Project , and directed by Tomohiko Itō . It is divided into the `` Aincrad '' and `` Fairy Dance '' arcs . The story of the first season follows the adventures of Kazuto `` Kirito '' Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki , two players who are trapped in the virtual world of `` Sword Art Online '' ( SAO ) . They are tasked to clear all 100 Floors and defeat the final boss in order to be freed from the game . Three months after the death game , Kazuto discovers that Asuna is being held captive in `` ALfheim Online '' ( ALO ) , a spiritual successor to SAO , where the players assume the roles of fairies . Kazuto enters the game and allies himself with his sister Suguha `` Leafa '' Kirigaya to rescue Asuna from captivity . The series aired from July 8 to December 23 , 2012 , on Tokyo MX , spanning 25 episodes . It was later broadcast by 12 other stations . Aniplex of America announced that the English dubbed version will air on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting from July 27 , 2013 . The first DVD and Blu - ray Disc volumes were released in Japan on October 24 , 2012 , and it concluded on June 26 , 2013 , with all nine volumes containing a bonus Sword Art Offline ( ソード アート ・ オフライン , Sōdo Āto Ofurain ) episode . In North America , Aniplex of America released the series in four Blu - ray / DVD volumes on August 13 , 2013 . In Australasia , Madman Entertainment distributed the four volumes in DVD and Blu - ray format . In Europe , Manga Entertainment first released all four volumes on December 16 , 2013 . A special episode of the anime titled Sword Art Online : Extra Edition ( ソード アート ・ オンライン Extra Edition , Sōdo Āto Onrain Ekisutora Edikushon ) was globally released on December 31 , 2013 . A second season , Sword Art Online II began in July 2014 . Five pieces of theme music were used for the series : two opening themes and three ending themes . For the first 14 episodes , the opening theme song is `` Crossing Field '' performed by LiSA , and the ending theme is `` Yume Sekai '' ( ユメセカイ , lit . `` Dream World '' ) performed by Haruka Tomatsu . The second opening theme , used from episode 15 onwards , is `` Innocence '' performed by Eir Aoi . While its second ending theme , used from episodes 15 to 24 , is `` Overfly '' sung by Luna Haruna . The third ending theme , `` Crossing Field '' was used for the final episode . The extra edition 's main theme is `` Niji no Oto '' ( 虹 の 音 , Sound of the Rainbow ) by Eir Aoi . The original score for the series is composed by Yuki Kajiura . A film , Sword Art Online : Ordinal Scale , was released on February 18 , 2017 . Contents 1 Episode list 1.1 Sword Art Online ( 2012 ) 1.1. 1 Story arc 1 : Aincrad 1.1. 2 Story arc 2 : Fairy Dance 1.2 Sword Art Online : Extra Edition 2 Media release 2.1 Japanese release 2.2 English release 2.3 Sword Art Offline 2.4 Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Episode list ( edit ) Sword Art Online ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Story arc 1 : Aincrad ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Director Writer Original air date English air date Refs . `` The World of Swords '' `` Ken no Sekai '' ( 剣 の 世界 ) Tomohiko Itō Yukie Sugawara & Yukito Kizawa July 8 , 2012 July 27 , 2013 A virtual reality gaming console known as the `` NerveGear '' is released to the public alongside the world 's first virtual reality game called `` Sword Art Online '' ( SAO ) . A beta - tester named Kirito logs in and visits Aincrad , the setting where the game takes place , and quickly befriends a fellow novice player named Klein , to whom he teaches the basics of the game , including how to defeat a boar . A few hours later , Kirito and Klein discover that they can not log out . Akihiko Kayaba , the game 's creator and employee of the computer corporation Argus , announces to the players that he intentionally removed the option to log out and that players will die if either their NerveGear helmet is forcefully removed or their in - game health bar is depleted to zero . He also admits that he created this game as a way to become God over his own dominion , and that the only way to log out of the game is to clear all of Aincrad 's 100 Floors . `` Beater '' `` Bītā '' ( ビーター ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Munemasa Nakamoto July 15 , 2012 August 3 , 2013 One month later , over 2,000 players are already dead . Kirito attends a meeting organized by fellow beta - tester Diavel , who announces to the attendants that his party has discovered the 1st Floor 's boss , Illfang the Kobold Lord . As players partner up to prepare for battle , Kirito teams up with a young mysterious girl named Asuna . The next day , Diavel and the players arrive at the boss room and battle Illfang and his minions . When Illfang 's health becomes low , Diavel goes for the finishing attack , but before Diavel can see Illfang 's true weapon , he is mortally wounded . With his dying breath , Diavel tells Kirito to defeat the boss and save the players at all costs . After Kirito successfully defeats Illfang , the other players accuse Kirito of killing Diavel by having previous knowledge about Illfang he did not share with other players and label him a `` beater '' , a combination of the words `` beta - tester '' and `` cheater '' . `` The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' `` Akahana no Tonakai '' ( 赤鼻 の トナカイ ) Yuuki Itohafrer Yukie Sugawara July 22 , 2012 August 10 , 2013 Kirito joins a guild named the Moonlit Black Cats , but keeps his character level a secret , as it is much higher than the other guild members . Sachi , a member of the guild , admits to Kirito that she is afraid of dying , but Kirito reassures her . As Keita , the guild 's leader , leaves to buy a house for the guild , Kirito and the other guild members go to the 27th Floor , where they find and open a treasure chest . However , this triggers a trap , summoning an army of monsters to surround Kirito and the guild . Kirito watches helplessly as the entire guild , including Sachi , are killed by the monsters , leaving him as the only survivor . Keita commits suicide after learning of his guild 's death and Kirito 's higher level . Afterwards , Kirito travels to the 35th Floor , where he defeats a secret boss named Nicholas the Renegade , to obtain an item capable of reviving a dead player . However , Kirito gives the item to Klein instead after learning the item is only effective within ten seconds of a player 's death . Later that night , Kirito receives a pre-recorded message from Sachi , telling him to not blame himself and to keep living strong . `` The Black Swordsman '' `` Kuro no Kenshi '' ( 黒 の 剣士 ) Shinya Watada Yoshikazu Mukai July 29 , 2012 August 17 , 2013 A female beast tamer named Silica leaves her party after being caught in a dispute and walks through a forest , only to be ambushed by a group of apes . Silica 's dragon familiar named Pina is killed while trying to protect her , but Kirito arrives to save Silica and kill the apes . Kirito agrees to take Silica to the 47th Floor to retrieve an item that can revive in - game creatures like Pina within three days . He warns her of the existence of `` orange players '' who commit crimes and `` red players '' who commit murder . After they fight off a plant monster and finally retrieve the item , revealed to be a flower , they are confronted by Rosalia , leader of a guild named Titan 's Hand , Silica 's party of orange players . Kirito intended on escorting Silica in order to lure and arrest Titan 's Hand . Thanks to an item that could regenerate his health bar instantly from numerous attacks , Kirito effortlessly outmatches and detains the guild members . Silica later thanks Kirito for his help and uses the flower to revive Pina . 5 `` Murder in the Safe Zone '' `` Kennai Jiken '' ( 圏内 事件 ) Yasuyuki Fuse Yukito Kizawa August 5 , 2012 August 24 , 2013 On the 56th Floor , Asuna proposes a plan to lure a boss into a village , but Kirito opposes the idea since it may involve the deaths of non-player character villagers . On the 59th Floor , Kirito persuades Asuna to rest and relax in a field one afternoon , and she later repays him with dinner at a restaurant for watching over her . Their dinner is interrupted when they hear a scream , and they rush outside to a church , where a player named Caynz has been hanged from a noose and impaled with a spear before dying . As Kirito and Asuna investigate the murder , they deduce that there may be an unknown player killer , and they learn that Yolko and her boyfriend Caynz were formerly members of a now - disbanded guild called Golden Apple . They find out from a merchant owner , Agil , that the spear was forged by Grimlock , who is the husband of Griselda , the leader of the Golden Apple . Griselda was killed six months ago while attempting to sell a valuable ring she obtained from defeating a boss . After realizing that Grimlock may be the suspect , Yolko is abruptly killed by a knife thrown through the window . 6 `` Illusionary Avenger '' `` Maboroshi no Fukushū - sha '' ( 幻 の 復讐 者 ) Kazuma Satō Yukito Kizawa August 12 , 2012 September 7 , 2013 Kirito fails to pursue Grimlock , who was cloaked in a black robe and holding a teleport crystal . Later on , Kirito accidentally drops a sandwich that was given to him by Asuna , and then realizes that Caynz and Yolko faked their deaths by using a similar teleport crystal . Meanwhile at Griselda 's grave , Yolko and Caynz temporarily disguise themselves and interrogate a former guild member named Schmitt to see if he was the true suspect , but he pleads and proves his innocence . Yolko , Caynz and Schmitt are soon encountered by a guild of red players called the Laughing Coffin who murder other players for fun , but Kirito arrives and forces the guild to retreat . Kirito then learns that Grimlock wanted Griselda dead to acquire the ring for himself . Asuna apprehends Grimlock , who confesses that Griselda was happier in the virtual world compared to the real world , thinking that she might one day leave him . After Yolko , Caynz , Schmitt and Grimlock leave , Kirito and Asuna see a glimpse of Griselda by her grave before disappearing . 7 `` The Temperature of the Heart '' `` Kokoro no Ondo '' ( 心 の 温度 ) Makoto Hoshino Yoshikazu Mukai August 19 , 2012 September 14 , 2013 On the 48th Floor , Kirito meets Asuna 's friend Lisbeth in her blacksmith shop to request a custom - made sword . Lisbeth is shocked when she finds that Kirito 's current sword , Elucidator , is durable enough to destroy the strongest sword she has ever forged , and persuades Kirito to take her to the 55th Floor to get a rare mineral from a crystal dragon , so that she can use it to make an even stronger sword . They arrive at the 55th Floor and find the rare mineral inside the deep pit of the crystal dragon 's nest . During their time together , Lisbeth develops romantic feelings for Kirito , which are strengthened when Kirito defeats the crystal dragon and escorts her to safety . Lisbeth uses the rare mineral to forge a new sword for Kirito named Dark Repulsor . As she then attempts to confess her love to Kirito , Asuna arrives and interrupts them . Lisbeth becomes heartbroken and runs away , quickly realizing Kirito and Asuna having mutual strong romantic feelings for each others . Kirito later finds Lisbeth at a riverbank and thanks her for the time that they spent together . In turn , Lisbeth welcomes Kirito to her blacksmith shop anytime he needs to stop by . 8 `` The Sword Dance of Black and White '' `` Kuro to Shiro no Kenbu '' ( 黒 と 白 の 剣舞 ) Tatsumi Fujii Shuji Iriyama August 26 , 2012 September 21 , 2013 On the 74th Floor , Kirito hunts down a rare rabbit , that contains high quality meat . Kirito attempts to sell it to Agil , but when Asuna arrives , he decides to let her cook it since Asuna has excellent cooking skills . Asuna 's escort , Kuradeel , opposes Asuna inviting Kirito to her home after he learns that Kirito is a `` beater '' , but Asuna disregards him . On the 61st Floor , Asuna welcomes Kirito to her home , and they eat the meal she prepared in a stew . Asuna convinces Kirito to team up with her , despite him preferring to be a solo player . The next day , the two head back to the 74th Floor , where Kuradeel challenges Kirito to a duel to prove who can best protect Asuna . Kirito easily defeats Kuradeel by breaking his sword . Kuradeel refuses to admit that he lost to a beater and accuses Kirito of cheating . Asuna uses her authority as the second - in - command of her notorious guild , the Knights of the Blood Oath , to order Kuradeel to return to the guild 's headquarters . Kirito and Asuna later clear the dungeon and discover the boss room on the 74th Floor . 9 `` The Blue - Eyed Demon '' `` Seigan no Akuma '' ( 青眼 の 悪魔 ) Koichi Kikuta Munemasa Nakamoto & Naoki Shōji September 2 , 2012 September 28 , 2013 Kirito and Asuna flee the boss room upon seeing the Gleam Eyes , the boss in the form of a chimera . The two encounter and greet Klein and his guild , Fuurinkazan . When a player named Kobatz and his guild called the Aincrad Liberation Force appear , Kirito complies with giving Kobatz the map of the dungeon , despite Asuna and Klein 's objections . Kirito , Asuna and Klein enter the boss room , only to find Kobatz dead and the Aincrad Liberation Force badly injured . The trio charge at the Gleam Eyes , but find that the boss is too difficult to defeat . This forces Kirito to execute his secret unique skill , dual wielding his two swords , to defeat the Gleam Eyes . Kirito collapses from loss of health , but Asuna embraces him . News of Kirito 's unique dual wielding attracts the attention of Heathcliff , leader of the Knights of the Blood Oath , who challenges Kirito to a duel . If Kirito wins , Asuna can quit the guild , but if Kirito loses , he must join the guild . 10 `` Crimson Killing Intent '' `` Kurenai no Satsui '' ( 紅 の 殺意 ) Hideya Takahashi Yukito Kizawa September 9 , 2012 October 5 , 2013 On the 75th Floor , Asuna warns Kirito that Heathcliff has a skill which grants him maximum strength with his sword and defense with his shield . During the duel in an arena , Kirito attempts to strike Heathcliff , but the latter manages to parry it and defeats the former . Later on the 55th Floor , after Kirito confides in Asuna that he averted joining guilds due to the incident with the Moonlit Black Cats , fellow guild member Godfree summons Kirito and Kuradeel , taking them through a canyon to a dungeon on the 55th Floor for a skill assessment . As they stop to take a break from their travel , Kirito and Godfree realize that Kuradeel tainted the water to paralyze them . After brutally murdering Godfree , Kuradeel reveals himself as a member of Laughing Coffin . As Kuradeel tortures Kirito , Asuna arrives just before Kirito runs out of health and gives him an antidote crystal . Kuradeel deceitfully surrenders to Asuna and tries to attack , but Kirito defends Asuna and kills Kuradeel . Kirito and Asuna kiss , promising to never leave each other . Kirito requests to stay the night with Asuna at her house . 11 `` Girl of the Morning Dew '' `` Asatsuyu no Shōjo '' ( 朝露 の 少女 ) Pyeon - Gang Ho Yukie Sugawara September 16 , 2012 October 12 , 2013 Kirito and Asuna have an online marriage , in which they are granted a temporary leave from the Knights of the Blood Oath to go on a honeymoon at a village in a log cabin on the 22nd Floor . As they venture deep inside a nearby forest , they find a lost girl who suddenly collapses , discovering that there may be a possible glitch since she does not have a cursor above her , so they end up taking her back to their log cabin for the night . The next day , the girl wakes up and remembers her name as Yui , and she decides to refer to Kirito and Asuna as her parents . The three of them go to the 1st Floor to find out if anyone is searching for Yui . They encounter the Aincrad Liberation Force extorting taxes from a daycare owner named Sasha and three of the children in her care . Asuna instills fear on the Aincrad Liberation Force with the use of her sword , causing them to retreat . Yui soon starts to panic and momentarily glitches before being rendered unconscious again . 12 `` Yui 's Heart '' `` Yui no Kokoro '' ( ユイ の 心 ) Tamaki Nakatsu Yukie Sugawara September 23 , 2012 October 19 , 2013 At the daycare center inside a church , Kirito , Asuna , Yui and Sasha are visited by Yulier , second - in - command of the Aincrad Liberation Force . Yulier explains that Thinker , leader of the Aincrad Liberation Force , was overthrown by Kibaou , who trapped Thinker in a dungeon on the 1st Floor three days ago . Kirito , Asuna and Yui agree to help Yulier rescue Thinker . As they clear the dungeon and find Thinker , they are ambushed by a boss named the Fatal Scythe . Kirito and Asuna attempt to fight the Fatal Scythe , but are completely outmatched and overwhelmed . Yui steps in and destroys the Fatal Scythe in a ball of fire , revealing that she is an indestructible in - game object . Kirito and Asuna discover that Yui is an artificial intelligence character designed to aid the players , but was forced to monitor them instead . Yui admits that she felt like a daughter to Kirito and Asuna when she interacted with them . Yui is then sentenced to deletion due to her interference with the game , but Kirito manages to use the gamemaster console to save Yui from complete deletion by transforming her data into an in - game item , a crystal drop that he gives to Asuna . 13 `` Edge of Hell 's Abyss '' `` Naraku no Fuchi '' ( 奈落 の 淵 ) Takahiro Shikama Yoshikazu Mukai September 30 , 2012 October 26 , 2013 While fishing near a lake , Kirito encounters Nishida , an avid fisherman . He remarks that , despite honing his fisherman skills , he is unable to cook delicious dishes with what he catches . Kirito invites him to his home for Asuna to cook the fish he caught for them . During their meal , Nishida mentions to Kirito that he tried to catch a huge fish so many times before but failed , and he asks Kirito to help him . Later , Nishida manages to hook the fish and passes the rod to Kirito to reel it in . The fish is revealed to be a huge monster , which Asuna defeats . Soon after , Kirito receives a message from Heathcliff . Before leaving Nishida , Asuna recounts how she developed feelings for Kirito over time . Kirito and Asuna meet up at the guild 's headquarters , where they learn that a party of twenty guild members had been trapped and killed in the boss room of the 75th Floor . A team of players from several guilds , including Kirito , Asuna , Klein and Agil , are assembled together . Once inside , the team battles the terrifying boss of the 75th Floor , the Skull Reaper . 14 `` The End of the World '' `` Sekai no Shūen '' ( 世界 の 終焉 ) Tomohiko Itō Yukito Kizawa October 7 , 2012 November 2 , 2013 After the Skull Reaper is finally defeated , Kirito deduces that Heathcliff is secretly Akihiko Kayaba 's avatar , exposing him as indestructible and revealing him as the boss of the 100th Floor . Heathcliff paralyzes everyone except Kirito and challenges him to a duel evenly matched , promising that the remaining players will be logged out of the game if Kirito wins , to which Kirito accepts the challenge and fights Heathcliff . When Heathcliff prepares to make a finishing blow , Asuna jumps in between them and sacrifices herself , leaving Kirito stricken with grief . Heathcliff kills Kirito , but Kirito overrides the health bar and defeats Heathcliff , thereby clearing the game . On a floating platform over Aincrad , Akihiko explains to Kirito and Asuna that he wanted a world that everyone imagined in their hearts . He congratulates them on clearing the game and bids them farewell . Kirito and Asuna tell one another their real names and embrace each other as the world falls apart . In the real world , Kirito awakes in a hospital and sets off to find Asuna . Story arc 2 : Fairy Dance ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Director Writer Original air date English air date Refs . 15 `` Return '' `` Kikan '' ( 帰還 ) Shigetaka Ikeda Munemasa Nakamoto October 14 , 2012 November 9 , 2013 Two months later , Kazuto Kirigaya and his adoptive sister Suguha Kirigaya have a kendo match , but he loses due to his sword stance and fighting style being ineffective outside the virtual reality environment . Kazuto goes to the hospital to visit Asuna Yuuki , who has yet to wake up from her coma , along with 300 other players . Kazuto meets Asuna 's father Shōzō Yuuki , CEO of computer corporation RECT Progress Inc. , and his associate Nobuyuki Sugō , who intends to marry Asuna while she is in her comatose state , much to Kazuto 's fury . Later at home , Kazuto breaks down before Suguha , who comforts him . Suguha recalls her mother Midori Kirigaya saying that Kazuto is actually her cousin and harbors her own feelings for him . The next morning , Kazuto receives an e-mail from Andrew Gilbert Mills with a screenshot from another game of an avatar that resembles `` Asuna '' . 16 `` Land of the Fairies '' `` Yōsei - tachi no Kuni '' ( 妖精 たち の 国 ) Yasuyuki Fuse Yukie Sugawara October 21 , 2012 November 16 , 2013 Kazuto visits Andrew , the real - life persona of Agil , who explains that the screenshot originated from `` ALfheim Online '' ( ALO ) , a virtual reality game where players take the role of fairies capable of flight . He explains that the avatar resembling Asuna was spotted somewhere on the World Tree . Discovering that RECT Progress Inc. created the game , Kazuto is convinced that when Asuna logged out of SAO , she was somehow trapped in ALO . Wasting no time , Kazuto logs in to ALO as `` Kirito '' and selects the shadow fairy Spriggan as his avatar . He discovers that he still has his SAO game data , including skill levels and the SAO in - game item containing the data of Yui , which he activates to bring Yui into ALO as a Navigation Pixie . Yui deduces that the game was made using a copy of SAO 's servers , explaining why Kirito 's statistics from SAO had been carried over to ALO . After Yui teaches Kirito how to fly using a controller , he assists a wind fairy Sylph player named Leafa in defeating three fire fairy Salamanders , led by lance squad captain Kagemune . 17 `` Captive Queen '' `` Toraware no Joō '' ( 囚われ の 女王 ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yoshikazu Mukai October 28 , 2012 November 23 , 2013 Leafa thanks Kirito for saving her from the attack and teaches him how to fly properly without using a controller . They travel to Sylvein , where they meet one of Leafa 's party members , Recon . Kirito and Leafa go to an inn and have a conversation about how he can get to the top of the World Tree . Seeing Kirito 's determination to reach the top of the tree , Leafa decides to help and asks him to meet her at the inn the next day . When Leafa logs out into the real world , she is revealed to be Suguha . Meanwhile , Asuna is seen in a gigantic cage at the World Tree , held by the gamemaster , Oberon the Fairy King , revealed to be Sugō in the real world . Asuna is shocked that Oberon wants to control the minds of the 300 comatose SAO players . When Oberon leaves , Asuna hopes that Kirito will save her . 18 `` To the World Tree '' `` Sekaiju e '' ( 世界 樹 へ ) Takayoshi Morimiya Yukito Kizawa November 4 , 2012 November 30 , 2013 In the real world , Suguha reminisces about how she started virtual reality gaming and meets up with classmate Shin'ichi Nagata , real - life persona of Recon . She informs him that she will be leaving their party to join Kirito . Later , she logs in as Leafa and begins to lead Kirito to the World Tree , which stands in the center of Alfheim . However , before their departure , a member of Leafa 's party , Sigurd , is disappointed that she betrayed her other members . Annoyed about how Sigurd treats Kirito , Leafa announces that Kirito is her new partner . Meanwhile , Asuna learns from Oberon that Kirito is still alive , and she peeks at the key code which unlocks her cage as Oberon leaves . Later during their travels , Kirito and Leafa arrive at a landing point , where they take turns logging out to refresh themselves . 19 `` The Legrue Corridor '' `` Rugurū Kairō '' ( ルグルー 回廊 ) Pyeon - Gang Ho Shuji Iriyama November 11 , 2012 January 4 , 2014 While en route to the World Tree , Kirito and Leafa first pass through a large cave in the Legrue Corridor . Leafa receives an incomplete message from Recon , telling her to be careful . When Kirito and Leafa realize that they are being followed , they are cornered by a large group of Salamanders in the mage squad at a bridge . Kirito takes on the group by himself , unable to break their formation . Yui tells Leafa to cast some protective magic on Kirito , while he conjures an illusion spell that temporarily transforms him into a representation of the Gleam Eyes . In his new form , Kirito obliterates his enemies , but spares one whom Kirito bribes with game items in exchange for information . The Salamander reveals that his party was ordered by Kagemune to attack Kirito and Leafa . In the real world , Suguha contacts Shin'ichi , who says that Sigurd is really a spy for the Salamanders , in which they plan on attacking the Sylphs and the cat fairy Cat Siths . Back in the virtual world , Leafa informs Kirito about this , and the two hurry to Butterfly Valley . 20 `` General of the Blazing Flame '' `` Mōen no Shō '' ( 猛 炎 の 将 ) Makoto Hoshino & Takahiro Shikama Naoki Shōji November 18 , 2012 January 11 , 2014 Kirito and Leafa interrupt the attack from happening , in which Kirito rushes forward and addresses Eugene , the general of the Salamanders . Kirito bluffs his position as an ambassador for the alliance between the Spriggans and the water fairy Undies , cautioning Eugene of a potential declaration of war against all four races . Due to disbelief , Eugene challenges Kirito to a duel , but Kirito , having borrowed Leafa 's sword , wins using his duel wielding technique , forcing the Salamanders to retreat . Sakuya , leader of the Sylphs , contacts Sigurd and banishes him from the race for his betrayal . Since the Sylphs and Cat Siths are now in an alliance and plan to assault the World Tree in a few days , Kirito donates a large sum of money to Alicia Rue , leader of the Cat Siths , before he and Leafa continue their journey to the World Tree . Meanwhile , Asuna escapes from her cage to find a way out of the World Tree . 21 `` The Truth About Alfheim '' `` Aruvuheimu no Shinjitsu '' ( アルヴヘイム の 真実 ) Pyeon - Gang Ho Munemasa Nakamoto November 25 , 2012 January 18 , 2014 Kirito and Leafa finally reach Central Arun , the capital of Alfheim , located directly beneath the World Tree . However , an emergency shutdown for server maintenance prompts the two to find a nearby inn and log out . The next day , Suguha accompanies Kazuto to visit Asuna at the hospital . On the way there , he tells her that he will be put in a special school for students who were formerly SAO players to catch up on the school they missed while logged in to SAO . Meanwhile , Asuna stumbles upon a laboratory inside the World Tree , eventually finding the room where experiments are being conducted with the brains of the 300 comatose SAO players trapped in ALO . She attempts to log out of the game by using the gamemaster console inside the room , but is captured by two of Oberon 's assistants . However , she manages to snatch a key card before she is thrown back into her cage . Yui informs Kirito and Leafa that Asuna is at the top of the World Tree . 22 `` The Grand Quest '' `` Gurando Kuesuto '' ( グランド ・ クエスト ) Kazuhisa Ouno Yukito Kizawa December 2 , 2012 January 25 , 2014 Kirito rushes towards the top of the World Tree , but finds it blocked by a barrier . Yui desperately calls out to Asuna , in which the latter drops down the key card in response . Once Kirito catches the key card , which can be used to access the gamemaster console , Yui is certain that it came from Asuna . Kirito bids farewell to Leafa and embarks on the Grand Quest by himself , entering inside the dome filled with Guardian Knights . Despite his best efforts , Kirito is overwhelmed by the Guardian Knights and runs out of health . Shortly afterwards , Leafa enters the dome and grabs Kirito 's Remain Light , his soul of flame left behind , before successfully escaping to revive him . Leafa attempts to talk Kirito out of reentering the dome alone , but he remains determined and inadvertently mention `` Asuna '' . Leafa then realised that Kirito is Kazuto 's avatar , and log out in despair . In the real world , Kazuto approaches Suguha , who reveals in great anguish that she knew they were not true siblings and that she has fallen in love with both him and his avatar . 23 `` Bonds '' `` Kizuna '' ( 絆 ) Shigetaka Ikeda Yoshikazu Mukai December 9 , 2012 February 1 , 2014 Kazuto thinks back to the time when he was ten years old and learned that he was not related to Suguha , which resulted in him becoming detached from his family and increasingly engrossed with online gaming . Wanting to sort things out , Kazuto asks Suguha to meet him in ALO . As Leafa contemplates whether she should stop seeing her brother in - game , she challenges Kirito to a one - on - one duel . They both end up throwing away their swords and apologize to each other . After Kazuto explains that he is unable to say what he thinks of Suguha until Asuna is rescued , Leafa agrees to help him in the Grand Quest this time around , convincing Recon to join them as well . Just as things begin to look dire against the Guardian Knights inside the dome , the Sylphs and the Cat Siths arrive to help . Using his sword combined with Leafa 's sword , Kirito breaks through the top of the dome . Yui guides Kirito in using the key card to open the gate to the top of the World Tree . 24 `` Gilded Hero '' `` Mekki no Yūsha '' ( 鍍金 の 勇者 ) Tomohiko Itō Yukie Sugawara December 16 , 2012 February 8 , 2014 Arriving at the top of the World Tree , Kirito and Yui finally reunite with Asuna . However , they are suddenly hit by high gravity magic , which forces Yui to retreat , and they are confronted by Oberon . As Oberon reveals that his mind control experiments are almost complete , he chains Asuna and molests her in front of Kirito . Falling into despair , Kirito hears the voice of Akihiko , who encourages him to stand up and fight . Using Akihiko 's administrative functions , Kirito removes Oberon 's powers and challenges him to a fight with no pain absorption , and shows Oberon the true meaning of pain before destroying him . After logging Asuna out to ensure her safety in the real world , Kirito meets with a remnant of Akihiko 's memory , who gives him an item called the World Seed before leaving . Kirito respawns back at the World Tree , where Yui returns after hiding inside of Kirito 's NerveGear storage . Kirito logs out of ALO , and in the real world , Kazuto heads to the hospital where Asuna is waiting . 25 `` The World Seed '' `` Sekai no Shushi '' ( 世界 の 種子 ) Tomohiko Itō Munemasa Nakamoto December 23 , 2012 February 15 , 2014 Upon arriving outside the hospital , Kazuto is attacked by Sugō wielding a knife . However , Sugō 's poor eyesight prevents him from killing Kazuto , who disarms Sugō yet ultimately spares his life . Kazuto and Asuna reunite and share a kiss in her hospital room . The two attend the special school for students who were formerly SAO players . Sugō is arrested for his cybercrimes , the 300 SAO players were released from the hospital , RECT Progress Inc. was dismantled and ALO was shut down . Akihiko committed suicide by using his NerveGear after SAO had collapsed . Kazuto , Asuna and Suguha visit Andrew at his café , where Ryōtarō `` Klein '' Tsuboi , Keiko `` Silica '' Ayano , Rika `` Lisbeth '' Shinozaki , Yolko , Caynz , Yulier , Thinker and Sasha congratulate Kazuto for completing SAO and ALO . The World Seed created by Akihiko is a program package replacing the Cardinal System , the game system for SAO and ALO , thus reviving the virtual reality gaming genre . Suguha as Leafa returns to Alfheim , and Kazuto as Kirito catches her in midair when she falls from flying too high . After the two dance in the sky , Kirito takes Leafa to New Aincrad , vowing to start from scratch and clear all 100 Floors of this floating castle . Sword Art Online : Extra Edition ( edit ) Sword Art Online : Extra Edition is a special anime episode which was simulcast worldwide on December 31 , 2013 . In Japan , it was premiered on two broadcast channels : Tokyo MX and BS 11 . While in other countries , the special was streamed via the Internet on Daisuki and Crunchyroll . The extra edition was directed by Tomohiko Itō and screenplayed by the creator , Reki Kawahara , and Munemasa Nakamoto . It recounts the events of the original Sword Art Online anime , told in retrospect by the series characters and features new footage . The main theme song is `` Niji no Oto '' ( 虹 の 音 , Sound of the Rainbow ) by Eir Aoi . `` Crossing Field '' by LiSA , `` Overfly '' by Luna Haruna , and `` Innocence '' by Eir Aoi are all insert songs . Official English title Original Japanese title Director Writer Original air date English air date `` Sword Art Online : Extra Edition '' `` Sōdo Āto Onrain Ekisutora Edikushon '' ( ソード アート ・ オンライン Extra Edition ) Tomohiko Itō Reki Kawahara & Munemasa Nakamoto December 31 , 2013 December 23 , 2014 Suguha Kirigaya meets with Asuna Yuuki , Keiko Ayano and Rika Shinozaki in order to learn how to swim in the school swimming pool . Meanwhile , Kazuto Kirigaya goes to the school counseling office and meets Seijirō Kikuoka , a member of the Virtual Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications , who investigates matters concerning the SAO incident in order to fully grasp the motives behind Akihiko Kayaba . Kazuto recounts and reflects on his experience while in Aincrad in SAO , while Suguha is told about Kazuto as Kirito and the times he spent with Keiko as Silica , and Rika as Lisbeth , as well as how he developed feelings for Asuna while in SAO . Kazuto then explains his experience while in Alfheim in ALO , recalling his mission with the help of Suguha as Leafa to rescue Asuna from Nobuyuki Sugō as Oberon the Fairy King at the World Tree . Suguha eventually learns how to swim and Kazuto finally finishes the meeting . While in ALO , Kazuto , Asuna , Leafa , Yui , Klein and Agil go to Turtle Island in preparation for a quest with a giant whale as the their reward . They dive into the ocean and arrive at an undersea temple where they meet a non-player character named Nerakk , who asks the group to find a pearl inside the undersea temple . After exploring the undersea temple and finding the pearl , it is revealed that the pearl is the Child 's Egg , an egg containing a strange creature inside , and that Nerakk is actually Krakken the Abyss Lord , the boss of the quest . The battle is interrupted by another non-player character named Leviathan the Sea Lord , who forces Krakken the Abyss Lord to retreat and collects the Child 's Egg , thereby clearing the quest . The group returns to the surface on the back of the giant whale . After the credits , Kazuto 's phone rings back at his house , with the ID reading Seijirō Kikuoka . Media Release ( edit ) Japanese Release ( edit ) Aniplex , in partnership with Sony Music Entertainment Japan , distributed the episodes in nine volumes in DVD and Blu - ray format across Japan . Sword Art Online : Extra Edition was released on April 23 , 2014 , in DVD and Blu - ray limited editions , including a bonus Sword Art Offline : Extra Edition episode . Aniplex ( Japan , Region 2 ) Volume Episodes DVD release date Blu - ray release date Volume 1 1 -- 2 October 24 , 2012 October 24 , 2012 Volume 2 3 -- 5 November 21 , 2012 November 21 , 2012 Volume 3 6 -- 8 December 26 , 2012 December 26 , 2012 Volume 4 9 -- 11 January 23 , 2013 January 23 , 2013 Volume 5 12 -- 14 February 27 , 2013 February 27 , 2013 Volume 6 15 -- 16 March 27 , 2013 March 27 , 2013 Volume 7 17 -- 19 April 24 , 2013 April 24 , 2013 Volume 8 20 -- 22 May 22 , 2013 May 22 , 2013 Volume 9 23 -- 25 June 26 , 2013 June 26 , 2013 English Release ( edit ) In North America , Aniplex of America released the series in four DVD and Blu - ray volumes beginning on August 13 , 2013 . In Australasia , Madman Entertainment released volume one in DVD and Blu - ray on December 18 , 2013 , and concluded with volume four on March 19 , 2014 . In Europe , Manga Entertainment began to release the anime on December 16 , 2013 . Sword Art Online : Extra Edition was licensed by Aniplex of America and released by Blu - ray and DVD in North America on December 23 , 2014 . Aniplex of America ( North America , Region 1 ) Volume Episodes DVD Release date Blu - ray release date Part 1 1 -- 7 August 13 , 2013 August 13 , 2013 Part 2 8 -- 14 September 17 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 Part 3 15 -- 19 October 15 , 2013 October 15 , 2013 Part 4 20 -- 25 November 19 , 2013 November 19 , 2013 Manga Entertainment ( Europe , Region 2 ) Volume Episodes DVD Release date Blu - ray release date Part 1 1 -- 7 December 16 , 2013 December 16 , 2013 Part 2 8 -- 14 January 27 , 2014 January 27 , 2014 Part 3 15 -- 19 February 24 , 2014 February 24 , 2014 Part 4 20 -- 25 March 31 , 2014 March 31 , 2014 Madman Entertainment ( Australasia , Region 4 ) Volume Episodes DVD Release date Blu - ray release date Part 1 1 -- 7 December 18 , 2013 December 18 , 2013 Part 2 8 -- 14 January 15 , 2014 January 15 , 2014 Part 3 15 -- 19 February 19 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 Part 4 20 -- 25 March 19 , 2014 March 19 , 2014 Sword Art Offline ( edit ) Sword Art Offline is a series of bonus episodes released in their own DVD and Blu - ray volumes in Japan . The show has 10 episodes , including the extra edition . Aniplex of America announced that they will include those episodes in the English version of the volumes with English subtitles . Sword Art Offline episode list Title Packaged in Japan with `` Sword Art Offline 1 '' Volume 1 Features some highlights of Episodes 1 and 2 , with Klein as a special guest , life counsel section held by Kirito , and trivia sections led by Yui . `` Sword Art Offline 2 '' Volume 2 Features some highlights of Episodes 3 , 4 , and 5 , with Klein replacing Kirito as life counsel host , and Silica as the special guest . `` Sword Art Offline 3 '' Volume 3 Features some highlights of Episodes 6 , 7 , and 8 , with Lisbeth as the special guest . `` Sword Art Offline 4 '' Volume 4 Features some highlights of Episodes 9 , 10 , and 11 , with Yui as the special guest . Heathcliff substitutes for Yui as trivia guide . `` Sword Art Offline 5 '' Volume 5 Features some highlights of Episodes 12 , 13 , and 14 , with Heathcliff as the special guest . `` Sword Art Offline 6 '' Volume 6 The show received a major overhaul due to the Fairy Dance arc , with Leafa replaced Asuna as main anchor , and a new section titled `` Slot Talk '' replacing Klein 's Life Counsel . There was no special guest and it highlighted Episodes 15 and 16 . `` Sword Art Offline 7 '' Volume 7 Features some highlights of Episodes 17 , 18 , and 19 , with Yui once again the special guest . Oberon substitutes for Yui as trivia guide . `` Sword Art Offline 8 '' Volume 8 Features some highlights of Episodes 20 , 21 , and 22 . `` Sword Art Offline 9 '' Volume 9 Features some highlights of Episodes 23 , 24 , and 25 . `` Sword Art Offline : Extra Edition '' Sword Art Online : Extra Edition DVD / Blu - ray Features some highlights of the special episode , with Leafa and Asuna as hosts , Kirito as the commentator , and Yui as the special guest . Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online ( edit ) Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online is a spin - off of Reki Kawahara 's Sword Art Online series . A manga adaptation by Tadadi Tamori launched in 2015 , and an anime television series adaptation by studio 3Hz aired between April and June 2018 . Both the light novels and the manga adaptation are published in North America by Yen Press , while the anime is licensed by Aniplex of America . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV Guide said that the English version of `` The Lugru Corridor '' was originally aired on December 28 , 2013 , but Toonami did not air this episode during their block on Adult Swim . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Staff and Cast of Sword Art Online '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Episodes 1 -- 7 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Episodes 8 -- 14 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Episodes 15 -- 25 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 放送 情報 ( Broadcast information ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Toonami 's `` Sword Art Online '' Premiere Scheduled `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA Confirms Sword Art Online English Dub '' . Anime News Network . February 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 9 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' Volume 9 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ホーム > 作品 / アニメ > ソード アート ・ オンライン ( Home > Movies / Anime > Sword Art Online ( Blu - ray and DVD ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 1 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' Volume 1 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online DVD Volume 1 : Aincrad Part 1 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volumes of Sword Art Online '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Part 1 ( Episodes 1 -- 7 ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Part 1 ( Episodes 1 -- 7 ) Blu - ray / DVD Double Play '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crunchyroll to Simulcast `` Sword Art Online : Extra Edition '' on Dec / 31 `` . Crunchyroll . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` '' Sword Art Online II '' Anime Coming in July ? `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA to Sing Sword Art Online Anime 's Opening '' . Anime News Network . June 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Haruka Tomatsu to Perform Sword Art Online Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` '' Sword Art Online '' and `` Fate / zero '' Singer Eir Aoi 's First Album Offered Digitally `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Onlines 2nd Season Ending Sung by Luna Haruna '' . Anime News Network . August 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eir Aoi Sings Sword Art Online : Extra Editions Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Episodes and Subtitled Airdates '' . Hulu . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ソード アート ・ オンライン '' . Media Arts Database . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Dubbed Episode Airdates '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 3 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 4 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 7 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 8 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 9 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 10 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 11 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 12 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 13 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 14 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 15 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 16 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 17 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 18 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of Dec. 23 , 2013 '' . TV Media Insights . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of Dec. 30 , 2013 '' . TV Media Insights . January 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 19 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of Jan. 6 , 2014 '' . TV Media Insights . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 20 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of Jan. 13 , 2014 '' . TV Media Insights . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 21 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of January 20 , 2014 '' . TV Media Insights . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 22 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of January 27 , 2014 '' . TV Media Insights . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 23 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of Feb. 3 , 2014 '' . TV Media Insights . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 24 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Ratings Scorecard -- Week of Feb. 10 , 2014 '' . TV Media Insights . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 25 summary '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Extra Edition Set to Stream Worldwide '' . Anime News Network . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Staff and Cast of Sword Art Online : Extra Edition '' . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Extra Edition to Air With New Footage '' . Anime News Network . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Extra Edition Special Key Visual , Story Revealed '' . Anime News Network . October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aniplex USA Adds Sword Art Online : Extra Edition , Silver Spoon 2 on Home Video '' . Anime News Network . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ソード アート ・ オンライン 9 ( Blu - ray ) ( 完全 生産 限定 版 ) '' ( Sword Art Online 9 ( Blu - ray ) ( Limited Edition ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン Extra Edition 」 '' ( `` Sword Art Online Extra Edition '' ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 2 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' Volume 2 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 3 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' Volume 3 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 4 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' Volume 4 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 5 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' , Volume 5 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 6 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' , Volume 6 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 7 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' Volume 7 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 8 巻 ( `` Sword Art Online '' Volume 8 ) . Sword Art Online ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manga To Release Sword Art Online Blu - ray and DVD in December '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Blu - ray Box Set I : Aincrad Part 1 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online DVD Volume 2 : Aincrad Part 2 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Blu - ray Box Set II : Aincrad Part 2 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online DVD Volume 3 : Fairy Dance Part 1 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Blu - ray Box III : Fairy Dance Part 1 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online DVD Volume 4 : Fairy Dance 2 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Blu - ray Set IV : Fairy Dance 2 '' . Sword Art Online . Aniplex of America . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Part 2 ( Episodes 8 -- 14 ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Part 2 ( Episodes 8 -- 14 ) Blu - ray / DVD Double Play '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Part 3 ( Episodes 15 -- 19 ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Part 3 ( Episodes 15 -- 19 ) Blu - ray / DVD Double Play '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Part 4 ( Episodes 20 -- 25 ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Part 4 ( Episodes 20 -- 25 ) Blu - ray / DVD Double Play '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 1 Aincrad Part 1 ( Eps. 1 -- 7 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 1 Aincrad Part 1 ( Eps. 1 -- 7 ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 2 Aincrad Part 2 ( Eps. 8 -- 14 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 2 Aincrad Part 2 ( Eps. 8 -- 14 ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 3 Fairy Dance Part 1 ( Eps. 15 -- 19 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 3 Fairy Dance Part 1 ( Eps. 15 -- 19 ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 4 Fairy Dance Part 2 ( Eps. 20 -- 25 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 4 Fairy Dance Part 2 ( Eps. 20 -- 25 ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex to Release the Hit Anime Series Sword Art Online in a Limited Edition Blu - ray and DVD Sets '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . Aniplex of America . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Anime and manga portal Sword Art Online Official anime website ( in Japanese ) Sword Art Online Official anime website Works by Reki Kawahara Accel World Anime Infinite Burst Characters Sword Art Online Media Novels Manga Episodes Season I Season II Alicization Ordinal Scale Characters Kirito Asuna Leafa Sinon Video games Infinity Moment Hollow Fragment Code Register Lost Song Hollow Realization Fatal Bullet Other works The Isolator Book : Reki Kawahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sword_Art_Online_episodes&oldid=866521684 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes 2012 Japanese television seasons Sword Art Online Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from May 2014 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Episode lists with unformatted air dates Episode list using the default LineColor Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Português Русский Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are in sao season 1 | [
"Sword Art Online \nCover of the first DVD volume released by Aniplex of America.Country of origin\nJapanNo. of episodes\n25ReleaseOriginal network\nTokyo MXOriginal release\nJuly 8 (2012-07-08) – December 23, 2012 (2012-12-23)Season chronology\nNext →Sword Art Online II "
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"25"
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1617256031499766024 | The Nutty Professor (1996 film) | The Nutty Professor ( 1996 film ) - wikipedia The Nutty Professor ( 1996 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Nutty Professor ( 2008 film ) . The Nutty Professor Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Shadyac Produced by Brian Grazer Russell Simmons Screenplay by David Sheffield Barry W. Blaustein Tom Shadyac Steve Oedekerk Based on The Nutty Professor by Jerry Lewis Bill Richmond Starring Eddie Murphy Jada Pinkett James Coburn Dave Chappelle Music by David Newman Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 28 , 1996 ( 1996 - 06 - 28 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $54 million Box office $274 million The Nutty Professor is a 1996 American slapstick comedy science fiction film starring Eddie Murphy . It is a remake of the 1963 film of the same name , which starred Jerry Lewis , which itself was a parody of Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . The film co-stars Jada Pinkett , James Coburn , Larry Miller , Dave Chappelle and John Ales . The original music score was composed by David Newman . The film won Best Makeup at the 69th Academy Awards . Murphy portrays a university professor , Sherman Klump , a kind - hearted man who is morbidly obese . A research scientist , academic , and lecturer , Klump develops a miraculous , but experimental , weight - loss pharmaceutical , and hoping to win the affection of the girl of his dreams , tests it upon himself . Like the original film 's Julius Kelp , Klump 's vigorous , charismatic , but evil alter ego takes the name `` Buddy Love '' . Murphy plays a total of seven characters in the film , including Sherman , most of Sherman 's family ( except for his nephew , Ernie Klump Jr. played by child actor Jamal Mixon ) , and an over-the - top parody of Richard Simmons . The film received positive reviews , with critics particularly praising the makeup and Murphy 's performance . The film 's success spawned a sequel , Nutty Professor II : The Klumps , which was released in 2000 . The film was re-released on Blu - ray combo pack on March 6 , 2012 , to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Universal Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Awards 5 Soundtrack 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) At Wellman College , thousands of hamsters overrun the campus after being accidentally released by Sherman Klump , an obese 400 - pound , yet loving and kind - hearted professor . Meanwhile , Sherman has created an experimental formula that reconstructs the DNA of an obese person in a way that allows them to lose weight more easily . After his lecture , Sherman meets and instantly falls in love with Carla Purty , a chemistry graduate who is a big fan of his work . After dinner with his obese , impolite family , Sherman asks Carla out on a date , which she accepts , much to Sherman 's surprise due to his parents ' embarrassing behavior . The date begins well with Carla showing admiration for Sherman 's work , but the club 's obnoxious guest comedian , Reggie Warrington , publicly mocks him about his weight . Sherman becomes depressed and has a nightmare in which he becomes a rampaging giant and wrecks the city with a single fart that is ignited to cause an explosion . He tests his serum on himself and loses 250 pounds within seconds . Overwhelmed by his immediate weight loss , he goes out and buys copious amounts of normal - sized clothing to celebrate , and a $47,000 Dodge Viper RT / 10 sports car on his faculty expense account . To conceal his true identity , Sherman adopts a false identity , `` Buddy Love '' , and invites Carla out on a date at the same club again ( while the serum begins to wear off ) . Reggie is present again , and Buddy takes revenge and heckles him mercilessly . Sherman 's `` Buddy '' persona starts to develop an independent personality due to the heightened testosterone levels of the transformation , causing him to gradually change from his regular good - natured self to being perverted and super-confident . Klump 's assistant Jason witnesses Buddy fleeing the scene after he is identified as the person who left Klump 's credit card at the bar . Jason follows Buddy and witnesses his transformation back into Sherman Klump . The next morning , Dean Richmond has set up a meeting with wealthy businessman Harlan Hartley at The Ritz to have Sherman explain the serum in the hopes of gaining Hartley 's $10,000,000 donation to the science department . However , Sherman arrives at The Ritz as Buddy Love with Carla . When Richmond spots him , Carla asks Buddy if he will take Sherman 's place ; he does , and he takes all the credit of his work to Hartley . Hartley and Richmond are very impressed , and the dean invites him to the Alumni Ball the next night . Meanwhile , Buddy picks up three beautiful women who seem to idolize him - much to Carla 's anger , who dumps him and walks out . He then invites the three women and a bunch of other people back to his place for the night to throw a party and have sex with the three women . After the fall out with Carla , Richmond not only fires Sherman , but gleefully tells him that Buddy will be taking his place at the Alumni Ball . Sherman sees a taunting videotape from his alter ego and decides he has had enough of Buddy , taking the decision of destroying all of the serum samples , which he does with Jason 's help . Sherman plans to set things right with Carla and get the grant from Hartley . Unfortunately , Buddy knew that this would happen and prepared himself by hiding a sample of the serum in one of Sherman 's diet shake cans , which Sherman drinks , causing him to transform into Buddy again . Jason tries to stop him from going to the ball , but Buddy knocks him out with a single blow to the face and departs . At the ball , Buddy demonstrates the effects of the serum to the audience , but Jason arrives in time , as he has found out that Buddy 's testosterone levels are at a lethally high 60,000 % . Buddy plans to drink a large sum of the potion to get rid of Sherman for good ; Jason knows that if he drinks it , it will kill Sherman and possibly Buddy . The two of them get into a brief fistfight , but Sherman begins to fight Buddy from within . Sherman eventually transforms into his regular self and admits his misdeeds to the shocked audience , including his parents ; he says that Buddy was who he thought he and everybody else wanted him to be , and that he should accept himself for who he is . As he leaves , Carla stops him and asks why he lied ; he says he did not believe that she would accept him . While they do n't initiate a romantic relationship , Sherman and Carla remain friends and share a dance together . Richmond rehires Sherman and Hartley gives the donation to Sherman because he is `` a brilliant scientist and a gentleman . '' Cast ( edit ) Eddie Murphy as Professor Sherman Klump / Buddy Love Murphy also plays Papa Cletus Klump ( Sherman 's father ) , Mama Anna Klump ( Sherman 's mother ) , Granny Ida Jenson ( Sherman 's Grandma , Anna 's Mama ) , Ernie Klump , Sr. ( Sherman 's brother ) and Lance Perkins , a parody of Richard Simmons Jada Pinkett as Carla Purty James Coburn as Harlan Hartley Larry Miller as Dean Richmond Dave Chappelle as Reggie Warrington Chappelle reprised his role on Chris Rock 's 1997 album Roll with the New . John Ales as Jason Jamal Mixon as Ernie Klump , Jr . Montell Jordan as himself Production ( edit ) The Nutty Professor was the first Tom Shadyac film to feature outtakes over the closing credits . The film also has a series of scenes with Murphy and comedian Dave Chappelle who plays insult comic , Reggie Warrington . Much of their dialogue was improvised . Murphy was one of Chappelle 's biggest comedic influences . Reggie Warrington is named after Reginald and Warrington Hudlin , brothers , and directors of one of Murphy 's previous films , Boomerang . While the film was made with the help of Jerry Lewis ( he was an executive producer for both this film and the 2000 sequel The Klumps ) , he later recanted his position in an interview in the January 30 / February 6 , 2009 edition of Entertainment Weekly magazine . He was quoted as saying , `` I have such respect for Eddie , but I should not have done it . What I did was perfect the first time around and all you 're going to do is diminish that perfection by letting someone else do it . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Nutty Professor has received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 64 % based on reviews from 55 critics . Metacritic gave the film a score of 62 out of 100 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4 , calling it `` a movie that 's like a thumb to the nose for everyone who said ( Murphy had ) lost it . He 's very good . And the movie succeeds in two different ways : it 's sweet and good - hearted , and then again it 's raucous slapstick and bathroom humor . I liked both parts . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ , writing `` You can feel Murphy rediscovering his joy as a performer . He rediscovers it , too , as Sherman Klump , a fellow who , much like Murphy , is on the bottom rung , desperate to reinvent himself , and -- at long last -- does . '' Box office ( edit ) The Nutty Professor was a box office success , opening with $25,411,725 and reaching a domestic sum of $128,814,019 , and $145,147,000 overseas , for a total of $273,961,019 worldwide . Awards ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 69th Academy Awards Best Makeup ( Won ) 54th Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Musical / Comedy - Eddie Murphy ( Nominated ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Year Title Chart positions Certifications ( sales thresholds ) U.S. U.S. R&B The Nutty Professor Released : June 4 , 1996 Label : Def Jam 8 US : Platinum See also ( edit ) Eddie Murphy filmography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE NUTTY PROFESSOR ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 9 , 1996 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) ( 1996 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The 69th Academy Awards ( 1997 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Chappelle '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Season 12 . Episode 10 . 2006 - 02 - 12 . Bravo . ^ Jump up to : `` 15 Things You Probably Did n't Know About ' The Nutty Professor ' '' . Mental Floss . January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' The Nutty Professor ' is still a classic after 51 years '' . New York Post . June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nutty Professor '' . rottentomatoes.com. 28 June 1996 . Jump up ^ `` The Nutty Professor '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 28 June 1996 ) . `` The Nutty Professor '' . suntimes.com . Jump up ^ Barry Blaustein ; Jerry Lewis ; Steve Oedekerk ; Bill Richmond ; Tom Shadyac ; David Sheffield . `` The Nutty Professor - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays richard simmons in the nutty professor | [
"\nEddie Murphy as Professor Sherman Klump / Buddy Love\n\nMurphy also plays Papa Cletus Klump (Sherman's father), Mama Anna Klump (Sherman's mother), Granny Ida Jenson (Sherman's Grandma, Anna's Mama), Ernie Klump, Sr. (Sherman's brother) and Lance Perkins, a parody of Richard Simmons\n\n\nJada Pinkett as Carla Purty\nJames Coburn as Harlan Hartley\nLarry Miller as Dean Richmond\nDave Chappelle as Reggie Warrington\n\nChappelle reprised his role on Chris Rock's 1997 album Roll with the New.\n\n\nJohn Ales as Jason\nJamal Mixon as Ernie Klump, Jr.\nMontell Jordan as himself\n"
] | [
"Eddie Murphy"
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5480968553631103032 | A Room with a View | A Room with a View - wikipedia A Room with a View Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the E. M Forster novel . For other uses , see Room with a View ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with A Room of One 's Own . A Room with a View Cover of Penguin Essentials edition ( 2011 ) Author E.M. Forster Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Novel Publisher Edward Arnold Publication date 1908 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 321 A Room with a View is a 1908 novel by English writer E.M. Forster , about a young woman in the restrained culture of Edwardian era England . Set in Italy and England , the story is both a romance and a critique of English society at the beginning of the 20th century . Merchant Ivory produced an award - winning film adaptation in 1985 . The Modern Library ranked A Room with a View 79th on its list of the 100 best English - language novels of the 20th century ( 1998 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Part one 1.2 Part two 1.3 Appendix 2 Allusions / references to other works 3 Writing 4 Stage , film , radio , and television adaptations 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Part One ( edit ) The first part of the novel is set in Florence , Italy , and describes a young English woman 's first visit to Florence , at a time when upper middle class English women were starting to lead independent , adventurous lives . Lucy Honeychurch is touring Italy with her overbearing older cousin and chaperone , Charlotte Bartlett , and the novel opens with their complaints about the hotel , the Pension Bertolini . Their primary concern is that although rooms with a view of the River Arno have been promised for each of them , their rooms instead look over a courtyard . One of the guests at the pension , Mr. Emerson , interrupts their `` peevish wrangling '' by spontaneously offering to swap rooms , since he and his son George both have rooms with good views of the Arno . Mr. Emerson 's offer causes Miss Bartlett some consternation , as the offer , from virtual strangers , appears impolite . Without letting Lucy speak , Miss Bartlett , who looks down on the Emersons because of their unconventional behaviour and fears that acceptance would place her and her young cousin under an `` unseemly obligation '' , strongly rejects the offer . Another guest at the pension , an Anglican clergyman named Mr. Beebe , assures Miss Bartlett that the Emersons only meant to be kind , and persuades the two women to accept the offer . The following day , while Charlotte rests in the pension , Lucy decides to spend a `` long morning '' in the Basilica of Santa Croce , led by another guest , Miss Eleanor Lavish , a novelist who promises her an adventure . The older woman immediately takes away Lucy 's Baedeker guidebook , which , she says , only touches the surface of things . She will show Lucy the `` true Italy '' . But on the way to Santa Croce , chattering away , the two take a wrong turn and get lost . After drifting for hours through various streets and piazzas , they finally make it back to the square in front of the church only to have the novelist abandon Lucy in pursuit of an old man who , she says , is her `` local colour box '' . Inside the church , Lucy meets the Emersons again . Although their manners are awkward and they are looked down upon socially by the other guests of the pension , Lucy finds that she likes the Emersons . She continues to run into them in Florence . One afternoon while touring Piazza della Signoria , Lucy witnesses a murder . George Emerson happens to be nearby and catches her when she faints . Lucy asks George to retrieve some photographs of hers that happen to be near the murder site . George , out of confusion , throws her photographs into the river because they were spotted with blood . Lucy observes how boyish George is . As they stop to look over the River Arno before making their way back to the hotel , they have an intimate conversation . After this , Lucy decides to avoid George , partly because she is confused by her feelings and partly to keep her cousin happy -- Miss Bartlett is wary of the eccentric Emersons , particularly after a comment made by another clergyman , Mr. Eager , that Mr. Emerson `` murdered his wife in the sight of God . '' Later on in the week , a party made up of Beebe , Eager , the Emersons , Miss Lavish , Miss Bartlett and Lucy make their way to Fiesole , in carriages driven by Italians . The driver is permitted to invite a woman he claims is his sister onto the box of the carriage , and when he kisses her , Mr. Eager promptly forces the lady to get off the carriage box . Mr. Emerson remarks how it is defeat rather than victory to part two people in love . In the fields , Lucy searches for Mr. Beebe , and asks in poor Italian for the driver to show her the way . Misunderstanding , he leads her to a field where George stands . George is overcome by Lucy 's beauty among a field of violets and kisses her , but they are interrupted by Lucy 's cousin , who is outraged . Lucy promises Miss Bartlett that she will not tell her mother of the `` insult '' George has paid her because Miss Bartlett fears she will be blamed . The two women leave for Rome the next day before Lucy is able to say goodbye to George . Part two ( edit ) In Rome , Lucy spends time with Cecil Vyse , whom she knew in England . Cecil proposes to Lucy twice in Italy ; she rejects him both times . As Part Two begins , Lucy has returned to Surrey , England , to her family home , Windy Corner . Cecil proposes yet again at Windy Corner , and this time she accepts . Cecil is a sophisticated and `` superior '' Londoner who is desirable in terms of rank and class , even though he despises country society ; he is also somewhat of a comic figure in the novel , as he gives himself airs and is quite pretentious . The vicar , Mr. Beebe , announces that new tenants have leased a local cottage ; the new arrivals turn out to be the Emersons , who have been told of the available cottage at a chance meeting with Cecil ; the young man brought them to the village as a comeuppance to the cottage 's landlord , whom Cecil thinks to be a snob . Fate takes an ironic turn as Lucy 's brother , Freddy , meets George and invites him to bathe in a nearby pond . Freddy , George and Mr Beebe go to the pond , in the woods , take off their clothes and swim . They enjoy themselves so much they end up running around the pond and through the bushes , until Lucy , her mother , and Cecil arrive , having taken a short - cut through the woods . Freddy later invites George to play tennis at Windy Corner . Although Lucy is initially mortified at the thought of facing both George and Cecil ( who is also visiting Windy Corner that Sunday ) , she resolves to be gracious . Cecil annoys everyone by pacing around and reading aloud from a light romance novel that contains a scene suspiciously reminiscent of when George kissed Lucy in Florence . George catches Lucy alone in the garden and kisses her again . Lucy realises that the novel is by Miss Lavish ( the writer - acquaintance from Florence ) and that Charlotte must thus have told her about the kiss . Furious with Charlotte for betraying her secret , Lucy forces her cousin to watch as she tells George to leave and never return . George argues with her , saying that Cecil only sees her as an `` object for the shelf '' and will never love her enough to grant her independence , while George loves her for who she is . Lucy is moved but remains firm . Later that evening , after Cecil again rudely declines to play tennis , Lucy sours on Cecil and immediately breaks off her engagement . She decides to flee to Greece with acquaintances from her trip to Florence , but shortly before her departure she accidentally encounters Mr. Emerson senior . He is not aware that Lucy has broken her engagement with Cecil , and Lucy can not lie to the old man . Mr. Emerson forces Lucy to admit out loud that she has been in love with his son George all along . The novel ends in Florence , in melodramatic fashion , where George and Lucy have eloped without her mother 's consent . Although Lucy `` had alienated Windy Corner , perhaps for ever , '' the story ends with the promise of lifelong love for both her and George . Appendix ( edit ) In some editions , an appendix to the novel is given entitled `` A View without a Room , '' written by Forster in 1958 as to what occurred between Lucy and George after the events of the novel . It is Forster 's afterthought of the novel , and he quite clearly states that `` I can not think where George and Lucy live . '' They were quite comfortable up until the end of World War I , with Charlotte Bartlett leaving them all her money in her will , but the war ruined their happiness according to Forster . George became a conscientious objector , lost his government job but was given non-combatant duties to avoid prison , leaving Mrs Honeychurch deeply upset with her son - in - law . Mr Emerson died during the course of the war , shortly after having an argument with the police about Lucy continuing to play Beethoven ( a German composer ) on the piano during the war . Eventually they had three children , two girls and a boy , and moved to Carshalton from Highgate to find a home . Despite their wanting to move into Windy Corner after the death of Mrs Honeychurch , Freddy sold the house to support his family as he was `` an unsuccessful but prolific doctor . '' After the outbreak of World War II , George immediately enlisted as he saw the need to stop Hitler and the Nazi regime , but was not faithful to Lucy during his time at war . Lucy was left homeless after her flat in Watford was bombed and the same happened to her married daughter in Nuneaton . George rose to the rank of corporal but was taken prisoner by the Italians in Africa . Once the Fascist government in Italy fell , George returned to Florence finding it `` in a mess '' but he was unable to find the Pension Bertolini , stating `` the View was still there and that the room must be there , too , but could not be found . '' Forster ends by stating that George and Lucy await World War III , but with no word on where they live , for even he does not know . Allusions / references to other works ( edit ) Mr. Beebe recalls his first encounter with Lucy was hearing her play the first of the two movements of Beethoven 's final piano sonata , Opus 111 , at a talent show in Tunbridge Wells . While visiting the Emersons Mr. Beebe contemplates the numerous books strewn around . `` I fancy they know how to read -- a rare accomplishment . What have they got ? Byron . Exactly . A Shropshire Lad . Never heard of it . The Way of All Flesh . Never heard of it . Gibbon . Hullo ! Dear George reads German . Um -- um -- Schopenhauer , Nietzsche , and so we go on . Well , I suppose your generation knows its own business , Honeychurch . '' ( 1 ) Toward the end of Part One , Cecil quotes a few unidentified stanzas ( `` Come down , O maid , from yonder mountain height '' , etc . ) . They are from Tennyson 's narrative poem `` The Princess '' . In the Emersons ' home , the wardrobe has `` Mistrust all enterprises that require new clothes . '' ( a quote from Henry David Thoreau 's Walden ) painted upon it . In chapter five , after bemoaning the fact that people do not appreciate landscape paintings any more , Mr. Eager misquotes William Wordsworth 's poem title , `` The World Is Too Much With Us '' , saying `` The world is too much for us . '' Cecil announces his engagement to Lucy with the words : `` I promessi sposi '' ( `` the betrothed '' ) -- a reference either to the 1856 Ponchielli opera of that name or the Manzoni novel on which it is based . When George is lying on the grass in Part Two , Lucy asks him about the view , and he replies , `` My father says the only perfect view is the sky over our heads '' , prompting Cecil to make a throwaway comment about the works of Dante . Writing ( edit ) A Room with a View had a lengthy gestation . By late 1902 Forster was working on a novel set in Italy which he called the ' Lucy novel ' . In 1903 and 1904 he pushed it aside to work on other projects . He was still revising it in 1908 . Stage , film , Radio , and television adaptations ( edit ) The novel was first adapted for the theatre by Richard Cottrell with Lance Severling for the Prospect Theatre Company , and staged at the Albery Theatre on 27 November 1975 by directors Toby Robertson and Timothy West . Merchant - Ivory produced an award - winning film adaptation in 1985 directed by James Ivory and starring Maggie Smith as `` Charlotte Bartlett '' , Helena Bonham Carter as `` Lucy Honeychurch '' , Judi Dench as `` Eleanor Lavish '' , Denholm Elliott as `` Mr. Emerson '' , Julian Sands as `` George Emerson , '' Daniel Day - Lewis as `` Cecil Vyse '' and Simon Callow as `` The Reverend Mr. Beebe '' . BBC Radio 4 produced a four - part radio adaptation written by David Wade and directed by Glyn Dearman ( released commercially as part of the BBC Radio Collection ) in 1995 starring Sheila Hancock as `` Charlotte Bartlett '' , Cathy Sara as `` Lucy Honeychurch '' , John Moffat as `` Mr. Emerson '' , Gary Cady as `` George Emerson '' and Stephen Moore as `` The Reverend Mr. Beebe '' . The production was rebroadcast on BBC7 in June 2007 , April 2008 , June 2009 and March 2010 and on BBC Radio 4 Extra in August 2012 and March 2017 . In 2006 , Andrew Davies announced that he was to adapt A Room with a View for ITV . This was first shown on ITV1 on 4 November 2007 . It starred father and son actors Timothy and Rafe Spall as Mr Emerson and George , together with Elaine Cassidy ( Lucy Honeychurch ) , Sophie Thompson ( Charlotte Bartlett ) , Laurence Fox ( Cecil Vyse ) , Sinéad Cusack ( Miss Lavish ) , Timothy West ( Mr Eager ) and Mark Williams ( Reverend Beebe ) . This adaptation was broadcast in the US on many PBS stations on Sunday 13 April 2008 . In popular culture ( edit ) Noël Coward composed the 1928 hit song called `` A Room with a View '' , whose title he acknowledged as coming from Forster 's novel . The 1990 Death Angel album Act III , includes a song titled `` A Room with a View '' . The title of The Divine Comedy 's 2005 album Victory for the Comic Muse is taken from a line in the book . The track `` Death of a Supernaturalist '' from their album Liberation opens with George Emerson 's line , `` My father says there is only one perfect view , and that 's the view of the sky over our heads '' , followed by Cecil 's , `` I expect your father has been reading Dante '' . In the 2007 episode `` Branch Wars '' of the U.S. television show The Office , the Finer Things Club is seen reading and discussing the book . The film adaptation is discussed by the main characters if the 2011 British romantic drama Weekend . A scene from the film adaptation is viewed by the main characters of the U.S. television show Gilmore Girls . Rory tells Lorelai that she wants to show her home movies from her trip to Europe with her grandmother . A clip of Maggie Smith lamenting their lack of views is shown . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See the Dover Thrift Edition ( New York , 1995 ) , pp. 13 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Moffat , Wendy E.M. Forster : A New Life , London : Bloomsbury Publishing , 2010 Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2006 ) : Davies to adapt Room with a View External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Room with a View A Room with a View at Project Gutenberg A Room with a View public domain audiobook at LibriVox The text Plot summary and links The `` Room with a View '' where the famous movie was acted . Map A Room with a View at the British Library ( hide ) Works by E.M. Forster Novels Where Angels Fear to Tread ( 1905 ) The Longest Journey ( 1907 ) A Room with a View ( 1908 ) Howards End ( 1910 ) A Passage to India ( 1924 ) Maurice ( 1971 ) Short stories `` The Machine Stops '' ( 1909 ) The Celestial Omnibus ( 1911 ) The Eternal Moment ( 1928 ) `` The Life to Come '' `` The Classical Annex '' `` The Other Boat '' Related Bloomsbury Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Room_with_a_View&oldid=806514800 '' Categories : 1908 British novels British novels adapted into films Novels by E.M. Forster Novels set in Florence Novels set in Surrey Novels set in the 1900s Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latina 日本 語 Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 14 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was a room with a view written | [
"A Room with a View is a 1908 novel by English writer E. M. Forster, about a young woman in the restrained culture of Edwardian era England. Set in Italy and England, the story is both a romance and a critique of English society at the beginning of the 20th century. Merchant Ivory produced an award-winning film adaptation in 1985."
] | [
"1908"
] |
-8471044779208984243 | Aldi | Aldi - Wikipedia Aldi Jump to : navigation , search Aldi ALDI Nord ( Left ) , ALDI Süd ( Right ) Type Private Industry Retail Founded 23 June 1913 ; 104 years ago ( 23 June 1913 ) 10 July 1946 ( split in two parts in 1960 , renamed to Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd in 1962 ) Founders Karl Albrecht Theo Albrecht Headquarters Essen , Germany ( Aldi Nord ) Mülheim , Germany ( Aldi Süd ) Number of locations 10,366 Aldi Nord , Aldi Süd , & Trader Joe 's Stores Area served Australia , Austria , Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Slovenia , Spain , Switzerland , Great Britain , United States , China Key people Lecia West Products Food ; Beverage ; Sanitary Articles ; Household Goods Revenue € 53 billion ( 2010 ) Owner Siepmann Foundation , ( Aldi Süd ) Markus Foundation , ( Aldi Nord ) Subsidiaries Trader Joe 's ( Aldi Nord ) Website www.aldi.com Aldi ( stylized as ALDI ) is the common brand of two leading global discount supermarket chains with over 10,000 stores in 18 countries , and an estimated combined turnover of more than € 50 billion . Based in Germany , the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mother 's store in Essen , which had been in operation since 1913 . The business was split into two separate groups in 1960 , that later became Aldi Nord , headquartered in Essen ; and Aldi Süd , headquartered in nearby Mülheim . In 1962 , they introduced the name Aldi ( a syllabic abbreviation for Albrecht Diskont ) , which is pronounced ( ˈaldiː ) ( listen ) . In Germany , Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966 , although both divisions ' names may appear ( as if they were a single enterprise ) with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies . The formal business name is Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Compagnie , oHG . Aldi 's German operations consist of Aldi Nord 's 35 individual regional companies with about 2,500 stores in western , northern , and Eastern Germany , and Aldi Süd 's 32 regional companies with 1,600 stores in western and southern Germany . Internationally , Aldi Nord operates in Denmark , France , the Benelux countries , the Iberian Peninsula , and Poland , while Aldi Süd operates in Ireland , Great Britain , Hungary , Switzerland , Australia , China , Austria and Slovenia ( Aldi Süd operates as Hofer within the latter two countries ) . Both Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd also operate in the United States with 1,600 stores as of 2017 ; Aldi Nord is owner of the Trader Joe 's chain , while Aldi Süd operates as `` Aldi '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Business organization 2.1 Germany 2.2 Internationally 2.3 Geographic distribution 3 Business practices 3.1 In - store layout 3.2 Advertising policy 3.3 Logos and branding 4 Reputation 5 Subsidiaries and joint ventures 5.1 Aldi Talk 5.2 Aldi Liquor 5.3 Diskont 6 Criticism 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Albrecht grocery store in Essen - Schonnebeck ( 1958 ) Aldi 's original store in Essen , still in operation The earliest roots of the company trace back to 1913 , when the mother of Karl and Theo Albrecht opened a small store in a suburb of Essen . Their father was employed as a miner and later as a baker 's assistant . Karl Albrecht was born in 1920 , Theo Albrecht in 1922 . Theo Albrecht completed an apprenticeship in his mother 's store , while Karl Albrecht worked in a delicatessen . Karl Albrecht took over a food shop formerly run by F.W. Judt who already advertised that they were the `` cheapest food source '' . Karl Albrecht served in the German Army during World War II . In 1946 , the brothers took over their mother 's business and soon opened another retail outlet nearby . By 1950 , the Albrecht brothers owned 13 stores in the Ruhr Valley . The brothers ' idea , which was new at the time , was to subtract the legal maximum rebate of 3 % before sale . The market leaders at the time , which often were co-operatives , required their customers to collect rebate stamps , and to send them at regular intervals to reclaim their money . The Albrecht brothers also rigorously removed merchandise that did not sell from their shelves , cutting costs by neither advertising nor selling fresh produce , and keeping the size of their retail outlets small . When the brothers split the company in 1960 over a dispute whether they should sell cigarettes , they owned 300 shops with a cash flow of DM 90 million yearly . In 1962 , they introduced the name Aldi -- short for Albrecht - Diskont . Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966 , although both divisions ' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies . The individual groups were originally owned and managed jointly by the brothers . Karl Albrecht ( d . 2014 ) retained ownership of Aldi Süd , and with a personal wealth of € 17.2 billion , making him the richest man in Germany , while the co-owners of Aldi Nord , Berthold and Theo Albrecht Jr. , close behind at € 16 billion . Dieter Schwarz , owner of Lidl and Kaufland came in third , with a fortune of € 11.5 billion . Aldi started to expand internationally in 1967 , when Aldi Süd acquired the grocery chain Hofer in Austria ; Aldi Nord opened its first stores abroad in the Netherlands in 1973 , and other countries followed . In 1976 , Aldi opened its first store in the United States in Iowa , and , in 1979 , Aldi Nord acquired Trader Joes . After German reunification and the fall of the Iron Curtain , Aldi experienced a rapid expansion . The brothers retired as CEOs in 1993 ; control of the companies was placed in the hands of private family foundations , the Siepmann Foundation ( Aldi Süd ) and the Markus Foundation ( Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's ) . Business organization ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) Aldi in Germany The Aldi Nord group currently consists of 35 independent regional branches with approximately 2,500 stores . Aldi Süd is made up of 31 companies with 1,600 stores . The border between their territories is commonly known as '' Aldi - Äquator '' ( literally : Aldi equator ) and runs from the Rhine via Mülheim an der Ruhr , Wermelskirchen , Marburg , Siegen , and Gießen east to just north of Fulda . The former East Germany is served by Aldi Nord , except for one Aldi Süd in Sonneberg , Thuringia , whose regional office is in Bavaria . The regional branches are organised as limited partnerships with a regional manager for each branch who reports directly to the head office in Essen ( Aldi Nord ) or Mülheim an der Ruhr ( Aldi Süd ) . In December 2002 , a survey conducted by the German market research institute Forsa found 95 % of blue - collar workers , 88 % of white - collar workers , 84 % of public servants , and 80 % of self - employed Germans shop at Aldi . One of Aldi 's direct competitors internationally is Lidl . Internationally ( edit ) Aldi stores worldwide : Aldi Nord in blue , Aldi Süd in orange The Aldi group operates over 8,000 stores worldwide . Aldi Nord is responsible for its stores in Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , France , Poland , Spain , Denmark , and Portugal , and also operates the Trader Joe 's markets in the United States . Aldi Süd 's responsibilities are in the United States ( operating under the Aldi name ) , Austria and Slovenia ( as Hofer ) , Great Britain , Ireland , Australia , and Switzerland . Aldi Süd 's first Switzerland store opened in 2005 , while it has operated in Hungary since 2007 . Aldi Süd had invested an estimated € 800m ( $1 bn ; £ 670m ) in Greece from November 2008 until pulling out on 31 December 2010 . While Aldi Nord has renamed its Dutch and Belgian subsidiaries Combi and Lansa to the Aldi Markt / Aldi Marché brand , Aldi Süd tries to maintain a regional appearance , branding its stores Aldi Süd in Germany , Aldi Suisse in Switzerland , and Hofer in Austria and Slovenia . Aldi UK Market Share from Kantar Worldpanel An Aldi in Wetherby , West Yorkshire , England . Aldi launched in Great Britain , on 5 April 1990 , when it opened its first store there in Stechford , Birmingham , using the wholly owned English registered company of ALDI Stores Limited and Aldi sales in Britain grew consistently . In October 2013 , Aldi opened the 300th store in Great Britain . By 2017 Aldi had over 600 stores there , and was opening them at a rate of more than one a week with the aim of having a thousand stores by 2022 . It was still a small player in Great Britain , with a grocery share of less than 3.6 % , but its importance , along with that of continental no - frills competitor Lidl was growing , with half of shoppers in Great Britain visiting Lidl or Aldi over Christmas that year . Aldi opened stores in affluent locations , including Knutsford and Bury St Edmunds . In much of Australia , Aldi filled a void in the discount supermarket business that arose when the discount grocery chain Franklins went out of business . Aldi opened its first store in Sydney , 2001 and has grown rapidly since , maintaining a 12.6 % market share as of early 2016 . Aldi Süd expanded to the United States under the Aldi banner , having expanded throughout the Eastern and Midwestern U.S. , mostly through organic expansion , though it did buy Bottom Dollar Food in late 2014 from Delhaize Group . Aldi Süd revealed expansion plans in 2015 and expanded into the Southern California market , where Aldi Nord 's Trader Joe 's is based . On 25 November 2016 Aldi Süd confirmed that it will expand to China in late 2017 . New style of Aldi Süd in Simi Valley , CA , USA Old style of Aldi Süd in Bethlehem , PA , USA Geographic distribution ( edit ) Country Name Aldi group Since Outlets Germany Aldi Nord 1961 2,339 Aldi Süd 1962 1,850 Australia Aldi Süd 457 Austria Hofer Süd 1968 430 Belgium Aldi Nord 1973 449 Denmark Aldi Nord 1977 220 France Aldi Marché Nord 899 Hungary Aldi Süd 2008 100 Ireland Aldi Süd 1999 111 Luxembourg Aldi Nord 1990 12 Netherlands Aldi Nord 498 Poland Aldi Nord 2008 113 Portugal Aldi Nord 2006 53 Slovenia Hofer Süd 2005 80 Spain Aldi Nord 2002 266 Switzerland Aldi Suisse Süd 2005 180 United Kingdom Aldi UK Süd 1990 726 United States Aldi US Süd 1976 1,600 Trader Joe 's Nord 1979 418 total number of Aldi Nord stores 4,843 total number of Trader Joe 's stores 418 total number of Aldi Süd stores 5,105 combined total of Aldi stores 10,366 Business practices ( edit ) Some Aldi practices are common in German supermarkets but largely unique to Aldi in other countries . These include the system of metal gates and turnstiles forcing customers to exit through the checkout , and charging customers for shopping bags . Until 2004 , Aldi stores accepted only cash ( since then , German stores have accepted domestic Girocard debit cards ) . Debit cards also are accepted in the United States , Great Britain , Austria , Belgium , Denmark , France , Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Ireland , Australia , Slovenia , and Hungary . All 4 major credit cards are accepted in the United States as of 1 March 2016 . Electronic Benefit Transfer cards are also accepted in the United States . Outside of Great Britain , United States and France , Aldi generally does not accept credit cards , though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5 % surcharge and Aldi Ireland accepts Visa and MasterCard with no surcharge . In the United States , as of February , 2016 , Aldi accepts all four major credit cards ( MasterCard , Visa , American Express and Discover Card ) , and from the beginning all credit cards `` Carte Bleue '' ( Visa , American Express or MasterCard ) in France due to the banking system in France where debit cards do n't exist ; before this , Aldi only accepted debit cards . Aldi has accepted Visa / MasterCard without surcharge throughout Great Britain from October 2014 , which had previously been accepted only in Scotland , and throughout Germany from September 2015 . Aldi Suisse became one of the first companies to accept the Apple Pay contactless payment system in Switzerland on 7 July 2016 . In - store layout ( edit ) Aldi Nord interior The inside of an Aldi store in Hungary Aldi specialises in staple items , such as food , beverages , toilet paper , sanitary articles , and other inexpensive household items . Many of its products are own brands , with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item . This increases sales for each article , and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice . This practice let Aldi avoid price tags , even before the introduction of barcode scanners . On many of its own brands , if feasible , Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to speed the check out process . Branded products carried include HARIBO in Germany , Knoppers in Belgium and France , Marmite and Branston Pickle in Great Britain ; and Vegemite and Milo in Australia . In the United States , major brand - name products , such as Oscar Mayer bacon , sometimes are offered as a ' special purchase ' : name - brand items that Aldi has received at a special price from the vendor and can offer for a reduced price . Unlike most shops , Aldi does not accept manufacturers ' coupons , although some US stores successfully experimented with store coupons ( e.g. $10 off a $25 purchase ) . In addition to its standard assortment , Aldi has weekly special offers , some of them on more expensive products such as electronics , tools , appliances , or computers , usually from in - house electronics brand Medion . Discount items can include clothing , toys , flowers , and gifts . Specials have strict limits on quantities , and are for one week . Aldi 's early computer offers in Germany ( such as a Commodore 64 in 1987 ) resulted in those products selling out in a few hours . Aldi is the largest wine retailer in Germany . Some Australian stores now sell alcoholic beverages . Some US stores also sell alcoholic beverages ( mainly beer and wine ) where permitted by local state laws . Aldi mainly sells exclusively produced , custom - branded products ( often identical to and produced by major brands ) with brand names including Grandessa and Fit & Active . Advertising policy ( edit ) Aldi has a policy in Germany of not advertising , apart from a weekly newsletter of special prices called `` Aldi informs '' that is distributed in stores and by direct mail and often printed in local newspapers . It claims this is a cost saving that can be passed on to consumers . In Germany , Aldi has never used an external advertising agency . In the United States , it advertises in newspapers and on television , as well as print ads distributed in stores , and via the Internet . In Great Britain , print and television ads have appeared since May 2005 . In Australia , television advertising is common and the current ads are listed on the Australian website . Logos and branding ( edit ) The two stores Nord and Süd have distinct logos with Nord displaying the entire ' A ' for ALDI while Süd unveiled a logo in 1982 which displays only half . In 2006 , ALDI Süd modified the logo slightly and then in March 2017 , unveiled a new logo which removed the blue box line around the artistic ' A ' and revealed a more rounded , 3D look for the logo as well as a new font for the word ' ALDI ' , further differentiating it from the ALDI Nord logo which had shared the same font for the brand until then . Reputation ( edit ) Originally , Aldi shops were often ridiculed as being cheap shops selling low - quality goods , whose customers could not afford to shop elsewhere . In the United Kingdom , Aldi has won Supermarket of the Year two years in a row ( 2012 / 13 ) , and in 2013 , Aldi won the Grocer of the Year Award . However , in February 2015 , Aldi narrowly lost to Waitrose for the title of Supermarket of the Year 2015 . In April 2015 , Aldi overtook Waitrose to become the United Kingdom 's sixth - largest supermarket chain . In February 2017 , Aldi overtook Co-op to become the United Kingdom 's fifth largest supermarket chain . In the United States , due to the relatively low staffing of Aldi locations compared to other supermarket chains , Aldi has a reputation of starting employees out at significantly higher than minimum wage , unusual among American supermarkets . In Ireland , Aldi has been accused of a `` lack of corporate responsibility '' to their farmer suppliers by the Irish Farmers ' Association . Subsidiaries and joint ventures ( edit ) Aldi Talk ( edit ) Main article : Aldi Talk Aldi has a mobile virtual network operator in Germany , Belgium and the Netherlands , called Aldi Talk . Aldi also operates a similar network in Australia using Telstra 's 4G network , called Aldimobile . Aldi liquor ( edit ) Aldi sells low cost liquor from its liquor stores . Until March 2016 , Aldi had a liquor website serving the east coast of Australia . This has now been closed down , citing it wishes to focus on expanding the supermarket chain across Australia . Diskont ( edit ) In Austria through its subsidiary Hofer , Aldi has a joint venture with the local petrol retailer Free Energy ( FE ) Trading GmbH , to create some no frills petrol stations called Diskont . The 66 stations are on or nearby the stores , providing self - serve unleaded or diesel fuel by card - operated pumps . These have been in operation since 2009 . Criticism ( edit ) In May 2004 , German Aldi stores sold garden furniture made of Indonesian Meranti wood . Because it was not able to show that it was sourced legally ( 70 % of Indonesian timber is illegally logged ) , environmental organisations pressured Aldi to stop selling the furniture . Within days Aldi announced that all of the timber used in its products would bear the FSC certificate , which promotes sustainable forestry . In January 2013 , Aldi Germany was caught up in the horse meat scandal along with Tesco and others . On 8 February 2013 , the store group admitted that some of its frozen lasagne and spaghetti bolognese products contained 30 % -- 100 % horse meat rather than the advertised beef and that it had terminated its relationship with the supplier responsible for the adulterated product . In January 2014 , following a mislabelling of turkey meat as halal , Aldi apologised and said , `` Aldi does not label any products as halal - certified '' . In May 2015 , Aldi apologised again after it sold pork products labelled as halal . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aldi purchased the Iowa 's Benner Tea chain and opened its first United States store at Burlington in 1976 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas Rudolph ( 1 Oct 2011 ) . Diversity in European Marketing : Text and Cases . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Theo Albrecht . '' Jump up ^ `` Working for Alsi '' . aldi . Archived from the original on 22 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stefan Wagstyl ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` Karl Albrecht , Aldi co-founder , 1920 - 2014 '' . The Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Impressum '' ALDI Nord . Retrieved on 14 February 2011 . `` ALDI Einkauf GmbH & Co. oHG Eckenbergstraße 16 45307 Essen . '' Jump up ^ `` Impressum Archived 23 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Aldi Süd . Retrieved on 14 February 2011 . `` Burgstraße 37 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr Amtsgericht Duisburg HRA 8577 . '' ^ Jump up to : http://www.aldi-nord.de/aldi_ueber_uns_814.html Retrieved on 22 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weymouth , Lauren . `` Secrets of the German supermarkets conquering America ( 24 slides ) '' . MSN : Money . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham Ruddick ( 7 Dec 2012 ) . `` Billionaire Aldi heir Berthold Albrecht dies at 58 '' . the Telegraph . Jump up ^ Aldi dynasty continue to lead German rich list. Published : 10 October 11 , 15 : 32 CET Jump up ^ `` Aldi Süd - About Aldi Süd ( German ) '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi Nord - About us ( German ) '' . Jump up ^ Johnson , Patt ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Aldi to open Windsor Heights store '' . The Register and Tribune . Des Moines . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hielscher , Henryk ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Sieben Leitsätze : Der Aldi - Äquator trennt das Land '' ( in German ) . Wirtschaftswoche . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Christoph ; Wilkes , Johannes ( 2012 ) . Der Aldi - Äquator : 4 Jungs , 20 Filialen , 660 Kilometer ( The Aldi equator : 4 guys , 20 stores , 660 kilometer ) ( in German ) . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 596 - 19471 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhoff , Jürgen ; Helga Hein ; Ingrid Lorbach ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` Hinter den Kulissen des Discounters '' . Stern ( in German ) . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi quits Greece '' ( in German ) . www.german-retail-blog.com. 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hofer . `` Hofer - Start '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Yeomans , Jon . `` Aldi , Lidl , and Waitrose seize share as market polarises '' . Thegrocer.co.uk . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Emma ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) . `` The man driving Aldi 's remarkable growth '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Graduate jobs : The hunters and the hunted '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Aldi arrives in Australia , ABC Online , 25 / 1 / 2001 Jump up ^ Mike King , ALDI is stealing market share from Woolworths Limited , The Motley Fool , April 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Delhaize Group to Sell 66 Bottom Dollar Food Store Locations , MarketWatch , Nov 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kelly Taylor , Aldi To Open 45 Stores In Southern California By 2016 , Fox LA . Jump up ^ https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2016/11/aldi-confirms-china-expansion Jump up ^ ( Aldi Nord Sustainability Report 2015 ) https://www.cr-aldinord.com/2015/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/ALDI_North_Group_NHB_Sustainability_Report_2015.pdf ) access : 2016 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aldi Süd Facts and Figures '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ ALDI . `` Find your Local ALDI Store - ALDI Australia '' . storelocator.aldi.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi stores in Hungary '' . Jump up ^ ( Raport Zrównoważonego Rozwoju Aldi Nord za rok 2015 ( Sustainability Report 2015 ) http://www.aldi.pl/print/_pressrelease/ALDI_Nord_NHB_PL_online.pdf ) ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ `` Los Supermercados Aldi más próximos '' . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Food and Drink ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` How Aldi won the class war -- and became the fastest - growing supermarket in Britain '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi Stores UK '' . Aldi Stores Limited . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ The Sun ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` Aldi to open more than 70 more UK stores after £ 8.7 bn record sales '' . The Sun . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ALDI Honored with Retailer of the Year and Product of the Year Wins. 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Where in the dickens you can find a Trader Joe 's ? '' ( PDF ) . Trader Joe 's . April 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ALDI US - FAQs '' . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi : Credit and Bank Cards now accepted '' . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ALDI Nord website '' . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ALDI Süd website '' . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press release : Aldi to take credit cards '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Pay ist ab sofort verfügbar in der Schweiz -- macprime.ch News '' . www.macprime.ch . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Apple cranks up heat on PayPal by finally bringing Apple Pay to websites Digital Trends Jump up ^ `` HCM : The Home Computer Museum '' . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Aldi is the biggest wine retailer in Germany '' . Progressive Newsletter 79 . Progressive Group International Newsletter. 26 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ A list of no - name brands and the major brand companies behind them for Germany . Aldi relies on re-labeled major brand products . Jump up ^ ALDI . `` TV Advertising & Commercials - ALDI Australia '' . Jump up ^ `` Discount Ribbon '' . Brand New . Jump up ^ `` Aldi ' modernizes ' logo to match store changes '' . Supermarket News . 2017 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Waltraud Schwab ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` Arme Discounterkunden : Kasse dank Masse '' ( in German ) . Die Tageszeitung . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi wins Supermarket of the Year at Which ? awards for second year in a row '' . Jump up ^ `` Aldi scoops Grocer of the Year Award at Grocer Golds '' . Jump up ^ `` Aldi overtakes Waitrose to become UK 's sixth - largest supermarket chain '' . Jump up ^ `` Aldi overtakes Co-op to become UK 's fifth largest grocer '' . 7 February 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Working at Aldi -- Reviews of Jobs at Aldi '' . Jobitorial.com . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi , Inc . Employer Wages , Hourly Wage Rate '' . PayScale. 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFA hold protest outside Aldi 's Letterkenny store over beef prices '' . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Krishan ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` List of Aldi and Kogan 's budget phone plans '' . BIT . Haymarket Media . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diskont homepage '' . FE - Trading GmbH . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Umwelt : Aldi auf dem Holzweg '' ( in German ) . Spiegel Online . 20 May 2004 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Protestaktionen bringen Discounter zum Umdenken '' ( in German ) . 26 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Horsemeat found in beefburgers on sale in UK and Ireland '' . BBC News . 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi Frozen Ready Meals 100 % Horsemeat '' . Sky News . 8 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` UK : Aldi apologises for mislabelled turkey crown '' . Eat - halal. 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jennifer ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` Muslim fury after Aldi is found selling ' halal ' Indian - style snacks that contained forbidden pork '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi apologises after black pudding is incorrectly labelled as halal - certified '' . The Telegraph . 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Germany portal Companies portal Food portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aldi . Official website Supermarkets in Australia Aldi BI-LO Coles Costco Food For Less Foodland Foodworks Friendly Grocer Harris Farm Markets IGA Lidl SPAR Supabarn Thomas Dux Woolworths Supermarket chains in Denmark Aldi Bilka Brugsen Fakta Føtex Irma Kiwi Kvickly Lidl Løvbjerg Meny Netto REMA 1000 Spar Supermarket chains in France Auchan Group Auchan ( hypermarket ) Atac Simply Market Carrefour Group Carrefour ( hypermarket ) Carrefour City Carrefour Express Carrefour Market Dia Marché Plus Shopi Groupe Casino Casino Supermarchés Franprix Géant Casino Inno Leader Price Monoprix Spar ( France ) Vival Les Mousquetaires Intermarché Bricomarché Le Relais des Mousquetaires Netto Restaumarché Roady Vêti Louis Delhaize Group Cora ( hypermarket ) Match Système U Hyper U Super U Marché U Utile Other ( incl . independent ) E. Leclerc ( hypermarket ) Aldi France Coccinelle Hypercacher Lidl Norma Paris Store Former Champion Docks de France Écomarché Ed Euromarché Promodès Tesco Vin Plus Sainsbury 's Calais Wine Store Category Commons Supermarkets in Ireland Main Dunnes Stores Marks & Spencer SuperValu Tesco Convenience Centra Costcutter Gala Londis Mace SPAR Discount Aldi Lidl Buy Lo Frozen Iceland Regional The Cope Joyces 365 JC 's Fresh Supermarket chains in the Netherlands Current Albert Heijn Aldi Coop DekaMarkt Dirk EMTÉ Jumbo Lidl Spar Former C1000 Simon de Wit Super de Boer Supermarkets in the United Kingdom ' Big four ' Asda Morrisons Sainsbury 's Tesco Convenience Bargain Booze Best - One Budgens The Co-operative Food Costcutter Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Londis Mace McColl 's Nisa Premier Stores SPAR Discount Aldi B & M Home Bargains Kwik Save Lidl Poundland Poundstretcher Poundworld Quality Save Frozen specialists Farmfoods Heron Foods Iceland Fulton 's Foods Online Ocado Premium Marks & Spencer Waitrose Whole Foods Market Regional Booths Dunnes Stores Filco Planet Organic Shoprite ( Isle of Man ) Category Supermarket chains in the United States Kroger Baker 's Supermarkets City Market Dillons Food 4 Less Foods Co . Fred Meyer Fry 's Food & Drug Gerbes Super Markets Harris Teeter Jay C King Soopers Kroger Owen 's Pay Less Super Markets QFC Ralphs Roundy 's ( Pick ' n Save , Mariano 's , Metro Market , Copp 's ) Ruler Foods Scott 's Smith 's Albertsons Acme Markets Albertsons Amigos Carrs Haggen Jewel - Osco Lucky Market Street Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw 's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Vons SuperValu County Market Cub Farm Fresh Hornbacher 's Shop ' n Save Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant - Carlisle Giant - Landover Hannaford Brothers Company Martin 's Food Markets Stop & Shop Southeastern Grocers BI-LO Fresco y Más Harveys Supermarkets Winn - Dixie Wakefern PriceRite ShopRite The Fresh Grocer Other national chains Target Walmart Regional chains Asian GW Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Lion Supermarket Marina Food Marukai Corporation U.S.A. 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C - Town Supermarkets Central Market D&W Fresh Market Dave 's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Markets Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Easy - Way Store Econofoods Family Fare Fairway Market Fareway Festival Foods Festival Foods ( Minnesota ) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson 's Gerland Corporation Giant Eagle Grand Mart Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen 's Fine Foods Highland Park Market Homeland Houchens Hugo 's Hy - Vee IGA Ingles Inserra Supermarkets Jerry 's Foods Jungle Jim 's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium King Kullen Kings Super Markets Kuhn 's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe 's Market Lowes Foods Lund Food Holdings Magruder 's Marc 's Market Basket Market of Choice Martin 's Super Markets Meijer Met Foods Miracle Mart Mollie Stone 's Markets Morton Williams New Seasons Market Niemann Foods No Frills Supermarkets Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini 's Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co . Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Price Chopper Supermarkets Publix Pueblo Raley 's Supermarkets Red Owl Redner 's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley 's Family Markets Roche Bros . Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ 's Market Save - A-Lot Save Mart Supermarkets SaveRite Schnucks Scolari 's Food and Drug Seafood City Sedano 's Sellers Bros . Sendik 's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop ' n Save Smart & Final SpartanNash Stanley Stores Star Market Stater Bros . Stew Leonard 's Strack & Van Til Straub 's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super One Foods Super Saver Foods ( B&R Stores ) The Fresh Market Tops Friendly Markets United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Valu King Victory Supermarkets Village Market Food Center Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman 's Markets Yoke 's Fresh Market Zabar 's Zupan 's Markets Defunct banners A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum 's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta Andronico 's AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno 's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd 's Carter 's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl 's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David 's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Deskins Dick 's Supermarket Dominick 's Eagle Food Centers Eberhard 's Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food - a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr 's Genuardi 's Giant Open Air Glen 's Markets Grand Union Hamady Brothers Henry 's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jitney Jungle Johnnie 's Foodmaster Kessel Food Markets Laneco Marketside Mars Marsh Supermarkets Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick - N - Pay Supermarkets Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid 's Schaffer Stores Company Seaway Food Town Seessel 's Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman 's Twin Valu Ukrop 's Super Markets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten 's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States Supermarkets in Germany Co-operatives EDEKA REWE Discount Aldi Lidl Penny ( REWE ) Netto Marken - Discount ( EDEKA ) Organic Alnatura Denn 's Bio Basic Hypermarkets Globus Marktkauf ( EDEKA ) real , - ( Metro ) Kaufland ( Schwarz Gruppe ) Metro ( wholesale ) Selgros ( REWE Group , wholesale ) REWE Center Regional tegut ... ( Migros ) Sky CAP ( EDEKA / social enterprise ) Netto Norma Kaiser 's Defunct chains miniMAL ( REWE ) Stüssgen Otto Mess HL Deutscher Supermarkt SPAR Plus Konsum ( GDR ) Category VIAF : 126463445 GND : 10068983 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldi&oldid=804525263 '' Categories : Arts and crafts retailers Retail companies established in 1913 Privately held companies of Germany German brands 1913 establishments in Germany Companies based in North Rhine - Westphalia Discount stores Supermarkets of Australia Supermarkets of Belgium Supermarkets of Denmark Supermarkets of France Supermarkets of Germany Supermarkets of the Netherlands Supermarkets of Poland Supermarkets of Portugal Supermarkets of Switzerland Supermarkets of the United States Discount stores of the United States Supermarkets of the United Kingdom Retail companies of the United Kingdom Supermarkets of Spain Supermarkets of Slovenia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Polish - language external links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first aldi store opened in the uk | [
"\n\nCountry\nName\nAldi group\nSince\nOutlets\n\n\n Germany\nAldi\nNord\n1961[7]\n2,339[27]\n\n\nAldi\nSüd\n1962[28]\n1,850[28]\n\n\n Australia\nAldi\nSüd\n2001\n457[29]\n\n\n Austria\nHofer\nSüd\n1968\n430[28]\n\n\n Belgium\nAldi\nNord\n1973\n449\n\n\n Denmark\nAldi\nNord\n1977\n220\n\n\n France\nAldi Marché\nNord\n1988\n899\n\n\n Hungary\nAldi\nSüd\n2008\n100 [30]\n\n\n Ireland\nAldi\nSüd\n1999\n111\n\n\n Luxembourg\nAldi\nNord\n1990\n12\n\n\n Netherlands\nAldi\nNord\n1975\n498\n\n\n Poland\nAldi\nNord\n2008\n113[31]\n\n\n Portugal\nAldi\nNord\n2006\n53\n\n\n Slovenia\nHofer\nSüd\n2005\n80\n\n\n Spain\nAldi\nNord\n2002\n266[32]\n\n\n Switzerland\nAldi Suisse\nSüd\n2005\n180[28]\n\n\n United Kingdom\nAldi UK\nSüd\n1990\n726[33][34][35]\n\n\n United States\nAldi US\nSüd\n1976\n1,600[36]\n\n\nTrader Joe's\nNord\n1979\n418[37]\n\n\ntotal number of Aldi Nord stores\n4,843\n\n\ntotal number of Trader Joe's stores\n418\n\n\n\n\ntotal number of Aldi Süd stores\n5,105\n\ncombined total of Aldi stores\n10,366\n"
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-3766892727686816160 | Seasons in the Sun | Seasons in the Sun - wikipedia Seasons in the Sun Jump to : navigation , search For the Spell album , see Seasons in the Sun ( album ) . For the 2012 book about British history , see Dominic Sandbrook . `` Le Moribond ( The Dying Man ) '' Song by Jacques Brel from the album Marieke Released 1961 Recorded February 22 , 1961 Genre Chanson Length 3 : 06 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Jacques Brel Marieke track listing `` Marieke '' ( 1 ) `` Le Moribond ( The Dying Man ) '' ( 2 ) `` Vivre Debout '' ( 3 ) `` Seasons in the Sun '' is an English - language adaptation of the song `` Le Moribond '' by Belgian singer - songwriter Jacques Brel with lyrics by American singer - poet Rod McKuen . It became a worldwide hit in 1974 for Canadian singer Terry Jacks and became a Christmas number one in the UK in 1999 for Westlife . Jacks 's version is one of the fewer than forty all - time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 1.1 Original version 1.2 Rod McKuen version 1.3 Terry Jacks version 2 Terry Jacks recording 2.1 Chart performance 2.1. 1 Weekly charts 2.1. 2 Year - end charts 3 Westlife recording 4 Other versions 5 Parodies and alternate lyrics 6 References 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The song is a dying protagonist 's farewell to relatives and friends . The protagonist mentions how hard it will be to die now that the spring season has arrived ( historically , spring is portrayed as the season of new life ) . Original version ( edit ) The original French - language song is a sardonic ballad , in which the speaker gives backhanded farewells to his adulterous wife and her lover and the priest he disagreed with while sarcastically expressing his wish that there should be singing and dancing when he is buried . This is an English translation of the original final verse by Jacques Brel : Good - bye , my wife , I loved you well Good - bye , my wife , I loved you well , you know , But I 'm taking the train for the Good Lord , I 'm taking the train before yours But you take whatever train you can ; Goodbye , my wife , I 'm going to die , It 's hard to die in springtime , you know , But I 'm leaving for the flowers with my eyes closed , my wife , Because I closed them so often , I know you will take care of my soul . ( `` eyes closed '' refers to closing his eyes to her infidelity , following on from the preceding verse in which he bids goodbye to his wife 's lover Antoine ) . Rod McKuen version ( edit ) Rod McKuen , in his translation , attempted to retain the sarcastic tone of the original French song . The last verse in McKuen 's three verse freehand rendering retains Brel 's reference to the wife 's infidelity but with a different sensibility : Adieu , Françoise , my faithful wife ; Without you I 'd have had a lonely life . You cheated lots of times but then , I forgave you in the end Though your lover was my friend . Adieu , Françoise , it 's hard to die When all the birds are singing in the sky . Now that the spring is in the air With your lovers everywhere , Just be careful ; I 'll be there . Terry Jacks version ( edit ) Terry Jacks modified the McKuen translation to make the song more positive and sentimental . In each verse , the protagonist bids farewell to someone important in his life : The first verse refers to `` a trusted friend '' that he had known since he was `` 9 or 10 '' . The original specifically names the friend as `` Émile '' , which Jacks 's versions does not . The second verse refers to the protagonist 's father ( who unsuccessfully tried to warn him of his lifestyle ) ; this verse differed from the original as it was sung in a manner which downplayed the original 's bitter tone of regret . The third verse refers to `` Michelle , my little one '' ( implied to be his daughter , who will now grow up without her father ) . This verse completely replaced the third and fourth verses referring to infidelity in the French original . Terry Jacks 's new third verse reads : Goodbye , Michelle , my little one ; You gave me love and helped me find the sun , And every time that I was down You would always come around And get my feet back on the ground . Goodbye , Michelle , it 's hard to die When all the birds are singing in the sky ; Now that the spring is in the air , With the flowers everywhere , I wish that we could both be there ! Terry Jacks recording ( edit ) `` Seasons in the Sun '' Single by Terry Jacks from the album Seasons in the Sun B - side `` Put the Bone In '' Released December 1973 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1973 Genre Pop Length 3 : 24 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Jacques Brel , Rod McKuen Producer ( s ) Terry Jacks Terry Jacks singles chronology `` Concrete Sea '' ( 1972 ) `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( 1973 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1974 ) Music video `` Seasons in the Sun '' on YouTube Terry Jacks recorded `` Seasons in the Sun '' in Vancouver in 1973 with his then - wife Susan Jacks . They made the decision to record the song when The Beach Boys , who had recorded a version with Terry Jacks producing , decided to abandon their recording . Jacks released his version as a single in 1973 on his own label , Goldfish Records . `` Put the Bone In '' , an original composition about burying a deceased pet dog , was included as the B - side . The single soon topped the record charts in the U.S. ( where it was released on Bell Records ) , in Canada , and the UK , selling over 14 million copies worldwide . Jacks 's version was released in the United States in December 1973 , and made the Billboard Hot 100 a month later . On March 2 , 1974 , the song began a three - week run at number one atop the Hot 100 , and remained in the top 40 until almost Memorial Day weekend . Jacks 's version also spent one week on the Easy Listening charts . Billboard ranked it as the number two song for 1974 . Although he released several other singles that were moderately successful in Canada , `` Seasons in the Sun '' would become Jacks 's only major solo hit in the United States . In Canada , the single ( Gold Fish GF 100 ) reached number sone on the RPM Magazine charts January 26 , 1974 , and remained there four weeks . Though the song enjoyed contemporary success , modern criticism has tended to be more critical of Jacks 's overly sentimentalized rewriting of the original song . Jacks 's version is commonly held up as an example of bad music , having been called one of the worst pop songs ever recorded , and ranking number five in a CNN poll in 2006 . Jacks also released a German language version in Germany with lyrics by Gerd Müller - Schwanke , `` In den Gärten der Zeit '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 -- 74 ) Peak position Australia KMR Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 1 , Denmark France Germany Ireland Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) New Zealand UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( ' Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 5 Canada RPM Top Singles Denmark 5 Netherlands 6 South Africa 6 Switzerland UK 5 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box 9 Westlife recording ( edit ) `` Seasons in the Sun '' Single by Westlife from the album Westlife A-side `` I Have a Dream '' Released December 19 , 1999 Format CD single Studio PWL Studios , London Genre Pop Length 4 : 09 Label BMG Songwriter ( s ) Jacques Brel , Rod McKuen Westlife singles chronology `` Flying Without Wings '' ( 1999 ) `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( 1999 ) `` Fool Again '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` Seasons in the Sun '' on YouTube Irish boy band Westlife covered `` Seasons in the Sun '' for their self - titled debut album Westlife ( 1999 ) . It was released on December 19 , 1999 , as a double A-side with a cover of ABBA 's `` I Have a Dream '' and became the 1999 Christmas number one . It has sold over 650,000 copies in UK so far . Westlife 's `` Seasons In The Sun '' music video was shot in late - 1999 and directed by Cameron Casey & Simon Brand . Other versions ( edit ) There have been numerous cover versions of the song . Before Jacks popularized the song , earlier recordings had been released by The Kingston Trio , with the first cover version of McKuen 's translation in 1963 , and The Fortunes in 1968 . Generally , English - language versions since the Terry Jacks version was released have used his lyrics for the song . Swedish dansband Vikingarna covered the song in Swedish in 1974 , as `` Sommar varje dag '' on the album Här kommer Vikingarna . The song has also been covered by Andy Williams , The Beach Boys , Nana Mouskouri , Bud Dashiell , Bad Religion , Too Much Joy , the Squirrels , Spell , Black Box Recorder , Nirvana , Indochine , Karel Gott ( Léta prázdnin ) , Klaus Hoffmann ( in German ) , Pearls Before Swine , Alcazar , Me First and the Gimme Gimmes , Second Run , The Others , Television Personalities , and Gob featuring blink - 182 . In 1993 , Nirvana recorded an informal version of the song which was never intended for release , but was eventually included on the DVD portion of their 2004 box - set With the Lights Out . Nirvana 's lead singer , Kurt Cobain , would often reference the song in interviews , mentioning the fact that it made him cry as a child . Another cover version , by Bobby Wright ( son of Johnnie Wright and Kitty Wells ) , reached the Top 40 of the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in 1974 . The Manchester - based Coachmen 's version was recorded at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in July 1966 and released on Columbia DB8057 in November 1966 . Spanish versions are entitled ' Epocas de Sol , Estaciones en el Sol , or Etapas de mi Vida . There is a German version called Adieu Emile by Klaus Hoffmann published in 1975 . The translated lyrics are very close to the French ones but the melody is slightly altered and the whole song has a 3 / 4 beat . Italian singer / songwriter Roberto Vecchioni recorded an Italian version called `` Stagioni nel sole '' for his 2005 acoustic , jazz - influenced live album Il Contastorie . The title of his version is a literal translation of `` Seasons in the Sun '' , but both the lyrics ( rewritten by Vecchioni himself ) and the musical structure of Vecchioni 's version are much closer to Jacques Brel 's original ( including a vague allusion to the protagonist 's wife being unfaithful ) than to the Jacks / McKuen version . The accompaniment of this rendition , played on acoustic guitar , piano and double bass ( with no drums ) is march - like , similar to Brel 's , and pointedly un-romantic . A second French - language version , Adieu la Vie , Adieu Soleil , was recorded in 1974 by Quebec musician Jacques Amar ; this version is the Québécois adaptation of Terry Jacks ' version . Croatian singer - songwriter Arsen Dedić recorded a Croatian version of the song in 1983 under the title Pjesma umirućeg . Dedić 's lyrics draw more heavily on McKuen 's English translation . The band Beirut has covered `` Le Moribond '' live on a number of occasions . A version performed for KEXP was recorded along with `` My Family 's Role in the World Revolution '' for the third track on the Elephant Gun EP . Beirut performs a cover that is quite faithful to the original Jacques Brel version , maintaining the French lyrics and the marching up - beat tempo . The Finnish schlager singer Arto Sotavalta have recorded a Finnish version of the song called Päivät kuin unta ( Eng . Days like dreams ) . The Finnish translation is very similar to the English text . The Vietnamese version , called `` Những mùa nắng đẹp '' was translated by musician Pham Duy . The translated lyrics are quite similar to the English ones . A number of Vietnamese singers have covered this version . Swedish Eurodance group Alcazar covered this song for their debut album Casino . British musician Damon Albarn recorded an acoustic version of this song for a BBC Radio 2 show with Dermot O'Leary . Parodies and alternate lyrics ( edit ) The 1993 song `` Twice My Age '' by Shabba Ranks uses the melody of `` Seasons in the Sun '' with a different set of lyrics . Sean Kingston covered `` Twice My Age '' on his 2011 mixtape King of Kingz . In 2002 a satirical version of the song lambasting the Canadian government 's ageing Sea King helicopters was leaked to Esprit de Corps magazine . The lyrics were published in the Ottawa Citizen on November 20 , 2002 . Another spoof was recorded in 2006 by Dundee United fan under the alias ' Terry Jack ' . This version mocks the possible demise of Dundee United 's archrivals , Dundee FC who were suffering severe financial difficulties at the time . This version contains swearing and adult themes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 30 years since the death of Jacques Brel : his life , his art , his legacy - World Socialist Web Site '' . Wsws.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` My first experience with Brel ( ... in 1964 ... ) consisted of doing an unauthorized adaptation of ' Le Moribund ' ( ... written by Brel for the singer Jean Sablon ... ) , which I called ' Seasons in the Sun ' ... I subsequently learned that Brel had received my recording ... , '' liner notes from Rod McKuen Sings Rod McKuen , Jacques Brel Songbook , April 2000 , posted at Rod McKuen - Flight Plan . ' Rod 's gift to his many fans ' , maintained by Stanyan Music Group , of Hollywood CA . Accessed : 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 299 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Number One Song of the Year : 1946 - 2015 '' . bobborst.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Pop Hits : 1955 - 2006 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Todd Leopold . `` The worst song of all time , part II - Apr 26 , 2006 '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` In den Gärten der Zeit '' at 45cat.com Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- TERRY JACKS -- SEASONS IN THE SUN '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song artist 781 - Terry Jacks '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- TERRY JACKS -- SEASONS IN THE SUN '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- TERRY JACKS -- SEASONS IN THE SUN '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- TERRY JACKS -- SEASONS IN THE SUN '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` TERRY JACKS '' . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1974 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 3 / 09 / 74 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1974 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Swiss Year - End Charts , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1974 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Westlife Official Top 20 MTV UK '' . Mtv.co.uk. 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Här kommer Vikingarna '' ( in Swedish ) . Svensk mediedatabas. 1974 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Hoffmann '' . Klaus Hoffmann. 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` JACQUES AMAR ... ADIEU LA VIE ADIEU SOLEIL ( SEASONS IN THE SUN ) ... 1974 '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Damon Albarn covers ' Seasons In The Sun ' '' . NME.COM . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2012 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Seasons in the Sun '' dated 2005 - 12 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Seasons in the Sun at Super Seventies . `` List of ' Le Moribond ' covers '' , Brelitude.net `` Goodbye , Papa , It 's Hard to Die : The enduring appeal of an abominable pop song '' ( Slate.com , March 16 , 2005 ) Rod McKuen on the song 's origins Lyrics of Andy Williams cover at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Time in a Bottle '' by Jim Croce Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( Terry Jacks 's version ) January 26 , 1974 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Way We Were '' by Barbra Streisand Preceded by `` The Way We Were '' by Barbra Streisand US Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Terry Jacks 's version ) March 2 , 1974 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dark Lady '' by Cher Preceded by `` Last Time I Saw Him '' by Diana Ross US Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Terry Jacks 's version ) March 9 , 1974 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' by John Denver Preceded by `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' by Paper Lace UK Singles Chart number one single ( Terry Jacks 's version ) April 6 , 1974 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Waterloo '' by ABBA Preceded by `` Goodbye '' by Spice Girls UK Singles Chart Christmas number - one single ( Westlife 's version ) 1999 Succeeded by `` Can We Fix It ? '' by Bob the Builder Preceded by `` I Try '' by Macy Gray Irish IRMA number one single ( Westlife 's version ) 18 December 1999 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Born to Make You Happy '' by Britney Spears Preceded by `` The Millennium Prayer '' by Cliff Richard UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Westlife 's version ) 19 December 1999 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Masses Against the Classes '' by Manic Street Preachers Jacques Brel Studio albums Grand Jacques Quand on n'a que l'amour Au Printemps La Valse à Mille Temps Marieke Les Bourgeois Les Bonbons Ces Gens - Là Jacques Brel 67 J'arrive L'Homme de la Mancha Ne Me Quitte Pas Les Marquises Live albums Enregistrement Public à l'Olympia 1961 Enregistrement Public à l'Olympia 1964 Compilation albums Infiniment Rarities Chansons ou Versions Inédites de Jeunesse Box sets Boîte à Bonbons Songs `` Ne me quitte pas '' ( `` If You Go Away '' ) `` Marieke '' `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Le Plat Pays '' `` Ces Gens - Là '' `` Amsterdam '' `` The Impossible Dream '' `` Un enfant '' `` Jacky '' Related articles Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris ( musical ) Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris ( film ) Man of La Mancha List of cover versions François Rauber Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me To The Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seasons_in_the_Sun&oldid=807587447 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1961 songs 1973 singles 1974 singles 1999 singles 2000 singles Songs written by Jacques Brel Songs written by Rod McKuen Jacques Brel songs The Kingston Trio songs Vikingarna ( band ) songs Westlife songs Nirvana ( band ) songs Songs about death Canadian pop songs Bobby Wright songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Bell Records singles Philips Records singles Pop ballads Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Spoken articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang seasons in the sun before westlife | [
"\"Seasons in the Sun\" is an English-language adaptation of the song \"Le Moribond\" by Belgian singer-songwriter Jacques Brel[1] with lyrics by American singer-poet Rod McKuen.[2] It became a worldwide hit in 1974 for Canadian singer Terry Jacks and became a Christmas number one in the UK in 1999 for Westlife. Jacks's version is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.",
"\"Seasons in the Sun\" is an English-language adaptation of the song \"Le Moribond\" by Belgian singer-songwriter Jacques Brel[1] with lyrics by American singer-poet Rod McKuen.[2] It became a worldwide hit in 1974 for Canadian singer Terry Jacks and became a Christmas number one in the UK in 1999 for Westlife. Jacks's version is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide."
] | [
"Rod McKuen",
"Terry Jacks"
] |
214670993864574308 | United States presidential election, 1968 | United states presidential election , 1968 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1968 Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States presidential election , 1968 ← 1964 November 5 , 1968 1972 → All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 60.9 % 1.0 pp Nominee Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey George Wallace Party Republican Democratic American Independent Home state New York Minnesota Alabama Running mate Spiro Agnew Edmund Muskie Curtis LeMay Electoral vote 301 191 46 States carried 32 13 + DC 5 Popular vote 31,783,783 31,271,839 9,901,118 Percentage 43.4 % 42.7 % 13.5 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Nixon / Agnew , blue denotes those won by Humphrey / Muskie , orange denotes states won by Wallace / LeMay , as well as a North Carolina faithless elector who cast his electoral vote for Wallace / LeMay instead of Nixon / Agnew . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic Elected President Richard Nixon Republican The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1968 . The Republican nominee , former Vice President Richard Nixon , defeated the Democratic nominee , incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years . Incumbent Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front - runner for his party 's nomination , but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary . McCarthy , former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Vice President Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated in June 1968 . Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention , which saw numerous anti-war protests . Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front - runner , and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller , Ronald Reagan , and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party 's nomination . Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket , campaigning in favor of racial segregation . The election year was tumultuous ; it was marked by the assassination of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. , subsequent King assassination riots across the nation , the assassination of Kennedy , and widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses . Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nation 's cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War . A year later , he would popularize the term `` silent majority '' to describe those he viewed as being his target voters . He also pursued a `` Southern strategy '' designed to win conservative Southern white voters who had traditionally supported the Democratic Party . Humphrey promised to continue Johnson 's War on Poverty and to support the Civil Rights Movement . Humphrey trailed badly in polls taken in late August but narrowed Nixon 's lead after Wallace 's candidacy collapsed and Johnson suspended bombing in the Vietnam War . Nixon won a plurality of the popular vote by a narrow margin , but won by a large margin in the Electoral College , carrying most states outside of the Northeast . Wallace won five states in the Deep South and ran well in some ethnic enclave industrial districts in the North ; he is the most recent third party candidate to win a state . This was the first presidential election after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which had led to mass enfranchisement of racial minorities throughout the country , especially in the South . Nixon 's victory marked the start of a period of Republican dominance in presidential elections , as Republicans won four of the next five elections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Democratic Party nomination 2.1 Other major candidates 2.2 `` Favorite Son '' candidates 2.3 Enter Eugene McCarthy 2.4 Johnson withdraws 2.5 Contest 2.6 Democratic Convention and antiwar protests 2.7 Endorsements 3 Republican Party nomination 3.1 Other major candidates 3.2 `` Favorite Son '' candidates 3.3 Primaries 3.4 Republican Convention 4 American Independent Party nomination of George Wallace 4.1 Other parties and candidates 5 General election 5.1 Campaign strategies 5.2 Campaign themes 5.3 Humphrey 's comeback and the October surprise 5.4 Nixon campaign sabotage of peace talks 5.5 Election 6 Aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Geography of results 6.2. 1 Cartographic gallery 6.2. 2 Results by state 6.3 Close states 7 Voters 7.1 National voter demographics 7.2 Voter demographics in the South 8 See also 9 Sources 10 References 11 Notes 12 Further reading 12.1 Primary sources 13 External links Historical background ( edit ) In the election of 1964 , incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won the largest popular vote landslide in U.S. Presidential election history over Republican Barry Goldwater . During the presidential term that followed , Johnson was able to achieve many political successes , including the passage of the Great Society domestic programs ( including `` War on Poverty '' legislation ) , landmark civil rights legislation , and the continued exploration of space . Despite making significant achievements , his popular support would be short - lived . At the same time , the country endured large - scale race riots in the streets of its larger cities , along with a generational revolt of young people and violent debates over foreign policy . The emergence of the hippie counterculture , the rise of New Left activism , and the emergence of the Black Power movement exacerbated social and cultural clashes between classes , generations , and races . Adding to the national crisis , on April 4 , 1968 , civil rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King , Jr. , was assassinated , igniting further mass rioting and chaos , including Washington , D.C. , where there was rioting within just a few blocks of the White House and machine guns were stationed on the Capitol steps to protect it . The most important reason for the precipitous decline of President Johnson 's popularity was the Vietnam War , which he greatly escalated during his time in office . By late 1967 , over 500,000 American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam . Draftees made up 42 percent of the military in Vietnam , but suffered 58 % of the casualties as nearly 1000 Americans a month were killed and many more were injured . Johnson 's position was particularly damaged when the national news media began to focus on the high costs and ambiguous results of escalation , despite his repeated efforts to downplay the seriousness of the situation . In early January 1968 , Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara stated that the war would be winding down as the North Vietnamese were losing their will to fight , but shortly thereafter , they launched the Tet Offensive , in which the North Vietnamese and Communist Vietcong forces launched simultaneous attacks on all government strongholds in South Vietnam . Though a U.S. military victory , Tet led many Americans to ponder whether the war was winnable or worth it . In addition , voters felt they could not trust their government 's assessment and reporting of the war effort . The Pentagon called for sending several hundred thousand more soldiers to Vietnam . Johnson 's approval ratings fell below 35 % , and the Secret Service refused to let the president make public appearances on the campuses of American colleges and universities , due to his extreme unpopularity among college students . The Secret Service also prevented Johnson from appearing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago , because it could not guarantee his safety from assassination . Democratic party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1968 Democratic Party Ticket , 1968 Hubert Humphrey Edmund Muskie for President for Vice President 38th Vice President of the United States ( 1965 -- 1969 ) U.S. Senator from Maine ( 1959 -- 1980 ) Campaign Other major candidates ( edit ) The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks , were listed in publicly published national polls , or ran a campaign that extended beyond their home delegation in the case of favorite sons . Humphrey received 166,463 votes in the primaries . Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race Eugene McCarthy George McGovern Channing E. Phillips Lester Maddox Robert F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. Senator from Minnesota ( 1959 -- 1971 ) U.S. Senator from South Dakota ( 1963 -- 1981 ) Reverend at Lincoln Temple from Washington , D.C. Governor of Georgia ( 1967 -- 1971 ) U.S. Senator from New York ( 1965 -- 1968 ) U.S. President from Texas ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Lost nomination : August 29 , 1968 2,914,933 votes Lost nomination : August 29 , 1968 0 votes Lost nomination : August 29 , 1968 0 votes Withdrew and endorsed George Wallace : August 28 , 1968 0 votes Assasinated : June 6 , 1968 2,305,148 votes Withdrew : March 31 , 1968 383,590 votes `` Favorite son '' candidates ( edit ) The following candidates were nominated as favorite sons or ran in a primary in an effort to control their local delegations , potentially as stalking horses for other major candidates , but never seriously seeking the presidential nomination themselves . Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race Mills Godwin Richard J. Hughes John McKeithen George Smathers John Connally Buford Ellington Robert E. McNair Channing E. Phillips Edmund Muskie Governor of Virginia ( 1966 -- 1970 ) Governor of New Jersey ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Governor of Louisiana ( 1964 -- 1972 ) U.S. Senator from Florida ( 1951 -- 1969 ) Governor of Texas ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Governor of Tennessee ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Governor of South Carolina ( 1965 -- 1971 ) Reverend at Lincoln Temple from Washington , D.C. U.S. Senator from Maine ( 1959 -- 1980 ) W : August 29 , 1968 0 votes W : August 29 , 1968 0 votes W : August 29 , 1968 0 votes W : August 29 , 1968 236,242 votes W : August 27 , 1968 0 votes W : August 27 , 1968 EH : August 27 , 1968 0 votes W : August 27 , 1968 EH : August 27 , 1968 0 votes DC : August 27 , 1968 0 votes W : August 22 , 1968 0 votes Birch Bayh Stephen M. Young Harold Hughes George McGovern Thomas C. Lynch Warren E. Hearnes Roger D. Branigin Joseph Y . Resnick U.S. Senator from Indiana ( 1963 -- 1981 ) U.S. Senator from Ohio ( 1959 -- 1971 ) Governor of Iowa ( 1963 -- 1969 ) U.S. Senator from South Dakota ( 1963 -- 1981 ) Attorney General of California ( 1964 -- 1971 ) Governor of Missouri ( 1965 -- 1973 ) Governor of Indiana ( 1965 -- 1969 ) U.S. Rep. from New York ( 1965 -- 1969 ) W : August 16 , 1968 0 votes W : August 16 , 1968 549,140 votes W : August 15 , 1968 EM : August 21 , 1968 0 votes DC : August 10 , 1968 0 votes LP : June 4 , 1968 380,286 votes W : May 27 , 1968 0 votes LP : May 7 , 1968 238,700 votes EH : April 24 , 1968 0 votes Enter Eugene McCarthy ( edit ) Because Lyndon Johnson had been elected to the presidency only once , in 1964 , and had served less than two full years of the term before that , the 22nd Amendment did not disqualify him from running for another term . As a result , it was widely assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would run for another term , and that he would have little trouble winning the Democratic nomination . Despite growing opposition to Johnson 's policies in Vietnam , it appeared that no prominent Democratic candidate would run against a sitting president of his own party . It was also accepted at the beginning of the year that Johnson 's record of domestic accomplishments would overshadow public opposition to the Vietnam War and that he would easily boost his public image after he started campaigning . Even Senator Robert F. Kennedy from New York , an outspoken critic of Johnson 's policies with a large base of support , initially declined to run against Johnson in the primaries . Poll numbers also suggested that a large share of Americans who opposed the Vietnam War felt the growth of the anti-war hippie movement among younger Americans was not helping their cause . On January 30 , however , claims by the Johnson administration that a recent troop surge would soon bring an end to the war were severely discredited when the Tet Offensive broke out . Although the American military was eventually able to fend off the attacks , and also inflict heavy losses among the communist opposition , the ability of the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong to launch large scale attacks during the Tet Offensive 's long duration greatly weakened American support for the military draft and further combat operations in Vietnam . In time , only Senator Eugene McCarthy from Minnesota proved willing to challenge Johnson openly . Running as an anti-war candidate in the New Hampshire primary , McCarthy hoped to pressure the Democrats into publicly opposing the Vietnam War . Since New Hampshire was the first presidential primary of 1968 , McCarthy poured most of his limited resources into the state . He was boosted by thousands of young college students led by youth coordinator Sam Brown , who shaved their beards and cut their hair to be `` Clean for Gene '' . These students organized get - out - the - vote drives , rang doorbells , distributed McCarthy buttons and leaflets , and worked hard in New Hampshire for McCarthy . On March 12 , McCarthy won 42 percent of the primary vote to Johnson 's 49 percent , a shockingly strong showing against an incumbent president . Even more impressively , since Johnson had more than 24 supporters running for the Democratic National Convention delegate slots to be filled in the election , while McCarthy 's campaign organized more strategically , McCarthy won 20 of the 24 delegates . This gave McCarthy 's campaign legitimacy and momentum . Sensing Johnson 's vulnerability , Senator Robert F. Kennedy announced his candidacy four days after the New Hampshire primary . Thereafter , McCarthy and Kennedy engaged in a series of state primaries . Kennedy won most of the primaries in which he and McCarthy were in direct competition . Johnson withdraws ( edit ) On March 31 , 1968 , following the New Hampshire primary and Kennedy 's entry into the election , the president announced to the nation in a televised speech that he was suspending all bombing of North Vietnam in favor of peace talks . Johnson concluded his speech and startled the nation by announcing `` With America 's sons in the fields far away , with America 's future under challenge right here at home , with our hopes and the world 's hopes for peace in the balance every day , I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office -- the presidency of your country . Accordingly , I shall not seek , and I will not accept , the nomination of my party for another term as your President . '' Not discussed publicly at the time was Johnson 's concern he might not survive another term -- Johnson 's health was poor , and he had suffered a serious heart attack in 1955 while serving in the U.S. Senate . Indeed , he died on January 22 , 1973 , only two days after the new presidential term concluded . Bleak political forecasts also contributed to Johnson 's withdrawal ; internal polling by Johnson 's campaign in Wisconsin , the next state to hold a primary election , showed the President trailing badly . Vice President Hubert Humphrey , President Lyndon Johnson , and General Creighton Abrams in a Cabinet Room meeting in March 1968 Historians have debated just why Johnson quit a few days after his weak showing in New Hampshire . Jeff Shesol says Johnson wanted out of the White House but also wanted vindication ; when the indicators turned negative he decided to leave . Lewis L. Gould maintains that Johnson had neglected the party , was hurting it by his Vietnam policies , and underestimated McCarthy 's strength until the very last minute , when it was too late for Johnson to recover . Randall Bennett Woods said Johnson realized he needed to leave in order for the nation to heal . Robert Dallek writes that Johnson had no further domestic goals , and realized that his personality had eroded his popularity . His health was not good , and he was preoccupied with the Kennedy campaign ; his wife was pressing for his retirement and his base of support continued to shrink . Leaving the race would allow him to pose as a peacemaker . Anthony J. Bennett , however , claims Johnson `` had been forced out of a re-election race in 1968 by outrage over his policy in Southeast Asia '' . It has also been reported that Johnson decided to wind down his re-election bid after popular and influential CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite turned against the president 's policy in Vietnam and recommended peace negotiations during a CBS News editorial which aired on February 27 . After later watching Cronkite 's editorial , Johnson allegedly exclaimed `` if I 've lost Cronkite , I 've lost Middle America . '' Issues surrounding reports of this allegation have raised questions about its accuracy , such as the fact that Johnson was attending Texas Governor John Connally 's birthday gala in Austin , Texas , when Cronkite 's editorial aired and thus was unable to see the original broadcast . However , Cronkite and CBS News correspondent Bob Schieffer defended reports that the remark had been made and claimed that members of Johnson 's inner circle who had watched the editorial with the president , including presidential aide George Christian and journalist Bill Moyers , were able to confirm its accuracy to them at a later time . Schieffer , who was serving as a reporter for the Star - Telegram 's WBAP television station in Fort Worth , Texas , when Cronkite 's editorial aired , acknowledged reports that the president saw the editorial 's original broadcast were inaccurate , but claimed the president was able to watch a taping of it the morning after it aired and then made the remark . With Johnson 's withdrawal , the Democratic Party quickly split into four factions . The first faction consisted of labor unions and big - city party bosses ( led by Mayor Richard J. Daley ) . This group had traditionally controlled the Democratic Party since the days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , and they feared loss of their control over the party . After Johnson 's withdrawal this group rallied to support Hubert Humphrey , Johnson 's vice-president ; it was also believed that President Johnson himself was covertly supporting Humphrey , despite his public claims of neutrality . The second faction , which rallied behind Senator Eugene McCarthy , was composed of college students , intellectuals , and upper - middle - class whites who had been the early activists against the war in Vietnam ; they perceived themselves as the future of the Democratic Party . The third group was primarily composed of Catholics , blacks and other minorities as well as several antiwar groups ; these groups rallied behind Senator Robert F. Kennedy . The fourth group consisted of white Southern Democrats . Some older men , remembering the New Deal 's positive impact upon the rural South , supported Vice-President Humphrey . Many would rally behind the third - party campaign of former Alabama Governor George C. Wallace as a `` law and order '' candidate . Since the Vietnam War had become the major issue that was dividing the Democratic Party , and Johnson had come to symbolize the war for many liberal Democrats , Johnson believed that he could not win the nomination without a major struggle , and that he would probably lose the election in November to the Republicans . However , by withdrawing from the race he could avoid the stigma of defeat , and he could keep control of the party machinery by giving the nomination to Humphrey , who had been a loyal vice-president . Milne ( 2011 ) argues that , in terms of foreign - policy in the Vietnam War , Johnson at the end wanted Nixon to be president rather than Humphrey , since Johnson agreed with Nixon , rather than Humphrey , on the need to defend South Vietnam from communism . However , Johnson 's telephone calls show that Johnson believed the Nixon camp was deliberately sabotaging the Paris peace talks . He told Humphrey , who refused to use allegations based on illegal wiretaps of a presidential candidate . Nixon himself called Johnson and denied the allegations . Dallek concludes that Nixon 's advice to Saigon made no difference , and that Humphrey was so closely identified with Johnson 's unpopular policies that no last - minute deal with Hanoi could have affected the election . Contest ( edit ) Statewide contest by winner : Red = Kennedy , Orange = Smathers , Yellow = Young , Green = Johnson , Blue = McCarthy , Grey = No primary After Johnson 's withdrawal , Vice President Hubert Humphrey announced his candidacy . Kennedy was successful in four state primaries ( Indiana , Nebraska , South Dakota , and California ) and McCarthy won six ( Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , Oregon , New Jersey , and Illinois ) . However , in primaries where they campaigned directly against one another , Kennedy won three primaries ( Indiana , Nebraska , and California ) and McCarthy won one ( Oregon ) . Humphrey did not compete in the primaries , leaving that job to favorite sons who were his surrogates , notably Senator George A. Smathers from Florida , Senator Stephen M. Young from Ohio , and Governor Roger D. Branigin of Indiana . Instead , Humphrey concentrated on winning the delegates in non-primary states , where party leaders such as Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley controlled the delegate votes in their states . Kennedy defeated Branigin and McCarthy in the Indiana primary , and then defeated McCarthy in the Nebraska primary . However , McCarthy upset Kennedy in the Oregon primary . After Kennedy 's defeat in Oregon , the California primary was seen as crucial to both Kennedy and McCarthy . McCarthy stumped the state 's many colleges and universities , where he was treated as a hero for being the first presidential candidate to oppose the war . Kennedy campaigned in the ghettos and barrios of the state 's larger cities , where he was mobbed by enthusiastic supporters . Kennedy and McCarthy engaged in a television debate a few days before the primary ; it was generally considered a draw . On June 4 , Kennedy narrowly defeated McCarthy in California , 46 % -- 42 % . However , McCarthy refused to withdraw from the race and made it clear that he would contest Kennedy in the upcoming New York primary , where McCarthy had much support from anti-war activists in New York City . The New York primary quickly became a moot point , however , for Kennedy was shot shortly after midnight on June 5 ; he died twenty - six hours later . Kennedy had just given his victory speech in a crowded ballroom of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles ; he and his aides then entered a narrow kitchen pantry on their way to a banquet room to meet with reporters . In the pantry Kennedy and five others were shot by Sirhan Sirhan , a 24 - year - old Rosicrucian Palestinian of Christian background and Jordanian citizenship , who hated Kennedy because of his support for Israel . Sirhan admitted his guilt , was convicted of murder , and is still in prison . In recent years some have cast doubt on Sirhan 's guilt , including Sirhan himself , who said he was `` brainwashed '' into killing Kennedy and was a patsy . Political historians still debate whether Kennedy could have won the Democratic nomination had he lived . Some historians , such as Theodore H. White and Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. , have argued that Kennedy 's broad appeal and famed charisma would have convinced the party bosses at the Democratic Convention to give him the nomination . Jack Newfield , author of RFK : A Memoir , stated in a 1998 interview that on the night he was assassinated , `` ( Kennedy ) had a phone conversation with Mayor Daley of Chicago , and Mayor Daley all but promised to throw the Illinois delegates to Bobby at the convention in August 1968 . I think he said to me , and Pete Hamill , ' Daley is the ball game , and I think we have Daley . ' '' However , other writers such as Tom Wicker , who covered the Kennedy campaign for The New York Times , believe that Humphrey 's large lead in delegate votes from non-primary states , combined with Senator McCarthy 's refusal to quit the race , would have prevented Kennedy from ever winning a majority at the Democratic Convention , and that Humphrey would have been the Democratic nominee even if Kennedy had lived . The journalist Richard Reeves and historian Michael Beschloss have both written that Humphrey was the likely nominee , and future Democratic National Committee chairman Larry O'Brien wrote in his memoirs that Kennedy 's chances of winning the nomination had been slim , even after his win in California . At the moment of RFK 's death , the delegate totals were : Hubert Humphrey 561 Robert F. Kennedy 393 Eugene McCarthy 258 Total popular vote : Eugene McCarthy : 2,914,933 ( 38.73 % ) Robert F. Kennedy : 2,305,148 ( 30.63 % ) Stephen M. Young : 549,140 ( 7.30 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson : 383,590 ( 5.10 % ) Thomas C. Lynch : 380,286 ( 5.05 % ) Roger D. Branigin : 238,700 ( 3.17 % ) George Smathers : 236,242 ( 3.14 % ) Hubert Humphrey : 166,463 ( 2.21 % ) Unpledged : 161,143 ( 2.14 % ) Scott Kelly : 128,899 ( 1.71 % ) George Wallace : 34,489 ( 0.46 % ) Richard Nixon ( write - in ) : 13,610 ( 0.18 % ) Ronald Reagan ( write - in ) : 5,309 ( 0.07 % ) Ted Kennedy : 4,052 ( 0.05 % ) Paul C. Fisher : 506 ( 0.01 % ) John G. Crommelin : 186 ( 0.00 % ) Democratic Convention and anti-war protests ( edit ) Robert Kennedy 's death altered the dynamics of the race . Although Humphrey appeared the prohibitive favorite for the nomination , thanks to his support from the traditional power blocs of the party , he was an unpopular choice with many of the anti-war elements within the party , who identified him with Johnson 's controversial position on the Vietnam War . However , Kennedy 's delegates failed to unite behind a single candidate who could have prevented Humphrey from getting the nomination . Some of Kennedy 's support went to McCarthy , but many of Kennedy 's delegates , remembering their bitter primary battles with McCarthy , refused to vote for him . Instead , these delegates rallied around the late - starting candidacy of Senator George McGovern of South Dakota , a Kennedy supporter in the spring primaries who had presidential ambitions himself . This division of the anti-war votes at the Democratic Convention made it easier for Humphrey to gather the delegates he needed to win the nomination . When the 1968 Democratic National Convention opened in Chicago , thousands of young activists from around the nation gathered in the city to protest the Vietnam War . On the evening of August 28 , in a clash which was covered on live television , Americans were shocked to see Chicago police brutally beating anti-war protesters in the streets of Chicago in front of the Conrad Hilton Hotel . While the protesters chanted `` the whole world is watching '' , the police used clubs and tear gas to beat back or arrest the protesters , leaving many of them bloody and dazed . The tear gas wafted into numerous hotel suites ; in one of them Vice President Humphrey was watching the proceedings on television . The police said that their actions were justified because numerous police officers were being injured by bottles , rocks , and broken glass that were being thrown at them by the protestors . The protestors had also yelled insults at the police , calling them `` pigs '' and other epithets . The anti-war and police riot divided the Democratic Party 's base : some supported the protestors and felt that the police were being heavy - handed , but others disapproved of the violence and supported the police . Meanwhile , the convention itself was marred by the strong - arm tactics of Chicago 's mayor Richard J. Daley ( who was seen on television angrily cursing Senator Abraham Ribicoff from Connecticut , who made a speech at the convention denouncing the excesses of the Chicago police ) . In the end , the nomination itself was anti-climactic , with Vice-President Humphrey handily beating McCarthy and McGovern on the first ballot . After the delegates nominated Humphrey , the convention then turned to selecting a vice-president . The main candidates for this position were Senators Edward M. Kennedy from Massachusetts , Edmund Muskie from Maine , and Fred R. Harris from Oklahoma ; Governors Richard Hughes of New Jersey and Terry Sanford of North Carolina ; Mayor Joseph Alioto of San Francisco , California ; former Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance ; and Ambassador Sargent Shriver from Maryland . Another idea floated was to tap Republican Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York , one of the most liberal Republicans . Ted Kennedy was Humphrey 's first choice , but the senator turned him down . After narrowing it down to Senator Muskie and Senator Harris , Vice-President Humphrey chose Muskie , a moderate and environmentalist from Maine , for the nomination . The convention complied with the request and nominated Senator Muskie as Humphrey 's running mate . The publicity from the anti-war riots crippled Humphrey 's campaign from the start , and it never fully recovered . Before 1968 the city of Chicago had been a frequent host for the political conventions of both parties ; since 1968 only one national convention has been held there ( the Democratic convention of 1996 , which nominated Bill Clinton for a second term ) . Many believe that this is due in part to the violence and chaos of the 1968 convention . Balloting Presidential tally Vice Presidential tally Hubert Humphrey 1759.25 Edmund S. Muskie 1942.5 Eugene McCarthy 601 Not Voting 604.25 George S. McGovern 146.5 Julian Bond 48.5 Channing Phillips 67.5 David Hoeh Daniel K. Moore 17.5 Edward M. Kennedy 3.5 Edward M. Kennedy 12.75 Eugene McCarthy 3.0 Paul W. `` Bear '' Bryant 1.5 Others 16.25 James H. Gray 0.5 George Wallace 0.5 Source : Keating Holland , `` All the Votes ... Really , '' CNN Endorsements ( edit ) Hubert Humphrey President Lyndon B. Johnson Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago Former President Harry Truman Singer / actor Frank Sinatra Robert F. Kennedy Senator Abraham Ribicoff from Connecticut Senator George McGovern from South Dakota Governor Harold E. Hughes of Iowa Senator Vance Hartke from Indiana Labor Leader Cesar Chavez Writer Truman Capote Writer Norman Mailer Actress Shirley MacLaine Actress Stefanie Powers Actor Robert Vaughn Actor Peter Lawford Singer Bobby Darin Eugene McCarthy Representative Don Edwards from California Actor Paul Newman Playwright Arthur Miller Writer William Styron George McGovern ( during convention ) Senator Abraham Ribicoff from Connecticut Governor Harold E. Hughes of Iowa Republican party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Republican Party ( United States ) presidential primaries , 1968 Republican Party Ticket , 1968 Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew for President for Vice President 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) 55th Governor of Maryland ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Campaign Other major candidates ( edit ) The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks , were listed in publicly published national polls , or ran a campaign that extended beyond their home delegation in the case of favorite sons . Nixon received 1,679,443 votes in the primaries . Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race Ronald Reagan Nelson Rockefeller Harold Stassen George W. Romney Governor of California ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Governor of New York ( 1959 -- 1973 ) Fmr . President of the University of Pennsylvania ( 1948 -- 1953 ) Governor of Michigan ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Campaign Campaign Campaign Lost nomination : August 8 , 1968 1,696,632 votes Lost nomination : August 8 , 1968 164,340 votes Lost nomination : August 8 , 1968 31,665 votes Withdrew : February 28 , 1968 4,447 votes `` Favorite son '' candidates ( edit ) The following candidates were nominated as favorite sons or ran in a primary in an effort to control their local delegations , potentially as stalking horses for other major candidates , but never seriously seeking the presidential nomination themselves . Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race Frank Carlson Clifford P. Case Hiram Fong Jim Rhodes Winthrop Rockefeller George W. Romney Wally Hickel Strom Thurmond U.S. Senator from Kansas ( 1950 -- 1969 ) U.S. Senator from New Jersey ( 1955 -- 1979 ) U.S. Senator from Hawaii ( 1959 -- 1977 ) Governor of Ohio ( 1963 -- 1971 ) Governor of Arkansas ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Governor of Michigan ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Governor of Alaska ( 1966 -- 1969 ) U.S. Senator from South Carolina ( 1956 -- 2003 ) LN : August 8 , 1968 0 votes LN : August 8 , 1968 0 votes LN : August 8 , 1968 0 votes LN : August 8 , 1968 614,492 votes LN : August 8 , 1968 0 votes LN : August 8 , 1968 4,447 votes W : August 8 , 1968 EN : August 8 , 1968 0 votes W : August 8 , 1968 EN : August 8 , 1968 0 votes Daniel J. Evans Spiro Agnew Dewey F. Bartlett Claude R. Kirk Jr . John Tower Howard Baker John Volpe Governor of Washington ( 1965 -- 1977 ) Governor of Maryland ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Governor of Oklahoma ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Governor of Florida ( 1967 -- 1971 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1961 -- 1985 ) U.S. Senator from Tennessee ( 1967 -- 1985 ) Governor of Massachusetts ( 1965 -- 1969 ) W : August 6 , 1968 ER : August 6 , 1968 0 votes W : August 5 , 1968 EN : August 5 , 1968 0 votes W : August 4 , 1968 EN : August 4 , 1968 0 votes W : July 12 , 1968 ER : July 12 , 1968 0 votes W : June 30 , 1968 EN : July 1 , 1968 0 votes W : May 16 , 1968 EN : May 16 , 1968 0 votes LP : April 30 , 1968 31,465 votes Primaries ( edit ) Richard Nixon campaign rally , July 1968 The front - runner for the Republican nomination was former Vice President Richard Nixon , who formally began campaigning in January 1968 . Nixon had worked tirelessly behind the scenes and was instrumental in Republican gains in Congress and governorships in the 1966 midterm elections . Thus , the party machinery and many of the new congressmen and governors supported him . Still , there was wariness in the Republican ranks over Nixon , who had lost the 1960 election and then lost the 1962 California gubernatorial election . Some hoped a more `` electable '' candidate would emerge . To a great extent the story of the 1968 Republican primary campaign and nomination is the story of one Nixon opponent after another entering the race and then dropping out . Nixon was always clearly the front runner throughout the contest because of his superior organization , and he easily defeated the rest of the field . Nixon 's first challenger was Michigan Governor George W. Romney . A Gallup poll in mid-1967 showed Nixon with 39 % , followed by Romney with 25 % . However , Romney , after a fact finding trip to Vietnam , told Detroit talk show host Lou Gordon ( journalist ) that he had been `` brainwashed '' by the military and the diplomatic corps into supporting the Vietnam War ; the remark led to weeks of ridicule in the national news media . Since he had turned against American involvement in Vietnam , Romney planned to run as the anti-war Republican version of Eugene McCarthy . However , following his `` brainwashing '' comment , Romney 's support faded steadily , and with polls showing him far behind Nixon he withdrew from the race on February 28 , 1968 . Senator Charles Percy was considered another potential threat to Nixon even before Romney 's withdrawal , and had planned on potentially waging an active campaign after securing a role as Illinois 's favorite son . Later however Percy declined to have his name presented on the ballot for the Illinois presidential primary , and while he never disclaimed his interest in the presidential nomination , he no longer actively sought it either . Nixon won a resounding victory in the important New Hampshire primary on March 12 , with 78 % of the vote . Anti-war Republicans wrote in the name of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller , the leader of the Republican Party 's liberal wing , who received 11 % of the vote and became Nixon 's new challenger . Rockefeller had originally not intended to run , having discounted a campaign for the nomination in 1965 and planned on making Senator Jacob Javits the favorite son , either in preparation of a presidential campaign or to secure him the second spot on the ticket ; as Rockefeller warmed to the idea of entering the race again however , Javits moved his attentions back towards seeking a third term in the Senate . Nixon led Rockefeller in the polls throughout the primary campaign , and though Rockefeller defeated Nixon and Governor John Volpe in the Massachusetts primary on April 30 , he otherwise fared poorly in state primaries and conventions , having declared too late to place his name on state ballots . By early spring , California Governor Ronald Reagan , the leader of the Republican Party 's conservative wing , had become Nixon 's chief rival . In the Nebraska primary on May 14 , Nixon won with 70 % of the vote to 21 % for Reagan and 5 % for Rockefeller . While this was a wide margin for Nixon , Reagan remained Nixon 's leading challenger . Nixon won the next primary of importance , Oregon , on May 15 with 65 % of the vote , and won all the following primaries except for California ( June 4 ) , where only Reagan appeared on the ballot . Reagan 's victory in California gave him a plurality of the nationwide primary vote , but his poor showing in most other state primaries left him far behind Nixon in the actual delegate count . Total popular vote : Ronald Reagan : 1,696,632 ( 37.93 % ) Richard Nixon : 1,679,443 ( 37.54 % ) James A. Rhodes : 614,492 ( 13.74 % ) Nelson Rockefeller : 164,340 ( 3.67 % ) Unpledged : 140,639 ( 3.14 % ) Eugene McCarthy ( write - in ) : 44,520 ( 1.00 % ) Harold Stassen : 31,655 ( 0.71 % ) John Volpe : 31,465 ( 0.70 % ) Others : 21,456 ( 0.51 % ) George Wallace ( write - in ) : 15,291 ( 0.34 % ) Robert F. Kennedy ( write - in ) : 14,524 ( 0.33 % ) Hubert Humphrey ( write - in ) : 5,698 ( 0.13 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( write - in ) : 4,824 ( 0.11 % ) George W. Romney : 4,447 ( 0.10 % ) Raymond P. Shafer : 1,223 ( 0.03 % ) William Scranton : 724 ( 0.02 % ) Charles H. Percy : 689 ( 0.02 % ) Barry Goldwater : 598 ( 0.01 % ) John Lindsay : 591 ( 0.01 % ) Republican Convention ( edit ) As the 1968 Republican National Convention opened in Miami Beach , Florida , the Associated Press estimated that Nixon had 656 delegate votes -- only 11 short of the number he needed to win the nomination . His only remaining obstacles were Reagan and Rockefeller , who were planning to unite their forces in a `` stop - Nixon '' movement . Because Goldwater had done well in the Deep South , delegates to the 1968 Republican National Convention would be more Southern and conservative than past conventions . There was a real possibility that the conservative Reagan would be nominated if there was no victor on the first ballot . Nixon narrowly secured the nomination on the first ballot , with the aid of South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond , who had switched parties in 1964 . He selected dark horse Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate , a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party , appealing to both Northern moderates and Southerners disaffected with the Democrats . It was also reported that Nixon 's first choice for running mate was his longtime friend and ally Robert Finch , who was the Lieutenant Governor of California at the time . Finch declined that offer , but would later serve as the Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare in Nixon 's Administration . With Vietnam also a key issue , Nixon strongly considered tapping his 1960 running mate , Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr , who was a former U.S. Senator , Ambassador to the UN , and Ambassador twice to South Vietnam . Candidates for the Vice-Presidential nomination : Spiro T. Agnew , Governor of Maryland Howard Baker , U.S. senator from Tennessee Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. , former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts , two time Ambassador to South Vietnam , and 1960 GOP VP nominee . Edward Brooke , U.S. senator from Massachusetts George H.W. Bush , U.S. representative from Texas David F. Cargo , Governor of New Mexico John Chafee , Governor of Rhode Island Daniel J. Evans , Governor of Washington Robert H. Finch , Lieutenant Governor of California Mark Hatfield , U.S. senator from Oregon Jacob K. Javits , U.S. senator from New York Warren P. Knowles , Governor of Wisconsin John Lindsay , Mayor of New York City , New York John A. Love , Governor of Colorado Rogers C.B. Morton , U.S. representative from Maryland Charles H. Percy , U.S. senator from Illinois Ronald Reagan , Governor of California James A. Rhodes , Governor of Ohio Nelson Rockefeller , Governor of New York George W. Romney , Governor of Michigan John G. Tower , U.S. senator from Texas John A. Volpe , Governor of Massachusetts The Republican Convention Tally President ( before switches ) ( after switches ) Vice President Vice-Presidential votes Richard M. Nixon 692 1238 Spiro T. Agnew 1119 Nelson Rockefeller 277 93 George Romney 186 Ronald Reagan 182 John V. Lindsay 10 Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes 55 -- Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke Michigan Governor George Romney 50 -- James A. Rhodes New Jersey Senator Clifford Case 22 -- Not Voting 16 Kansas Senator Frank Carlson 20 -- -- Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller 18 -- -- Hawaii Senator Hiram Fong 14 -- -- Harold Stassen -- -- New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay -- -- As of the 2016 presidential election , this was the last time two siblings ( Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller ) ran against each other in a Presidential primary . American Independent party nomination of George Wallace ( edit ) See also : George Wallace presidential campaign , 1968 American Independent Party Ticket , 1968 George Wallace Curtis LeMay for President for Vice President 45th Governor of Alabama ( 1963 -- 1967 ) General of the U.S. Air Force ( 1951 -- 1965 ) Campaign The American Independent Party , which was established in 1967 by Bill and Eileen Shearer , nominated former Alabama Governor George Wallace -- whose pro-segregation policies had been rejected by the mainstream of the Democratic Party -- as the party 's candidate for president . The impact of the Wallace campaign was substantial , winning the electoral votes of several states in the Deep South . He appeared on the ballot in all fifty states , but not the District of Columbia . Although he did not come close to winning any states outside the South , Wallace was the most popular 1968 presidential candidate among young men . Wallace also proved to be popular among blue - collar workers in the North and Midwest , and he took many votes which might have gone to Humphrey . Wallace did not expect to win the election -- his strategy was to prevent either major party candidate from winning a preliminary majority in the Electoral College . He had his electors pledge to vote not necessarily for him but rather for whomever he directed them to support -- his objective was not to move the election into the U.S. House of Representatives , but rather to give himself the bargaining power to determine the winner . Wallace 's running mate was retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay . Prior to deciding on LeMay , Wallace gave serious consideration to former U.S. Senator , Governor , and Baseball Commissioner A.B. Happy Chandler of Kentucky as his running mate . Chandler and Wallace met a number of times , however , Chandler said that he and Wallace were unable to come to an agreement regarding their positions on racial matters . Paradoxically , Chandler supported the segregationist Dixiecrats in the 1948 presidential elections . But , after being reelected Governor of Kentucky in 1955 , he used National Guard troops to enforce school integration . LeMay embarrassed Wallace 's campaign in the fall by suggesting that nuclear weapons could be used in Vietnam . Other parties and candidates ( edit ) Also on the ballot in two or more states were black activist Eldridge Cleaver ( who was ineligible to take office , as he would have only been 33 years of age on January 20 , 1969 ) for the Peace and Freedom Party , Henning Blomen for the Socialist Labor Party , Fred Halstead for the Socialist Workers Party , E. Harold Munn for the Prohibition Party , and Charlene Mitchell -- the first African - American woman to run for president , and the first woman to receive valid votes in a general election -- for the Communist Party . Comedians Dick Gregory and Pat Paulsen were notable write - in candidates . A facetious presidential candidate for 1968 was a pig named Pigasus , as a political statement by the Yippies , to illustrate their premise that `` one pig 's as good as any other . '' General election ( edit ) Campaign strategies ( edit ) Nixon developed a `` Southern strategy '' that was designed to appeal to conservative white southerners , who traditionally voted Democratic , but were opposed to Johnson and Humphrey 's support for the civil rights movement , as well as the rioting that had broken out in the ghettos of most large cities . Wallace , however , won over many of the voters Nixon targeted , effectively splitting the conservative vote . Indeed , Wallace deliberately targeted many states he had little chance of carrying himself in the hope that by splitting the conservative vote with Nixon he would give those states to Humphrey and , by extension , boost his own chances of denying both opponents an Electoral College majority . Since he was well behind Nixon in the polls as the campaign began , Humphrey opted for a slashing , fighting campaign style . He repeatedly -- and unsuccessfully -- challenged Nixon to a televised debate , and he often compared his campaign to the successful underdog effort of President Harry Truman , another Democrat who had trailed in the polls , in the 1948 presidential election . Humphrey predicted that he , like Truman , would surprise the experts and win an upset victory . Campaign themes ( edit ) Nixon campaigned on a theme to restore `` law and order , '' which appealed to many voters angry with the hundreds of violent riots that had taken place across the country in the previous few years . Following the murder of Martin Luther King in April 1968 , there was severe rioting in Detroit and Washington , D.C. , and President Johnson had to call out the U.S. Army to protect lives and property as smoke from burning buildings a few blocks away drifted across the White House lawn . However , Vice-President Humphrey criticized the `` law and order '' issue , claiming that it was a subtle appeal to white racial prejudice . Nixon also opposed forced busing to desegregate schools . Proclaiming himself a supporter of civil rights , he recommended education as the solution rather than militancy . During the campaign , Nixon proposed government tax incentives to African Americans for small businesses and home improvements in their existing neighborhoods . During the campaign , Nixon also used as a theme his opposition to the decisions of Chief Justice Earl Warren . Many conservatives were critical of Chief Justice Warren for using the Supreme Court to promote liberal policies in the fields of civil rights , civil liberties , and the separation of church and state . Nixon promised that if he were elected president , he would appoint justices who would take a less - active role in creating social policy . In another campaign promise , he pledged to end the draft . During the 1960s , Nixon had been impressed by a paper he had read by Professor Martin Anderson of Columbia University . Anderson had argued in the paper for an end to the draft and the creation of an all - volunteer army . Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement , since he believed affluent college - age youths would stop protesting the war once their own possibility of having to fight in it was gone . Humphrey , meanwhile , promised to continue and expand the Great Society welfare programs started by President Johnson , and to continue the Johnson Administration 's `` War on Poverty . '' He also promised to continue the efforts of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson , and the Supreme Court , in promoting the expansion of civil rights and civil liberties for minority groups . However , Humphrey also felt constrained for most of his campaign in voicing any opposition to the Vietnam War policies of President Johnson , due to his fear that Johnson would reject any peace proposals he made and undermine his campaign . As a result , early in his campaign Humphrey often found himself the target of anti-war protestors , some of whom heckled and disrupted his campaign rallies . Humphrey 's comeback and the October surprise ( edit ) After the Democratic Convention in late August , Humphrey trailed Nixon by double digits in most polls , and his chances seemed hopeless . According to Time magazine , `` The old Democratic coalition was disintegrating , with untold numbers of blue - collar workers responding to Wallace 's blandishments , Negroes threatening to sit out the election , liberals disaffected over the Vietnam War , the South lost . The war chest was almost empty , and the party 's machinery , neglected by Lyndon Johnson , creaked in disrepair . '' Calling for `` the politics of joy , '' and using the still - powerful labor unions as his base , Humphrey fought back . In order to distance himself from Johnson and to take advantage of the Democratic plurality in voter registration , Humphrey stopped being identified in ads as `` Vice-President Hubert Humphrey , '' instead being labelled `` Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey . '' Humphrey attacked Wallace as a racist bigot who appealed to the darker impulses of Americans . Wallace had been rising in the polls , and peaked at 21 % in September , but his momentum stopped after he selected Curtis LeMay as his running mate . Curtis LeMay 's suggestion of tactical nuclear weapons being used in Vietnam conjured up memories of the 1964 Goldwater campaign . Labor unions also undertook a major effort to win back union members who were supporting Wallace , with substantial success . Polls that showed Wallace winning almost one - half of union members in the summer of 1968 showed a sharp decline in his union support as the campaign progressed . As election day approached and Wallace 's support in the North and Midwest began to wane , Humphrey finally began to climb in the polls . In October , Humphrey -- who was rising sharply in the polls due to the collapse of the Wallace vote -- began to distance himself publicly from the Johnson administration on the Vietnam War , calling for a bombing halt . The key turning point for Humphrey 's campaign came when President Johnson officially announced a bombing halt , and even a possible peace deal , the weekend before the election . The `` Halloween Peace '' gave Humphrey 's campaign a badly needed boost . In addition , Senator Eugene McCarthy finally endorsed Humphrey in late October after previously refusing to do so , and by election day the polls were reporting a dead heat . Nixon campaign sabotage of peace talks ( edit ) The Nixon campaign had anticipated a possible `` October surprise , '' a peace agreement produced by the Paris negotiations , to boost Humphrey and thwarted any last - minute chances of a `` Halloween Peace . '' Nixon told campaign aide and his future White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman to put a `` monkey wrench '' into an early end to the war . Johnson was enraged and said that Nixon had `` blood on his hands '' and that Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen agreed with Johnson that such action was `` treason . '' Defense Secretary Clark Clifford considered the moves an illegal violation of the Logan Act . A former director of the Nixon Library called it a `` covert action '' which `` laid the skulduggery of his presidency . '' Bryce Harlow , former Eisenhower White House staff member , claimed to have `` a double agent working in the White House ... I kept Nixon informed . '' Harlow and Nixon 's future National Security Advisor and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , who was friendly with both campaigns and guaranteed a job in either a Humphrey or Nixon administration , separately predicted Johnson 's `` bombing halt '' : `` The word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey . Nixon has been told of it , '' Democratic senator George Smathers informed Johnson . Nixon asked Anna Chennault to be his `` channel to Mr. Thieu '' in order to advise him to refuse participation in the talks , in what is sometimes described as the `` Anna Chennault Affair . '' Thieu was promised a better deal under a Nixon administration . Chennault agreed and periodically reported to John Mitchell that Thieu had no intention of attending a peace conference . On November 2 , Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador : `` I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss ( Nixon ) is going to win . And you tell your boss ( Thieu ) to hold on a while longer . '' In 1997 , Chennault admitted that `` I was constantly in touch with Nixon and Mitchell . '' The effort also involved Texas Senator John Tower and Kissinger , who traveled to Paris on behalf of the Nixon campaign . William Bundy stated that Kissinger obtained `` no useful inside information '' from his trip to Paris , and `` almost any experienced Hanoi watcher might have come to the same conclusion '' . While Kissinger may have `` hinted that his advice was based on contacts with the Paris delegation , '' this sort of `` self - promotion ... is at worst a minor and not uncommon practice , quite different from getting and reporting real secrets . '' Johnson learned of the Nixon - Chennault effort because the NSA was interfering in communications in Vietnam . In response , Johnson ordered NSA surveillance of Chennault and wire - tapped the South Vietnamese embassy and members of the Nixon campaign . He did not leak the information to the public because he did not want to `` shock America '' with the revelation , nor reveal that the NSA was interfering in communications in Vietnam . Johnson did make information available to Humphrey , but at this point Humphrey thought he was going to win the election , so he did not reveal the information to the public . Humphrey later regretted this as a mistake . The South Vietnamese government withdrew from peace negotiations , and Nixon publicly offered to go to Saigon to help the negotiations . A promising `` peace bump '' ended up in `` shambles '' for the Democratic Party . Election ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The election on November 5 , 1968 , proved to be extremely close , and it was not until the following morning that the television news networks were able to declare Nixon the winner . The key states proved to be California , Ohio , and Illinois , all of which Nixon won by three percentage points or less . Had Humphrey carried all three of these states , he would have won the election . Had he carried only two of them or just California alone , George Wallace would have succeeded in his aim of preventing an electoral college majority for any candidate , and the decision would have been given to the House of Representatives , at the time controlled by the Democratic Party . Nixon won the popular vote with a plurality of 512,000 votes , or a victory margin of about one percentage point . In the electoral college Nixon 's victory was larger , as he carried 32 states with 301 electoral votes , compared to Humphrey 's 13 states and 191 electoral votes and Wallace 's five states and 46 electoral votes . Out of all the states that Nixon had previously carried in 1960 , Maine and Washington were the only two states that did not vote for him again ; Nixon carried them during his re-election campaign in 1972 . This was the last time until 1988 that the state of Washington voted Democratic and until 1992 that Connecticut , Maine , and Michigan voted Democratic in the general election . Nixon was also the last Republican candidate to win a presidential election without carrying Alabama , Arkansas , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Texas . This is the first time which the Republican Candidate captured White House without carrying Michigan , Minnesota , Maine and Pennsylvania . He would be the last Republican Candidate to carry Minnesota four years later ( in 1972 ) , as of 2016. This is also the first time Minnesota voted for the candidate who did not eventually win since 1916 . Remarkably , Nixon won the election despite winning only two of the six states ( Arizona and South Carolina ) won by Republican Barry Goldwater four years earlier . He remains the only presidential candidate to win in spite of defending such a low number of his own party 's states . All of the remaining four States carried by Goldwater were carried by Wallace in 1968 . They would be won by Nixon in 1972 . Of the 3,130 counties / districts / independent cities making returns , Nixon won in 1,859 ( 59.39 % ) while Humphrey carried 693 ( 22.14 % ) . Wallace was victorious in 578 counties ( 18.47 % ) , all of which were located in the South . Nixon said that Humphrey left a gracious message congratulating him , noting , `` I know exactly how he felt . I know how it feels to lose a close one . '' Aftermath ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Election results by county . Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey George Wallace 1968 Presidential Election , Results by Congressional District Nixon 's victory is often considered a realigning election in American politics . From 1932 to 1964 , the Democratic Party was undoubtedly the majority party , winning seven out of nine presidential elections , and their agenda influenced policies undertaken by the Republican Eisenhower administration . The 1968 election reversed the situation completely . From 1968 until 2004 , Republicans won seven out of ten presidential elections , and its policies clearly affected those enacted by the Democratic Clinton administration via the Third Way . The election was a seismic event in the long - term realignment in Democratic Party support , especially in the South . Nationwide , the bitter splits over civil rights , the new left , the Vietnam War , and other `` culture wars '' were slow to heal . Democrats could no longer count on white Southern support for the presidency , as Republicans made major gains in suburban areas and areas filled with Northern migrants . The rural Democratic `` courthouse cliques '' in the South lost power . While Democrats controlled local and state politics in the South , Republicans usually won the presidential vote . In 1968 , Humphrey won less than ten percent of the white Southern vote , with two - thirds of his vote in the region coming from blacks , who now were voting in full strength . From 1968 until 2004 , only two Democrats were elected President , both native Southerners -- Jimmy Carter of Georgia and Bill Clinton of Arkansas . Not until 2008 did a Northern Democrat , Barack Obama of Illinois , again win a presidential election . Another important result of this election was that it led to several reforms in how the Democratic Party chose its presidential nominees . In 1969 , the McGovern -- Fraser Commission adopted a set of rules for the states to follow in selecting convention delegates . These rules reduced the influence of party leaders on the nominating process and provided greater representation for minorities , women , and youth . The reforms led most states to adopt laws requiring primary elections , instead of party leaders , to choose delegates . After 1968 , the only way to win the party 's presidential nomination became through the primary process ; Humphrey turned out to be the last nominee of either major party to win his party 's nomination without having directly competed in the primaries . This was also the last election in which any third party candidate won an entire state 's electoral votes , with Wallace carrying five states . This election was the last time until 1992 that the Democratic nominee won Connecticut , Maine , and Michigan and the last until 1988 when Washington voted Democrat . It was also the first time since 1888 that bellwether Coös County , New Hampshire did not support the winning candidate , which has occurred since only in 2004 . This election was also the last time a Republican won the presidency without winning Alabama , Arkansas , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Texas . Despite the narrow ( 0.7 % ) difference in the popular vote , Humphrey only took 35.5 % of the electoral vote . This disparity prompted the introduction of the Bayh -- Celler Constitutional amendment in Congress , which would have replaced the Electoral College with a direct election of the presidency . The effort was not successful and the Electoral College is still in force . Results ( edit ) Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Richard Milhous Nixon Republican New York 31,783,783 43.42 % 301 Spiro Theodore Agnew Maryland 301 Hubert Horatio Humphrey Democratic Minnesota 31,271,839 42.72 % 191 Edmund Sixtus Muskie Maine 191 George Corley Wallace American Independent Alabama 9,901,118 13.53 % 46 Curtis Emerson LeMay California 46 Other 243,258 0.33 % -- Other -- Total 73,199,998 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1968 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved August 7 , 2005 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 7 , 2005 . Popular vote Nixon 43.42 % Humphrey 42.72 % Wallace 13.53 % Others 0.33 % Electoral vote Nixon 55.95 % Humphrey 35.50 % Wallace 8.55 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Presidential election results by county Republican presidential election results by county Democratic presidential election results by county American Independent presidential election results by county `` Other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of American Independent presidential election results by county Cartogram of `` Other '' presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) States / districts won by Nixon / Agnew States / districts won by Humphrey / Muskie States / districts won by Wallace / LeMay Richard Nixon Republican Hubert H. Humphrey Democratic George Wallace American Independent Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 10 146,923 13.99 - 196,579 18.72 - 691,425 65.86 10 - 494,846 - 47.13 1,049,917 AL Alaska 37,600 45.28 35,411 42.65 - 10,024 12.07 - 2,189 2.64 83,035 AK Arizona 5 266,721 54.78 5 170,514 35.02 - 46,573 9.56 - 96,207 19.76 486,936 AZ Arkansas 6 189,062 31.01 - 184,901 30.33 - 235,627 38.65 6 - 46,565 - 7.64 609,590 AR California 40 3,467,664 47.82 40 3,244,318 44.74 - 487,270 6.72 - 223,346 3.08 7,251,587 CA Colorado 6 409,345 50.46 6 335,174 41.32 - 60,813 7.50 - 74,171 9.14 811,199 CO Connecticut 8 556,721 44.32 - 621,561 49.48 8 76,650 6.10 - - 64,840 - 5.16 1,256,232 CT Delaware 96,714 45.12 89,194 41.61 - 28,459 13.28 - 7,520 3.51 214,367 DE D.C. 31,012 18.18 - 139,566 81.82 - - - - 108,554 - 63.64 170,578 DC Florida 14 886,804 40.53 14 676,794 30.93 - 624,207 28.53 - 210,010 9.60 2,187,805 FL Georgia 12 380,111 30.40 - 334,440 26.75 - 535,550 42.83 12 - 155,439 - 12.43 1,250,266 GA Hawaii 91,425 38.70 - 141,324 59.83 3,469 1.47 - - 49,899 - 21.12 236,218 HI Idaho 165,369 56.79 89,273 30.66 - 36,541 12.55 - 76,096 26.13 291,183 ID Illinois 26 2,174,774 47.08 26 2,039,814 44.15 - 390,958 8.46 - 134,960 2.92 4,619,749 IL Indiana 13 1,067,885 50.29 13 806,659 37.99 - 243,108 11.45 - 261,226 12.30 2,123,597 IN Iowa 9 619,106 53.01 9 476,699 40.82 - 66,422 5.69 - 142,407 12.19 1,167,931 IA Kansas 7 478,674 54.84 7 302,996 34.72 - 88,921 10.19 - 175,678 20.13 872,783 KS Kentucky 9 462,411 43.79 9 397,541 37.65 - 193,098 18.29 - 64,870 6.14 1,055,893 KY Louisiana 10 257,535 23.47 - 309,615 28.21 - 530,300 48.32 10 - 220,685 - 20.11 1,097,450 LA Maine 169,254 43.07 - 217,312 55.30 6,370 1.62 - - 48,058 - 12.23 392,936 ME Maryland 10 517,995 41.94 - 538,310 43.59 10 178,734 14.47 - - 20,315 - 1.64 1,235,039 MD Massachusetts 14 766,844 32.89 - 1,469,218 63.01 14 87,088 3.73 - - 702,374 - 30.12 2,331,752 MA Michigan 21 1,370,665 41.46 - 1,593,082 48.18 21 331,968 10.04 - - 222,417 - 6.73 3,306,250 MI Minnesota 10 658,643 41.46 - 857,738 54.00 10 68,931 4.34 - - 199,095 - 12.53 1,588,510 MN Mississippi 7 88,516 13.52 - 150,644 23.02 - 415,349 63.46 7 - 264,705 - 40.44 654,509 MS Missouri 12 811,932 44.87 12 791,444 43.74 - 206,126 11.39 - 20,488 1.13 1,809,502 MO Montana 138,835 50.60 114,117 41.59 - 20,015 7.29 - 24,718 9.01 274,404 MT Nebraska 5 321,163 59.82 5 170,784 31.81 - 44,904 8.36 - 150,379 28.01 536,851 NE Nevada 73,188 47.46 60,598 39.29 - 20,432 13.25 - 12,590 8.16 154,218 NV New Hampshire 154,903 52.10 130,589 43.93 - 11,173 3.76 - 24,314 8.18 297,298 NH New Jersey 17 1,325,467 46.10 17 1,264,206 43.97 - 262,187 9.12 - 61,261 2.13 2,875,395 NJ New Mexico 169,692 51.85 130,081 39.75 - 25,737 7.86 - 39,611 12.10 327,281 NM New York 43 3,007,932 44.30 - 3,378,470 49.76 43 358,864 5.29 - - 370,538 - 5.46 6,790,066 NY North Carolina 13 627,192 39.51 12 464,113 29.24 - 496,188 31.26 131,004 8.25 1,587,493 NC North Dakota 138,669 55.94 94,769 38.23 - 14,244 5.75 - 43,900 17.71 247,882 ND Ohio 26 1,791,014 45.23 26 1,700,586 42.95 - 467,495 11.81 - 90,428 2.28 3,959,698 OH Oklahoma 8 449,697 47.68 8 301,658 31.99 - 191,731 20.33 - 148,039 15.70 943,086 OK Oregon 6 408,433 49.83 6 358,866 43.78 - 49,683 6.06 - 49,567 6.05 819,622 OR Pennsylvania 29 2,090,017 44.02 - 2,259,405 47.59 29 378,582 7.97 - - 169,388 - 3.57 4,747,928 PA Rhode Island 122,359 31.78 - 246,518 64.03 15,678 4.07 - - 124,159 - 32.25 385,000 RI South Carolina 8 254,062 38.09 8 197,486 29.61 - 215,430 32.30 - 38,632 5.79 666,982 SC South Dakota 149,841 53.27 118,023 41.96 - 13,400 4.76 - 31,818 11.31 281,264 SD Tennessee 11 472,592 37.85 11 351,233 28.13 - 424,792 34.02 - 47,800 3.83 1,248,617 TN Texas 25 1,227,844 39.87 - 1,266,804 41.14 25 584,269 18.97 - - 38,960 - 1.27 3,079,406 TX Utah 238,728 56.49 156,665 37.07 - 26,906 6.37 - 82,063 19.42 422,568 UT Vermont 85,142 52.75 70,255 43.53 - 5,104 3.16 - 14,887 9.22 161,404 VT Virginia 12 590,319 43.36 12 442,387 32.49 - 321,833 23.64 - 147,932 10.87 1,361,491 VA Washington 9 588,510 45.12 - 616,037 47.23 9 96,990 7.44 - - 27,527 - 2.11 1,304,281 WA West Virginia 7 307,555 40.78 - 374,091 49.60 7 72,560 9.62 - - 66,536 - 8.82 754,206 WV Wisconsin 12 809,997 47.89 12 748,804 44.27 - 127,835 7.56 - 61,193 3.62 1,691,538 WI Wyoming 70,927 55.76 45,173 35.51 - 11,105 8.73 - 25,754 20.25 127,205 WY TOTALS : 538 31,783,783 43.42 301 31,271,839 42.72 191 9,901,118 13.53 46 511,944 0.70 73,199,998 US Close states ( edit ) States where margin of victory was less than 5 percentage points ( 223 electoral votes ) : Missouri , 1.13 % Texas , 1.27 % Maryland , 1.64 % Washington , 2.11 % New Jersey , 2.13 % Ohio , 2.28 % Alaska , 2.64 % Illinois , 2.92 % California , 3.08 % Delaware , 3.51 % Pennsylvania , 3.57 % Wisconsin , 3.62 % Tennessee , 3.83 % States where margin of victory was more than 5 percentage points , but less than 10 percentage points ( 155 electoral votes ) : Kentucky , 5.14 % Connecticut , 5.16 % New York , 5.46 % South Carolina , 5.79 % Oregon , 6.05 % Michigan , 6.73 % Arkansas , 7.64 % Nevada , 8.17 % New Hampshire , 8.17 % North Carolina , 8.25 % West Virginia , 8.82 % Montana , 9.01 % Colorado , 9.14 % Vermont , 9.22 % Florida , 9.60 % Notes : In Alabama , Wallace was the official Democratic Party nominee , while Humphrey ran on the ticket of short - lived National Democratic Party of Alabama , loyal to him as an official Democratic Party nominee In North Carolina one Nixon Elector cast his ballot for George Wallace ( President ) and Curtis LeMay ( Vice President ) . Voters ( edit ) Converse et al. ( 1969 ) assesses the significance of the 1968 presidential election . Many people were dissatisfied with Johnson but not with the Democratic Party . Their dissatisfaction was connected to the Vietnam War , civil rights , and law and order . Humphrey , the choice of an older generation , suffered from identification with the Johnson administration . Wallace attracted many Richard Nixon - bound Democrats and thus was a threat to Nixon . McCarthy 's popularity in the New Hampshire primary was a nondifferentiated anti-Johnson vote from which many voters went to Wallace . These were not , however , the hard - core McCarthyite followers . Wallace 's success was the result of the voter 's identification with his stand on the primary issues -- continuing segregation , getting out of Vietnam , a focus on liberal economic policies and law and order . Wallace 's supporters were rural and small town residents in the South and skilled labor in the North . They were disgusted with public policy and were often alienated from politics . National voter demographics ( edit ) NBC sample precincts 1968 election % Humphrey % Nixon % Wallace High income urban 29 63 5 Middle income urban 43 44 13 Low income urban 69 19 12 Rural ( all income ) 33 46 21 African - American neighborhoods 94 5 Italian neighborhoods 51 39 10 Slavic neighborhoods 65 24 11 Jewish neighborhoods 81 17 Unionized neighborhoods 61 29 10 Source : Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . `` Group Analysis of the 1968 Presidential Vote '' XXVI , No. 48 ( November 1968 ) , p. 3218 . Voter demographics in the South ( edit ) NBC sample precincts 1968 election : South only % Humphrey % Nixon % Wallace Middle income urban neighborhoods 28 40 32 Low income urban neighborhoods 57 18 25 Rural ( all income ) 29 30 41 African - American neighborhoods 95 Hispanic neighborhoods 92 7 Source : Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . `` Group Analysis of the 1968 Presidential Vote '' , XXVI , No. 48 ( November 1968 ) , p. 3218 . See also ( edit ) United States House election , 1968 United States Senate election , 1968 United States gubernatorial elections , 1968 History of the United States ( 1964 -- 1980 ) History of the United States Democratic Party History of the United States Republican Party List of Presidents of the United States First inauguration of Richard Nixon Sources ( edit ) White , Theodore H. , The Making of the President 1968 . Pocket Books , 1970 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Adams Upchurch , Race relations in the United States , 1960 -- 1980 ( 2008 ) p. 7 - 50 Jump up ^ James Westheider ( 2011 ) . Fighting in Vietnam : The Experience of the US Soldier . Stackpole Books . pp. 136 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0831 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ben J. Wattenberg ( 2008 ) . Fighting Words : A Tale of How Liberals Created Neo-Conservatism . Macmillan . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 2463 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Can Seek Two Full Terms '' . The Washington Post . November 24 , 1963 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Moore , William ( November 24 , 1963 ) . `` Law Permits 2 Full Terms for Johnson '' . The Chicago Tribune . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man Of The Year : Lyndon B. Johnson , The Paradox of Power '' . Time Magazine . January 5 , 1968 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 30 , 1968 : Tet Offensive shakes Cold War confidence '' . History.com : This Day In History . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Jack Newfield , interview with Terry Gross , Fresh Air from WHYY , National Public Radio , WHYY , Philadelphia , June 4 , 1998 . Excerpt rebroadcast on June 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Campaigns -- US President -- D Primaries Race -- Mar 12 , 1968 '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White , pp. 377 -- 378 '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AllPolitics -- 1996 GOP NRC -- All The Votes ... Really '' . Cnn.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- SD US President -- D Primary Race -- Jun 04 , 1968 '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- Candidate -- Harold Everett Hughes '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur Jr. ( 1978 ) . `` Robert Kennedy and His Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- CA US President -- D Primary Race -- Jun 04 , 1968 '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BobbyDarin.net/BobbyDarin.com -- Bobby Darin & Bobby Kennedy '' . Bobbydarin.net . May 10 , 1968 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- US President -- D Convention Race -- Aug 26 , 1968 '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Another Race To the Finish '' . The News & Observer . November 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , February 18 , 1968 Jump up ^ The New York Times , February 29 , 1968 Jump up ^ `` PERCY SHUNNING ACTIVE ' 68 ROLE -- Wants to Stay Off Ballot in Presidential Primaries -- Article -- NYTimes.com '' . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javits Says Favorite - Son Choice For ' 68 Is Still an Open Matter -- Article -- NYTimes.com '' . Select.nytimes.com . September 29 , 1967 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perlstein . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 503 -- 508 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 509 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Year In Review '' . UPI . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Presidential Campaigns & Elections Reference '' . Presidentialcampaignselectionsreference.wordpress.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. xxi . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hill , John Paul ( December 16 , 2002 ) . `` A.B. `` Happy '' Chandler , George C. Wallace , and the Presidential Election of 1968 `` . The Historian. 64 ( 34 ) : 667 -- 685 . doi : 10.1111 / 1540 - 6563.00010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Chandler biography -- American politician and baseball commissioner '' . Britannica.com . June 15 , 1991 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perlstein , Rick ( 2008 ) . Nixonland : The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America . Jump up ^ Joseph A. Aistrup , The southern strategy revisited : Republican top - down advancement in the South ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( October 22 , 2001 ) . `` Civil Rights : Let ' Em Wiretap ! '' . History News Network . Jump up ^ Timothy Nels Thurber ( 1999 ) . The Politics of Equality : Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle . Columbia University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11047 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 265 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Conrad Black , ( 2007 ) , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Laura Kalman ( 1990 ) . Abe Fortas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04669 - 4 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas W. Evans ( Summer 1993 ) . `` The All - Volunteer Army After Twenty Years : Recruiting in the Modern Era '' . Sam Houston State University . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Aitken , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . Nixon : A Life . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 720 - 9 . pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen ( 1989 ) . Nixon , Volume Two : The Triumph of a Politician 1962 -- 1972 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 264 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Time November 15 , 1968 Jump up ^ Theodore H. White , The Making of the President , 1968 ( 1970 ) ^ Jump up to : Baker , Peter . `` Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson 's Peace Talks in ' 68 , Notes Show '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Mark Lisheron . `` In tapes , LBJ accuses Nixon of treason '' . Austin American - Statesman . December 5 , 2008 . `` Johnson tells Sen. Everett Dirksen , the Republican minority leader , that it will be Nixon 's responsibility if the South Vietnamese do n't participate in the peace talks . ' This is treason , ' LBJ says to Dirksen . '' Jump up ^ Robert `` KC '' Johnson . `` Did Nixon Commit Treason in 1968 ? What The New LBJ Tapes Reveal '' . History News Network , January 26 , 2009 . Transcript from audio recording on YouTube of President Johnson : `` This is treason . '' `` I know . '' Jump up ^ Clark M. Clifford . Counsel to the President : A Memoir ( May 21 , 1991 ed . ) . Random House . p. 709 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56995 - 4 . p. 582 . `` The activities of the Nixon team went far beyond the bounds of justifiable political combat . It constituted direct interference in the activities of the executive branch and the responsibilities of the Chief Executive , the only people with authority to negotiate on behalf of the nation . The activities of the Nixon campaign constituted a gross , even potentially illegal , interference in the security affairs of the nation by private individuals . '' Jump up ^ Robert Dallek ( 2007 ) , Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power , HarperCollins , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ US Department of State , Office of the Historian , `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , Volume VII , Vietnam , September 1968 -- January 1969 , November 1 - 12 , 1968 : South Vietnamese Abstention From the Expanded Peace Conference ; the Anna Chennault Affair , '' https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5 Jump up ^ Diem Bui with David Chanoff . In the Jaws of History ( April 1 , 1999 ed . ) . Indiana University Press . p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21301 - 0 . p. 237 . Waiting for me in the lobby was Anna Chennault . A few minutes later I was being introduced to Nixon and John Mitchell , his law partner and adviser . ( ... ) Nixon ( ... ) added that his staff would be in touch with me through John Mitchell and Anna Chennault . Jump up ^ US Department of State , Office of the Historian , `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , Volume VII , Vietnam , September 1968 -- January 1969 , November 1 - 12 , 1968 : South Vietnamese Abstention From the Expanded Peace Conference ; the Anna Chennault Affair , '' https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v07/ch5 Jump up ^ Dallek , pp. 74 - 75 . Jump up ^ Dallek , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ Thomas Powers . `` The Man who Kept the Secrets : Richard Helms & the CIA '' . Alfred A. Knopf , 1979 , p. 198 . `` during the week which ended Sunday , October 27 ( 1968 ) , the National Security Agency intercepted a radio message from the South Vietnamese Embassy to Saigon explicitly urging ( Nguyen Van ) Thieu to stand fast against an agreement until after the election . As soon as Johnson learned of the cable he ordered the FBI to place Madame ( Anna ) Chennault under surveillance and to install a phone tap on the South Vietnamese Embassy '' Jump up ^ Dallek , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Robert `` KC '' Johnson . `` Did Nixon Commit Treason in 1968 ? What the New LBJ Tapes Reveal '' . History News Network , January 26 , 2009 . Transcript from audio recording on YouTube of President Johnson : `` Now , I can identify ' em , because I know who 's doing this . I do n't want to identify it . I think it would shock America if a principal candidate was playing with a source like this on a matter this important . ( ... ) I do n't want to do that . '' ^ Jump up to : Taylor , David ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Lyndon Johnson tapes : Richard Nixon 's ' treason ' '' . BBC News . London . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jules Witcover . `` The Making of an Ink - Stained Wretch : Half a Century Pounding the Political Beat '' . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2005 , p131 . `` Johnson had turned over incriminating evidence about ( Anna ) Chennault 's activities to ( Hubert ) Humphrey 's for use in the final days of the campaign . The idea was that such an act of treason would sink Nixon and elect Humphrey . But Humphrey declined to use it , partly because he felt he could not reveal the sources of the classified material ( ... ) Later , in his memoir , Humphrey recounted a memo of his own at the time : `` I wonder if I should have blown the whistle on Anna Chennault and Nixon . I wish ( his italics ) I could have been sure . Damn Thieu . Dragging his feet this past weekend hurt us . I wonder if that call did it . If Nixon knew . '' Jump up ^ `` In Tapes , Johnson Accused Nixon 's Associates of Treason '' . The New York Times , December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Year In Review '' . UPI . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Misunderstanding the Southern Realignment '' . RealClearPolitics.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gould ( 1993 ) p 165 ; White ( 1969 ) p 401 Jump up ^ The Political Graveyard ; Coös County Votes for President David Leip 's Atlas of US Presidential Elections ; Presidential Election , 2016 in New Hampshire Jump up ^ A North Carolina faithless Republican elector voted for Wallace / LeMay Jump up ^ `` Electoral Votes for President and Vice President '' . Senate Manual . Government Printing Office . 2005 . Retrieved March 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Presidential General Election Data -- National '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- Political Party -- Alabama National Democrat ( NDPA ) '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns -- AL US President Race -- Nov 05 , 1968 '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Presidential General Election Results -- North Carolina '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ They used poll data from the sixth national presidential election survey conducted by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Converse et al ( 1969 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Although he was born in California and he served as a U.S. Senator from California , in 1968 Richard Nixon 's official state of residence was New York , because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election . During his first term as president , Nixon re-established his residency in California . Consequently , most reliable reference books list Nixon 's home state as New York in the 1968 election and his home state as California in the 1972 ( and 1960 ) election . Further reading ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1987 ) . Nixon : The Education of a Politician : 1962 -- 1972 . Brown , Stuart Gerry . The Presidency on Trial : Robert Kennedy 's 1968 Campaign and Afterwards . U. Press of Hawaii , 1972 . 155 pp . Burner , David and West , Thomas R . The Torch Is Passed : The Kennedy Brothers and American Liberalism. ( 1984 ) . 307 pp . Carter , Dan T. ( 1995 ) . The Politics of Rage : George Wallace , the Origins of the New Conservatism , and the Transformation of American Politics . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2597 - 0 . Chester , Lewis , Godfrey Hodgson and Bruce Page . An American Melodrama -- The Presidential Campaign of 1968 ( 1969 ) , highly detailed report by British journalists Cohen , Michael A. American Maelstrom : The 1968 Election and the Politics of Division ( Oxford UP , 2016 ) excerpt Converse , Philip E. ; Miller , Warren E. ; Rusk , Jerrold G. ; Wolfe , Arthur C. ( 1969 ) . `` Continuity And Change In American Politics : Parties and Issues in the 1968 Election '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 1083 -- 1105 . doi : 10.2307 / 1955073 . JSTOR 1955073 . Lewis , Chester ; Hodgson , Godfrey ; Page , Bruce ( 1969 ) . An American Melodrama : The Presidential Campaign of 1968 . Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 11991 - 1 . Gould , Lewis L. ( 1993 ) . 1968 : The Election that Changed America . Ivan R. Dee . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 010 - X . Herzog , Arthur . McCarthy for President ( 1969 ) Farber , David ( 1988 ) . Chicago ' 68 . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 23800 - 8 . Jamieson , Patrick E. `` Seeing the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidency through the March 31 , 1968 Withdrawal Speech . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol 29 # 1 1999 pp. 134 + Kimball , Warren F. `` The Election of 1968 . '' Diplomatic History 2004 28 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 528 . ISSN 0145 - 2096 Fulltext online in SwetsWise , Ingenta and Ebsco . Comments by others at pp. 563 -- 576 ; reply , p. 577 . Kogin , Michael ( Spring 1966 ) . `` Wallace and the Middle Class '' . Public Opinion Quarterly . 30 ( 1 ) : 98 . doi : 10.1086 / 267384 . LaFerber , Walter . The Deadly Bet : LBJ , Vietnam , and the 1968 Election ( 2005 ) short survey Lesher , Stephan . George Wallace : American Populist. ( 1994 ) . 587 pp . Mayer , Jeremy D ( 2002 ) . `` Nixon Rides the Backlash to Victory : Racial Politics in the 1968 Presidential Campaign '' . Historian. 64 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 366 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2002. tb01487. x . Nelson , Michael . Resilient America : Electing Nixon in 1968 , Channeling Dissent , and Dividing Government ( University Press of Kansas ; 2014 ) 360 pages O'Mara , Margaret . Pivotal Tuesdays : Four Elections That Shaped the Twentieth Century ( 2015 ) , compares 1912 , 1932 , 1968 , 1992 in terms of social , economic , and political history Richardson , Darcy G. ( 2002 ) . A Nation Divided : The 1968 Presidential Campaign . ISBN 0 - 595 - 23699 - 5 . Rising , George ( 1997 ) . Clean for Gene : Eugene McCarthy 's 1968 Presidential Campaign . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95841 - 8 . Savage , Sean J. ( 2004 ) . JFK , LBJ , and the Democratic Party . SUNY Albany Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 6169 - 6 . Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr. ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 24897 - 3 . Shesol , Jeff . Mutual Contempt : Lyndon Johnson , Robert Kennedy , and the Feud that Defined a Decade ( 1997 ) Small , Melvin . `` The Election of 1968 , '' Diplomatic History ( 2004 ) 28 # 4 pp 513 -- 528 , analysis of foreign - policy issues Solberg , Carl . Hubert Humphrey ( 2003 ) , scholarly biography excerpt and text search Time . `` Wallace 's Army : The Coalition Of Frustration , '' Time October 18 , 1968 Unger , Irwin ; Unger , Debi ( 1988 ) . Turning Point : 1968 . Scribner 's . ISBN 0 - 684 - 18696 - 9 . White , Theodore H. ( 1969 ) . The Making of the President -- 1968 . Atheneum . ISBN 0 - 224 - 61796 - 6 . , famous report by American journalist Woods , Randall . LBJ : Architect of American Ambition ( 2006 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Gallup , George H. , ed . The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1971 . 3 vols . Random House , 1972 . press releases ; Humphrey , Hubert H. ( 1976 ) . The Education of a Public Man : My Life and Politics . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1897 - 6 . McCarthy , Eugene . The Year of the People ( 1969 ) , memoir McGinniss , Joe ( 1969 ) . The Selling of the President 1968 . Trident Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 82249 - 7 . ; firsthand reporting Nixon , Richard ( 1978 ) . RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70741 - 8 . ; primary source External links ( edit ) United States presidential election of 1968 at Encyclopædia Britannica The Election Wall 's 1968 Election Video Page 1968 popular vote by counties 1968 popular vote by states 1968 popular vote by states ( with bar graphs ) Campaign commercials from the 1968 election How close was the 1968 election ? at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 25 , 2012 ) -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology `` LBJ Tapes Implicate Nixon With Treason '' . ABC News . December 5 , 2008 , ( video ) . Election of 1968 in Counting the Votes ( 1964 ← ) United States presidential election , 1968 ( → 1972 ) United States elections , 1968 Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon campaign VP nominee Spiro Agnew Candidates Frank Carlson Clifford P. Case Hiram Fong John Lindsay Ronald Reagan Jim Rhodes Nelson Rockefeller Winthrop Rockefeller George W. Romney campaign Harold Stassen John Volpe Democratic Party Convention Primaries Protests Nominee Hubert Humphrey campaign VP nominee Edmund Muskie Candidates Roger D. Branigin John G. Crommelin Paul C. Fisher Lyndon B. Johnson Robert F. Kennedy ( campaign ) Thomas C. Lynch Eugene McCarthy ( campaign ) George McGovern Dan K. Moore Channing E. Phillips George Smathers Stephen M. 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Cornelia Wallace Campaigns 1964 presidential campaign 1968 presidential campaign 1972 presidential campaign 1976 presidential campaign Miscellaneous 1963 Inaugural Address Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Foster Auditorium American Independent Party Arthur Bremer An Assassin 's Diary George Wallace ( 1997 film ) George Wallace Tunnel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1968&oldid=836730626 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1968 History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) Presidency of Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey November 1968 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2017 Pages using bar box without float left or float right Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 14 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was assassinated in 1968 while campaigning for the presidency | [
"Incumbent Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front-runner for his party's nomination, but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary. McCarthy, former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and Vice President Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated in June 1968. Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which saw numerous anti-war protests. Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front-runner, and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller, Ronald Reagan, and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party's nomination. Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket, campaigning in favor of racial segregation."
] | [
"Robert F. Kennedy"
] |
-5577230270506304752 | List of NHL records (individual) | List of NHL records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of NHL records ( individual ) This is a list of individual records recognized by the National Hockey League through the end of the 2017 -- 18 NHL season . Contents 1 Seasons 2 Games 3 Stanley Cup 4 NHL Awards 5 Goals 6 Assists 7 Points 8 Plus / minus 9 Power - play goals 10 Shorthanded goals 11 Overtime 12 Goals / assists / points by position 13 Records by a rookie 14 Points / goals / assists per game average 15 Milestone goal seasons 16 Hat trick or better games 17 Goal / assist / point streaks 18 Fastest goals 19 Shots 20 Hits 21 Blocked Shots 22 Time on Ice 23 Penalty Shots 24 Penalty minutes 25 Goaltending 26 Shootout 27 Age 28 See also 29 References 30 Sources Seasons ( edit ) Most seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1946 -- 47 to 1970 -- 1971 ; 1979 -- 1980 ) and Chris Chelios ( 1983 -- 84 to 2009 -- 10 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 26 Most playoff seasons : Chris Chelios , 24 ( 1983 -- 84 to 2008 -- 09 , except for 1997 -- 98 and the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out year ) Most consecutive playoff seasons : Larry Robinson , ( 1972 -- 73 to 1991 -- 92 ) and Nicklas Lidstrom , ( 1991 -- 92 to 2011 -- 12 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 20 Games ( edit ) Most games : Gordie Howe , 1,767 Most games , including playoffs : Mark Messier , 1,992 Most playoff games : Chris Chelios , 266 Most games played in a single NHL season , not including playoffs : Jimmy Carson ( 1992 -- 93 ) and Bob Kudelski ( 1993 -- 94 ) , 86 Most consecutive games : Doug Jarvis ( October 8 , 1975 -- October 10 , 1987 ) , 964 Most consecutive games by a defenseman : Jay Bouwmeester , 737 Oldest player to play a game : Gordie Howe , 52 years , 11 days Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final : Dick Irvin ( Chicago ( 5 ) , Toronto ( 29 ) , Montreal ( 43 ) ) , 77 Most games played in the Finals : Red Kelly ( Detroit ( 37 ) , Toronto ( 28 ) ) , Henri Richard ( Montreal ) , 65 Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal ( 20 ) , Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , Detroit ( 12 ) ) , 36 Most games coached by the first coach of an NHL expansion franchise : Barry Trotz ( Nashville Predators ) , 1196 Stanley Cup ( edit ) Most Stanley Cup wins , as a player : Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens , ( 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 ) 11 Most Stanley Cup wins , as a non-player : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 14 Most Stanley Cup wins , combined player or non-player : Jean Beliveau , Montreal Canadiens ( Player : 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ; Sr. Vice President : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 86 , 93 ) , 17 Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams Player - Jack Marshall ( Winnipeg Victorias 1901 , Montreal AAA 1902 , 1903 , Montreal Wanderers 1907 , 1910 , Toronto Blueshirts 1914 ) and Hap Holmes ( Toronto Blueshirts 1914 , Seattle Metropolitans 1917 , Toronto Arenas 1918 , Victoria Cougars 1925 ) , 4 Player / Non-Player - Al Arbour ( Player : Detroit 1954 , Chicago 1961 , Toronto 1962 , 1964 ; Coach : New York Islanders 1980 , 81 , 82 , 83 ) , 4 Non-Player - Tommy Gorman ( Ottawa Senators : 1920 , 1921 , 1923 ( Manager ) ; Chicago : 1934 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Maroons : 1935 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Canadiens : 1944 , 1946 ( Manager ) and Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 4 NHL Awards ( edit ) Most Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 8 Most Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most Conn Smythe Trophies : Patrick Roy 3 Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies : Bernie Parent , Mario Lemieux , and Sidney Crosby : 2 Most James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most consecutive James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 7 Most consecutive Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 4 Most Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 7 Most Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron , 4 Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey 4 Most Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher , 7 Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk , 4 Most William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy , Martin Brodeur , 5 Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward , 3 Most Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 7 Most consecutive Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 5 Most Jack Adams Awards : Pat Burns , 3 Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards : Jacques Demers , 2 Goals ( edit ) Most goals career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals playoffs career ; Wayne Gretzky , 122 Most goals career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 1,016 Most goals , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most goals , one season for a Rookie : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 - 93 ) , 76 Most goals , in playoffs one season : Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 19 Most goals , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 100 Most goals , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 12 Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final : Cyclone Taylor ( 1918 , five games ) , Frank Foyston ( 1919 , five games ) , Babe Dye ( 1922 , five games ) , 9 Most goals in the Finals , career : Maurice Richard , 34 Most goals , 50 games from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 61 Fastest 50 goals from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 30 , 1981 ) , 39 games Most goals , one regular season game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season home game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season road game : Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , 6 Most goals , one playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one home playoff game : Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one road playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , 5 Most goals , one regular season game for a Rookie in their first game : Auston Matthews ( ice hockey ) ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most goals scored by a single player in an expansion team 's inaugural season : William Karlsson ( 2017 - 18 ) , 43 Most goals , one period : Max Bentley ( January 28 , 1943 ) , Busher Jackson ( November 20 , 1934 ) , Clint Smith ( March 4 , 1945 ) , Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( February 18 , 1981 ) , Grant Mulvey ( February 3 , 1982 ) , Bryan Trottier ( February 13 , 1982 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Al Secord ( January 7 , 1987 ) , Joe Nieuwendyk ( January 11 , 1989 ) , Peter Bondra ( February 5 , 1994 ) , Mario Lemieux ( January 26 , 1997 ) , and Patrick Marleau ( January 23 , 2017 ) , 4 Most goals in one period during the Finals : Busher Jackson ( April 5 , 1932 ) , Ted Lindsay ( April 5 , 1955 ) , Maurice Richard ( April 6 , 1957 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( May 25 , 1985 ) , Dirk Graham ( June 1 , 1992 ) , and Peter Forsberg ( June 6 , 1996 ) , 3 Most game - winning goals in a season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 ) and Michel Goulet ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 16 Most game - winning goals in playoffs one season : Brad Richards ( 2004 ) , 7 Most game - winning goals in a playoff series : Mike Bossy ( six - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 4 Most game - winning goals career : Jaromir Jagr , 135 Most game - winning goals playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull , 24 Assists ( edit ) Most assists regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky 260 Most assists career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 2,223 Most assists , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most assists , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1987 -- 88 ) , 31 Most assists , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 174 Most assists , playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 14 Most assists , one game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , December 11 , 1985 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one home game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one road game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( December 11 , 1985 ) , 7 Most assists , one playoff game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one playoff home game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one period : Dale Hawerchuk ( March 6 , 1984 ) , 5 Points ( edit ) Most points regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points playoff career : Wayne Gretzky , 382 Most points career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 3,239 Most points , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Fastest 100 points from the start of a season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 27 , 1981 ) , 34 games Most points , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , 255 Most points , one game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one home game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one road game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny , ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff home game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one period : Bryan Trottier ( December 23 , 1978 ) , 6 Most points , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 ) , 47 Most points , one playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 19 Most points , team 's first postseason : Jonathan Marchessault ( 2018 ) , 21 Most points in the Final , one series : Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) , 13 Most points in the Final , career : Jean Beliveau , 62 Plus / minus ( edit ) Best ± rating , regular season career : Larry Robinson , + 722 Best ± rating one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , + 124 Best ± rating one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 , 11 - 1 game against the Cleveland Barons ) , + 10 Worst ± rating , season : Bill Mikkelson ( 1974 -- 75 ) , - 82 Worst ± rating , game : Doug Wilson ( February 10 , 1993 against the Calgary Flames ) and Chris Butler , ( January 5 , 2012 against the Boston Bruins ) , - 7 Worst ± rating , regular season career : Bob Stewart , - 257 Best ± ratings playoffs career : Charlie Huddy , + 94 Best ± ratings one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , + 28 Power - play goals ( edit ) Most power - play goals , career : Dave Andreychuk , 274 Most power - play goals , one season : Tim Kerr ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 34 Most power - play goals , one season for a defenseman : Sheldon Souray ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 19 Most power - play goals , career playoffs : Brett Hull 38 , Most power - play goals , one playoff season : Mike Bossy , ( 1981 ) , and Cam Neely , ( 1991 ) , 9 Most power - play goals , one playoff series : Chris Kontos ( seven - game series ) , ( 1989 ) , 6 Most power - play goals , one playoff game : Syd Howe ( March 23 , 1939 ) , Sid Smith ( April 10 , 1949 ) , Phil Esposito ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Johnny Bucyk ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Denis Potvin ( April 17 , 1981 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Jari Kurri ( April 3 , 1987 ) , Mark Johnson ( April 22 , 1988 ) , Dino Ciccarelli ( April 29 , 1993 , May 11 , 1995 ) and Valeri Kamensky ( April 24 , 1997 ) , Jonathan Toews ( May 7 , 2010 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , one playoff game period : Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , rookie Joe Nieuwendyk ( 1987 - 88 ) 31 Shorthanded goals ( edit ) Most shorthanded goals , career : Wayne Gretzky , 73 Most shorthanded goals , career playoffs : Mark Messier , 14 Most shorthanded goals , one season : Mario Lemieux ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 13 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff season : Derek Sanderson ( 1969 ) , Bill Barber ( 1980 ) , Lorne Henning ( 1980 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 ) , Wayne Presley ( 1989 ) , and Todd Marchant ( 1997 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff series : Bill Barber ( five - game series ) ( 1980 ) and Wayne Presley ( six - game series ) ( 1989 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one game : Theoren Fleury ( March 9 , 1991 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , rookie : Jordan Staal ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 7 Most two - man shorthanded goals , career : Mike Richards , 3 Overtime ( edit ) Most overtime goals , career : Alexander Ovechkin , 22 Most playoff overtime goals , career : Joe Sakic , 8 Most overtime assists , career : Mark Messier , 18 Most overtime points , career : Sergei Fedorov , 27 Most overtime goals , season : Steven Stamkos ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jonathan Toews ( 2015 -- 16 ) , Alex Galchenyuk ( 2016 -- 17 ) , and Brad Marchand ( 2017 -- 18 ) , 5 Most overtime goals by a rookie , season : Shayne Gostisbehere , 4 Most overtime goals , playoffs season : Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3 Most overtime goals , one playoff series : Mel Hill , 3 Most consecutive overtime goals : Andrew Cogliano ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Nathan Horton ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 3 Goals / assists / points by position ( edit ) Most goals by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most assists by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most points by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Most goals by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 668 Most goals by a left wing , one season : Alexander Ovechkin ( 2007 -- 08 ) , 65 Most assists by a left wing , career : John Bucyk , 813 Most assists by a left wing , one season : Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most points by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 1,394 Most points by a left wing , one season : Luc Robitaille ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 125 Most goals by a right wing , career : Gordie Howe , 801 Most goals by a right wing , one season : Brett Hull ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 86 Most assists by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,155 Most assists by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 87 Most points by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,921 Most points by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 149 Most goals by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 410 Most goals by a defenseman , one season : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 48 Most goals by a defenseman , one game : Ian Turnbull ( February 2 , 1977 ) , 5 Most assists by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 1,169 Most assists by a defenseman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 102 Most assists by a defenseman , one game : Babe Pratt ( January 8 , 1944 ) , Pat Stapleton ( March 30 , 1969 ) , Bobby Orr ( January 1 , 1973 ) , Ron Stackhouse ( March 8 , 1975 ) , Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , and Gary Suter , ( April 4 , 1986 ) , 6 Most points by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 1579 Most points by a defenseman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 139 Most points by a defenseman , one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 ) and Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , 8 Most points by a defenseman , one playoff year : Paul Coffey ( 1985 ) , 37 Most goals by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur ( February 15 , 2000 & March 21 , 2013 ) , 2 Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs : Ron Hextall ( April 11 , 1989 ) and Martin Brodeur ( April 17 , 1997 ) , 1 Most goals by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur , 3 Most assists by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 Most assists by a goaltender , playoffs career : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , career , including playoffs : Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most assists by a goaltender , one game Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 Most points by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 Most points by a goaltender regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 - all assists Most points by a goaltender regular season one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 - all assists Most points by a goaltender career , including playoffs Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most points by a goaltender regular season one game : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 - all assists Most points by a goaltender , one period : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Records by a rookie ( edit ) Most goals by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 76 Most goals by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 , January 12 , 1918 and February 2 , 1918 ) , Howie Meeker ( January 8 , 1947 ) and Don Murdoch ( October 12 , 1976 ) , 5 Most goals by a player in his first NHL game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game : Auston Matthews ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most assists by a rookie , one season : Peter Stastny ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most assists by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 ) , 7 Most assists by a player in his first NHL game : Dutch Reibel ( October 8 , 1953 ) , 4 Most points by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 132 Most goals by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , 14 Most assists by a rookie , one playoff season : Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , 14 Most points by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , and Jake Guentzel ( 2017 ) , 21 Most points by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points by a player in his first NHL game : Al Hill ( February 14 , 1977 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie defenseman , one season : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 23 Most assists by a rookie defenseman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 60 Most points by a rookie defenseman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 76 Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest point streak by a rookie , one season : Paul Stastny ( February 3 , 2007 -- March 17 , 2007 ) , 20 games Longest point streak by an eighteen - year - old : Nathan MacKinnon ( January 10 , 2014 -- March 6 , 2014 ) , 13 games Longest point streak by a rookie defenseman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( January 19 , 2016 -- February 20 , 2016 ) , 15 games Points / goals / assists per game average ( edit ) Highest goals - per - game average , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mike Bossy , . 762 Highest goals - per - game average including playoffs , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mario Lemieux , . 749 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 20 - or - more goals ) : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 2.20 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more goals ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 1.18 Highest assists - per - game average , career ( among players with 300 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.320 Highest assists - per - game average , one season ( among players with 35 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 2.04 Highest points - per - game average , career ( among players with 500 - or - more points ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.921 Highest points - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more - points ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 2.77 Milestone goal seasons ( edit ) Most 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe , 22 Most consecutive 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1949 -- 1971 ) , 22 Most 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner , 17 Most consecutive 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner ( 1979 -- 1994 ) and Jaromir Jagr ( 1991 -- 2007 ) , 15 Most 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 12 Most consecutive 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1979 -- 1991 ) , 12 Most 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy ( 1977 -- 1986 ) , 9 Most 60 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive 60 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 - 1984 ) , 4 Most 70 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most consecutive 70 - or more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 1984 ) , 4 Most 80 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 2 Most 90 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 1 Hat trick or better games ( edit ) Most three - or - more goal games , career : Wayne Gretzky , 50 Most three - or - more goal games , playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoffs season : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 4 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 3 Most four - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 5 Most five - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 3 Goal / assist / point streaks ( edit ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak from start of NHL career : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak : Punch Broadbent , 16 games ( 1921 -- 22 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak , one playoff season : Reggie Leach 10 games ( 1976 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak by a defenseman : Mike Green ( 2008 -- 09 ) , 8 games Longest consecutive assist - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 23 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak , one playoff season : Bryan Trottier ( 1981 ) , 18 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenseman from start of season : John - Michael Liles ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 9 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenseman : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 28 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie forward : Paul Stastny ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 20 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie defenseman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 15 games Fastest goals ( edit ) Fastest goal from start of game : Doug Smail ( December 20 , 1981 ) , Bryan Trottier ( March 22 , 1984 ) , and Alexander Mogilny ( December 21 , 1991 ) , 5 seconds Fastest goal from start of game , playoffs : Don Kozak ( April 17 , 1977 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal from start of period : Claude Provost ( November 9 , 1957 ) , Denis Savard ( January 12 , 1986 ) , and James van Riemsdyk ( March 28 , 2014 ) , 4 seconds Fastest goal from start of period , playoffs : Pelle Eklund ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game : Dave Christian ( March 2 , 1980 ) , 7 seconds Fastest two goals from start of game : Mike Knuble , 27 seconds ( February 14 , 2003 ) Fastest two goals from start of game , playoffs : Dick Duff ( April 9 , 1963 ) , 68 seconds Fastest two goals : Nels Stewart ( January 3 , 1931 ) and Deron Quint ( December 15 , 1995 ) , 4 seconds Fastest two goals , playoffs : Norm Ullman ( April 11 , 1965 ) , 5 seconds Fastest three goals : Bill Mosienko ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest three assists : Gus Bodnar ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest regular season overtime goal : Mats Sundin , Alexander Ovechkin , William Nylander , David Legwand , and Andreas Athanasiou , 6 seconds Fastest playoff overtime goal : Brian Skrudland ( May 18 , 1986 ) , 9 seconds Fastest goal after being scored on : Doug Gilmour ( December 19 , 1987 ) , and Mikael Granlund ( January 5 , 2016 ) , 2 seconds Shots ( edit ) Most shots on goal , career : Ray Bourque , 6,206 Most shots on goal , playoffs career : Ray Bourque , 812 Most shots on goal , one season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 550 Most shots on goal , one playoff season : Henrik Zetterberg , 116 Most shots on goal , one game : Ray Bourque ( March 21 , 1991 ) , 19 Most shots on goal , one playoff game : Daniel Briere ( April 22 , 2006 ) , 14 Hits ( edit ) Most hits , one season : Matt Martin ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 382 Most hits , one playoff season : Dustin Brown ( 2014 ) , 125 Most hits , regular season career : Dustin Brown , 3166 Most hits , playoff career : Brooks Orpik , 499 Most hits , one game : Brenden Morrow , 19 Most hits , one regular season game : Gary Roberts ( March 10 , 1999 ) and Zdeno Chara ( November 3 , 1999 ) 17 Most hits , one playoff game : Brenden Morrow ( May 4 , 2008 ) , 19 Blocked Shots ( edit ) Most blocked shots , one season : Kris Russell ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 283 Most blocked shots , one playoff season : Anton Volchenkov ( 2007 ) , 80 Most blocked shots , career : Dan Girardi , 1846 Most blocked shots , playoffs career : Chris Pronger , 374 Most blocked shots , one game : Kris Russell ( March 5 , 2015 ) , 15 Most blocked shots , one playoff game : Richard Matvichuk ( May 1 , 2001 ) , 13 Time on Ice ( edit ) Most time on ice per game by a defenseman , one season : Chris Pronger , 30 : 36 Most time on ice per game by a forward , one season : Pavel Bure , 26 : 52 Most time on ice per game by a defenseman , playoff season : Chris Pronger , 35 : 52 Most time on ice per game by a forward , playoff season : Boyd Devereaux , 32 : 46 Most time on ice by a defenseman , one regular season game : Dennis Wideman ( January 18 , 2014 ) , 38 : 05 Most time on ice by a forward , one regular season game : Vyacheslav Kozlov ( October 10 , 2003 ) , 30 : 00 Most time on ice by a defenseman , one playoff game : Sergei Zubov ( April 24 , 2003 ) , 63 : 51 Most time on ice by a forward , one playoff game : Jaromir Jagr ( May 4 , 2000 ) , 59 : 08 Penalty Shots ( edit ) Most penalty shot goals , career : Pavel Bure , 7 Most penalty shot goals , playoffs career : Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot goals , one season : Pavel Bure , 3 Most penalty shot attempts , career : Vincent Lecavalier , 13 Most penalty shot attempts , playoffs career : Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot attempts , one season : Erik Cole , 5 Most penalty shot attempts , one game : Erik Cole ( November 9 , 2005 ) , Max Pacioretty ( February 6 , 2009 ) , and Auston Matthews ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 21 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 5 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , one game : Ben Bishop ( October 8 , 2015 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( March 4 , 2011 ) , Roberto Luongo ( February 6 , 2014 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 15 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 4 Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender , career : Tomas Vokoun , 8 Penalty minutes ( edit ) Most penalty minutes , career : Tiger Williams , 3,966 Most penalty minutes , playoffs career : Dale Hunter , 729 Most penalty minutes , career , including playoffs : Tiger Williams , 4,421 Most penalty minutes , one season : Dave Schultz ( 1974 -- 75 ) , 472 Most penalties , one game : Chris Nilan ( March 31 , 1991 ) , 10 Most penalties , one playoff game : Forbes Kennedy ( April 2 , 1969 ) and Kim Clackson ( April 20 , 1980 ) , 8 Most penalty minutes , one game : Randy Holt ( March 11 , 1979 ) , 67 Most penalty minutes , one playoff game : Dave Schultz ( April 22 , 1976 ) and Deryk Engelland ( April 17 , 2015 ) , 42 Most penalty minutes , career , in the Stanley Cup Final : Gordie Howe , 94 Goaltending ( edit ) Most wins by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 691 Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 151 Most wins by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur 804 Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 250 played ) : Ken Dryden . 740 in 397 games played Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 500 games played ) : Jacques Plante . 610 in 837 games played Most wins by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) and Braden Holtby ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 48 Most wins by a goaltender , career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante , 25 Most wins by a goaltender , expansion team season : Marc - Andre Fleury ( 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights ) , 28 Most ties , career : Terry Sawchuk , 172 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 94 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most losses by a goaltender , one playoff season : Ron Hextall ( 1987 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( 2004 ) , Henrik Lundqvist ( 2014 ) , Ben Bishop ( 2015 ) , 11 Most shutouts regular season career : Martin Brodeur 125 Most shutouts playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 24 Most shutouts by a goaltender , including playoffs , expansion team season : Marc - Andre Fleury ( 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights ) , 9 Most shutouts , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 149 Most shutouts , one regular season : George Hainsworth ( 1928 -- 29 ) , 22 Most shutouts , one playoff season : Martin Brodeur ( 2002 -- 03 ) , 7 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career regular season : Martin Brodeur , 1,265 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career playoffs : Patrick Roy , 247 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , including playoffs Martin Brodeur , 1,470 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante ( Montreal - 38 ) , St. Louis - 3 ) , 41 Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender : Glenn Hall , 502 ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one regular season : Grant Fuhr , 79 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) and Jonathan Quick ( 2013 -- 14 ) , 26 Most minutes played by a goaltender , career : Martin Brodeur , 74,380 Most minutes played by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 4,697 Least time played by a goaltender , career Jorge Alves Dec 31 , 2016 , 7.6 sec Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender : Alec Connell ( 7 games , 2 periods ) ( 1927 -- 28 ) , 461 minutes , 29 seconds Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career : Matt Hackett ( December 6 & 8 , 2011 ) , 102 minutes , 48 seconds Longest winning streak by a goaltender , one season : Gilles Gilbert ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 17 games Longest winning streak to start a season : Carey Price ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 10 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender , one season : Gerry Cheevers ( 24 wins , 8 ties 1971 -- 72 ) , 32 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season : Grant Fuhr ( 15 wins , 8 ties 1981 -- 82 ) , 23 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career : Patrick Lalime ( 14 wins , 2 ties 1996 -- 97 ) , 16 games Most 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur , 16 Most consecutive 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) and Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , 12 Most 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 14 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) , 12 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons to start a career : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2012 ) , 7 Most 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 8 Most consecutive 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 2005 -- 2008 ) and Evgeni Nabokov ( 2007 -- 10 ) , 3 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season : Bill Durnan ( 1943 -- 44 ) , 10 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season : George Hainsworth ( 1926 -- 27 ) , 11 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most home games played by a goaltender , one season : Roberto Luongo ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 41 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 83 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2005 -- 06 ) , 2,488 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender career : Martin Brodeur , 28,928 Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 6,561 Most saves by a goaltender , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur , 33,758 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 80 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoffs overtime game shutout : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season shutout : Ben Scrivens ( January 29 , 2014 ) , 59 Most saves by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2003 -- 04 ) , 2,303 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff run : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 798 Most saves by a goaltender , in a Stanley Cup finals series : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 238 Highest save percentage , in a regular season : Craig Anderson ( 2013 ) , . 941 Highest save percentage , playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Jonathan Quick ( 2012 ) , . 946 Lowest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : George Hainsworth , 0.92 Lowest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Frank Brimsek , 1.25 Highest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : Frank Brophy , 7.11 Highest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Murray Bannerman , 4.77 Most overtime wins : Roberto Luongo , 49 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career : Ron Hextall , 584 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career : Ron Hextall , 115 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Ron Hextall ( 584 regular season , 115 playoffs ) , 699 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 113 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) , 43 Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 22 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 23 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 26 yrs. , 1 mos Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 29 yrs. , 7 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 31 yrs. , 10 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 35 yrs. , 6 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 37 yrs. , 11 mos . Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Henrik Lundqvist 727 Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal : 8 ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) ; St. Louis : 2 ( 1969 , 70 ) ) , 10 Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) , 8 Least saves required in a win : Ryan Miller ( Anaheim Jan. 25 , 2018 ) 11 : 40 min ; Antti Niemi ( Dallas , Dec. 12 , 2015 ) 6 : 43 min ; Richard Bachman ( Dallas Mar. 29 , 2013 ) 2 : 32 min ; Craig Billington ( Colorado Dec. 21 , 1998 ) 1 : 52 min , ( Colorado Dec. 31 , 1996 ) 0 : 12 sec ; Steve Weeks ( NY Rangers Mar. 24 , 1982 ) 0 : 17 sec 0 Shootout ( edit ) Most shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 11 Most game - deciding shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 7 Most shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen , 48 Most game - deciding shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen , 22 Highest shootout percentage ( Minimum 15 attempts ) : Brayden Point , 66.7 % ( 10 / 15 ) Most shootout attempts in a season : Radim Vrbata , 18 Most shootout attempts career : Radim Vrbata , 105 Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 16 Most shootout games played by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 107 Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season : Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Mathieu Garon ( 2007 -- 08 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 10 Most shootout wins by a goaltender career : Ryan Miller , 59 Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season : Tomas Vokoun ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Tuukka Rask ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 9 Most shootout losses by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 55 Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 126 Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career : Henrik Lundqvist , 278 Age ( edit ) Oldest Forward : Gordie Howe , April 11 , 1980 , 52 years , 11 days Oldest Defensemen : Chris Chelios , April 6 , 2010 , 48 years , 71 days Oldest Goaltender : Maurice Roberts , November 25 , 1951 , 45 years , 345 days Oldest Player to play his first NHL game : Connie Madigan , February 6 , 1973 , 38 years , 94 days Oldest Goalie to play his first NHL game : Jorge Alves , December 31 , 2016 , 37 years , 30 days Youngest Player to play his first NHL game : Bep Guidolin , November 12 , 1942 , 16 years , 337 days Youngest Goalie to play his first NHL game : Harry Lumley , December 23 , 1943 , 17 years , 42 days Oldest Goalie to play in Stanley Cup Finals : Lester Patrick , April 7 , 1928 , 44 years , 90 days Oldest Defensemen to play in the Stanley Cup Finals : Doug Harvey , May 11 , 1968 , 43 years , 137 days Oldest Forward to play in Stanley Cup Finals : Mark Recchi , June 15 , 2011 , 43 years , 134 days Youngest Player to play in the Stanley Cup Finals : Gaye Stewart , 18 years , 288 days Youngest Player to win the Stanley Cup : Larry Hillman , April 14 , 1955 18 years , 68 days Oldest Player to win the Stanley Cup : Chris Chelios , June 4 , 2008 , 46 years , 130 days Oldest Goalie to win the Stanley Cup : Lester Patrick April 14 , 1928 , 44 years , 97 days See also ( edit ) List of NHL records ( team ) List of NHL statistical leaders List of NHL statistical leaders by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual All Time Career Records ( 1918 - 2011 ) '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P. July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Lindsay Award '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Norris Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Richard Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Ross Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Selke Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Byng Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William M. Jennings Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vezina Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Adams Award '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Sources ( edit ) NHL Official Guide and Record Book , 2016 www.nhl.com List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Franchise records of the National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals League records : Individual records Team records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NHL_records_(individual)&oldid=851415885 '' Categories : National Hockey League statistical records National Hockey League lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Pages with editnotices Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 03 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who scored the most goals in one season in the nhl | [
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-2526376744759664115 | List of English terms of venery, by animal | List of English terms of venery , by Animal - wikipedia List of English terms of venery , by Animal Jump to : navigation , search A skein of geese This is a list of English terms of venery ( venery being an archaic word for hunting ) , comprising terms from a tradition that arose in the Late Middle Ages , at least partly from the Book of Saint Albans of 1486 , a historic list of `` company terms '' . The present list also includes more common collective terms ( such as `` herd '' and `` flock '' ) for some animals . Contents J O Q U V X Y Z See also References Standard terms for particular groups are listed first in each group and shown in bold . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Subject Collective noun Notes Sources A ! albatross rookery antelopes herd ants army colony nest swarm apes shrewdness troop asses herd drove driven in a group pace or passe B ! baboons troop badgers cete bats colony bears sleuth or sloth beavers colony family bees swarm drift erst grist birds flock flight pod bitterns sedge or sege boars sounder 12 or more buffalo herd bullfinches bellowing bullocks drove driven in a group butterflies swarm flutter kaleidoscope C ! capercaillie tok capons mews caribou herd cats clowder pounce destruction feral cats cattle mob driven in a group chickens clutch cheetahs coalition males only choughs chattering or clattering colts rag rake cormorants gulp coots covert coyotes pack cranes herd sedge or sege siege crocodiles bask crows murder or horde curlews herd D ! deer herd parcel dogs pack dolphins pod dotterel trip doves dole or dule fanciful flight ducks badling or badelynge paddling on water plump raft on water dunlins fling E ! eagles convocation eels bed elephants herd elk gang herd F ! falcons cast ferrets business corruption over time of ' busyness ' busyness besyness fesynes fesnyng feamyng ghost words arising from successive misspellings of `` busyness '' finches charm or chirm fish school shoal flamingoes stand flamboyance colony regiment flies business foxes leash skulk frogs army G ! geese flock on land gaggle on land skein in flight giraffes herd tower gnats cloud horde goats flock trip goldfinches charm gorillas band goshawks flight grackles plague grasshoppers cloud grouse covey guineafowl rasp H ! hawks boil two or more spiralling in flight cast kettle flying in large numbers lease hens brood herons sedge or sege siege hippopotamuses bloat hogs parcel See also boars , pigs , swine hornets nest horses team in harness haras or harrase herd string stud hounds pack hyenas cackle I ! ibex herd insects swarm J J ! jackdaws clattering train jays party scold jellyfish fluther smack K ! kangaroos mob troop kittens kindle litter L ! lapwings deceit or desert larks bevy exaltation leopards leap or lepe lions pride sawt locusts plague M ! mackerel shoal magpies charm gulp murder tiding mallards sord suit or sute flush mares stud martens richesse or richness mice nest minnows shoal moles labor or labour monkeys barrel troop wilderness moose herd mules barren span N ! nightingales watch O O ! owls parliament oxen drove team yoke oysters bed P ! parrots company pandemonium partridges covey peacocks muster ostentation pride pelicans pod penguins colony convent tuxedo pheasants bouquet head nest nide nye pigs drift See also boars , hogs , swine drove pigeons kit flying together plovers congregation stand wing Q Q ! quail bevy covey drift R ! rabbits colony nest herd domestic only litter young rabbits only raccoons gaze rats mischief ravens unkindness rhinoceroses crash rooks building parliament S ! seals pod sea urchins herd seagull squabble sheep flock drove when driven in a group herd hurtle pack sheldrake dopping snakes bed den knot nest pit snipes walk whisp or wisp sparrows host spiders cluster or clutter squirrels dray scurry starlings chattering murmuration storks mustering phalanx when migrating swallows flight swans bank on the ground bevy flight game herd wedge in flight swifts flock scream swine drift T ! teal spring tigers ambush streak toads knot nest trout hover turkeys gang rafter turtles bale dole or dule nest turtle doves dole or dule pitying V V ! vipers nest vultures kettle in flight committee while resting wake when feeding W ! walruses herd pod waterfowl bunch knob fewer than 30 ( fanciful ) raft weasels colony pack whales gam herd mob pod wigeons company trip wildfowl bunch knob fewer than 30 ( fanciful ) plump trip wolves pack rout or route when in movement wombats wisdom woodcocks fall woodpeckers descent wrens herd Z Z ! zebras herd dazzle zeal Contents Top J O Q U V X Y Z See also References See also ( edit ) List of animal names References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tersigni , Dean . `` Animal Groups '' . www.thealmightyguru.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Pepper , Elizabeth ( 2003 ) . Witches all ( Revised , Illustrated ed . ) . Tiverton , Rhode Island : Witches ' Almanac Limited . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881098 - 26 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Diego Zoo '' . archived copy of Animal group names . Zoological Society of San Diego . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Common Questions : What Do You Call a Group of ... ? '' . archived copy of Animal Congregations , or What Do You Call a Group of ... ? . U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Berners , Dame Juliana ( 1881 ) ( 1486 ) . The Boke of Saint Albans . Introduction by William Blades . London : Elliot Stock . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` What do you call a group of ... ? '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Schott , Ben ( 2002 ) . Schott 's Original Miscellany . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 6320 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sege '' -- via The Free Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Strutt , Joseph ( 1801 ) . The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England . London : J. White . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Butterflies and Moths of North America -- collecting and sharing data about Lepidoptera '' . butterfliesandmoths.org . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Butterfly : Danaus plexippus '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` What do you call a group of butterflies ? '' . reference.com . Jump up ^ `` BTO BirdFacts -- Capercaillie '' . bto.org . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Mark ; Lima Filho , Eduardo ; Logan , Harriet ; Mina , Miraphora ( 2013 ) . A Compendium of Collective Nouns : From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras . Text by Jay Sacher . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 37 . ASIN B00CUSQNWO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 2952 - 5 . LCCN 2013 - 10190 . OCLC 854853170 . Jump up ^ `` destruction '' -- via The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ mob . ( n.d. ) . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 from Dictionary.com website http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mob Jump up ^ `` What is a group of cheetahs called ? '' . Reference . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` chattering '' -- via The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` clattering '' -- via The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` ≡ List of Collective Nouns for Birds + Group Names for Birds & Poultries '' . Adducation . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Scrope , William ( 1883 ) . Days of deer - stalking in the Scottish Highlands . London : Hamilton , Adams & Co. p. 83 . He pressed forward rapidly , still out of sight of both parcels of deer Jump up ^ `` Battle to save NY pod of dolphins '' . BBC News . 17 January 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ A Pod of Dolphins -- NASA Mars Collection Jump up ^ `` BTO BirdFacts -- Dotterel '' . bto.org . Jump up ^ `` plump : meaning and definitions '' . infoplease.com . Jump up ^ Plump ( 4 ) - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ `` cast '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Borgmann , Dmitri A. ( 1967 ) . Beyond Language : Adventures in Word and Thought . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 79 -- 80 , 146 , 251 -- 254 . OCLC 655067975 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animal Groups '' . About.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Murphy - Hiscock , A. ( 2012 ) . Birds - A Spiritual Field Guide : Explore the Symbology and Significance of These Divine Winged Messengers . Adams Media . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4405 - 2688 - 6 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lynn - Allen , Lieut. - Colonel B.G. ( 1951 ) . Shot - gun and Sunlight -- The Game Birds of East Africa . London : Batchworth Press . Jump up ^ Avery Craven ( 1957 ) . The coming of the Civil War . University of Chicago Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 11894 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schoultz , Lars ( 1998 ) . Beneath the United States . Harvard University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 92276 - X . They are lazy , dirty , nasty , and in short I can compare them to nothing but a parcel of hogs . ( John Quincy Adams , age 12 ) ^ Jump up to : Skull , Amanda . `` Bird Watch -- Jackdaw '' ( PDF ) . Bird Watch . British Trust for Ornithology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Gilbert ( 1833 ) . The Natural History of Selborne . London , United Kingdom : N. Hailes . p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` BTO BirdFacts -- Lapwing '' . bto.org . Jump up ^ `` Do You Know the Proper Names for Different Bird Flocks ? '' . The Spruce . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , Merchant of Venice , Act III , Scene i Jump up ^ Jouventin , Pierre ( 2017 ) . Why Penguins Communicate . London , United Kingdom : Academic Press . p. 235 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Creature Features - Rats '' . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Balancing Act : Otters , Urchins and Kelp '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet : The Deep '' . Jump up ^ Copyright . `` COLLECTIVE NOUNS OF ANIMALS - A comprehensive list of collective terms for animals from Chinaroad Lowchens of Australia '' . www.lowchensaustralia.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dopping '' -- via The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` ≡ List of Collective Nouns for Birds + Group Names for Birds & Poultries '' . Adducation . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` BTO BirdFacts -- Swift '' . bto.org . ^ Jump up to : Galván , Javier ( 2014 ) . They Do What ? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 289 . ISBN 1610693426 . ^ Jump up to : Ellery , Sue ( November 11 , 2012 ) . Gallimaufry . Lulu.com . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 291 - 15774 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Encounters -- Nat Geo Wild '' . Jump up ^ van der Post , Laurens ( 1958 ) . The Lost World of the Kalahari . Harcourt Brace & Company . p. 196 . Further reading ( edit ) Hodgkin , John ( 1909 ) . Proper Terms : An Attempt at Rational Explanation of the Meanings of the Collection of Phrases in `` The Book of St. Albans , '' 1486 , Entitled `` Companys of Beestys and Fowlys , '' and Similar Lists ' . Supplement to the Transactions of the Philological Society , 1907 -- 1910 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_English_terms_of_venery,_by_animal&oldid=825628439 '' Categories : Lists of English words Vocabulary History of hunting Hidden categories : Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 13 : 32 . About Wikipedia | what do you call a group of badgers | [
"\n\nSubject\nCollective noun\nNotes\nSources\n\n\nA\nA !\n\n\n\n\nalbatross\nrookery\n\n[1]\n\n\nantelopes\nherd\n\n[2]\n\n\nants\narmy\n\n[3]\n\n\ncolony\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nnest\n\n[3]\n\n\nswarm\n\n[3]\n\n\napes\nshrewdness\n\n[2][5][6]\n\n\ntroop\n\n[3]\n\n\nasses\nherd\n\n[3]\n\n\ndrove\ndriven in a group\n[3]\n\n\npace or passe\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nB\nB !\n\n\n\n\nbaboons\ntroop\n\n[3][6]\n\n\nbadgers\ncete\n\n[3][4][6][7]\n\n\nbats\ncolony\n\n[4]\n\n\nbears\nsleuth or sloth\n\n[3][4][6]\n\n\nbeavers\ncolony\n\n[3]\n\n\nfamily\n\n[3]\n\n\nbees\nswarm\n\n[6]\n\n\ndrift\n\n[6]\n\n\nerst\n\n[6]\n\n\ngrist\n\n[4]\n\n\nbirds\nflock\n\n[6]\n\n\nflight\n\n[6]\n\n\npod\n\n[6]\n\n\nbitterns\nsedge or sege\n\n[4][5][8][9]\n\n\nboars\nsounder\n12 or more\n[7]\n\n\nbuffalo\nherd\n\n[4][6]\n\n\nbullfinches\nbellowing\n\n[6]\n\n\nbullocks\ndrove\ndriven in a group\n[6]\n\n\nbutterflies\nswarm\n\n[10]\n\n\nflutter\n\n[11]\n\n\nkaleidoscope\n\n[12]\n\n\nC\nC !\n\n\n\n\ncapercaillie\ntok\n\n[13]\n\n\ncapons\nmews\n\n[14]\n\n\ncaribou\nherd\n\n[14]\n\n\ncats\nclowder\n\n[3][4]\n\n\npounce\n\n[4]\n\n\ndestruction\nferal cats\n[6][15]\n\n\ncattle\nmob\ndriven in a group\n[16]\n\n\nchickens\nclutch\n\n[6]\n\n\ncheetahs\ncoalition\nmales only\n[17]\n\n\nchoughs\nchattering or clattering\n\n[5][6][7][18][19]\n\n\ncolts\nrag\n\n[4][6][7]\n\n\nrake\n\n[6]\n\n\ncormorants\ngulp\n\n[4]\n\n\ncoots\ncovert\n\n[5][6][9]\n\n\ncoyotes\npack\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\ncranes\nherd\n\n[5][6][9]\n\n\nsedge or sege\n\n[4][8]\n\n\nsiege\n\n[20]\n\n\ncrocodiles\nbask\n\n[4]\n\n\ncrows\nmurder or horde\n\n[4][6][7]\n\n\ncurlews\nherd\n\n[5][6][7][9]\n\n\nD\nD !\n\n\n\n\ndeer\nherd\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nparcel\n\n[21]\n\n\ndogs\npack\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\ndolphins\npod\n\n[22][23]\n\n\ndotterel\ntrip\n\n[4][6][24]\n\n\ndoves\ndole or dule\nfanciful\n[4][5][6]\n\n\nflight\n\n[9]\n\n\nducks\nbadling or badelynge\n\n[4][9]\n\n\npaddling\non water\n[4][6]\n\n\nplump\n\n[25][26]\n\n\nraft\non water\n[4][6]\n\n\ndunlins\nfling\n\n[6]\n\n\nE\nE !\n\n\n\n\neagles\nconvocation\n\n[4]\n\n\neels\nbed\n\n[3]\n\n\nelephants\nherd\n\n[4]\n\n\nelk\ngang\n\n[6][7]\n\n\nherd\n\n[6]\n\n\nF\nF !\n\n\n\n\nfalcons\ncast\n\n[27]\n\n\nferrets\nbusiness\ncorruption over time of 'busyness'\n[4][7]\n\n\nbusyness\n\n[5]\n\n\nbesyness\nfesynes\nfesnyng\nfeamyng\nghost words arising from successive misspellings of \"busyness\"\n[28]\n\n\nfinches\ncharm or chirm\n\n[4][6]\n\n\nfish\nschool\n\n[4]\n\n\nshoal\n\n[4]\n\n\nflamingoes\nstand\n\n[4]\n\n\nflamboyance\n\n[29]\n\n\ncolony\n\n[29]\n\n\nregiment\n\n[29]\n\n\nflies\nbusiness\n\n[4]\n\n\nfoxes\nleash\n\n[4]\n\n\nskulk\n\n[4]\n\n\nfrogs\narmy\n\n[4]\n\n\nG\nG !\n\n\n\n\ngeese\nflock\non land\n[4]\n\n\ngaggle\non land\n[4][6][9]\n\n\nskein\nin flight\n[4][6]\n\n\ngiraffes\nherd\n\n[6]\n\n\ntower\n\n[4]\n\n\ngnats\ncloud\n\n[4][6]\n\n\nhorde\n\n[4]\n\n\ngoats\nflock\n\n[6]\n\n\ntrip\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\ngoldfinches\ncharm\n\n[9]\n\n\ngorillas\nband\n\n[4]\n\n\ngoshawks\nflight\n\n[5]\n\n\ngrackles\nplague\n\n[30]\n\n\ngrasshoppers\ncloud\n\n[4]\n\n\ngrouse\ncovey\n\n[6]\n\n\nguineafowl\nrasp\n\n[31]\n\n\nH\nH !\n\n\n\n\nhawks\nboil\ntwo or more spiralling in flight\n[4]\n\n\ncast\n\n[4][5]\n\n\nkettle\nflying in large numbers\n[4]\n\n\nlease\n\n[5]\n\n\nhens\nbrood\n\n[9]\n\n\nherons\nsedge or sege\n\n[4][5][7][8][9]\n\n\nsiege\n\n[4][6]\n\n\nhippopotamuses\nbloat\n\n[4]\n\n\nhogs\nparcel\nSee also boars, pigs, swine\n[32][33]\n\n\nhornets\nnest\n\n[4]\n\n\nhorses\nteam\nin harness\n[4]\n\n\nharas or harrase\n\n[4]\n\n\nherd\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nstring\n\n[4]\n\n\nstud\n\n[4]\n\n\nhounds\npack\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nhyenas\ncackle\n\n[4]\n\n\nI\nI !\n\n\n\n\nibex\nherd\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\ninsects\nswarm\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nJ\nJ !\n\n\n\n\njackdaws\nclattering\n\n[34]\n\n\ntrain\n\n[34][35]\n\n\njays\nparty\n\n[4]\n\n\nscold\n\n[4]\n\n\njellyfish\nfluther\n\n[6]\n\n\nsmack\n\n[4][6]\n\n\nK\nK !\n\n\n\n\nkangaroos\nmob\n\n[3]\n\n\ntroop\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nkittens\nkindle\n\n[6]\n\n\nlitter\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nL\nL !\n\n\n\n\nlapwings\ndeceit or desert\n\n[4][5][6][7][36]\n\n\nlarks\nbevy\n\n[6]\n\n\nexaltation\n\n[5][6][7][9]\n\n\nleopards\nleap or lepe\n\n[3][4][6]\n\n\nlions\npride\n\n[3][4][6]\n\n\nsawt\n\n[6]\n\n\nlocusts\nplague\n\n[4]\n\n\nM\nM !\n\n\n\n\nmackerel\nshoal\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nmagpies\ncharm\n\n[4]\n\n\ngulp\n\n[4]\n\n\nmurder\n\n[4]\n\n\ntiding\n\n[4][5][6]\n\n\nmallards\nsord\n\n[4][6][9]\n\n\nsuit or sute\n\n[6][9]\n\n\nflush\n\n[37]\n\n\nmares\nstud\n\n[6][7]\n\n\nmartens\nrichesse or richness\n\n[4][6]\n\n\nmice\nnest\n\n[3]\n\n\nminnows\nshoal\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nmoles\nlabor or labour\n\n[3][4][6]\n\n\nmonkeys\nbarrel\n\n[3][4]\n\n\ntroop\n\n[4][6]\n\n\nwilderness\n\n[38]\n\n\nmoose\nherd\n\n[3]\n\n\nmules\nbarren\n\n[3][4][6][7]\n\n\nspan\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nN\nN !\n\n\n\n\nnightingales\nwatch\n\n[5][6][9]\n\n\nO\nO !\n\n\n\n\nowls\nparliament\n\n[3][4][7]\n\n\noxen\ndrove\n\n[3]\n\n\nteam\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nyoke\n\n[3][4]\n\n\noysters\nbed\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nP\nP !\n\n\n\n\nparrots\ncompany\n\n[3][4]\n\n\npandemonium\n\n[3]\n\n\npartridges\ncovey\n\n[4][6][9]\n\n\npeacocks\nmuster\n\n[4][6][7][9]\n\n\nostentation\n\n[3][4]\n\n\npride\n\n[3]\n\n\npelicans\npod\n\n[3]\n\n\npenguins\ncolony\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nconvent\n\n[3]\n\n\ntuxedo\n\n[39]\n\n\npheasants\nbouquet\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nhead\n\n[6]\n\n\nnest\n\n[4]\n\n\nnide\n\n[4]\n\n\nnye\n\n[3][4][6][7][9]\n\n\npigs\ndrift\nSee also boars, hogs, swine\n[3][4]\n\n\ndrove\n\n[3][4]\n\n\npigeons\nkit\nflying together\n[6]\n\n\nplovers\ncongregation\n\n[5][6][9]\n\n\nstand\n\n[6]\n\n\nwing\n\n[6]\n\n\nQ\nQ !\n\n\n\n\nquail\nbevy\n\n[3][4][5][6][9]\n\n\ncovey\n\n[3][4]\n\n\ndrift\n\n[6]\n\n\nR\nR !\n\n\n\n\nrabbits\ncolony\n\n[4]\n\n\nnest\n\n[4]\n\n\nherd\ndomestic only\n[4]\n\n\nlitter\nyoung rabbits only\n[4]\n\n\nraccoons\ngaze\n\n[3]\n\n\nrats\nmischief\n\n[40]\n\n\nravens\nunkindness\n\n[5][6]\n\n\nrhinoceroses\ncrash\n\n[3][4][6]\n\n\nrooks\nbuilding\n\n[5][6][9]\n\n\nparliament\n\n[6][7]\n\n\nS\nS !\n\n\n\n\nseals\npod\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nsea urchins\nherd\n\n[41][42]\n\n\nseagull\nsquabble\n\n[43]\n\n\nsheep\nflock\n\n[3][4]\n\n\ndrove\nwhen driven in a group\n[4]\n\n\nherd\n\n[4]\n\n\nhurtle\n\n[3]\n\n\npack\n\n[3]\n\n\nsheldrake\ndopping\n\n[9][44]\n\n\nsnakes\nbed\n\n[3]\n\n\nden\n\n[3]\n\n\nknot\n\n[3]\n\n\nnest\n\n[4]\n\n\npit\n\n[3]\n\n\nsnipes\nwalk\n\n[6][7][9]\n\n\nwhisp or wisp\n\n[6]\n\n\nsparrows\nhost\n\n[3][4][5][6][9]\n\n\nspiders\ncluster or clutter\n\n[3]\n\n\nsquirrels\ndray\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nscurry\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nstarlings\nchattering\n\n[3][18]\n\n\nmurmuration\n\n[3][5][6][7][9]\n\n\nstorks\nmustering\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nphalanx\nwhen migrating\n[45]\n\n\nswallows\nflight\n\n[3][4][9]\n\n\nswans\nbank\non the ground\n[3]\n\n\nbevy\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nflight\n\n[3]\n\n\ngame\n\n[6]\n\n\nherd\n\n[3][9]\n\n\nwedge\nin flight\n[3][4][6]\n\n\nswifts\nflock\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nscream\n\n[46]\n\n\nswine\ndrift\n\n[7]\n\n\nT\nT !\n\n\n\n\nteal\nspring\n\n[4][5][6][9]\n\n\ntigers\nambush\n\n[3]\n\n\nstreak\n\n[3][4]\n\n\ntoads\nknot\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nnest\n\n[3]\n\n\ntrout\nhover\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nturkeys\ngang\n\n[4]\n\n\nrafter\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nturtles\nbale\n\n[3][4]\n\n\ndole or dule\n\n[3][9]\n\n\nnest\n\n[4]\n\n\nturtle doves\ndole or dule\n\n[5]\n\n\npitying\n\n[4]\n\n\nV\nV !\n\n\n\n\nvipers\nnest\n\n[4]\n\n\nvultures\nkettle\nin flight\n[47]\n\n\ncommittee\nwhile resting\n[47]\n\n\nwake\nwhen feeding\n[47]\n\n\nW\nW !\n\n\n\n\nwalruses\nherd\n\n[4]\n\n\npod\n\n[4]\n\n\nwaterfowl\nbunch\n\n[6]\n\n\nknob\nfewer than 30 (fanciful)\n[48]\n\n\nraft\n\n[6]\n\n\nweasels\ncolony\n\n[3]\n\n\npack\n\n[3]\n\n\nwhales\ngam\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nherd\n\n[4]\n\n\nmob\n\n[3]\n\n\npod\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nwigeons\ncompany\n\n[4][6]\n\n\ntrip\n\n[6]\n\n\nwildfowl\nbunch\n\n[6]\n\n\nknob\nfewer than 30 (fanciful)\n[48]\n\n\nplump\n\n[6]\n\n\ntrip\n\n[6]\n\n\nwolves\npack\n\n[3][4]\n\n\nrout or route\nwhen in movement\n[3][4]\n\n\nwombats\nwisdom\n\n[49]\n\n\nwoodcocks\nfall\n\n[4][5][6][9]\n\n\nwoodpeckers\ndescent\n\n[3][4][6]\n\n\nwrens\nherd\n\n[5][6]\n\n\nZ\nZ !\n\n\n\n\nzebras\nherd\n\n[3]\n\n\ndazzle\n\n[50]\n\n\nzeal\n\n[3]\n\n"
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-6903794733230215680 | Characters of Malcolm in the Middle | Characters of Malcolm in the Middle - wikipedia Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Jump to : navigation , search The cast of Malcolm in the Middle as of season 5 , ( from behind , left to right ) : Christopher Kennedy Masterson as Francis , Frankie Muniz as Malcolm , Erik Per Sullivan as Dewey , and Justin Berfield as Reese . ( In front , left to right ) Jane Kaczmarek as Lois and Bryan Cranston as Hal . The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle , which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Character Appearances 3 The Family 3.1 Hal 3.2 Francis 3.3 Malcolm 3.4 Lois 3.5 Reese 3.6 Dewey 3.7 Jamie 4 Recurring characters 5 References Characters ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) Originally there were four brothers ( although Malcolm 's oldest brother attended a military school away from home , so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home ) . A fifth son was introduced in the show 's fourth season , a boy named Jamie . The boys are , from eldest to youngest : Francis , Reese , Malcolm , Dewey , and Jamie . In the final episode , Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child . In the third season , Francis travels home ( to celebrate his father 's birthday ) with an Alaskan girl named Piama , and reveals that they are married . During the first season , the writers decided to keep the family 's last name a mystery . In the fifth season episode `` Reese Joins the Army ( 1 ) '' , Reese uses a fake ID by the name of `` Jetson '' to lie about his age . In the series finale , `` Graduation '' , Francis ' employee ID reads `` Nolastname '' ( or `` No Last Name '' , a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud ) . In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech , the speaker announces Malcolm 's name , but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible , even though he does appear to mouth the phrase `` No last name '' . In the pilot episode , the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy . In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe , the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode `` Block Party '' . British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons , although this name was never spoken aloud in the series . In an early version of the pilot , Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate , who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm 's family and asks him what his last name is . When Malcolm responds , `` Wilkerson , why ? '' the friend replied with the punchline , `` Oh ... who are the ' Pariahs ' ? '' Out of the show 's six leads , Cranston , Muniz , Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 episodes . Character Appearances ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 6 7 Main characters Jane Kaczmarek Lois Main Bryan Cranston Hal Main Christopher Masterson Francis Main Recurring Justin Berfield Reese Main Erik Per Sullivan Dewey Main Frankie Muniz Malcolm Main James and Lukas Rodriguez Jamie Recurring Main Catherine Lloyd Burns Caroline Miller Main Recurring Recurring characters Craig Lamar Traylor Stevie Kenarban Recurring David Anthony Higgins Craig Feldspar Recurring Gary Anthony Williams Abe Kenarban Recurring Evan Matthew Cohen Lloyd Recurring Kyle Sullivan Dabney Recurring Daniel Von Bargen Edwin Spangler Recurring Flashback Will Jennings Kyle Recurring Flashback Drew Powell Drew Horton Recurring Flashback Arjay Smith Ken Finley Recurring Flashback Karim Prince Stanley Winn Recurring Eric Nenninger Eric Hansen Guest Recurring Flashback Merrin Dungey Kitty Kenarban Guest Recurring Guest Guest Kasan Butcher Joe Guest Recurring Flashback Tania Raymonde Cynthia Recurring Guest Guest Cloris Leachman Ida Guest Recurring Emy Coligado Piama Tananahaakna Recurring Chris Eigeman Lionel Herkabe Recurring Guest Recurring Victor Z . Isaac Kevin Recurring Brenda Wehle Lavernia Recurring Sandy Ward Pete Recurring John Ennis Artie Recurring Kenneth Mars Otto Mannkusser Recurring Meagen Fay Gretchen Mannkusser Recurring The family ( edit ) Hal ( edit ) Hal , played by Bryan Cranston ( all 151 episodes ) , is the father of the family . Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois , Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys ' bad behavior . He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan ( an action also shared by Victor and Ida ) . Hal has a hard time making good decisions , which he often deferred to Lois . Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family , Hal blends in well with them . He loves Lois more than she loves him , never even thinking about other women . He is also very scared of her , even more than the boys are , which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings . He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive - compulsive disorder , and also enjoys unusual hobbies . Hal is also a sex addict , this was revealed in the episode `` Forbidden Girlfriend '' when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week , it is mentioned again in the episode `` Poker 2 '' when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week . It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit . Hal 's best friend is Abe Kenarban . Francis ( edit ) Francis , played by Christopher Masterson ( 119 episodes ) , is the oldest of the brothers , whom Malcolm often looks up to . It is revealed in the episodes `` Sleepover '' and `` The Bots and the Bees '' in season one that Francis was a breech birth , and in `` Flashback '' in season 2 , that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal 's wedding . A rebel from birth , showing signs of Attention - Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder , he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska , incurring his mother 's wrath . Upon moving to Alaska , he marries a local woman named Piama , who is about one year older than him , and had previously been married briefly , and whom Lois does n't like . In the series finale , Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis , and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data . However , he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he 's still unemployed . Malcolm ( edit ) Malcolm , portrayed by Frankie Muniz ( 150 episodes ) , is the protagonist of the series . He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis , one year younger than his older brother Reese , Four years older than his younger brother Dewey , and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie . In the first episode of the series , he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the ' Krelboynes ' , a class for gifted students . Despite his high intelligence , he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers ( in particular , Reese ) , although he becomes more self - absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty . Malcolm , like Reese , is not very popular . However , he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run . Even though he is very intelligent , Malcolm has a short temper , can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself . Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason , and does have a conscience , ( for instance , despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode `` Hal Grieves , '' when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he ca n't go through with it ) . In the series finale , it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life , knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States ; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office . Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future , after being unable to tell Lois he ca n't do it . In the series finale , Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University . Throughout the series , Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events . Lois ( edit ) Lois , played by Jane Kaczmarek ( 146 episodes ) , is Francis , Reese , Malcolm , Dewey , and Jamie 's angry and temperamental mother . She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings , revealed in `` Mono '' . Unlike Malcolm , Lois is n't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it . She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little , but toughened up . She is also always stubbornly right , to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong . It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children 's bad behavior , and not her pure hate . At the series finale , Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child ( actually twins ) . Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood , living with a tough mother and an uncaring father ( both of whom favored her younger sister , Susan ) . Reese ( edit ) Reese , played by Justin Berfield ( all 151 episodes ) , is the second oldest of the sons . He is two years younger than his older brother Francis , one year older than his younger brother Malcolm , six years older than his younger brother Dewey , and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie . It was revealed in the episode `` Flashback '' , in season 2 , that Reese has been vicious from the womb , so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor , she pushed him out by force . A complete moron from birth , Reese is the worst - behaved of the brothers . Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes . He is intimidated by certain students , including Ira , a dumb jock at school . Despite his violent , idiotic nature , Reese is a culinary prodigy , after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking . He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida , who taught him the importance of having patsies . In the series finale , Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High . Dewey ( edit ) Dewey , played by Erik Per Sullivan ( all 151 episodes ) , is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers . He soon finds he is a musical prodigy , and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie , whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese . Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm , who would have to work hard to achieve success , Dewey would have success handed to him . Dewey joins the Buseys , a class for the emotionally disturbed , by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher . He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that , when the mistake was uncovered , he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain . In the final few seasons , Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests . Because of this , he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had . In the last episode , he and Jamie ( the only other remaining brother living at home ) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house . Jamie ( edit ) Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez ( 35 episodes ) . The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game , bordering to attacking her ( though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda ) . Like Malcolm and Dewey , Jamie is revealed to be intelligent , evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall . Recurring characters ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( March 2014 ) Stevie Kenarban , played by Craig Lamar Traylor ( 56 episodes ) , is Malcolm 's best friend and classmate . He is wheelchair - bound and is missing a lung , requiring him to speak slowly and take deep breaths after saying a word . Though Malcolm is initially upset when Lois arranges a `` playdate '' for him and Stevie in the pilot episode , the boys immediately find common ground , particularly their love of comic books , and become friends . His parents are very overprotective of him , although Stevie displays in many episodes that he lives very comfortably with his disability and even has a dark sense of humor about it . Craig Feldspar , portrayed by David Anthony Higgins ( 39 episodes ) , is Lois ' co-worker at the Lucky Aide . He is a hopeless romantic , and has unrequited feelings for Lois . He is very childish and is a coward . He plays the ukulele and the banjo , and he sings in a countertenor voice . By the end of the series , Craig becomes Reese 's roommate . Piama Tananahaakna , played by Emy Coligado ( 29 episodes ) , is Francis ' wife whom he met and married off - screen during his year in Alaska . Piama is about a year older than Francis , and before him , Piama had previously been married briefly . Primarily due to her being brought home under volatile circumstances , in which Francis ( while still a minor , although emancipated ) shocked the family with news of the marriage and thus disrupting Hal 's birthday party , Lois disliked Piama from her introduction in the third season and into the fourth . However , after an embarrassing encounter with her wealthy in - law 's , Lois has been much more respectful of Piama . She originally started off against having children , but by Graduation , Piama got over it after Reese 's prank went awry ( `` We may as well go ahead and have kids now , I 'm not afraid of changing diapers any more . '' ) Victor Welker and Ida Kenzel - Welker , played by Robert Loggia ( 1 episode ) and Cloris Leachman ( 11 episodes ) respectively , are Lois ' parents of a Croatian background . Victor dies some time before the events of the season two episode `` Christmas '' , in which Ida is widowed . Ida harbors a strong dislike for both Francis and Lois , evident for the way she has been treated by them . She favors Reese , which allows him to love her . Ida belittles Malcolm for being weak in not standing up against his mother and largely ignores Dewey ( although she did , on one occasion , save him from being hit by a car , causing her to lose a leg ) . Ida harbored resentment towards Victor 's secret other family for stealing what was rightfully hers , until Lois discovered that she is n't blood related to Victor ( and possibly Susan as well ) and abandoned Ida . Ida acknowledged that her life growing up in Croatia under the Ustaše was difficult , possibly due to the Ustaše 's policies . Abraham `` Abe '' Kenarban , played by Gary Anthony Williams ( 19 episodes ) , is Stevie 's father and Kitty 's husband , and a close family friend of both Lois and particularly Hal . Abe is initially depicted as cowardly and dependent on Kitty 's guidance ( which he attributes to his upbringing , having been raised by his grandmother and four spinster aunts ) . However he ultimately becomes more self - reliant after Kitty 's departure . Despite this , Abe is more than willing to take Kitty back after her return , going as far as to harbor resentment towards Lois after she criticized Kitty 's decision to leave . Kitty Kenarban , played by Merrin Dungey ( 5 episodes ) , is Stevie 's mother and Abe 's wife . Because of actress Merrin Dungey 's commitment to the ABC series Alias , Kitty remains unseen for much of the series before it is revealed that she abandoned her husband and son , briefly throwing Stevie into a deep depression . She returns briefly in the season six episode `` Kitty 's Back '' . Caroline Miller , played by Catherine Lloyd Burns ( 15 episodes ) , is the primary teacher of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' class in the first two seasons . She is shown to be overly - earnest as well as to adore Malcolm , who might possibly have been her favorite student . In season 1 , she is included as part of the main cast , but in season 2 , is a recurring character . In season 2 , she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot . After her baby was born , she quit teaching . She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2 . Cynthia Sanders , played by Tania Raymonde ( 4 episodes ) , is one of Malcolm 's classmates . She has a very extensive vocabulary , but has a difficult time making friends . Depicted as relatively cheerful , Cynthia becomes one of Malcolm 's earliest crushes on the show , although a relationship never develops . Cynthia is last seen claiming to never have sex with Malcolm again ( which never happened in the first place ) to snap him out of a recent funk and keep him from pulling a prank meant to get him sent away like Francis . Lloyd Jensen , played by Evan Matthew Cohen ( 25 episodes ) is one of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' classmates who recurs throughout the series . He frequently worries about random small things , gets hurt , and falls victim to bullies . He also has an effeminate personality . Dabney Hooper , played by Kyle Sullivan ( 24 episodes ) is one of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' classmates who recurs throughout the series . Often depicted as the weakest and most cowardly of the group , Dabney 's life is almost completely controlled by his overbearing mother , although in his last appearance his ability to release his anger towards his mom results in him immediately developing a tougher persona . Flora Mayesh , played by Kristin Quick ( 15 episodes ) , is one of Malcolm 's other `` Krelboyne '' classmates . Flora was mostly just a background character and rarely had dialogue and was therefore not in the credits for 12 of her episodes . Eraserhead , played by Will Jennings ( 12 episodes ) , is one of Malcolm 's `` Krelboyne '' classmates who recurs throughout early episodes of the series . Kevin , played by Victor Z . Isaac ( 5 episodes ) Jessica , played by Hayden Panettiere ( 4 episodes ) , is a classmate of Malcolm and Reese 's . In one instance , she babysat Malcolm and Reese despite being younger than them , embarrassing the brothers . Mr. Herkabe ( first name Lionel ) , played by Chris Eigeman ( 8 episodes ) , is introduced in Season 3 as the Krelboynes ' teacher after Caroline leaves . A Krelboyne himself in middle school , he was forced into a teaching career after losing his millions in a failed dot - com company . He is portrayed as an evil and conniving man who thrives on psychological warfare and making children suffer . He is especially threatened by Malcolm and quickly becomes his nemesis at school , even blackmailing North High 's principal , Block ( before Hodges took over ) , into hiring him as vice principal when Malcolm enrolls there . For some reason Mr. Herkabe also intensely enjoys humiliating Reese to antagonize Malcolm more . However , Herkabe 's arrogance in confessing that he had failed gym and lied about not taking the course , was brought to light that led to his GPA Award being revoked by Mr. Hodges . He was last seen being humiliated by Reese during dodgeball . Commandant Edwin Spangler , played by Daniel von Bargen ( 16 episodes ) , is the military veteran in charge of the cadets at Marlin Academy . He has a contentious relationship with the rebellious Francis throughout his entire stay at the Academy , although the two were shown at times to have a deep sympathy for the other 's emotional scarring . After Spangler is fired from Marlin Academy and arrives in Alaska , Francis gets him a job at the Snow Haven Retirement Home where he has free rein to bully the elderly . Cadet Eric Hansen , played by Eric Nenninger ( 28 episodes ) , one of Francis ' friends and classmates from Marlin Academy . Francis accompanies Eric in his plan to abandon the Academy to find well - paying labor work in Alaska . At the end of season three , Eric is seen for the final time being left by Francis to hitchhike home , possibly as revenge for even suggesting to find work in Alaska . Lavernia , played by Brenda Wehle ( 10 episodes ) , is Francis and Eric 's malevolent boss who owns the logging site in Alaska . She has a debt book and presumably knows every dirty secret about her workers . Lavernia has a personal grudge towards Piama , who blackmailed her to be nice to Francis by holding her pet parakeet hostage . Otto Mankusser , played by Kenneth Mars ( 13 episodes ) , is Francis ' friendly and cheerful boss at the dude ranch , albeit a bit naïve at times . Ed , played by Paul Wilson ( 5 episodes ) , is one of the many neighbors who despises Hal and Lois , along with Reese . He has shown some favoritism towards Malcolm for helping him set up his new computer . Ira Prescott , played by Jonny Acker ( 3 episodes ) , is a student of North High School . He is Billy 's older brother and Reese 's bully . Ira made his first appearance in `` Forbidden Girlfriend '' in which he owns a car which Reese ruins by using Dewey in pouring cement in it and letting Billy take the blame for the prank . With Dewey 's help , Ira got his revenge on Reese for his prank and using Billy by simply beating him up . He returns briefly in Season 5 's `` Malcolm Films Reese '' who is among the students in humiliation and in Reese 's Apartment when Malcolm is tutoring Ira and help get him a passing grade in his classes so he can keep his spot on the North High School sports team ( which is never specified ) . Unlike Reese , Ira has more respect for Malcolm . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Malcolm In The Middle , Fox , `` Graduation '' , May 14 , 2006 , Production # 722 , Episode # 151 ( hide ) Malcolm in the Middle Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Bowling '' Characters Malcolm Wilkerson Other Characters `` Boss of Me '' Soundtrack Guest stars Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_of_Malcolm_in_the_Middle&oldid=804254771 '' Categories : Malcolm in the Middle characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from March 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from March 2014 All articles needing rewrite Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 19 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays francis wife in malcolm in the middle | [
"Piama Tananahaakna, played by Emy Coligado (29 episodes), is Francis' wife whom he met and married off-screen during his year in Alaska. Piama is about a year older than Francis, and before him, Piama had previously been married briefly. Primarily due to her being brought home under volatile circumstances, in which Francis (while still a minor, although emancipated) shocked the family with news of the marriage and thus disrupting Hal's birthday party, Lois disliked Piama from her introduction in the third season and into the fourth. However, after an embarrassing encounter with her wealthy in-law's, Lois has been much more respectful of Piama. She originally started off against having children, but by Graduation, Piama got over it after Reese's prank went awry (\"We may as well go ahead and have kids now, I'm not afraid of changing diapers any more.\")"
] | [
"Emy Coligado"
] |
5595693232563592396 | Assembly of the International Space Station | Assembly of the International Space station - Wikipedia Assembly of the International Space station Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) An artist 's impression of the International Space Station 's configuration as of November 2010 . International Space Station on 16 October 2002 Rear of the station The process of assembling the International Space Station ( ISS ) has been under way since the 1990s . Zarya , the first ISS module , was launched by a Proton rocket on 20 November 1998 . The STS - 88 shuttle mission followed two weeks after Zarya was launched , bringing Unity , the first of three node modules , and connecting it to Zarya . This bare 2 - module core of the ISS remained unmanned for the next one and a half years , until in July 2000 the Russian module Zvezda was added , allowing a maximum crew of two astronauts or cosmonauts to be on the ISS permanently . The ISS has a planned pressurized volume of approximately 1,000 cubic meters , a mass of approximately 400,000 kilograms , approximately 100 kilowatts of power output , a truss 108.4 meters long , modules 74 meters long , and a crew of six . Building the complete station required more than 40 assembly flights . As of March 2011 , 26 Space Shuttle flights have docked with ISS to add elements , and 9 other Shuttle flights have flown logistics - servicing missions to ISS without adding major external elements . These 35 Shuttle missions include 9 SpaceHab and 10 MPLM logistics - servicing missions in various combinations . The last two Shuttle flights added one of the two final elements of ISS , followed by one last Proton launch which delivered the ERA . Other assembly flights consisted of modules lifted by the Russian Proton rocket or in the case of Pirs and Poisk by a Soyuz - U rocket . Some of the larger modules include : Zarya ( launched 20 November 1998 ) Unity Module ( launched 4 December 1998 , also known as Node 1 ) Zvezda ( launched 12 July 2000 ) Destiny Laboratory Module ( launched 7 February 2001 ) Columbus orbital facility ( launched 7 February 2008 ) Japanese Experiment Module , also known as Kibo ( launched in multiple flights between 2008 - 2009 ) The truss and solar panels are also a large part of the station . ( launched in multiple flights between 2000 - 2009 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Logistics 2 Columbia disaster and changes in construction plans 2.1 Disaster and consequences 2.2 Changes in construction plans 3 Assembly sequence 4 Cancelled modules 5 Proposed modules 6 Cost 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Logistics ( edit ) International Space Station mockup at Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas . The space station is located in orbit around the Earth at an altitude of approximately 410 km ( 250 mi ) , a type of orbit usually termed low Earth orbit ( the actual height varies over time by several kilometers due to atmospheric drag and reboosts ) . It orbits Earth in a period of about 90 minutes ; by August 2007 it had completed more than 50,000 orbits since launch of Zarya on 20 November 1998 . A total of 14 main pressurized modules are scheduled to be part of the ISS by its completion date in 2010 . A number of smaller pressurized sections will be adjunct to them ( Soyuz spacecraft ( permanently 2 as lifeboats - 6 months rotations ) , Progress transporters ( 2 or more ) , the Quest and Pirs airlocks , as well as periodically the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module , the Automated Transfer Vehicle and the H - II Transfer Vehicle ) . The ISS , when completed , will consist of a set of communicating pressurized modules connected to a truss , on which four large pairs of photovoltaic modules ( solar panels ) are attached . The pressurized modules and the truss will be perpendicular : the truss spanning from starboard to port and the habitable zone extending on the aft - forward axis . Although during the construction the station attitude may vary , when all four photovoltaic modules are in their definitive position the aft - forward axis will be parallel to the velocity vector . In addition to the assembly and utilization flights , approximately 30 Progress spacecraft flights are required to provide logistics until 2010 . Experimental equipment , fuel and consumables are and will be delivered by all vehicles visiting the ISS : the Shuttle , the SpaceX Dragon , the Russian Progress , the European ATV and the Japanese HTV , and space station downmass will be carried back to Earth facilities on both the Shuttle and the Dragon . Columbia disaster and changes in construction plans ( edit ) Columbia lifting off on its final mission . Disaster and consequences ( edit ) 10 March 2001 - The Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module rests in Discovery 's payload bay during STS - 102 . At one point , there was some uncertainty over the future of the ISS . The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster on 1 February 2003 , the subsequent two and a half - year suspension of the U.S. Space Shuttle program , followed by problems with resuming flight operations in 2005 , were major obstacles . The Space Shuttle program resumed flight on 26 July 2005 , with the STS - 114 mission of Discovery . This mission to the ISS was intended both to test new safety measures implemented since the Columbia disaster , and to deliver supplies to the station . Although the mission succeeded safely , it was not without risk ; foam was shed by the external tank , leading NASA to announce future missions would be grounded until this issue was resolved . Between the Columbia disaster and the resumption of Shuttle launches , crew exchanges were carried out solely using the Russian Soyuz spacecraft . Starting with Expedition 7 , two - astronaut caretaker crews were launched in contrast to the previously launched crews of three . Because the ISS had not been visited by a shuttle for an extended period , a larger than planned amount of waste accumulated , temporarily hindering station operations in 2004 . However Progress transports and the STS - 114 shuttle flight took care of this problem . Changes in construction plans ( edit ) Construction of the International Space Station over New Zealand . ISS construction experienced delays due to the halting of all NASA Shuttle flights following the Columbia disaster in early 2003 , although there had been prior delays due to Shuttle problems , and the Russian space agency 's budget constraints . During the shuttle stand - down , construction of the ISS was halted and the science conducted aboard was limited due to the crew size of two . Many changes were made to the originally planned ISS , even before the Columbia disaster . Modules and other structures were cancelled or replaced and the number of Shuttle flights to the ISS was reduced from previously planned numbers . However more than 80 % of the hardware intended to be part of the ISS in the late 1990s was orbited and is now part of the ISS 's configuration . In March 2006 , a meeting of the heads of the five participating space agencies accepted the new ISS construction schedule that planned to complete the ISS by 2010 . A crew of six has been established as of May 2009 , following 12 Shuttle construction flights after the second `` Return to Flight '' mission STS - 121 . Requirements for stepping up the crew size included enhanced environmental support on the ISS , a second Soyuz permanently docked on the station to function as a second ' lifeboat ' , more frequent Progress flights to provide double the amount of consumables , more fuel for orbit raising maneuvers , and a sufficient supply line of experimental equipment . Later additions included the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ( BEAM ) in 2016 , and numerous Russian components are planned as part of the in - orbit construction of OPSEK . Assembly sequence ( edit ) ISS elements The ISS is made up of 16 pressurized modules : five Russian modules ( Zarya , Pirs , Zvezda , Poisk and Rassvet ) , eight US modules ( BEAM , Leonardo , Harmony , Quest , Tranquility , Unity , Cupola , and Destiny ) , two Japanese modules ( the JEM - ELM - PS and JEM - PM ) and one European module ( Columbus ) . One more Russian pressurized module ( Nauka ) is scheduled to be added to the station . Although not permanently docked with the ISS , Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules ( MPLMs ) formed part of the ISS during some Shuttle missions . An MPLM was attached to Harmony ( initially to Unity ) and was used for resupply and logistics flights . Spacecraft attached to the ISS also extend the pressurized volume . At least one Soyuz spacecraft is always docked as a ' lifeboat ' and is replaced every six months by a new Soyuz as part of crew rotation . The table below shows the sequence in which these components were or will be added to the ISS . The numbers provided are indications and represent launch weight and dimensions . Element Assembly flight Launch date Launch vehicle Length ( m ) Diameter ( m ) Mass ( kg ) Pressurized Volume ( m ^ 3 ) Isolated View Station View Rendering View Zarya ( FGB ) 1A / R 1998 - 11 - 20 Proton - K 12.6 4.1 19,323 Unity ( Node 1 ) , PMA - 1 & PMA - 2 2A 1998 - 12 - 04 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 88 ) 5.49 4.57 11,612 Zvezda ( Service Module ) 1R 2000 - 07 - 12 Proton - K 13.1 4.15 19,051 75 Z1 Truss & PMA - 3 3A 2000 - 10 - 11 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 92 ) 4.9 ( Z1 ) 4.2 ( Z1 ) 8,755 ( Z1 ) P6 Truss & Solar Arrays 4A 2000 - 11 - 30 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 97 ) 73.2 4.9 15,824 Destiny ( US Laboratory ) 5A 2001 - 02 - 07 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 98 ) 8.53 4.27 14,515 External Stowage Platform - 1 5A. 1 2001 - 03 - 08 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 102 ) Canadarm2 ( SSRMS ) 6A 2001 - 04 - 19 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 100 ) 17.6 0.35 4,899 Quest ( Joint Airlock ) 7A 2001 - 07 - 12 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 104 ) 5.5 6,064 Pirs ( Docking Compartment & Airlock ) 4R 2001 - 09 - 14 Soyuz - U ( Progress M - SO1 ) 4.91 2.55 3,580 13 S0 Truss 8A 2002 - 04 - 08 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 110 ) 13.4 4.6 13,970 Mobile Base System UF2 2002 - 06 - 05 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 111 ) 5.7 2.9 1,450 S1 Truss 9A 2002 - 10 - 07 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 112 ) 13.7 4.6 14,120 P1 Truss 11A 2002 - 11 - 23 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 113 ) 13.7 4.6 14,000 ESP - 2 LF1 2005 - 07 - 26 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 114 ) 3.65 4.9 2,676 P3 / P4 Truss & Solar Arrays 12A 2006 - 09 - 09 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 115 ) 13.8 4.9 15,900 P5 Truss 12A. 1 2006 - 12 - 09 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 116 ) 3.4 4.6 1,818 S3 / S4 Truss & Solar Arrays 13A 2007 - 06 - 08 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 117 ) 13.8 4.9 15,900 S5 Truss and ESP - 3 13A. 1 2007 - 08 - 08 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 118 ) 13.7 3.9 12,598 Harmony ( Node 2 ) Relocation of P6 Truss 10A 2007 - 10 - 23 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 120 ) 7.2 4.48 14,288 Columbus ( European Laboratory ) 1E 2008 - 02 - 07 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 122 ) 7 4.5 12,800 Dextre ( SPDM ) Japanese Logistics Module ( ELM - PS ) 1J / A 2008 - 03 - 11 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 123 ) 3.9 ( ELM - PS ) 4.4 ( ELM - PS ) 4,200 ( ELM - PS ) Japanese Pressurized Module ( JEM - PM ) JEM Robotic Arm ( JEM - RMS ) 1J 2008 - 05 - 31 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 124 ) 11.2 ( JEM - PM ) 4.4 ( JEM - PM ) 15,900 ( JEM - PM ) S6 Truss & Solar Arrays 15A 2009 - 03 - 15 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 119 ) 73.2 10.7 15,900 Japanese Exposed Facility ( JEM - EF ) 2J / A 2009 - 07 - 15 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 127 ) 4,100 Poisk ( MRM - 2 ) 5R 2009 - 11 - 10 Soyuz - U ( Progress M - MIM2 ) 3,670 ExPRESS Logistics Carriers 1 & 2 ULF3 2009 - 11 - 16 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 129 ) Cupola & Tranquility ( Node 3 ) 20A 2010 - 02 - 08 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 130 ) 6.5 ( Node 3 ) 1.5 ( Cupola ) 4.25 ( Node 3 ) 2.95 ( Cupola ) 12,247 ( Node 3 ) 1,800 ( Cupola ) Rassvet ( MRM - 1 ) ULF4 2010 - 05 - 14 Space Shuttle Atlantis ( STS - 132 ) 5,075 Leonardo ( PMM ) and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4 ULF5 2011 - 02 - 24 Space Shuttle Discovery ( STS - 133 ) 6.6 4.57 9,896 ( Leonardo ) 31 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer , OBSS and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3 ULF6 2011 - 05 - 16 Space Shuttle Endeavour ( STS - 134 ) 6,731 ( AMS - 02 ) Bigelow Expandable Activity Module 2016 - 04 - 08 Falcon 9 ( SpaceX CRS - 8 ) 3.2 1,360 16 Nauka ( MLM ) European Robotic Arm 3R mid-2018 ( scheduled ) Proton - M 20,300 ( Nauka ) Uzlovoy ( UDM ) 2018 ( scheduled ) Soyuz 2.1 b 4,000 Science - Power Module - 1 2019 ( scheduled ) Proton - M Science - Power Module - 2 2019 ( scheduled ) Proton - M NanoRacks Airlock Module 2019 ( scheduled ) Falcon 9 ( SpaceX CRS - 19 ) Element Assembly flight Launch date Launch vehicle Length ( m ) Diameter ( m ) Mass ( kg ) Pressurized Volume ( m ^ 3 ) Isolated View Station View Rendering View Cancelled modules ( edit ) Diagram of planned ISS design circa 1999 Interim Control Module - not needed once Zvezda was launched ISS Propulsion Module - not needed once Zvezda was launched Habitation Module ( HAB ) - With the cancellation of the Habitation Module , sleeping places are now spread throughout the station . There are two in the Russian segment and four in the US segment . It is not necessary to have a separate ' bunk ' in space -- many visitors just strap their sleeping bag to the wall of a module , get into it and sleep . Crew Return Vehicle ( CRV ) - replaced by two Soyuz spacecraft Centrifuge Accommodations Module ( CAM ) - would have been attached to Harmony ( Node 2 ) Science Power Platform ( SPP ) - power will be provided to the Russian segments partly by the US solar cell platforms Russian Research Modules ( RM1 and RM2 ) - to be replaced by single Multipurpose Laboratory Module ( Nauka ) Universal Docking Module ( UDM ) - canceled along with the Research Modules which were to connect to it Proposed modules ( edit ) The following modules are proposed , but not yet confirmed in the ISS launch manifests . American Node 4 - Also known as the Docking Hub System ( DHS ) , would allow the station to have more docking ports for visiting vehicles and would allow inflatable habitats and technology demonstrations to be tested as part of the station . Nautilus - X Centrifuge Demonstration - If produced , this centrifuge will be the first in - space demonstration of sufficient scale centrifuge for artificial partial - g effects . It will be designed to become a sleep module for the ISS crew . Inflatable module attached to Node 4 Nautilus - X ISS demonstrator Cost ( edit ) The ISS is the most expensive item ever built , costing around $150 billion ( USD ) . This eclipses the cost of other space stations built in the past such as Skylab costing 2.2 billion ( USD ) , and Mir at 4.2 billion ( USD ) . Even other large buildings that have been built on Earth do n't come close to the price - the Chartres is n't even close with a cost of $270 million ( USD ) . It is also estimated that 114 Great Pyramids could be built with the money spent on the ISS . However , compared to the US Gross World Product ( GWP ) this is only . 17 percent of the US 's gross yearly product. The cost can be broken down to an estimated initial cost of $100 billion ( USD ) and an additional 50 billion ( USD ) since 1994. You can see how easily this price tag went up as the Columbus module alone cost about 2 billion ( USD ) . See also ( edit ) List of unmanned spaceflights to the ISS List of human spaceflights to the ISS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Launch Manifest '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` What are the ISS attitudes ? '' ( Flash ) . NASA . Archived from the original on 2 September 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Black , Charles ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` When Dragon made commercial spaceflight a reality '' . SEN . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . ( Dragon 's ) ability to return goods is currently unique because all the other regular supply ships - Europe 's Automated Transfer Vehicle ( ATV ) , Japan 's HTV ( or `` Kounotori '' ) and Russia 's Progress - all burn up during controlled re-entry . Jump up ^ Coppinger , Rob ( 3 March 2006 ) . `` NASA commits to Shuttle missions to International Space Station '' . FlightGlobal . Retrieved 16 September 2006 . Jump up ^ https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/10/nasa-tries-an-inflatable-room-on-the-space-station-likes-it/ . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wade , Mark ( 15 July 2008 ) . `` ISS Zarya '' . Encyclopaedia Astronautica . Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Unity Connecting Module : Cornerstone for a Home in Orbit '' ( PDF ) . NASA . January 1999 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Zvezda Service Module '' . NASA . 11 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` US Destiny Laboratory '' . NASA . 26 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Space Station Extravehicular Activity '' . NASA . 4 April 2004 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Space Station Assembly : Integrated Truss Structure '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 7 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` P3 and P4 to expand station capabilities , providing a third and fourth solar array '' ( pdf ) . Boeing . July 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 118 MISSION OVERVIEW : BUILD THE STATION ... BUILD THE FUTURE '' ( PDF ) . NASA PAO . July 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus laboratory '' . ESA. 10 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` About Kibo '' . JAXA. 25 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kibo Japanese Experiment Module '' . NASA . 23 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Zak , Anatoly . `` Docking Compartment - 1 and 2 '' . RussianSpaceWeb.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Chris ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` Russian module launches via Soyuz for Thursday ISS docking '' . NASASpaceflight.com . Archived from the original on 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Extends Contract With Russia 's Federal Space Agency '' ( Press release ) . NASA . 9 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Space Station '' . NASA . 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FGB - based Multipurpose Lab Module ( MLM ) '' . Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Karasev , Sergey ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Запуск лабораторного модуля `` Наука '' к МКС откладывается '' ( Launch of the Nauka laboratory module to the ISS postponed ) ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Zak , Anatoly ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` Node Module '' . RussianSpaceWeb . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Node Module '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NEM - 1 module for the ISS RKK `` Energy '' to be built in cooperation '' ( in Russian ) . Korolyov , Moscow Oblast : RIA Novosti. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia works on a new - generation station module '' . Jump up ^ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/progress-underway-for-first-commercial-airlock-on-space-station Jump up ^ http://nanoracks.com/nanoracks-adds-thales-alenia-space-to-airlock/ Jump up ^ ISS Managers review long - term configuration of International Space Station NASASpaceFlight.com Jump up ^ Test article could facilitate space station applications - 31 August 2010 Jump up ^ Nautilus - X-Holderman_1 - 26 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Is The International Space Station The Most Expensive Single Item Ever Built ? '' . Science 2.0 . 2014 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Space Review : Costs of US piloted programs '' . www.thespacereview.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick E. ( 2001 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Russians Find Pride , and Regret , in Mir 's Splashdown '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Is The International Space Station The Most Expensive Single Item Ever Built ? '' . Science 2.0 . 2014 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Is The International Space Station The Most Expensive Single Item Ever Built ? '' . Science 2.0 . 2014 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Is the International Space Station Worth $100 Billion ? '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Spaceflight Now STS - 122 Shuttle Report Station arm pulls Columbus module from cargo bay '' . spaceflightnow.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Animated ISS assembly process , mission designations and dates are included . Diagram of planned components of the ISS , positions of cancelled modules can be seen . Media articles How It Works magazine - ISS nears completion ( hide ) Components of the International Space Station Overview Assembly US Orbital Segment Russian Orbital Segment Expeditions Spacewalks Unmanned visits Program Scientific research Major incidents Orbiting Major components Zarya ( Functional Cargo Block ) Zvezda ( Service Module ) Destiny ( laboratory ) Columbus ( laboratory ) Kibō ( PM , ELM - PS , EF ) Unity ( Node 1 ) Harmony ( Node 2 ) Tranquility ( Node 3 ) Quest Joint Airlock Pirs ( docking module , airlock ) Rassvet ( MRM 1 ) Poisk ( MRM 2 ) Leonardo ( PMM ) Cupola Integrated Truss Structure ( ITS ) Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ( BEAM ) Subsystems Mobile Servicing System ( MSS ) Canadarm2 Dextre ( SPDM ) Boom Assembly Strela cranes Kibō Remote Manipulator System External Stowage Platforms ( ESPs ) ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) 1 - 4 Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) International Docking Adapters ( IDAs ) Electrical System Life Support System Experimental devices AMS - 02 CALET CATS HDEV MAXI NICER PK - 3 Plus SAGE III Future Planned Nauka ( Multipurpose Laboratory Module ) European Robotic Arm ( ERA ) Science Power Module Prichal ( Uzlovoy Module ) NanoRacks Airlock Module Proposed Node 4 XBASE Ixion Axiom Spare hardware Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules ( MPLMs ) Kibō ( ELM - ES ) ExPRESS Logistics Carrier ( ELC ) 5 Interim Control Module ( ICM ) Cancelled Propulsion Module Centrifuge Accommodations Module ( CAM ) Habitation Module Crew Return Vehicle ( CRV / ACRV ) Science Power Platform ( SPP ) Universal Docking Module ( UDM ) Russian Research Module ( RM ) Support vehicles Current Cygnus Dragon H - II Transfer Vehicle ( HTV ) Progress Soyuz Future CST - 100 Starliner Dragon 2 Dream Chaser Cargo System ( DCCS ) Federation ( PPTS ) Former Space Shuttle Automated Transfer Vehicle ( ATV ) Cancelled NASDA HOPE - X ESA Hermes Mission control MCC - H ( NASA ) TsUP ( RKA ) Col - CC ( ESA ) ATV - CC ( ESA ) JEM - CC ( JAXA ) HTV - CC ( JAXA ) MSS - CC ( CSA ) Administrative and legal Multilateral Coordination Board Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station&oldid=841065429 '' Categories : International Space Station Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will the international space station be completed | [
"\n\nElement\nAssembly\nflight\nLaunch\ndate\nLaunch\nvehicle\nLength\n(m)\nDiameter\n(m)\nMass\n(kg)\nPressurized Volume\n(m^3)\nIsolated View\nStation View\nRendering View\n\n\nZarya (FGB)[6]\n1A/R\n1998-11-20\nProton-K\n12.6\n4.1\n19,323\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnity (Node 1),[7] PMA-1 & PMA-2\n2A\n1998-12-04\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-88)\n5.49\n4.57\n11,612\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZvezda (Service Module)[8]\n1R\n2000-07-12\nProton-K\n13.1\n4.15\n19,051\n75\n\n\n\n\n\nZ1 Truss & PMA-3\n3A\n2000-10-11\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-92)\n4.9 (Z1)\n4.2 (Z1)\n8,755 (Z1)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP6 Truss & Solar Arrays\n4A\n2000-11-30\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-97)\n73.2\n4.9\n15,824\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDestiny (US Laboratory)[9]\n5A\n2001-02-07\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-98)\n8.53\n4.27\n14,515\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExternal Stowage Platform-1\n5A.1\n2001-03-08\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-102)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCanadarm2 (SSRMS)\n6A\n2001-04-19\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-100)\n17.6\n0.35\n4,899\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuest (Joint Airlock)[10]\n7A\n2001-07-12\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-104)\n5.5\n4\n6,064\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPirs (Docking Compartment & Airlock)\n4R\n2001-09-14\nSoyuz-U\n(Progress M-SO1)\n4.91\n2.55\n3,580\n13\n\n\n\n\n\nS0 Truss[11]\n8A\n2002-04-08\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-110)\n13.4\n4.6\n13,970\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMobile Base System\nUF2\n2002-06-05\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-111)\n5.7\n2.9\n1,450\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS1 Truss\n9A\n2002-10-07\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-112)\n13.7\n4.6\n14,120\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP1 Truss\n11A\n2002-11-23\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-113)\n13.7\n4.6\n14,000\n\n\n\n\n\n\nESP-2\nLF1\n2005-07-26\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-114)\n3.65\n4.9\n2,676\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP3/P4 Truss & Solar Arrays[12]\n12A\n2006-09-09\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-115)\n13.8\n4.9\n15,900\n\n\n\n\n\n\nP5 Truss[13]\n12A.1\n2006-12-09\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-116)\n3.4\n4.6\n1,818\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS3/S4 Truss & Solar Arrays\n13A\n2007-06-08\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-117)\n13.8\n4.9\n15,900\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS5 Truss and ESP-3\n13A.1\n2007-08-08\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-118)\n13.7\n3.9\n12,598\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHarmony (Node 2)\nRelocation of P6 Truss\n10A\n2007-10-23\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-120)\n7.2\n4.48\n14,288\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColumbus (European Laboratory)[14]\n1E\n2008-02-07\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-122)\n7\n4.5\n12,800\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDextre (SPDM)\nJapanese Logistics Module (ELM-PS)\n1J/A\n2008-03-11\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-123)\n3.9 (ELM-PS)\n4.4 (ELM-PS)\n4,200 (ELM-PS)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJapanese Pressurized Module (JEM-PM)\nJEM Robotic Arm (JEM-RMS)[15][16]\n1J\n2008-05-31\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-124)\n11.2 (JEM-PM)\n4.4 (JEM-PM)\n15,900 (JEM-PM)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nS6 Truss & Solar Arrays\n15A\n2009-03-15\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-119)\n73.2\n10.7\n15,900\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJapanese Exposed Facility (JEM-EF)\n2J/A\n2009-07-15\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-127)\n\n\n4,100\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPoisk (MRM-2)[17][18]\n5R\n2009-11-10\nSoyuz-U\n(Progress M-MIM2)\n\n\n3,670\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExPRESS Logistics Carriers 1 & 2\nULF3\n2009-11-16\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-129)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCupola &\nTranquility (Node 3)\n20A\n2010-02-08\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-130)\n6.5 (Node 3)\n1.5 (Cupola)\n4.25 (Node 3)\n2.95 (Cupola)\n12,247 (Node 3)\n1,800 (Cupola)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRassvet (MRM-1)[19]\nULF4\n2010-05-14\nSpace Shuttle Atlantis (STS-132)\n\n\n5,075\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLeonardo (PMM) and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4\nULF5\n2011-02-24\nSpace Shuttle Discovery (STS-133)\n6.6\n4.57\n9,896 (Leonardo)\n31\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlpha Magnetic Spectrometer, OBSS and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3\nULF6\n2011-05-16\nSpace Shuttle Endeavour (STS-134)\n\n\n6,731 (AMS-02)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBigelow Expandable Activity Module[20]\n\n2016-04-08\nFalcon 9\n(SpaceX CRS-8)\n\n4\n3.2\n1,360\n16\n\n\n\n\n\nNauka (MLM)\nEuropean Robotic Arm[21]\n3R\nmid-2018[22] (scheduled)\nProton-M\n\n\n20,300 (Nauka)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUzlovoy (UDM)[23]\n\n2018 (scheduled) [24]\nSoyuz 2.1b\n\n\n4,000\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScience-Power Module-1[25]\n\n2019 (scheduled) [26]\nProton-M\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScience-Power Module-2[25]\n\n2019 (scheduled) [26]\nProton-M\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNanoRacks Airlock Module\n\n2019 (scheduled) [27]\nFalcon 9\n(SpaceX CRS-19)[28]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElement\nAssembly\nflight\nLaunch\ndate\nLaunch\nvehicle\nLength\n(m)\nDiameter\n(m)\nMass\n(kg)\nPressurized Volume\n(m^3)\nIsolated View\nStation View\nRendering View\n"
] | [
"2019"
] |
-8391902139483546962 | 2005 FA Cup Final | 2005 FA Cup final - wikipedia 2005 FA Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 2005 FA Cup Final The match programme cover Event 2004 -- 05 FA Cup Arsenal Manchester United 0 0 After extra time Arsenal won 5 -- 4 on penalties Date 21 May 2005 Venue Millennium Stadium , Cardiff Man of the Match Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Referee Rob Styles ( Hampshire ) Attendance 71,876 Weather Mostly cloudy , rain showers 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) ← 2004 2006 → The 2005 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Arsenal and Manchester United on 21 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff . It was the final match of the 2004 -- 05 FA Cup , the 124th season of English football 's primary cup competition , the FA Cup . Arsenal became the first team to win the FA Cup via a penalty shoot - out , despite being outplayed throughout the game , after neither side managed to score in the initial 90 minutes or in 30 minutes of extra time . The shoot - out finished 5 -- 4 to Arsenal , with Patrick Vieira scoring the winning penalty after Paul Scholes ' shot was saved by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann . As both teams were in the highest tier of English football , the Premier League , Arsenal and Manchester United entered the competition in the third round . Matches up to the semi-final were contested on a one - off basis , with a replay taking place if the match ended in a draw . Both clubs only needed one replay along the way to the final ; Arsenal 's tie against Sheffield United in the fifth round was decided by a penalty shootout , whereas Manchester United overcame non-league Exeter City in the third round , after the original tie ended goalless . Protests over the impending takeover of Manchester United by American businessman Malcolm Glazer had threatened to overshadow the final , though demonstrations in Cardiff required little intervention from the police . Both managers for the final made surprising changes to their team ; Arsène Wenger unconventionally deployed a defensive formation , while Sir Alex Ferguson left midfielder Ryan Giggs on the bench . Manchester United dominated the match , creating four times as many shots as their opponents , but struggled to find the breakthrough . In extra time , Arsenal 's José Antonio Reyes was sent off for a second bookable offence , becoming only the second player to be sent off in an FA Cup final . The British press unanimously agreed that Arsenal were fortunate to win ; Wenger himself admitted so in his press conference afterwards . A television audience of over 480 million worldwide watched the final ; in the United Kingdom , coverage of the match peaked at 12.8 million , making it the highest - rated game in Cup history since the 1996 final . The departures of captains Patrick Vieira and Roy Keane before the year end , coupled with the changing objectives of both clubs , meant the 2005 final is considered as the natural end point in the rivalry between Arsenal and Manchester United under Ferguson and Wenger . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 1.1 Arsenal 1.2 Manchester United 2 Pre-match 2.1 Planned protests 3 Match 3.1 Team selection 3.2 Summary 3.2. 1 First half 3.2. 2 Second half 3.2. 3 Extra time 3.2. 4 Penalty shootout 3.3 Match details 3.4 Statistics 4 Post-match 5 Aftermath and legacy 6 References 7 Further reading Route to the final ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 FA Cup The FA Cup is English football 's primary cup competition . Clubs in the Premier League enter the FA Cup in the third round and are drawn randomly with the remaining clubs . If a match is drawn , the tie is replayed at the ground of the away team from the original match . As with league fixtures , FA Cup matches are subject to change in the event of games being selected for television coverage and this often can be influenced by clashes with other competitions . In September 2004 , it was announced that the Millennium Stadium was chosen as the venue for the semi-finals , in addition to the final . Arsenal ( edit ) Round Opposition Score 3rd Stoke City ( H ) 2 -- 1 4th Wolverhampton Wanderers ( H ) 2 -- 0 5th Sheffield United ( H ) 1 -- 1 Sheffield United ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( 4 -- 2 pen ) 6th Bolton Wanderers ( A ) 1 -- 0 SF Blackburn Rovers ( N ) 3 -- 0 Key : ( h ) = Home venue ; ( a ) = Away venue ; ( n ) = Neutral venue . Arsenal 's cup run started with a home tie against Stoke City . The visitors took the lead just before the break , but goals from José Antonio Reyes and Robin van Persie in the second half meant Arsenal won 2 -- 1 . They then faced Wolverhampton Wanderers at home in the next round ; a goal apiece from Patrick Vieira and Fredrik Ljungberg secured a comfortable 2 -- 0 victory . Arsenal 's opponent in the fifth round was Sheffield United . After 35 minutes Dennis Bergkamp was sent off for his apparent push on Danny Cullip . With eleven minutes of normal time remaining , Robert Pirès scored for Arsenal , but the team conceded a late penalty which Andy Gray converted . The equaliser for Sheffield United meant the match was replayed at Bramall Lane on 1 March 2005 . Both teams played out a goalless draw after full - time and throughout extra-time , so the tie was decided by a penalty shootout . Arsenal goalkeeper Manuel Almunia saved two penalties , which ensured progress into the quarter - finals . Bolton Wanderers hosted Arsenal at the Reebok Stadium in the sixth round of the competition . Ljungberg scored the only goal of the tie after just three minutes ; he had an opportunity to extend Arsenal 's lead in stoppage time , but hit the ball over from six yards . It was described by BBC Sport as the `` most glaring miss of the match , if not the entire season . '' Arsenal faced Blackburn Rovers in the semi-final which was played on 16 April 2005 . Two goals from Van Persie and one from Pirès gave Arsenal a 3 -- 0 win , in a match marred by Blackburn 's aggressive tactics . Manchester United ( edit ) Round Opposition Score 3rd Exeter City ( H ) 0 -- 0 Exeter City ( A ) 2 -- 0 4th Middlesbrough ( H ) 3 -- 0 5th Everton ( A ) 2 -- 0 6th Southampton ( A ) 4 -- 0 SF Newcastle United ( N ) 4 -- 1 Key : ( h ) = Home venue ; ( a ) = Away venue ; ( n ) = Neutral venue . Manchester United , the holders of the FA Cup , began their defence of the trophy with a home tie against non-league Exeter City . United had made several first team changes and struggled to find a breakthrough in the tie . Even with the second half introductions of Paul Scholes and Cristiano Ronaldo , the visitors held on for a goalless draw . The match was replayed at Exeter 's home ground , St James Park on 19 January 2005 . Ronaldo scored the opening goal of the match in the ninth minute and Wayne Rooney added a second , three minutes from normal time . Manchester United 's opponents in the fourth round was Middlesbrough . Rooney scored twice in the team 's 3 -- 0 victory -- he lobbed the ball over goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer for his first goal and volleyed it for his second . Middlesbrough manager Steve McClaren credited Rooney 's performance afterwards and said he made the difference in the tie . Everton hosted Manchester United in the next round at Goodison Park . A goal apiece from Quinton Fortune and Ronaldo in either half ensured a 2 -- 0 win . Southampton was Manchester United 's opponent in the sixth round . After two minutes at St Mary 's United took the lead ; a shot by Roy Keane near the penalty area hit Southampton 's Peter Crouch and deflected into the goal . Ronaldo scored United 's second and additional goals from Scholes meant they progressed into the last four of the competition ; the final score was 4 -- 0 . In the semi-final Manchester United faced Newcastle United at the Millennium Stadium . They took the lead in the 19th minute when Ruud van Nistelrooy scored , and Scholes extended the team 's advantage just before half time . Van Nistelrooy made it 3 -- 0 in the 58th minute , before Shola Ameobi scored what proved a mere consolation a minute later , as Ronaldo added United 's fourth late on . Pre-match ( edit ) The final marked the fifth meeting between the two clubs in the 2004 -- 05 season . Despite finishing six points ahead of Manchester United in the league , Arsenal had lost both league fixtures between the clubs , as well as a League Cup fifth - round tie , which was played out by the clubs ' fringe and reserve team players . Arsenal had won the season 's first encounter in the FA Community Shield , also at the Millennium Stadium , by a 3 -- 1 scoreline . The clubs had met in an FA Cup final before -- in 1979 , when Arsenal won 3 -- 2 . Manchester United were appearing in their 17th FA Cup Final , their second in as many years , and had won the FA Cup on 11 of their previous 16 appearances ( including beating Milwall in the 2004 final ) . Two of these victories had yielded a domestic double ( in 1994 and 1996 ) and in 1999 they had won the FA Cup as part of a unique Treble , consisting of the cup , the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League . Arsenal were also appearing in their 17th Cup final -- their fourth in five years . They had won the cup nine times previously , most recently in 2003 , when they beat Southampton in the final . The match was played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff for the fifth year in a row . Meetings between Arsenal and Manchester United were keenly contested during the 2000s and highly publicised by the media ; the cup final this season had added significance as neither club won the league after a decade of dominance , and it was their only chance of silverware . The emergence of Chelsea , who were crowned league champions in April , had presented a long - term threat to Arsenal and Manchester United 's duopoly on English football , as they were financed by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich . Chelsea were accused of `` tapping - up '' Arsenal defender Ashley Cole in January , and were linked to Manchester United 's Rio Ferdinand . Wenger welcomed Chelsea 's emergence , describing them as the `` third force '' in English football , but he raised concerns over their conduct and what he perceived as artificial growth . Asked whether Chelsea could dominate for the foreseeable , Wenger said : `` I feel yes , because they are a financially doped club . They have enhancement of performances through financial resources which are unlimited . For me , it 's a kind of doping because it 's not in any way linked to their resources . '' Despite the absence of Thierry Henry , ruled out through injury , and Arsenal 's poor recent record against Manchester United , Wenger believed his team were more than capable of winning the match : `` What is good in football is that it is not predictable . ( ... ) You act now like it is a decade that we have n't beaten Manchester United -- it 's not true . It 's two games . '' It was reported on the eve of the final that Philippe Senderos would start ahead of first - teamer Sol Campbell . Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson dismissed suggestions that his team had been over physical in previous meetings against Arsenal . Referring back to the league fixture in October 2004 , he told reporters : `` We committed three fouls on Reyes , for instance , but that hardly constitutes The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , does it ? There were six by them on Cristiano Ronaldo . '' He questioned the character of Arsenal 's players after they lost their unbeaten record , and likened their protest to propaganda , as a way to disguise their crisis -- `` ... it was convenient for them to say they were kicked off the park . '' United had struggled to score goals in the lead up to the final , and Ferguson stressed the importance of his team taking their chances . `` Big games are usually decided that way . They are so close so that whoever gets in front has an advantage , '' he said . Planned protests ( edit ) The build - up to the final had focused upon many Manchester United fans ' discontent at their takeover by American businessman and sports tycoon Malcolm Glazer , and large demonstrations were planned inside and outside the Millennium Stadium . Despite this , the final was played in the rain and only a small group of around 100 supporters held protests and sang anti-Glazer songs . The police were out in force but did not have any trouble to deal with . Match ( edit ) Team selection ( edit ) Wenger opted for a 4 -- 5 -- 1 formation , with Bergkamp playing as a lone striker . The absence of Henry also opened a place in midfield for Gilberto Silva , while José Antonio Reyes and Pirès were selected on the wings ahead of Ljungberg and Robin van Persie , who were both named as substitutes . As anticipated , Senderos 's form saw him selected at centre - back ahead of Campbell , despite the England international 's return from injury . Ferguson had a defensive selection dilemma ahead of the final , with both of his starting full - backs , Gabriel Heinze ( ankle ) and Gary Neville ( groin ) , having suffered injuries . Neville eventually recovered enough to make the substitutes ' bench , despite only playing in one of the team 's last five games , but Heinze missed the game entirely , Mikaël Silvestre taking his place at left - back . Neville 's absence meant that John O'Shea started at right - back . Neville was joined on the bench by winger Ryan Giggs and goalkeeper Tim Howard ; Giggs ' omission was a surprise , and it meant that Darren Fletcher started on the right wing , while Ronaldo played on the left . Howard , on the other hand , had been competing for the number 1 jersey with Roy Carroll all season , and it was ultimately the Northern Irishman who was picked . Roy Keane was appearing in his seventh FA Cup Final having previously played in the 1991 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 and 2004 finals . This was the most number of finals for a player in the post-war period ; by 2010 however , Ashley Cole had reached his eighth final . Summary ( edit ) First half ( edit ) Manchester United kicked the game off , and also fashioned the first chance of the game ; Ronaldo beat Lauren on the left wing to put over a cross , only for Scholes to head the ball over the crossbar after losing his marker . Two minutes later , a break from José Antonio Reyes had Carroll scampering across from his goal to meet the Spaniard , forcing Reyes wide enough to allow the United defence time to get back . Manchester United had the ball in the back of the net on 27 minutes , when Ferdinand turned in the rebound after Jens Lehmann saved from Rooney , but the assistant referee ruled that Ferdinand was offside . After a brief Arsenal attack , Silvestre played a long , diagonal ball to Van Nistelrooy on the right wing . The Dutch forward controlled the ball and then outpaced Cole to the goal line ; he then cut the ball back to Rooney , whose first - time shot was turned over the bar by Lehmann . The consequent corner broke to Rooney on the edge of the penalty area , but his shot was deflected behind for another corner , which Scholes took . The England midfielder floated the ball over to the edge of the penalty area , where Rooney was waiting , only to volley it just over the bar . In the closing stages of the first half , Van Nistelrooy got his first shot on goal , turning Senderos only to send the ball trickling along the floor for Lehmann to save comfortably . The first half finished with a foul on Rooney , who had done well to break free of challenges from Cole , Vieira and Senderos , who eventually brought Rooney down . The English forward took the free kick himself , but it went over the bar to cheers from the Arsenal fans and the sound of the referee 's half - time whistle . Second half ( edit ) Manchester United fashioned the first chance of the second half after just three minutes , when Rooney cut inside from the right along the face of the penalty area , but his left - footed shot was blocked away for a corner kick . Soon after , Van Nistelrooy received the ball on the edge of the penalty area and held it up before playing a through - ball to Keane , but the Irishman 's low cross was diverted behind by Kolo Touré before it reached Rooney . United then had their third chance in the space of five minutes when Ronaldo shot just wide from 25 yards , from the left corner of the penalty area . Throughout the match , Lauren committed several fouls on Ronaldo , and confronted the Portuguese winger early in the second half , before finally being booked for persistent fouling in the 62nd minute . Ronaldo took the free kick himself but put it just over the bar from 30 yards . In the 64th minute , Arsenal were awarded a free kick for an O'Shea foul on Reyes ; Bergkamp took the kick , which was headed away by Ferdinand , but only as far as Pirès , whose side - footed volley went over the bar . The free kick was to be Bergkamp 's last contribution to the final , as he was then substituted by Ljungberg in the 65th minute . United then went back downfield and Ronaldo took on Lauren , who dared not dive in for a tackle and risk a second yellow card . Ronaldo got past the Cameroonian full - back and then chipped a cross into the penalty area , but Van Nistelrooy was unable to make enough contact with the ball to force his header on target . A minute later , Silvestre found Rooney with another diagonal pass ; Rooney attempted to drive in a low cross , but it ended up heading towards goal and came back off the foot of the post . Fletcher was first to the ball but he fired a shot across the face of the goal and out for a goal kick . With their very next attack , United sent Ronaldo away down the left wing again ; he sent over another cross , but it was again too far in front of Van Nistelrooy . Reyes received his first yellow card in the 76th minute , when he was late in tackling Silvestre after the French defender had played a backpass to Carroll . The break in play allowed Manchester United to make their first substitution , bringing on Fortune for O'Shea , who appeared to be struggling with a calf injury . With six minutes left in normal time , United won a corner on the left hand side , which Ronaldo played short to Scholes . Scholes returned the ball to Ronaldo , who crossed it into the penalty area , where Keane was unmarked at the back post . The ball eventually broke to the United captain , who shot , only to see four Arsenal players between him and the goal , ready to block his effort behind for another corner . Lehmann came to meet the second corner kick , but missed the ball , allowing it to go all the way through to Van Nistelrooy ; the Dutchman headed the ball goalwards , but Ljungberg was on the line and headed it up onto the crossbar and away . Arsenal then made their second substitution , bringing on Van Persie in place of Cesc Fàbregas . As the match entered injury time at the end of the second half , Ronaldo made yet another run down the left wing , outpacing Lauren to Rooney 's through - ball . The ball broke back to Rooney 30 yards from goal , but his shot went over the bar . The second half finished with a Wes Brown cross from the right wing that made its way across the penalty area to Ronaldo , but the Portuguese could only head the ball straight at Lehmann . Extra time ( edit ) Manchester United brought Giggs on at the start of extra time , the Welshman taking Fletcher 's place in the midfield . They immediately tried to play him in down the left wing , but the pass was over-hit and went beyond Giggs . Arsenal finally got their first shot on target in the seventh minute of extra time , when a Van Persie free kick -- awarded for a foul by Silvestre -- forced a diving save from Carroll . Four minutes later , Manchester United appealed for a penalty kick when a cross from Giggs struck Cole , but replays showed that the ball hit the Arsenal full - back in the midriff . United sustained their attack , and the ball came to Scholes in the penalty area , but his shot on the turn was well saved by Lehmann . The resultant corner was taken short by Scholes , before it was played back to him ; his cross found Van Nistelrooy unmarked in the area , but the Dutchman headed over the bar from the edge of the goal area . United then had another penalty shout when Giggs volleyed a long ball from Scholes into Touré 's body and up onto the Ivorian 's hand , but referee Rob Styles turned their claims down . Arsenal then brought on Edu to replace Pirès for the remaining 15 minutes . The second half of extra time began with yet another chance for Manchester United , this time constructed from a Giggs break down the left wing , but Van Nistelrooy failed in his attempt to back - heel Giggs ' cross into the goal and the opportunity was wasted . Five minutes into the second half , Reyes committed another late tackle on Silvestre , for which he received a final warning from referee Styles . Reyes himself was then the victim of a late tackle by Scholes , who was shown a yellow card . The match threatened to descend into a mass brawl soon after , when Fortune caught Ljungberg in the face with a flailing arm and then committed a high tackle on Edu , provoking a reaction from the Arsenal players . A shoulder - charge by Rooney on Cole resulted in an Arsenal free kick on the left wing ; Van Persie swung the ball over and it was only cleared as far as Ljungberg , but the Swede struck a shot with his shin and the ball spun wide . With a couple of minutes left in the extra period , Manchester United won a free kick on the left corner of the Arsenal penalty area when Vieira lazily tripped Ronaldo and received a booking , but Giggs ' cross from the free kick was headed away . Meanwhile , Manchester United 's substitute goalkeeper , Howard , was seen warming up behind the goal , suggesting that he was preparing to come on for Carroll in the event of a penalty shootout ; however , no substitution was made . The referee added two minutes of injury time at the end of extra time , during which time Manchester United won another free kick , but Scholes ' shot was straight at the Arsenal defensive wall . Then , with just seconds left in regulation time , Ronaldo made a break towards the Arsenal half , only to be cynically body - checked by Reyes . Referee Styles made no hesitation and showed Reyes a second yellow card , making the Spaniard the second player to be sent off in an FA Cup Final , after Manchester United 's Kevin Moran in 1985 . The full - time whistle went immediately after Reyes ' dismissal , and the match finished at 0 -- 0 , making it the first FA Cup Final to result in a penalty shootout . Penalty shootout ( edit ) Van Nistelrooy took the first penalty for Manchester United , in front of the United fans , and sent Lehmann the wrong way to give United the early advantage . Lauren then converted the next penalty for Arsenal , before Scholes stepped up to take United 's second , only to see it saved by Lehmann , diving low to his right . The next six penalties were all scored -- Ljungberg , Van Persie and Cole for Arsenal , Ronaldo , Rooney and Keane for Manchester United -- leaving Vieira with the opportunity to win the FA Cup for his team . Although Carroll guessed the correct way to dive , Vieira 's kick was just out of his reach , giving Arsenal their 10th FA Cup . Match details ( edit ) Arsenal v Manchester United 21 May 2005 15 : 00 BST Arsenal 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United Report Penalties Lauren Ljungberg Van Persie Cole Vieira 5 -- 4 Van Nistelrooy Scholes Ronaldo Rooney Keane Millennium Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 71,876 Referee : Rob Styles ( Hampshire ) Arsenal Manchester United GK Jens Lehmann RB 12 Lauren 59 ' CB 28 Kolo Touré CB 20 Philippe Senderos LB Ashley Cole 16 ' CM 15 Cesc Fàbregas 86 ' CM Patrick Vieira ( c ) 118 ' CM 19 Gilberto Silva RW 7 Robert Pirès 105 ' LW 9 José Antonio Reyes 75 ' , 120 ' CF 10 Dennis Bergkamp 65 ' Substitutes : GK 24 Manuel Almunia DF 23 Sol Campbell MF 8 Fredrik Ljungberg 65 ' MF 17 Edu 105 ' FW 11 Robin van Persie 86 ' Manager : Arsène Wenger GK 13 Roy Carroll RB 22 John O'Shea 77 ' CB 5 Rio Ferdinand CB 6 Wes Brown LB 27 Mikaël Silvestre 21 ' RM 24 Darren Fletcher 91 ' CM 16 Roy Keane ( c ) CM 18 Paul Scholes 112 ' LM 7 Cristiano Ronaldo SS 8 Wayne Rooney CF 10 Ruud van Nistelrooy Substitutes : GK Tim Howard DF Gary Neville DF 25 Quinton Fortune 77 ' MF 11 Ryan Giggs 91 ' FW 14 Alan Smith Manager : Sir Alex Ferguson Match officials Assistant referees : Jim Devine ( North Yorkshire ) Paul Canadine ( South Yorkshire ) Fourth official : Neale Barry ( Lincolnshire ) Man of the match Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Penalty shootout if scores still level . Five substitutes named . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) Statistic Arsenal Manchester United Goals scored 0 0 Possession 56 % 44 % Shots on target 8 Shots off target 12 Corner kicks 12 Offsides 6 Fouls 30 23 Yellow cards Red cards 0 Source : Post-match ( edit ) As the Arsenal players ran towards Vieira and Lehmann to celebrate , Ferguson and Keane were seen consoling various players and staff members . Mark Lawrenson , the BBC 's co-commentator for the final , summarised to his counterpart John Motson : `` Well , we must congratulate Arsenal on the way they took the penalties -- they were excellent ( ... ) But I have to say over the course of the 120 minutes , Manchester United have been mugged . '' Wenger conceded his opponents were the better side , but praised his team 's resolve , telling reporters : `` It was important to score the first goal and with neither team scoring it remained tight for a long , long period . There were some times in the second half when we were a bit lucky but we defended very well and to keep a clean sheet is good . '' He admitted his players had practiced taking penalties , but was quick to point out `` you do n't score because of the practising -- keeping your nerve is more important . '' Lehmann , who had been side - lined by Wenger during the course of the season , credited his teammates for scoring all five penalties , and described it as a `` big mental achievement . '' Cole called Arsenal 's win a `` ... great team performance , we did n't have too many chances but we defended really well and battled really hard . '' Henry , who sat out the final due to injury expressed sympathy for Manchester United , and recollected a similar experience from his early Arsenal career : `` I know how they feel because we lost against Liverpool and did not deserve to lose . If your name is on the cup you win it . '' Wayne Rooney ( pictured in 2006 ) was chosen as man of the match . `` The coach decided to change the system to 4 -- 5 -- 1 . It was different . We used to win by scoring lots of goals , but this time we won by being strong mentally and defensively . The only way we were going to win this final was on penalties . '' Robert Pirès , post match Ferguson was proud of his team 's performance , but admitted their failure throughout the season to convert chances into goals , had cost them once more . Of the game , he continued : `` In cup football , you need a break and we did n't get one . We 've had luck in the past , so you understand it can happen . It 's not a nice experience but it 's one you have to accept . '' Ferguson criticised the referee for failing to send Vieira off during extra-time as he fouled Rooney , and labelled Arsenal as `` boring '' for deploying negative tactics . Keane , like his manager , rued the missed opportunities and said it was a small consolation : `` We dominated but I 'm sure the Arsenal players wo n't be too bothered about that -- they 've got the winners ' medals and the cup and we have n't . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , pundit Alan Hansen felt the ease in which Manchester United dominated the final and Arsenal 's inability to vary tactics highlighted why Wenger needed to make changes in the close season . Hansen agreed with Ferguson that United 's lack of goal threat cost them on the day , but felt their future was rosier than Arsenal 's . Nonetheless , he was of the opinion that Chelsea manager José Mourinho had little to be concerned about , concluding his piece with the sentence : `` A London club did come away from Cardiff as big winners but it was not Arsenal , it was Chelsea . '' In the same newspaper , Paul Hayward praised the performances of Rooney and Ronaldo -- `` surely the best one - club pairing of under - 21s in world football , '' while ex-Arsenal player Alan Smith noted his former club 's win demonstrated how Wenger `` for the first time , practically , in his nine - year Highbury tenure , had set up his side with the opposition in mind . '' Capturing United 's sombre mood , The Times football correspondent Matt Dickinson wrote : `` The black shirts turned out not to be in protest at Glazer but a reflection of their mood after the first FA Cup Final to be decided by a penalty shoot - out . '' The match was broadcast live in the United Kingdom by both the BBC and Sky Sports , with BBC One providing the free - to - air coverage and Sky Sports 1 being the pay - TV alternative . BBC One held the majority of the viewership , with a peak audience of 12.8 million ( 67.1 % viewing share ) , which made it the most - watched final in nine years . The match itself was watched by 10 million viewers ( 61 % ) , and coverage of the final averaged at 7.3 million ( 50.5 % ) . Viewing figures compiled by The Guardian showed the BBC 's coverage was second only to ITV 's broadcast of the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final between Liverpool and A.C. Milan , which amassed 13.9 million viewers . Global audience figures for the 2005 FA Cup Final totalled 484 million . Aftermath and legacy ( edit ) Patrick Vieira was sold to Juventus in the summer of 2005 . The 2005 final was Vieira 's last match as an Arsenal player ; he joined Juventus in the close season for a combined total fee of € 20 million . Wenger 's decision to sell his captain was made so the team could benefit from Fàbregas , who broke into the first eleven during the season . In later years , Wenger deviated from his usual counter-attacking style , and imposed a fluent system , with less emphasis on physicality . The immediate seasons after Arsenal relocated to the Emirates Stadium in 2006 saw Wenger sell several experienced players , and integrate more young talent , as a means of fostering an identity with the club . Financing for the stadium however meant Arsenal prioritised its expenditure instead of the squad and trophies . Though Wenger managed to solidify the club 's position in the Premier League 's top four and secure the necessary funds to pay back its debtors , the 2005 Cup win represented Arsenal 's last silverware for nine years . In 2014 , he led Arsenal to a record - equalling 11th FA Cup , and became the record equalling most successful manager in the competition 's history a year later , as his side beat Aston Villa . Like Arsenal , Manchester United endured a period of transition after the final . The Glazer 's takeover of the club resulted in disaffected fans setting up F.C. United of Manchester , which , as of 2016 , has become the largest supporter - owned football club in the United Kingdom . On the pitch , Manchester United began the 2005 -- 06 season poorly ; they were eliminated in the group stages of the Champions League and the manager was booed at home after United lost to Blackburn Rovers . Journalist Henry Winter in December 2005 opined that Ferguson needed to resign , writing in his column : `` Under Ferguson , United became football 's answer to the Magic Circle . But the magic now drains away and so , next summer , must Ferguson . '' He stayed , however , and having already called time on Keane 's career at United , he began reinvigorating his squad , by signing defenders Nemanja Vidić and Patrice Evra . United returned to the Millennium Stadium eight months after the FA Cup loss , and beat Wigan Athletic to win the 2006 Football League Cup Final . Ferguson guided his team to their first League title in four years the following season , after stern competition from Chelsea , and won a further 13 competitive honours until his retirement in 2013 . Kevin McCarra regards the final as a turning point in the rivalry between the two clubs : `` ... Arsenal and United , who could barely be prised apart in 2005 , have since gone their separate ways . The signs of divergence were already apparent that afternoon . '' The match is considered an example of Wenger setting his team up pragmatically and going against his ideals . Having later asserted he would never use the 4 -- 5 -- 1 system again , Wenger adopted the formation for Champions League matches and his approach resulted in Arsenal reaching the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . References ( edit ) General Lawrenson , Mark , Motson , John ( commentators ) , Lineker , Gary ( presenter ) , Hansen , Alan , Schmeichel , Peter , Wright , Ian ( studio guests ) ( 21 May 2005 ) . Match of the Day Live ( FA Cup Final -- Arsenal v Manchester United ) ( Television production ) . BBC . Specific Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 22 May 2005 ) . `` Vieira holds his nerve to claim historic penalty prize for Arsenal '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History for Cardiff - Wales , United Kingdom '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The FA Cup Challenge Cup '' ( PDF ) . The Football Association . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff nets FA Cup semis '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2004 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 1 Stoke '' . BBC Sport. 9 January 2005 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 0 Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 29 January 2005 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 21 February 2005 ) . `` Arsenal struggle to draw breath '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sheff Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2005 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton 0 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 12 March 2005 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 April 2005 ) . `` Van Persie doubles up to deliver knockout '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yeading face Newcastle in FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 16 December 2004 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Allsop , Derick ( 10 January 2005 ) . `` Exeter leave United humbled hosts '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exeter 0 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 19 January 2005 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 0 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2005 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` Coastal breeze for United as Keane blows away resistance '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Ferguson 's men triumph by a one - way street '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Manchester United head - to - head record '' . United Mad . Digital Sports Group . Archived from the original on 6 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 season review '' . Premier League . 15 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 1 December 2004 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 9 August 2004 ) . `` Arsenal show there is life beyond Vieira '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup vital statistic '' . The Times . 21 May 2005 . p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's complete cup finals '' . Statto Organisation . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent , Rick ( 21 May 2005 ) . `` Wenger 's volley draws Chelsea into feud chain '' . The Times . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Wenger confronts Blues over Cole '' . BBC Sport. 31 January 2005 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea deny Ferdinand interest '' . BBC Sport. 18 April 2005 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Final is a balancing act for Ferguson '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Alex ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Campbell set for bench role '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tanner , Richard ; Banks , Tony ( 21 May 2005 ) . `` Sir Alex : United no hatchet men '' . Daily Express . London . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Mathieson , Stuart ( 21 May 2005 ) . `` Stop your moaning ! '' . Manchester Evening News . p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` Rainy FA Cup final dampens demonstrations '' . BBC News . 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup final 2005 build - up '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Double injury blow for United '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers. 18 May 2005 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Legge , Charles ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` Keane to raise FA Cup '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hubbard , Norman ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Father - and - son team - mates '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clockwatch : 2005 FA Cup final '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrenson , Motson ( 2005 ) . Event occurs in the seventh minute ; live coverage between 15 : 06pm and 15 : 07pm . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal v Manchester United : live commentary '' . ESPN . 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrenson , Motson ( 2005 ) . Event occurs in additional time of the first half ; live coverage between 15 : 46pm and 15 : 48pm . ^ Jump up to : Lawrenson , Motson ( 2005 ) . Event occurs around the 76th minute ; live coverage between 16 : 30pm and 16 : 32pm . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Paul ( 21 May 2005 ) . `` Arsenal 0 Manchester United 0 ( Arsenal win 5 -- 4 on pens ) '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrenson , Motson ( 2005 ) . Event occurs towards the end of the second half ; live coverage between 16 : 50pm and 16 : 55pm . Jump up ^ Lawrenson , Motson ( 2005 ) . Event occurs in the 97th minute ; live coverage between 17 : 04pm and 17 : 06pm . ^ Jump up to : Lawrenson , Motson ( 2005 ) . Events occurs from the 110th to the 114th minute ; live coverage between 17 : 22pm and 17 : 28pm . Jump up ^ `` Sent off Reyes ' will get medal ' '' . Sunday People . London . 22 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Martin ( 22 May 2005 ) . `` Football : Yes I know it was boring , but we won because we are united '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrenson , Motson ( 2005 ) . Event occurs seconds after the match concludes ; live coverage between 17 : 49pm and 17 : 51pm . ^ Jump up to : `` Wenger proud of players after win '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferguson hails his Manchester United heroes '' . Sunday Independent . Dublin. 22 May 2005 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 23 May 2005 ) . `` Arsenal make cautious game pay '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferguson accuses Arsenal 's Vieira '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Alan ( 23 May 2005 ) . `` Success ca n't hide need for major surgery '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 23 May 2005 ) . `` Wonder boys lift United morale '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 23 May 2005 ) . `` Wenger 's changing ways '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Matt ( 23 May 2005 ) . `` Arsenal punish United 's mistakes '' . The Times . pp. S1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Sport on TV : The week ahead '' . Sunday People . London . 15 May 2005 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 12.8 m see Arsenal lift FA Cup '' . Broadcast . Top Right Group . 23 May 2005 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 22 December 2005 ) . `` ITV tops 2005 sports ratings with Champions League final '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A history of the FA Cup '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal accept Juve 's Vieira bid '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2005 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` Arsene Wenger Interview : The full transcript of Martin Samuel 's fascinating meeting with the Arsenal manager -- part II '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Neville says Arsene Wenger 's transfer strategy is either naive or arrogant , criticises Alexis Sanchez and Mesut Ozil '' . Fox Sports . 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 23 August 2008 ) . `` Arsene Wenger : Success -- I make it , I wo n't buy it '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Fynn , Alex ; Whitcher , Kevin ( 31 August 2008 ) . `` Young guns '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 18 May 2014 ) . `` Arséne Wenger savours FA Cup win over Hull as Arsenal end drought '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker - Roberts , James ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa : Dominant Gunners seal record FA Cup victory '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Coney , Steven ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` FC United of Manchester general manager Andy Walsh to step down '' . The Non-League Paper . London . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Luckhurst , Samuel ( 18 November 2015 ) . `` Dismissing Keane was Sir Alex Ferguson 's best decision '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Ferguson must go in the summer '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keane in shock exit from Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 16 December 2011 ) . `` Manchester United will not buy in January , says Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 27 February 2006 ) . `` Rooney runs amok to wreck Wigan 's dream '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 49 trophies of Sir Alex Ferguson -- the most successful managerial career Britain has ever known '' . The Independent . London . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 8 November 2008 ) . `` The May day when Arsenal 's and United 's paths diverged '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Law , Matt ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger recalls the day he played defensively and won the FA Cup '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . At the start , I did n't set up like that and suddenly Manchester United were all over us and I realised that physically we were not able to compete , so I said , ' OK let 's defend as long as we can ' Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( 14 May 2006 ) . `` Football : The madness of King Arsene '' . Sunday Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Arsenal / Man Utd player ratings '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Cowley , Jason ( 8 May 2005 ) . `` Under pressure '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . 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Star Game ( 2016 ) Manchester United F.C. matches FA Cup Finals 1909 1948 1957 1958 1963 1976 1977 1979 1985 1990 1994 1995 1999 2005 2007 2016 League Cup Finals 1991 1992 1994 2003 2006 2009 2017 FA Community Shield 1908 1911 1948 1952 1956 1957 1963 1965 1967 1977 1985 1990 1993 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2013 2016 UEFA Champions League Finals 1968 1999 2008 2009 2011 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 1991 UEFA Europa League Final 2017 UEFA Super Cup 1991 1999 2008 2017 Intercontinental Cup 1968 1999 FIFA Club World Cup Final 2008 Notable league matches 3 -- 5 v West Bromwich Albion ( 1978 ) Manchester United -- Arsenal brawl ( 1990 ) 9 -- 0 v Ipswich Town ( 1995 ) 8 -- 1 v Nottingham Forest ( 1999 ) Battle of Old Trafford ( 2003 ) Battle of the Buffet ( 2004 ) 4 -- 3 v Manchester City ( 2009 ) Other matches UEFA Celebration Match ( 2007 ) 2010 MLS All - Star 2011 MLS All - Star 2013 A-League All Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2005_FA_Cup_Final&oldid=810068980 '' Categories : 2004 -- 05 in Welsh football FA Cup Finals Arsenal F.C. matches Manchester United F.C. matches Association football penalty shootouts 2004 -- 05 FA Cup 2000s in Cardiff May 2005 sports events in Europe Sports events in Cardiff Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did arsenal beat in fa cup final | [
"The 2005 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Arsenal and Manchester United on 21 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2004–05 FA Cup, the 124th season of English football’s primary cup competition, the FA Cup. Arsenal became the first team to win the FA Cup via a penalty shoot-out, despite being outplayed throughout the game, after neither side managed to score in the initial 90 minutes or in 30 minutes of extra time. The shoot-out finished 5–4 to Arsenal, with Patrick Vieira scoring the winning penalty after Paul Scholes' shot was saved by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann."
] | [
"Manchester United"
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6575157509027268078 | WIDA Consortium | WIDA consortium - wikipedia WIDA consortium This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) WIDA Consortium Established 2002 Location Madison , Wisconsin , U.S. Website www.wida.us WIDA consortium ( edit ) The WIDA Consortium ( formerly World - Class Instructional Design and Assessment ) is an educational consortium of state departments of education . Currently , 37 U.S. states and the District of Columbia , as well as Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands , participate in the WIDA Consortium . WIDA designs and implements proficiency standards and assessment for grade K - 12 students who are English - language learners , as well as a set of proficiency standards and assessments for Spanish language learners . WIDA also provides professional development to educators and conducts research on instructional practices , as well as the results and use of the ACCESS and W - APT English language proficiency assessments . WIDA was established in 2003 with a $2.3 million grant from the U.S. Department of Education to the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction for the purpose of creating English language proficiency standards and assessments . The purpose of such Enhanced Assessment Grants is to support State activities designed to improve the quality , validity , and reliability of state academic assessments beyond the requirements for such assessments described in section 111 ( b ) ( 3 ) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act , as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 . The consortium originally began with Wisconsin , Delaware , and Arkansas , which were the sources of the acronym WIDA , although Arkansas dropped out . The acronym definitions ( `` Wisconsin - Delaware - Arkansas '' and the acronym developed to match the new constitute states , `` World Class Instructional Design and Assessment '' ) are no longer used . Member State Department of Education Website Alabama http://www.alsde.edu/html/home.asp Alaska https://education.alaska.gov/ Colorado http://www.cde.state.co.us/ Delaware http://www.doe.k12.de.us/ District of Columbia http://dcps.dc.gov/portal/site/DCPS/ Florida http://fldoe.org/ Georgia http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/ Hawaii http://doe.k12.hi.us/index.php Idaho https://www.sde.idaho.gov/ Illinois http://www.isbe.state.il.us/ Indiana http://www.doe.in.gov/ Kentucky http://www.education.ky.gov/KDE/ Maine http://www.maine.gov/education/ Maryland http://www.mdk12.org/ Massachusetts http://www.doe.mass.edu/ Michigan http://www.michigan.gov/mde Minnesota http://education.state.mn.us/mde/index.html Missouri http://dese.mo.gov/ Montana http://mt.gov/education/default.mcpx Nevada http://www.doe.nv.gov/ New Hampshire http://www.education.nh.gov/ New Jersey http://www.nj.gov/education/ New Mexico http://www.ped.state.nm.us/ North Carolina http://www.ncpublicschools.org/ North Dakota http://www.dpi.state.nd.us/ Northern Mariana Islands http://www.cnmipss.org/ Oklahoma http://sde.state.ok.us/ Pennsylvania http://www.education.state.pa.us Puerto Rico http://www.de.gobierno.pr/ Rhode Island http://www.ride.ri.gov/ South Carolina https://ed.sc.gov/ South Dakota http://doe.sd.gov/ Tennessee https://www.tn.gov/education/ Utah http://www.schools.utah.gov/main/ Vermont http://www.education.vermont.gov/ Virginia http://www.doe.virginia.gov/ Wisconsin http://dpi.wi.gov/ Wyoming http://www.k12.wy.us/ WIDA provides several assessments for use with English language learners . The W - APT ( WIDA ACCESS Placement Test ) is most often used as a screening test to determine the language level of students entering a school system . These results are used most frequently to determine if a student is eligible for ESL or ESOL services . The W - APT test has been in use since 2006 . The ACCESS test is given yearly and the results are used to determine the student 's growth and progress , as well as to inform instruction for the next year . This test has been administered annually in WIDA member states beginning in the 2005 - 06 academic year . The WIDA MODEL K - 12 assessment is used in the U.S. and several other countries as a test of English language proficiency . In addition to its consortium member state partners , the WIDA project partners with the Center for Applied Linguistics ( CAL ) in Washington , D.C. and MetriTech , Inc. of Champaign , IL , and most recently , Data Recognition Corporation ( DRC ) , Maple Grove , MN . The WIDA Consortium administrative office is located in the Wisconsin Center for Education Research at the University of Wisconsin - Madison . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mission & the WIDA Story '' . WIDA. 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WIDA_Consortium&oldid=825389316 '' Categories : University of Wisconsin -- Madison English as a second or foreign language Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 03 : 15 . About Wikipedia | how many states are in the wida consortium | [
"The WIDA Consortium (formerly World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) is an educational consortium of state departments of education. Currently, 37 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, as well as Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands, participate in the WIDA Consortium. WIDA designs and implements proficiency standards and assessment for grade K-12 students who are English-language learners, as well as a set of proficiency standards and assessments for Spanish language learners. WIDA also provides professional development to educators and conducts research on instructional practices, as well as the results and use of the ACCESS and W-APT English language proficiency assessments."
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